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Biologie de Synthèse Animale 2015
UC Biotechnologies Animales Biologie de Synthèse Animale 27 janvier 2016 Thomas Heams AgroParisTech thomas.heams@agroparistech.fr 2010 27 Janvier 2016 2014 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale adapté de O'Malley et al, 2007 Des approches différentes, des échelles différentes, des objectifs différents Un point commun : un transformation radicale du vivant, fondée sur des approches biologiques, ingéniériques, et informatiques de design rationnel 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 2010 1 Mb 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 272 kb 2,5 % du génome total de S. cerevisae 50kb sont délétés, insérés ou changés par rapport au chromosome originel (316kb) (introns, transposons...) 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 2006 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale Szostak et al, 2001 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 2011 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 2014 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 2006 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 2014 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale Biologie de synthèse appliquée aux animaux Aubel et al, 2010 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 2011 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 2015 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 2013 2014 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale Animal « Uplifting » ? Boyd et al, Current Biology 2015 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale Le Monde (blog) 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale Animal « Disenhancement » ? 2011 2008 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale Brainets : Des cerveaux en réseau 2015 Recently, we proposed that Brainets, i.e. networks formed by multiple animal brains, cooperating and exchanging information in real time through direct brain-to-brain interfaces, could provide the core of a new type of computing device: an organic computer. Here, we describe the first experimental demonstration of such a Brainet, built by interconnecting four adult rat brains 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 2015 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale Science, Mars 2015 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale Nature, Mars 2015 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale Les méganucléases 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale Système TALen Transcription activator–like Cellectis Cellectis Le « TAL Code » Bogdanove & Voytas, 2001 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale Charpentier & Doudna Nature 2013 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 2005 2006 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale SPIEGEL: Mr. Church, you predict that it will soon be possible to clone Neanderthals. What do you mean by "soon"? Will you witness the birth of a Neanderthal baby in your lifetime? Church: I think so, but boy there are a lot of parts to that. The reason I would consider it a possibility is that a bunch of technologies are developing faster than ever before. In particular, reading and writing DNA is now about a million times faster than seven or eight years ago. Another technology that the de-extinction of a Neanderthal would require is human cloning. We can clone all kinds of mammals, so it's very likely that we could clone a human. Why shouldn't we be able to do so? SPIEGEL: Perhaps because it is banned? Church: That may be true in Germany, but it's not banned all over the world. And laws can change, by the way. SPIEGEL: Would cloning a Neanderthal be a desirable thing to do? Church: Well, that's another thing. I tend to decide on what is desirable based on societal consensus. My role is to determine what's technologically feasible. All I can do is reduce the risk and increase the benefits. SPIEGEL: So let's talk about possible benefits of a Neanderthal in this world. Church: Well, Neanderthals might think differently than we do. We know that they had a larger cranial size. They could even be more intelligent than us. When the time comes to deal with an epidemic or getting off the planet or whatever, it's conceivable that their way of thinking could be beneficial. 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale SPIEGEL: How do we have to imagine this: You raise Neanderthals in a lab, ask them to solve problems and thereby study how they think? Church: No, you would certainly have to create a cohort, so they would have some sense of identity. They could maybe even create a new neo-Neanderthal culture and become a political force. SPIEGEL: Wouldn't it be ethically problematic to create a Neanderthal just for the sake of scientific curiosity? Church: Well, curiosity may be part of it, but it's not the most important driving force. The main goal is to increase diversity. The one thing that is bad for society is low diversity. This is true for culture or evolution, for species and also for whole societies. If you become a monoculture, you are at great risk of perishing. Therefore the recreation of Neanderthals would be mainly a question of societal risk avoidance. SPIEGEL: Setting aside all ethical doubts, do you believe it is technically possible to reproduce the Neanderthal? Church: The first thing you have to do is to sequence the Neanderthal genome, and that has actually been done. The next step would be to chop this genome up into, say, 10,000 chunks and then synthesize these. Finally, you would introduce these chunks into a human stem cell. If we do that often enough, then we would generate a stem cell line that would get closer and closer to the corresponding sequence of the Neanderthal. We developed the semi-automated procedure required to do that in my lab. Finally, we assemble all the chunks in a human stem cell, which would enable you to finally create a Neanderthal clone. SPIEGEL: And the surrogates would be human, right? In your book you write that an "extremely adventurous female human" could serve as the surrogate mother. Church: Yes. However, the prerequisite would, of course, be that human cloning is acceptable to society. 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale Le Monde : 31 Aout 2015 27 Janvier 2016 Biologie de Synthèse Animale
