the midwest challenge: matching jobs with education in the post

Transcription

THE MIDWEST CHALLENGE:
MATCHING JOBS WITH
EDUCATION IN THE
POST-RECESSION ECONOMY
Anthony P. Carnevale
Nicole Smith
ACKNOWLED GEMENTS
We would like to express our gratitude to the individuals and organizations that have made this
report possible. First, we thank Lumina Foundation and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
for their support of our research over the past few years, and in particular, we are grateful for
the support of Jamie Merisotis, Hilary Pennington, Holly Zanville, Parminder Jassal and Ann
Person. We are honored to be partners in their mission of promoting postsecondary access and
completion for all Americans.
Regional reports are always a challenge, particularly as we struggle to represent complex intrastate relationships in summary form. We wish to thank the following area-matter experts for
contributing enormously to the content:
• Whitney Smith for her invaluable initial feedback on the overall content of the report and
specific concerns about tying skills to growth and job demand;
• Joel Rogers, Laura Dresser, Michele Mackay and Sarah White for their extremely detailed
and thoughtful comments that ran the gamut from broad methodology to more narrow
regional economic characteristics. We really appreciate the challenge they raised for us
to dig deeper and strengthen our discussion on the connections between job growth and
educational demand;
• Bob Sheets for his methodological comments and insight on the impact of changing
educational requirements through time;
• The numerous labor departments and chambers of commerce employees of the Midwestern
states who provided information on the states’ largest employers.
• Special thanks to Vic Caleca who served the unique dual role as editor and regional expert;
Michelle Melton and Laura Meyer for additional editorial support, firm fact-checking “stickto-itiveness”, and getting us through the production process; Karima Richardson
for the compilation groundwork; Alex Falevich, for his help with the appendices, and
Peter Daniels for his bibliographic support.
That said, all errors remain the responsibility of the authors.
The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent
those of Lumina Foundation, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, their officers, or employees.
CONTENTS
Summary.............................................................................................................................................. 1
The Midwest Challenge: Matching Jobs with Education in the Post-Recession Economy....... 2
Weak Housing Market Prevents Workers from Following Jobs.................................................... 4
Some Midwestern States Transition More Successfully Than Others.......................................... 5
Looking Forward: An Overview....................................................................................................... 7
THE MIDWEST: A State-by-State Assessment and a Look at the Numbers.............................. 9
THE PLAINS STATES........................................................................................................................ 9
Kansas............................................................................................................................................ 9
Nebraska
........................................................................................................................................ 10
North Dakota................................................................................................................................ 11
South Dakota................................................................................................................................ 12
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER STATES.................................................................................................. 14
Illinois
............................................................................................................................................ 14
Iowa
................................................................................................................................................ 15
Minnesota
...................................................................................................................................... 17
Missouri
........................................................................................................................................ 18
Wisconsin
...................................................................................................................................... 19
THE RUST BELT................................................................................................................................ 21
Indiana
........................................................................................................................................... 21
Michigan
........................................................................................................................................ 22
Ohio
............................................................................................................................................... 23
Bridging the Gap: Developing a Career Development Information System...............................27
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................... 30
Appendices........................................................................................................................................... 33
The Midwest Challenge: Matching Jobs with
Education in the Post-Recession Economy
Summary
The Midwestern economy continues to undergo industrial transformation that began in
the late 1970s. The most recent downturn in manufacturing and agriculture was especially
devastating, as both these industries are mainstays of the region. We find, however, that while
agriculture and manufacturing employment continue to decline in the aggregate and as a share
of all jobs, output in these industries will grow, mostly from increases in productivity.
In Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, and other Midwest manufacturing states, manufacturing employment will decline by 4 percent on average by 2018. In the agricultural states like Kansas,
Nebraska, and the Dakotas, agricultural employment will decline by 1 percent. However, more
than 1.3 million replacement and retirement job openings in manufacturing and agriculture will
become available as the Midwest slowly regains traction through 2018.
Because of the continuing decline in manufacturing and agriculture, the Midwest has lost many
of its middle-wage, middle-skill level jobs. This “hollowing out” of the middle is, however, more
precisely described as a general decline in the demand for less-skilled occupations—and not the
decimation of the middle as it is widely interpreted. We find that many of these lost jobs that
required only a high school education or less and relatively low skills will not come back at all,
lost to automation or overseas competitors. The newly created jobs are in occupations such as
healthcare, and science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). The writing is on the wall:
the fastest-growing occupations and industries are those associated with the highest proportions
of postsecondary education.
The overall demand for postsecondary education and training will continue to grow. This is
true not only of high-tech industries, but even in wholesale and retail trade or personal services,
where more than 50 percent of the workforce requires some postsecondary education beyond
high school.
Not all postsecondary education and training, however, will result in good jobs that pay living
wages. Our ability to match postsecondary programs with job opportunities remains underdeveloped. This deficiency contributes to the continuing mismatch between the postsecondary
education production system, the actual training that people need to get, and the jobs that are
available. We should use information systems to better align education and training with workforce outcomes.1
See: What’s It Worth?: The Economic Value of College Majors (2011); The College Payoff: Education, Occupations,
Lifetime Earnings (2011).
1
The Midwest Challenge: Matching Jobs with Education in the Post-Recession Economy
1
The Midwest Challenge: Matching Jobs with
Education in the Post-Recession Economy
No one has had it worse than the Midwest. Job losses in the “great recession” of 2007
spared no region, but the bulk of industries hardest hit were in the Midwestern states.
This is the second of a series of reports detailing the job and educational demand prospects
for workers, by major census regions. When compared to all other regions, the loss of jobs
in the Midwest has been substantial and painful, mostly due to its industrial composition.
Although the great recession of 2007 has ravaged every corner of the United States, the middle
of the country ranks first among equals when it comes to economic hardship. The reason is
simple: manufacturing and agriculture were both devastated by the recent downturn, and both
are mainstays of the Midwest economy. Manufacturing, for decades, has been concentrated in
such “Rust Belt” states as Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana, while agriculture is a crucial piece of the
economies in the “Plains” states of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. Both of those economic
sectors were already losing jobs as a result of broad economic trends, including mechanization
and increased global competition. The recession only made things worse by depressing agricultural prices, obliterating demand for big-ticket consumer items, and accelerating the destruction
of manufacturing positions.
TABLE
1. SELECTED STATE INDICATORS (2009)
Manufacturing
as a percentage
of Real GDP*
Manufacturing as
a percentage of
Jobs**
Percentage
change in real
GDP by state
(2008-2009)*
Per capita personal
income by state
(2010)*
Unemployment
rate
(March 2011,
provisional)**
Illinois
13%
9.9%
-3.4%
$43,159
8.8%
Indiana
27%
16.3%
-3.6%
$34,943
8.5%
Iowa
19%
13.7%
-0.2%
$38,281
6.1%
Kansas
15%
12.2%
-1.1%
$39,737
6.8%
Michigan
17%
12.6%
-5.2%
$35,597
10.3%
Minnesota
14%
11.2%
-2.3%
$42,843
6.6%
Missouri
13%
9.2%
-2.2%
$36,979
9.1%
Nebraska
12%
9.8%
0.3%
$39,557
4.2%
North Dakota
10%
6.1%
3.9%
$40,596
3.6%
Ohio
18%
12.4%
-2.7%
$36,395
8.9%
South Dakota
10%
9.3%
2.2%
$38,865
4.9%
Wisconsin
20%
16.1%
-2.1%
$38,432
7.4%
State
Source *Bureau of Economic Analysis, NAICS-based real GDP by state statistics.
**Bureau of Labor Statistics
Even though the share of manufacturing jobs in the Midwest economy has been declining since
the 1960s (when it measured 39 percent), the region still qualifies as a factory hub. The national
average for manufacturing employment is roughly 9 percent, but the Midwest rate is close to 12
percent. That share is even higher in certain individual states: 16 percent in both Indiana and
2
The Georgetown University Center on Education and the workforce
Wisconsin; 13.7 percent in Michigan; and 12.4 percent in Ohio.2 The recession hit those states
particularly hard—especially those dependent on the auto industry, which was devastated when
consumer demand evaporated.
Like other industries, manufacturing will improve as the national economy recovers—though
never to the extent of its past heyday. Post-recession growth in that sector will result from
greater productivity, not from expansion of the workforce. Our projections show that manufacturing output will grow from roughly $4.0 trillion in 2008 to $4.9 trillion in 2018, ranking it as
America’s largest industry when measured by contributions to national output.
But that will not translate to job growth. In fact, even as manufacturing’s output explodes over
the next decade, its workforce will contract. We project that nationally, employment in the sector
will shrink from 13.6 million jobs in 2008 to roughly 13 million in 2018. That is not to say there
will be no employment opportunities, though. The picture is more complex than that. In fact, we
project there will be roughly 2 million job openings for the nation in manufacturing due to the
retirement of Baby Boom generation workers. Even as the overall number of manufacturing jobs
declines, retirements will create openings—even shortages—in particular segments of
the industry.
FIGURE 1: KANSAS, ILLINOIS, AND IOWA LEAD JOB GROWTH THROUGH 2018
9-10%
6-8%
North Dakota
4-5%
Minnesota
2-3%
Wisconsin
South Dakota
Michigan
Nebraska
Iowa
Illinois
Kansas
Indiana
Ohio
Missouri
Job losses in this recession are not one-dimensional. There is a cyclical component where some
jobs will eventually “bounce back,” such as in construction and retail. But we are also simultaneously observing structural change in the economy as old-line manufacturing industries
are being replaced by new service industries. Autor (2010) describes this loss of traditionally
well-paying manufacturing jobs as the hollowing out of the middle of the American job market,
2
Thirty-one percent of all manufacturing employment in the U.S. is concentrated in the Midwest region.
3
“with expanding job opportunities in both high-skill, high-wage occupations and low-skill, lowwage occupations, coupled with contracting opportunities in middle-wage, middle-skill whitecollar and blue-collar jobs.” On the surface, much of this analysis is true, but much is also
exaggerated. The alleged hollowing out has been more aptly described by Schmitt and Boushey
(2010) as a general decline in the demand for less-skilled occupations. Such is the case,
especially in the worst recession since the Great Depression. Indeed, the unemployment rate
even for holders of Bachelor’s degrees and above peaked at 5.1 percent in November 2010. In addition, if we track the prevalence of manufacturing jobs across time (defined at one point in time
as well-paying), we find that manufacturing jobs declined as a percentage of employment and as
a result, their relatively higher wages no longer feature in the hierarchy of good-paying opportunities. A more complete picture of the economy should detail the middle wage service occupations that have replaced manufacturing.
Another troubling fact is the mismatch between the skills that will be needed for jobs being
created and the education backgrounds of would-be workers. Schmitt and Boushey find that a
number of college graduates are making less than high school graduates. But this is true of the
economy as a whole. Occupations matter, industries matter, and degree types matter. Employment mismatch highlights the fact that colleges need to better streamline their programs so as
to emphasize employability—both in fields and in jobs that pay a living wage.
As we slowly come out of this recession, the competition for talent will be reflected in the
wage premiums that employers will offer. Workers hired for those jobs vacancies, though,
will not look the same as those hired for such positions in decades past. Trends in hiring for
manufacturing jobs have favored skilled workers with postsecondary credentials in recent years,
and that will not change. The days when someone could get a well-paying job in manufacturing
with relatively few skills upon entry are long gone—and they aren’t coming back.
The decline in manufacturing is not the only economic maelstrom buffeting the region.
A decline in commodity prices has also hurt agriculture revenues, which contribute roughly
10 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of both North and South Dakota, and 6
percent and 3 percent to the GDP of Iowa and Kansas, respectively. In addition, agriculture
has experienced some of the same productivity trends as manufacturing. Improved technology
means that the industry can produce more agricultural goods with fewer and fewer workers. As
a result, the Plains states that are most reliant on agriculture (the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas,
and Iowa) are experiencing population shifts away from rural and towards urban areas.
Some of the Plains states are also dependent on natural resource industries like mining. These
industries were not particularly hard hit by the recession, but they are not growing and are not
expected to be substantial sources of job opportunities during the recovery.
Weak housing market prevents workers from following jobs
Coupled with the employment woes, home prices across the Midwest have continued to
plunge—showing the steepest decline of all the nation’s census regions (8.1 percent), more than 3
percentage points worse than the national average from the last quarter of 2010. Job losses in
manufacturing also precipitated further decline in the housing market as foreclosure rates
4
increased.3 As a result, workers have been thwarted in their efforts to move from the Midwest to
more active labor markets because they haven’t been able to sell their homes.
Added up then, there is little question that economic distress has been more pronounced in the
Midwest than in other regions.
Some Midwestern States Transition More
Successfully Than Others
Still, the Midwest is not a monolith—its states are neither equally nor totally dependent on
manufacturing and agriculture. Some Midwestern states are making the transition from the
older industrial economy to the new knowledge economy more successfully than others. The
plains states (North and South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas), especially, have diversified
substantial portions of their economies into the private education services and healthcare services
industries. As a result, they have moved faster down the road to recovery. They have lower unemployment than the rest of the Midwest, and even lower than national average. The Mississippi
River states (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois) have struggled, but they also have
recently begun to show signs of recovery. Not so in the Rust Belt (Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan),
though. Growth has slowed there as a result of ongoing restructuring in the auto industry.
FIGURE 2: THE GROWTH IN DEMAND FOR POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION IS ON PAR WITH JOB GROWTH
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
as
ns
Ka
a
w
is
N
or
th
Io
ak
o
D
isc
Ill
in
o
ta
in
on
s
ta
W
ne
so
hi
o
M
in
as
eb
r
O
ka
ri
N
iss
ou
a
M
h
D
ak
ot
ig
an
So
ut
ic
h
M
In
d
ia
na
0
Postsecondary Education Growth
Job Growth
According to RealtyTrac’s April 2011 Foreclosure Market Report, Michigan is sixth in the nation in terms of rates of foreclosure by state (one out of every 349 housing units).
3
5
The most robust industries and occupations in the Midwest, as with the nation as a whole,
are those that require at least some postsecondary education and training. The fastest-growing
employment sectors in the region are STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math)
occupations; education occupations; as well as healthcare professional and technical occupations, which include doctors, nurses, and medical technicians.
Those trends are part of a nationwide shift toward a service economy, which has affected the
Midwest, too (although more slowly than other parts of the country). In fact, healthcare services
are now the number one employer in Missouri, Nebraska, and North Dakota, while wholesale
and retail trade leads employment by industry in South Dakota.
Occupations in these industries tend to require at least some (and frequently quite a bit) of education and training beyond high school. 4 You can chart the nation’s economic transformation
by looking at the share of jobs that require postsecondary credentials. Between 1973 and 2008,
the share of such jobs in the U.S. economy increased from 28 percent to 59 percent. According
to our projections, the future promises more of the same. The share of “postsecondary jobs” will
increase from 59 percent to 63 percent nationally through 2018.
TABLE 2. PROJECTED JOB VACANCIES THROUGH 2018
State
Job Vacancies
Postsecondary
HS Graduates
HS Dropouts
Illinois
2,000,000
1,300,000
530,000
203,000
Indiana
930,000
506,000
328,000
96,000
Iowa
527,000
319,000
169,000
39,000
Kansas
482,000
301,000
136,000
45,000
1,300,000
836,000
388,000
103,000
Minnesota
902,000
620,000
227,000
55,000
Missouri
898,000
523,000
287,000
88,000
Nebraska
321,000
207,000
89,000
25,000
North Dakota
120,000
80,000
33,000
7,000
1,700,000
967,000
600,000
142,000
South Dakota
141,000
85,000
45,000
11,000
Wisconsin
925,000
558,000
297,000
70,000
10,246,000
6,302,000
3,129,000
884,000
Michigan
Ohio
Total
Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce forecasts of educational demand through 2018
This is actually good news for the Midwest. Compared to the rest of the country, the region has
a relatively educated and skilled workforce, which could help it capitalize on the impending
recovery. Added to this stock of skilled workers, the region’s host of world-class hospitals, public
colleges, and private universities could provide a strong foundation for growth and development.
Already, hospitals and universities are some of the Midwest’s largest employers. More than half
Seventy-five percent of jobs in healthcare services require postsecondary education, while 59 percent of jobs in wholesale and retail trade today require postsecondary education.
4
6
of the 1 million workers employed by the 10 largest companies (by number of employees) work
in healthcare services or private education services. A full 20 percent of all job vacancies in the
U.S. economy through 2018 will be in the Midwest region. The key for the Midwest’s successful recovery will be an understanding of how to direct this highly skilled workforce toward the
industries and occupations with the greatest needs and expected growth.
Looking Forward: An Overview
In the next several sections of this report, we will provide a state-by-state assessment of the
Midwest’s economic performance by examining each state’s major industries, largest employers,
unemployment, public and private job growth rates, GDP, and educational attainment relative
to labor market growth and changes.
BRIEF NOTE ON METHODOLOGY
We have a four-step approach to forecasting educational demand:
Step One: Forecasting Educational Distributions within Occupations
Step Two: Estimating Long-Term Employment Projections (the Macro Economy)
Step Three: Estimating Change in the Occupational Structure
Step Four: Projecting Educational Demand to 2018
Our method is distinct from that of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in that it uses
time series information on the changing education requirements of workers within
occupations to determine the future demand for those education needs.
The BLS does not analyze educational demand, nor do they project these estimates.
Instead they use the subjective assessment of analysts to “assign” the most significant
education and training requirements for employment in 753 occupations. To some
extent, BLS’ limited efforts are a function of their limited goals. The footnoted fine
print to the BLS data tables states—at great length—that their purpose is to represent
the most significant education and training requirement within occupations.
Our estimates therefore are an attempt to more adequately reflect the changing
education requirements of occupations through time, as revealed by the increasing
demands of employers and the wage premiums offered to postsecondary workers.
We use the actual distribution of earnings across occupations to determine the
demand for postsecondary education in the labor market. We reason that since
the wages of people with postsecondary education are high and/or rising relative
to people without postsecondary education within an occupation, postsecondary
education confers an advantage.
Appendix 8 of this report provides a comparison of the BLS state education requirements data to state level ACS data. The stark difference between what BLS says is
demanded and what ACS counts as the education level of incumbents illustrates the
extent to which BLS grossly underestimates true educational demand.
For a more complete discussion of our technical methods,
visit our website at cew.georgetown.edu/jobs2018
7
FIGURE 3: FIVE MIDWESTERN STATES WILL EXCEED THE NATIONAL AVERAGE IN THE
PROPORTION OF JOBS REQUIRING POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION AND TRAINING BY 2018
Minnesota
North Dakota
Nebraska
Illinois
Kansas
Iowa
National Average
63% of all jobs will
require postsecondary
education by 2018
Michigan
South Dakota
Wisconsin
Missouri
Ohio
Indiana
0
20%
40%
60%
We find that educational demand in the Midwest over the next decade will be as diverse as the
states themselves. Nationally, we project that, by 2018, about 63 percent of all jobs will require
some form of postsecondary education and training. Five Midwestern states—Minnesota, North
Dakota, Nebraska, Illinois, and Kansas (70%, 70%, 66%, 64% and 64% respectively)—will exceed
this average. Four states—Iowa, Michigan, South Dakota, and Wisconsin (62%, 62%, 62%,
and 61% respectively)—fall just below the national trend. Due to a variety of economic factors
explained in greater detail later in this report, Missouri, Ohio, and Indiana will rank below the
national average in the share of jobs that require postsecondary credentials (59%, 57%, and 55%,
respectively).
In the final section of this report, we will discuss a proposal that could harness the Midwest’s
enormous economic potential: a career development system that would more adequately connect
workers (including the unemployed, recent graduates, and those switching careers) to real time
job vacancies in order to ease the transition back into the workforce during the recovery. In addition to pairing workers with jobs, the system would help workers understand how their skills
could transfer to other occupations and industries, and advise them on what extra education
they might need to make a successful transition. In this system, workers would have access to
detailed information regarding the economic benefits of education in general, and of particular
courses and curricula in particular. With more complete information, individuals would be able
to connect their training and retraining to market demand and to potential earnings.
Such a system, paired with investment in postsecondary education and strategic economic planning, would allow the region to make the most of its workforce and transition successfully to the
post-recession economy.
8
THE MIDWEST: A State-by-State Assessment
and A Look at the Numbers
THE PLAINS STATES
Kansas
Although the recession began on Wall Street, the neighborhood streets of Kansas have been far
from immune. From 2008 to 2009, the Sunflower State suffered its greatest year-to-year employment decrease since 1946, as total nonfarm employment declined by 3.3 percent, and private sector employment dropped by almost 60,000. Despite those losses, however, the Kansas economy
did not look as bleak as the national picture. By early 2010, in fact, Kansas had already shown
signs of a turnaround. Although unemployment went from 4.4 percent in 2008 to 6.7 percent
in 2009, it remained steady at 6.8 by March 2011—two points lower than the national average of
8.8. That recovery picked up where pre-recession trends had left off. From 2006 to 2009, Kansas’s
year-to-year change in private employment compared favorably with that of other states in the
Midwest and the rest of the nation.
Kansas lost jobs in the manufacturing; professional and business services; trade; transportation
and utilities; and construction industries. The decline in manufacturing was more pronounced
than in the other industries, though, as it shed more than 19,600 jobs in 2009. That was more
than twice as large as the decline in the professional and business services industry, and three
times larger than the dip in the trade, transportation and utilities, and construction industries
(Kansas Economic Report, 2010).
TABLE 3: SNAPSHOT OF EDUCATIONAL DEMAND FOR TOTAL JOBS
IN KANSAS (2008 AND 2018)
2008
2018
% change
High school dropouts
142,000
155,000
9%
High school graduates
432,000
470,000
9%
Some college
367,000
402,000
10%
Associate’s
131,000
145,000
11%
Bachelor's
311,000
345,000
11%
Graduate
131,000
147,000
12%
9
Kansas’ major employers in 2010, provided by the Kansas Department of Labor, reflect both
old-line industries and the emerging economy dominated by healthcare services and private
education services. Aeronautical manufacturing companies such as the Hawker Beechcraft Corporation and the Cessna Aircraft Company continue the Midwestern tradition of manufacturing
but require increased skills and education of their workers. Meanwhile, employers such as the
University of Kansas, Stormvont-Vail Healthcare, and several public school districts reflect the
growing dominance of these services industries. Finally, the federal government, in the form of
the Postal Service, Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans’ Affairs, continues to
employ large numbers of Kansans.
However, the biggest companies are not the full story. Information on the fastest growing
companies tells us about the direction of the state and sources of new opportunities. Inc.com
ranks InfoSync Services (#325) and Vin Solutions (#447) among the 5,000 fastest growing companies in the nation. These companies are in information services and professional and business
services, two fast-growing industries. These industries are growing at a similar pace across the
country, accelerating changes in the demand for postsecondary workers to operate and manage
these enterprises, and Kansas is no exception.
Computer and mathematical science occupations; community and social services occupations;
and farming, fishing and forestry occupations are projected to grow the fastest through 2018, at
rates of 22 percent, 21 percent, and 20 percent, respectively.
Between 2008 and 2018, new jobs in Kansas requiring postsecondary education and training
will grow by 99,000, whereas jobs for high school graduates and dropouts will grow by 51,000.
For the same time period, the state will have 482,000 openings from job creation and retirements. Of these, 301,000 will require postsecondary credentials, 136,000 will require high school
diplomas, and 45,000 will require no diploma.
In the share of jobs that will require a Bachelor’s degree by 2018, Kansas ranks 15th nationwide,
versus 32nd in jobs for high school dropouts. By 2018, about 1 million jobs in Kansas, or 64
percent of the total, will require postsecondary education and training.
Nebraska
The overall unemployment rate in Nebraska was 4.2 percent in March 2011, which was still well
below the national level of 8.8 percent (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011). Nebraska’s private
sector lost about 25,000 jobs in 2009, but the state’s year-to-year rate of employment losses was
lower than other Midwestern states and the United States as a whole.
Through 2018, the fastest-growing occupations are projected to be healthcare support, computer
and mathematical sciences, and community and social services. They will grow at rates of 20
percent, 18 percent, and 18 percent, respectively.
Thousands of Nebraskans are employed by its diverse range of major employers, from Tyson
Foods, Inc., a food manufacturer, to hospitals and healthcare organizations, and federal and
10 The Georgetown University Center on Education and the workforce
state government offices (Nebraska Department of Economic Development, 2011 &
ReferenceUSA Database, 2011).
The state’s fastest-growing companies indicate the source of many new job opportunities in the
coming years. Like much of the Midwest, Nebraska is branching out into industries where high
growth is expected. Two of Inc.com’s fastest-growing companies located in Nebraska, the Five
Nines Technology Group (#527) and DocuLynx (#689), provide technology solutions that help
companies adjust to a changing marketplace. Fortune ranked Nebraska-headquartered retailer
Buckle the 58th fastest-growing company thanks to growing online sales.
IN NEBRASKA (2008 AND 2018)
2008
2018
% change
81,000
87,000
7%
287,000
307,000
7%
Some college
254,000
274,000
8%
Associate’s
117,000
127,000
9%
Bachelor's
207,000
225,000
9%
Graduate
80,000
89,000
11%
In Nebraska, 66 percent of all jobs—some 750,000—will require at least some postsecondary
training by 2018. Between 2008 and 2018, new jobs requiring postsecondary training will grow
by 56,000, while those for high school graduates and dropouts will grow by 25,000. Overall,
Nebraska will create 321,000 job vacancies, counting both new jobs and old positions vacated by
retirees. Of these new opportunities, 207,000 will be for workers with postsecondary credentials;
89,000 for high school graduates; and 25,000 for high school dropouts.
Nationally, Nebraska ranks 17th in the share of its jobs that will require a Bachelor’s degree by
2018 and 36th in jobs for high school dropouts.
North Dakota
Unlike most U.S. states, the recession seems to have had only a minimal effect on North Dakota’s
economy. Minor job losses were recorded in the second half of 2009, but the state’s year-to-year
rate of growth and private sector employment have been significantly better than those in other
Midwestern states and the nation as a whole.
North Dakota’s unemployment rate was 3.6 percent in March 2011, well below the national rate
of 8.8 percent. A variety of national and global economic factors have favored some industries
in the state, especially mining. Mining wages have increased by 80 percent over the last 10 years,
and there have been upturns in other occupations important to North Dakota, including transportation, trade, and utilities. Even though mining is a significant piece of the economy, North
Dakota’s largest industry is healthcare services, which had 48,400 jobs in 2008. Retail trade is
the next largest industry by employment (North Dakota Workforce Review, 2009).
11
In 2009, seven of the state’s top 10 employers were in the healthcare services industry; major
employers in other industries included Microsoft and U.S. Bank (North Dakota Workforce Intelligence Network). The prevalence of healthcare-related employers indicates that this industry is a
vital sector of the state’s economy. North Dakota is also home to Appareo Systems, which is
the nation’s fastest-growing engineering firm according to Inc.com (#159). North Dakota’s
significant and growing employers already reflect its transition away from production industries
and toward high-skill service industries such as information services and financial services, and
toward highly skilled occupations such as engineering.
IN NORTH DAKOTA (2008 AND 2018)
2008
2018
% change
21,000
23,000
10%
108,000
114,000
6%
Some college
97,000
102,000
5%
Associate’s
57,000
60,000
5%
Bachelor's
85,000
89,000
5%
Graduate
24,000
25,000
4%
Healthcare support occupations are projected to grow by 11 percent between 2008 and 2018.
STEM occupations are the fastest-growing occupations (engineers and technicians at 16%, and
computers and science occupations by 26%).
About 277,000 jobs in North Dakota—70 percent of the total—will require some training beyond
high school by 2018.
Between 2008 and 2018, new jobs in North Dakota requiring postsecondary education and
training will grow by 14,000, whereas jobs for high school graduates and dropouts will grow by
only 6,000. In addition, the state is projected to create a total of 120,000 job vacancies, both from
newly created jobs and retirements from existing jobs. Of these openings, 80,000 will require
individuals with postsecondary credentials, 33,000 will require at least high school diplomas,
and 7,000 will be open to high school dropouts.
Nationally, North Dakota ranks 6th in the share of its jobs that will require a Bachelor’s degree
by 2018, and 51st in jobs for high school dropouts.
South Dakota
Much like its neighbor to the north, South Dakota held up well as the recession swept through
the country. South Dakota’s unemployment rate was 4.9 percent in March 2011, nearly four
points less than the national average of 8.8 percent. The state also ranked near the top for GDP
growth in 2008 and had the 10th-largest GDP growth last year among all 50 states.
Agriculture, historically, has been the backbone of South Dakota’s economy. Indeed, agriculture
contributes an estimated $3.5 billion to the state’s economy, and accounts for 9.4 percent of the
state’s GDP (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011).
During the recession, most of the workers who lost their jobs were in the manufacturing sector.
TABLE 6: SNAPSHOT OF Educational demand FOR TOTAL JOBS
By
2009,DAKOTA
South Dakota’s
manufacturing
industry had shed about 5,300 workers, or 12.4
IN July
SOUTH
(2008 AND
2018)
percent of the sector’s workforce. In addition, the professional and business services industry
shed about 1,500 workers. The latter is forecast to continue losing ground through 2018, while
2008
2018
% change
gains are projected in healthcare support; healthcare professional and technical; and computer
High
school dropouts
9%and 22 percent,
34,000 Increases of
37,000
and
mathematical
science occupations.
25 percent, 23 percent,
respectively,
projected. 145,000
High school are
graduates
8%
156,000
Some college
98,000
107,000
9%
Associate’s
54,000
59,000
9%
Bachelor's
89,000
98,000
10%
Graduate
28,000
31,000
11%
In 2010, four of the top 10 largest private employers in South Dakota, including Avera and
Sanford Health, were associated with the healthcare services industry and related support systems.
Financial services companies Citibank and Wells Fargo, and wholesale and retail trade
companies also employ thousands of South Dakota residents. With the impending retirement
of Baby Boomers, healthcare will become even more important to South Dakota in coming
years, and so will the postsecondary credentials that healthcare workers will hold.
By 2018, 62 percent of all jobs in South Dakota (294,000) will require some training beyond
high school.
Between 2008 and 2018, new jobs in South Dakota requiring postsecondary education and
training will grow by 25,000, while jobs for high school graduates and dropouts will increase
by 14,000.
Over this same period, the state will add 141,000 job, both from new job opportunities and
vacancies arising from retirements. Of these vacancies, 85,000 will favor candidates with postsecondary qualifications, 45,000 will favor high school graduates, and 11,000 will be suitable
for high school dropouts. South Dakota ranks 19th in the share of its jobs that will require a
Bachelor’s degree by 2018, and 41st in jobs for high school dropouts.
13
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER STATES
Illinois
The GDP of Illinois was estimated at $634 billion in 2008, with 0.25 percent real growth compared to the year before (JP Morgan Chase, 2010). Illinois is home to Chicago, the nation’s thirdlargest city and the biggest in the Midwest. Traditionally, most of the state’s economic activity
is concentrated in this urban powerhouse. Chicago, as well as the rest of the state, has a diverse
economy, as evidenced by the state’s largest private employers, which range from financial
services to pharmaceutical and insurance companies.
According to the Illinois Department of Employment Security, in 2009 significant wholesale and
retail trade companies in Illinois included Wal-Mart, Jewel-Osco, and Walgreens. This indicates
the importance of an industry that has increased its postsecondary employment from 32 percent
in 1983 to 53 percent in 2008. Long-time Illinois-based companies State Farm Insurance and
Caterpillar also employ large numbers, and telecommunications companies such as SBC and
Motorola underscore the growing importance of communications technology to all industries.
Illinois’ largest employers show where the jobs are now, but growing companies point to the
state’s economic future. Three of Fortune’s 25 fastest-growing companies are based in Illinois,
and two of those, SXC Health Solutions (#6), and Allscripts-Misys Healthcare Solutions (#22)
develop and apply new technology to healthcare. This high-growth area reflects the need to cut
costs and improve quality of care as healthcare needs continue to grow. Developing these stateof-the-art systems will require innovation as well as both medical and technological expertise.
Illinois’ workers will require more and more education to compete in the “college economy”
that these companies represent.
Illinois’ unemployment rate was 8.8 percent in March 2011, on par with the national
average. In addition, the private sector lost 225,000 jobs between 2008 and 2009, making
Illinois the Midwestern state with the most private job losses. Due to the collapse of
the national housing market, the state’s construction industry took a significant hit, losing
an estimated 22,824 jobs in Illinois since 2003 (Economic Information and Analysis Division,
2009). The next biggest layoffs were in the manufacturing, professional and business services,
and leisure and hospitality industries.
Manufacturing’s decline did not begin with the recession but was accelerated by it. The
industry had been losing jobs between 2001 and 2008 due to a combination of factors,
including increased productivity, outsourcing, and higher skill requirements necessary
for existing manufacturing jobs.
The retail trade industry was also hit hard by the recession. Mass layoffs, high commodity
prices, and tight credit markets combined to reduce household spending and consumer
confidence, forcing individuals to reprioritize their spending. The retail sector, in turn,
paid the price in jobs.
IN ILLINOIS (2008 AND 2018)
2008
2018
% change
661,000
699,000
6%
1,711,000
1,820,000
6%
Some college
1,393,000
1,510,000
8%
Associate’s
563,000
621,000
10%
Bachelor's
1,318,000
1,468,000
11%
Graduate
689,000
783,000
14%
Although the recession devastated the job picture in certain industries, we do project growth
between now and 2018—and jobs will grow fastest for those with postsecondary credentials.
Like its Midwestern neighbors, Illinois is expected to witness a significant increase in the proportion of STEM occupations through 2018. Healthcare support; computer and mathematical
science occupations; and healthcare professional and technical occupations will grow fastest.
We project growth of 29 percent, 28 percent, and 24 percent, respectively.
By 2018, Illinois will have 4.4 million jobs (64 percent of the total) that require some training
beyond high school. Between 2008 and 2018, the state is expected to create 2 million openings,
both from newly created jobs and retirement from existing positions. Of these vacancies, 1.3
million will be for those with postsecondary credentials, 530,000 for high school graduates,
and 203,000 for high school dropouts. New jobs in the state that require postsecondary education and training will grow by 418,000 between 2008 and 2018, while jobs targeting high school
graduates and dropouts will grow by only 148,000.
Illinois ranks 13th in the share of its jobs that will require a Bachelor’s degree by 2018, and 24th in
jobs for high school dropouts.
Iowa
Despite some signs of recovery, Iowa is still fighting to regain its pre-December 2007 levels of
economic performance. From December 2007 to September 2010, the state’s unemployment rate
has increased steadily, creeping upward from 3.9 percent to 6.8 percent, with private sector job
losses totaling 40,000 in 2009. Although that was considerably lower than the national average, it is high for Iowa. In 2009, the number of jobless Iowans was 35,000 higher than during the
previous downturn in 2004. By March 2011, however, the state saw promising signs of recovery;
the unemployment rate had dipped slightly to 6.1 percent, more than 2 points below the national
average of 8.8 percent.
Iowa’s economic output was $136 billion in 2008, with a $28.2 billion contribution from manufacturing. That was the largest share of any industry.
15
During the recession, four of the state’s major industries—retail trade; leisure and hospitality;
information services; and manufacturing—all lost significant numbers of jobs. These industries
account for nearly half of all jobs in Iowa. Manufacturing and construction suffered the sharpest
declines when, between 2008 and 2009, both suffered job losses of more than 10 percent. Even
during the recession, though, some industries showed slight signs of growth. The education and
health services industries held their own, even posting minor gains. The natural resources and
mining industry also scraped by with no change in employment.
As of 2010, according to a report by the Iowa Workforce Development Employment Statistics
Bureau (2010), Iowa’s largest private employers still included manufacturers such as Deere &
Co. and Tyson Fresh Meats. But major insurance companies Allied/Nationwide and Principal
Financial, and hospitals and health corporations such as Iowa Health System and Mercy Medical
Center also employed large numbers. Although the most Iowans work in these traditional industries, Iowa is also home to Inc.com’s 40th fastest growing company, Involta. This information
services company provides data storage and is part of an industry that will require 91 percent of
its workers to have postsecondary education by 2018.
Projections into 2018 reveal that computer and mathematical science occupations should post
strong job growth, estimated at 22 percent. Healthcare support occupations will also see growth
of 22 percent, followed by personal services occupations at 20 percent.
IN IOWA (2008 AND 2018)
2008
2018
% change
124,000
135,000
9%
537,000
583,000
9%
Some college
378,000
414,000
10%
Associate’s
196,000
216,000
10%
Bachelor's
316,000
349,000
10%
Graduate
109,000
122,000
12%
By 2018, 1.1 million jobs in Iowa, or 62 percent of the total, will require some education or
training beyond high school.
Iowa is expected to create 527,000 job vacancies between 2008 and 2018, both from newly
created jobs and retirements from existing positions. Of these openings, 319,000 will be for
individuals holding postsecondary degrees, 169,000 for high school graduates, and 39,000
for high school dropouts. Between 2008 and 2018, new jobs in Iowa requiring postsecondary
credentials will grow by 101,000, while jobs for high school graduates and dropouts will
increase by 57,000.
Iowa ranks 22nd in the share of its jobs that will require a Bachelor’s degree by 2018, and 43rd
in jobs for high school dropouts.
Minnesota
Minnesota held up relatively well during the recession compared to other states in the Midwest
and the rest of the country. Unemployment reached 7 percent in September 2010 and has since
dipped slightly to 6.6 percent by March 2011. Although that represented a significant increase
from previous years, Minnesota’s jobless rate has remained below the national average of
8.8 percent.
The state shed about 75,000 private sector jobs in 2009, but maintained a year-to-year rate
of decline that is lower than the rest of the region and the country as a whole (Creighton
University, 2009).
Minnesota had a GDP growth rate of 5.3 percent in the beginning of the recession (2006-2007)
(Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development, 2010).
As Minnesota climbs out of the recession—and as markets attempt to repair some of the
damage incurred between 2007 and 2009—we forecast job gains for some sectors and
continued contraction for others. Construction jobs have been particularly vulnerable,
especially in metropolitan areas, with job loss rates near 23 percent over a two-year period.
The largest employers in the state are more diverse than other states in the region; they include
government, retail, financial services, healthcare services, and private education services. Twin
Cities Business reported that, as of 2009, the state and federal governments are the first and third
largest employers in the state, respectively. However, they are joined by major healthcare companies, including the world-famous Mayo Clinic, as well as the University of Minnesota, the Target
Corporation, Wells Fargo, and 3M.
The fastest-growing employers in Minnesota show that the state’s economy and the job opportunities it will provide are becoming even more diverse and education intensive. According to
the Minneapolis-St. Paul Star Tribune (2011), Minnesota-based companies that saw the most
employment growth between 2009 and 2010 were Capella Education Company, a proprietary
higher education group; Datalink Corporation and Compellent Technologies Inc., which is
in information services; and Synovis Life Technologies Inc. and AGA Medical Holdings, Inc.,
which provide high-tech healthcare products.
IN MINNESOTA (2008 AND 2018)
2008
2018
% change
185,000
189,000
2%
759,000
782,000
3%
Some college
703,000
743,000
6%
Associate’s
348,000
374,000
7%
Bachelor's
672,000
729,000
8%
Graduate
264,000
293,000
11%
17
By 2018, 70 percent of all jobs in Minnesota (2.1 million) will require some training beyond high
school. Between 2008 and 2018, new jobs in Minnesota requiring postsecondary education and
training will grow by 152,000, while jobs for high school graduates and dropouts will grow by
just 28,000.
Through 2018, we project that Minnesota will create 902,000 job vacancies, both from newly
created jobs and existing positions that become vacant due to retirement. Of those openings,
620,000 will be for workers with postsecondary credentials, 227,000 for high school graduates,
and 55,000 for high school dropouts.
Minnesota ranks 5th in the share of its jobs that will require a Bachelor’s degree by 2018, and
48th in jobs for high school dropouts.
Missouri
Missouri’s economy was shaken by the recession, although it was showing some signs of stabilization by 2009: home prices stopped falling, jobless claims numbers held steady, and consumer
confidence was positive.
The state’s GDP exceeded $238 billion in 2008, primarily due to contributions by agriculture,
government and public education services, trade, transportation and utilities, and a number of
service industries.
Missouri’s unemployment rate was 9.1 percent in March 2011, slightly above the national average
of 8.8 percent. By the official end of the recession in June 2009, Missouri’s total nonfarm employment had declined by 2.7 percent compared to the previous year. Manufacturing lost 11.6 percent of its workers (34,000 jobs), with losses spread fairly evenly across all sub-sectors (Missouri
Economic Research and Information Center, 2009; The Council of State Governments, 2011).
Private sector jobs declined by 75,000 between 2008 and 2009, although Missouri’s private sector
losses were lower than many other states in the Midwest and the rest of the country. Private education services and healthcare services industries stood against the recessionary tide, growing by
about 8,500 jobs in 2009.
Since 2003, professional and business services, government and public education services,
private education services, and healthcare services have seen their shares of the state economy
grow, while manufacturing and financial services have declined in share.
Missouri’s largest private employers reflect the growing dominance of healthcare services and
private education services. Six of the 10 largest private employers in the state are in the healthcare services and private education servicess, according to the Missouri Economic Research and
Information Center (2011). These are Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Lester E. Cox Medical Centers, St.
John’s Mercy Health, St. John’s Regional Health, St. Louis University, and Washington University.
Other major employers are the Boeing Company, and several wholesale and retail trade companies.
The largest employers do not tell the full story about the source of emerging industries and
opportunities in the state. Several niche manufacturers, as well as a financial services company
have seen major growth in the last year. Several of Fortune’s fastest-growing companies are
headquartered in Missouri, including Olin (#40), which supplies ammunition to the military
and to police (among the protective services jobs projected to grow through 2018), Stifel
Financial (#65), food manufacturer Ralcorp Holdings (#75), and Panera Bread Company (#99).
Healthcare and STEM occupations will lead job growth through 2018. In Missouri, computer
and mathematical science occupations will grow by 16 percent, followed by community and
social services occupations at 13 percent, with healthcare support occupations close behind
at 12 percent.
TABLE 10: SNAPSHOT OF EDUCATIONAL DEMAND FOR TOTAL
JOBS IN MISSOURI (2008 AND 2018)
2008
2018
% change
297,000
305,000
3%
965,000
991,000
3%
Some college
686,000
711,000
4%
Associate’s
231,000
243,000
5%
Bachelor's
538,000
568,000
6%
Graduate
263,000
282,000
7%
In 2018, 59 percent of Missouri’s jobs will be for workers with at least some postsecondary
education and training. Missouri is expected to create 898,000 vacancies, both from new jobs
and from retirements. Of those vacancies, 523,000 will be for employees with postsecondary
credentials, 287,000 for high school graduates, and 88,000 for high school dropouts.
Between 2008 and 2018, new jobs in Missouri requiring postsecondary education and training
will grow by 86,000 while jobs for high school graduates and dropouts will grow by 34,000.
Missouri ranks 33rd in the share of its jobs that will require a Bachelor’s degree by 2018 and 26th
Wisconsin
Since the sharp economic decline in 2009, Wisconsin’s private sector has been gaining jobs, but
at an unstable rate. The largest sectors of Wisconsin’s economy are also those that have lost the
most jobs in the recession: manufacturing and trade, transportation, and utilities account for 65
percent of the losses. Wisconsin’s unemployment rate was at 7.4 percent in March 2011, below
the national average of 8.8 percent.
Since December 2009, Wisconsin has gained about 25,400 jobs, bolstered by recovery in the
manufacturing industry, which alone gained 10,900 jobs. Even though manufacturing was the
largest private employer in Wisconsin during the last century, the sector has been slowly eroding
19
since 1999. By 2002, manufacturing had slipped to second place behind trade, transportation,
and utilities. Still, the share of manufacturing jobs in Wisconsin is significantly greater than in
the country as a whole—15.5 percent of total employment compared to 8.9 percent (Wisconsin
Department of Workforce Development, 2006).
The top ten largest private employers in the state are clustered in the retail sales and healthcare
services industries. According to Wisconsin’s Department of Workforce Development (2006),
five of the top 10 employers are healthcare companies and clinics. Wal-Mart, Menards, and
Target employ large numbers of Wisconsin residents. Public employers such as the University of
Wisconsin-Madison and the Milwaukee Public Schools also employ thousands of workers across
different occupations.
Wisconsin is also home to several of Inc.com’s fastest growing companies, which points to
increasing diversity (and increased postsecondary demand) in the state’s economy. Growing
companies such as Zeon Solutions (#227), Interfacial Solutions (#304), Everything2go.com
(#404), and Sajan (#778) are applying technology in new ways to everything from retail sales
to language translation. In Wisconsin, healthcare support, computer and mathematical science,
and healthcare technical and professional occupations are projected to grow at the fastest pace
through 2018, with rates of 25 percent, 22 percent, and 23 percent, respectively.
JOBS IN WISCONSIN (2008 AND 2018)
2008
2018
% change
231,000
241,000
4%
984,000
1,026,000
4%
Some college
664,000
704,000
6%
Associate’s
338,000
366,000
8%
Bachelor's
554,000
600,000
8%
Graduate
231,000
255,000
10%
Through 2018, 61 percent of all jobs in the state will require some postsecondary training.
Jobs requiring postsecondary education will grow by 139,000, and those for high school
graduates and dropouts by 52,000 between 2008 and 2018.
During the same period, the state will create 925,000 total vacancies from new jobs
and retirements.
There will be 558,000 job vacancies for individuals with postsecondary credentials, 297,000
for high school graduates, and 70,000 for high school dropouts. Wisconsin ranks 26th in
the share of its jobs that will require a Bachelor’s degree by 2018, and 40th in jobs for high
school dropouts.
THE RUST BELT
Indiana
Indiana’s economy is still feeling the pinch of the recession. In September 2010, Indiana’s unemployment rate was 10.1 percent, above the national average, but by March 2011 it had dropped to
8.5 percent, just below the national rate of 8.8 percent. The number of jobless workers between
2008 and 2009 was nearly twice as high as during the 2001 recession—and an estimated 140,000
workers have left Indiana’s labor force since the recession hit its highest point in January 2009.
Indiana’s economy is tightly tied to manufacturing, which accounted for 30.2 percent of GDP
in 2008—the highest share of any state in the nation. Indiana’s manufacturing industry has been
suffering for years, and continues to lose jobs and close factories (Indiana Business Research
Center, 2007).
Moreover, the expansion of private sector businesses in Indiana has lagged behind the rest of
the country since 2000, but this was exacerbated by the recession. In addition to low performance on the private job creation measure, Indiana also ranks relatively low compared to other
Midwestern states on such indicators as “technological innovation and competitiveness” and
“entrepreneurial economy and infrastructure” (Council of State Governments, 2011).
The largest employers in Indiana are also those that favor postsecondary education and training.
According to the Indiana Chamber of Commerce, Wal-Mart employs the most Indianans,
but nearly all the rest of the top ten overall employers are in education-intensive industries
of government and public education services (both federal and state), healthcare services (Indiana University Health, Franciscan Alliance, and Ascension Health, as well as Eli Lilly and Co., a
pharmaceutical company), and education services (Indiana University and Purdue University).
The largest employers have the strength of numbers, but they are not always the major source of
either economic or job growth in the same way that rapidly growing industries and companies
are. Two Indiana companies are in the top 50 fastest-growing companies according to Inc.com,
including KPaul (#10), a government supplier, and Appliance Zone (#39), which has used the
Internet to change the way appliances are sold. Computer and mathematical science; community
and social services; and healthcare support are the fastest growing occupations in the state, and
are projected to have the highest numbers of job openings going forward.
JOBS IN INDIANA (2008 AND 2018)
2008
2018
% change
362,000
330,000
-9%
1,119,000
1,132,000
1%
Some college
676,000
696,000
3%
Associate’s
277,000
291,000
5%
Bachelor's
498,000
527,000
6%
Graduate
216,000
234,000
8%
21
The national trend of occupations increasingly demanding postsecondary education is true in
Indiana, too. Fifty-five percent of all jobs in the state will require some postsecondary training
by 2018. Between 2008 and 2018, Indiana will create 930,000 vacancies, both from newly created
jobs and openings caused by retirements. Of those vacancies, 506,000 will be for individuals
with postsecondary credentials, 328,000 for high school graduates and 96,000 for high
school dropouts.
New jobs in Indiana requiring postsecondary education and training will grow by 79,000,
while jobs for high school graduates and dropouts will grow by 16,000. Indiana ranks 42nd
in the share of its jobs that will require a Bachelor’s degree by 2018, and 22nd in jobs for high
school dropouts.
Michigan
Michigan has been losing jobs since 2000, and 68 percent of these losses have been in manufacturing. Of the 72,000 jobs lost in Michigan between 2007 and 2008, most came from the transportation equipment manufacturing and automotive sectors.
Overall, Michigan’s economic indicators remain grim, prompting a series of mass layoffs and job
cutbacks. The number of unemployed workers rose drastically between 2007 and 2009, reaching
14 percent in April 2010—well above the national average. Michigan’s economic woes are better
captured by its GDP growth: despite having an estimated GDP of $376 billion in 2008, its annual
GDP growth rate was declining by 2.8 percent (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2011).
In terms of private sector employment, Michigan lost about 200,000 jobs in 2009, and the yearto-year decline rate is considerably higher than other Midwest states and the rest of the country.
There is widespread consensus that Michigan’s economic hurdles are directly related to slumps
in the automotive and housing markets. As the hub of the auto industry, Michigan’s economy
relied substantially on that sector for state revenues, sales, and employment. All three major
auto manufacturers (GM, Ford, and Chrysler LLC) have seen their share of sales drop at dizzying rates. Although the auto industry has made some gains recently, these have been related to
lower labor costs and higher productivity. With a critical industry in freefall, personal misfortune followed: home foreclosures increased by 125 percent between 2005 and 2006, and continue
to increase (WWOCAR, 2008).
As in other Midwestern states, healthcare services and private education services in Michigan
are exceptions to the downward trends. These industries saw their shares of employment increase from 2007 to 2008, and have contributed to increases in personal income as well (Michigan
Department of Treasury, 2010). Moreover, in a bit of good news for Michigan, the unemployment rate dropped to 10.3 percent in December 2010—still well above the national average, but
not nearly as high as the previous year.
Currently, nearly all of Michigan’s largest employers are in the education and healthcare services industries. According to the ReferenceUSA Database (2011), the best source made publicly
available, of those that employ over 10,000 Michigan residents, six of the nine are hospitals, and
one, the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, is providing the private education services that
Michigan’s labor force will increasingly need over the next several years.
Furthermore, rapidly growing companies in Michigan hint at its changed economic trajectory.
Michigan’s most rapidly growing companies are, according to Fortune (2011), both in postsecondary-intensive industries: Valassis Communications (#40) is in professional and business
services, and Credit Acceptance (#53) is a financial services company.
Statewide, healthcare support, healthcare professional and technical, and community and social
services occupations are projected to grow fastest in Michigan, at rates of 20 percent, 15 percent,
and 14 percent, respectively.
JOBS IN MICHIGAN (2008 AND 2018)
2008
2018
% change
350,000
354,000
1%
1,320,000
1,338,000
1%
Some college
1,101,000
1,129,000
3%
Associate’s
433,000
452,000
4%
Bachelor's
810,000
850,000
5%
Graduate
423,000
452,000
7%
By 2018, about 2.9 million jobs in Michigan, 62 percent of the state’s total employment, will
require some training beyond high school.
Through 2018, new jobs in Michigan requiring postsecondary education and training will grow
by 116,000, while jobs for high school graduates and dropouts will grow by an estimated 22,000.
Overall, Michigan will create 1.3 million job vacancies from job growth and retirements. Of
these new vacancies, 836,000 will be for candidates with postsecondary education credentials,
388,000 for high school graduates, and 103,000 for high school dropouts.
Michigan ranks 34th in the share of jobs that will require a Bachelor’s degree by 2018, and 35th
Ohio
Ohio had an estimated GDP of $446.3 billion in 2008, ranking it as the seventh largest state
economy in the country. Even so, Ohio has been struggling since the early 2000s, and the
recession dealt it a severe blow.
Private employment in Ohio was down 175,000 jobs at the peak of the recession, and the state’s
year-to-year decline has been greater than the U.S. average. In December 2010, Ohio’s unemployment rate was 8.9 percent, just above the nation’s rate of 8.8 percent.
23
Employment in Ohio’s goods-producing industries has been declining quickly, and this trend
is projected to continue. Manufacturing is expected to decline by 17.7 percent over the coming years, compared to 10.6 percent for the nation. Ohio’s services industries, meanwhile, are
increasing at rates lower than the national average. As a result, overall employment growth is
projected to be considerably slower than the national rate.
Private education services and healthcare services industries are projected to account for more
than one in every three new jobs, whereas more than one in every four new jobs will be added by
the professional and business services industries. Also expanding are trade, transportation and
utilities, government, and wholesale and retail trade.
The present economic and industrial conditions attest to the correlation between current
employment job growth and demand for postsecondary education. Ohio’s major employers
reflect the growing preponderance of education and healthcare over traditional mainstays
such as manufacturing. According to the Ohio Department of Development, in 2009 three out
of the 10 largest employers in the state were healthcare companies: the Cleveland Clinic Health
System, Catholic Healthcare Partners, and University Hospitals in Cleveland. The Ohio State
University and JP Morgan Chase & Company also rank among the top 10 and employ thousands
of Ohioans.
Ohio is home to a number of rapidly growing companies that make both Inc.com and Fortune’s
lists. They include financial services companies First Financial Bancorp (Fortune #54) and
InsuranceAgents.com (Inc.com #68). The fastest growing occupations in Ohio are in healthcare
support (25%), followed by computer and mathematical science (18%), and community and
social services occupations (17%).
JOBS IN OHIO (2008 AND 2018)
2008
2018
% change
484,000
490,000
1%
2,045,000
2,069,000
1%
Some college
1,225,000
1,264,000
3%
Associate’s
523,000
553,000
6%
Bachelor's
960,000
1,012,000
5%
Graduate
477,000
509,000
7%
Before the next decade is over, 57 percent (about 3.3 million) of all jobs in Ohio will require some
training beyond high school.
Between 2008 and 2018, new jobs in Ohio requiring postsecondary education and training will
grow by 153,000, while jobs for high school graduates and dropouts will grow by just 30,000.
Over the same period, Ohio will create 1.7 million vacancies both from newly created jobs and
retirements from existing positions.
Of these openings, 967,000 will be for workers with postsecondary credentials, 600,000 for high
school graduates and 142,000 for high school dropouts.
Ohio ranks 36th in the share of its jobs that will require a Bachelor’s degree by 2018, and 34th in
jobs for high school dropouts.
25
Bridging the Gap: Developing a Career
Development Information System
The Midwest cannot afford to invest scarce resources in trying to regain the jobs that were
lost in the recession—most of those have vanished permanently. In recent years, technological
advances have allowed employers to mechanize many low-skill tasks and lay off the workers
who once performed them. The jobs that remain are too complex for computers to perform,
which means they must be filled by employees with higher levels of skill and education. That
trend was in motion before 2007, but the recession sped it up. This process is especially painful for workers in sectors that are declining or slow to adapt to change: their old jobs are gone,
but they aren’t qualified to fill the new ones. As the economy continues to transition, a radical
restructuring of the labor force will be required. Coupled with this process of structural change,
impending Baby Boom retirements portend shortages in job-specific experience and training as
replacement workers try to fill these vacancies.
Meeting this challenge will be particularly difficult in the face of shrinking state and federal
budgets. States will be forced to leverage the current skills and competencies of existing workforces, and fill unmet demand for skilled workers as efficiently as possible. The first line of
defense against economic stagnation is continued education. States play a vital role in developing tomorrow’s workforce by promoting educational opportunity through the funding of public
postsecondary institutions. Letting the current budgetary woes cut investment in these institutions is economic self-sabotage, impacting future growth and the ability of states to adapt to an
increasingly skills-based economy.
A second key step for forward-thinking state governments will be to develop an information
system to help both states and individuals make well-informed decisions about education and
career choices based on the current and impending needs of the economy.
Despite the enormous potential, no such comprehensive system exists across states to help
people match their educational preparation with their career ambitions—but not because it is an
impossible task 6 . All the information to align postsecondary educational choices with careers is
available, but it goes unused.
The forecasts in this report demonstrate that projecting education and job requirements is technically feasible. However, we should not settle for just projecting—we need to build analytical
capacity to effectively answer the questions that educators, parents, young adults, and workers
have been asking about what specific educational programs and degrees mean for their specific
careers. The mechanism required should connect the college supply engine (transcript data),
workforce development (unemployment wage records), and opportunities in real time (current
job openings).
6
The state of Minnesota has Iseek. http://www.iseek.org/careers/index.html
27
We need to inform decision makers, institutions, and individuals about the best ways to select
the education and training required to achieve their occupational goals by answering a number
of key questions:
1. Are some credentials worth more than others, and if so, by how much? Connecting wage
records to transcript data will let us give a more nuanced answer than the standard hierarchical relationship between formal education levels and compensation differentials.
2. What are the successful education and career pathways? To what extent have the stepping
stones of certificates achieved their goals of providing upward mobility for lower income
Americans? An analysis of longitudinal survey data that traces individual attainment,
occupational choice, and wage outcomes is the only way to test the long-run successes of
individuals as they navigate their lives.
3. Are students able to define the distance in bite-sized, attainable clusters of courses between
their current level of attainment and the attainment required to gain access to their desired
profession? A “learning exchange” could connect students to current job openings and a
sample of colleges and universities that offer the courses they need to attain that job.
4. How closely aligned are curricula to the knowledge, skills, abilities, work activities, and interests required by occupations? How effective are institutions of higher learning at preparing
their students for the tasks and work activities that they will encounter in the workplace? For
example, the O*NET database, created by the National O*NET Consortium and funded by
the U.S. Department of Labor, specifies the full set of occupational competencies required for
success in particular occupations and related clusters of similar careers. Currently, it is used
primarily as a counseling tool for career planning, delivered online through a user-friendly
interface. Its potential remains largely untapped.
5. The human capital landscape has evolved beyond traditional formal diplomas and degrees to
include industry-based certifications and state-required licenses. How valuable are industrialbased certifications, how prevalent are they in the workforce, and what is their marginal value
to formal education levels?
To see how such a system could work, consider a dislocated auto worker in Michigan seeking
employment. Jobs in the auto industry are hard to come by these days, and she is unsure of her
options. She has been looking for the same occupation, with no luck. With good career counseling and adequate information, she could define what skills she already has and what skills she
would need to transfer to a new position. The system would also tell her how she could get those
skills. With a few clicks and keystrokes on a computer, she could learn that by studying for 18
months toward a certificate available at her local community college, she could upgrade her
skills and be qualified for a position that would pay her a living wage in a growing industry such
as transportation, trade, or utilities. While the “mechanic-to-nurse” transition is unlikely, the
“mechanic-to-utilities line worker” is not an impossible leap. Furthermore, state governments
could access the same information at an aggregate level and know that utilities line jobs will be
numerous in coming years, and respond by expanding existing programs and opening new ones
to provide the necessary training for those jobs.
The current economic climate heightens the need to create a data system, and increase the
efficient allocation of scarce resources, reduce job hunting time due to bad or irrelevant information and provide decision makers with the resources they need to make smart career decisions.
To do otherwise risks leaving hundreds of thousands of workers behind as the economy recovers
and builds for the future.
Developing such a system would be relatively inexpensive. Given that, the real question is not
“can we afford to do this?” but “how can we afford not to?”
29
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31
7,883
17%
4,643
8%
7,427
21%
5,667
34%
3,947
17%
5,664
220,100
MIDWEST REGION
3,617
MI
Business operations specialty
5,115
3,663
4,481
2%
14%
3,189
10%
4,081
59,377
22%
Construction
38%
25,715
15%
10,184
135,200
4,964
MI
4,296
12,171
Financial specialists
10,596
0%
9,678
6%
3,430
10%
1,449
15%
52%
15,483
17%
1,398
86,700
MI
Private Education Services
8,071
2,438
1,220
701
2,998
2,472
3,443
741
116
4,449
253
2,271
29,173
Healthcare Services
44,565
20,588
9,295
9,250
32,246
23,435
19,576
6,322
2,661
41,694
Appendices
Appendix 1: Midwest Region: Economic Indicators
• The unemployment rate peaked in June 2010 at 10 percent, but is now below the national average for the region as a whole.
• The consumer price index has been stable for the last six months for urban wage earners and
clerical workers.
Data Series
July 2010
Aug 2010
Sept 2010
Oct 2010
Nov 2010
Dec 2010
Civilian Labor Force (1)
34,459
34,406
34,422
34,412
34,447
34,463
Employment (1)
31,205
31,172
31,222
31,233
31,312
31,417
-0.1%
0.2%
-0.0%
0.3%
0.3%
3,254
3,234
3,200
3,179
3,135
3,046
9.4
9.4
9.3
9.2
9.1
8.8
CPI-U, All items (3)
208
209
209
209
209
209
CPI-U, All items, 12-month
% change
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.8
CPI-W, All items (4)
204
204
204
204
204
205
2
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.4
2
Labor Force Data
% change in employment
Unemployment (1)
Unemployment Rate (2)
Consumer Price Index
CPI-W, All items, 12-month
% change
Footnotes
(1) Number of persons, in thousands, seasonally adjusted.
(2) In percent, seasonally adjusted.
(3) All Urban Consumers, Base: 1982-84=100, not seasonally adjusted.
(4) Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, Base: 1982-84=100, not seasonally adjusted.
Data extracted on: February 8, 2011
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
33
Appendix 2: Midwest States: Unemployment Rates
Monthly Rankings
Seasonally Adjusted Unemployment Rates
March 2011*
Rank
State
Rate, %
1
North Dakota
3.6
2
Nebraska
4.2
3
South Dakota
4.9
4
Iowa
6.1
5
Minnesota
6.6
6
Kansas
6.8
7
Wisconsin
7.4
8
Indiana
8.5
9
Illinois
8.8
10
Ohio
8.9
11
Missouri
9.1
12
Michigan
10.3
*Provisional
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Appendix 3: Real GDP by state (2009 U.S. dollars, in millions)
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Michigan
Minnesota
Natural Resources
7,883
4,643
7,427
5,667
3,947
5,664
Construction
25,715
10,184
4,964
4,296
12,171
10,596
Manufacturing
68,852
64,863
23,775
16,765
52,953
31,557
Wholesale and Retail Trade Services
75,665
29,457
15,681
15,809
45,954
31,108
Transportation and Utilities Services
32,774
14,793
7,178
6,827
16,858
10,936
Information Services
22,556
5,892
4,025
7,070
9,277
9,183
Financial Services
69,877
19,788
23,075
8,367
27,168
27,271
Professional and Business Services
89,049
20,141
8,372
12,064
48,204
32,117
8,071
2,438
1,220
701
2,998
2,472
Healthcare Services
44,565
20,588
9,295
9,250
32,246
23,435
Leisure and Hospitality Services
22,007
9,538
4,177
3,735
12,910
8,667
Personal Services
16,942
6,846
3,266
3,261
9,976
6,468
Government and Public
Education Services
63,798
27,633
16,212
18,811
46,284
27,954
Total
547,754
236,804
128,667
112,623
320,946
227,428
Missouri
Nebraska
North
Dakota
Ohio
South
Dakota
Wisconsin
Total
Natural Resources
3,617
5,115
3,663
4,481
3,189
4,081
59,377
Construction
9,678
3,430
1,449
15,483
1,398
8,826
108,190
Manufacturing
27,949
9,225
2,743
73,538
3,296
42,347
417,863
30,257
9,899
4,407
58,423
4,678
27,965
349,303
12,702
7,714
2,249
24,302
1,598
11,794
149,725
12,476
2,606
1,010
13,412
932
7,565
96,004
Financial Services
16,471
8,984
2,153
45,228
7,297
24,994
280,673
29,276
7,928
1,876
55,813
1,977
21,531
328,348
3,443
741
116
4,449
253
2,271
29,173
Healthcare Services
19,576
6,322
2,661
41,694
3,240
21,635
234,507
Leisure and Hospitality Services
10,142
2,319
956
14,927
1,404
7,631
98,413
Personal Services
6,949
2,108
756
11,758
942
6,353
75,625
Government and Public
Education Services
31,310
11,658
4,366
55,244
4,619
27,432
335,321
Total
213,846
78,049
28,405
418,752
34,823
214,425
2,562,522
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts. NAICS-based real GDP by state statistics.
35
Appendix 4: Education Distribution by Industry, 2018
STATE
ILLINOIS
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
Graduate
Degree
Total
Natural Resources
10%
38%
22%
12%
15%
3%
60,900
Construction
15%
39%
25%
7%
11%
2%
469,300
Manufacturing
16%
31%
20%
7%
18%
8%
971,300
Wholesale and
Retail Trade Services
9%
30%
26%
9%
22%
5%
873,400
Transportation and
Utilities Services
8%
36%
29%
9%
14%
4%
438,100
2%
15%
24%
9%
36%
14%
167,300
Financial Services
2%
16%
21%
8%
39%
14%
584,100
Professional and
Business Services
8%
16%
17%
7%
32%
20%
804,200
2%
8%
11%
6%
30%
43%
596,200
Healthcare Services
5%
17%
23%
16%
23%
17%
879,700
Leisure and Hospitality
Services
18%
32%
22%
7%
17%
4%
472,600
Personal Services
11%
31%
24%
8%
16%
9%
304,700
Government and
Public Education Services
1%
15%
29%
13%
28%
13%
279,100
594,200
1,654,900
1,499,700
621,100
1,620,000
911,100
6,901,000
Natural Resources
19%
42%
17%
7%
12%
3%
40,800
Construction
14%
46%
20%
8%
9%
2%
234,800
Manufacturing
10%
40%
22%
8%
16%
5%
668,000
Wholesale and
9%
39%
25%
9%
16%
3%
395,700
Transportation and
Utilities Services
8%
44%
26%
9%
11%
2%
185,200
4%
23%
26%
9%
31%
7%
62,600
Financial Services
3%
22%
26%
10%
32%
7%
194,800
Professional and
Business Services
7%
23%
20%
9%
28%
12%
257,000
2%
15%
12%
5%
31%
35%
273,600
Healthcare Services
4%
21%
23%
20%
21%
11%
434,500
Services
16%
36%
26%
6%
13%
2%
208,200
Personal Services
11%
34%
22%
9%
16%
7%
139,000
Government and
1%
24%
28%
13%
25%
9%
115,600
254,400
1,026,800
713,000
316,600
628,500
270,700
3,210,000
Industry
TOTAL
INDIANA
TOTAL
*PSVC - Postsecondary vocational certificate.
STATE
IOWA
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
Graduate
Degree
Total
Natural Resources
9%
41%
21%
12%
16%
2%
61,700
Construction
9%
44%
26%
11%
9%
1%
130,400
Manufacturing
10%
38%
22%
11%
15%
4%
312,000
Wholesale and
5%
35%
27%
13%
17%
3%
243,900
Transportation and
Utilities Services
5%
39%
27%
12%
14%
2%
95,600
3%
16%
30%
16%
30%
6%
42,700
Financial Services
1%
15%
24%
14%
40%
6%
156,700
Professional and
Business Services
5%
20%
24%
14%
25%
11%
122,800
1%
11%
12%
7%
38%
32%
165,700
Healthcare Services
3%
18%
24%
22%
20%
12%
253,700
Services
10%
37%
27%
11%
14%
2%
93,300
Personal Services
6%
27%
24%
13%
20%
10%
76,600
Government and
1%
19%
25%
16%
27%
11%
63,900
98,600
509,900
426,600
243,700
391,700
148,600
1,819,000
Natural Resources
15%
34%
21%
11%
17%
2%
49,400
Construction
18%
39%
25%
6%
11%
2%
114,100
Manufacturing
11%
34%
24%
8%
18%
5%
261,600
Wholesale and
7%
31%
29%
9%
21%
4%
211,600
Transportation and
Utilities Services
6%
37%
28%
10%
14%
4%
87,400
1%
15%
24%
11%
36%
14%
48,300
Financial Services
3%
15%
27%
8%
38%
9%
109,400
Professional and
Business Services
7%
16%
20%
8%
32%
16%
148,900
1%
11%
13%
6%
35%
34%
172,200
Healthcare Services
4%
17%
23%
18%
23%
15%
224,500
Services
18%
29%
27%
6%
17%
2%
82,600
Personal Services
8%
31%
24%
13%
16%
8%
70,300
Government and
1%
15%
30%
13%
30%
11%
83,600
125,900
410,100
396,100
160,800
394,100
177,100
1,664,000
Industry
TOTAL
KANSAS
TOTAL
37
STATE
MICHIGAN
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
Graduate
Degree
Total
Natural Resources
24%
39%
20%
6%
10%
2%
53,400
Construction
12%
41%
30%
7%
9%
2%
272,700
Manufacturing
7%
32%
25%
8%
18%
10%
900,500
Wholesale and
7%
35%
29%
9%
17%
3%
598,100
Transportation and
Utilities Services
6%
38%
32%
9%
12%
3%
212,200
2%
19%
30%
11%
31%
8%
92,300
Financial Services
2%
19%
31%
10%
30%
8%
280,200
Professional and
Business Services
6%
19%
22%
10%
28%
15%
426,700
1%
12%
13%
6%
26%
41%
399,700
Healthcare Services
3%
18%
26%
19%
20%
15%
658,000
Services
12%
35%
29%
7%
13%
3%
297,500
Personal Services
8%
35%
27%
9%
15%
7%
200,700
Government and
1%
13%
27%
16%
30%
13%
183,100
1,175,400
466,500
910,700
521,900
4,575,000
Industry
TOTAL
MINNESOTA
275,300
1,225,200
Natural Resources
9%
41%
23%
13%
13%
2%
62,300
Construction
8%
41%
28%
12%
10%
2%
218,700
Manufacturing
8%
30%
22%
12%
22%
7%
488,900
Wholesale and
4%
28%
27%
13%
24%
4%
408,800
Transportation and
Utilities Services
4%
31%
31%
12%
18%
3%
151,000
2%
17%
25%
12%
34%
9%
71,500
Financial Services
1%
15%
24%
10%
40%
10%
258,800
Professional and
Business Services
5%
14%
18%
11%
36%
16%
314,700
1%
9%
13%
6%
32%
40%
250,100
Healthcare Services
3%
16%
23%
19%
24%
15%
468,800
Services
14%
30%
26%
9%
19%
3%
178,600
Personal Services
6%
27%
27%
13%
19%
8%
129,400
Government and
1%
13%
20%
17%
33%
17%
108,300
713,200
386,700
796,500
345,100
TOTAL
152,700
715,800
3,110,000
STATE
MISSOURI
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
Graduate
Degree
Total
Natural Resources
16%
47%
15%
6%
13%
3%
46,800
Construction
13%
44%
25%
7%
9%
1%
248,200
Manufacturing
10%
39%
22%
7%
15%
6%
404,800
Wholesale and
8%
36%
27%
7%
18%
4%
417,000
Transportation and
Utilities Services
8%
40%
28%
8%
14%
2%
179,100
2%
18%
23%
11%
36%
10%
79,200
Financial Services
2%
21%
27%
7%
33%
10%
230,600
Professional and
Business Services
6%
20%
23%
9%
27%
15%
294,600
2%
10%
11%
5%
30%
41%
277,300
Healthcare Services
5%
21%
24%
16%
20%
14%
435,700
Services
15%
33%
27%
7%
15%
3%
196,200
Personal Services
10%
33%
24%
8%
18%
8%
138,300
Government and
1%
21%
28%
11%
27%
11%
152,200
736,100
266,400
638,900
335,700
3,100,000
Industry
TOTAL
NEBRASKA
226,500
896,400
Natural Resources
6%
38%
22%
15%
16%
2%
47,000
Construction
14%
33%
27%
13%
11%
1%
86,300
Manufacturing
19%
32%
23%
10%
13%
3%
141,400
Wholesale and
7%
32%
27%
12%
19%
3%
143,500
Transportation and
Utilities Services
5%
33%
29%
11%
18%
4%
70,800
1%
15%
26%
11%
38%
8%
22,000
Financial Services
1%
14%
27%
10%
42%
6%
92,400
Professional and
Business Services
6%
19%
21%
10%
31%
14%
94,300
1%
9%
12%
7%
36%
35%
98,200
Healthcare Services
2%
17%
23%
18%
23%
16%
159,500
Services
12%
35%
28%
8%
13%
4%
57,200
Personal Services
7%
26%
25%
16%
18%
8%
49,800
Government and
1%
14%
30%
12%
30%
12%
46,500
76,600
270,100
268,300
132,000
255,500
106,400
1,109,000
TOTAL
39
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
Graduate
Degree
Total
Natural Resources
4%
34%
25%
18%
18%
1%
32,400
Construction
9%
39%
24%
17%
9%
1%
31,200
Manufacturing
5%
35%
28%
13%
15%
3%
37,900
Wholesale and
3%
29%
30%
15%
21%
2%
56,200
Transportation and
Utilities Services
3%
33%
22%
21%
19%
2%
25,800
1%
10%
44%
8%
32%
4%
7,800
Financial Services
0%
14%
23%
18%
39%
6%
27,500
Professional and
Business Services
4%
12%
23%
18%
35%
9%
31,400
1%
11%
10%
8%
42%
28%
38,000
Healthcare Services
1%
20%
21%
21%
27%
10%
63,200
Services
6%
33%
27%
15%
18%
1%
21,000
Personal Services
2%
28%
25%
17%
18%
10%
16,100
Government and
1%
12%
26%
19%
33%
9%
24,500
99,100
68,200
103,000
28,600
413,000
STATE
NORTH DAKOTA
Industry
TOTAL
OHIO
13,200
100,900
Natural Resources
15%
49%
15%
8%
11%
2%
53,900
Construction
12%
49%
22%
7%
9%
1%
379,900
Manufacturing
8%
42%
21%
8%
16%
6%
1,032,600
Wholesale and
7%
38%
25%
8%
18%
3%
774,800
Transportation and
Utilities Services
8%
44%
26%
8%
12%
2%
311,000
1%
22%
24%
10%
33%
10%
116,800
Financial Services
2%
22%
24%
9%
33%
9%
419,500
Professional and
Business Services
6%
22%
20%
10%
28%
15%
558,800
1%
14%
10%
5%
28%
42%
488,700
Healthcare Services
4%
22%
23%
18%
20%
13%
906,600
Services
12%
39%
26%
7%
14%
3%
366,800
Personal Services
8%
39%
23%
9%
14%
7%
239,500
Government and
1%
21%
29%
12%
25%
12%
248,200
355,000
1,883,300
1,299,100
578,200
1,171,100
610,300
5,897,000
TOTAL
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Bachelor's
Degree
Graduate
Degree
Total
Natural Resources
8%
40%
21%
16%
15%
1%
29,700
Construction
11%
44%
25%
11%
8%
1%
33,400
Manufacturing
10%
42%
19%
12%
14%
2%
51,300
Wholesale and
5%
39%
27%
11%
16%
2%
64,900
Transportation and
Utilities Services
4%
44%
21%
16%
14%
1%
26,500
3%
23%
28%
16%
26%
4%
10,300
Financial Services
1%
24%
27%
10%
34%
3%
42,400
Professional and
Business Services
3%
14%
24%
16%
27%
15%
34,200
1%
13%
12%
7%
39%
28%
39,300
Healthcare Services
2%
21%
21%
18%
24%
13%
75,300
Services
8%
42%
25%
8%
14%
3%
34,400
Personal Services
6%
32%
24%
14%
15%
9%
18,600
Government and
1%
22%
24%
13%
28%
11%
27,600
23,300
150,000
110,400
62,600
104,500
37,100
488,000
Natural Resources
19%
45%
15%
8%
11%
2%
69,800
Construction
9%
45%
27%
10%
8%
1%
215,000
Manufacturing
9%
40%
21%
10%
15%
4%
672,700
Wholesale and
6%
35%
26%
12%
19%
3%
396,300
Transportation and
Utilities Services
7%
39%
27%
11%
13%
2%
165,400
3%
20%
23%
13%
32%
10%
67,800
Financial Services
1%
22%
24%
11%
34%
8%
216,200
Professional and
Business Services
6%
21%
18%
11%
30%
13%
260,800
1%
9%
10%
6%
32%
42%
265,800
Healthcare Services
4%
21%
22%
19%
22%
14%
445,100
Services
12%
34%
28%
10%
14%
3%
178,600
Personal Services
7%
32%
26%
12%
16%
7%
118,200
Government and
1%
15%
25%
19%
30%
10%
120,300
194,200
951,000
708,200
375,200
661,000
302,500
3,192,000
STATE
SOUTH DAKOTA
Industry
TOTAL
WISCONSIN
TOTAL
*PSVC - Postsecondary vocational certificate. Source: Center on Education and the Workforce Projections of Educational demand through 2018.
41
Appendix 5: Education Distribution by Occupation, 2018
State
Occupations
(Broad)
Managerial
and
Professional
STEM
Community
Services and
Arts
IOWA
Education
Healthcare
Food and
Personal
Services
Sales and
Office
Support
Blue Collar
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Management
3%
23%
11%
19%
33%
10%
101,500
Business operations
specialty
2%
18%
14%
23%
37%
7%
44,400
1%
8%
13%
11%
59%
9%
32,700
Legal
0%
6%
12%
13%
10%
60%
7,500
Computer and
mathematical
science
1%
7%
17%
18%
43%
14%
36,800
Architects and
technicians
0%
10%
45%
21%
21%
4%
4,300
Engineers and
technicians
0%
10%
15%
11%
49%
15%
16,100
Life & physical
scientists
1%
9%
8%
10%
44%
29%
10,100
Social scientists
0%
6%
4%
10%
33%
48%
5,100
Community and
social services
0%
7%
5%
10%
47%
31%
29,600
Arts, design,
entertainment,
sports, and media
1%
9%
16%
18%
46%
11%
27,200
Education
0%
8%
5%
8%
47%
31%
113,300
Healthcare
professionals
0%
4%
33%
13%
25%
24%
92,200
Healthcare support
6%
33%
13%
36%
9%
3%
55,900
Protective services
2%
24%
18%
28%
26%
3%
25,300
Food preparation
and serving
17%
44%
7%
25%
7%
0%
153,600
Building and
grounds cleaning
and maintenance
18%
51%
6%
19%
6%
0%
65,500
Personal care
7%
33%
11%
32%
14%
2%
55,900
Sales
5%
30%
12%
26%
25%
2%
205,400
Office and administrative support
4%
32%
15%
32%
15%
2%
261,200
Farming, fishing
and forestry
16%
54%
5%
17%
7%
0%
17,000
Construction and
extraction
13%
49%
8%
24%
5%
1%
75,800
Installation,
maintenance and
equipment repair
7%
40%
19%
28%
5%
1%
70,600
Production
15%
50%
8%
21%
4%
1%
178,000
Transportation and
material moving
15%
54%
7%
20%
3%
0%
133,500
Occupations
(Specific)
Bachelor's Graduate
Degree
Degree
Total
State
Occupations
(Broad)
Managerial
and
Professional
STEM
Illinois
Community
Services and
Arts
Education
Healthcare
Food and
Personal
Services
Sales and
Office
Support
Blue Collar
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Management
2%
14%
8%
18%
37%
20%
367,600
Business operations
specialty
2%
11%
8%
19%
41%
19%
240,200
1%
6%
7%
12%
53%
21%
161,800
Legal
1%
3%
5%
9%
13%
69%
59,700
Computer and
mathematical
science
1%
6%
9%
15%
47%
22%
193,400
Architects and
technicians
1%
7%
13%
14%
44%
22%
19,800
Engineers and
technicians
1%
6%
12%
12%
46%
24%
75,300
Life & physical
scientists
1%
8%
7%
10%
30%
44%
31,200
Social scientists
0%
2%
2%
5%
33%
58%
28,800
Community and
social services
1%
8%
5%
12%
36%
38%
91,200
Arts, design,
entertainment,
sports, and media
2%
9%
8%
17%
49%
15%
106,600
Education
1%
5%
5%
8%
38%
43%
447,300
Healthcare
professionals
1%
6%
22%
13%
30%
30%
394,300
Healthcare support
9%
31%
12%
37%
9%
3%
194,000
Protective services
4%
23%
15%
33%
21%
5%
163,900
Food preparation
and serving
26%
39%
6%
21%
7%
1%
526,000
Building and
grounds cleaning
and maintenance
30%
41%
5%
18%
5%
1%
255,600
Personal care
11%
34%
9%
28%
15%
4%
208,700
Sales
7%
24%
8%
24%
30%
7%
762,700
5%
31%
12%
34%
15%
3%
1,077,600
Farming, fishing
and forestry
25%
42%
6%
16%
9%
1%
17,600
Construction and
extraction
20%
43%
7%
23%
6%
1%
257,700
Installation,
maintenance and
equipment repair
10%
40%
14%
28%
8%
1%
225,200
Production
25%
43%
6%
20%
5%
1%
503,900
Transportation and
material moving
21%
47%
5%
20%
5%
1%
490,800
Occupations
(Specific)
Bachelor's Graduate
Degree
Degree
Total
43
State
Occupations
(Broad)
Managerial
and
Professional
STEM
Indiana
Community
Services and
Arts
Education
Healthcare
Food and
Personal
Services
Sales and
Office
Support
Blue Collar
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Management
4%
21%
9%
21%
31%
13%
150,200
Business operations
specialty
2%
21%
9%
25%
35%
9%
59,200
0%
9%
11%
13%
55%
12%
49,900
Legal
0%
8%
9%
12%
14%
57%
15,700
Computer and
mathematical
science
0%
8%
13%
19%
44%
15%
52,700
Architects and
technicians
0%
10%
30%
17%
32%
12%
10,200
Engineers and
technicians
1%
10%
14%
13%
48%
15%
36,800
Life & physical
scientists
2%
9%
6%
11%
34%
37%
15,900
Social scientists
0%
3%
1%
8%
31%
58%
6,800
Community and
social services
1%
7%
5%
10%
41%
36%
46,500
Arts, design,
entertainment,
sports, and media
2%
16%
12%
20%
40%
11%
42,800
Education
1%
9%
4%
10%
37%
39%
193,200
Healthcare
professionals
1%
6%
28%
14%
29%
21%
189,800
Healthcare support
9%
36%
13%
35%
6%
2%
89,000
Protective services
4%
37%
13%
31%
14%
2%
62,400
Food preparation
and serving
23%
47%
5%
20%
5%
0%
285,700
Building and
grounds cleaning
and maintenance
26%
49%
5%
15%
5%
0%
113,200
Personal care
7%
40%
9%
30%
11%
3%
84,800
Sales
9%
35%
8%
25%
21%
3%
340,300
5%
38%
10%
32%
13%
2%
470,600
Farming, fishing
and forestry
35%
44%
4%
12%
4%
1%
12,200
Construction and
extraction
19%
50%
7%
20%
4%
1%
140,100
Installation,
maintenance and
equipment repair
11%
45%
14%
24%
5%
0%
144,600
Production
18%
53%
5%
19%
4%
1%
339,100
Transportation and
material moving
19%
52%
5%
19%
4%
1%
257,200
Occupations
(Specific)
Bachelor's Graduate
Degree
Degree
Total
State
Occupations
(Broad)
Managerial
and
Professional
STEM
kansas
Community
Services and
Arts
Education
Healthcare
Food and
Personal
Services
Sales and
Office
Support
Blue Collar
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Management
3%
17%
8%
22%
34%
15%
99,000
Business operations
specialty
2%
14%
8%
23%
42%
12%
40,200
0%
8%
7%
13%
58%
14%
30,300
Legal
2%
7%
5%
11%
11%
64%
8,800
Computer and
mathematical
science
1%
7%
9%
20%
48%
15%
36,700
Architects and
technicians
0%
7%
15%
20%
44%
13%
5,200
Engineers and
technicians
1%
11%
10%
13%
47%
18%
25,000
Life & physical
scientists
3%
2%
3%
8%
46%
38%
7,800
Social scientists
0%
0%
7%
2%
34%
56%
5,500
Community and
social services
1%
7%
6%
11%
38%
37%
24,600
Arts, design,
entertainment,
sports, and media
2%
9%
7%
23%
48%
12%
23,900
Education
1%
7%
6%
12%
40%
35%
111,400
Healthcare
professionals
0%
6%
24%
12%
30%
28%
88,000
Healthcare support
11%
29%
11%
40%
8%
2%
49,700
Protective services
1%
19%
14%
37%
22%
7%
32,900
Food preparation
and serving
26%
38%
5%
22%
7%
1%
129,800
Building and
grounds cleaning
and maintenance
29%
40%
4%
20%
5%
2%
60,000
Personal care
8%
36%
10%
32%
12%
2%
47,900
Sales
6%
25%
7%
28%
29%
5%
178,500
4%
32%
11%
35%
16%
3%
256,100
Farming, fishing
and forestry
28%
40%
6%
16%
9%
1%
12,800
Construction and
extraction
19%
47%
6%
22%
5%
1%
82,800
Installation,
maintenance and
equipment repair
8%
42%
11%
30%
7%
1%
71,000
Production
19%
46%
6%
22%
6%
1%
131,600
Transportation and
material moving
16%
47%
6%
24%
6%
1%
104,100
Occupations
(Specific)
Bachelor's Graduate
Degree
Degree
Total
45
State
Occupations
(Broad)
Managerial
and
Professional
STEM
MICHIGAN
Community
Services and
Arts
Education
Healthcare
Food and
Personal
Services
Sales and
Office
Support
Blue Collar
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Management
3%
17%
8%
21%
34%
17%
220,100
Business operations
specialty
2%
14%
10%
22%
38%
15%
135,200
0%
6%
10%
15%
52%
17%
86,700
Legal
0%
6%
8%
10%
17%
59%
29,300
Computer and
mathematical
science
0%
6%
12%
17%
45%
20%
108,600
Architects and
technicians
1%
7%
24%
22%
30%
16%
11,700
Engineers and
technicians
0%
5%
11%
13%
44%
26%
115,700
Life & physical
scientists
1%
7%
8%
12%
32%
41%
21,400
Social scientists
0%
3%
2%
5%
29%
61%
15,500
Community and
social services
2%
7%
6%
13%
36%
36%
67,400
Arts, design,
entertainment,
sports, and media
2%
14%
12%
22%
39%
10%
75,900
Education
1%
6%
6%
9%
35%
43%
274,300
Healthcare
professionals
0%
5%
25%
13%
28%
27%
284,800
Healthcare support
8%
37%
12%
36%
6%
2%
167,600
Protective services
3%
18%
20%
35%
20%
3%
81,100
Food preparation
and serving
17%
42%
6%
25%
8%
1%
384,200
Building and
grounds cleaning
and maintenance
21%
48%
5%
22%
3%
1%
162,500
Personal care
11%
37%
9%
32%
10%
2%
139,600
Sales
7%
31%
9%
27%
22%
4%
515,200
4%
33%
13%
35%
14%
2%
667,200
Farming, fishing
and forestry
39%
37%
4%
14%
5%
1%
19,000
Construction and
extraction
16%
47%
6%
26%
5%
1%
152,300
Installation,
maintenance and
equipment repair
9%
38%
13%
34%
6%
1%
171,300
Production
14%
47%
7%
26%
5%
1%
387,700
Transportation and
material moving
16%
49%
5%
25%
4%
1%
280,700
Occupations
(Specific)
Bachelor's Graduate
Degree
Degree
Total
State
Occupations
(Broad)
Managerial
and
Professional
STEM
minnesota
Community
Services and
Arts
Education
Healthcare
Food and
Personal
Services
Sales and
Office
Support
Blue Collar
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Management
2%
16%
9%
21%
37%
15%
189,900
Business operations
specialty
1%
13%
9%
21%
42%
13%
123,300
0%
6%
13%
13%
57%
11%
66,800
Legal
0%
6%
7%
11%
19%
56%
20,800
Computer and
mathematical
science
1%
4%
12%
18%
50%
15%
96,200
Architects and
technicians
0%
7%
31%
20%
31%
10%
11,100
Engineers and
technicians
0%
7%
14%
12%
50%
17%
44,800
Life & physical
scientists
1%
5%
8%
9%
43%
35%
18,700
Social scientists
0%
1%
3%
8%
30%
57%
16,800
Community and
social services
1%
8%
6%
12%
44%
29%
72,200
Arts, design,
entertainment,
sports, and media
3%
10%
11%
18%
46%
12%
53,600
Education
0%
7%
4%
9%
39%
41%
177,700
Healthcare
professionals
0%
4%
27%
14%
29%
26%
189,700
Healthcare support
4%
25%
18%
41%
9%
2%
114,700
Protective services
4%
13%
26%
23%
29%
5%
52,600
Food preparation
and serving
17%
42%
7%
23%
10%
1%
242,300
Building and
grounds cleaning
and maintenance
19%
44%
7%
21%
8%
0%
99,800
Personal care
7%
30%
13%
33%
16%
2%
119,200
Sales
3%
23%
11%
27%
31%
5%
332,200
3%
29%
14%
34%
18%
2%
460,200
Farming, fishing
and forestry
20%
42%
9%
20%
9%
1%
15,000
Construction and
extraction
11%
44%
13%
25%
6%
1%
114,100
Installation,
maintenance and
equipment repair
6%
34%
20%
32%
6%
0%
96,800
Production
15%
44%
10%
24%
5%
1%
215,100
Transportation and
material moving
14%
47%
7%
24%
7%
1%
167,400
Occupations
(Specific)
Bachelor's Graduate
Degree
Degree
Total
47
State
Occupations
(Broad)
Managerial
and
Professional
STEM
missouri
Community
Services and
Arts
Education
Healthcare
Food and
Personal
Services
Sales and
Office
Support
Blue Collar
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Management
5%
19%
8%
22%
30%
16%
153,300
Business operations
specialty
2%
18%
9%
22%
36%
14%
75,100
1%
10%
7%
16%
50%
17%
62,300
Legal
1%
7%
8%
11%
14%
60%
21,600
Computer and
mathematical
science
0%
7%
9%
21%
47%
16%
74,700
Architects and
technicians
0%
5%
23%
23%
38%
10%
9,900
Engineers and
technicians
1%
8%
12%
13%
47%
19%
32,400
Life & physical
scientists
1%
11%
5%
10%
32%
41%
16,200
Social scientists
0%
4%
5%
6%
38%
48%
9,600
Community and
social services
2%
7%
5%
13%
38%
36%
41,700
Arts, design,
entertainment,
sports, and media
2%
13%
9%
19%
44%
12%
46,500
Education
1%
6%
5%
9%
36%
44%
191,800
Healthcare
professionals
1%
8%
24%
16%
26%
25%
185,400
Healthcare support
19%
39%
9%
28%
4%
2%
86,600
Protective services
4%
28%
11%
31%
22%
4%
61,100
Food preparation
and serving
23%
45%
5%
21%
6%
1%
263,600
Building and
grounds cleaning
and maintenance
26%
48%
3%
18%
5%
1%
110,800
Personal care
12%
38%
9%
25%
14%
2%
96,200
Sales
8%
30%
6%
26%
25%
4%
354,800
4%
36%
8%
35%
14%
2%
497,300
Farming, fishing
and forestry
31%
41%
4%
16%
6%
1%
12,800
Construction and
extraction
18%
50%
5%
21%
5%
1%
153,800
Installation,
maintenance and
equipment repair
12%
44%
13%
25%
5%
1%
128,400
Production
18%
50%
5%
21%
5%
1%
216,700
Transportation and
material moving
18%
52%
4%
21%
4%
1%
196,700
Occupations
(Specific)
Bachelor's Graduate
Degree
Degree
Total
State
Occupations
(Broad)
Managerial
and
Professional
STEM
nebraska
Community
Services and
Arts
Education
Healthcare
Food and
Personal
Services
Sales and
Office
Support
Blue Collar
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Management
2%
23%
11%
21%
32%
11%
53,600
Business operations
specialty
1%
17%
11%
28%
33%
10%
29,200
0%
5%
12%
14%
60%
7%
20,700
Legal
0%
6%
6%
6%
19%
63%
4,700
Computer and
mathematical
science
0%
5%
13%
20%
48%
14%
26,900
Architects and
technicians
0%
7%
31%
22%
34%
8%
3,200
Engineers and
technicians
1%
9%
14%
7%
53%
16%
8,900
Life & physical
scientists
3%
11%
8%
8%
35%
33%
5,100
Social scientists
0%
0%
1%
8%
38%
53%
4,300
Community and
social services
0%
8%
8%
10%
38%
35%
18,000
Arts, design,
entertainment,
sports, and media
2%
12%
13%
24%
41%
8%
16,600
Education
1%
5%
5%
10%
42%
38%
65,800
Healthcare
professionals
1%
4%
23%
13%
31%
27%
63,600
Healthcare support
4%
34%
14%
41%
5%
3%
35,700
Protective services
4%
21%
7%
42%
24%
2%
16,800
Food preparation
and serving
19%
41%
9%
23%
7%
1%
90,000
Building and
grounds cleaning
and maintenance
22%
42%
8%
21%
6%
1%
42,000
Personal care
4%
36%
14%
32%
11%
3%
28,500
Sales
4%
26%
10%
28%
27%
4%
126,500
3%
28%
13%
35%
18%
2%
177,400
Farming, fishing
and forestry
20%
39%
13%
16%
11%
0%
10,700
Construction and
extraction
15%
43%
10%
24%
8%
0%
48,500
Installation,
maintenance and
equipment repair
8%
33%
25%
26%
7%
1%
45,300
Production
24%
40%
9%
21%
5%
1%
80,800
Transportation and
material moving
15%
47%
6%
26%
5%
2%
86,000
Occupations
(Specific)
Bachelor's Graduate
Degree
Degree
Total
49
State
Occupations
(Broad)
Managerial
and
Professional
north dakota
STEM
Community
Services and
Arts
Education
Healthcare
Food and
Personal
Services
Sales and
Office
Support
Blue Collar
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Management
2%
22%
15%
21%
34%
7%
26,300
Business operations
specialty
0%
15%
13%
21%
43%
9%
8,200
0%
8%
16%
12%
57%
9%
6,000
Legal
0%
8%
21%
8%
12%
47%
1,600
Computer and
mathematical
science
2%
4%
26%
11%
52%
4%
7,000
Architects and
technicians
0%
24%
30%
9%
26%
10%
1,200
Engineers and
technicians
0%
6%
24%
2%
58%
10%
4,200
Life & physical
scientists
3%
6%
13%
16%
45%
19%
2,400
Social scientists
0%
2%
0%
0%
58%
39%
800
Community and
social services
0%
6%
7%
10%
45%
32%
5,600
Arts, design,
entertainment,
sports, and media
0%
5%
11%
21%
53%
10%
6,400
Education
0%
5%
5%
7%
53%
30%
24,300
Healthcare
professionals
0%
2%
24%
10%
37%
26%
22,600
Healthcare support
3%
43%
14%
31%
9%
1%
13,700
Protective services
2%
21%
19%
21%
35%
2%
5,100
Food preparation
and serving
15%
39%
6%
29%
10%
1%
35,400
Building and
grounds cleaning
and maintenance
14%
49%
11%
22%
4%
2%
16,500
Personal care
7%
25%
15%
40%
13%
1%
15,700
Sales
4%
25%
15%
28%
25%
3%
48,300
1%
27%
19%
36%
16%
2%
62,200
Farming, fishing
and forestry
19%
44%
15%
13%
8%
1%
4,600
Construction and
extraction
9%
41%
16%
28%
6%
1%
25,000
Installation,
maintenance and
equipment repair
7%
25%
29%
27%
10%
3%
17,200
Production
10%
46%
13%
26%
5%
0%
24,300
Transportation and
material moving
13%
48%
8%
24%
8%
0%
28,400
Occupations
(Specific)
Bachelor's Graduate
Degree
Degree
Total
State
Occupations
(Broad)
Managerial
and
Professional
STEM
Community
Services and
Arts
ohio
Education
Healthcare
Food and
Personal
Services
Sales and
Office
Support
Blue Collar
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Management
4%
19%
7%
20%
33%
17%
262,100
Business operations
specialty
2%
18%
10%
21%
37%
12%
157,200
0%
10%
11%
13%
53%
14%
107,400
Legal
0%
7%
8%
10%
11%
64%
37,600
Computer and
mathematical
science
1%
8%
14%
18%
45%
15%
142,300
Architects and
technicians
1%
13%
22%
19%
33%
12%
15,400
Engineers and
technicians
0%
10%
14%
12%
45%
18%
74,200
Life & physical
scientists
2%
10%
7%
11%
33%
37%
25,900
Social scientists
0%
3%
4%
4%
34%
55%
17,300
Community and
social services
2%
9%
7%
12%
37%
32%
83,000
Arts, design,
entertainment,
sports, and media
2%
12%
11%
18%
45%
11%
79,100
Education
1%
8%
4%
8%
34%
46%
345,000
Healthcare
professionals
1%
8%
28%
15%
25%
23%
373,800
Healthcare support
12%
41%
11%
30%
5%
1%
238,000
Protective services
4%
30%
11%
35%
17%
3%
122,800
Food preparation
and serving
18%
48%
7%
21%
6%
1%
525,900
Building and
grounds cleaning
and maintenance
21%
52%
5%
18%
4%
0%
199,700
Personal care
7%
44%
9%
25%
12%
2%
155,100
Sales
7%
33%
8%
25%
23%
4%
632,400
4%
39%
11%
31%
13%
2%
920,600
Farming, fishing
and forestry
27%
47%
4%
14%
7%
1%
16,700
Construction and
extraction
18%
54%
5%
19%
4%
1%
220,900
Installation,
maintenance and
equipment repair
10%
48%
11%
25%
5%
1%
228,600
Production
15%
56%
5%
19%
4%
1%
492,100
Transportation and
material moving
16%
57%
4%
18%
4%
1%
422,300
Occupations
(Specific)
Bachelor's Graduate
Degree
Degree
Total
51
State
Occupations
(Broad)
Managerial
and
Professional
South Dakota
STEM
Community
Services and
Arts
Education
Healthcare
Food and
Personal
Services
Sales and
Office
Support
Blue Collar
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Management
5%
27%
12%
19%
30%
8%
26,500
Business operations
specialty
1%
10%
15%
17%
50%
8%
8,900
4%
7%
11%
19%
52%
7%
9,800
Legal
0%
16%
8%
6%
21%
50%
2,000
Computer and
mathematical
science
0%
4%
16%
17%
56%
8%
7,600
Architects and
technicians
0%
7%
36%
23%
27%
12%
900
Engineers and
technicians
1%
10%
9%
6%
55%
19%
3,900
Life & physical
scientists
4%
10%
10%
12%
38%
27%
3,600
Social scientists
0%
0%
0%
12%
42%
42%
1,100
Community and
social services
0%
6%
5%
15%
34%
40%
7,600
Arts, design,
entertainment,
sports, and media
0%
14%
13%
35%
27%
11%
8,200
Education
0%
7%
6%
10%
50%
27%
27,100
Healthcare
professionals
0%
8%
29%
9%
34%
20%
31,200
Healthcare support
9%
39%
15%
26%
10%
0%
13,000
Protective services
5%
29%
17%
21%
18%
10%
6,900
Food preparation
and serving
14%
42%
9%
26%
7%
2%
45,100
Building and
grounds cleaning
and maintenance
21%
49%
6%
16%
6%
1%
19,900
Personal care
9%
34%
11%
29%
16%
2%
17,100
Sales
5%
30%
12%
26%
24%
4%
55,900
3%
35%
13%
29%
18%
2%
77,500
Farming, fishing
and forestry
15%
53%
6%
19%
7%
1%
4,800
Construction and
extraction
12%
51%
10%
23%
3%
0%
23,900
Installation,
maintenance and
equipment repair
6%
37%
23%
27%
7%
0%
18,900
Production
18%
48%
9%
18%
6%
1%
33,500
Transportation and
material moving
15%
53%
6%
21%
5%
0%
31,700
Occupations
(Specific)
Bachelor's Graduate
Degree
Degree
Total
State
Occupations
(Broad)
Managerial
and
Professional
STEM
wisconsin
Community
Services and
Arts
Education
Healthcare
Food and
Personal
Services
Sales and
Office
Support
Blue Collar
Less than
High
School
High
School/
GED
Some
College/
PSVC*
Associate's
Degree
Management
3%
21%
9%
18%
33%
16%
156,100
Business operations
specialty
1%
17%
12%
21%
38%
11%
88,200
1%
9%
16%
12%
50%
12%
54,100
Legal
1%
7%
12%
8%
11%
60%
15,800
Computer and
mathematical
science
1%
5%
16%
15%
50%
13%
65,600
Architects and
technicians
0%
8%
33%
19%
31%
8%
13,300
Engineers and
technicians
1%
9%
17%
15%
46%
12%
43,000
Life & physical
scientists
0%
10%
7%
8%
41%
35%
22,800
Social scientists
0%
3%
3%
5%
22%
67%
9,700
Community and
social services
0%
8%
7%
11%
37%
37%
42,600
Arts, design,
entertainment,
sports, and media
1%
12%
15%
20%
43%
9%
48,300
Education
1%
7%
5%
8%
39%
40%
176,600
Healthcare
professionals
0%
5%
28%
11%
31%
24%
185,900
Healthcare support
9%
33%
15%
33%
8%
2%
111,600
Protective services
4%
19%
22%
27%
25%
3%
57,000
Food preparation
and serving
18%
43%
8%
25%
6%
1%
269,500
Building and
grounds cleaning
and maintenance
19%
52%
6%
18%
5%
0%
111,700
Personal care
8%
32%
11%
33%
14%
3%
105,000
Sales
5%
30%
11%
25%
26%
4%
329,400
4%
35%
13%
30%
15%
2%
462,600
Farming, fishing
and forestry
24%
51%
6%
9%
8%
2%
22,600
Construction and
extraction
12%
50%
9%
23%
5%
1%
127,500
Installation,
maintenance and
equipment repair
8%
41%
18%
27%
6%
0%
117,600
Production
14%
52%
8%
21%
5%
1%
333,800
Transportation and
material moving
16%
54%
5%
21%
4%
0%
222,400
Occupations
(Specific)
Bachelor's Graduate
Degree
Degree
Total
53
Appendix 6: Largest Employers (by employment numbers) by State
Rank*
List
Industry**
Type
Advocate Healthcare
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Caterpillar
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
Dayton Hudson (Target)
Wholesale and retail trade
services
PRIVATE
Jewel-Osco
services
PRIVATE
Motorola
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
SBC
Information services
PRIVATE
State Farm Insurance
Financial services
PRIVATE
United Parcel Service (UPS)
Transportation and
utilities services
PRIVATE
Walgreens
services
PRIVATE
Wal-Mart
services
PRIVATE
1
Wal-Mart Stores Inc
services
PUBLIC
2
Federal Government
Government and public
education services
FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT
3
State of Indiana
education services
STATE
GOVERNMENT
4
Indiana University Health
(Clarian)
Healthcare
PRIVATE
5
Indiana University
education services
STATE
GOVERNMENT
6
Purdue University
education services
STATE
GOVERNMENT
7
Eli Lilly and Co
Manufacturing
PUBLIC
8
Franciscan Alliance
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
9
Ascension Health
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
10
Meijer Inc
services
PRIVATE
INDIANA
ILLINOIS
State
Data Source
and Year
AUTHORS’
CORRESPONDENCE
WITH THE STATE OF
ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT
OF EMPLOYMENT
SECURITY, USING DUN
AND BRADSTREET,
INFOUSA, AND REVIEW/
INPUT FROM IDES
LOCAL LABOR
MARKET ECONOMISTS,
AS OF 2009
AUTHORS’
CORRESPONDENCE
WITH THE INDIANA
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
AS OF 2009
KANSAS
IOWA
State
Rank*
List
Industry**
Type
Allied/Nationwide Mutual
Insurance
Financial services
PRIVATE
Crst Intl.
Transportation and utilities
services
PRIVATE
Deere & Co.
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
Heartland Express o`f Iowa
services
PRIVATE
Iowa Health System
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Mercy Medical Center
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Pella Corp.
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
Principal Financial Group
Financial services
PRIVATE
Rockwell Collins
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
St. Luke's Hospital
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Transamerica Life Insurance
Financial services
PRIVATE
Tyson Fresh Meats
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
Wells Fargo
Financial services
PRIVATE
Department of Defense
education services
FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT
Department of Veterans
Affairs
education services
FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT
Dillon Companies Inc
services
PRIVATE
Hawker Beechcraft
Corporation
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
Johnson County School District
Usd 233
education services
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
Kansas State University (367)
education services
STATE
GOVERNMENT
Post Office Postal Data Center
education services
FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT
Shawnee Mission Unified
School District Usd 512
education services
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
Spirit Aerosystems, Inc.
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
Sprint United Management
Company
PRIVATE
Stormont-Vail Healthcare
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
The Cessna Aircraft Company
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
United Parcel Service Inc
services
PRIVATE
University of Kansas (682)
education services
STATE
GOVERNMENT
University of Ks Hosp Authority
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Via Christi Hospitals Wichita,
Inc.
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Wal-Mart Associates, Inc.
services
PRIVATE
Wichita Public Schools
education services
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
Data Source
and Year
IOWA WORKFORCE
DEVELOPMENT
EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS
BUREAU, “STATE OF IOWA:
2010 ANNUAL PROFILE.”
http://www.iwin.iwd.state.
ia.us, AS OF 2010
AUTHORS’
CORRESPONDENCE
WITH LABOR MARKET
INFORMATION SERVICES
IN THE KANSAS
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
AS OF 2010
55
Rank*
List
Industry**
Type
Beaumont Hospital
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Blogett Hospital
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Delphi Thermal Systems
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
Detroit Receiving Hospital
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Fred & Lena Meijer Heart Ctr
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Rehabilitation Institute of MI
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Southern Lithoplate
services
PRIVATE
Spectrum Health Butterworth
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor
education services
STATE
GOVERNMENT
St. Luke's Hospital
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Transamerica Life Insurance
Financial services
PRIVATE
Tyson Fresh Meats
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
Wells Fargo
Financial services
PRIVATE
1
State of Minnesota
education services
STATE
GOVERNMENT
2
Mayo Foundation
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
3
U.S. Federal Government
education services
FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT
4
Target Corporation
services
PRIVATE
5
Allina Health System
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
6
Fairview Health Services
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
7
Wells Fargo
Financial services
PRIVATE
8
Wal-Mart Stores
services
PRIVATE
9
University of Minnesota
education services
STATE
GOVERNMENT
10
3M Company
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
MINNESOTA
MICHIGAN
State
Data Source
and Year
REFERENCE USA
DATABASE, AS OF 2010
(ALL COMPANIES LISTED
WITH OVER 10,000
EMPLOYEES)
TWIN CITIES BUSINESS,
“LARGEST EMPLOYERS TOP 25.” http://www.
tcbmag.com/factfinder/bigbook/largestemployers-top25.
aspx, AS OF 2009.
Rank*
List
Industry**
Type
Barnes-Jewish Hospital
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Lester E. Cox Medical
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Lowe's Home Centers, Inc.
services
PRIVATE
Schnuck Markets, Inc.
services
PRIVATE
St. John's Mercy Health
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
St. John's Regional Health
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
St. Louis University
Private educational services
PRIVATE
The Boeing Company
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
The Washington University
Private educational services
PRIVATE
Wal-Mart Associates, Inc.
services
PRIVATE
1
Tyson Foods, Inc.
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
2
Wal-Mart
services
PRIVATE
3
Union Pacific Corporation
services
PRIVATE
4
Alegent Health
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
5
First Data Corp.
PRIVATE
6
Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co.
Financial services
PRIVATE
7
Hy-Vee Food Stores
services
PRIVATE
8
First National of Nebraska Inc
Financial services
PRIVATE
9
Nebraska Methodist Health
System
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
10
Burlington Northern
services
PRIVATE
NEBRASKA
MISSOURI
State
Data Source
and Year
AUTHORS’
CORRESPONDENCE
WITH THE MISSOURI
ECONOMIC RESEARCH
AND INFORMATION CENTER,
MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT,
AS OF 2010
NEBRASKA
DEPARTMENT
OF ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT, AS OF 2005,
EMPLOYERS VERIFIED
AS CURRENT THROUGH
REFERENCEUSA DATABASE,
AS OF 2011
57
OHIO
NORTH DAKOTA
State
Rank*
List
Industry**
Type
1
Not disclosed
-----
PRIVATE
2
Altru Health System
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
3
Meritcare Hospital
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
4
Trinity Health
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
5
Medcenter One
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
6
St Alexius Medical Center
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
7
Meritcare
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
8
Clark Equipment Company
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
9
Innovis Health
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
10
Meritcare Health System
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
1
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc
services
PRIVATE
2
Kroger Co
services
PRIVATE
3
Cleveland Clinic Health System
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
4
Catholic Healthcare Partners
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
5
Ohio State University
education services
PRIVATE
6
Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base
Armed forces
Government
7
University Hospitals
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
8
Jp Morgan Chase & Co
Financial services
PRIVATE
9
Giant Eagle, Inc
services
PRIVATE
10
Sears Holdings Corp
(Sears & Kmart)
services
PRIVATE
Data Source
and Year
NORTH DAKOTA
WORKFORCE
INTELLIGENCE
NETWORK. http://www.
ndworkforceintelligence.com/
admin/gsipub/htmlarea/uploads/lmi_le2009northdakota.
pdf, AS OF 2009
“OHIO MAJOR
EMPLOYERS.”
http://www.development.
ohio.gov/research/files/
b100000002.pdf, AS OF
2009
WISCONSIN
SOUTH DAKOTA
State
Rank*
List
Industry**
Type
1
Avera
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
2
Sanford Health
(Includes Sioux Valley Clinic)
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
3
Wal-Mart
services
PRIVATE
4
Regional Health
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
5
Not Disclosed
Not disclosed
PRIVATE
6
Wells Fargo
Financial services
PRIVATE
7
Hy-Vee Food Stores
services
PRIVATE
8
John Morrell & Company
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
9
Citibank
Financial services
PRIVATE
10
Evangelical Good Samaritan
Society
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
1
Wal-Mart Associates Inc
services
PRIVATE
2
Menards
services
PRIVATE
3
Aurora Healthcare Metro, Inc
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
4
Marshfield Clinic
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
5
Ultra Mart Foods Llc
services
PRIVATE
6
Gundersen Lutheran
Administrative
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
7
Kohler Co
Manufacturing
PRIVATE
8
Aurora Medical Group Inc
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
9
Target
services
PRIVATE
10
Prime Care Health Plan
Healthcare services
PRIVATE
Data Source
and Year
AUTHORS’
CORRESPONDENCE
WITH THE SOUTH DAKOTA
GOVERNOR’S OFFICE OF
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT,
AS OF 2010.
WISCONSIN
DEPARTMENT OF
WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT.
http://worknet.wisconsin.gov/
worknet/largemp.aspx,
AS OF 2010
*Those not ranked are listed in alphabetical order.
** Industry assigned by authors’ research and NAICS codes contained in ReferenceUSA database.
59
Appendix 7: Fastest-Growing Companies by State (Selected Companies)
Missouri
Minnesota
kansas
iowa
Indiana
ILLINOIS
State
Source
Rank
Company Name
Fortune
5
Kapstone Paper and Packaging
Manufacturing
Fortune
6
SXC Health Solutions
Fortune
22
Allscripts-Misys Healthcare Solutions
Fortune
46
DeVry, Inc.
Private Educational Services
Fortune
48
LKQ
Inc.com
6
Coyote Logistics
Inc.com
59
Dean Media
Inc.com
10
Kpaul
Inc.com
39
Appliance Zone
Inc.com
40
Involta
Fortune
38
Compass Minerals International
Natural Resources
Inc.com
129
Platinum Realty
Financial Services
Inc.com
325
InfoSync Services
Financial Services
Inc.com
418
Complete Landscaping Systems
Inc.com
447
VinSolutions
Star-Tribune**
1
Capella Education Co.
Private Educational Services
Star-Tribune
2
Datalink Corp.
Star-Tribune
3
Compellent Technologies Inc.
Star-Tribune
4
Xata Corp.
Star-Tribune
5
AGA Medical Holdings Inc.
Manufacturing
Star-Tribune
6
Synovis Life Technologies Inc.
Manufacturing
Fortune
40
Olin
Manufacturing
Fortune
65
Stifel Financial
Financial Services
Fortune
75
Ralcorp Holdings
Manufacturing
Fortune
99
Panera Bread
Food and Personal Services
Industry*
Source
Rank
Nebraska
Fortune
58
The Buckle
Inc.com
527
Five Nines Technology Group
Inc.com
689
DocuLynx
159
Appareo Systems
Manufacturing
Fortune
54
First Financial Bancorp
Financial Services
Fortune
85
TransDigm Group
Manufacturing
Inc.com
23
MFS Supply
Inc.com
68
InsuranceAgents.com
Financial Services
4827
Outdoor Motor Sports
Fortune
9
Bucyrus International
Manufacturing
Inc.com
227
Zeon Solutions
Inc.com
304
Interfacial Solutions
Inc.com
404
Everything2go.com
Inc.com
628
DiscountOfficeItems.com
Inc.com
778
Sajan
Wisconsin
south
Dakota
ohio
North
Dakota
State
Inc.com
Inc.com
Company Name
Industry*
* Industry assigned by authors’ research and NAICS codes contained in ReferenceUSA Database.
**100 Largest publicly held companies in state by revenue, sorted by employment percent change between 2009-2010, http://ww3.startribune.com/projects/st100/
61
Appendix 8: Detailed Analysis of BLS/Census Discrepancy in Education
Requirements of Jobs (Midwest States)
I llinois
Education and Training
Requirements
BLS 2008
#
ACS 2008
%
#
%
Associate's degree
251,212
4%
527,715
8%
Bachelor's degree
1,125,677
18%
1,323,383
21%
Master's degree
85,756
1%
533,909
8%
1st professional degree
87,520
1%
140,724
2%
Doctoral degree
123,385
2%
72,286
1%
Combined
1,673,550
26%
2,598,017
41%
GAP: 41% - 26% = 15%
BLS undercount of postsecondary educational
demand in Illinois in 2008: 931,926
Work experience
requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
Postsecondary vocational
training
334,227
5%
Work experience in a
related occupation
623,507
10%
Long-term on-the-jobtraining
461,670
7%
Moderate-term on-thejob-training
1,021,598
16%
Short-term on-the-jobtraining
2,240,734
35%
Combined
4,681,736
74%
#
%
NA
3,728,944
59%
I ndiana
Requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
#
%
Associate's degree
123,106
4%
268,842
9%
Bachelor's degree
390,975
13%
533,414
17%
Master's degree
31,762
1%
183,737
6%
36,327
1%
46,250
2%
Doctoral degree
34,484
1%
30,074
1%
Combined
616,654
20%
1,062,317
34%
GAP: 34% - 20% = 14%
demand in Indiana in 2008: 448,960
Work experience
requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
training
187,463
6%
related occupation
305,872
10%
226,384
7%
613,532
20%
1,146,925
37%
Combined
2,480,176
80%
#
%
NA
2,017,957
66%
63
Iowa
Requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
#
%
Associate's degree
61,165
4%
185,203
11%
Bachelor's degree
231,885
14%
295,463
18%
Master's degree
16,310
1%
78,940
5%
14,745
1%
23,646
1%
Doctoral degree
14,040
1%
15,642
1%
Combined
338,145
20%
598,894
37%
GAP: 37% - 20% = 17%
demand in Iowa in 2008: 269,804
Work experience
requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
training
97,285
6%
related occupation
138,065
8%
194,290
12%
284,155
17%
608,120
37%
1,321,915
80%
Combined
#
%
NA
1,016,711
63%
K ansas
Requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
#
%
Associate's degree
59,270
4%
127,494
9%
Bachelor's degree
239,070
16%
305,863
21%
Master's degree
15,120
1%
99,135
7%
16,380
1%
27,415
2%
Doctoral degree
28,250
2%
12,559
1%
Combined
358,090
24%
572,466
39%
GAP: 39% - 24% = 15%
demand in Kansas in 2008: 219,363
Work experience
requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
training
90,580
6%
related occupation
145,700
10%
98,420
7%
261,720
18%
522,930
35%
1,119,350
76%
Combined
#
%
NA
884,399
61%
65
Michigan
Requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
#
%
Associate's degree
18,431
4%
424,008
9%
Bachelor's degree
62,926
14%
797,072
17%
Master's degree
8,062
2%
343,478
8%
6,275
1%
90,552
2%
Doctoral degree
8,727
2%
48,779
1%
104,421
23%
1,703,889
37%
Combined
GAP: 37% - 23% = 15%
demand in Michigan in 2008: 671,837
Work experience
requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
training
27,985
6%
related occupation
35,103
8%
35,255
8%
83,403
18%
177,107
38%
Combined
358,853
77%
#
%
NA
2,874,911
63%
M innesota
Requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
#
%
Associate's degree
131,753
5%
300,679
11%
Bachelor's degree
504,430
18%
636,353
23%
Master's degree
44,981
2%
192,676
7%
40,462
1%
61,863
2%
Doctoral degree
52,941
2%
33,675
1%
774,567
27%
1,225,246
43%
Combined
GAP: 43% - 27% = 16%
demand in Minnesota in 2008: 453,773
Work experience
requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
training
161,077
6%
related occupation
255,446
9%
215,632
8%
421,555
15%
1,000,000
35%
Combined
2,053,710
73%
#
%
NA
1,591,733
57%
67
Missouri
Requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
#
%
Associate's degree
127,260
4%
224,684
8%
Bachelor's degree
430,420
15%
515,541
18%
Master's degree
42,550
1%
193,784
7%
35,370
1%
53,341
2%
Doctoral degree
33,640
1%
31,957
1%
Combined
669,240
23%
1,019,307
35%
GAP: 35% - 23% = 12%
demand in Missouri in 2008: 351,726
Work experience
requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
training
197,490
7%
related occupation
226,330
8%
197,650
7%
493,470
17%
1,098,650
38%
Combined
2,213,590
77%
#
%
NA
1,856,378
65%
N ebraska
Requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
#
%
Associate's degree
53,485
5%
98,151
10%
Bachelor's degree
178,827
16%
189,308
20%
Master's degree
16,266
1%
53,835
6%
12,505
1%
16,990
2%
Doctoral degree
13,002
1%
7,235
1%
Combined
274,085
25%
365,519
38%
GAP: 38% - 25% = 13%
demand in Nebraska in 2008: 126,331
Work experience
requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
training
107,263
10%
related occupation
93,778
9%
54,957
5%
177,090
16%
385,278
35%
Combined
818,366
75%
#
%
NA
587,840
62%
69
N orth Dakota
Requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
#
%
Associate's degree
14,011
4%
52,918
15%
Bachelor's degree
44,320
11%
75,010
21%
Master's degree
4,485
1%
13,992
4%
4,055
1%
3,645
1%
Doctoral degree
4,293
1%
3,571
1%
Combined
71,164
18%
149,136
42%
GAP: 42% - 18% = 24%
demand in North Dakota in 2008: 841,113
Work experience
requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
training
30,094
8%
related occupation
32,524
8%
51,472
13%
61,264
16%
143,751
37%
Combined
319,105
82%
#
%
NA
207,458
58%
O hio
Requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
#
%
Associate's degree
248,000
4%
476,729
9%
Bachelor's degree
816,280
14%
963,785
17%
Master's degree
91,510
2%
371,366
7%
70,970
1%
99,190
2%
Doctoral degree
57,910
1%
56,453
1%
1,284,670
23%
1,967,523
36%
Combined
GAP: 36% - 23% = 13%
demand in Ohio in 2008: 714,065
Work experience
requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
training
364,730
6%
related occupation
505,220
9%
447,570
8%
978,260
17%
2,097,630
37%
Combined
4,393,410
77%
#
%
NA
3,572,606
64%
71
S outh Dakota
Requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
#
%
Associate's degree
20,640
5%
63,936
10%
Bachelor's degree
52,595
12%
128,397
20%
Master's degree
6,710
1%
40,863
6%
5,455
1%
15,289
2%
Doctoral degree
3,335
1%
6,125
1%
Combined
88,735
20%
254,610
40%
GAP: 40% - 20% = 20%
demand in South Dakota in 2008: 130,655
Work experience
requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
training
28,855
6%
related occupation
30,210
7%
51,925
12%
74,620
17%
176,935
39%
Combined
362,545
80%
#
%
NA
375,788
60%
W isconsin
Requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
#
%
Associate's degree
117,460
4%
325,628
10%
Bachelor's degree
484,520
16%
673,167
21%
Master's degree
38,350
1%
243,739
8%
37,550
1%
68,752
2%
Doctoral degree
81,490
3%
41,103
1%
Combined
759,370
24%
1,352,389
42%
GAP: 42% - 24% = 18%
demand in Wisconsin in 2008: 565,658
Work experience
requirements
BLS 2008
ACS 2008
#
%
training
192,330
6%
related occupation
262,880
8%
208,440
7%
540,380
17%
1,142,560
37%
Combined
2,346,590
76%
#
%
NA
1,865,481
58%
73
74
THE GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY CENTER ON EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE
3300 Whitehaven Street, NW, Suite 5000
Washinton, DC 20007
Mail: Campus Box 5714444, Washington, DC 20057
cew.georgetown.edu
is the second of a series of reports detailing the job and educational demand
prospects for workers by major census regions.
This report and the other available regional reports can be found at
http://cew.georgetown.edu/regions.

the midwest challenge: matching jobs with education in the post

Transcription

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