CP1_1430 Lucy Gunn - Home » Walk 21 Sydney

The importance of good design and the
cost-effectiveness of installing sidewalks
to increase levels of walking and health.
Lucy Dubrelle Gunn
Place, Health, and Liveability Program, The University of Melbourne
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Overview
 CRE in Healthy Liveable Communities
 Importance of Design, Density, Destinations
 Cost-Effectiveness of Sidewalks
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Our Mission
To conduct research that influences policy and
practice to improve social, economic and
environmental conditions that create health,
equity and community wellbeing.
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Acknowledgements – CRE Team
Chief Investigators:
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Billie Giles-Corti , UoM
Gavin Turrell , QUT
Fiona Bull, UWA
Simon Washington, QUT
Takemi Sugiyama, UoSA
Alan Shiell, CEIPS
Lennert Veerman, UQ
Matthew Knuiman, UWA
Anne Kavanagh, UoM
Chris Pettit, UoM
Industry Partners:
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Associate Investigators:
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Adrian Barnett, QUT
Bryan Boruff, UWA
Karen Lamb, Deakin University
Serryn Eagleson, UoM
Matthew Tonts, UWA
Brendan Gleeson, UoM
Foundation research fellows:
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Hannah Badland, UoM
Lucy Gunn, UoM
Paula Hooper, UWA
Jerome Rachele, QUT
Funded by:
Research students:
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Maureen Murphy, UoM
Sarah Mizzi, UWA
Belen Zapata, UQ
Venurs Loh, QUT
Haes Houweling, UoM
Fatima Ghani, QUT
King Tam (UQ)
Sarah Edwards (UWA)
Research associates:
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Suzanne Mavoa, UoM
Javad Koohsari, UoM
Hayley Christian, UWA
Sarah Foster, UWA
Thomas Astell-Burt, UWS
Theme 1:
Advancing
measurement of
BE attributes
aligned with
urban planning
policy
Theme 5:
Research
translation into
policy and
practice
Theme 4:
Economic
Evaluation of BE
interventions for
healthy, liveable
& equitable
n’hoods
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Outcome:
Knowledge costeffective
interventions for
healthy, liveable
and equitable
neighbourhoods
and research
translation
Theme 2:
Causal
relationships &
mechanisms –
BE and Health and
Wellbeing
Outcomes
(HWB)
Theme 3:
Thresholds for BE
interventions to
maximise HWB
outcomes
Datasets
Study
Baseline
sample
Survey waves
Location
Australian Early Development n = 261,147
Index (AEDI)
(5 years)
2009, 2012
National
HABITAT
n = 11,036
(40-65 years)
2007, 2009, 2011,
2013, 2015, 2017
Brisbane,
QLD
Preventive Health Survey
n = 9,800
(> 18 years)
2013
VIC
Life Course
n = 15,954
(all ages)
2003-9
Perth, WA
RESIDE
n = 1,800
(> 18 years)
2002-3, 2004,
2006, 2010
Perth, WA
VicHealth Indicators Survey
n = 25,075
(> 18 years)
2007, 2011
VIC
Victorian Integrated Survey
of Travel and Activity (VISTA)
n=10,000
(all ages)
2009-10
Melbourne,
VIC
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
The Importance of Design
Current starting point for Theme 3 on CRE
is to focus on BE attributes that are:
 more stable,
 difficult to retrofit
Design
eg: street network
POS
Expand the analyses to examine BE attributes that are:
 optimal for walking
 optimal for mental health
eg: destinations
dwelling types/housing
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Density
6 Ds Ewing and Cervero (2010):
Ewing R, Cervero R. Travel and the Built Environment. A meta-analysis. J Am Planning Assoc.
2010;76(3):265-94.
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Funded by:
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Funded by:
The Importance of Sidewalks
Empirical evidence of the importance of sidewalks in supporting walking:
 Van Dyck et al., 2013; Ehrenfeucht and Loukaitou-Sideris, 2010
 McCormack et al., 2004; McCormack et al., 2012;
Sidewalks have many uses.
However, not all areas/cities have sidewalks!
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Funded by:
Economic Evaluations
Systematic process for evaluating:
Costs and consequences
Choices resulting from scarcity
Our CRE links to other projects:
Eco-RESIDE
Types of Economic Evaluations
 Economic evaluations:
 Cost-effectiveness (CEA):
$ / outcome
 Cost-Utility (CUA):
$ / DALY, $ / QALY
 Cost-Benefit (CBA):
$ / health effect in $
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Several Steps …
Sidewalks on walking
Logit
Effectiveness
Number of people
Create interventions
3 interventions / $
Cost-Effectiveness
ACER / ICER
Sensitivity Analysis
Factor in uncertainty
Findings/Conclusions
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Interventions
Status Quo:
Minimum:
Street segment
Existing sidewalk
New sidewalk
400m radial buffer
Moderate:
Costs and Assumptions
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GIS measures of sidewalks =>
Quantity
Cost => Town planner at $70/m
Width sidewalk 1.8m => $137.5/m
AUD 2012
Lifetime of concrete 15years
Replacement cost 1.5 times original
All costs converted to EAC
Initial Discount Rate of 5%
Population estimated to be 827
people
Maximum:
Cost-effectiveness Plane
Cost $
Cost-Effectiveness Plane
Intervention
Incremental
Effectiveness
(No. People)
Incremental
Cost ($)
ICER
($/person)
Minimum
11
25,630
2,330
Moderate
9
33,686
3,743
Maximum
7
25,630
3,661
90000
80000
70000
Cost $
60000
90000
50000
80000
40000
Maximum
70000
30000
60000
20000
10000
50000
0
40000
106
116
126
136
Effectiveness
Moderate
30000
20000
Minimum
10000
0
106
Status Quo
111
116
121
126
131
136
Effectiveness :
No. People Transport
Walking
16
 Min-Max Intervention - link to destinations
Street segment
Existing sidewalk
New sidewalk
Residential areas/traffic
17
Sensitivity Analysis
Project Lifetime
Discount Rates
Altered walking threshold
Halved / Doubled Density
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Take Home Message…
Design
Flexible
e.g.Housing / Factories
Destinations
Static
e.g. Streets/sidewalks
Density
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Where to next?
Limitations:
 More Complex Model
 Change Inputs/Assumptions
Sidewalk infrastructure:
 include aesthetics e.g. trees, benches, bins, street-scape
New Models:
 ACE Prevention: $/DALY
CRE Research:
 Thresholds => policy and planning
 Economic => co-benefits
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities
Further Information
lgunn@unimelb.edu.au
Foundation Research Collaborators:
Foundation Industry Partners:
NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in
Healthy Liveable Communities