Impact of Electric Vehicles and Impact on Networks

DEPARTMENT
OF ENGINEERING
Faculty of Science and
Engineering
The Impact of Electric Vehicles
on Electricity Demand and Distribution
Graham Town
API Summer School, Marcoola, 29/2/2016.
OVERVIEW
•
Era of rapidly changing energy technology and systems
– necessity & opportunity
– many parallels with changes in IT infrastructure  “Internet of Energy”
•
Enabling technologies…
1) Information and communication technology (ICT)
– “Smart” grid (“smart” infrastructure)
2) Energy storage (where in grid? best utilisation?...)
– increasing proportion of renewable generation
– electric vehicles
 increasing flexibility, efficiency, resilience of system
•
Transport – can’t be ignored
‒ major piece of infrastructure
‒ consumes ~ 1/3rd of energy
“Moore’s Law” of EV battery costs
 electrification inevitable (efficiency, compatibility, cost, etc.)
•
Electric vehicles – a problem, or part of the solution ??
– problem/solution has technical, commercial, political dimensions
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Smart Grid
 “Internet of Energy”
Storage
Smart Grids: Technology Roadmap, IEA 2011.
Characteristics
and advantages
of smart grids
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Smart appliances
• Controllable loads
• Status reporting
• EV as sink/source (V2G)
Smart operations
• Ancillary services
• Reliability
• Service connections
• Firming of renewables
Smart pricing
• Value differentiated pricing
• Aggregation pricing
• Market participation
Smart Planning
• Deferral of infrastructure
• Minimise cost
• Minimise carbon
3
Energy, Xport, ICT
“Virtuous circle”
ICT
Intelligent
Xport
Xport
(EVs)
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Smart
Grid
Energy
(Elec)
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Rapid Growth PV, EV, Storage
http://www.aemo.com.au/Electricity/Planning/Archive
-of-previous-Planning-reports/2011-NationalTransmission-Network-Development-Plan
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 Local storage (e.g. EVs – V2G, V2H, etc)
Storage Technologies
Capacity, efficiency, cost, response time
AECOM, “Energy Storage Study,” July 2015.
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Storage Technologies
Maturity, efficiency, cost, response time
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Value of Electricity Storage
Chang et al, The value of distributed electricity storage in Texas, Nov. 2014.
http://www.seia.org/sites/default/files/resources/The_Value_of_Distributed_Electricity_Storage_in_Texas_10.4.14.pdf
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Value of Electricity Storage
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Storage Costs
“Moore’s Law” of storage system costs
• Battery costs reducing ~15% pa.
(~ halving every 3 years – trend continuing)
• PV, inverter, and installation likewise
https://www.db.com/cr/en/concrete-deutsche-bankreport-solar-grid-parity-in-a-low-oil-price-era.htm
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Rapid Growth in Storage
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Electricity Costs
GTAI, The stationary energy storage market in Europe, 17.04.2015
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Kost et al, Levelised cost of electricity
renewable energy technologies, Nov. 2013.
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Total Cost of EVs
•
Total Cost of Ownership: EV vs ICV
http://cleantechnica.com/2015/11/08/total-cost-ownership-gasmobiles-compare-evs
NB: doesn’t include additional value of EVs capable of …..
o
o
Smart charging
V2G services
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Battery Storage with PVs
Rapid dispatch, ramping
•
Local battery storage needed as PV penetration increases
-
increase PV utilisation, system efficiency
smooth out intermittent generation
Perez, etal, “The cost of mitigating short-term PV output variability,” Energy Procedia 57, 755-762 (2014).
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PV Spatio-Temporal Variability
•
Geographical diversity reduces average temporal variability
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PV Spatio-Temporal Variability
•
Geographical diversity reduces average temporal variability
•
Will same effects apply to EV’s – “batteries on wheels” ??
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Battery Storage
Grid support – where? (how much?)
 Best location of storage close to source….
(i.e. low impedance to other sources/loads)
 reduced V variation on line
 rapid response time
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Electric Vehicles
Sales
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http://www.hybridcars.com/one-million-global-plug-in-sales-milestone-reached/
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Electric Vehicles
Forecasts
AECOM (2012)
•
•
Rapid growth PV + storage
Strong uptake of EVs
 Australia 2020: 20% of new vehicles sold
(>106 EVs on roads by 2025)
 Europe: similar % on average, strong growth
Note: EVs already the most popular new vehicle in Norway.
AEMO (2015)
•
PV and domestic storage
expected to grow rapidly
(but not EVs??)
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AECOM, Impact of Electric Vehicles and Natural Gas Vehicles on the Energy Markets, 2012
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Electric Vehicles
Infrastructure development
U.S. Alternative Fueling Station Count
45
40
Thousand Stations
35
30
Electric*
Propane
25
Methanol (M85)
LNG
20
Hydrogen
15
Biodiesel**
CNG
10
E85
5
-
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/data/10332
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Electric Vehicles
- energy requirements
•
EV energy capacity, range
 Hybrid (Toyota Prius) ~ 15 km range
1.3 [kW.h]
 Full (Nissan LEAF) ~ 115 km range (EPA)
24 [kW.h]
 Full (Tesla S) ~ 430km (EPA)
85 [kW.h]
50 km round trip ~ 10 [kW.h]
c.f. average domestic household electricity consumption: 17 [kW.h/day]
•
Load/Source on LV grid
E.g. major capital city with 1,000,000 EVs
 10 GW.h /day (currently 14.7 GW.h /day)
 900 to 1,700 MW peak demand
(except if charging off-grid, e.g. PVs  battery  EV)
 Expect more mobile storage (on wheels) than fixed (in households)
 EVs will have a significant impact on the electricity system
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Electric Vehicles
- charging standards
• IEC 62196 Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets for
conductive charging of electric vehicles
•
•
•
LEVEL 1 - 3 : power level of charging outlet
AC: 8A/2.4kW, 32A/7kW,21kW (1F,3F)
DC: 200-600V/80-400A (fast charge)
MODE 1 - 4 : communication/safety protocols
1: GPO charging (outlawed?)
2: special cable (protection)
3, 4: permanently wired
TYPE 1 - 3 : connectors
• IEC 61851 Electric vehicle conductive charging system (equipment &
communications)
• ISO 15118 Road vehicles -- Vehicle to grid communication interface (smart
charging)
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Electric Vehicles
- problem or solution?
Impact of EV charging on power distribution from grid depends on
WHEN
WHERE & HOW
Smart charging
AEMO, 2011 National Transmission Network Development Plan
Paevere, et al., “Spatio-temporal modelling of electric vehicle
charging demand and impacts on peak household electrical load,”
Sustain Sci (2014) 9:61–76.
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Electric Vehicles
- problem or solution?
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EVs in the Smart Grid
Value of storage
EVs can help maintain/improve power quality by
-
coordinated charging of EVs from grid (demand management)
coordinated supply from EV to grid (source management, V2G)
Five Categories of Energy Storage Application
Eyer & Corey,
Energy Storage for the Electricity Grid:
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OF ENGINEERING
Benefits and Market Potential Assessment Guide.
SAND2010-0815
Galus et al, On integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles into
existing power system structures, Energy Policy 38, 6736 (2010).
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EV’s in the Smart Grid
Integration examples
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EVs in the Smart Grid
Energy and information flows
Information Flow
1-way
Energy Flow
None
1-way
2-way
(to vehicle)
e.g. start/stop
charge
(from vehicle)
e.g. location, ID,
state of charge,
etc
e.g. pricing,
time/amount
to charge, etc
None
-
e.g. Traffic
Information
e.g. Traffic
monitoring
e.g. Dynamic
routing, etc.
1-way
-
-
-
V2H
-
Demand
management
Smart
metering
Transactional
energy
-
-
-
V2G,X
(from vehicle)
1-way
(to vehicle)
2-way
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EVs in the Smart Grid
V2G communications
V2G
Tx
Rx
U/ISO
EVSE
EV/BMS
• Regulate up/down
signals
• Market pricing
• Capacity pmt
• EVSE control sig.
• Performance stats
• Participant pmt
• Metered data
• Charge rate sig.
• Response verific’n
• State of charge
• Battery capacity
• GPS (position)
• Chg/dischg authority
• Verified aggregator
ctrl response
• Grid balance sig.
• Verified EVSE ctrl
response
• User optout cmd
• Market payments
• Aggregator ctrl signal
• User preferences
input
• EVSE charge control
signal
IEC61850, IEC61851, IEC62351, ISO15118, SAEJ2847 (Comms)
IEEE1609, IEEE802.11p (W’less comms)
IEC62196, IEEE1547, SAEJ2293 (Power)
Standards
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A/EVSP
Acronyms
A
BMS
EVSE
EVSP
ISO
U
Aggregator
Battery Management System
Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
Electric Vehicle Service Provider
Independent System Operator
Utility
Adapted from: Brionus et al, Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power flow
regulations and buiiding codes review. (2012).
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EV Grid Integration
Business models
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EV Grid Integration
Business models
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Business Models
e.g. Domestic battery storage management
•
Reposit Power
-
aggregator
energy trading service
savings  storage owners
http://www.canberratimes.com.au/
http://arena.gov.au/project/intelligent-storage-for-australias-grid/
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Business Models
e.g. Domestic battery storage management
•
Sunverge (+ Ergon + ARENA)
-
distributed storage  virtual power plant
assets owned by Ergon, “leased” by consumers
savings to consumer, benefits to distributor
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http://www.sunverge.com/product
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EV Grid Integration
Expected value
http://www.pevcollaborative.org/sites/all/themes/pev/files/docs/Kempton_V2GCAISO_PEVcollaborative120411.pdf
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EV Grid Integration
Expected value
http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/12/
vehicle-grid-integration-revenuecould-be-worth-nearly-21-million-by2024/
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EV Grid Integration
Business models
1. EV owner as consumer of product – business as usual
- EV and home charging infrastructure owned, energy purchased
2. EV owner as consumer of services – subscription model
Charging as a service – e.g. as with mobile phone
- EV owned, charging infrastructure and/or energy packaged as service
- Value-add by service provider through aggregation and services to grid
3. EV owner as prosumer - Internet of Energy, V2G
- EV owned, charger owned or leased, energy traded, e.g. V2X services
4. No EV ownership – transport and energy as service(s)
Above list not exhaustive….. (leasing, “uberisation” …..?)
Business model depends on relationships between key players...
…individual owners  aggregators/retailers  distributors  generators/suppliers…
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Business Models
1) Tesla
http://www.teslamotors.com/en_AU
Premium product
- with solar fast-charging service
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Business Models
2) ChargePoint
Charging services + Apps
• Driver
- public (pay as you go)
- membership (premium service)
• Home
- charger installation
• Business, Fleet.
Sanchez-Miralles, et al, Business models towards effective
integration of electric vehicles in the grid, IEEE Intelligent
Transportation Systems Magazine, Winter 2014.
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Business Models
2) eVgo
3-year service agreement
(installation/access to charging
infrastructure + unlimited charging)
- Home
- Mobile
- Complete
“Emerging Electric Vehicle Business Models,”
Working Document of the NPC Future Transportation Fuels
Study August, 2012
https://www.npc.org/FTF_Topic_papers/18Emerging_Electric_Vehicle_Business_Models.pdf
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Business Models
2) Better Place
Services
- charging + battery swap service
- services to grid (aggregated)
“Emerging Electric Vehicle Business Models,”
Working Document of the NPC Future Transportation Fuels
Study August, 2012
https://www.npc.org/FTF_Topic_papers/18DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING
Emerging_Electric_Vehicle_Business_Models.pdf
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Business Models
3) NUVVE (V2G – Uni Delaware)
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http://www.nuvve.com/Value_Proposition.html
Example Business Models
3) NUVVE (V2G – Uni Delaware)
http://www.udel.edu/V2G/resources/FitzgeraldEV-grid-WSJ-28-Sep-2012.pdf
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http://www.nuvve.com/
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Business Models
4) Autolib (France)
https://www.autolib.eu/en/
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CONCLUSIONS
Technical:
• Integration of renewables and/or EVs into electricity distribution
requires
 storage (responsive, close to source)
 ICT, smart grid (to manage storage, balance source and load)
 EVs a large part of the solution for managing increasing penetration
of distributed renewable gen’n.
Commercial:
• Potentially multiple participants in market in a variety of roles…
 Opportunities for innovative business models delivering balanced
cost-benefits to all participants.
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Energy, Xport, ICT, Commerce
“Virtuous circle”
ICT
Intelligent
Xport
Xport
(EVs)
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Smart
Grid
Energy
(Elec)
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SELECTED REFERENCES
• AECOM (Feeney et al, for AEMC), Impact of Electric Vehicles and Natural Gas Vehicles on the Energy Markets – Final
Advice, May 2012.
• AEMC (Pierce et al), Energy Market Arrangements for Electric and Natural Gas Vehicles, 2011.
• AEMO, Emerging Technologies Information Paper National Electricity Forecasting Report, June 2015.
• Brinsmead, et al, (for AEMC) Future Energy Storage Trends: An Assessment of the Economic Viability, Potential Uptake
and Impacts of Electrical Energy Storage on the NEM 2015–2035. CSIRO, Australia. Report No. EP155039, Sept. 2015.
• Electric Vehicle Facts: CleanTechnica.com, EVObsession.com
• Energy Supply Association of Australia, Sparking an Electric Vehicle Debate in Australia, Discussion Paper, Nov. 2013.
• Energia (for ESAA), Review of Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policy Targets and Settings for Australia, July 2015.
• IEA, Global EV Outlook 2013, 2015 update. http://www.iea.org/topics/transport/subtopics/electricvehiclesinitiative/
• ICCT (Lutsey et al), Assessment of leading electric vehicle promotion activities in United States cities, ICCT Whitepaper,
July 2015.
• Idaho National Laboratory, Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity, “The EV Project”. http://avt.inel.gov/evproject.shtml
• IEA, Global EV Outlook, Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020, April 2013, & 2015 update.
• Lopes, et al, “Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Electric Power System,” Proc. IEEE 99(1) 2011.
• Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office, Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Batteries.
http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/vehicle-technologies-office-plug-electric-vehicles-and-batteries
• Tie &Tan, “A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles,” Renewable and Sust.
Energy Rev. 20, 82–102, 2013.
• Yilmaz & Krein, “Review of the Impact of Vehicle-to-Grid Technologies on Distribution Systems and Utility Interfaces,”
IEEE Trans Power Electron., 28(12) 5673, 2013.
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http://www.gizmag.com/singapore-dendrobium-hypercar-electric/41979/
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