Europe in Youth

Transcription

Europe in Youth

Dear reader,
|Editorial
since August 2012 the following schools have been cooperating within the COMENIUS-school partnership “Youth in Europe – Europe in Youth”:
IES JANDÍA, Morro Jable, Spain
PEABSKOLAN AB, Upplands Väsby - Solna, Sweden
Lycée Professionnel „Les Jacobins“, Beauvais, France,
Gloucestershire College, Coleford, Great Britain,
Andrássy György Katolikus Közgazdasági Középiskola, Eger, Hungary
Friedrich-List-Berufskolleg, Herford, Germany
The aim of the partnership is to encourage students to gain a deeper insight into the attitudes
towards life and culture of young people in different European countries from 1950 to the
present. Through researching youth culture and how it reflects the political, economic and
social conditions has allowed students to understand their own situation, to define personal
aims concerning their future at school, at work, in social and political life and to learn how to
achieve these aims in their own country and in Europe.
In the first year of the partnership students explored the youth cultures of the participating
countries from 1950 to 2010. They looked at different aspects e.g. music, literature, sports,
fashion, food, technology, communication, media. They researched on the internet, studied
written texts, listened to music and watched films.
In the second year students examined the political, social
and economic situation of youth in Europe using the internet and other sources. As youth
unemployment is extremely high in many EU-countries, students exchanged information on
the situation in their different countries and looked at measures which have been successful
in lowering unemployment.
There were four project meetings:
December 2012, Great Britain
April 2013, Spain
October 2013, Hungary
Germany, March 2014
The results of the students’ research are published in this youth magazine.
We hope you enjoy the lecture,
Ernst-Wilhelm Spilker, Dorle Kienecker, Manuel Wegner
(and the „Youth in Europe“-Team)
|Content
Hobbys und Freizeit............................................................................................................................07
- Hobbies and free time
Fiatalok szabadidős tevékenységei a közelmúltban és napjainkban.............................................08
- Young people´s free time activities in the past and today
The changing face of the creative industries....................................................................................10
Auch wir Deutschen können lachen.................................................................................................11
- We germans can laugh too!
Musik in Deutschland.........................................................................................................................12
- Musik in Germany
Tiempo libre de los jovenes en Espana.............................................................................................14
Young people´s leisure time in Spain................................................................................................16
Gibt es noch klassische Jugendtrends?..............................................................................................18
- Are there still Youth Trends?
Youth culture in Sweden, during the 1950s.....................................................................................20
Comenius arrives on the Net!............................................................................................................22
Kultúra és szociális helyzet a fiatalok körében Magyarországon...................................................23
- Youth culture and social situation in Hungary
Teenage Alcohol and Drug Consumption on the Increase............................................................26
The Be All and End All.......................................................................................................................27
People involved in political situations and what they fulfill..........................................................29
Music and cinema in France..............................................................................................................29
Ein duales Studium..............................................................................................................................30
- A dual study
Growing up in Sweden........................................................................................................................33
Recortes y descontento social en Espana..........................................................................................35
Cuts and social discontent in Spain...................................................................................................38
Abortion Law.......................................................................................................................................41
- Ley del aborto
The European Parliament elections in Sweden...............................................................................42
The European Parliament election in the UK..................................................................................43
Huelga histórica en Educación..........................................................................................................44
- Historic strike in education
Fiatalok tünetései, politikai mozgalmak Magyarországon............................................................45
- Youth protests and political movements in Hungary
Jugendproteste in Europa -Blockupy.................................................................................................48
Youth protests in Europe - Blockupy.................................................................................................49
Riots in Sweden....................................................................................................................................50
The economic crisis and unemployment of the Youth in France..................................................52
The measures taken for the unemployment of young people in France......................................53
Ausbildungschancen in Deutschland, Fachkräfte gesucht.............................................................54
Germany: An oasis of opportunity....................................................................................................55
Quiz to foreigners................................................................................................................................56
Legal
Hobbys und Freizeit
In den letzten 25 Jahren haben sich die Hobbys von jungen Leuten sehr verändert. Medien
sind heute sehr viel wichtiger als zur Zeit unserer Eltern, während viele von ihnen Computer
und Internet erst auf der Arbeit kennengelernt haben, ist es für uns heute alltäglich damit
umzugehen. Besonders Online-Spiele und soziale Netzwerke haben unsere Freizeitgestaltung
verändert.
Aber es gibt immer noch eine Sache die wichtiger ist: Zeit mit Freunden zu verbringen.
Allein in meiner Heimatstadt Bad Salzuflen gibt es 51 offizielle (und zusätzlich viele „inoffizielle“) Vereine, in denen man zusammen mit Freunden Sport oder Musik machen kann. 38
der Vereine sind Sportvereine, 71% von ihnen bieten spezielle Programme für Jugendliche an,
und drei weitere Vereine wurden speziell für Jugendliche gegründet. Von Turnvereinen über
Tanzgruppen, bis hin zu Schützenvereinen werden den Jugendlichen vielseitige Freizeitangebote gemacht.
Allerdings stellen die Betreiber der Vereine fest,
das es für Jugendliche immer schwerer wird, diese
Art der Freizeitgestaltung wahrzunehmen, da
langer Unterricht und zusätzliches lernen für die
Schule zunehmen. Die Nutzung der vielfältigen
Vereinsmöglichkeiten wird also nicht nur durch
die neu erschlossenen Möglichkeiten des Internets
eingeschränkt sondern auch durch die Veränderungen des Schulsystems.
Hobbies and free time
In the last 25 years the hobbies of young people have changed a lot. Media is much more important today then it was at the time of our parents, many of them have started working with
computers at work and for us it is totally normal to grow up with the possibilities of the internet. Especially online games and social networks changed our free time.
But there is still one thing that is more important to us: Spending time with friends. In my
home town Bad Salzuflen there are 51 official (and also many not official) clubs, in which you
can spend time with your friends, do sports or music together. 38 of this clubs are sports clubs
and 71% of those offer a special program for young people, three more have been founded
especially for them.
From gymnastics clubs to dance groups, and also to shooting associations, young people have
many possibilities for how to spend their freetime.
But the heads of the clubs see a development in a
bad way, they say it becomes much more difficult for
kids and young adults to join this kind of free time
activity, because of long school days.
The verity of clubs is given, but it is not just in concurrence with the possibilities the internet offers, but
also with the changes in the school system.
Victoria Schlingheider
7
Fiatalok szabadidős tevékenységei
a közelmúltban és napjainkban
Azt gondolhatnánk, az internet, televízió és telefon nélküli időkben nem sok kikapcsolódás
jutott a fiataloknak. Pedig ez nem igaz. Gyakorta jártak bálokba, ahol élőzene és fúvószenekar
mulattatta a vendégeket. Rengeteget táncoltak, a zene szüneteiben sokat beszélgettek egymással. A bálokban a lányokra a mamájuk vigyázott, a fiatalok alkoholt nem kaphattak.
A mozi is közkedvelt hely volt, ahol jórészt magyar filmeket láthattak, bűnügyi filmeket akkoriban még nem is vetítettek.
Szerettek rádiót hallgatni, otthon az este gyakran kártyázással telt el. Az utcán sokszor összejöttek, beszélgettek, az iskolák népszerű Ifjúsági Találkozókat szerveztek.
Kicsit később, a 70-es, 80-as években még mindig internet és televízió nélkül töltötték el az időt,
azonban néhány új dolog megjelent.
Divatba jöttek a szórakozóhelyek. Mindenki ugyanazokat a zenéket hallgatta, például Abbát,
Koncz Zsuzsát vagy az LGT-t. Azonban akkoriban éjfélkor már mindenki otthon volt, reggel
pedig időben keltek, nem úgy, mint manapság, amikor a disco éjfélkor vagy később kezdődik.
Alkohol helyett a Traubi szóda vagy Márka volt a „menő”. Ezen kívül presszóba is jártak a fiatalok, ahol egy kávé mellett órákig el tudtak beszélgetni. Ekkoriban senki sem volt rest a szakadó
esőben találkozni a barátjával; manapság ez nehezen képzelhető el.
Napjainkra a fiatalok szórakozási szokásai gyökeresen megváltoztak. Manapság a fiatalok egész
korán elkezdenek alkoholt fogyasztasztani, akár a discókban - ahová szintén nagyon korán járnak - , vagy máshol is. Divatosnak, „menő“-nek tekintik, ha tizenévesen dohányzik az ember. A
zenei ízlés is megváltozott. A szórakozóhelyeken már szinte nem is hallani mást az elektronikus
zenéken kívül.
Egy diáknak a nehéz iskolai rendszer miatt nem sok ideje marad önmagára. A többség hétköznap otthon ül, számítógépezik, a facebookon beszéli meg a barátaival a legfontosabb dolgait, a
televíziót nézi, vagy a telefonját nyomkodja. Akiknek egy kicsivel több idejük van, azok ha úgy
tartja kedvük, összejönnek a barátaikkal és beülnek egy pizzázóba, vagy elmennek egy bárba.
Örülünk, hogy az internet korában születtünk, ahol minden egyszerűbb és gyorsabb, de jó lenne visszamenni az időben, hogy lássuk, régen mi is volt a szokás.
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Young people’s free time activities in
the past and today
One might think that in the times without computers and television there was nothing for
young people to enjoy. But it is not true. They often went to dances where live music welcomed
the guests. These lively tunes made everyone dance a lot. At these dances the girls were looked
after by their grandmothers as chaperones, and youngsters could not buy alcohol.
The cinema was a popular place, too, where mainly Hungarian films were shown instead of
detective dramas, because these were not shown yet.
At home, evening were spent with playing card games. Also, they frequently got together in the
streets to talk. Schools often organised popular Youth Meetings.
A bit later, in the 70’s and 80’s youngsters still lived without the Internet. However, some new
things appeared. Bars and clubs became popular. Everyone listened to the same music for example ABBA, or famous Hungarian performers and bands, such as Zsuzsa Koncz or LGT. Nevertheless, by midnight, everyone was at home and in the morning they got up at a normal time
not like nowadays, when discos start at midnight or even later.
Instead of alcohol, Traubi soda or Márka were cool drinks. They also went to pressos and cafes,
where they could talk for hours, while drinking a coffee. Unlike today weather conditions did
not stop you going out to meet your friends in person.
Today, youth’s free time activities have changed a lot compared to the past. These days youngsters start drinking alcohol at a rather young age. They drink in discos or anywhere else. You are
considered to be cool if you smoke cigarettes when you are a teenageer.
Musical tastes and styles have changed, too; all music is electronic.
Unfortunately, teenagers do not have a lot of time for themselves because of the difficult school
system. In their free time most of them sit at home in front of the computer and they discuss
the most important things with their friends on Facebook or they watch television or use their
mobile phones. Those who have a little more time meet their friends and go out for a pizza or
to a bar.
We are glad that we were born into the Internet age where everything is simpler and quicker,
but it would be good to go back in time to see what young people were like and what kinds of
lifestyle they had in the past.
Levente Roka, Adam Angyalosi, Matyas Lakatos
9
The Changing face of the creative industries
Has social media changed the outlook for young people’s ability to get exposure and promote
themselves?
In our forever developing society,
globalisation and technological growth have
become major driving factors in our everyday
life. They have altered our social interactions,
exposing us to a vast variety of different
cultures, fashions and ideas. Due to this
increase in technology and increased access
to resources such as the internet the influence
of the social media is greater than ever before.
But what impact is this having on the ability
for young people to promote and express
themselves? Is it proving beneficial or is it
further isolating certain groups within this
younger population.
To find out what young people thought on
this topic I interviewed a local 17 year old
artist and asked him a couple of questions.
How often do you and your friends use social
networking sites like Facebook and Twitter?
“I would say I use them on a daily basis. Since
I bought my mobile phone I have had
constant access wherever I go and I find this
very useful to keep in contact with friends
and family. As far as I know nearly all my
friends have a social networking account.
To what extent would you say these social
networking sites have helped you to promote
your work?
“I would say they have helped massively! I
now have my own Facebook page that allows
anyone that uses Facebook to view my work. I
upload pictures of my paintings regularly and
have had requests off quite a few people for
paintings and drawings. I can also make my
own custom advertisements to further
promote my page to other artists.”
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Do you think in the future social networking sites will be the way forward for
young artists?
“I think it is quite possible! This method
is so much more efficient than the tedious
process of renting out places for
exhibitions. It is also allows you to exhibit
your work globally via your social
networking account so you can reach a
much wider audience in a smaller space of
time.”
Phil Willmott- Lost Boy the Musical
`the enthusiasm from bloggers and
audiences via social media for the show...
positive feedback and Twitter and Facebook, would prevail at the box office.´
From this interview and The Guardian
article a number of obvious benefits of this
increasing advance of social media can
be seen, however, in order to benefit from
these points youth have to have access to
the internet. Due to religious reasons or
parental decisions certain members of the
younger population may not have access
to social networking sites therefore leading
to isolation from this increasing method of
promotion. This may mean that they find
it harder to express their creativity as they
do not have access to this aspect of youth
culture.
Hayley Hudson, Luke Engel, Harry Frost
Auch wir Deutschen können lachen
Das Cliché, dass die Deutschen keinen Spaß verstehen und eher ernst sind, ist in anderen
Ländern weit verbreitet. Trotz zahlreicher deutscher Comedians wirken wir auf andere verklemmt. Dabei begann die Geschichte der deutschen Comedy schon früh. Bezieht man sich
auf die Zeit, in der man das Fernsehen nur in schwarz-weiß genießen konnte, so stechen vor
allem Künstler wie Heinz Erhard oder Loriot hervor. Auch Otto Waalkes, der sein Publikum
schon seit den 70ern mit seiner lustigen Art und seinen Liedern zum Lachen bringt, ist bis
heute einer der erfolgreichsten Komödianten Deutschlands.
Egal ob live auf der Bühne, im Fernsehen, in Kino oder im Radio, Comedy hat überall ihren
Platz. Fast jeder erfolgreiche deutsche Comedian hat neben seinem Tour-Programm auch
seine eigene Fernsehshow, wie zum Beispiel Mario Barth, der sowohl mit seinen Live-Tours,
als auch mit seiner Fernsehshow „Willkommen bei Mario Barth“ große Erfolge feiert. Auch
Künstler wie Mirja Boes, Cindy aus Marzahn, Ralf Schmitz und Kaya Yanar sind aus dem
Fernsehen nicht mehr wegzudenken. Schaltet man morgens um 7 das Radio an, so kann man
sich auch dann schon mit der Satire „Frühstück bei Stefanie“ den Tag versüßen. Daraus lässt
sich schließen, dass auch der Deutsche es liebt zu lachen und doch weniger ernst ist, als er
wirkt.
We Germans can laugh, too!
The stereotype that Germans have no sense of humour and are
always very serious is common in other countries. Although we
have many German comedians we are often seen to be uptight. The
history of German comedy began quite early. When we refer to
the time when people still had to enjoy television in black and white, artists like Heinz Erhard
or Loriot stood out. Otto Waalkes, who already made people laugh with his jokes and funny
songs in the early 70s is still one of the most successful comedians of all times in Germany.
Whether live on stage, on television, in the cinema or on the radio, you can find comedy
everywhere in Germany. Almost every German comedian has his own TV show beside his
tour programme, for example Mario Barth, who celebrates his success both with his Live
Tours (“Männer sind schuld, sagen die Frauen” (“It’s the men’s fault, the women say”)) and
his television show “Willkommen bei Mario Barth” (Welcome to Marion Barth). You cannot imagine TV without artists like Mirja Boes, Cindy aus Marzahn, Ralf Schmitz and Kaya
Yanar. If you turn the radio on at 7 am to listen to the satire “Frühstück bei Stefanie” (Breakfast at Stefanie’s), it can
make your day. So it can be concluded that people from
Germany, too, love laughing and are less serious than they
sometimes seem to be.
Katharina Grübbel
11
Musik in Deutschland
Fragt man die Deutschen heutzutage, welche Art von Musik sie denn gern hören, wird man
viele verschiedene Antworten bekommen. Auch wenn der Trend der Techno Musik auch
Deutschland erreicht hat und ein guter DJ in keiner Disco fehlen darf, so legt sich kaum ein
Deutscher wirklich auf eine bestimmte Musikrichtung fest. Egal ob deutschsprachig oder
englisch, Rock, Hip-Hop oder Soul, der Deutsche hört am liebsten die Art von Musik, auf die
er gerade Lust hat. So kommt es auch gerne mal vor, dass sich selbst ein guter, alter „Mitsingschlager“ in die Playlist einer Teenagerparty verirrt. Dies aber war nicht immer so. So prägte
in den 50er Jahren beispielsweise der Rock‘n Roll die Musikgeschichte. Künstler wie Elvis
wurden besonders gut aufgenommen.
Des Weiteren wurden Bands wie The Beatles oder die Rolling Stones bei den Jugendlichen
viel gehört. Was für die ältere Generation einfach nur als ohrenbetäubender Lärm wahrgenommen wurde, da diese nur Opern, Operetten und deutsche Volkslieder akzeptierten, war
für die Jugend eine wichtige Möglichkeit, die Kriegszeit zu verarbeiten. Auch die 70er waren
ein bedeutsames Jahrzehnt in der deutschen Musikgeschichte. Auch wenn weiterhin gern
zu amerikanischer Musik getanzt wurde, machten sich nun auch der „Punk“ und „Reggae“
bemerkbar. Zudem wurden die Texte der deutschen Künstler immer politischer. So wurden
Sänger wie „Nina Hagen“ und Rio Reiser“ gern gehört.
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Bis dato waren es jedoch nur wenige, die sich trauten, auf deutsch zu singen. Schlagartig aber
wurden es Anfang der 80er immer mehr Lieder, die auf deutsch veröffentlicht wurden. Durch
ihre Empörung gegenüber der Politik trauten sich immer mehr deutsche Bands ihre Meinung
in ihren Liedern auszudrücken. Das wahrscheinlich bekannteste Lied dieser Zeit ist der Song
„99 Luftballons“ von Nena. Auch wenn die Phase der „Neuen Deutschen Welle“, wie man diese
Zeit nennt, schon Ende der 80er wieder vorbei war, ist sie doch ein bedeutender Grund dafür,
dass es bis heute auch viele deutschsprachige Lieder auf dem deutschen Musikmarkt gibt.
Music in Germany
If you ask German people nowadays, what kind of music they prefer, you will get many different answers. Although the trend of Techno Music has also come over to Germany and a
good DJ is essential in every disco, hardly anyone wants to decide what he or she likes the
most. It doesn’t matter if it’s in German or English, Rock, Hip-Hop or Soul, we Germans
listen to the kind of music we want to hear at that moment. So it often even happens that a
good old “sing-along-folksong” suddenly appears in the playlist of a teenage party. However,
it has not always been like that. Rock’n Roll for example marked the German music history in
the 1950s. Artists like Elvis were well established in adition to bands like the Beatles and the
Rolling Stones, who found many young fans in Germany.
Although it was seen as “noise“ by the older generation, who only accepted operas, operettas
and folk music, it was very important for teens to deal with the aftermath of the Second
World War. The 70s were also a significant decade in the history of music. Although people
still liked to dance to American music suddenly more and more “Punk” and “Reggae” music
was noticed. The lyrics of German singers and bands began to be much more political. That’s
why teens liked to listen to music by “Nina Hagen” and “Rio Reiser” for example.
Until the 70s only a few artists dared to sing their songs in German. But then in the early 80s
suddenly more and more songs were released in German. As they were outraged because of
the political situation in Germany, bands dared to express their opinion in their lyrics.
Probably the most popular song of that time is called “99 Luftballons” by Nena. Although the
phase of the “Neue Deutsche Welle” (New German Wave), which is how this period of time is
known, ended in the late 80s, it is an important reason why we still have many German songs
on the music market nowadays.
Katharina Grübbel
13
TIEMPO LIBRE DE LOS JÓVENES EN
ESPAÑA.
El ocio, o el tiempo libre, se caracteriza por cuatro elementos fundamentales. En primer
lugar, es el tiempo que no se dedica a trabajar o estudiar. En segundo lugar, es un tiempo
relacionado con el disfrute y la diversión. En tercer lugar, es un tiempo útil para sentirse
bien, para aprender cosas, o para nuestras relaciones afectivas. Por último, es un tiempo
en el que hacemos uso de nuestra iniciativa (haciendo lo que deseamos) y de nuestra
libertad (no estamos obligados a hacer algo concreto).
Las actividades de ocio más frecuentes a las que la juventud se dedica son las siguientes.
Ver la televisión
Escuchar música
Estar con los amigos
Hacer deporte
Leer
Estar con el novio Practicar afición
Otras actividades
Juegos (vídeos) Ir al cine Máquinas recreativas
Conciertos de música
A diario
47.9%
30.2%
27.4%
21.3%
18.4%
14.7%
12.4%
9.3%
4.7%
3.1%
2.5%
0.1%
Fin de semana
26.6%
14.4%
66.7%
18.2%
6.0%
24.1%
10.0%
6.0%
3.2%
13.1%
0.8%
3.0%
Los jóvenes de 16 a 19 años dedican la mayor parte del tiempo de su tiempo libre a ver la
televisión y estar con los amigos. Entre los 12 y los 15, ellos prefieren solamente la televisión. A partir de los 18 años estar con la pareja. En general, las actividades preferidas
por los jóvenes en su tiempo libre son las que implican salir del entorno familiar, como
reunirse con amigos, viajar, ir al cine, escuchar música en directo o ir a bares o a cafeterías, actividades que reciben una valoración positiva superior al 90%.
No hay duda de que el televisor se está convirtiendo en el rey de la casa y en la actividad
en la que se ocupa el tiempo libre. En España se invirtieron en 2001 en ver la televisión
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unas 3 horas y 15 minutos diarios de media. En 2001 se ofrecieron por televisión en
España más de 107.000 horas de programación televisiva. Los cinco programas de televisión más vistos del año fueron cuatro partidos de fútbol y las campanadas de fin de año.
La televisión es un avance de la sociedad actual. Muchas personas han aprendido a leer
y escribir, han encontrado trabajo, han aumentado su nivel cultural, han reencontrado a
sus familias, han desarrollado sus sueños y han crecido personal y socialmente. Por otro
lado ha provocado la pérdida de hábitos como la lectura o la conversación.
Además de la televisión, tenemos el ordenador que nos ofrece experiencias y conocimientos que sería prácticamente imposible conseguir en el mundo real.
Cada vez tenemos una mayor preferencia por acompañarnos en nuestro tiempo libre de
lo virtual, lo inexistente, en lugar de hacerlo con personas y las relaciones con ellas. ¿Por
qué? Las tecnologías de la pantalla producen ilusión de acompañamiento, «enciendo la
tele, aunque no la mire, para sentirme acompañada».
Especificamente, los habitantes de Fuerteventura que vivimos en Jandía ( al sur de la Isla
) tenemos poco que hacer ya que, no tenemos cine ni tenemos teatro, solo disponemos de
nuestros amigos para pasarlo bien y de la playa para relajarnos. Si queremos ir al cine o al
teatro tenemos que recorrer 100 kms, que son dos horas en coche.
Ademas, los majoreros tienen un centro comercial localizado en el norte de la isla el cual
no visitamos mucho porque esta muy lejos, como hemos mencionado anteriormente. Sin
embargo, tenemos algunas tiendas en nuestro pequeno pueblo que no son muy visitadas
porque los precios no son asequibles puesto que es una zona turistica. Los jovenes espanoles escuchan diferente tipo de musica. La mas escuchada es la musica pop.
Para terminar, podemos decir que los majoreros del norte de la isla son más afortunados
por tener el cine, el teatro y el centro comercial al lado pero nosotros tenemos las playas
más bonita de Europa y tenemos a nuestros amigos para hacer travesuras y divertirnos
como queramos.
Alpha Sow Barry, Damian Santamaria Eiranova, Anabel Martin Hierro, Kail Marino Mendez,
Jessica Garcia, Cahora Prolongo Unterbrink
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Young people´s leisure time in Spain
Leisure, or free time, is characterized by
four essential elements. Firstly, it is the time
not dedicated to work, domestic chores,
attending school or studying. Secondly, it is
a time associated with enjoyment and fun.
Thirdly, it is a time to feel good, to learn
things, and to develop relationships. Finally, it is a time when we can use our initiative (we can do what we want) and enjoy our
freedom (we are not obliged to do anything
specific).
The most frequent leisure activities among young Spanish people are as follows:
Daily
Watching TV
47.9%
Listening to music
30.2%
Being with friends
27.4%
Doing sports
21.3%
Reading
18.4%
Being with the fiancee 14.7%
Practising a hobby
12.4%
Other activities
9.3%
Games (video) 4.7%
Going to the cinema 3.1%
Gambling machines
2.5%
Music concerts
0.1%
At theWeekend
26.6%
14.4%
66.7%
18.2%
6.0%
24.1%
10.0%
6.0%
3.2%
13.1%
0.8%
3.0%
Young people between16-19 spend their free time watching television and being with friends.
From ages 12 to 15, they prefer watching television and from the age of 18 onwards, they prefer
to be with their boyfriend/girlfriend. In general, the activities preferred by young people in their
free time are those that involve going out, such as meeting friends, travelling abroad, going to
movies, listening to music or going to bars or cafes, activities that are enjoyed by more than 90%.
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There is no doubt that television is becoming the ¨king¨ of the house. In Spain in 2001 3 hours
and 15 minutes a day were spent watching television on average. More than 107,000 hours of TV
programmes were offered on television in Spain in 2001. The five most watched programmes of
the year were four football matches and the ringing bells to welcome the New Year. Television
is a snapshot of today‘s society. Many people have learned to read and write, have found work,
have increased their educational level, have reunited with their families, have developed their dreams, have grown personally and socially. On the other hand,
it has resulted in a dramatic decrease in habits such as reading or chatting.
Apart from television, we have computers which allow access to experiences
and knowledge which we could not get
any other way. Traditionally, young people have always gone to the town library to
search for information in encyclopedias,
reference books, atlases etc. This happened in Morro Jable and elsewhere in Spain.
Little by little, we prefere to spend out time
in the virtual world instead of with people in face to face relationships. Why? When
you turn on the screen you get the illusion of being with people and not so alone.
Specifically, the inhabitants of Fuerteventura living in Jandia in the south of the island
have very little to do; we do not have a cinema
or a theatre , we only have our friends to have
fun with and the beach to relax on. If we want
to go to the cinema or the theatre we have to
travel almost 100 kms, that is two hours by car.
In addition, the Majoreros have a shopping
centre located in the north of the island
which we do not visit very much because it
is so far, as we mentioned before. However,
we have some shops in our small town which
are not very visited because the prices are not
affordable for the locals since it is a touristic
area. Spanish young people listen to different ping centre nearby but we have the most beaukinds of music. The most popular is pop music. tiful beaches in Europe and we have our friends
to hang around and have fun with as we want.
In conclusion, we can say that the Majoreros Maybe, we have no material riches, but what we
in the northern part of the island are luckier do have is true happiness, which is what counts.
as they have the cinema, theatre and shopAlpha Sow Barry, Damian Santamaria Eiranova, Anabel Martin Hierro, Kail Marino Mendez,
17
Gibt es noch klassische Jugendtrends?
In der Geschichte gab es schon so viele
verschiedene Jugendtrends:“ die Popper,
die Rocker, die Hippies, die Rapper“. Es
scheint als hätte jedes Jahrzehnt seine eigene Fülle an verschiedenen Jugendtrends
gehabt und alle haben sich durch ihre
eigene Mode abgegrenzt. Der Anfang der
Jugendtrends ist wohl eindeutig auf die
Nachkriegszeit zurückzuführen. Durch
den Zweiten Weltkrieg war die Welt enger
zusammengerückt und die Weichen für
das Wirtschaftswunder und die Globalisierung waren gestellt und damit auch
die starke Verbreitung von Jugendtrends.
Fragt man heute seine Eltern nach damaligen Jugendtrends werden diese antworten, dass natürlich fast jeder einem Jugendtrend angehörte und man schon dazu
gehören musste, um nicht negativ aufzufallen. Da stellt sich die Frage wie sieht es
überhaupt heute aus? Gibt es überhaupt
noch klare Leitmotive? Guckt man sich
dann etwas um, merkt man relativ schnell,
dass es keine klaren Jugendtrends gibt.
Der Kleidungsstil ist sehr individuell, was
auch gut den Geist der heutigen Jugend
widerspiegelt. Es ist nicht möglich die
Jugend nach irgendwelchen Trends zu kategorisieren. Wenn sich etwas Pauschales
sagen lässt, dann dass die Jugend versucht
sich mit Marken einzukleiden. Jedoch gibt
es natürlich auch Trends, die der heutigen
Jugend entspringen. Als Beispiel dafür
kann man die „Hipster“ anführen. Ziel
des Trends ist es, sich sehr individuell zu
kleiden. . Man möchte auffallen und nicht
in der Masse untergehen. Dafür nutzen
sie oft Trends aus vergangenen Zeiten und
kombinieren sie. Wörter wie „Yolo“ und
„Swag“ prägen ihre Kultur und werden
sofort mit ihnen in Verbindung gebracht.
Zwar erfreut sich dieser Trend großer
18
Beliebtheit aber es gibt mindestens genauso viele,
die ihn komplett ablehnen. Was kann man daraus
also schließen?
Klare Jugendtrends wie es sie früher gab sind
heute aufgrund des starken Individualismus nicht
vorhanden, jedoch muss man sich auch die Frage
stellen, ob Jugendtrends in unserer schnelllebigen
Welt überhaupt lange genug überleben um sich
durchzusetzen.
Erklärung:
Yolo: You only live once/ Man lebt nur
einmal. Das soll bedeuten, dass man jede
Chance nutzen sollte, die sich einem bietet,
denn man weiß nicht ob man sie nochmal
bekommt.
Swag: Dieses Schlagwort beschreibt ein cooles und lässiges Auftreten, kann aber auch in
einem anderen Zusammenhang Anwendung
finden.
Are there still Youth Trends?
Recent history has shown so many youth
trends: ”Rockers, Hippies or Rappers” to
mention just a few. It seems as if every
decade has a huge number of different
youth trends which can all be identified
with their own fashions. The roots of the
youth trends can be traced back to the
post-war era. After the Second World
War, the world has grown closer through
a period of economic growth and Globalisation. These circumstances enabled
youth trends to spread fast and wide. If
you ask your parents something about
youth trends they will answer that at that
time nearly everybody belonged to a
youth trend and that it was necessary in
order to be accepted by other young people. In this context one should ask oneself
if such youth trends still exist today. After
having examined today’s youth it is very
obvious that there are no youth trends
today which could be compared to the
ones in the past. The style of clothing is
very individual, which reflects the spirit of
youth. It is simply not possible to classify
today’s youth. The only general aspect one
can see today is that young people try to
wear as many brands as possible.
Certainly there are some trends which
are created by today’s youth. One good
example is the “Hipster”. This trend is
very new and has the aim to attract attention even in a huge crowd through an
individual style of clothing. Therefore the
hipsters wear clothes which were popular
in bygone decades. Words like “Yolo” and
“Swag” are characteristic of their culture
and are definitely related to them. This
trend may be very popular but there are at
least as many people who reject it as people who support it.
So what is the conclusion? Identifiab-
le youth trends as in the past don’t exist
anymore because today‘s young people are
strong individuals. Indeed, could youth
trends have a chance to catch on in the fast
moving world of today?
Explanation:
Yolo: You only live once
That means that one should enjoy life and take
every opportunity because you may not have
another chance.
Swag: This word describes a cool outward
appearance and charism. It can also be transferred to other contexts.
Julian Labuch
19
Youth culture in Sweden,
during 1950s.
A brief text about the youth during 1950 summorised by me but explained by an old.
man.
Over Christmas I had the opportunity and the privilege to interview my grandfather who is
74 years old. He was born in 1940 and had some things to say about his time as a teenager.
My first impressions and thoughts were that it would sound like a ‘Back to the Future‘‘ film or
like the movie ‚‘Grease‘‘ but I rapidly changed my mind when I got to hear a bit more about
his story.
I will be summarizing the text in a short way
with what he had to say about his time as a
teenager since we sat for hours talking and
discussing.
I will also be pointing out some similarities
and differences between two youth cultures,
then and now. This text will be containing
facts, some from my grandfather and some
from the internet and I will mix both sources
into one text. I will also be focusing on the group called “The Greasers” mostly because it was,
and is, a pretty popular subculture. I have found it easier to explain the youth culture back
then by focusing on a part of the many subcultures and speaking to the people who were
young back then. I am just highlighting the parts about the greasers because I had the opportunity to speak to an eye witness.
The youth before were more split up
compared to today’s social circles.
If you were a greaser you would
probably not socialize with, for example
“Punks” (another subculture), for the
simple reason that you did not have the
same interests in music, hobbies,
clothing and so on. You just did not
have the same way of seeing life. My
grandfather was a greaser and as a greaser there were some important things
to keep uphold. For instant the car one had and drove, the maintenance of one’s hairstyle,
clothing and choice of music. The car was an important feature for a greaser and popular car
brands around then were Crown Victoria and Chevrolet. There were some other lesser known
brands as well but these were the ones my grandfather mentioned. You could call that generation and subgroup the ‚‘Car-bound-Youth‘‘
20
for the reason that the car was so important in a greaser’s/teenager’s life.
The clothing was similar to that in the movie “Grease“. The normal hair style would be the
‚‘Plow‘‘ which was made by using a water comb and with some hair wax called “Brylcreem”.
Typical clothing would be a leatherjacket, some Mudskippers (a shoe model) and a pair of
jeans.
There are two sides of a coin so for the other sex, a girl would have so called ‚‘hair rollers‘‘ on
her head (because of the look of it), a wide skirt and a so called ballerina blouse which was
pretty popular.
You can see that today’s youth in Sweden takes on the older generation’s choice of clothing.
Leatherjackets are coming back and forth in fashion and the ‘Plow‘‘ has been modernized by
the touch of a side cut and combing the hair back to give it a slick look.
If you liked Elvis Priestly then you were usually a greaser and socialized often only with
“one´s own kind”. Girls and boys had different styles of music then as now but the two greatest artists at that time were Elvis Presley and Tony Steele and like all artists,
they attracted different kinds of audiences.
Boys were often keen to listen to
Elvis Presley while girls were more interested in Tony Steele.
But these were not the only two artists at the time. Little Gerhard and
Jerry Williams were also both famous in the subgroup.
“The Greaser life were a party life“ - Sten Haglund
The Second World War was over and Sweden made it through peacefully and unharmed.
Our industries were intact and the demands for Swedish products were high throughout
Europe. The economy increased and there were a lot of industries who needed manpower so
many work spots opened. So finding a job back then was not as hard as today. Some industries even had to bring workers in from other countries. The education levels were much lower
and the standards for finding work were easy since they needed your hands and not your
mind.
The socio-economic situation in Sweden around the
1950s was more divided than that it is today. If you
were from a working-class family you would probably
end up in the working-class section.
For an example; if your father was a carpenter it was
more likely that you would end up as a carpenter too
or as something similar in the same category.
However it is not the same anymore. People today have less boundaries but education is more
important today if you want to find a well-paid job.
Pictures from the top to the bottom.
#1; The first car
#2: Dressed up
#3; The man himself
#4;Celebrating his 50th birthday.
All pictures are private owned.
Daniel Haglund Gonzalez
21
Comenius arrives on the Net!
In September, Victorien (French student) joined the Comenius Group
of the Vocational High school “Les Jacobins” just before the trip to Hungary.
After meeting all members, we came up with the idea of creating a diary
so that our friends and the international students have the possibility to
find out what we are doing.
Afterwards, Victorien started making the web site and began to like working on it and since then he keeps the site
uploaded... for YOU!
We would really like you to have a look at it. The link is:
http://comenius-lpjacobins.wix.com/comenius
22
Kathi G. and Victorien P.
Kultúra és szociális helyzet a fiatalok
körében Magyarországon
Youth culture & social
situation in Hungary
Ebben az esszében a mai magyar fiatalság szociális helyzetéről és kultúrájáról olvashatnak.
Először hazánk iskolarendszeréről szeretnénk írni. Sok változás történt az 1989-es rendszerváltás óta. Ma már számos fiatalnak lehetősége nyílik külföldi utazásra és más kultúrák megismerésére. Sok diák szeretne tovább tanulni egyetemen vagy főiskolán. Vannak azonban olyan
tanulók, akiknek csak különféle pályázatok vagy állami támogatás segítségével nyílik lehetőségük felsőfokú tanulmányaik elkezdésére, illetve befejezésére.
In this article you are going to read about present day Hungarian youth culture and social situations. First of all, we would like to write about Hungary‘s school system. A lot has happened since
the change of regime in 1989. Nowadays, opportunities have opened up for several students to
travel to another country and get to know some other cultures. Many young people would like to
continue their studies in colleges or universities. There are many pupils who are only able to continue their studies with the help of a scolarships or the government.
Mint ahogy azt a diagram is mutatja, a 2005/2006-os évben sokkal több diák jelentkezett
természettudományi karra államilag támogatott képzésben.
As this diagram shows, in the school year 2005/2006 more students applied for science studies with
the support of the government.
23
A 80-as, 90-es években könnyebben el lehetett helyezkedni érettségivel, mint manapság. Napjainkban alacsony a munkahelyek és a fizikai munkások száma is. Sok diák szeretne minél
magasabb iskolai végzettséget szerezni. Sokan mennek külföldre dolgozni a magasabb fizetés és
jobb megélhetés reményében.
The blue lines show how many people continue their studies with the help of the government, the
red ones are about students who pay their studies for themselves. The signs under the columns are
the acronyms of the collages and universities, and the numbers in the left side indicate the number
of the students. The figures clearly show that most students were admitted with the support of the
government to the universities in Budapest (ELTE) and Szeged (SZTE).
It was easier to find a job with a general certificate of education in the 80‘s and 90‘s than today. In
our days there aren‘t many workplaces and the number of workers has decreased. Many students
would like to attain a higher qualification. Some of them go abroad to get a job because of the
higher wages and in hope of a better life.
A fenti diagram az iskolázottságot mutatja a rendszerváltás utáni időszakból egészen 2002-ig.
The diagram above shows the qualifications from 1989 to 2002. The line with white points shows
how many thousands of people have got skilled-workman certificate. The black-pointed line is about
the number of students who have got general certificate (high school diploma), and the grey-pointed
line discribes how many thousands of pupils have got a collage/university degree.
A technológiai fejlesztéseknek köszönhetően modern számítógépek és telefonok jelentek
meg, melyek segítették az információ áramlását és segítettek kapcsolatokat teremteni illetve
megtartani azokat. Azonban ezek a fejlesztések elveszik a fiatalok idejét, több időt töltenek a
számítógépek és a televíziók előtt, ahelyett hogy kimennének a friss levegőre és szocializálódnának. Lustábbak lettek, hanyagolják a sportolást és sokan kevesebb időt töltenek a barátaikkal.
24
Ez a diagram azt mutatja, egy átlagos szakközépiskolás mennyi időt tölt TV-nézéssel és
számítógépezéssel egy nap.
This diagram shows the time spent in front of the TV and the computer by an avarage highschool
student a day. The orange columns are the hours of the computer use, the green ones the hours of
watching TV. The percentages show how many students watch TV and use the computer.
Mindent összevetve, mi örülünk, hogy ezek a változások megtörténtek, mert rengeteg új lehetőséget biztosítanak mindannyiunknak. Ennek legjobb példája a Comenius Youth in Europe, Europe in Youth projectje, melynek keretein belül diákok tucatjai juthattak el különböző
európai országokba, ismerkedhettek meg az ottani kultúrával és szerezhettek új barátokat.
All in all, we are really glad that these changes happened, because they offer us some new opportunities. The best example is The Comenius Youth in Europe, Europe in Youth project where a
lot of students got the opportunity travel to different European countries, to get to know the local
culture, and to make friends.
25
Teenage Alcohol and Drug
Consumption on the Increase
Chris is completing his A-Level studies at
college and lives on a council estate near
London. He enjoys hanging out with his
friends after college and playing football.
However, he has started to take drugs and
drink alcohol most nights with his friends,
leading to him doing badly in his A-Levels
and increasing the tension back at home
with his family. The reasons why, he has
said, that he has started to drink and take
drugs is because of the pressures of education and his relationship with his friends. He
said that it was now just something that he
enjoyed that is easily available for him and
his friends.
He is not the only young person who have
gone to drinking and drugs. If a teenager
drinks regularly before they are 15 they
are: 7 times more likely to be in a car crash
because of their drinking, and 11 times
more likely to suffer unintentional injuries after they have been drinking. A study
conducted by the European School Survey
Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs interviewed 15 and 16 year old from 35 countries. They found that, from the UK results,
42% of boys and 35% of girls admitted that
they had tried illegal drugs at least once.
The UK is the joint highest country with
the highest number of young cocaine users,
alongside Spain. So, why has this now become a problem?
There are many reasons why young people
want to drink alcohol and take drugs. One
reason is because that it is enjoyable. A
young person, like Chris, has the stress of
A- levels studies, relationships and thinking
about the future. Having an alcoholic drink
can be seen as a way of releasing stress,
26
however this then leads to binge drinking.
Another reason is the environment that they are
bought up in. In the UK, there is an increase in
urban communities where there is high unemployment, low quality housing and low resourced community programmes. This can lead to
young people, who are unemployed and bored
in their surroundings, being encouraged to take
drugs and be part of a drug gang. However, there now seems to be an increase in drug use in
private schools and in rural areas, which shows
that drug use is interweaved into the whole of
society. Then another reason is the promotional material. Alcohol is regularly advertised
on television and big brand companies can pay
for their product to be advertised in films and
music videos. Also despite it being illegal for
teenagers to buy alcohol from retailers, they still
can.
The taking of drugs and drinking alcohol can be
seen as a defence mechanism. Some young people will use drugs to ease the trauma of unsuccessful relationships or the problems that they
have at home. This alcohol and drug problem is
being examined by the British government and
new guidelines have been put in place. However,
the problem cannot be easily solved, as young
people will find a way of getting the alcohol or
the drugs. These new laws can help decrease the
number, but will never stop every young person
from having alcohol or taking drugs.
The Be All and End All
Depression is a subject that is often untouched by the media, despite its growing prevalence in society. Whilst awareness is increasing, attitudes towards depression are usually
insensitive, confused or polarised.
A friend of mine, who suffered with depression for 3 years, volunteered to talk about his
experiences:
First of all, what is depression?
“Depression is an illness, and like any other
illness it has symptoms and treatments. I
think a lot of the time it’s much more complicated than feeling unhappy, and it definitely can’t be cured by simply ‘pulling yourself
together’, as many people seem to think.”
When did you first think you might have depression?
“It started small. I was having difficulty
sleeping. I would feel lonely, anxious or upset
for seemingly no reason. I wasn’t really eating
properly, and couldn’t concentrate in school.
I thought it was just the stress at first but it
didn’t go away. I also stopped talking to my
friends, sorry about that by the way. I don’t
really know why I did that. In hindsight it
just made things worse.”
What did it actually feel like?
“The feeling itself is sort of a mixture of
sadness, lethargy and hopelessness. I can’t
logically explain it. I was feeling fine and
everything in my life was peachy beforehand.
I began to feel a tiny speck of darkness in my
mind which grew over time and started to
engulf me. It sort of took me by surprise.”
What do you think caused the depression?
“I had no idea at the time. Causes vary from
person to person. Sometimes it’s the loss of
a loved one, or a childhood trauma. I’d experienced nothing like that so I felt I had no
reason to be depressed, and that made me
feel so ashamed. But when I eventually went
to see a doctor, he said it was probably caused
by stress.”
Why do you think you were so stressed?
“I always used to over think everything. I
thought about the repercussions of failing
exams, choosing the wrong A-levels, not
getting into university and not getting a good
job. I didn’t know what I wanted to do when
I was older, but I found myself at the stage
where all the important decisions start, and I
didn’t feel prepared to make them.”
Talk me through the recovery process.
“I went to see a doctor. He told me that
around 1 in 5 people will experience depres27
The Be All and End All
sion at some point in their lives, and that I
had nothing to be ashamed of. He gave me a
prescription for antidepressants, which he explained were just like insulin for people with
diabetes. I also started group therapy.
I started to realise that there are no quick
fixes for depression, and the road to recovery would be long and steep, so I took a gap
year. Having time to think was a big help. I
found that I was able to make the big decisions about my future when I wasn’t under the
pressure to do so. I gradually started to feel
better.”
Is there anything you’d like to say to other
young people worrying about the future?
“It’s difficult having to decide on what you
want to do in future without any real life
experience, so take your time. But remember
that while these decisions are important, they
aren’t the be all and end all.”
28
How much are YOUNG French people
involved in politics and what are
their opinions?
1.
How the right to vote arrived :
2.
Women vote :
3.
Opinion :
In France, the right to vote was granted as a result of the French revolution. (1789) But women gained the right to vote only after the Second World War. (1945)
Many countries gave women the right to vote before that for example the suffragettes in England at the end of 19th century. Even today, not all women in the world have have the right
to vote. At the moment, there is a group active in the world called Femen. It’s a movement
which was created in Ukraine in 2008 by Anna HUSTOL. They stand for democracy and
laicity and they stand against prostitution and religion. In France some women regularly demonstrate to keep their rights, because it’s easy to do so in a democracy, but at the same time
there are counter demonstrators belonging to the extreme right catholic political party.
Young people have different opinions about the right to vote. For us, in the French Comenius
group it’s important because our grandparents fought for the right to vote. It’s important to
act for free speech and for active life in general, for instance:
-When we want to rent a flat or look for a job we have more chance of success if we can show
that we voted in the last local election.
Music and cinema in France
Music
French teenagers listen a lot to RAP, especially French and American RAP like: Sexion d’assaut, La Fouine and Maître Gims / 50cent and Eminem. They also enjoy rock (Indochine
a french group, Nirvana…), pop (ZAZ, Christophe Mae…) , reggae music (Tryo, Dub inc.
french bands, Bob Marley, UB40…), heavy metal (Marilyn Manson, Metallica, ETHS, Nightwish …) and R&B (Rihanna).
Cinema
In France young people watch American action movies (Fast and Furious), and French comedies (Les Ch’tis, Intouchables…). Because American action movies have better special effects
than French ones, but they prefer French humor because American humour is different.
Mallaury Jaudhuin, Bourdery Clément.
29
Ein duales Studium
Alex (23) ist dualer Student. Sein Fach: Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration.
Zeitgleich macht er eine Ausbildung zum
Fachinformatiker für Systemintegration.
Nach dem Ende seiner Ausbildung muss er
nur noch das Studium beenden.
Ein Interview von Jana Friesen
Wie weit sind Sie?
Die Ausbildung habe ich schon länger beendet und aktuell bin ich dabei meine Bachemen habe.
lorarbeit fertig zu stellen. Nebenbei habe ich
eine Vollzeitstelle bei einem Unternehmen.
Würden Sie sagen es war eine stressige Zeit, oder
meinen Sie, dass es leicht ist, sich dem schnelleGibt es eine gute Verbindung zwischen dem
ren System zu stellen?
Studium und der Arbeit?
Ja! Da ich eine IT-Ausbildung habe und
Wirtschaft studiere bin ich von den Themen
her sehr breit aufgestellt. Dadurch kann ich
mir leicht viele Zusammenhänge erschließen.
Durch die breite Themenvielfalt, kann ich
mich nun in meinem Beruf in den jeweilig‘
benötigten Sparten spezialisieren und mein
Wissen ausbauen.
Es ist eine Herausforderung! Selbstdisziplin ist
hier das A und O! Man sollte es nicht auf die
leichte Schulter nehmen und immer am Ball
bleiben. Wer sich eine zu lange Pause erlaubt,
wird schnell in Schwierigkeiten kommen, den
Stoff aufzuarbeiten und nachzuholen.
Würden Sie diesen Werdegang jedem weiter
empfehlen?
War es von Anfang an Ihr Traum dual zu
Man kann diesen Weg nicht jedem empfehlen.
studieren oder war es mehr eine spontane Ent- Generell halte ich ein duales Studium für die
scheidung?
beste Möglichkeit, die es gibt, ja. Während des
Studiums erhält man ein Einkommen. Man
Es war nicht unbedingt ein Traum, aber ich muss weniger Gebühren zahlen und noch
wollte finanzielle Unabhängigkeit und nicht viel wichtiger, man hat einen Fuß im Untermit einem Schuldenkredit in mein Berufsle- nehmen! Viele Unternehmen verknüpfen ein
ben starten. Es war naheliegend, ein duales duales Studium meist mit einem Folgevertrag
Studium zu absolvieren, da ich mein Abitur nach der Ausbildung. So hat man einen relativ
bereits in der Tasche hatte. Wo ich erstens
sicheren Job und man hat sich die Zeit gespart,
keine Studiengebühren zahlen muss und
beides nacheinander zu absolvieren.
zweitens eine Ausbildungsvergütung bekom30
Haben Sie irgendwelche Tipps für Neueinsteiger Als duales Studium wird in Anlehnung an
das duale Ausbildungssystem ein Hochauf diesem Gebiet?
schulstudium mit fest integrierten Praxisblöcken in Unternehmen bezeichnet. Von
Der größte Tipp ist:
„klassischen“ Studiengängen unterscheidet
Machen Sie das, wofür Sie eine Leidenschaft
es sich durch einen höheren Praxisbezug,
haben oder diese entwickeln können! Wenn
Sie sich durch ein duales Studium oder durch der abhängig von Studiengang und Hochschule variiert.
eine Ausbildung schleppen müssen, weil Sie
keine Lust darauf haben – kann es sehr schnell
unangenehm werden. Sie verlieren die Lust
und die Motivation und das ist nicht Sinn der
Sache.
A dual study
Alex (23) is a student in a dual
system where participants, over a
period of three years, spend three
months studying at university followed by three months in industry.
After the end of his training, he
only needs to complete his study.
An interview by Jana Friesen
What do you study?
have a full time job at a company.
Is there a good connection between the study
and work?
Yes! I have an IT training and I am a busi
ness student. I have knowledge in a wide range
of subjects, meaning I have access to a broad
spectrum of career opportunities. Due to the
wide variety of subjects, I can now specialize
in my job and expand my knowledge.
Was this university programme your dream
course or was it a spontaneous decision?
It was not my dream, but I wanted to start
Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration. my career being financially independent and
not with a loan. As I had already passed my A
What training have you done at the same
levels I undertook a dual study course. Firstly
time?
the company paid the tuition fees and secondly I got an income during my training.
IT specialist for system integration.
Would you say it was a stressful time, or do you
What are you doing now?
think that it is easy to take part in the fast track
system?
I have finished my training and I am currently working on my thesis. As well as this I It is a challenge! In this case, self-discipline is
31
the alpha and omega! You should not take it lightly and always be on the ball. Anyone who takes too long a break will quickly fall behind.Would you recommend this career to other people?
It’s not for everyone. Generally, I think a dual study is the best way out there because you have
an income while studying, you have to pay smaller fees and, more importantly, you have one
foot in the business! Many companies combine a dual study with a follow-on contract after
training. This means you have an education with a relatively secure job in a shorter space of
time.
Do you have any tips for beginners in this field?
The biggest tip is: Concentrate on subjects that you are passionate about or ones you could
develop a passion for in the future! If you have to drop a dual study or training, because you
do not like it it can be very demotivating which is not the intention of the programme.
A dual study is a university course with integrated practice blocks. It is based on classical
programmes but with a greater practical aspect, which varies depending on the study programme and university.
32
Growing up in Sweden
As a youth it has truly been a privilege growing up in Sweden. I don´t think I understand how lucky I have been growing up
here. We have a good school system
which helps young people to get a good
education. Our society is based on solidarity.
Sweden has a good welfare system, most people have good standard of living.
But today young people have a hard time finding a job. They are forced to study longer before entering the labour market. The unemployment rate among young people in Sweden has
never been higher, 23.9% (Jan 2014). This has, in recent years, become a very important and
central question in Swedish politics. The political parties are working hard to find ways to get
young people into the labour market.
Competition and demand for education is something that receives much attention in today‘s
media. Young people are almost forced to have a high education otherwise it‘s difficult to find
a job. This puts enormous demands on today‘s young people and their education. There is a
lack of lower paid jobs which require less education or previous work experience.
33
The failing market
Housing shortage is also high here in Sweden
– especially in the larger cities and university
towns, rental apartment are rarer than ever
before. If you are 22 years old, just finished
studying, with student loans of over 200 000
Swedish crowns (~20 000 euro), finding a flat is
not easy. Combined with high unemployment
rates the equation is difficult to solve. Something must be done now. Student housing is
an option for young students who don‘t have the
finance to buy their own flat. There is just one
small problem ... waiting times for a dorm room
is now 20 months. It‘s three and a half years for
a studio apartment (18kvm) with kitchenette.
Should it be like this?
Stockholm‘s population is increasing on average by two bus load of people every day. It‘s not sustainable,
housing is needed to get young people to remain in Stockholm. Today most homes are too big and too expensive for young people. Cheaper and smaller housing that is more accessible for young people is needed. I
think the Swedish government needs to review the possibility of stimulating new home building by different
means e.g. reduce construction cost, reviewing real estate fees for student housing and regional authorities
must step up and take more responsibility for their young people. The housing crisis will not go away by
itself – it must be removed because we don‘t get fewer people in Sweden – it’s the other way around.
It‘s with caution I say it is getting tougher and tougher but, of course, evolution is moving forward and so
must we.
Pontus Ingvarsson
34
RECORTES Y DESCONTENTO SOCIAL EN ESPAÑA
El Gobierno español ha realizado
una serie de recortes en ciertos aspectos de la sociedad española con el
supuesto fin de ahorrar para acabar
con la crisis económica por la que
esta pasando nuestro país. Dichos
recortes afectan principalmente a la
educación, con la nueva ley llamada
LOMCE, que restringe las ayudas y
subvenciones y sube las tasas de las
matriculas entre otros, y en segundo
lugar la sanidad de la que hablaremos
mas al detalle a continuación.
La llegada del PP al Gobierno ha
traído consigo el mayor destrozo del
Estado del bienestar de la historia
de España. Mariano Rajoy ha hecho
durísimos recortes en servicios públicos, cultura o cooperación y ha subido impuestos. La reforma laboral que
abarata el despido ha llevado la tasa
de paro a máximos históricos mientras la cobertura social es cada
35
huelgas en todos los sectores; huelgas generales, huelgas de mineros, huelgas
vez menor. La tasa de paro es de alrededor de 6.000.000 de parados. Siendo
983.000 menores de 25 años en paro, lo
de controladores aéreos, huelgas de unique supone un 57,7% del total de jóvenes versitarios… aunque no siempre tienen la
en activo del país.
eficacia deseada, ya que no se consiguen
mejoras.
Unas 180 empresas cierran cada día desde que empezó la crisis, desde 2007 se
RECORTES EN LA EDUCACIÓN
han cerrado 234.094 empresas (datos de
2013).
El 28 de noviembre de 2013 la LOMCE
fue aceptada por las Cortes Generales de
España es uno de los países más corrup- España. Esta ley fue propuesta el 17 de
tos. Un estudio cifra en 40.000 millones
mayo de 2013 por José Ignacio Wert, mide euros el ‚coste social‘ de la corrupnistro de Educación, Cultura y Deporte del
ción en España. Hay una gran cantidad
gobierno popular. La LOMCE acarrea rede casos de corrupción provenientes de
cortes en los centros educativos, haciendo
políticos, siendo el caso Gürtel, el caso
que estos dispongan de menos profesorado,
Bárcenas y el caso Nóos (en el caso Nóos y también hace que en un futuro la tasa de
la familia real se ve implicada) los más
paro crezca, ya que habrá más jóvenes que
conocidos.
dejen los estudios antes debido a las pruebas
que imponen para avanzar en los estudios.
El gobierno ha hecho recortes en ayudas Por su parte el PSOE (la oposición) calisociales, cultura, educación, investigación ficó el proyecto de «clasista, segregador e
y desarrollo, funcionarios y empleados
involucionista» y anunció que si vuelve al
públicos, pensiones, sanidad, servicios
Gobierno «no quedará ni el espíritu» de la
públicos, sindicatos, etc.
LOMCE.
En España no se aplica la dación en pago,
es decir, si la casa es quitada porque no se
puede pagar, se te quita y aun así tienes
que seguir pagándola.
Entre el desempleo, la corrupción, los
recortes y los desahucios los ciudadanos
protestan por mejorar la situación. Causa
por la cual apareció el movimiento social
15M (movimiento de gran importancia),
surgido tras la manifestación del 15 de
mayo de 2011 y llevado a cabo por “los
indignados” (ciudadanos cansados y descontentos con las medidas tomadas por el
gobierno).
Al haber un descontento general existen
36
El conjunto de protestas contra los recortes
en educación no universitaria, que comenzaron a ocurrir en España, principalmente
en Madrid, a principios del año escolar
2011/2012, se denomina Marea Verde.
RECORTES EN LA SALUD
Los principales cambios en la nueva ley de
sanidad implican:
-Habrá que pagar gran parte de las prótesis
ambulatorias.
-El sistema dejará de financiar fármacos para
síntomas menores.
-Los usuarios también pagarán parte de los
productos dietéticos.
-Los indocumentados se quedarán sin tarjeta
el 1 de septiembre.
-Los turistas sanitariosdeberán acreditar una
residencia de tres meses.
-Los jóvenes mayores de 26 años deberán
acreditar falta de ingresos.
A continuación expondremos con mayor detenimiento los cambios más significativos;
de los 26 años, quienes no hayan comenzado a cotizar, deben acreditar su
falta de ingresos
si quieren seguir disfrutando de la sanidad pública española.
Como consecuencia, todos los grupos y
las manifestaciones organizadas para defender la salud pública y en protesta por
los recortes y los planes de privatización
se ha denominado Marea Blanca.
-Pago de prótesis ambulatoria y transporte
sanitario no urgente: los usuarios de la Sanidad Pública tendrán que pagar parte de las
prótesis ambulatorias, los productos dietéticos e incluso el transporte sanitario no urgente son considerados como “servicios accesorios”.
-Servicios comunes: no se incluirán aquellas
técnicas, tecnologías y procedimientos que
no tengan probada su contribución eficaz a la
prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento, rehabilitación y curación de las enfermedades,
conservación o mejora de la esperanza de
vida, autonomía y eliminación o disminución
del dolor y el sufrimiento.
-Extranjeros indocumentados:
A partir de ahora, aquellas tarjetas sanitarias
pertenecientes a extranjeros residentes en
España que no hayan regularizado su tarjeta
anteriormente, quedan anuladas.
-Turistas sanitarios : respecto a los turistas
sanitarios procedentes de la UE, se fija como
condición una residencia superior a tres meses en España.
-Jóvenes mayores de 26 sin cotizar: A partir
37
CUTS & SOCIAL DISCONTENT IN SPAIN
The Spanish government has made a
series of cuts to some public service
to try to end the economic crisis that
our country is going through.
These cuts affect education, with a
new law called LOMCE, restricting
grants and subsidies, and secondly
health to be discussed in more detail
below.
The arrival of the PP (Popular Party)
Government has brought the greatest
destruction to the welfare state in
the history of Spain. Mariano Rajoy
has made serious cutbacks in public
services, culture and cooperation and
increased people’s taxes. The labour
reform that makes it easier to dismiss
workers has led unemployment to record highs as social services shrink..
The unemployment rate is around
6,000,000 . Among the under 25s
more than 983,000 are unemployed,
representing 57.7 % of all young people in the country who could be wor-
38
king now. About 180 businesses have closed
every day since the crisis began and 234,094
companies have closed since 2007 (2013 data).
CUTS IN EDUCATION
As there is general dissatisfaction, strikes
are happening in every sector, from geneSpain is one of the most corrupt countries. One ral strikes to miners’ strikes, air ─traffic
study estimates at 40.000 million euros the ‚so- controllers’ strikes, and even students` and
cial cost ‚ of corruption in Spain. There is a lot teachers ́ strikes. But they do not always
of corruption in political life such as the Gürhave the desired results, as no improvem
tel affair, the Nóos affair (in which the royal
ents are being achieved.
family is involved) and the Bárcenas case, the On November 28th 2013 the law LOMCE
best known one.
was approved by the Parliament of Spain,
because of the absolute majority of the
The government has imposed strict limits on
right-wing party ruling the country. This
social welfare, culture, education ─ both com- law was proposed on May 17th 2013 by
pulsory and university levels, research and
José Ignacio Wert, Minister of Education,
development, public servants, pensions, heCulture and Sports of the Popular Party
althcare, salaries, utilities, trade unions, etc.
government. LOMCE imposes cutbacks
in school and university budgets and also
In Spain, the complete lack of income or debt
increases future unemployment. There will
─lack of resources because of unemployment
be more young people who are compelled
and no unemployment benefits left─ is not
to leave school earlier due to the tests
normally taken into account which means that imposed to advance through the system,
if a family’s house is taken away because they and in addition, higher pupil numbers in
cannot pay for it, it will be seized by the bank
each class, segregation of the sexes... thus,
and the family left unassisted and evicted even lowering the quality of learning Meanthough there are kids or elderly people and it
while the PSOE (the Socialist Party in the
still has to be paid to the finance company or
opposition) called the project “classist, and
banks whose bad financial practices have been reactionary” taking the educational system
solved by the right-wing government ruling
back to the 50s and the 60s and announced
today in Spain by the state decreasing the bud- that if they win the next general election
get traditionally dedicated to social welfare.
they are going to repeal it and then “ no
trace of the spirit of LOMCE will be left“.
Against a background of unemployment,
„The Green Tide“ refers to the series of
corruption, cutbacks and evictions, citizens
protests against cuts in non-university
protests are aiming to change the situation.
education that began to occur in Spain,
And that is the reason why the social momostly in Madrid, at the beginning of the
vement15M ( a movement of great importanschool year 2011/2012 and still continues
ce) appeared, it emerged after the demonstfrom time to time.
ration on May 15th 2011 and was lead by the
„indignados“ – “the outraged”- (citizens who
are tired and deeply angry with the dramatic
and anti welfare measures taken by the government). These are the most important cuts in
Spain.
39
HEALTH CUTS
The main changes in the new health care law ve their lack of income if they want to be
assisted by a doctor in the Spanish public
are:
-We will have to pay most of the cost of out- health service.
These new measures are impacting very
patient treatment
negatively on Spanish society. Because of
-The system will no longer fund drugs for
the crisis, we are going through, many peominor symptoms.
ple will be hampered by lack of money in
-Users will also pay part of the cost of diet
their health care as having to pay a certain
products.
amount for prescriptions and operations
-Tourists must prove three months residence
will reduce the groups that can afford it.
in Spain to claim
Old age pensioners who often suffer from
-Young people older than 26 years must prove their lack of income. Next we will discuss long-term health disorders such as high
blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar
in more detail the most significant changes;
etc. will see their health coverage reduced.
- Payment of outpatient cost and non-urgent
Moreover, we young people have a dilemmedical transportation: Users of public hema, because if we want to go to study or
alth will have to pay part of outpatient costs
work temporarily in another country of the
and even non-emergency medical transport,
European Union for more than three
products and facilities which are considered
months, we risk losing our Spanish health
as “ancillary services“.
card and will be left unaided by our gover-Services funded: those techniques, technonment in health matters.
logies and procedures that have not proven
their effective contribution to the prevention, „White Tide“ refers to all the groups of
physicians, nurses, technicians and users
diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and cure
of the health service who demonstrate to
of diseases, preservation or improvement of
life expectancy,or patients’ independence and defend public health and in protest at the
the total elimination or reduction of pain and cuts and privatization plans.
suffering shall not be included.
-Illegal immigrants: From now on, health
cards belonging to foreign residents in
Spain who have not regularized their legal
situation are no longer valid
- Tourists Health.There is now a requirement
that tourists from the EU must have been
resident in Spain for at least three Months to
claim treatment. That is, people from abroad
must have been living in Spain at least three
months before they are allowed to get a proper medical service.
-Young people over 26 without a job and
no contributions record from the age of 26,
those who have not started to work must pro- Alpha Sow Barry, Damian Santamaria Eiranova, Anabel Martin Hierro, Kail Marino Mendez,
40
ABORTION LAW
LEY DEL ABORTO
TENS OF THOUSANDS PROTEST IN MADRID AGAINST THE ABORTION LAW
Tens of thousands of people have rallied in Madrid against abortion law reform. Numerous women‘s organisations and organisations that fight for the reproductive rights of all
Spanish people have demanded, supported by the parties of the opposition and the trade
unions, the removal of the restrictive draft law. In a carnival atmosphere, many dressed in
purple garments, thousands of women - old and young - and also many men, demanded
free and safe abortion. Old protest slogans that were heard both in the 1970s and 1980s,
such as “We give birth, we decide” or “Make abortion legal”, were heard once again
during a march demanding the legalisation of abortion.Currently, the Spanish government
is proposing this law even though there is a lot of opposition from those directly affected
and there is a great debate with those opposing the former law that allowed abortion in
cases of foetal deformation or anomalies, in rape cases and if the pregnant woman‘s life
was in danger.
DECENAS DE MILES PROTESTAN EN MADRID CONTRA LA LEY DEL ABORTO
Decenas de miles de personas se han manifestado en Madrid contra la reforma de la ley
del aborto. Numerosas organizaciones de mujeres y entidades que luchan por los derechos reproductivos de toda España han exigido, apoyadas por los partidos de la oposición y los sindicatos, la retirada del restrictivo anteproyecto de ley. Con un espíritu festivo y salpicadas de prendas de color violeta, miles de mujeres —mayores y jóvenes—,
y también muchos hombres, reclamaron el aborto libre, seguro y gratuito. Viejos lemas
reivindicativos, que tanto se escucharon en los años setenta y ochenta, como Nosotras
parimos, nosotras decidimos o Fuera el aborto del Código Penal, volvieron a sonar en una
gran marcha por la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo. En estos momentos el Gobierno
de España está abogando por esta ley pese al gran escándalo público causado.
41
The European parliament elections in Sweden
I short text about the election to the European parliament
When is the European parliament election in
Sweden?
25th of May.
Who can vote in this election?
If you are:
- 18 years old
- A registered Swedish citizen (for more then
30 days)
- Or a citizen of the European union who
lives in Sweden and choses to vote there as
well. Then you are allowed to vote.
How many MEPs are elected from Sweden?
20 of 751.
Who can be elected?
Everyone can, just as long as they fulfill the
criteria listed above.
The rules are the same as above.
Which parties will take part in the election?
- Moderaterna
- Socialdemokraterna
- Folkpartiet
- Vänsterpartiet
- Sverigedemokraterna
- Centerpartiet
- Kristdemokraterna
- Miljöpartiet
- Piratpartiet
- Junilistan
Daniel, are you going to vote in the election?
There could be more but these are the biggest
ones.
-No, I don´t really know that much about all the different parties and I don´t feel comfortable voting on something that I don´t have too much knowledge about.
Pontus, are you going to vote in the election?
- Acctually no. same as Daniel, I don´t feel like I´m doing EU a favour voting for
somthing I don´t have any knowledge and interest in.
Carl, are you going to vote in the election?
- Yes I´ll vote this year. #Yolo.
42
Carl Sjöqvist, Daniel Haglund Gonzalez, Pontus Ingvarsson
The European parliament elections in the UK
Best kept secret in Britain?
In the UK, there are 73 elected MEPs representing the different regions. Our region includes the South West and Gibralter. At the moment we have three Conservatives, two UKIP
(UK Independence Party) and one Liberal Democrat MEP. In general there is little to no
awareness, especially amongst the young population, concerning the EU elections. One of
the main reasons for this is that very little money is being put into the election campaign
meaning that this area is a largely undiscussed topic. What coverage there is regarding
European affairs is largely negative. But is there anything positive to say? Even though we
are not very aware the process behind the elections the parliament takes decisions that
affect young people, for example, this project is financed by the European parliament and
from July this year we will no longer have to pay roaming charges in Europe thanks to the
parliament.
EU-Parliament in Brussels
Palace of Westminster - London
43
Huelga histórica en Educación
Docentes, padres y alumnos participaron en la huelga educativa con más organizaciones
convocantes de la Historia. Una quincena de agrupaciones de todos los signos con sus correspondientes siglas ha llamado a faltar a clase en toda España en protesta por la reforma
educativa, los recortes, el endurecimiento de las becas o el incremento de las tasas universitarias. La subida masiva de las tasas de estudios para transporte escolar y libros han
sido la causa de estas huelgas junto con los recortes ofrecidos por el Gobierno. El recorte
educativo alcanzará en 2014 los 7.300 millones de euros. Todas las Administraciones sin
excepción han metido la tijera en el gasto en escuelas y universidades. Y, a pesar de que el
ritmo de descenso se ha ralentizado, el recorte desde 2010 alcanzará los 7.298 millones de
euros en 2014; lo que supone una caída del 16,7% en el gasto educativo durante la crisis.
Para el próximo año se esperan 536,6 millones de recorte adicional, un ajuste menor que el
de años anteriores: en 2011 fue de 2.395 millones; en 2012, 1.615, y en 2013, otros 2.750.
El primer gran mordisco a la educación se lo dio el anterior ejecutivo del PSOE en mayo
de 2010, con la bajada de sueldo a los docentes del 5%. Después, las autonomías, unas
más que otras, fueron eliminando planes de infraestructuras, reduciendo becas de transporte, el dinero para la formación del profesorado, los gastos corrientes de los centros...
Historic strike in
Education Sector
Teachers, parents and students took part in the strike to support state education called
by more organisations than ever before. Around 15 groups of all sorts with their corresponding acronyms issued a call to miss lessons in Spain in protest against the education
reforms proposed by the current government which will mean deep cuts, a decrease in
scholarships, less money for Erasmus students and an increase in university fees, amongst
other measures. The massive reduction in the budget for state education has been the cause
of these strikes and the cuts will decrease subsidies for school transport and for books. In
2014, the education budget will be cut by 7.300 million euros. All education authorities,
without exception, have cut budgets for schools and universities. And although the pace
of the cuts has slowed down since 2010, they will still reach 7,298 million euros in 2014
which is a decrease of 16.7% in the education budget during the crisis. The investment in
education has fallen and will increasingly diminish. The first cutback in the education budget was implemented by the former socialist government in May 2010 when they reduced
teachers’ salaries by 5%. Since then, all education authorities, some more than others, have
cancelled infrastructure projects, reduced school transport provision and teacher training
schemes as well as the actual expenditure in schools. Since the start of 2014, teacher training, support for students with learning difficulties and running expenses of centres have
been cut.
44
Fiatalok tünetései, politikai mozgalmak
Magyarországon
Youth Protests, and Political Movements in
Hungary
Az 1995, 2006 és 2012-es diáktüntetések nagy hatással voltak az akkori társadalomra. A fiatal
egyetemisták célja, a magas tandíjak bevezetésének visszavonása volt. Az első ilyen esemény
1995 márciusában történt, amikor kétezer egyetemista indult el a BME-től (Budapesti Műszaki
és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem) a Pénzügyminisztérium épületéhez tüntetni; útközben diákok csatlakoztak a menethez, így 10-12 ezren lettek. Szabó László, a diáktüntetés egyik vezetője
szerint az egész megmozdulás jó hangulatú volt. A transzparenseken olyan szövegek álltak,
mint a „Bokros, maga kicsit torkos“, vagy az „Enni vagy egyetemistának lenni“.
The student protests in 1995, 2006 and 2012 had a huge influence on society at the time. The aim
of the students was the annulment of the high college and university tuition fees.
In March 1995 a demonstration was started by 2000 university students. They went from the BME
(Budapest University of Technology and Economics) building to the Ministry of Finance. By the
time they got there, the number of the students had increased to 10-12 000. According to László
Szabó, the leader of the demonstration, the whole event had a good atmosphere. Signs on the banners read ’To eat or to be a university student’ and ’Mr. Bokros you are a bit greedy’ (Lajos Bokros
was the minister of finances at the time).
A felvonulás kompromisszummal zárult: a Hökosz (Hallgatói Önkormányzatok Országos Szövetsége) elfogadta a havi 2000 forintos alaptandíj bevezetését, a kormány pedig elállt a magasabb kiegészítő tandíjtól, és hajlandó volt egyéb engedményeket tenni a hallgatóknak. A megállapodást a téren lévő diákok egy része nem fogadta el, a másik része igen, a tüntetők pedig
lassan feloszlottak. Később a Hökosz közgyűlése elutasította a megállapodást, mire Szabó és
45
az elnökség lemondott. Az alaptandíjat a Bokros-csomag részeként bevezették, azt egészen addig fizetni kellett, amíg az Orbán-kormány ingyenessé nem tette az első diploma megszerzését
1998-ban.
A következő nagyobb tandíjellenes megmozdulást 2006 őszén tartották. A tandíj akkor az alapképzésben 105 ezer, a mesterképzésben 150 ezer forint költséget jelentett volna a hallgatóknak
évente.
The main result of the demonstration was that the Hökosz (University Students’ National Commitee) accepted the introduction of the 2000 HUF/month tuition fee and the government abandoned
the higher supplementary fees.
The agreement was accepted only by half of the demonstrators but soon the disappointed students
drifted away. Later, the meeting of the Hökosz refused to accept the agreement, while Szabó and
the presidency resigned.
The basic tuition fee was re-introduced as a part of the Bokros Package. It had to be paid until the
Orbán government made the acquisition of the first diploma free.
The next influential student protest against college and university tuition fees was held in the autumn of 2006. At that time the price for a BA course was 105 000 HUF and the MA education cost
more than 150 000 HUF per year.
A HÖOK (a Hökosz utóda) akkor is ellenezte a tandíj bevezetését, de nem tüntetésekkel kezdett
tiltakozni, hanem tárgyalt a kormánnyal. Az államilag támogatott keretszámok csökkentésébe
is beleegyeztek volna, ha elkerülik a felsőoktatásban bevezetett tandíj, röviden FER bevezetését.
A tárgyalásokra a kormány is nyitott volt és Gyurcsány Ferenc fórumot is tartott háromszáz
diák előtt. Ők azonban kifütyülték a miniszterelnököt. A végén a HÖOK és a kormány nem
értettek egyet, a diákszervezet pedig bejelentette: ősszel demonstrációt szervez a FER ellen.
2012 is a diáktüntetések éve volt. A Hallgatói Hálózat az Educatio oktatási kiállításon, az ELTE
több épületében és a Semmelweis Egyetem rektori hivatalában is tüntetett, a HÖOK a Deák
téren virrasztott, "hídfoglaló" demonstrációt szervezett, decemberben pedig két héten át tilta
46
koztak a középiskolások és az egyetemisták a kormány felsőoktatási intézkedései ellen.
Végül Orbán Viktor miniszterelnök engedett a diákok követeléseinek.
Véleményünk szerint azért is cselekedett így, mert annak idején a kommunizmus ellen tüntetett, így átérezte a diákok helyzetét, hogy ők is harcolnak valamiért.
Jó látni azt, hogy ha ennyi fiatal összefog, mire képesek és mekkora befolyást tudnak gyakorolni
akár a kormányra is.
The HÖOK (the successor of Hökosz) was still against the introduction of tuition fees but instead
of demonstrating, this time they discussed the issue with the government. They would have agreed
to admit less state-aided university students, if the government had promised not to introduce the
FER (collage and university tuition fee). The government was open to the discussions, and Ferenc
Gyurcsány also made a speech in front of 300 students. But they booed him off. Finally, the HÖOK
and the government could not come to an agreement, and the students started to organize a demonstration against the FER in autumn, 2006.
2012 was also a year of youth movements. Demonstrations were held at the buildings of the ELTE
(Eötvös Lóránd University), the president’s office of Semmelweis University and the Educatio’s
educational exhibition. University students, along with a number of secondary school pupils also
organized a „bridge-takeover” demonstration in Deak square, and in December students protested against the government`s educational reforms for two weeks. These reforms included lessening
the number of state-aided university students, and introducing tuition fees in higher education.
As a result of the two-week protests, prime minister Orbán Viktor yielded to the demands of the
students. In our opinion, he did this partly because he used to be the leader of youth protests in
1989, so he sympathized with the youngsters. It is good to see that if young people come together,
they are able to achieve almost everything, and they may even have an influence on the government’s actions.
Forrás: http://www.origo.hu/itthon/20121216-diaktuntetesek-1995ben-2006ban-es-2012ben.html
http://eduline.hu/felsooktatas/2012/12/31/2012_felsooktatas_tiltakozasok_AOOIWH
http://kepek.origo.hu/galleriesdisplay/upload//1110/Hoffm2011102719257/img/n16.jpg
http://index.hu/kultur/korrektor/fer/
Letötltés ideje: 2014.03.07
47
Jugendproteste
Jugendproteste in
in Europa
Europa - Blockupy
Blockupy
48
Frankfurt. Eine junge Frau reckt sich an einer Betonwand empor um die letzten Züge
ihres farbenfrohen Kreidebildes zu vollbringen. Sie befindet sich inmitten einer großen
bunten Menschenmenge. Auf den Gesichtern um sie herum Frust und Angst. Bunte
Transparente dominieren ihr Umfeld. Die
Demonstrant/innen im Polizeikessel halten
sich bei guter Laune. Aber nun ändert sich
die Stimmung, die Polizei beginnt erneut die
Demonstrant/Innen aus dem Kessel zu verhaften, es entsteht Gedränge, Menschen geraten erneut in Unruhe. Verletzten werden
die Augen notdürftig von Tränengas ausgewaschen. Rauchschwaden ziehen über die
Köpfe der Menschen. 9 Stunden ist es nun
her, seitdem die Polizei der großen Blockupy-Demonstration in Frankfurt a. M. ein
jähes Ende setzte und die ersten 944 der
ca. 12.000 Demonstrierenden festkesselte
und mit Verhaftungen gegen die überwiegend jungen Menschen vorging. Später soll
dieses als viel diskutierter Skandal gelten.
Diese unbequemen Bilder sind keine Seltenheit mehr in den Städten Europas. Vielmehr
sind sie schon zu einer tristen Normalität
geworden. Die Jugendlichen in Europa haben Angst, um ihre Zukunft. Sie haben es
satt, es mit anzusehen, wie ihre Hoffnung
auf eine sichere Zukunft mit dem nächsten Bankenrettungspaket und der nächsten
Sparmaßnahme weiter zerbricht. Sie sind
nicht bereit den hohen Preis einer gesicherten Zukunft unter dem Spardiktat der
Troika aus Europäischer Kommission, EZB(Europäische Zentralbank) und IWF(Internationaler Währungsfond) zu zahlen.
Mit dieser kämpferischen Motivation haben
sich besonders im Süden Europas riesige,
von der Jugend dominierte Bewegungen gebildet. Sie protestieren gegen die autoritäre
und undemokratische Austeritätspolitik der
Troika und einem kapitalistischen System,
das an seine Grenzen zu geraten scheint.
Aber auch hier in Deutschland beginnt dieser
Protest Wellen zu schlagen. Aktionsbündnisse, wie das Blockupy-Deutschland-Bündnis
und die vielen lokalen Blockupy-Aktionskreise sind hier federführend diese Unzufriedenheit auf die Straße zu tragen - und zwar im
großen Stil. Besonders in Frankfurt, im sogenannten „Herz des europäischen Krisenregimes“, dem Sitz der einflussreichen Europäischen Zentralbank, ist Blockupy daher aktiv.
Das Bündnis sieht sich als unabhängiger Zusammenschluss von aktiven Menschen in Europa. Impulsgebend für diese Initiative war die
"99% - Occupy"- Bewegung in den USA. Blockupy wird aber auch von einer Vielzahl politischer Gruppierungen getragen und gestützt.
Im Falle von Blockupy Frankfurt sind dieses
Attac-Gruppen, Gewerkschaftsjugenden von
DGB, GEW oder Ver.di, Jusos, Linksjugend,
die Grüne Jugend und viele andere oft autonome Initiativen für Frieden und linke Politik.
Gemeinsam will man die Idee in die breite Gesellschaft tragen, dass der Europäische Sparkurs eben nicht "alternativlos" ist.
Man will ein Zeichen setzten, dass endlich
die Verursacher der Krise - z.B. die Finanzwirtschaft - zur Verantwortung gezogen werden. Blockupy will verhindern, dass Europa
am Unmut der Menschen zerreißt und entschlossen für ein demokratischeres, partizipatorisches und solidarisches Europa eintreten - und vorn Vorweg marschiert Europas
kritische Jugend - für eine bessere Zukunft.
Youth
protests in
Jugendproteste
in Europe
Europa - Blockupy
Blockupy
Frankfurt. A young woman stretches up in
front of a concrete wall to do the last draft
of her colourful chalk painting. She is in the
middle of a colourful crowd. The faces around
her show frustration and fear. Colourful banners are all around. The protesters in the police kettle keep themselves in a good mood.
But suddenly this atmosphere changes. Police
continues to arrest people out of the kettle.
Trouble breaks out. Tear gas is washed out of
the eyes. Clouds of smoke are moving over
their heads. Now 9 hours have passed since the
police stopped the big Blockupy-demonstration in Frankfurt am Main by kettling the first
944 of the 12.000 mainly young protesters.
Later on this will be seen as a huge scandal.
Nowadays, in the cities of Europe, these disturbing pictures are no longer a rarity. The young
people of Europe are worried about their future. They are tired of watching their safe future going bust within the next bank rescue or
the next saving measure. They are not willing
to pay the high price of a safe future under the
dictation of the Troika consisting of the European Commission, the European Central
Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
As a result, large youth dominated protest
movements have been formed. They are protesting against an authoritative and undemocratic austerity policy and a capitalistic
system that seems to have reached its limit.
In Germany these protests begin to make an impact as well. Action alliances such as the Blockupy-Deutschland Bündnis and its many local
Blockupy activits groups are leading the way in
taking this anger out onto the streets. Especially
in Frankfurt - the so called "Heart of the European Crisis" - the headquarters of the European
Central Bank, Blockupy is enormously active.
The Blockupy alliance sees itself as an independent union of activists in Europe. The general idea of this movement is rooted in the
99%-Occupy-Movements in the USA. However, Blockupy is supported by numerous political groups as well. Youth unions, the young left,
the young social democrats, the young greens
and many independent action groups for peace
and left politics can be mentioned as examples.
The idea is to take a clear stand and show that
the European austerity policy is not the only
option and that those who have caused the
European Crisis have to be called to account.
Blockupy wants to prevent Europe being broken by the people's discontent. Moreover
it struggles to create a Europe which is democratic, participatory and shows solidarity.
In the vanguard are Europe´s discontented
young people marching for a better future.
Philip Sulewski
49
Riots in Sweden
*Six nights in fire*
The riots in Stockholm, Sweden occurred
in different places in the entire country
but Husby was the town that got the most
attention because it was the one with most
destruction and also it was here where the
whole riot began, on the 19th of May on a
Sunday night and ended 5 nights later.
During the riots it was estimated that
over 100 cars were burned out together
with a handful of local grocery stores and
parking houses. The riots only took place
at night so the inhabitants of Husby were
advised to stay inside after dark and keep
away from the windows.
The riots mainly took place in the suburbs around Stockholm but there were also some minor
riots down south in the country.
Around 300-400 youngsters were active in the riots in Husby and 44 of those were taken into
police custody. A couple of those were fined and in some rare cases they were sent to jail but
the majority were freed without charges. The police did not want to start another riot so they
chose a safe path by trying to get a good connection with the youths. All of this was just in
Husby.
Robbery, assault and destruction of cars and stores were common. Many of those who were
affected by this did not have any insurance. One of the scariest things about the riots was the
attempt to stop ambulances and firemen by throwing stones and blocking their way. Some
even went so far as to try to cut the hoses when the firemen tried to extinguish fires.
32 police officers were badly hurt and the total cost for the police and fire department was
around 11 million Swedish kronor (est. 1.5 million Euros).
50
The background to why the youngsters chose to riot is still debatable. The spark that might
have lit it though, was the killing of a Husby citizen. A man who was 69 years old who died
from the actions of a police officer.
The police received a call about a man who was terrorizing the neighborhood with a machete.
At the location they found the man who had barricaded himself inside his apartment with,
possibly, a female hostage (his wife). The police kicked in the door and found the hostage and
the man in the living room. The man still had the machete in his hand and according to the
police, he acted in an aggressive way and would not put down the machete. The officer repeatedly told the man to put down the machete and tried one last time but the man would not
listen. The man started moving forward and the officer had no choice but to fire a shot. The
shot hit the man’s head and he fell dead. Shortly after this incident the riots took place.
The maroity of people thought that the riot started because of the killing of the Husby citizen. But shortly after the riots started more and more teenagers started to take a part in it all
and some have said they did it because of the police’s brutality. Here they claimed that today’s
police did not get any kind of punishment even if they killed someone (as in the case of the
man who was shot in Husby). Others said that they felt like excluded from society and did not
get the right education or jobs that they desired and deserved. Many in today’s society, or at
least around the suburbs, have a negative view of the police and some joined in the riots just
because they could sense a feeling of revenge when they took part. Then there were those who
were there just for the fun of it. After all, it was mainly young people who took part.
Shortly after the first night, the riots spread across the suburbs in Stockholm and other cities
but not on the same scale as in Husby. People were trying to show their discontentment.
Carl Sjöqvist, Daniel Haglund Gonzalez, Pontus Ingvarsson
51
THE ECONOMIC CRISIS AND UNEMPLOYEMENT
OF THE YOUTH IN FRANCE
An economic crisis is a brutal slowdown of general economic activity. It consequently creates a rise in unemployment and bankruptcies, which leads to social
tensions.
Unemployment of the under 25 years old in France
The number of under 25 years olds who are unemployed is above the European
average which is 24 %. Compared to Germany, it is three times higher. Yet it is
lower than in Greece and Spain (55 %).
Source: Rtl.fr
Source: Les Echos.fr
The French president wanted to bring unemployment down in 2013. Unfortunately, by November 2013, he had not been successful. As a result, the government
has decided to create subsidised jobs (CUI-CIE* & CUI-CAE*) and apprenticeships.
52
*CUI-CEI: A six month contract, in the tertiary sector, renewable just once, for
people who have been unemployed for a long time.
*CUI-CAE : A six month contract, in the industrial sector, renewable just once,
for people who have been unemployed for a long time.
Source: travail-emploi.gouv.fr
Océane Begrootte and Mallaury Jaudhuin
THE MEASURES TAKEN TO COMBAT YOUTH
UNEMPLOYMENT IN FRANCE
In France, the unemployment rate of the young people remains low.
Indeed measures organized by the State facilitate the transition between
school and the world of work, thanks to sandwich courses and specific
contracts managed by the state.
Some examples of available courses and training set up for young people:
• Vocational high schools with training periods (22 weeks of unpaid
internships over three years of training).
• Apprenticeship contracts which alternate general education in special
training centers and working periods in companies
• Special work contracts favoring the hiring of young people living in
sensitive urban areas (called“Emplois Francs”).
There are other opinions with less places available.
Bourdery Clement
53
Ausbildungschance Deutschland,
Fachkräfte gesucht
Deutschland. Die Arbeitslosenrate von Deutschland liegt weit unter dem EU-Durchschnitt.
Zum einen lässt sich das auf ein großes Angebot an Ausbildungsplätzen zurückführen, zum
anderen weist Deutschland ein gutes Auffangnetz auf: Wer keinen Ausbildungsplatz bekommt, wird mit anderen Angeboten wie dem Berufsvorbereitungsjahr und Berufsgrundschuljahr versorgt.
Im Europavergleich wird deutlich, dass Deutschland eine geringe Arbeitslosenquote mit 7,5
% besitzt. Die Tendenz ist sinkend aufgrund vielfältiger Möglichkeiten, die der Arbeitsmarkt
bietet. Zunächst lässt sich feststellen, dass es mehr Bewerber als Ausbildungsplätze gibt. In
der Theorie müsste jedem Bewerber ein Ausbildungsplatz zufallen. Die meisten Bewerber
schließen auch einen Ausbildungsvertrag ab und beginnen eine Ausbildung. In Deutschland
bedeutet das, dass die Praxis im Unternehmen vermittelt wird und die Theorie an einem Berufskolleg erlernt wird. Durch die Aufteilung sind die Jugendlichen besser vorbereitet auf das
Arbeitsleben. Daneben gibt es jedoch eine Zahl von Jugendlichen, die trotz einem Überangebot von Lehrstellen, keine Lehrstelle finden. Für sie gibt es andere Angebote, die sie wahrnehmen können. Es gibt zum einen das Berufsvorbereitungsjahr, wo die Jugendlichen ohne
Ausbildungsverhältnis auf eine Berufsausbildung oder eine berufliche Tätigkeit vorbereitet
werden, zum anderen wird ein Berufsgrundschuljahr angeboten, wobei eine Berufsschule die
fachpraktische Ausbildung des ersten Lehrjahres übernimmt. Beide Maßnahmen dauern ein
Jahr an und ermöglichen es Jugendlichen, sich weiterzubilden. Dadurch sehen wir im Europavergleich sehr attraktiv aus. Das hat zur Folge, dass in den nächsten Jahren viele Jugendliche aus den südlichen Ländern wie Spanien, Italien und Griechenland nach Deutschland
kommen, um die Chancen auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt zu nutzen. Die jungen Menschen
aus anderen Ländern
sind zumeist hoch qualifiziert und beliebt bei
Unternehmen, die händeringend nach Fachkräften suchen. Denn
trotz geringer Jugendarbeitslosigkeit weist
Deutschland ein hohes
Defizit an Fachkräften
auf. Durch die ausländischen Arbeitskräfte wird
der Bedarf in den nächsten Jahren gedeckt. Beide
Seiten profitieren von der
Migration junger Menschen.
54
Germany: An oasis of opportunity
A comparison of EU member states illustrates the improved situation in Germany.
The rate of unemployment is steadily decreasing. The German vocational training system is
reducing the number of unemployed young people. There is training for all and in addition,
there are other opportunities.
Germany has a youth unemployment rate of 7.5 %. That is the lowest rate of unemployment
in Europe. This is due to the variety of opportunities for young people, meaning that there are
few young people who do not work. The majority of young people embrace the chance of
starting an apprenticeship. At the moment there are enough apprenticeships for all applicants
because there are more apprenticeships than there are applicants. But some young people do
not find a training position that suits them. In that case, they have other opportunities. One
opportunity is the “Berufsvorbereitungsjahr” which offers functional training for the first
academic year. After successfully completing this year you can start the second academic year
directly in industry. Moreover, there is the opportunity to do a Berufsgrundschuljahr which
prepares young people for professional training or a professional career. These are the reasons
why Germany looks more attractive in comparison with other EU member states. As a result
young people from other countries such as Spain, Greece and Italy are moving to Germany.
The healthy German labour market is a great opportunity for them. The majority of young
people are aware of the high rate of youth unemployment in their home countries and move
to Germany to improve their situation. Young people from other countries are mostly highly
qualified and German firms employ them because they are looking for qualified employees.
Both sides benefit from the migration of young people.
Beatrice Hartmann
55
QUIZ FOR FOREIGNERS
We asked some foreigners the following questions:
-
-
-
-
-
What are French people‘s hobbies ?
What are their favorite movies?
Who is their favorite famous person ?
Which is their most memorable event?
What is their most symbolic object ?
We got answers from Indonesian and Japanese young people. Here they are:
Indonesia Answers
With whom I talk on facebook.
The French people‘s hobbies are shopping
and playing music.
They think that French teenagers like
Korean series (because the phenomena
K-pop is popular in France.)
Their favorite events are music concerts.
Finally the symbolic object for teenagers is
their clothes.
Japanese Answers
I met him at Paris Manga 2012 french convention.
According to him french people like drinking wine.
Their favorite movie is ”Le Petit Nicolas”.
The French people‘s favorite personality
is the actor Jean Reno.
Their favorite events are comic festivals.
Mallaury Jaudhuin
56
|Legal
This magazine is a project by students from Germany, Hungary, Sweden, France, Spain
and the UK, who participated in the Comenius project, founded by the European Commission.
„Youth in Europe“ - Magazine
© 2014 flb Germany
Copyright-Responsibility: Ernst-Wilhelm Spilker
Content: Students
Layout: Sina Wollgramm
Do you have questions or suggestions? Feel free to contact us at:
w.spilker@flb-herford.de
© 2014 „Youth in Europe“: Hungary, Germany, Spain, France, Sweden & UK

Europe in Youth

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