Literature list for Sennae AR

List of bibliographic references supporting
the HMPC Assessment Report on Cassia senna L. and Cassia angustifolia Vahl, folium
(EMEA/HMPC/51868/2006)
and
the HMPC Assessment Report on Cassia senna L. , fructus and Cassia angustifolia Vahl, fructus
(EMEA/HMPC/51870/2006)
(27 April 2007)
(1)
Tarpila S et al. Efficacy of ground flaxseed on constipation in patients with irritable bowel
syndrome. Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 2004; 2: 119-25
(2)
Westendorf J. Pharmakologische und toxikologische Bewertung von Anthranoiden. Pharm. Ztg.
1993; 48: 3891-3902
(3)
Wichtl M. Teedrogen und Phytopharmaka. Wiss. VerlagsGmbH, Stuttgart, 3. Aufl. 1997, 225226, 388-390, 546-550.
(4)
Lemli J. Senna, das am besten untersuchte Laxans. Schweizer Apotherkerzeitung 1995; 133
(10): 244-245
(5)
Mascolo N et al. Senna. A Safe and Effective Drug. Phytotherapy Research 1998; 12: 143 – 145
(6)
Miething H et al. Densitometric method for the assay of contents of aloeemodin glycosides in
Senna pods and leaves and in the aqueous preparations. Pharmazeutische zeitung 1986; 131:
747-9
(7)
German monograph of Sennae folium (Sennesblätter), Bundesanzeiger Nr. 133 vom 21.07.1993
(8)
Lemli J et al. Naphthalene glycosides in Cassia senna and Cassia angustifolia. Planta Medica
1981; 43: 11-17
(9)
Lemli J et al. Chemical-Identification of Alexandrian and Tinnevelley Senna – Studies in the
field of drugs containing anthracene-derivates. 34. Planta medica 1983; 49: 36-37
(10) Westendorf J. Pharmakologische und toxikologische Bewertung von Anthranoiden. Pharm Ztg
1993; 138; 48: 3891-3902 (=2)
(11) HagerROM 2003, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg: Sennae folium (Sennesblätter) von Cassia
angustifolia
(12) Lemli J et al. Metabolism of sennosides and rhein in the rat. Pharmacology 1980; 20 (Suppl 1):
50-7
(13) Lemli J. Metabolism of sennosides – an overview. Pharmacology 1988; 36 (Suppl 1): 126-8
(14) De Witte P; Lemli J: Metabolism of 14C-rhein and 14C-rhein anthrone in rats. Pharmacology
1988; 36 (Suppl 1): 152-7
(15) Hietala P. et al. New Aspects on the Metabolites of Sennosides. Pharmacology 1988; 36 (Suppl
1): 138-143
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(16) Krumbiegel G et al. Rhein and aloe-emodin kinetics from senna laxatives in man. Pharmcology
1993; 47 (Suppl 1): 120-124
(17) Hattori M et al. Metabolism of sennosides by human intestinal bacteria. Pharmacology 1988; 36
(Suppl 1): 172-9
(18) Faber P et al. Relevance of rhein excretion into breast milk. Pharmacology 1988; 36 (Suppl 1)
212-20
(19) Ewe K. Obstipation und Laxanzien. Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 1994; 134: 825-833
(20) Gabler F. Obstipation und Laxanzien. PTA heute 8,1994, 5, 380-388
(21) Frexinos J et al. Effects of sennosides on colonic myoelectrical activity in man. Dig Dis Sci
1989; 34, 2: 214-219
(22) Fioramonti J et al. Effects of sennosides on colon motility in dogs. Pharmacology 1988; 36
(Suppl 1: 23-30
(23) Okawa K et al. A study on the optimal time required of ingestion of polyethylene glycol
electrolyte lavage solution (PEG) with sennoside and metoclopramide in preparation for
colonoscopy. Gastroenterol Endosc 1990; 32, 6: 1377-1385
(24) Van Hoestenberghe A et al. The effect of rhein and rhein anthrone on intestinal fluid transport
and on large intestine transit in germ-free rats. European journal of pharmacology 1992; 212 (1):
121-3
(25) Nijs G et al. Conventionalization of germ-free rats reverses the disability of rhein anthrone to
induce laxation. European journal of pharmacology 1993; 239 (1-3): 241-3
(26) Ewe K et al. Influence of senna, fibre, and fibre + senna on colonic transit in loperamideinduced constipation. Pharmacology 1993; 47 (Suppl 1): 242-248
(27) Buhmann S et al. Funktionelle Cine-MRT des Kolon: Darstellung und Quantifizierung der
Darmmotilität. RoFo Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der Bildgebenden
Verfahren 2005; 177 (1); 35-40
(28) Symposium Antrachinon-Laxantien (1985) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 125: 2745-2747
(29) German pharmacovigilance actions for anthranoid-containing laxatives of 21 June 1996
(30) Pers M, Pers B. A Crossover Comparative Study with Two Bulk Laxatives. J Int Med Res
(1983) 11, 51
(31) Marlett JA et al. Comparative Laxation of Psyllium with and without Senna in an Ambulatory
Constipated Population. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 1987, Vol. 82, No. 4: 333337
(32) Passmore AP et al. A Comparison of Agiolax and Lactulose in Elderly Patients with Chronic
Constipation. Pharmacology 1993a; 47 (1): 249-252
(33) Passmore AP et al. Chronic constipation in long stay elderly patients: a comparison of lactulose
and a senna-fibre combination. BMJ 1993b; 307: 769-771
(34) Kinnunen O et al. Safety and Efficacy of a Bulk Laxative Containing Senna versus Lactulose in
the Treatment of Chronic Constipation in Geriatric Patients. Pharmacology 1993; 47 (1): 253255
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(35) Agra Y et al. Efficacy of Senna versus Lactulose in Terminal Cancer Patients Treated with
Opioids. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1998; 15 (1): 1-7
(36) Hübner WD, Moser EH. Charcoal tablets in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel
syndrome. Advances in Therapy 2002; 19 (5): 245-252
(37) Moser EH, Hübner WD. Behandlung von Patienten mit Reizdarmsyndrom mittels EucarbonTabletten (Treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome with Eucarbon). Zeitschrift für
Phytotherapie 2003; 24 (1): 15-21
(38) Francis CY et al. The irritable bowel severity scoring system: a simple method of monitoring
irritable bowel syndrome and its progress. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11: 395-402
(39) Frigerio G et al. High doses of Senna for colon cleansing. Giornale italiano di Endoscopia
Digestive 1996; 19 (3). 181-184
(40) Krakamp B et al. Koloskopievorbereitung: ein sicheres und einfach zu handhabendes Regime
(Preparation for colonoscopy: a reliable and easily implemented regimen). Zeitschrift für
Gastroenterologie 1996; 34 (10): 686-91
(41) Valverde A et al. Senna vs polyethylene glycol for mechanical preparation the evening before
elective colonic or rectal resection: a multicenter controlled trial. French association for surgical
research. Archives of Surgery 1999; 134 (5): 514-9
(42) Bokemeyer B et al. Koloskopievorbereitung in der ambulanten Gastroenterologie (Colonoscopy
preparation in outpatient gastroenterology). Verdauungskrankheiten 2000; 18 (1): 17-24
(43) Arezzo A. Prospective randomized trial comparing bowel cleaning preparations for
colonoscopy. Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques 2000; 10 (4): 215-7
(44) Chilton AP et al. A blinded, randomised comparison of a novel, low-dose, triple regimen with
fleet phospho-soda: A study of colon cleanliness, speed and success of colonoscopy. Endoscopy
2000; 32 (1): 37-41
(45) Schanz S et al. Oral sodium phosphate solution versus polyethylene glycol-based lavage for
bowel preparation for colonoscopy: a multicenter trial. Digestive Disease Week Abstracts and
Itinerary Planner; Vol: 2003; p. Abstract No. S1472/2003
(46) Tasci I et al. Bowel cleansing for diagnostic colonoscopy: Which method is preferable? Istanbul
experience. Techniques in Coloproctology 2003; 7 (1): 18-21
(47) Nolan T et al. Randomised trial of laxatives in treatment of childhood encopresis. The Lancet
338, 1991, 8766: 523-527
(48) Bliesner JA et al. Erfahrungen mit X-Prep® bei Kindern. Klinikarzt 1978; 7: 828-34
(49) Dahshan A et al. A randomized, prospective study to evaluate the efficacy and acceptance of
three bowel preparations for colonoscopy in children. American Journal of Gastroenterology
1999; 94 (12): 3497-501
(50) Williams CL et al. A summary of conference recommendations on dietary fiber in childhood:
Conference on Dietary Fiber in Childhood, New York (New York, USA), May 24, 1994.
Pediatrics 1995; 96: 1023-1028
(51) Sitzmann FC et al. Lokale Nebenwirkungen an der Haut durch Anthraglykoside. Pädiatr Prax
1979; 21: 355-358
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(52) Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte. Bekanntmachung über die Zulassung und
Registrierung von Arzneimitteln – Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken, Stufe II –
Humanarzneimitteln zur innerlichen Anwendung, ausgenommen nach HAB 1 hergestellte
homöopathische Arzneimittel, welche Drogen, Drogenzubereitungen oder isolierte Inhaltsstoffe
der Anthranoid- (Hydroxyanthracenderivat-)haltigen Pflanzengattungen Andira, Cassia,
Rhamnus, Rheum oder Aloe enthalten (German pharmacovigilance actions for anthranoidecontaining laxatives) vom 21. Juni 1996, Bundesanzeiger vom 05.07.1996 Nr. 123, Seite 7581
(=29)
(53) Bonapace ES Jr, Fisher RS. Constipation and diarrhea in pregnancy. Gastroenterology clinics of
North America 1998; 27 (1): 197-211
(54) Garcia Villar R. Evaluation of the Effects of Sennosides on Uterine Motility in the Pregnant
Ewe. Pharmacology 1988; 36: 203-11
(55) Shelton MG Standardized senna in the management of constipation in the puerperium: A
clinical trial. South African Medical Journal 1980; 57 (3): 78-80
(56) Kräuterbuch von Jacobus Theodorus „Tabernaemontanus“, Anno 1625, Kassie / Gewürzrinde
(57) Finley Ellingwood, M.D. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy 1919
(58)
Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. Dr. G. Frerichs, G. Arends, Dr. H. Zörnig
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(59) Handbuch der praktischen und wissenschaftlichen Pharmazie. Hermann Thoms (Herausgeber).
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(60) Gerhard Madaus. Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel Band III 1938. Reprint Georg Olms
Verlag Hildesheim New York 1976
(61) Martindale – The Extra Pharmacopoiea – 25th ed 1967. By Norman W. Blacow. London. The
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(62) David M.R. Culbreth, Ph.G., M.D. A Manual of Materia Medica and Pharmacology. 7th edition,
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(63) Kirtikar KR et al. (1975) Indian Medicinal Plants, 2. Auflage, Repr., Bd. 2, Bishen Singh MS
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(64) Eberhard von Koenen. Heil- und Giftpflanzen in Südwestafrika. Akademischer Verlag
Windhoek, S.W.A. 1977
(65) WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Foilum Sennae. WHO Genf 1999
(66) Mori H et al. Carcinogenicity of naturally occuring 1-hydroxyanthraquinone in rats: induction of
large bowel, liver and stomach neoplasms. Carcinogenesis 1990; 11, 5: 799-802
(67) Siegers C-P et al. Anthranoid laxatives and colorectal cancer. Trends in Pharmacological
Sciences 1992; 13, 6: 229-231
(68) Brusick D et al. Assessment of the Genotoxic Risk from Laxative Senna Products. Environ.
Mol. Mutagen. 1997; 29: 1-9
(69) Wölfle D et al. Hydroxyanthraquinones as tumor promoters: enhancement of malignant
transformation of c3h mouse fibroblasts and growth stimulation of primary rat hepatocytes.
Cancer Res 1990; 50: 6540-4
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(70) Westendorf J et al. Genotoxicity of naturally occurring hydroxyanthraquinones. Mutat Res
1990; 240: 1-12
(71) Westendorf J. Pharmakologische und toxikologische Bewertung von Anthranoiden. Pharm Ztg.
1993; 138, 48: 3891-3902 (=2)
(72) Sandnes D et al. Mutagenicity of Crude Senna and Senna Glycosides in Salmonella
typhimurium. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1992; 71: 165-172
(73) Heidemann A et al. The Genotoxicity Status of Senna. Pharmacology 1993; 47, Suppl. 1: 178186
(74) Lydén-Sokolowski A et al. Two-year carcinogenicity study with sennosides in the rat: emphasis
on gastro-intestinal alterations. Pharmacology 1993; 47, Suppl. 1: 209-215
(75) Mereto E et al. Evaluation of the potential carcinogenic activity of Senna and Cascara
glycosides for the rat colon. Cancer letters 1996; 101: 79-83
(76) Mascolo N et al. Does Senna Extract Promote Growth of Aberrant Crypt Foci and Malignant
Tumors in Rat Colon? Digestive Disease and Science 1999; 44, 11: 2226-2230
(77) Siegers C-P et al. Anthranoid laxative abuse – A risk for colorectal cancer? Gut 1993; 34 (8):
1999-1101
(78) Kune GA et al. The role of chronic constipation, diarrhea, and laxative use in the etiology of
large-bowel cancer. Data from the Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study. Diseases of the colon
and rectum 1988; 31 (7): 507-12
(79) Kune GA. Laxative use not a risk for colorectal cancer: data from the Melbourne Colorectal
Cancer Study. Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 1993; 31 (2): 140-3
(80) Nusko G et al. Retrospective study on laxative use and melanosis coli as risk factors for
colorectal neoplasma. Pharmacology 1993; 47 Suppl 1: 234-41
(81) Van Gorkom BA et al. Influence of a highly purified senna extract on colonic epithelium.
Digestion 2000; 61, 2: 113-20
(82) Hallmann F. Toxicity of commonly used laxatives. Med. Sci. Monit. 2000; 6 (3): 618-28
(83) Nusko G et al. Anthranoide laxative use is not a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia: results of a
prospective case control study. Gut 2000; 46: 651-55
(84) Willems M et al. Anthranoid self-medication causing rapid development of melanosis coli. The
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(85) Ewing CA et al. Melanosis Coli Involving Pericolonic Lymph nodes Associated with the Herbal
Laxative Swiss Kriss: A Rare and Incidental Finding in a Patient with Colonic Adenocarcinoma.
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(86) Hall M, Eusebi V. Yellow-brown spindle bodies in mesenteric lymph nodes: a possible
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(87) Nilsson SE et al. Laxative treatment elevates plasma homocysteine: A study on a populationbased Swedish sample of old people. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2004; 60 (1):
45-49
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(90) Anton C. Adverse effects of laxatives. Adverse Drug Reaction Bulletin 2002; 212: 811-814
(91) Beuers U et al. Hepatitis after chronic abuse of senna. Lancet (England) 1991; Vo.: 337: 372373
(92) Seybold U et al. Senna-induced hepatitis in a poor metabolizer. Annals of Internal Medicine
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(93) Iida Y et al. Bowel preparation for the total colonoscopy by 2,000 ml of balanced lavage
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(98) Michell JM, Mengs U et al. An oral carcinogenicity and toxicity study of senna (Tinnevelly
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(99) Ishii Y et al. Studies of aloe. III. Mechanism of cathartic effect. (2). Chemical & pharmaceutical
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(100) Hoenig J et al. Inhibition of Cl- channels as a possible base of laxative action of certain
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(101) Rauwald HW et al. Different influence of certain anthraquinones/anthrones on energy
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(103) Capasso F et al. Effect of indomethacin on aloin and 1,8 dioxianthraquinone-induced production
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