Horst-Dieter Becker · Arnulf Stenzl Diethelm Wallwiener · Tilman T

Horst-Dieter Becker · Arnulf Stenzl Diethelm Wallwiener · Tilman T

Horst-Dieter Becker · Arnulf Stenzl
Diethelm Wallwiener · Tilman T. Zittel
Editors
Urinary and Fecal Incontinence
An Interdisciplinary Approach
Horst-Dieter Becker · Arnulf Stenzl
Diethelm Wallwiener · Tilman T. Zittel
Editors
Urinary and Fecal
Incontinence
An Interdisciplinary Approach
With 95 Figures, 43 in Color and 89 Tables
Prof. Dr. Horst-Dieter Becker
Universitätsklinik für Allgemeine,
Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie
Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung
Waldhörnlestrasse 22
72072 Tübingen
Germany
Prof. Dr. Diethelm Wallwiener
Universitätsfrauenklinik
Calwerstrasse 7
72076 Tübingen
Germany
Prof. Dr. Arnulf Stenzl
Universitätsklinik für Urologie
Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3
72076 Tübingen
Germany
PD Dr.Tilman T. Zittel
Universitätsklinik für Allgemeine,
Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie
Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3
72076 Tübingen
Germany
Library of Congress Control Number: 2004116516
ISBN-10 3-540-22225-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN-13 978-3-540-22225-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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V
Contents
Contents
Part I
Epidemiology and Health Costs of Incontinence
1
Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steinar Hunskaar
2
Epidemiology of Fecal Incontinence:
A Review of Population-based Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Catherine W. McGrother, Madeleine Donaldson
1
13
3
Economic Costs of Urinary Incontinence in Germany . . . . . . . . . .
Günter Neubauer, Sandra Stiefelmeyer
25
4
Perception of Incontinence in and by Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paul Enck, Sibylle Klosterhalfen
33
Part II
Pelvic Anatomy, Physiology and Etiology of Incontinence
5
An Attempt at an Explanation of Stress Urinary Incontinence
Through the Rodent Animal Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Karl-Dietrich Sievert, Emer Bakircioglu, Lora Nunes, Tony Tsai,
Tom F. Lue
41
6
Birth Trauma and Incontinence
Ralf Tunn, Ursula Peschers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
7
Neurogenic Urinary Incontinence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Helmut Madersbacher
95
8
Fecal Incontinence after Rectal and Perianal Surgery . . . . . . . . . . 103
Alan G. Thorson
VI
Contents
Part III
Diagnostic Methods to Detect Incontinence
9
Evaluation of Anorectal and Pelvic Floor Muscle Function . . . . . . . 119
Fernando Azpiroz, Aniceto Puigdollers, Carlos Amselem
10
Imaging of the Pelvic Floor – Videoproctography and Dynamic MRI
of the Pelvic Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Alois Fürst, Lilli Hutzel, Klaus Guenther, Andreas Schreyer,
Christian Paetzel
11
Diagnostic Methods to Detect Female Urinary Incontinence . . . . . 155
Heinz Koelbl, Gert Naumann
Part IV
Conservative Therapy of Incontinence
12
Pharmacological Treatment of Urinary Incontinence . . . . . . . . . . 167
Gert Naumann, Heinz Koelbl
13
Medical, Behavioural and Minimally Invasive Therapy –
A Urologist’s View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Christopher R. Chapple, Sawrabh Bhargava, Karl-Erik Andersson
14
Medical and Behavioral Treatment of Fecal Incontinence . . . . . . . 199
William E. Whitehead
Part V
Operative Therapy of Urinary Incontinence
15
Innovative and Minimally Invasive Treatment
of Stress Urinary Incontinence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Christl Reisenauer, Konstantinos Gardanis, Diethelm Wallwiener
16
Abdominal, Vaginal or Laparoscopic Approach
for Urinary Incontinence? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Wolfgang Zubke, Ines Gruber, Diethelm Wallwiener
17
Diagnostic and Surgical Management of Stress Urinary Incontinence
Karl-Dietrich Sievert, Arnulf Stenzl
18
The Artificial Urinary Sphincter
Roberto Olianas, M. Fisch
251
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Contents
Part VI
Operative Therapy of Fecal Incontinence
19
Sphincteroplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Tilman T. Zittel
20
Dynamic Graciloplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Cor G.M.I. Baeten, Jarno Melenhorst
21
The Artificial Bowel Sphincter in the Treatment
of Severe Fecal Incontinence in Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Nicolas Regenet, Guillaume Meurette, Paul-Antoine Lehur
22
Innovations in Fecal Incontinence: Sacral Nerve Stimulation
Klaus E. Matzel, Uwe Stadelmaier, Werner Hohenberger
23
Stoma Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Martin E. Kreis, Ekkehard C. Jehle
. . . . . 311
Part VII
Postoperative Care of Patients After Pelvic Operations
24
Postoperative Management After Surgery for Incontinence
and Prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Ursula M. Peschers, Ralf Tunn
25
Postoperative Management of Urinary Incontinence
After Urologic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Daniela Schultz-Lampel
26
Incontinence Treatment After Rectal or Perianal Surgery
Christoph A. Ausch, Harald R. Rosen
. . . . . . . 357
Part VIII
Quality of Life and Long-term Results After Incontinence Treatment
. . . . . . . . . . 369
27
Quality of Life with Urinary and Fecal Incontinence
Todd H. Rockwood
28
Long-Term Results After Surgery for Urinary Incontinence
Wolfgang Zubke, Ella Retzlaw, Diethelm Wallwiener
. . . . . . 385
VII
VIII
Contents
29
Long-term Results of Surgery for Stress Urinary Incontinence –
A Urologist’s View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Prasad Patki, Rizwan Hamid, Julian R. Shah
30
Long-term Results After Fecal Incontinence Surgery . . . . . . . . . . 403
Tilman T. Zittel
31
Quality of Life with a Permanent Colostomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Brigitte Holzer, Harald R. Rosen
Part IX
How can we Improve the Treatment of Incontinence?
32
Is Urinary or Fecal Incontinence a Preventable Event? . . . . . . . . . 439
Daniele Perucchini, Daniel Faltin
33
Concept of the Pelvic Floor as a Unit:
The Case for Multi-disciplinary Pelvic Floor Centers
G. Willy Davila
. . . . . . . . . . 457
Part X
On Asymmetry in Sphincters
34
Functional Asymmetry of Pelvic Floor Innervation and Its Potential
Role in the Pathogenesis of Fecal and Urinary Incontinence –
Report from the EU-Sponsored Research Project OASIS
(On Asymmetry In Sphincters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Paul Enck, Fernando Azpiroz, Roberto Merletti
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
491
Contents
List of Contributors
Carlos Amselem, MD
Pelvic Floor Institute, Barcelona, Spain
Karl-Erik Andersson, MD
Lund University Hospital, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 22185 Lund,
Sweden (e-mail: Karl-Erik.Andersson@klinfarm.lu.se)
Christph A. Ausch, MD
Chirurgische Abteilung, Donauspital / SMZ-Ost, Langobardenstrasse 122,
1220 Vienna, Austria (e-mail: christoph.ausch@smz.magwien.gv.at)
Fernando Azpiroz, MD
University of Barcelona, Hospital General Vall d’ Hebron,
Digestive System Research Unit, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
(e-mail: fernando.azpiroz@wol.es)
Cor G.M.I. Baeten, MD, PhD
Maastricht University Hospital, Department of Surgery, P. Debyelaan 25,
6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands (e-mail: C.Baeten@surgery.azm.nl)
M. Emer Bakircioglu, MD
TAS Mektep S. No 59/12, Erenkoy, Istanbul 81060, Turkey
(e-mail: ebakircioglu@yahoo.com)
Horst-Dieter Becker, MD
Universitätsklinik für Allgemeine, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie,
Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung, Waldhörnlestrasse 22, 72072 Tübingen,
Germany (e-mail: horst.dieter.becker@med.uni-tuebingen.de)
Sawrabh Bhargava, MD
Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Department of Urology, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF,
UK
Christopher R. Chapple, MD
Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Department of Urology, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF,
UK (e-mail: c.r.chapple@sheffield.ac.uk)
IX
X
List of Contributors
Madeleine Donaldson
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Leicester,
22–28 Princess Road West, Leicester, LE1 6TP, UK
Paul Enck, MD
Medizinische Klinik VI, Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie,
Schaffhausenstr. 113, 72072 Tübingen, Germany (e-mail: paul.enck@uni-tuebingen.de)
G. Willy Davila, MD
Cleveland Clinic Florida, Department of Gynecology, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd.,
Weston, FL 33331, USA (e-mail: davilag@ccf.org)
Daniel Faltin, MD
Universitätsspital Zürich, Departement Frauenheilkunde, Frauenklinikstrasse 10,
8091 Zürich, Switzerland (e-mail: daniel.faltin@hcuge.ch)
M. Fisch, MD
Allgemeines Krankenhaus Hamburg-Harburg, Eissendorfer Pferdeweg 52,
21075 Hamburg, Germany
Alois Fürst, MD, PhD
Caritas-Krankenhaus St. Josef, Landshuterstr. 65, 93053 Regensburg
(e-mail: alois.fuerst@t-online.de)
Konstantinos Gardanis, MD
Universitätsfrauenklinik, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
(e-mail: konstantinos.gardanis@med.uni-tuebingen.de)
Ines Gruber, MD
Universitätsfrauenklinik, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
(e-mail: ines.gruber@med.uni-tuebingen.de)
Klaus Günther, MD
Klinikum Fürth, Jakob-Henle-Str. 1, 90766 Fürth
(e-mail: klaus.guenther@klinik.uni-regensburg.de)
Rizwan Hamid, MBBS, FRCS
Institute of Urology & Nephrology, 48, Riding House Street, London W1W 7EY,
United Kingdom (e-mail: hamid_rizwan@hotmail.com)
Werner Hohenberger, MD
Chirurgische Klinik mit Poliklinik, Universität Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 12,
91054 Erlangen, Germany (e-mail: werner.hohenberger@imed.uni-erlangen.de)
Brigitte Holzer, MD
Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Chirurgische Onkologie, Donauspital / SMZ-Ost,
Langobardenstrasse 122, 1220 Vienna, Austria
List of Contributors
Steinar Hunskaar, MD, PhD
Section for General Practice, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, 5018 Bergen,
Norway (e-mail: steinar.hunskar@isf.uib.no)
Lilli Hutzel, MD
Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum,
Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg (e-mail: dr.hutzel@t-online.de)
Ekkehard C. Jehle, MD
Oberschwabenklinik, Krankenhaus St. Elisabeth, Elisabethenstrasse 15,
88212 Ravensburg, Germany (e-mail: Ekkehard.Jehle@oberschwabenklinik.de)
Sibylle Klosterhalfen, MD
Universitätsklinik Düsseldorf, Institut für Medizinische Psychologie, Moorenstraße 5,
40225 Düsseldorf, Germany (e-mail: klosterh@uni-duesseldorf.de)
Heinz Kölbl, MD
Universitätsfrauenklinik, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
(e-mail: koelbl@frauenklinik.uni-mainz.de)
Martin E. Kreis, MD
Klinikum Großhadern, Allgemeine Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie,
Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 München, Germany
(e-mail: martin.kreis@med.uni-muenchen.de)
Paul-Antoine Lehur, MD
Clinique Chirurgicale 2, Hotel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
(e-mail: paulantoine.lehur@chu-nantes.fr)
Tom F. Lue, MD
UCSF Medical Center, Department of Urology, 400 Parnassus Avenue,
A-633 San Francisco, CA 94131, USA (e-mail: tlue@urol.ucsf.edu)
Helmut Madersbacher, MD
Abteilung für Neurologie, Universitätshospital Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35,
6020 Innsbruck, Austria (e-mail: Helmut.Madersbacher@tilak.at)
Klaus E. Matzel, MD
Chirurgische Klinik mit Poliklinik, Universität Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 12,
91054 Erlangen, Germany (e-mail: Klaus.Matzel@chir.imed.uni-erlangen.de)
Catherine W. McGrother, MD
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Leicester,
22–28 Princess Road West, Leicester, LE1 6TP, UK (e-mail: sk29@leicester.ac.uk)
Guillaume Meurette, MD
Clinique Chirurgicale 2, Hotel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
(e-mail: guillaume.meurette@chu-nantes.fr)
XI
XII
List of Contributors
Roberto Merletti, PhD
COREP – Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Electtronica,
Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy (e-mail: roberto.merletti@polito.it)
Gert Naumann, MD
Universitätsfrauenklinik, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
(e-mail: gnaumann@uni-mainz.de)
Günter Neubauer, MD
Institut für Gesundheitsökonomik, Nixenweg 2b, 81739 Munich, Germany
Lora Nunes, MD
UCSF Medical Center, Department of Urology, 400 Parnassus Avenue,
A-633 San Francisco, CA 94131, USA (e-mail: tlue@urol.ucsf.edu)
Roberto Olianas, MD
Allgemeines Krankenhaus Hamburg-Harburg, Eissendorfer Pferdeweg 52,
21075 Hamburg, Germany (e-mail: roberto.oleanas@planet-interkom.de)
Christian Paetzel, MD
Institut für Röntgendiagnostik, Universitätsklinikum, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11,
93053 Regensburg (e-mail: christian.paetzel@klinik.uni-regensburg.de)
Prasad Patki, MBBS, FRCS, FEBU
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP,
United Kingdom
Daniele Perucchini, MD
Universitätsspital Zürich, Departement Frauenheilkunde, Frauenklinikstrasse 10,
8091 Zürich, Switzerland (e-mail: perucchini@hin.ch)
Ursula M. Peschers, MD
Frauenklinik, Amper Kliniken AG, Konrad Adenauer Strasse 30, 85221 Dachau,
Germany (e-mail: Ursula.Peschers@amperkliniken.de)
Aniceto Puigdollers, MD
Hospital de Mollet, Barcelona, Spain
Nicolas Regenet, MD
Clinique Chirurgicale 2, Hotel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
(e-mail: nicolas.regenet@chu-nantes.fr)
Christl Reisenauer, MD
Universitätsfrauenklinik, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
(e-mail: christl.reisenauer@med.uni-tuebingen.de)
Ella Retzlaw, MD
Universitätsfrauenklinik, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
(e-mail: ella.retzlaw@med.uni-tuebingen.de)
List of Contributors
Todd H. Rockwood, PhD
University of Minnesota, Cities Institute for Public Health Research,
Division of Health Services Research, Policy & Administration,
420 Delaware Street S.E., Mayo Mail Stop 729, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0392, USA
(e-mail: rockw001@umn.edu)
Harald R. Rosen, MD
Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Chirurgische Onkologie, Donauspital / SMZ-Ost,
Langobardenstrasse 122, 1220 Vienna, Austria (e-mail: rosensurg@compuserve.com)
Andreas Schreyer, MD
Institut für Röntgendiagnostik, Universitätsklinikum, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11,
93053 Regensburg (e-mail: andreas.schreyer@klinik.uni-regensburg.de)
Daniela Schultz-Lampel, MD
Klinikum der Stadt Villingen-Schwenningen, Kontinenzzentrum Südwest,
Röntgenstrasse 20, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
(e-mail: Ksw@Klinikumvs.de)
Julian R. Shah, MD
Institute of Urology and Nephrology, 48 Riding House Street, London, WIP 7PN, UK
(e-mail: pjrshahsec@hotmail.com)
Karl-Dietrich Sievert, MD
Universitätsklinik für Urologie, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
(e-mail: karl.sievert@med.uni-tuebingen.de)
Uwe Stadelmaier, MD
Chirurgische Klinik mit Poliklinik, Universität Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 12,
91054 Erlangen, Germany (e-mail: Uwe.Stadelmaier@web.de)
Sandra Stiefelmeyer, MD
Institut für Gesundheitsökonomik, Nixenweg 2b, 81739 Munich, Germany
Arnulf Stenzl, MD
Universitätsklinik für Urologie, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
(e-mail: urologie@med.uni-tuebingen.de)
Alan G. Thorson, MD
Creighton University School of Medicine, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery,
9850 Nicholas Street, Suite 100, Omaha, NE 68114, USA (e-mail: agthorson@msn.com)
Tony Tsai, MD
The New York Medical Center of Queens, Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility,
Department OB/GYN, 45-56 Main Street, New York, NY 1355, USA
Ralf Tunn, MD
Urogynäkologie, Deutsches Beckenbodenzentrum, St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus,
Grosse Hamburger Strasse 5–11, 10115 Berlin, Germany (e-mail: r.tunn@alexius.de)
XIII
XIV
List of Contributors
Diethelm Wallwiener, MD
Universitätsfrauenklinik, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
(e-mail: diethelm.wallwiener@med.uni-tuebingen.de)
William E. Whitehead, PhD
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7080, 724 Burnett-Womack Building,
Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, (e-mail: william_whitehead@med.unc.edu)
Tilman T. Zittel, MD
Universitätsklinik für Allgemeine, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie,
Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
(e-mail: tilman.zittel@med.uni-tuebingen.de)
Wolfgang Zubke, MD
Universitätsfrauenklinik, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
(e-mail: wolfgang.zubke@med.uni-tuebingen.de)
Part I
Epidemiologic and Health Costs
of Incontinence
I