Bibliografie Sprint (Ausdauerdisziplinen)

Transcription

Auswahlbibliografie
Besonderheiten der Sprint-Disziplinen
in den Ausdauersportarten –
eine Literaturübersicht
Erarbeitet von:
Birgit Franz
unter Mitarbeit von
Dr. Roland Regner, Dr. Hartmut Sandner, Barbara Kühn, Heike Vorwerk
Fachbereich Information Kommunikation Sport
Institut für Angewandte Trainingswissenschaft Leipzig
Erstellt am 12.01.2011 (Redaktionsschluss: 01.01.2011)
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Vorwort
Wichtige Grundlage und zugleich Teil der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit des Instituts für Angewandte Trainingswissenschaft (IAT) sind die Weltstandsanalysen. Dabei werden die
sportliche Leistung, Leistungsfaktoren und die Leistungsstruktur in einer Sportart oder
Sportartengruppe in wissenschaftlichen Verfahren ermittelt und bewertet. Die erreichte
Wettkampfleistung wird in Beziehung zu Trainingsdaten und organisationsstrukturellen
Aspekten gesetzt.
Eine wesentliche Erkenntnis aus den Weltstandsanalysen sowohl der Sommer- als auch
der Wintersportarten sind Veränderungen der nationalen und internationalen Wettkampfsysteme, die in der Regel auch erhebliche Einflüsse auf die Trainingssysteme haben und
zu trainingsmethodischen Konsequenzen führen müssen. Dieser Prozess ist insbesondere
in den Ausdauersportarten in jüngster Zeit vor dem Hintergrund der Erhöhung der
Attraktivität und damit Medienwirksamkeit der Wettkämpfe letztlich im Ringen um Aufnahme oder Verbleib im olympischen Programm von einer außerordentlichen Dynamik
geprägt.
Mit der Kleinkonferenz „Entwicklung der Wettkampfleistung Sprint/Kurze Strecken“
möchten wir, einer im Fachbereich Ausdauer des IAT guten Tradition folgend, den sportartübergreifenden Erfahrungsaustausch hierzu anregen.
Wir sind uns durchaus bewusst, dass zwischen Sprint/Kurze Strecken im Eisschnelllauf,
Schwimmen und Kanu einerseits und dem „Sprint“ im Biathlon andererseits leistungsphysiologisch und trainingsmethodisch „Welten“ liegen. Von großem Interesse ist
wiederum, welche Entwicklungen die Trainingssysteme in den einzelnen Sportarten genommen haben und welche Erfahrungen es Wert sind, weitergegeben zu werden. Ansatzpunkte bieten aus unserer Sicht die Spezialisierung im Eisschnelllauf in Richtung Sprint
und Mehrkampf, das Streben des Internationalen Skiverbands FIS nach „Allroundern“, die
eindeutige Gewichtung auf den Sprint (mit unmittelbarer Auswirkung auf die Disziplin Verfolgung) im Biathlon sowie die Aufnahme der Sprintwettkämpfe über 200 m innerhalb
eines Olympiazyklus im Kanurennsport.
Unsere Aufmerksamkeit gilt den praktischen Erfahrungen der Trainerinnen und Trainer
genauso wie den Erkenntnissen aus Wettkampf- und Trainingsanalysen sowie leistungsdiagnostischen Untersuchungen der Kolleginnen und Kollegen des IAT, von Universitäten
und Olympiastützpunkten im Interesse einer facettenreichen Diskussion zum Nutzen
unserer Athletinnen und Athleten in Vorbereitung auf die Olympischen Spiele in London
2012 und Sotschi 2014.
Hierfür möchte ich mich schon jetzt bei allen Beteiligten sowie bei den Mitarbeiterinnen
und Mitarbeitern des Fachbereichs Information Kommunikation Sport für die kurzfristige
Zusammenstellung einer Auswahlbibliografie zu diesem Thema bedanken.
Jürgen Wick
Fachbereichsleiter Ausdauer am IAT
Leipzig, im Januar 2011
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Einleitung
Das Thema „Sprint“ hat auch in den Ausdauersportarten in den letzten Jahren eine
enorme Bedeutung gewonnen. Neue Sprintdisziplinen sind in die Wettkampfprogramme
der Ausdauersportarten und ins olympische Programm aufgenommen worden. Damit
haben sich die Wettkampfsysteme und so auch die Trainingssysteme und die Anforderungsstrukturen an die Athleten verändert.
Dieser Trend spiegelt sich auch in der internationalen Literatur wider. In zahlreichen Veröffentlichungen beleuchten Autoren die verschiedenen Aspekte und Besonderheiten der
Sprintdisziplinen in den Ausdauersportarten.
Mit dieser Auswahlbibliografie möchte der Fachbereich Information Kommunikation Sport
des IAT die Kleinkonferenz „Entwicklung der Wettkampfleistung Sprint/Kurze Strecken“
des Fachbereichs Ausdauer im Januar 2011 in Leipzig bzw. darüberhinaus gehend die
Beschäftigung mit dieser aktuellen Thematik unterstützen. Wir haben für Sie in den
Datenbanken des IAT und darüber hinausgehend über die Vifa Sport in weiteren Datenbanken zum Thema recherchiert. Letztendlich haben wir für Sie 90 Nachweise ausgewählt
(81 aus den Datenbanken des IAT, 8 aus den Datenbanken des BISp), die wir inhaltlich
nach folgenden Schwerpunkten gegliedert haben:
1 Leistungsstruktur/Leistungsvoraussetzungen/Leistungsdiagnostik (25 Nachweise),
2 Training (31 Nachweise),
3 Biomechanik/Technik/Sportgeräte (17 Nachweise),
4 Physiologie/Energiestoffwechsel/Muskelphysiologie (15 Nachweise),
5 Ernährung/Supplementierung (2 Nachweise).
Der Bibliografie folgt ein Index (die Nummern beziehen sich auf die Reihenfolge in der
Bibliografie).
Redaktionsschluss für die Auswahl und Bearbeitung der Quellen war der 1. Januar 2011.
Die Referate wurden aus den Datenbanken ohne weitere Bearbeitung übernommen.
Die Quellen aus der Datenbank SPONET verfügen alle über eine URL, über die Sie die
Dokumente selbst im Internet anschauen können. Sollten Sie dabei Probleme haben oder
Sie an Volltexten Interesse haben, die für Sie nicht zugängig sind, wenden Sie sich bitte
an eine wissenschaftliche Bibliothek in Ihrer Nähe oder an die Leiterin der wissenschaftlichen Bibliothek des IAT, Frau Heike Vorwerk (iatbib@iat.uni-leipzig.de, Tel.: 03414945127).
Birgit Franz
Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin
Fachbereich Information Kommunikation Sport des IAT
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Leistungsstruktur/Leistungsvoraussetzungen/Leistungsdiagnostik
1. MFNR 307387
Cholewa, J., Gerasimuk, D. & Kudrys, R. l. (2005). Czynniki determinujace wynik w
biatlonowym biegu sprinterskim. Sport wyczynowy, 43 (1-2), 27-35.
(Leistungsbestimmende Faktoren im Biathlonsprint)
Biathlon | Leistungsvoraussetzung | Leistungsfaktor | Sprint
Verf. gehen in ihrer Arbeit den Fragen nach, welcher Zusammenhang zwischen der Laufzeit, Treffgenauigkeit und Schießzeit einerseits sowie dem Endergebnis des Biathleten im
Sprint andererseits bestehen, welches dieser Elemente grundlegenden Einfluss auf die
Endleistung der Sportler hat und ob der Einfluss dieser Elemente vom Leistungsniveau der
Athleten abhängt. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden die Wettkampfleistungen des Weltcups und der Olympischen Spiele aus der Saison 2001/2002 (Anzahl der Athleten
zwischen 67 und 110, Durchschnittsalter 28,4 Jahre, durchschnittliches Trainingsalter 12,8
Jahre) ausgewertet. Aus den Ergebnissen lassen sich folgende Schlussfolgerungen
ziehen: 1. Aus den untersuchten Faktoren (Laufzeit, Treffgenauigkeit, Schießzeit) hat den
größten Einfluss auf die Endleistung im Biathlonsprint die Laufzeit; 2. Die größte Variabilität bei den Wettkampfergebnissen hat die Schießgenauigkeit (hohe Werte der Variabilitätsparameter); 3. Im Zusammenhang mit dem Anstieg des sportlichen Niveaus verringern
sich die Werte der Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen der Endzeit und den Laufkomponenten, was auf die Zunahme des Einflusses anderer Faktoren außerhalb der beschriebenen Untersuchungen auf die Endleistung hinweist. Schnürer
(Dokument übernommen aus Datenbank SPOLIT)
Polnischer Volltext unter: http://www.cos.pl/sw/1205/27.pdf
2. MFNR 301657
L319; I.G.2.; 27024
Dorel, S., Hautier, C., Rambaud, O., Rouffet, D., Lacour, J. R. & Bourdin, M. (2004).
Modelling the power demand during the 200 m flying start cycling event: application to a
world-class track cyclist. In E. Van Praagh & J. Coudert (Hrsg.), Book of Abstracts - 9th
Annual Congress European College of Sport Science, July 3-6, 2004, Clermont-Ferrand,
France. Clermont-Ferrand: UFR STAPS Clermont-Ferrand II, Faculte de Medecine.
(Modellierung der Leistungsanforderungen beim 200 m fliegenden Start Sprint im Radsport: Anwendung auf einen Weltklassebahnradfahrer)
Radsport | Bahnradsport | Sprint | Analyse | Leistungsstruktur | Leistung | Biomechanik | Modellierung | Theorie
The aim of this study was, therefore, to apply an adapted mathematical model to sprint
track cycling in order to assess the contribution of each component in power demand
during the 200 m event.
3. SPONET-NR 018619
Enqvist, J., Holmberg, H.-C. & Stöggl, T. (2009). Anthropometry as a predictor of sprint
skiing performance. In S. Loland, K. Boe, K. Fasting, J. Hallen, Y. Ommundsen, G.
Roberts & E. Tsolakidis (Hrsg.), 14th annual Congress of the European College of Sport
Science, Oslo/Norway, June 24-27, 2009, Book of Abstracts (S. 293-294). Oslo: The
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences.
(Anthropometrie als ein Vorhersagewert für die Sprintleistung im Skilanglauf; Internetzugriff unter:
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http://www.ecsscongress.eu/OSLO2009/images/stories/Documents/BOAOSLO0610bCont ent.pdf)
Skilanglauf | Anthropometrie | Körpermaß | Hochleistungssport | Leistungssport |
Prognose | Leistung | Sprint
Anthropometric measurements have been used in sports for finding performance limiting
factors (Reilly et al. 2000; Drinkwater et al. 2008). Studies concerning relationships
between anthropometric characteristics and performance in XC skiing are limited (Bergh
1987; Larsson and Henriksson-Larsen 2008). The aims of the present study were to
examine possible relationships between anthropometric values and sprint skiing
performance. Methods: Fourteen elite sprint skiers (mean age 26.4±4.8 yrs; body weight
76.7±5.4kg; body height 180.4±4.6cm; VO2max 5.2±0.5 l/min, volunteered to participate in
the study. Subjects were examined with DXA to determine body composition and body
dimensions (Lunar iDXA, General Electric Company, Madison, USA) and performed two
incremental maximal sprint tests using the double poling (DP) and the V2 skating
techniques, both performed with roller skis on a treadmill. Results: BMIlean displayed the
highest positive relationships towards DP maximal speed (r=0.80, p<0.001) of all the
measured variables. Body weight, total lean mass and total trunk mass were all positively
correlated to DP performance (r=0.57; p<0.05; r=0.69, p<0.01; r=0.53, p<0.05). Absolute
and relative (%trunk mass) lean mass of the trunk was positively related to DP maximal
speed (abs. value r=0.75; p<0.01; rel. value r=0.550, p<0.05). The ratio between trunk
mass to trunk length and the ratio between trunk mass and the mass of the head and the
neck were positively related to DP maximal speed (r=0.58, p<0.05; r=0.69, p<0.01). None
of the measured anthropometrical variables were significantly associated with V2 skating
maximal speed. Discussion: The findings in this study agree with Bergh (1987), suggesting
that heavier skiers are favoured over all parts of a racing course except for steep uphills.
However, this aspect was only valid in the current study in DP. Based on the results, we
suggest that skiers should aim to achieve an optimal body composition that has a high
percentage of lean mass and low fat mass, with a particular focus on high trunk mass in
order to have the proper body composition for DP sprint performance. No anthropometrical
predictors of performance were found for the V2 skating technique, suggesting that high
maximal speed in that technique is not associated with body morphology. The results
suggest that maximal speed in DP and V2 skating is not determined by genetic body
dimensions but, particularly for DP, by trainable factors such as total mass, muscle mass
and body fat.
4. SPONET-NR 020545
Fabre, N., Bortolan, L., Pellegrini, B. & Schena, F. (2009). Main differences between
distance and sprint world-class cross-country skiers. In S. Loland, K. Boe, K. Fasting, J.
Hallen, Y. Ommundsen, G. Roberts & E. Tsolakidis (Hrsg.), 14th annual Congress of the
European College of Sport Science, Oslo/Norway, June 24-27, 2009, Book of Abstracts
(S. 434). Oslo: The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences.
(Hauptunterschiede zwischen Langstrecken- und Sprintskiläufern des Weltspitzenbereichs; Internetzugriff unter: http://www.ecsscongress.eu/OSLO2009/images/stories/Documents/BOAOSLO0610bCont ent.pdf)
Skilanglauf | männlich | Hochleistungssport | Leistungssport | Leistungsfähigkeit |
Sprint | O2-Aufnahme | maximal | Körpermaß | Kraft | Technik
The best predictors of a cross-country skiing sprint performance have already been
studied (1,2). However and to our knowledge, specialists of sprint and distance races have
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never been compared. The purpose of this study was to determine the main physiological
and biomechanical differences between distance and sprint cross-country skiers. Methods:
Ten elite male skiers from the national Italian ski team [6 from the world-cup distance
group (D) and 4 from the world-cup sprint group (S)] were evaluated on the basis of a
roller-skiing test on treadmill using the double poling technique. The start speed was fixed
at 10 km/h and increased by 0.5 km/h every 30-sec work period until exhaustion with a
constant inclination of 6%. Oxygen uptake was continuously measured. Biomechanical
data [maximal poling frequency and maximal poling force (Fmax)] were obtained using
load cells inserted under the poles handgrips. The total power output was calculated
across each speed as the power required to overcome rolling resistance and to lift the
body against gravity. Results: Body-weight (BW) and Fmax were significantly higher
(P<0.05) for the group S (78.5±5.8 kg and 156.0±9.8 N, respectively) compared to the
group D (70.0±5.0 kg and 136.4±13.7 N, respectively). S and D groups did not significantly
differ in peak oxygen uptake (4.4±0.4 L/min and 4.8±0.4 L/min, respectively), maximal
power (328.4±21.2 W and 330.1±25.7 W, respectively), maximal poling frequency
(63.9±4.4 cycles/min and 68.0±5.9 cycles/min, respectively) and Fmax/BW (2.0±0.1 N/kg
and 2.0±0.1 N/kg, respectively). When peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and maximal
power (Pmax) were expressed relatively to BW, values of the S group (56.3±4.3
mL/min/kg and 4.2±0.3 W/kg, respectively) were significantly lower (P<0.01) than the
values of the D group (70.8±2.9 mL/min/kg and 4.7±0.1 W/kg, respectively). Finally,
among the parameters measured during this test, Fmax appeared as the best predictor
(irrespective to the S or D group) of sprint racing performance (estimated by means of the
specific sprint International Ski Federation ranking). The correlation showed that 70% of
the variability of the performance in sprint races could be explained by absolute Fmax
(r2=0.70). Discussion: The higher BW and Fmax appeared to be the main different
parameters (among those measured with this kind of test) between a sprint and a distance
specialist in cross-country skiing. Moreover, BW-to-power (aerobic and mechanical) ratio
was optimized in distance skiers. Expressed in absolute value, no difference was observed
in VO2peak between sprint and distance skiers. Thus, as suggested by Stogll T. et al., the
sprint performance seems to be mainly dependent of muscular factors but a high aerobic
capacity is a prerequisite.
5. MFNR 181770
L319
Gardner, A., Martin, D., Barras, M., Jenkins, D. & Hahn, A., (2003). Power output demands
of elite track sprint cycling. J. Sci. Med. Sport, 6 (4 Suppl), 70.
(Anforderungen an die Leistungsabgabe im Radsprint auf der Bahn)
Bahnradsport | Sprint | Leistung | Leistungsstruktur | Hochleistungssport |
Leistungssport | Technik
Untersucht wurden die Leistungsabgabeprofile der australischen Spitzenradsprinter bei
Rennen zu Hause (DOM) und bei internationalen (INT) Rennen. Drei männliche Sprinter
(19-33 Jahre, 82-101 kg, 39-47 mm Summe der sieben Hautfettfalten, 1729-2282
maximale Leistung unter Laborbedingungen) wurden mithilfe eines kalibrierten SRMPowermeters bei 18 DOM und 18 INT untersucht. Die Leistungsdaten der Finalrunden der
Wettkämpfe wurden mit Konsumersoftware summiert. Die DOM- und INT-Daten wurden
mit T-Tests verglichen. Die Frequenz bei maximaler Leistung war bei DOM höher als bei
INT (133.4+/-8.-4 vs. 126.6+/-9.9 Umdrehungen pro Minute, p=0.02), andere signifikante
Unterschiede wurden zwischen DOM und INT nicht festgestellt. Die Analyse über alle 36
Wettkämpfe ergab folgende Leistungskennzeichen im Spitzenbereich des Radsprints
(jeweils Durchschnittswert und Bereich): durchschnittliche Leistung 532 W, 360-804 W6.1
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W/kg, 4.3-8.3 W/kg), Spitzenwert der Leistung (1934 W, 1325-2363 W, 22.1 W/kg, 15.824.8 W/kg), Spitzenwert der Trittfrequenz (160 U/Min, 153-168 U/Min), maximale durchschnittliche Leistung über 5 Sekunden /MMP5s/ (1683 W, 1201-2194 W), MMP10s (1529
W, 113-2093 W) und MMP15s (1449 W, 1130-1896 W).
6. SPONET-NR 010318
Geladas, N. D., Nassis, G. P. & Pavlicevic, S. (2005). Somatic and physical traits affecting
spring swimming performance in young swimmers. Int. J. Sports Med., 26 (2), 139-144.
(Körperbaumerkmale, die die Leistung junger Schwimmer über die Sprintstrecke beeinflussen; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.thieme-connect.de/ejournals/abstract/sportsmed/doi/10.1055/s-2004-817862)
Schwimmen | Sprint | Leistung | Nachwuchsleistungssport | Relation | Körperbau |
Anthropometrie | Prognose
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between anthropometry, physical
capacity, and sprint swimming performance in swimmers of both genders aged 12 - 14
years old. Anthropometric characteristics (body height and mass, total upper extremity,
hand and foot lengths, chest circumference, certain body breadths, and skinfolds), as well
as leg explosiveness (horizontal jump) and arm strength (handgrip strength test) were
evaluated in 263 competitive swimmers (178 boys and 85 girls) aged 12 - 14 years.
Skeletal age was assessed with the Tanner-Whitehouse method. All variables, except for
the ankle and shoulder flexibility as well as the skeletal age, correlated with 100 m
freestyle performance in boys (r = - 0.46 to - 0.73, p < 0.01). Using a split-sample
approach, upper extremity length, horizontal jump, and grip strength were detected as
significant predictors of 100 m freestyle performance in boys (R2 = 0.59, p < 0.01). In girls,
body height, upper extremity and hand length, shoulder flexibility, and horizontal jump
were all significantly related to 100 m freestyle time (r = - 0.22 to - 0.31, p < 0.05) but the
degree of association was markedly lower than in boys. In addition, only 17 % of the
variance in performance was explained by a combination of body height, hand length, and
horizontal jump in girls. These results suggest that 100 m freestyle performance can be
partially explained by anthropometry and physical capacity tests in young swimmers. The
contribution of these factors to sprint swimming performance is different in boys and girls
and this requires further research. These findings could be used for male young swimmers'
selection.
7. SPONET-NR 014964
Glaister, M., Stone, M. H., Stewart, A. M., Hughes, M. G. & Moir, G. L. (2006). Aerobic and
anaerobic correlates of multiple sprint cycling performance. J. Strength & Condit. Res., 20
(4), 792-798.
(Aerobe und anaerobe Korrelate der multiplen Radsprintleistung; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.nsca-jscr.org/pt/re/jscr/abstract.00124278-200611000-00011.htm)
Radsport | Sprint | Leistung | Leistungsfaktor
The aims of this study were to examine (a) the relationship between maximal oxygen
uptake (VO2max) and several performance indices of multiple sprint cycling; (b) the
relationship between maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and those same
performance indices; and (c) the influence of recovery duration on the magnitude of those
relationships. Twenty-five physically active men completed a VO2max test, a MAOD test,
and 2 maximal intermittent (20 x 5 seconds) sprint cycling tests with contrasting recovery
periods (10 seconds or 30 seconds). Mean +/- SD for age, height, and body mass were
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20.6 +/- 1.5 years, 177.2 +/- 5.4 cm, and 78.2 +/- 8.2 kg, respectively. All tests were
conducted on a friction-braked cycle ergometer with subsequent data normalized for body
mass. Moderate (0.3 <= r < 0.5) positive correlations were observed between power
output data and MAOD (range, 0.31-0.46; 95% confidence limits, -0.10 to 0.72). Moderate
to large positive correlations also were observed between power output data and VO2max,
the magnitude of which increased as values were averaged across all sprints (range, 0.450.67; 95% confidence limits 0.07-0.84). Correlations between fatigue and VO2max were
greater in the intermittent protocol with 30-second recovery periods (r = -0.34; 95%
confidence limits, 0.06 to -0.65). The results of this study reflect the complex energetics
associated with multiple sprint work. Though the findings add support to the idea that
multiple sprint sports demand a combination of speed and endurance, further longitudinal
research is required to confirm the relative importance of these parameters.
8. MFNR 176108
L319; II.B.2.; 260040
Gruber, C. & Haber, P. (1997). Die Maximalkraft ist eine Determinante für die maximale
Schwimmgeschwindigkeit im Kraulsprint. In 35. Deutscher Sportärztekongress, 25.-27.
September 1997, Tübingen, Abstracts (S. 106). Wehr: Novartis Pharma Verlag.
Schwimmen | Kraulschwimmen | Sprint | Maximalkraft
Krafttraining ist seit vielen Jahren integraler Bestandteil des Schwimmtrainings. In der
Literatur werden einerseits signifikante Korrelationen zwischen Krafteigenschaften und der
maximalen Schwimmgeschwindigkeit (Vmax) berichtet, andererseits aber fehlende oder
negative Effekte eines begleitenden Krafttrainings gegenüber einer Kontrollgruppe. Wir
untersuchten den korrelativen Zusammenhang der Maximalkraft (Einwiederholungsmaximum (EWM) in kg der Übungen Bankdrücken und Bankziehen und Höhe in cm des
Standhochsprunges) zur Vmax über 25, 100, 400 und 1500 m Kraul. Alle 3 Übungen
zeigten hochsignifikante Korrelationen zu 25 m (r = 0,65; 0,68; 0.72 resp.). signif. zu
100 m und nicht signifikant zu 400 und 15 m. Die mit dem EWM unspezifisch gemessene
Maximalkraft der Arme und Schultern, sowie die Maximalkraft der Beine ist eine Hauptdeterminante für die Vmax im Kraulsprint von 25-100 m. Aufgrund der Regressionsgleichungen lassen sich für das Nachwuchstraining langfristige Trainingsziele für die
motorische Grundeigenschaft Kraft definieren, deren Erreichung eine der wesentlichen
Voraussetzungen für das Erreichen von hochklassigen Leistungen im Kraulsprint ist.
9. SPONET-NR 008199
Gulbin, J. (2002). Talent "Re-Cycling". A women's sprint cycling initiative. Zugriff am
28.06.2002 unter: http://www.ais.org.au/talent/cycling.asp
(Talent-Recycling: Eine Initiative im Radsprint der Frauen)
Australien | Auswahl | Bahnradsport | Nachwuchsleistungssport | Radsport | Sprint |
Talent
The AIS tested interested athletes in NSW and the ACT in an attempt to identify women
that had the ability and desire to compete nationally and if possible, internationally in this
event.
10. MFNR 173991
L319; I.L.7.; 26001
Hohmann, A., Dierks, B., Lühnenschloß, D., Seidel, I. & Wichmann, E. (1999). The
influence of strength, speed, motor coordination and technique on the performance in
crawl sprint. In University of Jyväskylä, Dep. of Biology and Physical activity (Hrsg.),
Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VIII (S. 191-196). Jyväskylä: Eigenverlag.
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(Der Einfluss von Kraft, Schnelligkeit, Bewegungskoordination und Technik auf die
Leistung im Kraulsprint)
Schwimmen | Leistungsstruktur | Kraulschwimmen | Leistungsfaktor | Sprint | Kraft |
Schnelligkeit | Beweglichkeit | Körperbau | koordinative Fähigkeit | Technik
Es wurden Einflussfaktoren auf die Kraulsprintleistung im Schwimmen untersucht. Die
Leistung im Schwimmsprint ist von verschiedenen motorischen Fähigkeiten abhängig. Die
Struktur der 50-m-Kraulsprintleistung ist auf einer ersten Stufe von zwei Hauptfaktoren abhängig: der Schwimmtechnik und Koordination sowie der Sprint- und Zugkraft. Beide
Faktoren werden auf einer zweiten Stufe beeinflusst durch Beweglichkeit, anthropometrische Komponenten, Maximalkraft resp. Explosivkraft. An der Studie nahmen 134
Schwimmerinnen und Schwimmer (10-19 Jahre) teil. Die Untersuchungen ergaben zwei
nur leicht unterschiedliche Regressionsmodelle der Struktur der Schwimmleistung im
Kraulsprint bei Männern und Frauen.
11. MFNR 178704
L319; I.C.3.; 25605
Hohmann, A. (1998). Elementare Schnelligkeit im Schwimmen - Diagnose leistungsbestimmender Voraussetzungen für den Kraulsprint. In Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft (Hrsg.), BISp Jahrbuch 1997 (S. 175-180). Köln: Sport und Buch Strauß.
Schwimmen | Kraulschwimmen | Sprint | Nachwuchsleistungssport | Hochleistungssport | Leistungssport | Bundesrepublik Deutschland | Test | Schnelligkeit |
Technik | Bewegung | Talent | Eignung | Auswahl
In der Betrachtung der Leistung im Kraulsprint nehmen elementare Schnelligkeitsfähigkeiten eine herausgehobene Bedeutung ein, die sich u. a. daraus ergeben, dass sie
bereits vor der Pubertät erworben werden können. Falls für Sportler am Ende dieses
Altersbereichs diesbezügliche Defizite zu konstatieren sind, können diese längerfristig die
weitere Leistungsentwicklung beeinträchtigen bzw. limitieren. In Analysen mit 23 Nachwuchsschwimmern (Alter 11-12 Jahre) und 17 Spitzenschwimmern (Alter 17-19 Jahre) des
SC Magdeburg, 26 Nachwuchsschwimmern des SC Wasserfreunde Fulda (Alter 9-19
Jahre) und 15 Sportlern des VfL Sindelfingen bzw. der Landesauswahl BadenWürttemberg (Alter 14-22 Jahre) konnten in 7 sportmotorischen Tests aussagefähige
Merkmale zur schwimmerische Qualität im Kraulsprint ermittelt werden. Dabei wurden
Arm- und Beintapping als elementare Schnelligkeitsfähigkeiten und die Armstützzeit (bei
einem angefallenen Liegestütz aus dem Kniestand) und das Armeinstechen (im Wasser)
als komplexe Schnelligkeitsfähigkeiten identifiziert.
12. SPONET-NR 018469
Holmberg, H.-C. (2009). Sprint skiing. Zugriff am 01.12.2009 unter:
www.ussa.org/magnoliaPublic/dms/athletics/cross-country/docs/Sprint_for-US/Sprint_for
US.pdf
(Sprintrennen im Skilanglauf)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Hochleistungssport | Leistungssport | Training | Trainingsplanung | Belastungsgestaltung | Sportphysiologie | Adaptation | Laktat | O2Aufnahme | maximal | Leistung
Power-Point-Präsentation zu den Perspektiven des Sprints im Skilanglauf 2001-2009.
12
Holmberg, H.-C. (09.07.2008). Sprint pa längdskidor. Zugriff am 09.07.2008 unter
http://www2.skidor.com/langdakning/files/%7BF12AE555-A1A1-4433-B7B9-8BB8A55996F
4%7D.pdf
(Sprint im Skilanglauf)
Skilanglauf | Ausdauerdisziplinen | Sprint | Leistungsstruktur | Leistungsentwicklung | Sportphysiologie | Physiologie | Leistungsfähigkeit | international | Hochleistungssport | Leistungssport
Powerpoint-Präsentation zur Leistungsstruktur und Leistungsentwicklung in Ausdauersportarten mit besonderem Augenmerk auf den Skilanglauf und die sich dort etablierenden
Sprintdisziplinen. Ein typischer, sehr guter Skilangläufer sollte danach folgende
Charakteristika aufweisen:
- hohes maximales Sauerstoffaufnahmevermögen l/min, ml/kg, ml/kg 2/3
- hoher Maximalwert VO2 bei Oberkörperbelastungen
- hoher Anteil langsam kontrahierender Muskelfasern in Beinen und Armen(ca 75 %)
(Rusko, 1976; Bergh et al., 1978; Mygind, 1995)
- Untrainierte haben normal 5-20 % weniger Typ I-Fasern in den Armen als in den
Beinen (Saltin, 1997)
- hoher Grad der Kapillarisierung - Untrainierte 1 kap/fiber – Skilangläufer 5-7 kap/fiber
(>600 kap/mm2)
- 2-3 mal so viele oxidative Enzyme in den Beinen im Vergleich mit Untrainierten
- im Oberkörper nähert sich die Situation der in den Beinen, liegt aber noch darunter
- relativ große Muskelfaserquerschnitte (Typ I + II) – aktiv -90 15-25 % größer als -70
- hoch entwickelte Fähigkeit der Ausnutzung von FFA als Energiequelle bei einem
hohen prozentualen Anteil von VO max (niedriger RQ)
14. MFNR 307390
Koning, J. J. de, Groot, G. de & Ingen Schenau, G. J. van (1992). A power equation for the
sprint in speed skating. J. Biomech., 25 (6), 573-580.
(Eine Kraftgleichung für den Sprint im Eisschnellauf)
Eisschnelllauf | Sprint | Start | Beschleunigung | Kraft | Schnellkraft
An analysis of the start of the 500 m speed skating races during the 1988 Olympic Winter
Games showed a remarkably high correlation between the acceleration of the skater in the
first second of the sprint and the final time. In this study a power equation is used to
explain this high coefficient of correlation. The performance in speed skating is determined
by the capability of external power production by the speed skater. This power is
necessary to overcome the air and ice friction and to increase the kinetic energy of the
skater. Numerical values of the power dissipated to air and ice friction, both dependent on
speed, are obtained from ice friction and wind tunnel experiments. Using aerobic and
anaerobic power production as measured during supra maximal bibycle tests of international-level speed skaters, a model of the kinetics of power production is obtained.
Simultation of power production and power dissipation yields values of speed and
acceleration and, finally, the performance time of the sprint during speed skating. The
mean split time at 100 m and the final time at 500 m in these races, derived from
simulation, were 10.57 s and 37.82 s, respectively. The coefficient of correlation between
the simulated 500 m times and the actual 500 m times was 0.90. From the results of this
study it can be concluded that the distribution of the available anaerobic energy is an
important factor in the short lasting events. Verf.-Referat
13
Lätt, E., Jürimäe, J., Mäestu, J., Purge, P., Rämson, R., Haljaste, K., Keskinen, K. L.,
Rodriguez, F. A. & Jürimäe, T. (2010). Physiological, biomechanical and anthropometrical
predictors of sprint swimming performance in adolescent swimmers. J. Sports Sci. & Med.,
(9), 398-404.
(Physiologische, biomechanische und anthropometrische Vorhersagewerte der Leistung in
den Sprintdisziplinen des Schwimmens bei jugendlichen Sportlern; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.jssm.org/vol9/n3/7/v9n3-7abst.php)
Schwimmen | Sprint | Anthropometrie | Biomechanik | Test | Laktat | Kraulschwimmen | Energie | Stoffwechsel | Energiestoffwechsel | Untersuchungsmethode
| Technik | Leistung | Jugend | Nachwuchsleistungssport
The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between 100-m front crawl
swimming performance and relevant biomechanical, anthropometrical and physiological
parameters in male adolescent swimmers. Twenty five male swimmers (mean ± SD: age
15. 2 ± 1.9 years; height 1.76 ± 0.09 m; body mass 63.3 ± 10.9 kg) performed an all-out
100-m front crawl swimming test in a 25-m pool. A respiratory snorkel and valve system
with low hydrodynamic resistance was used to collect expired air. Oxygen uptake was
measured breath-by-breath by a portable metabolic cart. Swimming velocity, stroke rate
(SR), stroke length and stroke index (SI) were assessed during the test by time video
analysis. Blood samples for lactate measurement were taken from the fingertip pre
exercise and at the third and fifth minute of recovery to estimate net blood lactate
accumulation (?La). The energy cost of swimming was estimated from oxygen uptake and
blood lactate energy equivalent values. Basic anthropometry included body height, body
mass and arm span. Body composition parameters were measured using dual-energy Xray absorptiometry (DXA). Results indicate that biomechanical factors (90.3%) explained
most of 100-m front crawl swimming performance variability in these adolescent male
swimmers, followed by anthropometrical (45.8%) and physiological (45.2%) parameters. SI
was the best single predictor of performance, while arm span and ?La were the best
anthropometrical and physiological indicators, respectively. SI and SR alone explained
92.6% of the variance in competitive performance. These results confirm the importance of
considering specific stroke technical parameters when predicting success in young
swimmers.
Liebermann, D. G., Maitland, M. E. & Katz, L. (2002). Lower-limb extension power: How
well does it predict short distance speed skating performance? Isokinetics and Exercise
Science, 10 (2), 87-95.
(Beinstreckkraft: Wie gut sagt sie die Leistung im Eissprint voraus? Internetzugriff unter:
http://iospress.metapress.com/(fwuw3fijgjny3355mn4f1r55)/app/home/contribution.asp?ref
e rrer=parent&backto=searchcitationsresults,1,1;)
Bein | Eisschnelllauf | Kraft | Leistung | Leistungsdiagnostik | Muskel | Sprint
Purpose: This study was aimed to explore the relationship between lower limb extension
power measured by isokinetic knee extensions (IK) and vertical jumps performed on a
force plate (VJ) and speed skating (SS) sprint power measured by a laser device.
Methods: Twenty elite short- and long-track speed skaters performed 100 m sprints
followed by VJ and IK trials. Power-time curves were calculated off-line. Pearson
correlation coefficients were used to determine the degree of association between the
variables. Results: SS sprint power correlates strongly with VJ power (r=0.870; p<0.001)
14
while IK power showed a weaker but significant correlation to both (r=0.707 and r=0.706,
respectively; p<0.01). As expected, SS times at 15 m and 100 m were inversely
associated with SS sprint power (r=-0.818 and r=-0.909; p<0.001) and VJ power (r=-0.730
and r=-0.763; p<0.001), and to a lesser degree with IK power (r=-0.602; r=-0.618; p<0.01).
Conclusion: The analyses differentiate between methods of estimating power in speed
skaters, and show a strong relationship between initial SS performance and muscular
power. Given that 100 m split times strongly relate to final 500 m results (r=0.972;
p<0.001, N=332), it is reasonable to believe that an initial power and a stable peak speed
before the first curve may lead to achieving the winning edge in short SS events. A finding
of particular interest is that isokinetic power results are correlated significantly with the
practical outcomes of the performance in spite of the high specificity of the isokinetic
testing method.
McCabe, C. B. (2009). Sprint and distance swimmers: The same animal? In Applied
Swimming Programme Schedule - 27th International Conference on Biomechanics in
Sports (S. 17). Limerick: ISBS.
(Sprint- und Langstreckenschwimmer: Dieselbe Spezies? Internetzugriff unter:
http://w4.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/3066)
Schwimmen | Langstrecke | Sprint
In this talk the techniques of sprint and distance swimmers are discussed with a view to
informing coaches of the similarities and differences between these groups. In the past it
has been reported that sprint and distance swimmers are different in several aspects of
technique. However, previous comparisons were at the respective race pace and sprint
and distance specialists have not been compared when swimming at the same pace.
Therefore it is difficult for coaches to know whether to teach the swimmers the same way
when developing good technique. This talk presents new information based on recent
scientific research conducted at the Centre for Aquatics Research and Education (CARE).
The variables of interest were: average swim speed, stroke length, stroke frequency,
stroke index, hand stroke pattern, foot range of motion, elbow angle, shoulder and hip roll
angle and stroke phase durations. Interesting and unexpected findings emerged that have
implications for the way specialist sprint and distance swimmers should be coached.
18. MFNR 176554
L319
Someren, K. A. van, Backx, K. & Palmer, G. S. (2001). The anthropometric and
physiological profile of the international 200-m sprint kayaker. J. Sports Sci., 19 (1), 32.
(Das anthropometrische und physiologische Profil des internationalen 200-mKajaksprinters)
Kanusport | Kajak | Sprint | Anthropometrie | Körperbau | aerob | Leistungsfähigkeit
| Kraft
13 männliche Kajaksportler der britischen Nationalmannschaft, die an 200-m-Rennen teilgenommen haben, wurden hinsichtlich ihrer anthropometrischen und physiologischen
Merkmale untersucht und diese mit der Wettkampfleistung im 200-m-Kajakfahren verglichen. Es zeigte sich, dass die besten Sportler einen relativ hohen Fettanteil und eine
relativ niedrige aerobe Leistungsfähigkeit angeglichen an die Körpermasse auswiesen. Die
Ergebnisse stehen in Kontrast mit früheren Literaturdaten, die angaben, dass ein niedriges
Körperfett und eine hohe aerobe Leistungsfähgkeit mit einer erfolgreichen 1000-m- und
500-m-Kajaksprintleistung in Beziehung stehen.
15
Stöggl, T., Lindinger, S. & Müller, E. (2007). Evaluation of an upper-body strength test for
the cross-country skiing sprint. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 39 (7), 1160-1169.
(Evaluierung eines Oberkörperkrafttests für Skilanglauf-Sprinter; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.acsm-msse.org/pt/re/msse/abstract.00005768-200707000-00018.htm)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Test | Kraft | Maximalkraft | Explosivkraft | Thorax | Arm |
Leistungsdiagnostik
Purpose: The scope of the study was (a) to develop a test concept for specific upper-body
power and strength diagnostics of cross-country (XC) skiing sprint athletes, (b) to check
test reliability and validity, and (c) to test the hypothesis that maximal power, explosive
strength, and power-endurance predict double-poling (DP) sprint performance over race
distance. Methods: Nineteen elite XC skiers performed test-retest of the two-phase test
(2PT) on a rollerboard, with the four-repetition maximal test (4RmaxT) as phase 1 and the
40-repetition test (40RT) as phase 2, both for determination of specific upper-body power
and explosive strength. To check validity, 31 subjects performed the 2PT and a DP sprint
test for 50 m, and a subgroup (N = 19) also performed a DP maximal-speed test and a
1000-m DP sprint test, both on a treadmill. Results: The 4RmaxT was highly reliable (r =
0.90-0.99, P < 0.001), except for explosive force and time to peak force. The 40RT was
highly reliable for all variables concerning velocity and power (r = 0.92-0.99, P < 0.001).
Peak lactate showed only low reliability (r = 0.69, P < 0.01). The peak values (maximal
power, peak velocity, etc.) measured in the 4RmaxT contributed to up to 84% of the
variation in 50-m DP sprint time and up to 61% of the variation in 1000-m performance.
Moderate to high correlations in 1000-m DP sprint performance were found between the
mean values and the fatigue indices of the 40RT.
Conclusions: The 2PT is a reliable, valid, short-lasting test. The relationship between
maximal power output (measured in the 4RmaxT) to 50- and 1000-m sprint performance
suggests increasing the proportion of training aimed at the improvement of specific explosive strength and maximal power.
Stöggl, T., Enqvist, J., Müller, E. & Holmberg, H.-C. (2010). Relationships between body
composition, body dimensions, and peak speed in cross-country sprint skiing. J. Sports
Sci., 28 (2), 161-169.
(Zusammenhänge zwischen Körperbau, Körpermaßen und Spitzengeschwindigkeit im
Sprint im Skilanglauf; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a918927318)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Leistung | Geschwindigkeit | Relation | Körperbau | Körpermaß
| Anthropometrie
In modern sprint cross-country skiing, strength and maximal speed are major determinants
of performance. The aims of this study were to ascertain the anthropometric
characteristics of world-class sprint skiers and to evaluate whether a specific body
composition and/or body dimension characterizes a successful sprint skier. Our hypothesis
was that body height and lean body mass are related to peak speed in double poling and
diagonal stride. Fourteen male national and international elite skiers performed two peak
speed tests in double poling and diagonal stride roller skiing on a treadmill and were
analysed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to determine body composition and body
dimensions. Relative pole length was positively correlated with both techniques (double
poling: r = 0.77, P < 0.01; diagonal stride: r = 0.60, P < 0.05) and was the only variable that
16
was part of the multiple regression model for both double poling and diagonal stride peak
speed. Body height was not correlated with any technique, whereas lean trunk mass (r =
0.75, P < 0.01), body mass index (r = 0.66, P < 0.01), total lean mass (r = 0.69, P < 0.01),
and body mass (r = 0.57, P < 0.05) were positively related to double poling peak speed.
Total lean mass (absolute: r = 0.58, P < 0.05; relative: r = 0.76, P < 0.001) and relative
lean mass of the trunk, arms (both r = 0.72, P < 0.01), and legs (r = 0.54, P < 0.05) were
positively related to diagonal stride peak speed. In conclusion, skiers should aim to
achieve a body composition with a high percentage of lean mass and low fat mass. A
focus on trunk mass through increased muscle mass appears to be important, especially
for double poling. The use of longer poles (percent body height) seems to be
advantageous for both double poling and diagonal stride peak speed, whereas body
dimensions do not appear to be a predictive factor.
Stöggl, T., Lindinger, S. & Müller, E. (2007). Predictors of performance of the classical
cross-country skiing sprint. In J. Kallio, P. V. Komi, J. Komulainen & J. Avela (Hrsg.), 12th
Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 1114th 2007. Book of Abstracts (S. 467-468). Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.
(Prognosewerte für die Leistung im Skisprint im klassischen Stil; Internetzugriff unter:
http://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/1361.pdf)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Technik | Analyse | Biomechanik | Leistung | Hochleistungssport | Leistungssport | Physiologie | Sportphysiologie | O2-Aufnahme | Geschwindigkeit | Laktat | Bewegungskoordination | Bewegungsschnelligkeit | Bewegungsfertigkeit
Sprint XC skiing was introduced in the mid f the 90s. Interestingly, the theme sprint-skiing
is nearly untouched by scientific research up to now. Therefore published investigations
are lacking and only a few comments about the sprint can be found. Hence, most
knowledge is based on coaches’ experience or is adapted from studies in other sports.
The specific aims of that project were a) to summarize results of numerous studies for the
cross-country skiing sprint, and b) to examine relationships of measured biomechanical
and physiologic variables and consequently extract the main predictors of performance for
sprint cross country skiing. Methods: 31 XC skiers volunteered in the single studies. The
level of performance ranged from national to World-Cup level. All used tests have already
been investigated on reliability and validity in separate studies (see references). The
majority of the tests were performed using roller skis on a large treadmill. A) For
determination of maximal speed in double poling (DP) (grade 1.5 ) and diagonal stride (8 ),
treadmill speed was steadily increased until the athlete was no longer able to handle the
speed. B) In the VO2max test inclination was raised gradually every 30s at constant
speed. C) Maximal power output and power endurance of the upper body was determined
by a rollerboard test. D) DP sprint performance over race distance was measured in a
1000m test on the treadmill (1.5 ) using a velocity self control device. Athletes had to perform the 1000m with maximal possible speed from the beginning to calculate a fatigue
index. E) A classical sprint competition was simulated on the treadmill, using the profile of
the WC in Stockholm. Athletes passed through 3 sprint heats using the velocity self control
device. Heart rate (HR), VO2, lactate, and cycle characteristics (video analysis) were
measured. Finally all measured variables were correlated to 1000m DP performance and
performance in the classical sprint competition. Results: High correlations towards sprint
performance in the heats were found for maximal speed in DP (r=0.93) and diagonal stride
(0.87), peak lactate post heat 3 (0.80), cycle length (0.77), and test time of the VO2max
17
test (0.74). No correlations were found for VO2max (0.51), VO2peak during the heats
(<0.43), HR (0.16), and cycle frequency (0.06). Maximal DP speed showed the highest
correlation to 1000m DP performance (r=0.95), followed by the fatigue index (-0.89),
power endurance (0.83) and peak power output (0.78) of the upper body. Again no
correlations between physiological parameters and 1000m performance were found.
Discussion: Maximal speed in the single techniques was found to be the most predicting
variable for classical sprint skiing. The high correlation of cycle length, but non existing
correlation of cycle frequency to sprint performance illustrated that faster athletes could
produce more propulsion at equal frequency. Additionally fastest athletes showed higher
power output of the upper body and less fatigue. Together with the non significant
correlation of VO2max and VO2peak it might be suggested that sprint performance was
more dependent on muscle power factors than high aerobic performance. Owing to a
relatively high level of VO2max in the group it might be argued that high VO2max should
be the basis, but the ability of achieving maximal running speeds represents the cherry on
the cake.
Stone, M. H., Sands, W. A., Carlock, J., Callan, S., Dickie, D., Daigle, K., Cotton, J., Smith,
S. L. & Hartman, M. (2004). The importance of isometric maximum strength and peak rateof-force development in sprint cycling. J. Strength & Condit. Res., 18 (4), 878-884.
(Die Bedeutung der isometrischen Maximalkraft und der maximalen Kraftentwicklungsrate
im
Radsprint.
Internetzugriff
unter:
http://journals.lww.com/nscajscr/Abstract/2004/11000/The_Importance_of_Isometric_Maximum_Strength_and.34.aspx)
Radsport | Sprint | Kraft | Maximalkraft | Explosivkraft
This study was designed to investigate the relationship of whole-body maximum strength
to variables potentially associated with track sprint-cycling success. These variables
included body composition, power measures, coach's rank, and sprint-cycling times. The
study was carried out in 2 parts. The first part (n = 30) served as a pilot for the second part
(n = 20). Subjects for both parts ranged from international-caliber sprint cyclists to locallevel cyclists. Maximum strength was measured using an isometric midthigh pull (IPF). Explosive strength was measured as the peak rate-of-force development (IPRFD) from the
isometric force-time curve. Peak power was estimated from countermovement (CMJPP)
and static vertical jumps (SJPP) and measured by modified Wingate tests. Athletes were
ranked by the U.S. national cycling coach (part 1). Sprint times (from a standing start)
were measured using timing gates placed at 25, 82.5, 165, 247.5, and 330 m of an outdoor velodrome (part 2). Maximum strength (both absolute and body-mass corrected) and
explosive strength were shown to be strongly correlated with jump and Wingate power.
Additionally, maximum strength was strongly correlated with both coach's rank (parts 1
and 2) and sprint cycling times (part 2). The results suggest that larger, stronger sprint
cyclists have an advantage in producing power and are generally faster sprint cyclists.
van Someren, K. A. & Palmer, G. S. (2003). Prediction of 200-m sprint kayaking
performance. Can. J. Appl. Physiol., 28 (4), 505-517.
(Voraussage der 200-m-Kajaksprint-Leistung; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&
l ist_uids=12904631)
Kanurennsport | Kajak | Sprint | Anthropometrie | Leistung | Sportphysiologie |
Leistungsfaktor
18
The aim of this study was to determine the anthropometric and physiological profile of 200m sprint kayakers and to examine relationships with 200-m race performance. Twenty-six
male kayakers who were categorised in two ability groups, international (Int) and national
(Nat) level, underwent a battery of anthropometric and physiological tests and a 200-m
race. Race time was significantly lower in Int than Nat (39.9 +/- 0.8 s and 42.6 +/- 0.9 s,
respectively). Int demonstrated significantly greater measures of mesomorphy,
biepycondylar humeral breadth, circumferences of the upper arm, forearm and chest, peak
power and total work in a modified Wingate test, total work in a 2-min ergometry test, peak
isokinetic power, and peak isometric force. Significant relationships were found between
200-m time and a number of anthropometric variables and anaerobic and dynamometric
parameters. Stepwise multiple regression revealed that total work in the modified Wingate
alone predicted 200-m race time (R2=0.53, SEE=1.11 s) for all 26 subjects, while
biepycondylar humeral breadth alone predicted race time (R2 = 0.54, SEE = 0.52 s) in Int.
These results demonstrate that superior upper body dimensions and anaerobic capacities
distinguish international-level kayakers from national-level athletes and may be used to
predict 200-m performance.
Westergren, J. (2007). Validity of laboratory sprint cycling. In J. Kallio, P. V. Komi, J.
Komulainen & J. Avela (Hrsg.), 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport
Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. Book of Abstracts (S. 615). Jyväskylä:
University of Jyväskylä.
(Validität von Radsprints unter Laborbedingungen; Internetzugriff unter:
Radsport | Sprint | Test | Ergometrie | Untersuchungsmethode | Messverfahren
A common practice in laboratories specialising in cycling related research is to modify
stationary ergometers to allow for a more cycling specific lateral movement of the bicycle
ergometer. Few studies have validated the need for such modifications. Aim: The aim of
the present study was to compare power output in 2 types of sprint cycling tests performed
either on a stationary ergometer or a mobile ergometer. To identify possible differences in
performance related to the specifity of the ergometer. Methods: 8 male competitive cyclists
age 21.3 (18-28) years, weight 74.4 (62-94) kg, height 178 (173-185) cm volunteered for
the study. Each cyclist performed 3 low speed sprints from a standing start (LSS) and 3
high speed sprints (HSS) from a rolling start (100 rpm) on each ergometer on separate
days in a counterbalanced crossover design. The stationary ergometer was a Monark
894E Peak Bike ergometer equipped with a SRM Training System professional Powermeter and the mobile ergometer was a Scott CR1 road racing bicycle equipped with the
same SRM Powermeter. Sprints on the stationary ergometer were performed in a
laboratory setting, sprints on the mobile ergometer were performed on a 400 m outdoor
running track. All sprints on the stationary ergometer were performed against a load of 10,
12.5, 15% bodyweight. LSS sprints on the mobile ergometer were performed in a 53 X 17
gear and HSS were performed with gear changes allowed and freely chosen initial gear.
Peak power output (PPO) for each sprint was recorded as the highest 0.5 second value
and mean power output (MPO) was recorded as the highest 5.5 seconds value. Results:
There was no difference in the PPO or MPO between the two ergometers for the two types
of sprints. However there were large intraindividual differences between performance on
the two ergometers. For one of the subject the difference was 23% between the two
ergometers. The correlation for MPO was 0.83 and 0.89 for the LSS and HSS respectively.
This suggests that modification of ergometers to allow for lateral movement is justified.
19
25. MFNR 307392
Zachariev, L. (2002). Finalnite bjaganija na 500 metra - zeni i maze, v sort treka na
svetovnite parvenstva ot 1989 do 1995 godina. Sport i nauka , 46 (1), 50-63.
(Finalläufe über 500 m – Männer und Frauen, Shorttrack - Weltmeisterschaften 19891995)
Eisschnelllauf | Sprint | Shorttrack | Training | Biomechanik | Taktik | Technik
Auf der Grundlage der Auswertung der Videoaufzeichnungen, der offiziellen Wettkampfprotokolle, persönlicher Beobachtungen und der Fachliteratur zu den Weltmeisterschaften
über 500 m Männer und Frauen in den Jahren 1989-1995 geht Verf. die Lösung folgender
Aufgaben an:
1. Analyse der Trainingsprogramme;
2. Ermittlung der typischen Laufweise der verschiedenen Laufschulen;
3. Ermittlung der Zahl der Laufschritte für jede einzelne Runde und der Startbeschleunigung;
4. Bestimmung der Zeit der Startrundenhälfte und der übrigen vier Runden;
5. Ermittlung der Zeit für einen Laufschritt der Startrundenhälfte und der übrigen vier
Runden.
Für die Sportpraxis gibt Verf. folgende Empfehlungen:
1. Über die 500-m-Strecke sollten die Athleten gleichmäßig gut laufen sowohl bei einer
hohen als auch niedrigen Bewegungsfrequenz;
2. Das Trainingsprogramm sollte eine komplexe Entwicklung aller physischen Eigenschaften enthalten;
3. Auf der 500-m-Strecke sollte auf die Entwicklung der Schnellkraftausdauer Hauptaufmerksamkeit gelegt werden;
4. Um gute Leistungen im Sprint zu erzielen, muss der Athlet die Technik perfekt beherrschen;
5. Über die 500-m-Strecke sollte für jeden Läufer entsprechend seinen Eigenschaften
und der Gleittechnik der geeignetste Rhythmus und die entsprechende Lauffrequenz
gewählt werden. Schnürer
Training
(1999). Hundred-meter freestyle-specific training using various interval training set
designs.
Zugriff
am
01.09.1999
unter:
http://wwwrohan.sdsu.edu/dept/coachsci/swimming/bullets/icar9091/icar27.htm
(Spezifisches Training für die 100 m Freistil durch verschiedene Intervalltrainingsmethoden)
Intervallmethode | Kraulschwimmen | Schwimmen | Sprint | Training
The aerobic:anaerobic contribution to 100 m swimming is 40:60. This balance of energy
demands can be provided by including the following sets in training:
10 x 50 m on 1:4 (best) or 1:8 work:recovery ratios and
5 x 100 m on 1:8 work:recovery ratio.
The pace for each of the 50 or 100 m repeats should be as fast as possible.
Implications:
20
A key consideration for sprint training is not tolerance of lactate or ability to maintain high
lactate values but rather, the ability to always deliver energy at very high rates that result
from specific energy adaptations. The recommended sets match the energy demands and
hone the pace required for a maximum 100 m swim. By training the appropriate movement
patterns in harmony with the correct balance of energy supply, the training effect will be a
very specific form of adaptation that will transfer to the competitive 100 m event.
(ICAR 1990-91 Report)
(2008). Short Track Trainingskonzept 2006 - SLIC München e.V. Zugriff am 30.06.2008
unter:
http://cmflex.slic.de/medienpool/slci_m77_37000000003/slci_slic_20070228195657_1_56
0244.pdf
Organisierung | Belastungsumfang | Trainingsmethode | Wettkampf | Trainer | Ausbildung | Training | Shorttrack | Sportverein
Zu den Inhalten des Trainingskonzepts 2006 des SLIC München e.V.:
1. Trainingsgruppen, Trainer
2. Trainingsumfänge und -anlagen
3. Übungsmethoden
4. Kriterien des Gruppenwechsels
5. Ziele
6. Wettkämpfe, Teilnahmeregeln
7. Lehrgänge
8. Kader, Einstufungen
9. Trainerausbildung
28. MFNR 178862
L319
Fekete, M. (1998). Periodized strength training for sprint kayaking/canoeing. Strength &
Condit. J., 20 (6), 8-12.
(Periodisiertes Krafttraining für die Sprintstrecke im Kanurennsport (Kajak/Canadier))
Kanurennsport | Sprint | Trainingsplanung | Kraft | Belastungsgestaltung | Wettkampfperiode
Übersicht über Mesozyklen (MEZ), die im Jahresverlauf im Kanurennsport-Training absolviert werden:
1. MEZ "Allgemeine anatomische Vorbereitung": Dabei trägt das Krafttraining korrektiven/
regenartiven Charakter und ist stark individualisiert. Das muskuläre Gleichgewicht
zwischen externen und internen Rotatoren ist wieder herzustellen. Krafttraining wird
wöchentlich drei- bis viermal mit mittlerem Umfang, mittlerer Intensität und Übungsdichte
absolviert. Es sollte mit 8 bis 12 Wiederholungen in guter technischer Ausführung langsam
und technisch gut trainiert werden. Ziel ist es, die Knochenmasse und die Knochenmineraldichte, die Muskelmasse zu erhöhen, die Kraft in den Sehnen und Bändern zu erhöhen, das muskuläre Gleichgewicht zu verbessern und eine verbesserte Gewebebeweglichkeit zu erzielen.
2. MEZ "Kraftmaximierung": Es werden Verbesserungen in allen Bereichen der Kraft angestrebt (z. B. muskuläre Ausdauer, Schnelligkeitsausdauer). Das Krafttraining wird dreimal pro Woche mit mittlerem Umfang als komplexes Training und mit mittlerer bis mittelhoher Belastungsintensität absolviert. In diesem Mesozyklus werden zwei oder drei
dynamische Strukturübungen in das Trainingsprogramm aufgenommen (Kraftumsetzen,
Kraftreißen u. a.). Diese Übungen sollten unmittelbar nach der Erwärmung absolviert
21
werden. Daran sollten sich Übungen für den Oberkörper anschließen, in denen die
Muskelgruppen angesprochen werden, die für den Kanurennsport entscheidend sind. Die
Übungen sollten relativ sportartspezifisch sein und mit 6 bis 8 Wiederholungen und mit
drei Serien trainiert werden (drei Minuten aktive Erholung dazwischen). Wichtig ist, die Belastung schrittweise zu erhöhen. Wenn eine Übung mit 12 Wiederholungen trainiert
werden kann, ist es an der Zeit, die Last um 5-10 Prozent zu steigern (Wiederholungszahl
dann 6 bis 8). In der vierten Woche sollte die Belastungsintensität wieder auf die Intensität
der zweiten Woche gesenkt werden, um die Steigerung der Belastung zu verarbeiten. Der
Mesozyklus dauert acht bis zwölf Wochen.
3. MEZ "spezifische Vorbereitung": Anfangs mit mittlerem Umfang, schrittweise Steigerung
der Intensität durch schnellere Bewegungsausführung, nicht durch mehr Last. Training
wird vor allem mit sportartspezifischen Übungen durchgeführt. Die Zahl der Wiederholungen und Serien wird erhöht, die Übungen werden auch schneller durchgeführt, die
Erholungspausen werden verkürzt. Ziel ist die Steigerung der maximalen Kraftausdauer in
der ersten Teilphase und der Schnelligkeitsausdauer in der zweiten Teilphase. Der Mesozyklus hat eine Länge von acht Wochen. Die trainierten Übungen sind u.a. Umsetzen aus
dem Hang mit hoher Ausführungsgeschwindigkeit (2 Serien mit 8 bis 12 Wiederholungen
und 60 bis 80% der maximalen Last). Belastungsintensität und -dichte sollte mittel mit
aktiven Erholungsphasen von drei Minuten sein. In den ersten vier Wochen werden drei
Krafttrainingseinheiten mit sportartspezifschen Übungen absolviert. Es werden schnelle
konzentrische Aktionen mit totaler Relaxation des Antagonisten trainiert. Zwischen der
konzentrischen und der exzentrischen Phase gibt es keine Pause. Die exzentrische Phase
ist fast ein freier Fall mit einer nur minimalen exzentrischen Aktion. Kombinationsserien, in
denen mehrere Übungen unter Einbeziehung der gleichen Hauptmuskelgruppen nur mit
etwas veränderten Winkeln und Muskelrekrutierungsmustern trainiert werden, werden mit
nur kurzen Erholungsphasen (20-25 Sekunden) zwischen den Serien absolviert. Die
Wiederholungs- und Serienanzahl wird schrittweise erhöht. Das trifft auf diese Teilphase
insgesamt zu. In der 2. Teilphase dieses Mesozyklus (Dauer acht Wochen) wird der
Trainingsinhalt von Kombinationsserien hin zum Kreistraining verändert. Dabei wird mit
hoher Ausführungsgeschwindigkeit trainiert, um zum Ende dieser Phase die Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit während des Wettkampfes zu übertreffen. Ziel ist die Maximierung der
Schnelligkeitsausdauer. Diese Teilphase fällt mit dem Beginn des Wassertrainings zusammen. Das Krafttraining wird zweimal wöchentlich absolviert. Wenn bei den Trainingseinheiten auf dem Wasser bereits mit Intervallen trainiert wird, sollte das Kreistraining
nach "leichten" Tagen auf dem Wasser absolviert werden.
4. MEZ "Wettkampfperiode": Erhaltung der Kraft, Schnellkraft und Kraftausdauer. Pro
Wochen sollten zwei Einheiten mit relativ niedrigem Umfang, niedriger Intensität und
Dichte im Krafttraining absolviert werden, die sechs bis sieben Tage vor dem Wettkampf
abgeschlossen sein sollten. Diese Einheiten sollten enhalten: zwei bis drei serien mit
dynamischen Strukturübungen bei 60 % des Maximums und drei Serien mit 8 bis 12
Wiederholungen mit vier bis sechs sportartspezifsichen Übungen bei 60 % des Belastungsmaximums. Die aktive Erholung sollte drei Minuten betragen. Die Einheitehn
sollten durch mittleren Umfang und niedrige bis mittlere Intensität bei relativ schnellen Bewegungsausführungen, etwas unter Wettkampfgeschwindigkeit, gekennzeichnet sein.
29. MFNR 173228
L319; I.L.7.; 25899
Freas, S. J. (1995). Sprinting - A coach's challenge. Fort Lauderdale: ISHOF Publ.
(Sprint - Eine Herausforderung für den Trainer)
Schwimmen | Sprint | Training | allg. athlet. Ausbildung | Reaktion | Beweglichkeit |
Trainingsplanung | Trainingsmethode | Wettkampfperiode | Vorbereitungsperiode
22
Das Buch wendet sich umfassend dem Training und der Vorbereitung für SprintSchwimmer zu. Verf. beleuchtet u. a. folgende inhaltlichen Aspekte:
Ausrüstung für den Sprinter, Übungen an Land und zum Training der Reaktionsschnelligkeit, Beweglichkeit, Trainingsmethoden im Wasser, Besonderheiten von Srintern,
Sasionplanung, Vorsaisoon, Wettkampfperiode, weitere wichtige Aspekte.
Die zehn wichtigsten Punkte für den Sprinter sind:
- Schwimme jeden Tag mit Wettkampftempo.
- Schwimme das gesamte Jahr über bei 100 %, nicht nur während des Taperings.
- Schwimme superschnell das gesamte Jahr über, nicht nur während des Taperings.
- Absolviere kontinuierlich Landtraining zur Verbesserung von Kraft,
kardiovaskulärerAusdauer, Muskelausdauer, Gewandheit und Beweglichkeit.
- Absolviere spezielles Start- und Wendentraining (mindesten in 5 TE/Woche).
- Übe Schwimmen ohne Atmung über 50 m bzw. mit nur sehr wenigen Atemzügen über
100 m (höhere Geschwindigkeit, bessere Körperlage).
- Realisiere einen hohen Beinschlag (Fersen 22-38 cm über der Wasseroberfläche)
(bessere Körperlage).
- Absolviere Reaktionstraining jeden Tag.
- Verändere das Training bei Verringerung der Geschwindigkeit.
- Sei fröhlich und zuversichtich, schlafe reichlich, ernähre dich gesund.
Vier wichtige Punkte zu Start und Wende:
- Je flacher der Körper bezüglich zur Wasserfläche, desto schneller bzw. weiter wendet
der Körper bzw. drückt sich ab.
- Je länger der Kopf in einer stromlinienförmigen Position verbleibt, desto höher wird die
Geschwindigkeit und desto größer die bei der Wende zurückgelegte Strecke. Der Kopf
sollte mindestens für 4 Züge in dieser Position verbleiben.
- Es kann nach Start bzw. Wende nicht schnell genug mit dem Einsatz der Beine begonnen werden.
- Entscheidend ist ein exakter Anschlag am Ende. Der Kopf sollte flach nach unten gehalten werden, während die Fingerspitzen beim Anschlag verfolgt werden.
Weitere wichtige Punkte:
- Im Freistilschwimmen kommt es immer zu einem Geschwindigkeitsverlust, wenn die
Schulter durch Längsrotation ins Wasser geführt wird.
- Es ist wichtig für Sprinter, die Schmerzgrenze nach oben zu verschieben.
- Unnötige Ablaufstörungen im Umfeld eines Sprinters sollten vermieden werden.
- Übertraining in der Vorsaison ist zu vermeiden.
- Es ist ständig mehr zu fordern, jedoch immer unter Beachtung der mentalen Verfassung.
- Sprinter sollten nie das Gefühl haben, härter als andere zu arbeiten.
30. MFNR 304437
L319; I.L.7.; 27772
Girold, S., Maurin, D., Dugue, B. & Millet, G. (2006). Dry-land vs. resisted and assisted
sprint exercises on swimming sprint performances. In P. Hellard, M. Sidney, C. Fauquet &
D. Lehenaff (Hrsg.), First international symposium sciences and practices in swimming (S.
148-150). Biarritz: Atlantica.
(Der Einfluss von Landtraining vs. erschwerter und unterstützter Sprintübungen auf die
Leistung im Schwimmsprint)
Schwimmen | Sprint | Training | Kraft | Technik | Trainingsmethode | Trainingsmittel
| Relation | Leistung
Twenty-one competition-level swimmers were randomly divided into three groups:
Strength (S), Resisted-and Assisted-Sprint (RAS) and Control (C). During 12 weeks, all
23
swimmers trained six days per week, with two strength dry-land or two RAS sessions for S
and RAS, respectively. Barbells were used in Strength training and elastic tubes were
used to generate over-strength and over-speed in RAS training. Prior, during (6* week)
and after the training period, strength of the elbow flexors and extensors was measured
with an isokinetic dynamometer and speed, stroke rate, stroke length and stroke depth
recorded using an underwater video System during a 50 m sprint event. After the training
period, swimming velocity, elbow flexors and extensors strength increased (p<0.05) while
stroke depth decreased in S and RAS (p<0.05). In addition, stroke rate increased in RAS
(p<0.05). However, Overall, only slight differences between S and RAS methods were
observed despite the greater specificity of RAS in swimmers. No increase in swimming
velocity was observed in C.
Girold, S., Calmels, P., Maurin, D., Milhau, N. & Chatard, J. C. (2006). Assisted and
resisted sprint training in swimming. J. Strength & Condit. Res., 20 (3), 547–554.
(Unterstütztes und erschwertes Sprinttraining im Schwimmen; Internetzugriff unter:
http://nsca.allenpress.com/nscaonline/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1519%2FR-16754.1)
Schwimmen | Sprint | Training | Trainingsmethode | Widerstand | Kraft | Schnelligkeit | Geschwindigkeit
This study was undertaken to determine whether the resisted-sprint in overstrength (OSt)
or the assisted-sprint in overspeed (OSp) could be efficient training methods to increase
100-m front crawl performance. Thirty-seven (16 men, 21 women) competition-level
swimmers (mean ± SD: age 17.5 ± 3.5 years, height 173 ± 14 cm, weight 63 ± 14 kg) were
randomly divided into 3 groups: OSt, OSp, and control (C). All swimmers trained 6 days
per week for 3 weeks, including 3 resisted or assisted training sessions per week for the
groups OSt and OSp respectively. Elastic tubes were used to generate swimming
overstrength and overspeed. Three 100-m events were performed before, during, and
after the training period. Before each 100-m event, strength of the elbow flexors and
extensors was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. Stroke rate and stroke length
were evaluated using the video-recorded 100-m events. In the OSt group, elbow extensor
strength, swimming velocity, and stroke rate significantly increased (p < 0.05), while stroke
length remained unchanged after the 3-week training period. In the OSp group, stroke rate
significantly increased (p < 0.05) and stroke length significantly decreased (p < 0.05)
without changes in swimming velocity. No significant variations in the C group were
observed. Both OSt and OSp proved to be more efficient than the traditional training
program. However, the OSt training program had a larger impact on muscle strength,
swimming performance, and stroke technique than the OSp program.
Girold, S., Maurin, D., Dugue, B., Chatard, J. C. & Millet, G. (2007). Effects of dry-land vs.
resisted-and assisted-sprint exercises on swimming sprint performance. J. Strength &
Condit. Res., 21 (2), 599-605.
(Auswirkung von Landtraining vs. Widerstands- bzw. unterstütztes Training auf die
Schwimmsprintleistung; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.nsca-jscr.org/pt/re/jscr/abstract.00124278-200705000-00054.htm)
Schwimmen | allg. athlet. Ausbildung | Training | Trainingsmittel | Trainingsmethode
| Trainingswirkung | Leistung | Sprint
This study was undertaken to compare the effects of dry-land strength training with a
24
combined in-water resisted- and assisted-sprint program in swimmer athletes. Twenty-one
swimmers from regional to national level participated in this study. They were randomly
assigned to 3 groups: the strength (S) group that was involved in a dry-land strength
training program where barbells were used, the resisted- and assisted-sprint (RAS) group
that got involved in a specific water training program where elastic tubes were used to
generate resistance and assistance while swimming, and the control (C) group which was
involved in an aerobic cycling program. During 12 weeks, the athletes performed 6 training
sessions per week on separate days. All of them combined the same aerobic dominant
work for their basic training in swimming and running with their specific training. Athletes
were evaluated 3 times: before the training program started, after 6 weeks of training, and
at the end of the training program. The outcome values were the strength of the elbow
flexors and extensors evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer, and the speed, stroke
rate, stroke length, and stroke depth observed during a 50-meter sprint. No changes were
observed after 6 weeks of training. At the end of the training period, we observed
significant increases in swimming velocity, and strength of elbow flexors and extensors
both in the S and RAS groups. However, stroke depth decreased both in the S and RAS
groups. Stroke rate increased in the RAS but not in the S group. However, no significant
differences in the swimming performances between the S and RAS groups were observed.
No significant changes occurred in C. Altogether, programs combining swimming with dryland strength or with in-water resisted-and assisted-sprint exercises led to a similar gain in
sprint performance and are more efficient than traditional swimming training methods alone.
Glaister, M., Stone, M. H., Stewart, A. M., Hughes, M. & Moir, G. L. (2005). The influence
of recovery duration on multiple sprint cycling performance. J. Strength & Condit. Res., 19
(4), 831-837.
(Der Einfluss der Erholungsdauer auf die Mehrfach-Sprint-Leistung im Radsport; Internetzugriff
unter:
http://www.nsca-jscr.org/pt/re/jscr/abstract.00124278-20051100000018.htm;jsessionid=J4RWv9J2Rhv654rxbphGdgTCmG2WMJz3vPMQQ8jC3JsynLXGL
myM!976670012!181195 629!8091!-1)
Radsport | Leistung | Sprint | Belastungsgestaltung | Wiederherstellung | Relation |
Intervallmethode
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of recovery duration on various
measures of multiple sprint cycling performance. Twenty-five physically active men
completed 2 maximal multiple sprint (20 × 5 seconds) cycling tests with contrasting
recovery periods (10 or 30 seconds). The mean ± SD values for age, height, and body
mass were 20.6 ± 1.5 years, 177.2 ± 5.4 cm, and 78.2 ± 8.2 kg, respectively. All tests
were conducted on a friction-braked cycle ergometer. Longer (30 seconds) recovery
periods resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) higher measures of maximum ( 4%) and mean
(26%) power output, the former appearing to result from a potentiation effect during the
first few sprints. Thirty-second recovery periods also corresponded with significantly lower
measures of fatigue (absolute difference: 16.1%; 95% likely range: 14.1-18.2%), heart
rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and oxygen uptake. Blood lactate and ratings of perceived
exertion (6-20 scale) increased progressively throughout both protocols and were
significantly lower with 30-second recovery periods. The results of this study illustrate the
considerable influence of recovery duration on various measures of multiple sprint work.
Although the precise mechanisms of this response require further investigation, coaches
and sport scientists should consider these findings when attempting to develop or evaluate
the performance capabilities of athletes involved in multiple sprint sports.
25
Glaister, M., Stone, M. H., Stewart, A. M., Hughes, M. G. & Moir, G. L. (2007). The
influence of endurance training on multiple sprint cycling performance. J. Strength &
Condit. Res., 21 (2), 606-612.
(Der Einfluss von Ausdauertraining auf die Mehrfach-Sprintleistung im Radsport; Internetzugriff unter: http://www.nsca-jscr.org/pt/re/jscr/abstract.00124278-200705000-00055.htm)
Radsport | Sprint | Leistung | Training | Ausdauer
The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of endurance training on
multiple sprint cycling performance and to evaluate the influence of recovery duration on
the magnitude of those effects. Twenty-one physically active male university students were
randomly assigned to either an experimental (n = 12) or a control (n = 9) group. The
experimental group cycled for 20 minutes each day, 3 times per week, for 6 weeks at 70%
of the power output required to elicit maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Multiple sprint
performance was assessed using 2 maximal (20 X 5 seconds) sprint cycling tests with
contrasting recovery periods (10 or 30 seconds). All tests were conducted on a frictionbraked cycle ergometer. Relative to controls, training resulted in a 0.2 L/min increase in
mean VO2max (95% likely range: -0.04 to 0.44 L/min). Changes in anaerobic capacity
(determined by maximal accumulated oxygen deficit) over the same period were trivial (p =
0.96). After training, the experimental group showed significant improvements (~40 W),
relative to controls, in multiple sprint measures of peak and mean power output. In
contrast, training-induced reductions in fatigue were trivial (p = 0.63), and there were no
significant between-protocol differences in the magnitude of any effects. In summary, 6
weeks of endurance training resulted in substantial improvements in multiple sprint cycling
performance, the magnitude of the improvements being largely unaffected by the duration
of the intervening recovery periods.
Gmünder, F. K. (2009). Neue australische Sprint-Trainingsmethode. Zugriff am 20.05.2009
unter http://www.svl.ch/AustralianTraining)
Schwimmen | Sprint | Training | Trainingsmethode | Australien
Videosequenz zu einer neuen Methodik zur Verbesserung des Sprinttrainings im
Schwimmen im Norden Australiens. Ein Fernsehteam von CNN hatte Gelegenheit, dem
Schwimmteam aus Darwin beim Training zuzuschauen.
Gmünder, F. K. (2009). Gary Halls Meinung: Wie ein Sprinter trainieren muss. Zugriff am
06.04.2009 unter: http://www.svl.ch/SprinterGaryHall/
Schwimmen | Sprint | Training | Belastungsumfang | Belastungsintensität
In diesem Artikel philosophiert Gary Hall, 10-facher Olympiamedaillengewinner trotz
Zuckerkrankheit, über den Sinn des Distanztrainings für Sprinter.
37. MFNR 305534
L319
Goldsmith, W. (2008). Faster free: The 7-step approach to the ultimate 50. Swimm. World
Mag., 49 (11), 40-41.
(Schneller Kraulschwimmen: Die 7 Schritte zum ultimativen 50er)
Schwimmen | Kraulschwimmen | Sprint
26
Die 7 wichtigsten Tipps für ein schnelles 50-m-Freistilrennen:
1. Im Vorstartbereich: relaxen!
2. Hinter dem Startblock: Fokussieren!
3. Auf dem Block: Explosivität aufbauen, ruhig atmen, die Energie steuern.
4. Den Fluss unter Wasser nutzen, konzentrierte Beinarbeit.
5. Zwischen 15 und 35 m einen ruhigen Rhythmus durchziehen, nicht verspannen!
6. Finish: Auf den letzten 15 m alles geben! Schmerzen und das Verlangen nach Atmen
ignorieren, nicht "austrudeln"!
7. Die letzten 5 m sehr kontrolliert schwimmen (Armzüge, Beinschläge und Atmung
kontrollieren) - sicherstellen, dass der Anschlag mit maximaler Geschwindigkeit erfolgt.
38. MFNR 178602
L319
Graham, J. F. (1998). Strength training for elite sprint cyclists. Strength & Condit. J., 20
(2), 53-60.
(Krafttraining für Radsprinter der Spitzenklasse )
Radsport | Sprint | Training | Kraft | Trainingsplanung | Übungszusammenstellung |
Leistungssport | Hochleistungssport
Vorgestellt wird ein Krafttrainingsprogramm, das sich nach Aussage des Autors für Radsprinter im Spitzenbereich als erfolgreich erwiesen hat. Das Programm untergliedert sich
in Teilprogramme für
- die Übergangsphase von der Wettkampfsaison in das Sommertraining (15.-30.9./15.30.1.)
- Hypertrophiephase in einem frühen Stadium des Trainingsprozesses (1.-15.10./1.15.1./16. - 31.10./16.-31.1.)
- Phase des allgemeinen Krafttrainings (1.-15.11./1.-21.2./16.-30.11./22.2.-15.3.)
- Schnellkraftphase (1.-15.12./16.3.-7.4./16.-31.12./8.-30.4.)
- Wettkampfphase (1.-31.Mai/1.-30.6.).
Für jede der Phasen wird ein Trainingsplan mit den Kennzeichen: Bewegungsschnelligkeit, Belastunsintensität, Wiederholungszahl, Anzahl Sätze/Übungen, Verhältnis Belastung
- Erholung, Schritte in der Belastungssteigerung und Trainingsübungen vorgestellt.
Als besonders bedeutsam wird der Einsatz von Trainingsübungen mit geschlossenen
kinetischen Ketten gekennzeichnet, da sie dem Bewegungsmuster beim Radsprint entsprechen. Außerdem wird betont, daß mit den eingesetzten Übungen das grundlegende
Bewegungsmuster und die Belastungen in den beteiligten Gelenken simuliert werden
sollen, die für den Radsprint typisch sind (konzentrische und exzentrische Bewegungsmuster bei gleichzeitiger Stabilisierung und Beschleunigung bzw. Abbremsung der Bewegung).
39. MFNR 179320
L319
Heim, S. (2002). Erfahrungen mit dem differenzierten Trainingsansatz im Schwimmsport.
Leistungssport, 32 (3), 64-70.
Schwimmen | Training | Trainingskonzeption | Belastungsgestaltung | Belastungsumfang | Sprint | Langstrecke | Spezialisierung
Es werden die Notwendigkeit einer Trainingsdifferenzierung im Schwimmsport für Sprinter
und Langstreckler aufgrund sportmedizinischer und trainingswissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse dargestellt und die Effektivität einer Trainingsdifferenzierung belegt.
27
40. MFNR 304245
L319
Herland, C.-T. (2007). Noen sekunder med full fart. SkiSport, (6), 72-73.
(Einige Sekunden mit vollem Tempo)
Skilanglauf | Hochleistungssport | männlich | Norwegen | Training | Trainingsplanung | Sprint | Belastungsumfang | Belastungsintensität
Kurzbericht vom Herbsttraining der norwegischen Nationalmannschaft Sprint-Skilanglauf
in Indre Ostfold. Nationalmannschafttsrainer U. M. Aune zum Training seines Teams: "Es
wird öfter und intensiver Kraft trainiert. Es gibt mehr intensive Einheiten für die Beine, an
Treppen, auf Skirollern und auf Ski. In der Sprintnationalmannschaft werden die auf Kraft
und Schnelligkeit orientierten Einheiten zu den harten Einheiten gezählt. Von rund 550
Trainingseinheiten (800 Stunden) eines Mitglieds der Sprint-Nationalmannschaft sind 180225 zu den harten Einheiten zu rechnen. Der Rest ist locker, Einheiten mit mittlerer
Intensität gibt es eigentlich nicht, nur noch Ausdauer orientierte Einheiten zur
Grundlangenausbildung.
Die Wettkampfzeit im Sprint liegt zwischen 1:50 und 3:30 Minuten. Diese Leistung wird
viermal hintereinander abgefordert, die Besten müssen dann innerhalb einer Stunde dreimal 'ran. Die mit der besten Ausdauer werden im Wettkampfverlauf immer besser, haben
es aber manchmal schwer, in der Qualifikation und im Viertelfinale gegen die ausgeprägten Sprinter zu bestehen.
Die Belastungsanforderungen haben sich bei den Skilangläufern in den letzten Jahren
wesentlich verändert (weniger Strecken über 15 km). Meistens handelt es sich um ein
hohes Tempo und Tempowechsel (kürzere und flachere Kurse). Und es gibt kaum noch
eine Strecke und Massenstart. Das Sprinttraining ist dabei besonders hart, nicht zuletzt
mental."
Es werden Beispiele für Trainingswochen vorgestellt:
harte Trainingswoche:
Montag
Einheit 1: russisches Intervall 3-5 Minuten, 6 hoch intensive Einlagen
Einheit 2: Kraft, zuerst Medizinballtraining 20-30 Min., danach Kraftraum für 45 Min. mit
freien Gewichten, 6-8 Wiederholungen pro Serie, individuell angepasst, Übungen für die
Beine, den Rücken, den Bauch und den Oberkörper. Seitdem die Sportler mit freien Gewichten trainieren steht auch Gleichgewichtsttraining für alle Körperregionen auf dem
programm.
Dienstag
Einheit 1: Skiroller mit Schlittschuhschritt 9 hochintensive Belastungsphasen von 15-25
Sekunden
Einheit 2: Treppentraining, 25 Runden treppauf, 90-120 Stufen, verschiedene Übungen
Mittwoch (immer der Tag für lange Touren)
Einheit 1: lange Tour auf Skirollern, 2 Std.
Einheit 2: Lauftour - 1.30-2 Std.
Donnerstag
Einheit 1: Distanztraining, Skiroller klassischer Stil, 45 Minuten
Einheit 2: Schnelligkeit, Lauf, 6-9 hochintensive Belastungsphasen mit je 25 Sek.
Freitag
Einheit 1: Kraft
Einheit 2: Wiederherstellung, Lauf/Rad
28
Sonnabend
Einheit 1: Imitationsübungen
Einheit 2: Wiederherstellungseinheit oder frei
Sonntag
lange Tour
mittel harte Trainingswoche:
hier müssen im Vergleich zur harten Trainingswoche nur die Schnelligkeitseinheit und eine
Kraft- oder Ausdauereinheit weggelassen werden, ansonsten sehr ähnlich
leichte Trainingswoche:
Montag
Einheit 1: Intervalltraining – kann auf längeren Strecken erfolgen
Einheit 2: Kraft
Dienstag
Treppentraining
Mittwoch lange Tour (3 Std. oder 1.5 Std.)
Donnerstag
Einheit 1: Schnelligkeit
Einheit 2: Wiederherstellung
Freitag
lange Tour, 2 Std.
Sonnabend
Einheit 1: Intervalltraining
Einheit 2: freiwillige Teilnahme
Sonntag
lange Tour
Das in dieser Saison gewählte Trainingsmodell wurde komplett von der Abteilung
Trainingswissenschaft von Olympiatoppen entwickelt. Um die Sprintnationalmannschaft
wurde folgendes Trainer- und Beraterteam gebildet:
NM-Trainer: Ulf Morten Aune,
Sportlicher Leiter: Age Skinstad,
verantwortlicher Trainer für Schnelligkeit, Explosivität und Ausdauer: Bevorn Rodal,
verantwortlicher Trainer für Kraft: Katarina Sederholm Hoff,
Kontaktperson Olympiatoppen: Atle Kvalsvoll ("er stellt die kritischen Fragen"),
Physiologe mit Höhentrainingserfahrungen: Erlend Hem,
Verantwortlicher für Lauftechnik, Wachs und medizinische Maßnahmen: Vidar Lofshus.
Holmberg, H.-C. (2009). Some reflections re: the Training Puzzle for a competitive XC
Skier. Zugriff am 01.12.2009 unter:
http://www.ussa.org/magnoliaPublic/dms/documents/2007-08/US-TR-CENTER-C-SPRING
S-L1/US%20TR%20CENTER%20C%20SPRINGS%20L1.pdf
(Einige Gedanken zum Trainingspuzzle eines Skilangläufers im Leistungssport)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Hochleistungssport | Leistungssport | Training | Trainingsplanung | Belastungsgestaltung | Sportphysiologie | Adaptation | Laktat | O2Aufnahme | maximal | Leistung
PowerPoint-Präsentation zu verschiedenen Aspekten des Trainings von Skilangläufern im
Leistungssport aus der Sicht der Forschungsabteilung des schwedischen NOK.
29
42. MFNR 307395
Kolev, I. & Dojcev, P. (2006). Optimizirane na podgotovkata za disciplinata 1000 m ot
mjasto v koloezdacnija sport. Sport i nauka, 50 (4), 35-40.
(Optimierung des Radsporttrainings in der Disziplin 1000 m stehender Start)
Radsport | Bahnradsport | Training | Sprint
Ziel vorliegender Studie ist der Versuch zur Effektivierung des Trainingsprozesses durch
Optimierung der Vorbereitung und Krafteinteilung auf der Wettkampfstrecke, wobei
folgende Aufgaben in Angriff genommen werden: 1. Ermittlung des Niveaus der
physischen Vorbereitung bei Radsportlern mittleren und hohen Niveaus; 2. Festlegung
eines optimalen Testkomplexes zur Kontrolle, Bewertung und Optimierung der körperlichen Vorbereitung; 3. Vergleich der Aufteilung der Kräfte auf der Wettkampfstrecke. An
den Untersuchungen (morphologische Erhebungen, sportpädagogische Tests zur
Kontrolle, Bewertung und Systematisierung der körperlichen Vorbereitung, Tests zur
Kontrolle der Krafteinteilung) nahmen 20 Radsportler mit mittlerem und hohem Niveau teil.
Die statistische Auswertung führt zu folgenden Ergebnissen: 1. Auf der Basis einer guten
körperlichen Vorbereitung, einer richtig gewählten Tretfrequenz und Pedalarbeit wird die
Qualität des Rennens bestimmt. Ein ideales Mittel zur Kontrolle sei zu diesem Zweck die
grafische Darstellung des Rennverlaufs, wobei deutlich wird, in welchen Amplituden gefahren wurde; 2. Die Kultivierung eines gleichmäßigen Rhythmus in der Vorbereitung verbessert die Leistungen eines jeden Fahrers um 1-3 Sekunden; 3. Es sollte mehr Aufmerksamkeit auf solche Tests gelegt werden, die ein höheres Faktorengewicht haben und in
größerem Maße die sportliche Leistung bestimmen. Schnürer
Liow, D. K. & Hopkins, W. G. (2003). Velocity specificity of weight training for kayak sprint
performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 35 (7), 1232-1237.
(Die Geschwindigkeitsspezifik des Krafttrainings für die Leistung im Kajaksprint; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&
l ist_uids=12840647)
Kajak | Kanurennsport | Kanusport | Kraft | Schnelligkeit | Sprint | Training |
Trainingsmethode
Purpose: Athletes often use weight training to prepare for sprint events, but the
effectiveness of different types of weight training for sprinting is unclear. We have
therefore investigated the effect of slow and explosive weight training on kayak sprint
performance.
Methods: Twenty-seven male and 11 female experienced sprint kayakers were
randomized to slow weight training, explosive weight training, or control (usual training)
groups. Weight training consisted of two sessions per week for 6 wk; in each session the
athletes performed 3-4 sets of two sport-specific exercises with a load of 80% 1-repetitionmaximum. The two training programs differed only in the time taken to complete the
concentric phase of the exercises: slow, 1.7 s; explosive, <0.85 s. To determine the effects
of training on sprint acceleration and speed maintenance, the athletes performed 15-m
kayaking sprints pre- and posttraining; an electronic timing system provided sprint times at
3.75-, 7.5-, and 15-m marks.
Results: Relative to control, both types of weight training substantially improved strength
and sprint performance. The improvements in mean sprint time over 15 m in each group
30
were: slow, 3.4%; explosive, 2.3%; control, -0.2% (90% confidence limits for pairwise
differences, approximately +/-1.4%). Over the first 3.75 m, the improvements were: slow,
7.1%; explosive, 3.2%; control, 1.4% ( approximately +/-2.6%). Over the last 7.5 m, the
improvements were: slow, 2.1%; explosive, 3.0%; control, -0.8% ( approximately +/-1.9%).
Conclusions: Slow weight training is likely to be more effective than explosive training for
improving the acceleration phase of sprinting, when force is high throughout the length of
the stroke. Explosive weight training may be more effective in speed maintenance, when
forces are developed rapidly over a short period at the start of the stroke.
44. MFNR 307396
Lychatz, S. (1993). Grundprinzipien der Ausprägung maximaler Geschwindigkeiten im
Radsport-Sprint und Folgerungen für Sprint und Kurzzeitausdauer-Disziplinen. In R.
Mouchbahani/Württembergischer Leichtathletik-Verband e.V. (Hrsg.), Seminarbericht
Trainerseminar Schnelligkeit: 03.-05. April 1993 (S. 41-52). Kornwestheim: SalamanderDruck.
Radsport | Sprint | Schnelligkeit | Training | Kurzzeitausdauer
Die vorrangigen physischen Fähigkeiten des Radsprinters sind die Sprintkraft, die Sprintschnelligkeit und die Sprintausdauer. Diese Fähigkeiten werden in Standardprogrammen
geschult und mit Trainingsformen zur Schaffung des Grundlagenausdauervermögens
(18 % des Ganzjahrestrainings) verbunden. Der Erarbeitung eines hohen Sprintkraftniveaus wurden 1985/86 im Jahr etwa 240 Stunden im Kraftraum, 60 Stunden auf dem
Ergometer und 80 Stunden auf der Rennbahn gewidmet (= 30 % des Gesamtjahrestrainings). Das methodische Ziel der Sprintkrafterarbeitung ist, höchste Widerstände in der
Startphase bewältigen zu können. Dabei ist das Grundprinzip, höhere Widerstände im
Training als im Wettkampf zu verwenden. Wesentlich ist, dass das Sprintkrafttraining
ganzjährig realisiert wird und in Schwerpunktphasen bis zu vier Trainingseinheiten im
Maximalkrafttraining pro Woche erfolgt. Die Grundform des Sprint-Schnelligkeitstrainings
(15 % des Ganzjahrestrainings) ist im Radsprint das Standardprogramm über 300 m
fliegend. Neben der Schulung der energetischen Prozesse steht im SprintSchnelligkeitstraining die innermuskuläre Koordination und nerval-muskuläre Ansteuerung
bei zu steigernden Bewegungsfrequenzen im Vordergrund. Das Sprintausdauertraining
wird als Überdistanztraining bis zu 500 m fliegend mit submaximalem Charakter bestritten,
wobei im Wiederholungstraining die Pausenlänge bei 25 min liegt. Etwa 30 % Aufwand am
Ganzjahrestraining wird für das Sprintausdauertraining zur Schulung laktazid-anaerober
Prozesse verwendet. Schiffer
45. MFNR 176921
L319; I.G.2.; 26338
Peyrebrune, M., Toubekis, A., Lakomy, H. & Nevill, M. (2001). Effects of active and
passive recovery on performance during repeated sprint swimming. In Book of abstracts of
the 6th annual congress of the European College of Sport Science, 15th congress of the
German Society of Sport Science. Cologne, 24-28 July 2001 (S. 1178). Köln: Sport und
Buch Strauß.
(Wirkungen von aktiver und passiver Wiederherstellung auf die Leistung während wiederholter Schwimmsprints)
Schwimmen | Wiederherstellung | Sprint | Ermüdung | Belastungsgestaltung
31
Zielstellung: Untersuchung der Wirkung von aktiver und passiver Wiederherstellung
während wiederholter Schwimmsprintserien.
Probanden/Methoden: 8 männliche Eliteschwimmer, 3 separate zufällig angeordnete Versuche bestehend aus 2 Kraulschwimmserien. Serie A: 4x30 s hochintensives angebundenes Schwimmen mit 30 s passiver Ruhe bei allen Versuchen. Serie B: 5 min nach
Beendigung von Serie A, 5x50 Yards maximale Schwimmsprintwiederholungen in Intervallen von 2 min. Die 5 min Pause zwischen Serie A und B und die Wiederherstellung
zwischen den Wiederholungen in Serie B erfolgte in einem Fall passiv (PP-Versuch). In
den zwei anderen Fällen war die Pausengestaltung zwischen Serie A und B aktiv, die
Wiederherstellung zwischen den Wiederholungen in Serie B entweder aktiv (AA-Versuch)
oder passiv (AP-Versuch). Das Tempo der aktiven Wiederherstellung betrug 60 % der
Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit der individuellen Bestleistung über 100 m Kraulschwimmen.
Ergebnisse:
- Leistung und Stoffwechselreaktion nach Serie A war zwischen den Versuchen gleich.
- Die Abnahme der Leistung während Serie B des AP-Versuchs war weniger ausgeprägt
als bei AA oder PP. Die kombinierten Zeiten für die 4 Wiederholungen während AP waren
ca. 1 % und 2,5 % schneller als bei PP und AA.
- Blutlaktat nach Serie B war höher und Blut-pH niedriger bei PP und AP im Vergleich zu
AA. Die mittlere Schlagfrequenz während Serie B war bei AA niedriger im Vergleich zu AP
und PP.
Schlussfolgerung: Aktive Erholung wird als nützliches Mittel zur Verzögerung der Ermüdung während Sprintschwimmtraining angesehen.
46. MFNR 307389
L319
Povarescenkova, Ju. A. & Avdeev, A. A. (2006). Issledovanie dvigatel’nych sposobnostej
lyznikov-gonscikov pri podgotovke k sprinterskim distancijam. Teor. i Prakt. fiz. Kul't., (11),
37-38.
(Untersuchung der motorischen Fähigkeiten von Skilangläufern bei der Vorbereitung auf
Sprintstrecken)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Training | Bewegungsfertigkeit | motorisches Lernen
Verf. berichten über ihre Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der motorischen Fähigkeiten
beim Skilauf über kurze Strecken zum Zwecke einer rationellen Nutzung der verbreitetsten
Vorbereitungsmittel und- methoden. Tests für die etappenweise Kontrolle zur Bestimmung
des Einflusses der motorischen Fähigkeiten auf die sportliche Leistung im Skisprint
wurden auf logischer und empirischer Basis durchgeführt. In der ersten Etappe wurden
Tests gewählt, die in der Struktur der Ausführung und im Charakter der Energiebereitstellung ähnlich der Wettkampftätigkeit waren. In der zweiten Etappe wurde der
Informationsgrad der Tests durch eine Korrelationsanalyse bestimmt. Die Tests erfolgten
zu Beginn der Vorbereitung über einige Tage hinweg. Zunächst wurden unter Laborbedingungen PWC170-Tests, am zweiten Tag Tests auf einem Ergometer, am dritten Tag
Klimmzüge und ein 1500 m Geländelauf und am vierten Tag ein 5000 m Geländelauf
durchgeführt. Die Auswertung der Versuchsergebnisse führte zu der Schlussfolgerung,
dass zur Intensivierung der Vorbereitung auf Sprints die Kraft der Muskeln der unteren
Extremitäten und der Muskeln der Unterarme zu entwickeln ist. Informative Tests für die
etappenweise Kontrolle der Entwicklung der motorischen Eigenschaften der Sprinter sind
der 30-er Sprung und der Geländelauf über 5000 m. Schnürer
32
Reid, A. K. & Sleivert, G. G. (1999). The effects of concurrent aerobic and anaerobic
training versus sequenced training on 80 s cycling. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 31 (5), 789.
(Die Wirkungen von gleichzeitigem versus aufeinanderfolgendem aeroben und anaeroben
Training auf die 80-s-Radfahrleistung; Internetzugriff unter:
http://coachsci.sdsu.edu/csa/vol71/reid.htm)
aerob | anaerob | Leistung | Radsport | Sprint | Trainingsmethode
This study investigated the influence of concurrent versus sequenced aerobic and
anaerobic training on supramaximal cycling performance. Trained cyclists of both genders
(N = 24) trained for a total of 19 weeks. The first five weeks established a stable baseline
level of fitness. Then Ss were randomly assigned to either a concurrent 12-week aerobicanaerobic training group, or a sequential 6-week aerobic, 6-week anaerobic training group.
Sixty training sessions were completed, at a rate of five training sessions per week.
Assessments were made at the end of each 6-week block of training. Both groups
improved similarly in performance after 12 weeks of training. However, the way in which
the 80-s test was completed differed between the groups. The concurrent group improved
mainly because of an increase in maximal power at each stage of the test. No changes in
aerobic function were revealed. The aerobic training group demonstrated changes
associated with metabolic factors. The order or mix of anaerobic and aerobic training does
not differentially affect cycling performance. Rather, the total training volume is associated
most with performance changes. Implication: Training volume, not type of training, is
associated most with sprint performance improvements in cyclists.
Rushall, B. S. (1999). An ignored scientific component of sprint swimming training. Zugriff
am 06.07.1999 unter:
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/coachsci/swimming/bullets/ultra28.htm
(Eine ignorierte wissenschaftliche Komponente im Sprint-Schwimm-Training)
Trainingsplanung | Schwimmen | Training | Sprint
The following discussion concerns a factor that governs the maximization of sprinting
ability in swimming. Its contents have been known for more than 30 years but have largely
been ignored by coaches.
Some of the main aspects:
- Speed improvements are primarily neural, not physiological.
- Training should be specific to the final desired performance.
- To learn skilled movement patterns that are to be executed under fatigued conditions,
that learning has to occur in non-fatigued states.
- The skill factor in producing maximal and optimally efficient sprint performances is de
pendent largely upon the amount of skill executions at a specific performance velocity.
Stott, M. (2003). Auburn sprint workouts. Swimm. Technique, 40 (3), 21-23.
(Sprint-Trainingseinheiten der Auburn University; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.swiminfo.com/articles/swimtechnique/articles/200310-01st1_art.asp)
Training | Sprint | USA | Programm | Schwimmen
This article presents three sprint sets that are incorporated into the sucessful Auburn University sprint program (2003 winner of NCAA Division I Swimming Championships.)
33
50. MFNR 304404
L319
Stott, M. J. (2008). Season plans for elite sprinters. Swimm. World Mag., (1), 38-40.
(Saisonpläne für Spitzen-Sprinter)
Schwimmen | Sprint | Training | Trainingsplanung | Jahr | Belastungsgestaltung
Zur Saisontrainingsplanung für Sprintschwimmer anhand des Trainings von Jon Howell,
Trainer der Emory University.
Er unterteilt seinen Saisontrainingsplan (21 Wochen) in vier Phasen:
1. Allgemeine Konditionierung (vor der Saison, sowie Wochen 1-2 oder 1-3 und 11/
Prüfungen und Winterferien),
2. Spezifische Konditionierung (Wochen 3-5 und 12-14),
3. Schnelligkeits- und Kraftentwicklung (Wochen 6-8 oder 6-10 und 15-17 oder 15-19),
4. Tapering (Wochen 9-10 und 18-20 bzw. bis zu den NCAA-Meisterschaften).
Seine Grundsätze sind Vielseitigkeit und Individualisierung. Er versucht immer herauszufinden, worin sich das Training eines jeden Sportlers von dem anderer unterscheiden
kann. Es werden 8-10 Trainingseinheiten pro Woche absolviert.
Es wird dargelegt, wie sich die einzelnen Phasen im Saisonverlauf wiederholen und
welche Schwerpunkte jeweils im Mittelpunkt des Technik-, Wasser- und Landtrainings
stehen.
51. MFNR 304364
L319
Stott, M. J. (2007). Taper strategies for sprinters. Swimm. World Mag., 48 (9), 37-39.
(Tapering-Strategien für Sprinter)
Schwimmen | Sprint | Tapering | Training | UWV
Zur Frage des Taperings im Sprintschwimmen wurden die Herangehensweisen von Tom
Jager (früherer Olympiasieger und Weltrekordhalter über 50 m Freistil) und David Marsh
(zehnfacher NCAA-Trainer des Jahres) betrachtet. Beide stimmen darin überein, dass insbesondere im Sprint die mentale Stärke von außerordentlicher Bedeutung ist.
Jager taperte genauso lange, wie seine härteste Trainingsphase lang war (6-8- Wochen).
Wenn ein kürzeres Tapering erforderlich war, ging er völlig ausgeruht in diese Phase.
Ähnlich setzt er heute als Trainer das Tapering um - wobei ein zweiwöchiges Zeitfenster
einer "Wohlfühlphase" entsteht. Außerdem wird unter Jager stark zielorientiert (lang-,
mittel- und kurzfristige Ziele) und unter Hypoxie trainiert (z. B. 10 x 50 ohne Atmung in 5-6
Minuten). Eine weitere Trainingsform ist das Schwimmen von 500 m: Wenn die Technik
schlechter wird, wird angehalten, einige male tief durchgeatmet und weitergeschwommen.
Starts und Pausen gehören zu jeder Trainingseinheit dazu (5-20).
Unter David Marsh wird die Saison in drei Phasen eingeteilt: die körperliche/aerobe Vorbereitung, Wettkämpfe (Laktattoleranz) und individuelle Anpassung/Wiederherstellung.
Einige Athleten hören acht Wochen vor dem Hauptwettkampf mit Krafttraining auf, andere
erst eine Woche vorher. Andere Schwimmer wiederum absolvieren Schmetterlingssprints
mit Flutterkick, was der Transformation des Krafttrainings an Land ins Schwimmen unterstützen soll. Außerdem wird Wert gelegt auf die Verfeinerung der Technik, das
Wendentraining und die Zusammenarbeit mit dem besten Physiotherapeuten. Auch verschiedene Hilfsmittel werden eingesetzt. Gewichte werden in den letzten sechs Wochen
vor dem Wettkampf gezielt als spezielle neuromuskuläre Stimulation eingesetzt. Alle
Sportler gehen bis zum Wettkampf in den Kraftraum (und wenn sie die Geräte zur psychologischen Stärkung nur berühren). In der Taperingphase findet 2x wöchentlich ein 30- bis
40-minütiges "Power-Training" statt, in dem mit vielerlei Hilfsmitteln (Flossen, Paddles,
Powerracks etc.) gearbeitet wird. Sprinter lieben derartige Trainingsmittel ... Es gibt auch
34
Unterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen, wobei letztere sozialer, "weicher" eingestellt
sind. Generell sollte eine Sprinterin einen zweitrangigen Sprinter schlagen, wenn sie ihren
Wettkampf gewinnen will.
52. MFNR 307391
Strolia, M., Stroliene, K., Milasius, K. & Skernevicius, J. (2010). Lietuvos slidininku
sprinteriu rengimosi ir ju pasrengtumo charakteristika paskutiniais olimpinio ciklo metais.
Sporto mokslas, 6 (2), 23-28.
(Charakteristika des Trainings der litauischen Skisprinter und ihrer Fitness während des
letzten Jahres des Olympiazyklus)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Litauen | Training | Trainingsplanung | Belastungsgestaltung |
Jahr
Since 2002, when the event of skiing sprint has been included into the programme of
Winter Olympic Games, Lithuanian ski sprinters used to participate in it. For the first time
they competed in team sprint in 2010 Olympic Games. For the events of individual and
team competitions, Lithuanian athletes were preparing according to special requirements,
following the objectives of the programme “Vancouver 2010”. Ski sprinters’ training
technology differs considerably from that of long-distance skiers; however, this fact must
be supported by scientific research. The aim of the research was regarding the increased
significance of sprint events, to analyze the structure of Lithuanian Olympic team ski
sprinters’ winter preparatory Olympic yearly cycle, as well as the change of performed
physical loads and the athletes’ organism adaptation to them. The research in the activity
of two Lithuanian ski sprinters was carried out and their experienced physical loads during
yearly training cycle were analyzed. The efficiency of separate mesocycles was measured
conducting laboratory works. The indices of physical development, muscle capacity in
various energy production zones, also aerobic capacity were estimated. lt was established
that the program objectives of Lithuanian ski sprinters preparation for the Olympic Games
were achieved. Skiers sprinters training lasted for 876 hours a year. 69.8 per cent of it
were devoted to development of aerobic capacity and 30.2 per cent for the aerobic
capacity. The estimated indices in athletes’ anaerobic alactic and anaerobic glycolytic
capacity during the yearly preparatory cycle were high. Their aerobic capacity satisfied the
level required for ski sprinters. Verf.-Referat
Litauischer Volltext unter:
http://www.olimpineakademija.lt/images/dokumentai/spmokslas/SM20102.pdf
Toubekis, A. G., Peyrebrune, M. C., Lakomy, H. K. A. & Nevill, M. E. (2008). Effects of
active and passive recovery on performance during repeated-sprint swimming. J. Sports
Sci., 26 (AA4), 1497-1505.
(Auswirkung akiver vs. passiver Wiederherstellung auf die Leistung bei wiederholten
Sprints im Schwimmen; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18979341)
Schwimmen | Sprint | Wiederholungsmethode | Leistung | Relation | Wiederherstellung | Ermüdung
The effect of active and passive recovery on repeated-sprint swimming bouts was studied
in eight elite swimmers. Participants performed three trials of two sets of front crawl swims
with 5 min rest between sets. Set A consisted of four 30-s bouts of high-intensity tethered
35
swimming separated by 30 s passive rest, whereas Set B consisted of four 50-yard
maximal-sprint swimming repetitions at intervals of 2 min. Recovery was active only
between sets (AP trial), between sets and repetitions of Set B (AA trial) or passive
throughout (PP trial). Performance during and metabolic responses after Set A were
similar between trials. Blood lactate concentration after Set B was higher and blood pH
was lower in the PP (18.29 ± 1.31 mmol/l and 7.12 ± 0.11 respectively) and AP (17.56 ±
1.22 mmol/l and 7.14 ± 0.11 respectively) trials compared with the AA (14.13 ± 1.56
mmol/l and 7.23 ± 0.10 respectively) trial (P < 0.01). Performance time during Set B was
not different between trials (P > 0.05), but the decline in performance during Set B of the
AP trial was less marked than in the AA or PP trials (main effect of sprints, P < 0.05).
Results suggest that active recovery (60% of the 100-m pace) could be beneficial between
training sets, and may compromise swimming performance between repetitions when
recovery durations are short (< 2 min).
54. MFNR 305180
L319; I.L.10.; 27981
Unterdörfel, A. (2008). Eisschnelllaufspezifisches Shorttrack-Training für eine optimale
Eisschnelllauftechnik im Nachwuchs- und Hochleistungsbereich. Diplomarbeit, Köln:
Trainerakademie.
Eisschnelllauf | Training | Trainingsmittel | Shorttrack | Technik | Übung | Übungszusammenstellung
Die Arbeit soll eine Handreichung für Eisschnelllauftrainer für den Einsatz des ShorttrackLaufens als Mittel im Techniktraining Eisschnellllauf sein. Die Bewegungsstrukturen der
beiden Sportarten werden erläutert, Synergieeffekte dargestellt. Spezielle Übungen für die
unterschiedlichen Schwerpunkte der Technik werden dargelegt (Übungskatalog).
Whitten, P. (2001). The Bottom line on sprint training. Swimm. Technique, 37 (4), 10-15.
(Mike Bottoms Sprinttraining; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.swiminfo.com/articles/swimtechnique/articles/200101-01st_art.asp)
Schwimmen | Sprint | Training | USA
Ein Teil des Schwimmteams des Phoenix Swim Club wurde in Richtung Olympische
Spiele 2000 zu einem World Sprint Team 2000, welches von Erfolgscoach Mike Bottom
trainiert wurde, zusammengeschlossen. Zu dem aus 11 hoch motivierten Männern bestehenden Team (davon 9 Kraulsprinter) gehörten u. a. Gary Hall Jr. und Anthony Ervin
sowie neben den 5 Amerikanern auch 6 Ausländer wie z. B. G. Kozulj, F. Delgado u. a.
Die Sportler wurden in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: "Oldies", "Amigos" und "Gruppies". Bottom
standen zwei Assistenztrainer und ein Konditionstrainer zur Seite. Es wurde ein außergewöhnliches, anspruchsvolles Trainingsprogramm erarbeitet und umgesetzt. Die Ergebnisse waren "phänomenal": Hall und Ervin brachen T. Jagers zehn Jahre alten US-Rekord
über 50F und erreichten damit die 2. und 3. schnellste Zeit der ewigen WBL; Kozulj wurde
Europameister, acht der 11 Sportler erreichten die Olympiaqualifikation in ihren Ländern,
bis auf zwei Ausnahmen erreichten alle Teammitglieder persönliche Bestzeiten.
Verf. veröffentlicht Auszüge aus Bottoms "Geheimrezept" zum Training in diesem Team,
welches auch von Sponsoren unterstützt wurde. Unter anderem nannte Bottom folgende
Eckpunkte des Sommertrainings vor Olympia:
- fast täglich 8 h Training,
- davon mindestens 50 % Techniktraining
36
- 3x wöchentlich 75-90 min Krafttraining (davon 2x für Oberkörper, 1x Unterkörper)
- täglich 15 min Stretching
- 1x wöchentlich 60 min Ganzkörperstretching
- zwei verschiedene Kreistrainings zur Verbesserung der Kraft (Kernbereich und
Schultermuskulatur), des Gleichgewichts, der Stabilität und der aeroben Kapazität, eines
im Freien, eines in der Halle für jeweils 45-50 min mit Herzfrequenzen zwischen 140 und
180, jedes der beiden Trainings wird 2x/Woche absolviert. Das Dienstag und Freitag stattfindende Training im Freien (z. B. Laufen von 2 Stadionrunden, anschließend Training mit
Hürden und Hindernissen, Basketball, Sprünge, plyometrische Übungen) wird meist mit
anschließendem Beinetraining im Wasser gekoppelt. Einige Übungen des Hallentrainings
werden von den Sportlern selbst erfunden und, wenn sie geeignet sind, vom Team übernommen.
- Wassertraining:
Mi und Sa: Laktat-Sets (z. B. 5x100 sehr schnell + 300 Ausschwimmen), teilweise werden
Flossen und Paddles verwendet
- Es werden auch unkonventionelle Trainingsformen praktiziert, z. B. eine "Licht-und-TonTherapie" oder jeden Donnerstag Abend Zusammenkommen zu "freier Diskussion" zu
allem, was rund um den Leistungssport wichtig ist.
- Auch spirituelle Elemente (Dank an Gott o. ä., Wertschätzen aller, die an der Leistung
beteiligt sind) werden ernst genommen. Das Training wird durch den Konditionstrainer Tim
McClellan vervollständigt, der dafür zuständig ist, die Schwimmer durch Kraft- und andere
spezielle Trainingsformen schneller zu machen.
Whitten, T. & Crawford, C. (2007). Sprinting tips. Zugriff am 15.10.2007 unter
http://www.fastandfemale.com/Sprinting080207.pdf
(Sprint-Tipps)
Skilanglauf | Sprint
It’s time to get race-ready. It’s time to gather the threads of hard training and things
learned from the summer, and weave them into a super strong rope that you can trust like
it is supporting your life on a huge cliff face… or use it to lasso Beckie Scott in the next
sprint race and hang on for dear life! Let’s call the latter option “plan B” and instead focus
on the things we need to do well to race as fast as possible come race day. Below is a notso-brief compilation of some of the things that are important to my teammate Tara and I in
training and racing. The emphasis is on sprint racing, but you can see how putting these
ideas into action could improve your distance races as well.
Biomechanik/Technik/Sportgeräte
Abe, D., Tokumaru, H., Niihata, S., Muraki, S., Fukuoka, Y., Usui, S. & Yoshida, T. (2006).
Assessment of short-distance breaststroke swimming performance with critical velocity. J.
Sports Sci. & Med., 5 (2), 340-348.
(Beurteilung der Leistung im Kurzstrecken-Brustschwimmen mit kritischer Geschwindigkeit; Internetzugriff unter: http://www.jssm.org/vol5/n2/20/v5n2-20pdf.pdf)
Schwimmen | Sprint | Brustschwimmen | Technik | Geschwindigkeit | Statistik
37
For high-velocity running or swimming, the relationship between velocity (v) and its
sustainable duration (t) can be described by a hyperbolic relationship: (v - Vcrit) x t = D',
where Vcrit is termed critical velocity, and D' is defined as a curvature constant of the
hyperbolic curve. The purposes of this study were to examine whether the Vcrit could be
applied to evaluate short-distance breaststroke swimming performance and to evaluate the
relative contribution of D' in short-distance swimming performance. Eleven male swimmers
performed a series of time trials corresponding to 75, 100, and 150-m in an indoor 50-m
swimming pool. The observed records were calculated into average velocities of each
event to determine Vcrit and D'. After the determination of Vcrit and D', all subjects
performed 50-m time trial on another day. A maximal anaerobic power test using cycle
ergometer was also performed in the laboratory. The average velocity of the 50-m time
trial significantly correlated with the obtained Vcrit, but not with D'. D' was significantly
correlated with the residual error, calculated from the regression analysis for the
relationship between Vcrit and the average velocities of 50-m time trial. A cluster analysis
showed that most of the subjects were classified as Vcrit dependency when performing
50-m time trial. Those results indicated that Vcrit could be applied to evaluate shortdistance swimming performance, and it determined around 80% of the short-distance
breaststroke swimming performance.
Allinger, T. L. & Smith, J. (2001). Side-jump impulse correlates with speed skating sprint
times. Zugriff am 16.01.2001 unter
http://www.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/1999/iocwc/abs253.htm
(Der Seitsprungimpuls korreliert mit der Eisschnelllaufsprintzeit)
Biomechanik | Eisschnelllauf | Leistung | Leistungsdiagnostik | Sprint | Sprung |
Test
Laboratory tests are used to evaluate the training status and potential performance of elite
athletes. One test that may be useful for predicting speed skating performance is the sidejump. The side-jump is an explosive leg extension in the lateral direction, similar to the
skating stroke and is used for off-ice training. The purpose of this study was to determine if
the impulse generated during a side-jump correlated with skating performance. Sixteen
members of the U.S. National Speedskating Team volunteered for testing (7 female, 9
male). Each athlete performed maximal effort side jumps from a force platform (AMTI,
1000 Hz), wearing running shoes. Three jumps from their left and right legs were recorded.
Total impulse was calculated by numerical integration of the force-time components of the
ground reaction force. The trials with the largest impulse (left and right legs) were
averaged for each subject. These measurements were made one month after the skating
season. The fastest skating time from the previous season ('98-'99) at World Cup and
World Championship events was selected for each athlete at each distance they raced.
The race distances included the 500, 1000, 1500, 3000 (female only), 5000, and 10,000m
(male only). Race times were normalized for each distance to 500m (e.g., 1500m time / 3
= normalized 500m time). The sprint distances (500m, 1000m) were analyzed in a second
group. Skaters (3 female, 1 male) with less than elite times in the 500m and 1000m
distances were disqualified from the sprint data set (i.e., normalized times greater than 41s
and 39s, women and men respectively). Because all-around World Cup races do not
include a 1000m race, the five all-around skaters had only a 500m tme and the seven
sprint skaters had both 500m and 1000m times in this data set. Two linear regressions
were computed between total impulse and normalized times for (1) all the distances and
(2) only the sprint distances. No significant correlation between the side-jump impulse and
38
the normalized skating times existed when the data were examined over all the distances.
For the sprint distances, the side-jump impulse showed a significant relation with the
normalized race times (slope=-0.023, r=0.80, p<0.001, n=19), with larger impulses
corresponding to faster skating times. Group values (mean±S.D.) for the normalized time
and impulse were 38.11±0.85 s and 193.7±29.9 N-s, respectively. Based on these results,
a maximal effort side-jump appears to reflect performance in a sprint race more closely
than a distance race for elite speed skaters. Impulse measurements from a side-jump may
be useful for evaluating training status and predicting skating performance for the sprint
distances (500m and 1000m) in speed skating.
59. MFNR 307394
Bakker, C., Aaftink, C. & Koning, J. de (1990). De schaatssprint: een kwestie van goed
starten. Geneeskunde en sport, 23 (6), 229-236.
(Der Eisschnelllauf-Sprint: Untersuchung guter Starts)
Eisschnelllauf | Biomechanik | Sprint | Technik | Start
This paper describes the sprint in speedskating. A 3D analysis of kinetics and kinematics
was made on the basis of filmdata of 500 meter speedskaters, obtained at the 500 meters
speedskating during the Olympic Games in Calgary (1988). Attention is paid to the
technical aspects of speed skating as well as to some technical and physiological
differences between male and female speedskaters. The start technique in speedskating
which shows many similarities to the sprint start in athletics, is characterised by a push-off
in backward direction combined with a powerful plantar flexion. Achieving higher speeds
requires a change from the start to the gliding technique: a sideward push-off without
flexion of the ankle. It is shown that high accelerations during the start result in fast final
times. These high accelerations can be achieved by delivering high power outputs in the
very first strokes. This strategy results in faster final times than the strategy of building up
speed more slowly while reaching a higher final value. Verf.-Referat
Barden, J. & Kell, R. (2007). Stroke characteristics of elite swimmers during a sprint
interval training set. In J. Kallio, P. V. Komi, J. Komulainen & J. Avela (Hrsg.), 12th Annual
Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th
2007. Book of Abstracts (S. 590). Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.
(Technikkennzeichen (Armzug) von Spitzenschwimmern während Intervalltraining Sprint;
Internetzugriff unter: http://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/1600.pdf)
Schwimmen | Hochleistungssport | Leistungssport | Technik | Intervallmethode |
Training | Sprint| Bewegungskoordination | Bewegungsfertigkeit | Bewegungsmerkmal | Bewegungsschnelligkeit | Analyse | Biomechanik
Understanding the relationships between swimming velocity (V), stroke rate (SR) and
stroke length (SL) can provide important information about the training status and technical
development of competitive swimmers (1,2,4). Most stroke parameter relationship (i.e., V,
SR and SL) studies have taken place during major competitions which permit rare
opportunities to study the technique of the world’s best swimmers (1,3). Surprisingly, few
studies have been conducted during training, either across several training sessions or
during a controlled interval training set (4). The purpose of this study was to investigate V,
SR and SL relationships during a sprint interval training set that progressively increased in
intensity. Eleven (3 male, 8 female) elite national-calibre swimmers performed a series of
39
8 x 100m swims in a 25m pool. The swimmers were paced so that the first 100m swim
was equal to 65% of their best time. The target time for each subsequent 100m repeat
decreased by 5%, so that the last 100m swim was equal to the swimmer’s best time (a
maximal effort). Rest intervals were individualized according to a 1:2 work/rest ratio. Each
subject completed the set using his/her best stroke, with 5 subjects swimming freestyle, 3
backstroke, 2 butterfly and 1 breaststroke. A 5m recording zone (mid-pool, 10m on either
side) was used to measure V and SR for each 25m length. Stroke parameter data were
compared between and within subjects using Pearson correlation and repeated measures
ANOVA. For all subjects and strokes, V was highly correlated with SR (r = 0.90 ± 0.07),
both within and between each 100m repetition of the set. For 5 subjects, SL was
consistently maintained as V increased (r = 0.02 ± 0.12), while the remaining subjects
showed a significant decrease in SL (r = -0.61 ± 0.12; p < 0.05) during the latter half of the
set . The results suggest that the interdependency of V & SR is related to propulsion, such
that a greater hand/arm speed through the water and an increased number of strokes is
related to an increased capacity to generate propulsive forces. The findings also
demonstrate that SL is essentially fixed (presumably at its maximum level), until a point is
reached at which it can no longer be maintained (a point likely related to anaerobic
threshold). Future studies should attempt to describe the specific biomechanical and/or
physiological relationships associated with V/SR dependency in competitive swimming.
Bugalski, T. J. (2009). Hydromechanics for development of sprint canoes for the Olympic
Games.
Zugriff
am
02.07.2009
unter
https://www.hckt.org/hcktblog/wpcontent/uploads/2009/09/HydromechanicsofSprintCanoe s.pdf
(Hydromechanik zur Entwicklung von Sprintkanus für die Olympischen Spiele (Vortrag auf
dem ICF Coaches Symposium 2009 in Warschau)
Hydrodynamik | Biomechanik | Kanusport | Kanurennsport | Sprint | Sportgerät
The current paper focuses on evolution of hull form of sprint canoes from the Olympic
Games in Berlin (1936) to the Olympic Games in Beijing (2008) and the influence of
hydrodynamics aspects on design of sprint canoes. The paper describes the process of
the Olympic canoes design and optimization, carried out by the Ship Design and Research
Centre (CTO, CTO S.A.) in Gdansk and the Plastex Composite PPH (Plastex) in Warsaw
– the renowned manufacturer of sport boats. The existing canoes (used as a starting point)
and the newly designed ones were analysed with the use of Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) methods, simplified potential methods and tested experimentally. The
paper concludes the final results during Olympic Games competitions.
Henderson, D. (2009). Canoe sprint biomechanics. Zugriff am 03.07.2009 unter
http://www.canoeicf.com/site/canoeint/if/downloads/publications/ICF%20Coaches%20Sym
posium%202009/Biomechonics%20by%20Dan%20Henderson.pdf?MenuID=Publications/
1016/0
(Biomechanik des Kanu-Sprints (Vortrag auf dem ICF Coaches Symposium 2009 in
Warschau))
Kanusport | Kanurennsport | Sprint | Biomechanik | Untersuchungsmethode
Author gives a review on practical laboratory and on-the the-water applications concerning
the biomechanics of canoe sprint. He mentions some investigation methods (ergometer
[lab], motion capture, motion analysis [lab and on-water], strain gauge [field]).
40
Hintzy, F. & Belli, A. (2001). Influence of toe clips on mechanical characteristics of sprint
cycling. Zugriff am 02.03.2001 unter http://w4.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/969
(Einfluss von Schuhclips auf mechanische Merkmale des Radsprints; Internetzugriff)
Hilfsgerät | Kraft | Mechanik | Radsport | Sprint | Schuh | Biomechanik
Introduction: Toe-clips are assumed to enhance the mechanical efficiency of pedaling.
However, the effect of toe-clips on power production during the maximal sprint has not
been extensively studied, especially when friction loaded cycle ergometers are used
(Arsac et al., 1996, Capmal and Vandewalle, 1997). The aim of this study was to evaluate
the effect of toe clips during maximal sprints performed on a friction loaded ergometer.
Methods: Force, velocity and power-production in cycling were studied during all-out
sprints with (WI) and without (WO) toe-clips on a friction loaded ergometer. This friction
loaded cycle ergometer (Monark 818E) was specifically equipped with both an optical
encoder and a strain gauge in order to measure the instantaneous flywheel velocity and
the friction force, respectively (Arsac et al., 1996). The power output at each pedal down
stroke was computed as the product of velocity and total force (inertial force + friction
force). Values of maximal force (F), maximal velocity (V), maximal power (P), optimal force
at P (FP) and optimal velocity at P (VP) were determined. Twenty-four subjects
volunteered for this study. They were specialists in cycling, whose age, height and body
mass were 24 ± 5 years (mean ± SD), 178.3 ± 5.4 cm and 69 ± 7 kg respectively. Each
subject performed four maximal sprints of 6-s duration with different (i) shoe-pedal
interface (WI or WO) and (ii) friction force applied to the friction belt (0.5 or 1.1 N.kg-1 body
mass).
Results: The mechanical data obtained in the WI and WO conditions are presented in
table 1. F, V, P and FP were significantly higher in the WI than in the WO condition. These
differences were observed at both 0.5 and 1.1 N.kg-1. VP was higher in the WI condition
at 1.1 N.kg-1 only. See text for legend.
Discussion: Values of F, V and P were in agreement with the literature (Arsac et al., 1996,
Capmal and Vandewalle, 1997). The significant enhancement observed on mechanical
force and power production in the WI compared to the WO condition further support the
hypothesis that toe clips could have a positive effect on the performance of sprint cycling.
Higher force and power in WI are probably due to the fact that toe clips allow greater and
longer activity of flexor and extensor lower limb muscles during a complete pedal
revolution (Tate and Sherman, 1977). However, VP was not improved in the WI condition
at 0.5 N.kg-1, suggesting that the toe clips effect is more efficient at high friction force and
high power.
Martin, J. C., Davidson, C. J. & Pardyjak, E. R. (2007). Understanding sprint-cycling
performance: The integration of muscle power, resistance, and modeling. Int. J. Sports
Physiology and Performance, 2 (AA), 5-21.
(Die Sprintleistung im Radsport verstehen: Die Integration von Muskelleistung, Widerstand
und Modellierung; Internetzugriff unter:
http://hk.humankinetics.com/IJSPP/viewarticle.cfm?jid=68tAs86T67sRcWm762xFyD2h63
w RhJkY64eBy&aid=7102&site=68tAs86T67sRcWm762xFyD2h63wRhJkY64eBy)
Radsport | Bahnradsport | Straßenradsport | Sprint | Leistung | Theorie |
Modellierung | Widerstand | Taktik | Wettkampf
41
Sprint-cycling performance is paramount to competitive success in over half the worldchampionship and Olympic races in the sport of cycling. This review examines the current
knowledge behind the interaction of propulsive and resistive forces that determine sprint
performance. Because of recent innovation in field power-measuring devices, actual data
from both elite track- and road-cycling sprint performances provide additional insight into
key performance determinants and allow for the construction of complex models of sprintcycling performance suitable for forward integration. Modeling of various strategic
scenarios using a variety of field and laboratory data can highlight the relative value for
certain tactically driven choices during competition.
Mason, B., Alcock, A. & Fowlie, J. (2007). A kinetic analysis and recommendations for elite
swimmers performing the sprint start. In H. J. Menzel & M. H. Chagas (Hrsg.),
Proceedings of the XXV International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports (S. 192-195).
Ouro Preto: International Society of Biomechanics.
(Eine Bewegungsanalyse und Empfehlungen für Spitzenschwimmer zur Ausführung des
Sprintstarts; Internetzugriff unter: http://w4.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/433/373)
Untersuchungsmethode | Biomechanik | Bewegung | Schwimmen | Start | Sprint
The object of this project was to identify on block characteristics of superior grab starts and
identify if these also applied to the track start. Six elite swimmers were selected for the
study. The characteristic most closely observed in excellent off block starting ability for the
grab start was peak power normalised to body mass. Average power and maximum
horizontal propulsive force normalised to body mass were closely linked as was work
output, but not as highly as the previous parameters. Horizontal velocity off the block was
not a good predictor of off block ability as the angle at which the swimmer left the block
played an important role in the outcome. Time off the block and first movement time were
poor indicators of starting ability. Similar characteristics, but with completely different force
and power profiles, were evident for swimmers that utilised a track start.
Mikkola, J., Talkkari, J., Hynynen, E. & Nummela, A. (2007). Cycle characteristics of
double poling in cross-country skiing sprint competition. In J. Kallio, P. V. Komi, J.
Komulainen & J. Avela (Hrsg.), 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport
Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. Book of Abstracts (S. 467). Jyväskylä:
University of Jyväskylä.
(Kennzeichen des Bewegungszyklus mit Doppelstockeinsatz in Sprintwettkämpfen des
Skilanglaufs; Internetzugriff unter:
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Technik | Analyse | Bewegungsfertigkeit | Bewegungsschnelligkeit | Bewegungskoordination | Hochleistungssport | Leistungssport |
Schnelligkeit
Cross-country skiing sprint (XC SS) has been established to FIS calendar in this
millennium. There is lack of published data on both biomechanical and physiological
characteristics in XC SS. In XC SS race velocities are greater than in normal distances
because of shorter performances. This increases demands of skier’s neuromuscular
characteristics and technique (Stöggl et al. 2006). Thus, it has already been introduced a
new sprinter-like double poling technique by Holmberg et al. (2005). The aim of this study
was to investigate the influence of different cycle parameters of double poling on time trial
42
performance (TTP) in classical XC SS. The data was collected from the national
championship race in January 2007. Sixteen women and 24 men skiers were filmed (Sony
DCR-TRV900E, 50 frames / s, 1/215 s of shutter speed) at constant 20 meter flat section
of the course during the time trial. Time of the poling phase (PP) and recovery phase (RP),
cycle time (= PP + RP) and frequency of the double poling technique used were analyzed
from the video. The mean of 2-3 cycles were used in the results and further analysis. The
mean velocity (V20) and mean cycle length of 20 m, relative RP (% of cycle time) and
relative PP (% of cycle time) were calculated. TTP was determined as the mean velocity of
the 1300 m time trial. Both men and women were divided to subgroups by TTP
performance: 12 fastest men and 8 women and 12 slowest men and 8 women. Faster men
had greater V20 (p<0.001), cycle length, RP and relative RP (p<0.05) but smaller PP and
relative PP (p<0.05) than slower men, respectively. Similarly, faster women had greater
V20 (p<0.001) and relative RP (p<0.05) but smaller PP and relative PP (p<0.05) than
slower women, respectively. There were no significant differences in poling frequency in
men or women between the groups. In pooled data of men TTP correlated with V20 (r =
0.72) (p<0.001), cycle length (r = 0.46), relative RP (r = 0.41) and relative PP (r = -0.41)
(p<0.05). In pooled data of women TTP correlated strongly with V20 (r = 0.97) (p<0.001)
and PP (r = -0.62) (p<0.01). These results indicated that PP is an important parameter to
separate fast and slow skiers. The present results are in line with recent studies of Stöggl
et al. (2006) and Holmberg et al. (2005). Faster skiers seem to be able to produce more
force or the necessary force levels in a shorter time than slower skiers. Thus, skiers should
emphasize to increase the ability to produce force rapidly in their training which leads to a
sufficient propulsion impulse in a shorter poling time.
67. MFNR 302341
L319
Ong, K., Elliott, B., Ackland, T. & Lyttle, A. (2006). Performance tolerance and boat set-up
in elite sprint kayaking. Sports Biomech., 5 (1), 77-94.
(Leistungstoleranz und Bootsaufbau im Spitzenbereich des Kajak-Sprints)
Kajak | Kanurennsport | Sprint | Sportgerät
Das Ziel der Studie war die Untersuchung der Beziehungen zwischen der Morphologie des
Athleten, der Ausrüstung und der Leistung im Kajak-Sprint. Es wurden Korrelationen von
Daten der Olympischen Spiele 2000 für die Findung der wichtigsten Beziehungen
zwischen Morphologie und Bootsbau - Paddelgriffweite und Fußabstand - verwendet. Die
Untersuchungen erfolgten mit drei Testpersonen. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen
haben gezeigt, dass die Sportler konstante Bewegungsmuster ausführen. Veränderungen
am Boot führten zu Veränderungen der Bootsgeschwindigkeit. Die mittlere bevorzugte
Bootsgeschwinidgkeit der drei Kanuten von 4,47 m/s verringerte sich um 0,07 und 0,1 m/s
bei den durchgeführten Veränderungen am Boot. Diese Geschwindigkeitsveränderungen
waren die Folge von Veränderungen der Mechanik der Paddeltechnik.
68. MFNR 181747
L319
Ong, K., Ackland, T., Hume, P., Ridge, B. & Kerr, D. (2003). Relationship between
morphological and equipment set-up for male Olympic sprint paddlers. J. Sci. Med. Sport,
6 (4), 535.
(Beziehung zwischen morphologischen Voraussetzungen und entsprechender Gestaltung
der Sportgeräte bei männlichen Kanurennsportlern (Sprintdisziplinen))
Kanurennsport | Sprint | Körperbau | Sportgerät | Olympische Sommerspiele 2000
43
Untersucht wurden bei 31 Kanurennsportlern, die an den Olympischen Sommerspielen
2000 in Sydney teilnahmen, sowohl die anthropometrischen Verhältnisse als auch die
Sportgeräte, die sie verwendeten. Die Messungen fanden 15 Tage vor den Olympischen
Spielen statt. Die Unterschiede zwischen den leistungsstärksten und den anderen
Kanuten waren minimal. Sie drückten sich in einer etwas erhöhten Sitzposition und dem
Einsatz längerer Paddel, die auch etwas breiter waren, aus. Beziehungen zwischen
Körperbaumerkmalen und den eingesetzten Sportgeräten wurden mit Pearsons
Korrelationsmatrix ermittelt, um die logische Auswahl von unabhängigen Variablen als
Eingabewerte für Regressionsgleichungen zu unterstützen. Danach wurden schrittweise
Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt, um die besten morphologischen Prädikatoren für den
Fuß-Brett-Abstand und die Handgriffposition zu ermitteln. Es wurden signifikante
Regressionsgleichungen entwickelt, die für die Vorhersage des Fuß-Brett-Abstandes und
für die Handgriffpositionen genutzt werden können. Die Regressionsanalysen zeigten
auch signifikante Beziehungen zwischen den Messergebnissen des Körperbaus und
sowohl der Länge als auch der Breite der Paddel. Obwohl diese Parameter der Ausrüstung nur für 20-25 % der Varianz der abhängigen Variablen zuständig sind, ist die
positive Beziehung zwischen ihnen und der Körperhöhe, der biacromialen Breite, des
Brustkorbumfangs, der Armlänge und der Spannweite bemerkenswert.
69. MFNR 303885
L319; I.L.7.; 27571
Thanopoulos, V., Dopsaj, M. & Nikolopoulos, A. (2006). The relationship of
anthropomorphological characteristics of crawl sprint swimmers of both genders with
critical speed at 50 and 100 m. In Xth International Symposium Biomechanics and
Medicine in Swimming, Porto, Portugal, 2006 (S. 107-109). Porto: Faculdade de Desporto
da Universidade do Porto.
(Zusammenhang zwischen anthropo-morphologischen Merkmalen von Kraulsprintern
beiderlei Geschlechts und der kritischen Geschwindigkeit über 50 und 100 m)
Schwimmen | männlich | weiblich | Kraulschwimmen | Sprint | Körperbau |
Anthropometrie | Relation | Geschwindigkeit
The aim of this work is to establish a relationship between the various
anthropomorphological (AnthMorph) characteristics of crawl sprint swimmers of both
genders in relation to critical speed at 50 and 100 meters (sprint distances). The research
has been carried out over a sample of 13 male and 12 female swimmers in sprint crawl
style. The given value of the critical speed at 50 and 100 meters was obtained by applying
the mathematical modelling of Distance - Time ratio, calculated from the 15, 25, 50 and
100m distances covered in crawl style. The AnthMorph characteristics of swimmers are
evaluated over a set of eight variables: BMI, LBM, and percentage of fat, leg-length and
arm-length index, the shape of the chest, the trunk and the body. With regards to men, a
higher level of critical speed had those with a more pronounced rectangular shape of trunk
(the same proportion of the width of shoulders and hips in relation the the body height) and
a higher level of lean body mass - LBM. With regards to women, a higher level of critical
speed had swimmers with a shorter arm length in relation to body height and a higher
LBM.
Toubekis, A., Tokmakidis, S., Mavridis, G. & Tahtalis, T. (2004). Different intensities of
active recovery impair performance during repeated swimming sprints. In Pre-olympic
Congress 2004. Thessaloniki, Grécia, de 6 a 11 de Agosto de 2004(S. O.285). Thessaloniki: ICSSPE.
44
(Unterschiedliche Intensitäten der aktiven Wiederherstellung beeinflussen die Leistung
wiederholter Sprints im Schwimmen; Internetzugriff unter:
http://cev.org.br/biblioteca/different-intensities-of-active-recovery-impair-performanceduring -repeated-swimming-sprints)
Belastungsintensität | Schwimmen | Sprint | Wiederherstellung | Belastungsgestaltung | Relation | Leistung
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of different active recovery
intensities on sprinting performance.
Discussion/Conclusions: Sprinting ability of well-trained swimmers decreases when active
recovery is performed during the resting interval separating 25 m swimming bouts. The
decreased performance is independent of the intensity of active recovery within the range
of 50-60% of the 100 m velocity. Active recovery should not be applied during the resting
interval of swimming sets designed to improve sprinting ability.
van Soest, O. & Casius, L. J. (2000). Which factors determine the optimal pedaling rate in
sprint cycling? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 32 (AAAA), 1927-1934.
(Welche Faktoren bestimmen die optimale Tretfrequenz beim Radsprint? Internetzugriff
unter:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1107
9 524&dopt=Abstract)
Leistung | Biomechanik | Geschwindigkeit | Radsport | Sprint
Introduction: Mechanical power output in sprint cycling depends on pedaling rate, with an
optimum at around 130 revolutions per minute (rpm). In this study, the question is
addressed if this optimal pedaling rate can be understood from a Hill-type description of
muscular dynamics. In particular, it is investigated how 1) the power-velocity relationship
that follows from Hill's force-velocity relationship and 2) activation dynamics (from the
perspective of which the optimal pedaling rate is near-zero) affect the optimal pedaling
rate. Methods: A forward dynamics modeling/simulation approach is adopted in this study.
The skeletal model is a 2D linkage of rigid segments; it is actuated by eight Hill-type
"muscles." Input of the model is the neural stimulation of the muscles, output is the
resulting movement and variables dependent thereupon, such as pedal forces. For a wide
range of isokinetic pedaling rates, the neural stimulation is optimized with respect to the
average mechanical power output.
Results: Correspondence between experimental data and simulation results regarding 1)
the (pedaling-rate dependent) muscle phasing, 2) pedal forces, and 3) the power-pedaling
rate relationship is good. At the optimal pedaling rate predicted by the model (120 rpm),
muscles contract at velocities well below those that maximize their power output. Finally,
when a model is considered that lacks activation dynamics, it is found that both the optimal
pedaling rate and the maximal power output increase substantially.
Discussion: From the results pertaining to the standard model, it is concluded that the
optimal pedaling rate is not uniquely specified by the power-velocity relationship of muscle,
as suggested in literature. From the results pertaining to the model lacking activation
dynamics, it follows that activation dynamics plays a surprisingly large role in determining
the optimal pedaling rate. It is concluded that the pedaling rate that maximizes mechanical
power output in sprint cycling follows from the interaction between activation dynamics and
Hill's power-velocity relationship.
45
Zory, R., Vuillerme, N., Pellegrini, B., Schena, F. & Rouard, A. (2008). Effect of fatigue on
double pole kinematics in sprint cross-country skiing . Human Movement Science, 28 (AA),
85-98.
(Auswirkung von Ermüdung auf die Biomechanik des Doppelstockschubs im Skilanglauf
Sprint; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V8T-4TK7X451&_user=1467461&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000052823&
_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1467461&md5=6215553935c3c19203c49810b99b90
e3)
Technik | Biomechanik | Skilanglauf | Sprint
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of fatigue (physiological,
mechanical, and muscular parameters) induced by a sprint simulation on kinematic
parameters (cycle, phases, and joints angles) of the double pole technique. Eight elite
skiers were tested for knee extensor strength and upper body power both before and after
a three-bout simulation of sprint racing. They were video analyzed during the final part of
the test track of bouts 1 and 3 using a digital camera. Results showed that skiers were in a
fatigue state (decrease of the knee extensors voluntary force (-10.4 ± 10.4%) and upper
body power output (-11.1 ± 8.7%) at the end of the sprint. During bout 3, the final spurt
and cycle velocities decreased significantly (-7.5 ± 12.3%; -13.2 ± 9.5%; both p < .05).
Angular patterns were only slightly modified between bouts 1 and 3 with trunk, hip, and
pole angles being significantly greater for the third bout. The decrease of hip and trunk
flexion and the lower inclination of the pole during the poling phase suggested a reduced
effectiveness of the force application which could lead to a decrease in the cycle velocity.
Zory, R., Millet, G., Schena, F., Bortolan, L. & Rouard, A. (2006). Fatigue induced by a
cross-country skiing KO sprint. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 38 (AA2), 2144-2150.
(Ermüdung beim K.O.-Sprint im Skilanglauf; Internetzugriff unter: http://www.acsmmsse.org/pt/re/msse/abstract.00005768-200612000-00015.htm)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Ermüdung | Neurophysiologie
Purpose: The aims of the present study were 1) to analyze whether the KO sprint
simulation induced a phenomenon of fatigue of upper and lower limbs and 2) if there was
any fatigue, to determine its origin.
Methods: Seven elite male skiers were tested before and after a simulation of KO sprints
consisting of three 1200-m laps separated by 12 min of recovery. Surface
electromyographic activity and force obtained under voluntary and electrically evoked
contractions (single twitch) on knee-extensor muscles were analyzed to distinguish neural
adaptations from contractile changes. A maximal power output test of the upper limbs was
also performed.
Results: During the last lap, the final sprint velocity was significantly lower than during the
first lap. After the KO sprint, knee-extensor voluntary (-9.8 +/- 9.5%) and evoked (-16.2 +/11.9%) isometric force and upper-limb power output (-11.0 +/- 9.3%) and force (-11.3 +/8.7%) significantly decreased, whereas the blood lactate concentration increased to 11.6
mM. On the other hand, no changes were seen in RMS measurement during maximal
voluntary contractions, RMS normalized by M-wave amplitude, or M-wave characteristics.
Conclusion: Changes in performance, lactate concentration, knee-extensor strength, and
upper-limb power indicated that the KO sprint test led the skiers to a state of fatigue. On
46
lower-limb muscles, the decrease of knee-extensor strength was exclusively caused by
peripheral fatigue, which was at least in part attributable to a failure of the excitationcontraction coupling.
Physiologie/Energiestoffwechsel/Muskelphysiologie
Akima, H., Kinugasa, R. & Kuno, S. (2005). Recruitment of the thigh muscles during sprint
cycling by muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging. Int. J. Sports Med., 26 (5), 245252.
(Rekrutierung der Oberschenkelmuskeln während Sprintbelastungen im Radsport, ermittelt
mit
Muskelfunktions-MRT;
Internetzugriff
unter:
http://www.thiemeconnect.de/ejournals/abstract/sportsmed/doi/10.1055/s-2004-821000)
Radsport | Sprint | Muskel | Faser | Belastung
The purpose of the present study was to investigate recruitment patterns of the thigh
muscles during maximal sprint cycling by muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging
(mfMRI). Twelve healthy men participated in this study and performed 2, 5, and 10 sets of
6-s supramaximal cycling with a load of 7.5 % of their body weight with 0.5 min of rest
between the sets. Before and immediately after the exercise, T2-weighted MR images, i.e.
mfMRI, of the right-thigh were taken to calculate T2 of eleven thigh muscles. Vastus
lateralis, semitendinosus, and sartorius were the highest activated, i. e. had the greatest
T2 change, among the quadriceps, hamstring, and adductors, respectively, compared with
other muscles. Total power output during 2, 5, and 10 sets of sprint cycling was correlated
with percent change in T2 in the quadriceps correlated (r2 = 0.507 to 0.696, p < 0.01), the
hamstring (r2 = 0.162 to 0.335, p < 0.05 ~ 0.001), and the adductor muscles (r2 = 0.162 to
0.473, p < 0.05 ~ 0.0001). With use of stepwise regression analysis, total power output
was significantly correlated with % change in T2 of the vastus medialis (VM) (p < 0.0001)
and vastus intermedius (VI) (p < 0.05) (r2 = 0.698, p < 0.0001). We concluded that eleven
thigh muscles were activated non-uniformly, and that the VM and VI play a key role during
maximal sprint cycling.
Avdeev, A. (2007). Energy supply mechanisms in ski-sprinters muscle work. In J. Kallio, P.
V. Komi, J. Komulainen & J. Avela (Hrsg.), 12th Annual Congress of the European College
of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. Book of Abstracts (S. 600).
Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.
(Mechanismen der Energiebereitstellung im Muskel von Sprintern im Skilanglauf; Internetzugriff unter: http://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/1931.pdf)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Energiestoffwechsel | anaerob | aerob | Stoffwechsel | Ergometrie | Leistung | Leistungssport | Test
In view of skiing sprint inclusion into the competition schedule the necessity of a detailed
study of methodic aspects in ski-sprinters‘ training process has arisen. The base of skisprinters training modernization is a physiological substantiation of muscle work in sprint
distances. Ski-sprinters‘ work is mainly anaerobic. However the aerobic energy supply
system also contribute to it. Accordingly ski-sprinters‘ results depend on both anaerobic
and aerobic efficiency. The goal of our research was to study how the two energy supply
47
systems affect sprint performances. 16 qualified ski-racers participated in the research.
We elicited the effect of anaerobic energy supply system by Wingate Test results. The
athletes performed 30 s pedalling on the cycloergometer Monarch – 894 E. Power output
was registered every 5 s. During first 5 s we recorded maximal power output, in the
interval from 0 to 30 s – mean power output, last 5 s – final power. The values were
measured absolutely (w) and relative to body weight (w/kg). To study the effect of aerobic
and anaerobic energy supply systems the correlative analysis of Wingate Test results and
sprint race performance has been made. The most marked correlation was discovered
between the indices of minimal (r= 0.42, p<0.05) and mean (r=0.61, p<0.05) work power.
The maximal power indices (r=0.21, p>0.05) have a poor correlation. The most
pronounced correlation between sprint race performances and work power was revealed
from 10 to 15 s (r=0.66) and from 15 to 20 s (r=0.68). Analyzing the number of revolutions
during cycloergometer pedalling we revealed the highest correlation factor in the same
time interval (r=0.51, p<0.05). Thus, the most significant evidences of a successful sprint
performance are anaerobic glycolyses level in work muscles and anaerobic endurance.
The research showed that high anaerobic efficiency determined the performance in sprint
contests. Wingate Test results in the interval of 10-20 s are the most informative for the
evaluation of anaerobic system contribution to the energy supply of ski-sprinters‘ muscle
work. The revealed regularities must become the basis for modelling the training session
structure in a year‘s training cycle.
Byrnes, W. C. & Kearney, J. T. (1997). Aerobic and anaerobic contributions during
simulated canoe/kayak sprint events. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 29 (5), Suppl. 1256.
(Aerobe und anaerobe Anteile während simulierter Kanu/Kajak-Sprintdisziplinen; Internetzugriff unter: http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/coachsci/csa/vol55/byrnes.htm)
aerob | anaerob | Energiestoffwechsel | Kajak | Kanurennsport | Sprint
US kayakers (M = 6; F = 4) and canoeists (N = 2) completed submaximal/maximal tests
and simulated 200 m, 500 m, and 1,000 m race efforts. Data were pooled revealing the
average percentage contribution of aerobic energy to each distance being 36.5%, 63.5%,
and 84.5% respectively. Females recorded higher contributions of aerobic energy (40, 69,
86%) than males to each task (37, 62, 82%) supporting the recognized fact that females
use more aerobic energy when compared to males in extended-effort tasks. Implication:
The contribution of aerobic energy to canoe/kayak races is extensive. It is dominant in 500
and 1000-m races and higher in females than males. (Only as summary available)
Carlsson, T., Carlsson, M., Hammarström, D. & Tonkonogi, M. (2009). Physiological
demands or real elite cross-country skiing performances. In S. Loland, K. Boe, K. Fasting,
J. Hallen, Y. Ommundsen, G. Roberts & E. Tsolakidis (Hrsg.), 14th annual Congress of the
(S. 351-352). Oslo: The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences.
(Physiologische Anforderungen eines echten Wettkampfs auf Hochleistungsniveau im Skilanglauf; Internetzugriff unter:
Skilanglauf | Technik | Hochleistungssport | Leistungssport | O2-Aufnahme |
maximal | Körpermaß | Relation | Leistung | aerob | Belastungsintensität | Wettkampf
| Sportphysiologie | Physiologie | Sprint | aerob-anaerobe Schwelle
48
Introduction: Which are the main physiological differences between a successful and less
successful cross-country skier? To our knowledge no previous studies have examined a
real elite cross-country ski competition. Main purpose of this study was therefore to
validate commonly used test parameters to skiing time and to International Ski Federation
(FIS) overall seasonal ranking points and to create multiple regression models to predict
skiing performances.
Methods: Twelve highly motivated male Swedish national elite cross-country skiers
completed a test battery consisting of: isokinetic knee extensor peak torque tests at three
different velocities; three different vertical jumps tests; two-part treadmill roller skiing test
determining lactate markers, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and time to
exhaustion; 60 and 360 s double poling tests determining mean upper-body power
(DP60Pmean) (DP360Pmean) and mean oxygen consumption (DP60VO2mean)
(DP36VO2mean). Performance data were collected from the Swedish National Championship (SNC) in cross-country skiing (13-17 March 2008): 15-km with individual start in
classical technique (SNC15); 30-km double pursuit with mass-start (SNC30); sprint prolog
in free-style technique (SNCsprint). In addition to ski races, overall seasonal ski ranking
points were collected from FIS 3rd Cross-Country Points List 2007/2008 published before
SNC for distance (FISdist) and sprint (FISsprint) races. Correlations between test
parameters and performance data were established using Pearson´s correlation analysis.
Prediction models were created using standard multiple linear regression analysis.
Results: Time to exhaustion during the incremental treadmill roller ski test is best
correlated with both SNC15 (r = -0.86, p < 0.001) and SNC30 (r = -0.81, p < 0.01). For
SNC15 significant correlations were shown with VO2max both absolute and relative to
body weight, lactate markers, DP60Pmean and DP60VO2mean. Corresponding
correlations for SNC30 were: lactate markers, DP60VO2mean and percentage decrease
in mean knee extension peak torque when comparing highest and lowest velocities.
Highest correlation coefficient for SNCsprint was found for DP60Pmean (r = -0.93, p <
0.05). Significant correlations for SNCsprint was also detected for DP360Pmean as well as
DP360VO2mean and jump height in squat jump. Prediction models explain 68, 91, 68, 77
and 82% of the variance in performance for SNC15, SNC30, SNCsprint, FISdist and
FISsprint, respectively.
Discussion: Correlations found in this study have validated several commonly used
physiological tests with real elite cross-country skiing performances. Frequently
investigated test parameters like VO2max and anaerobic thresholds are of great
importance for success in cross-country skiing. Many recent research studies have
focused on upper-body capacity and we could confirm that high mean power production in
double poling is necessary to be successful as elite skier in both sprint and distance races.
78. MFNR 179183
L319; I.L.7.; 26001
Dopsaj, M., Milosevic, M., Matkovic, I., Arlov, D. & Blagojevich, M. (1999). The relation
between sprint ability in free-style swimming and force characteristics of different muscle
groups. In University of Jyväskylä, Dep. of Biology and Physical activity (Hrsg.),
Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VIII (S. 203-208). Jyväskylä: Eigenverlag.
(Zusammenhang zwischen Sprintfähigkeit im Freistilschwimmen und den Kraftmerkmalen
verschiedener Muskelgruppen)
Muskelphysiologie | Muskel | Kraft | Schwimmen | Kraulschwimmen | Sprint | Biomechanik
Ziel der Untersuchungen war die Aufhellung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Sprintfähigkeit im Freistilschwimmen (SA) und den Kraftmerkmalen verschiedener Muskelgruppen.
49
SA wurde repräsentiert durch die maximale Geschwindigkeit beim Schwimmen über 25 m.
Die charakteristischen Muskelkräfte der Kniestrecker, Oberkörperstrecker und -beuger,
Fingerbeuger und Schulterbeuger wurden repräsentiert durch die Maximalkraft (Fmax), die
Zeit bis zum Erreichen der Maximalkraft (tFmax), den Maximalwert der
Muskelinvolvementgeschwindigkeit (Cmax), den Kraftimpuls (ImpF) und die Rate der
Kraftentwicklung (RFD). Die Messungen erfolgten unter isometrischen Bedingungen der
Muskelkontraktion, Probanden waren 16 Schwimmer.
Ergebnisse:
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass lediglich RFD eine statistisch signifikante Beschreibung der
SA lieferte. Bezüglich eines teilweisen Einflusses wurde festgestellt, dass nur die
Schulterbeuger in der sagittalen Ebene (simulierte Armzugposition bei 90°) und die Oberkörperbeuger als statistisch signifikante Variablen anzusehen sind. Es wurde deutlich,
dass die Fähigkeit des Muskels, die größtmögliche Kraft in einer bestimmten Zeiteinheit zu
entwickeln, statistisch signifikanten Einfluss auf die Sprintfähigkeit bei Freistilschwimmern
hat. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es empfehlenswert ist, das Training zur Steigerung der
Krafterzeugung bei Freistilschwimmern als eine der Haupttrainingsmethoden zur Entwicklung der Muskelkraft mit speziellen Zugübungen und Übungen für die Oberkörperbeuger zu nutzen.
Falgairette, G., Billaut, F., Giacomoni, M., Ramdani, S. & Boyadijan, A. (2004). Effect of
inertia on performance and fatigue pattern during repeated cycle sprints in males and
females. Int. J. Sports Med., 25 (3), 235-240.
(Trägheitsauswirkungen auf die Leistung und das Ermüdungsmuster bei wiederholten
Sprints im Radsport der Männer und Frauen; Internetzugriff unter: http://www.thiemeconnect.com/ejournals/abstract/sportsmed/doi/10.1055/s-2003-45262)
anaerob | Ermüdung | Leistung | männlich | Radsport | Sprint | weiblich | Wiederherstellung
The effect of recovery duration on performance and fatigue pattern during short exercises
was studied including and excluding the flywheel inertia. Subjects (11 males and 11
females) performed a force-velocity test to determine their optimal force (fopt). On the
following day, subjects performed randomly 4 series of two 8-s sprints against fopt, with 15
s (R15), 30 s (R30), 60 s (R60), and 120 s (R120) recovery between sprints. The cycle
(Monark 824 E, Stockholm, Sweden) was equipped with an optical sensor to calculate the
revolution velocity of the pedal. For each sprint, peak power (Ppeak), mechanical work (W)
and time to reach Ppeak (tPpeak) were calculated including (I) and excluding (NI) the
acceleration of the flywheel. For a given sprint, Ppeak and W were greater and tPpeak
was lower in I compared to NI condition (p < 0.05). Differences averaged 13 % for Ppeak,
20 % for W, 34 % for tPpeak, and remained constant between sprints 1 and 2. In sprint 2,
Ppeak and W were significantly reduced compared to sprint 1 only after R15 and R30 in I
and NI (p < 0.05), and no gender differences occurred. In each sprint, Ppeak and W were
higher (p < 0.001) and tPpeak was shorter (p < 0.05) in males than in females, and gender
differences were the same including or excluding the flywheel inertia. In conclusion, values
excluding inertia underestimated mechanical performance and consequently the total
energy supply. However, the pattern of fatigue and gender differences in performance and
fatigue remained unchanged whatever the condition (I or NI). This result may have
practical implications when the flywheel inertia can not be taken into account in the
calculation of mechanical work and power output.
50
Passfield, L. & Doust, J. H. (1999). Effect of endurance exercise on 30 s Wingate sprint in
cyclists. Zugriff am 02.12.1999 unter
http://physiology.cup.cam.ac.uk/Proceedings/Abstracts/506P/Cambridge/human/S08
(Auswirkung von Ausdauerbelastung auf den 30-Sekunden-Wingate-Sprint bei Radsportlern)
Ausdauer | Bahnradsport | Ermüdung | Kraft | Leistung | Radsport | Sprint | Test |
Sportphysiologie
The effects of exercise on subsequent muscle function have been variously documented
(e.g. Sargeant & Dolan, 1987; Rademaker et al. 1994). To our knowledge, changes in
sprint performance following prolonged, non-exhaustive, moderate intensity exercise in
trained, endurance racing cyclists has not been examined. We studied the effect of
extended moderate intensity exercise (70 min, 65 % VO2,peak) on 30 s maximal unpaced
(Wingate) performance in nine male cyclists. A modified Monark ergometer (model 814)
with SRM powermeter (Julich, Germany), infinitely adjustable saddle height, racing saddle
and the subjects' own pedals was used for all exercise trials. Power output and cadence
were measured by use of the SRM powermeter, which measures torque directly from the
crank with strain-gauges. Subjects performed two conditions: control (C) and exercise (E),
both consisting of two 30 s sprints separated by 60 min of either rest or pedalling at 65 %
VO2,peak, respectively. Immediately prior to each sprint, subjects worked at a controlled
cadence of 100 rev min-1 for an additional 10 min. Between sprints subjects ingested 500
ml of a 12 %, or 10 ml kg-1 h-1 of an 8 % carbohydrate solution during C and E,
respectively. Peak power output (PPO) measured as the highest 1 s value, mean power
(MPO) and fatigue index (FI) were calculated for each test. A thumb-prick capillary blood
sample was taken 3 min post-sprint to determine blood lactate concentration [Lac]post. A
paired t test on the difference between first and second sprint was used to compare the
effect of exercise with rest. Exercise at 65 % VO2,peak caused a significant drop in PPO
and MPO when compared with the control trial, whilst FI did not change significantly from
55 ± 14 to 56 ± 13 % (P > 0·4) (see Table 1). A significant reduction in [Lac]post (P <
0·005) following the exercise trial was also observed, from 3·6 (1·2) to 6·6 (1·5) mM. An
extended bout of prior moderate exercise appears to compromise both peak and average
sprinting power. The mechanism for these changes in Wingate performance is unknown.
Robergs, R. A., Costill, D. A., Fink, W. J., Williams, C., Pascoe, D. D., ChwalbinskaMoneta, J. & Davis, J. A. (1990). Effects of warm-up on blood gases, lactate and acid-base
status during sprint swimming. Int. J. Sports Med., 11, 273-278.
(Auswirkungen der Erwärmung auf die Blutgase, das Laktat sowie den Säure-BasenStatus beim Sprintschwimmen; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/coachsci/csa/vol44/robergs.htm)
Sprint | Sportphysiologie | Schwimmen | pH-Wert | Aufwärmung
Warm-up reduced the disturbance in blood acid-base balance during the swimming
exercise. Warm-up was found to be beneficial and not a hindrance to performance. Warmup swimming can be used for reasons other than performance improvements (e.g., environmental familiarization, injury prevention, psychological focusing, neuromuscular
facilitation). If it produces additional physiological benefits then its justification is even
further supported.
51
82. MFNR 301809
L319; FB 326
Sadzeviciene, R. & Poderys, J. (2005). Long term adaptation of sprinters to training
mezcoycle of concentrated aerobic workouts. Forschungsbericht, Vilnius: Lithuanian
Sports Information Centre.
(Langzeitanpassung von Sprintern an konzentrierte aerobe Trainings-Mesozyklen)
Schwimmen | Adaptation | Training | Mesozyklus | aerob | Sprint
Aim: The aim of the study (nine national level male sprinters take part in this study) was to
evaluate the influence of training-mezocycle of concentrated aerobic workouts to various
body functions of sprinters.
Results and Discussion: The results obtained in this study showed that was no any
significant changes in CNS (Teping-test indices) and was found a significant higher values
(p<0,05) in muscle power during the first assessment, i.e. before the aerobic trainingmezocycle. This indicates that the total amount of training workouts performed during the
mezocycle was enough difficult, even gruelling. The dynamics of cardiovascular indices
during the Rufier and jump tests shoved the increase in performance abilities of
cardiovascular system after the concentrated aerobic training-mezocycle. Among these
indices were heart rate, JT interval, and systolic blood pressure.
Some genetic markers that are exclusively associated with elite athletes have been
identified yet. One of them is in the renin-angiotensin system, which plays a key role in the
regulation of cardiovascular physiology, namely ACE (angiotensin I converting enzyme) [1,
3]. There was found the differences in long-term adaptation of cardiovascular system to
excessive training loads in dependence on genetic peculiarities [3]. Some of these
adaptation are concerned as inevitable, i.e. myocardial hypertrophy and may lead to some
limitations of cardiovascular and performance abilities [2, 3]. The results obtained in our
study have showed that training-mezocycle of concentrated aerobic workouts duration of
two weeks was optimal for the development of cardiovascular abilities.
It has been concluded that short-term training-mezocycle of concentrated aerobic loads
has a positive influence to muscular and cardiovascular adaptation of athletes. The
obtained results might be interest in understanding of the more accurate relationship
between type of performed training loads and peculiarities of adaptation.
Sandbakk, O., Welde, B. & Holmberg, H.-C. (2009). Endurance training and sprint
performance in elite junior cross-country skiers. In S. Loland, K. Boe, K. Fasting, J. Hallen,
Y. Ommundsen, G. Roberts & E. Tsolakidis (Hrsg.), 14th annual Congress of the
(S. 293). Oslo: The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences.
(Ausdauertraining und Sprintleistung bei Nachwuchsleistungssportlern im Skilanglauf;
Internetzugriff unter: http://www.ecsscongress.eu/OSLO2009/images/stories/Documents/BOAOSLO0610bContent.pdf)
Nachwuchsleistungssport | Skilanglauf | Ausdauer | Training | Leistung | Sprint | O2Aufnahme | maximal | Leistungsfähigkeit | aerob
Sprint races in modern cross-country (XC) skiing have a shorter racing time, as well as a
relatively flat terrain profile, when compared to traditional races. Several studies have thus
suggested that maximal speed is the most important performance predictor (e.g. Stöggl et
al., 2007). However, the energy release for comparable racing times in other sports is
reported to be 70-85% aerobic (Gastin, 2001). The present study therefore investigated
the importance of aerobic capacity in sprint performance. The effects of a major change in
52
training stimuli, due to increased emphasis on high-speed moderate intensive endurance
training upon sprint performance, maximal O2-uptake (VO2max) and O2-uptake at the
ventilatory threshold (VO2VT) were also examined.
Methods: 15 (10 males and 5 females) elite junior XC skiers (age 17.4±0.5 yr, VO2max
68±6 ml/kg min) participated in this study. After an eight week baseline training period, all
subjects performed a freestyle 1.5 km sprint time-trial on roller skis. In addition, VO2max
and VO2VT were measured in the laboratory. Thereafter, an eight week intervention
training period was performed. Subjects were split into a control group (CG, n=8) and an
intervention group (IG, n=7). The IG increased their training at intensities near the
ventilatory threshold, emphasizing level and mixed terrain in order to induce more highspeed training, while the CG continued their traditional polarized training model with 7080% slow distance training and the remainder as high-intensity interval training. After the
intervention training period the sprint race and tests on VO2max and VO2VT, were rerun.
Results: Close relationships were found between VO2max (r = -0.79, p<0.01) and VO2VT
(r = -0.67, p<0.01) and sprint performance. The mean sprint time in all athletes was
3:36±0:19 min in the pre-test. The IG improved sprint performance by 4.5±2.9% (p<0.01),
VO2max by 3.9±1.9% (p<0.01) and VO2VT by 9.9±3.1% (p<0.01) from pre- to post-test.
No significant changes were found in the CG. Discussion: Our findings suggest an
association between sprint performance and aerobic capacity. The improvements in the IG
are potentially related to the major change in training stimuli and demonstrate the effects
of training at these moderate intensities, as well as the importance of training
periodization.
Sandbakk, Ø, Holmberg, H.-C., Leirdal, S. & Ettema, G. (2010). Metabolic rate and gross
efficiency at high work rates in world class and national level sprint skiers. Eur. J. Appl.
Physiol., 109 (3), 473-481.
(Stoffwechselrate und Gesamteffektivität bei hoher Belastungsintensität unter Skisprintern
des Weltspitzen- und nationalen Spitzenbereichs; Internetzugriff unter: http://www.divaportal.org/smash/record.jsf?searchId=1&pid=diva2:284346)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Hochleistungssport | Leistungssport | Leistungsfähigkeit | O2Aufnahme | maximal | Ermüdung | Geschwindigkeit | Video | Analyse | Laktat | Blut |
Belastungsintensität | Stoffwechsel | Energiestoffwechsel
The present study investigated metabolic rate (MR) and gross efficiency (GE) at moderate
and high work rates, and the relationships to gross kinematics and physical characteristics
in elite cross-country skiers. Eight world class (WC) and eight national level (NL) male
sprint crosscountry skiers performed three 5-min stages using the skating G3 technique,
whilst roller skiing on a treadmill. GE was calculated by dividing work rate by MR. Work
rate was calculated as the sum of power against gravity and frictional rolling forces. MR
was calculated using gas exchange and blood lactate values. Gross kinematics, i.e. cycle
length (CL) and cycle rate (CR) were measured by video analysis. Furthermore, the skiers
were tested for time to exhaustion (TTE), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and maximal
speed (Vmax) on the treadmill, and maximal strength in the laboratory. Individual
performance level in sprint skating was determined by FIS points. WC skiers did not diVer
in aerobic MR, but showed lower anaerobic MR and higher GE than NL skiers at a given
speed (all P < 0.05). Moreover, WC skiers skated with longer CL and had higher Vmax
and TTE (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study shows that WC skiers are more
eYcient than NL skiers, and it is proposed that this might be due to a better technique and
to technique-speciWc power.
53
Sandbakk, Ø., Leirdal, S., Holmberg, H.-C. & Ettema, G. (2009). The physiology of world
class sprint skiers. In S. Loland, K. Boe, K. Fasting, J. Hallen, Y. Ommundsen, G. Roberts
& E. Tsolakidis (Hrsg.), 14th annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science,
Oslo/Norway, June 24-27, 2009, Book of Abstracts(S. 208). Oslo: The Norwegian School
of Sport Sciences.
(Die Physiologie von Ski-Sprintrennen im Weltspitzenbereich; Internetzugriff unter:
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Sportphysiologie | Physiologie | Beschleunigung | Geschwindigkeit | O2-Aufnahme | maximal | Laktat | aerob | Leistungsfähigkeit |
Training
During sprint competitions in cross-country skiing, athletes perform four separate races of
1200-1800m (2 to 4 min), starting with a time-trial qualification race, and thereafter heats
based on a knock-out system. In order to better understand world class sprint
performance, the present study investigated the differences between world class and
national class sprint skiers with regard to their physiological characteristics. Methods: Eight
world class (26.1±3.5 yr, 184.8±5.6 cm, 83.3±6.4 kg, sprint FIS-points 22.2±12) and eight
national class (24.5±2.3 yr, 186.4±6.6cm, 82.8±6.6 kg, sprint FIS-points 100.6±45.6) sprint
skiers participated in the study. They performed three standardized tests using the
freestyle V-2 technique while roller skiing on a treadmill: 1) an absolute submaximal
velocity test, 2) an incremental peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak) test, and 3) an
incremental treadmill velocity test, leading to a maximal obtainable speed after 60-90s
(Vmax). Moreover, all the subjects performed 30m acceleration and 30m maximal speed
tests in the skating V-2 technique outdoors on an asphalt road. Additionally, the amount of
training was quantified for different intensity zones, from low intensity endurance training to
strength and speed training, according to training logbook entries. Comparisons between
groups were made using the t-test procedure. Results: World class athletes showed
significantly lower blood lactate levels, respiratory exchange ratio and heart rate, as well
as better gross efficiency, at the submaximal velocity (all P<0.05). Furthermore, they had
higher VO2peak, speed at VO2peak, Vmax-speed, and faster lactate clearance after the
Vmax (all P<0.05). No differences in acceleration, maximal speed and peak lactate levels
were found. World class athletes performed more endurance training and speed training
(P<0.05). Discussion: World class sprint skiers are similar to national class sprint skiers as
regards maximal speed and acceleration. However, they are superior in aerobic capacity,
efficiency and lactate clearance. Among sprint skiers, we hypothesize that a certain level
of speed is needed, however, the aerobic characteristics are what differentiates different
performance levels. It is suggested that national class athletes with already high speed
capacities should increase their emphasis on endurance training to further improve sprint
performance.
van Someren, K. (2005). Physiology of kayaking. Zugriff am 14.11.2005 unter
http://www.kayak.plus.com/200m/resource/vansomeran-analysis.pdf
(Physiologie des Kajakfahrens im Kanurennsport)
Kanurennsport | Kajak | Sprint | Physiologie | Sportphysiologie | Test | Ergometrie |
Theorie | Leistung | aerob
54
Since 1994 the 200 m event has been included in the international and world championship sprint kayak racing programme. As a result, the shortest duration event has been
reduced from approximately 1 min 40 sec for elite men’s K1 500 m to less than 40 sec.
There is plenty of anecdotal evidence and some scientific research (e.g. Tesch et al.,
1976; Fry and Morton, 1991) demonstrating that the differences in the physiological
demands and requirements of the 1,000 m and 500 m events are fairly subtle. However,
with this much shorter event it is expected that quite different demands will be imposed
upon the paddler. The fact that very few data have been published regarding this event
has prompted such research. The aims of the current research were:
– to determine the physiological responses to 200 m kayak racing to identify the
anthropometric(2) and physiological profile of 200 m kayakers of a range of abilities,
and to determine the relationship of these with performance
– to question whether these findings could be used to prescribe an effective 200 m
training
– programme
In addition, in order to determine the physiological characteristics of paddlers it was
necessary to identify a suitable kayak ergometer.
The conclusions of this research are as follows:
– The 200 m event requires a large contribution of both aerobic and anaerobic energy
and therefore paddlers must address both of these in their training plan
– Elite 200 m paddlers are characterised by high levels of muscularity and muscle
strength, very high levels of speed and speed endurance, and perhaps surprisingly,
well developed capacities for endurance exercise
– These data can be used to prescribe specific 200 m training
– The K1 ERGO is a suitable ergometer for the physiological assessment of paddlers
Vesterinen, V., Mikkola, J., Nummela, A., Hynynen, E. & Häkkinen, K. (2009). Fatigue in a
simulated cross-country skiing sprint competition. J. Sports Sci., 27 (AA0), 1069-1077.
(Ermüdung in einem simulierten Skilanglauf-Sprint-Wettkampf; Internetzugriff unter:
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a914091611)
Skilanglauf | Wettkampf | Sprint | Simulation | Ermüdung | Laktat | O2-Aufnahme |
Technik | Sportphysiologie | Muskelphysiologie
The aim of this study was to assess fatigue during a simulated cross-country skiing sprint
competition based on skating technique. Sixteen male skiers performed a 30-m maximal
skiing speed test and four 850-m heats with roller skies on a tartan track, separated by 20
min recovery between heats. Physiological variables (heart rate, blood lactate
concentration, oxygen consumption), skiing velocity, and electromyography (EMG) were
recorded at the beginning of the heats and at the end of each 200-m lap during the heats.
Maximal skiing velocity and EMG were measured in the speed test before the simulation.
No differences were observed in skiing velocity, EMG or metabolic variables between the
heats. The end (820-850 m) velocities and sum-iEMG of the triceps brachii and vastus
lateralis in the four heats were significantly lower than the skiing velocity and sum-iEMG in
the speed test. A significant correlation was observed between mean oxygen consumption
and the change in skiing velocity over the four heats. Each single heat induced
considerable neuromuscular fatigue, but recovery between the heats was long enough to
prevent accumulation of fatigue. The results suggest that the skiers with a high aerobic
power were less fatigued throughout the simulation.
55
Vesterinen, V., Mikkola, J., Nummela, A., Hynynen, E. & Häkkinen, K. (2007).
Neuromuscular and metabolic responses during a simulated cross-country skiing sprint
competition. In J. Kallio, P. V. Komi, J. Komulainen & J. Avela (Hrsg.), 12th Annual
Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th
2007. Book of Abstracts (S. 537). Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.
(Neuromuskuläre und Stoffwechselreaktionen während eines simulierten Sprintrennens im
Skilanglauf; Internetzugriff unter:
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Simulation | Wettkampf | O2-Aufnahme | Laktat | aerobanaerobe Schwelle | Herzfrequenz | Ermüdung | Wiederherstellung | Belastungsintensität | Stoffwechsel | Energiestoffwechsel | EMG | Sportphysiologie
In the last decade, a new competition form, cross-country (XC) skiing sprint, has been
developed. XC skiing sprint differs from normal distances because of shorter and repeated
performances. Up to present, there is no data about muscle activation and only a little
knowledge about physiological loading during XC skiing sprint competition. The aim of this
study was to investigate loading during a simulated XC skiing sprint competition (SC) in
free technique. Sixteen male skiers performed SC on roller skies on an indoor tartan track.
SC consisted of four 850 m heats separated by 20 min of recovery. Skiers were instructed
to ski the first and the last 50 m of each heat at the maximal effort and mid part of the heat
with the maximal race velocity. Heat times, heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption
(VO2) were measured during the heats. Peak lactate (LApeak), as the highest value
during recovery, and lactate before (LApre) each heat were also measured. EMG and
velocity was measured from the triceps brachii and vastus lateralis in the beginning (20-50
m) and at the end (820- 850 m) of each heat. The EMG signals from individual muscles
were summed to represent overall electrical activity of these muscles (sum-iEMG).
Maximal skiing velocity (Vmax) and iEMG-activity (EMGmax) were measured before SC
by performing a 30 m speed test. Heat times of SC in heat 1 (H1), heat 2 (H2), heat 3 (H3)
and heat 4 (H4) were 142.6 ± 5.0, 142.6 ± 5.1, 142.4 ± 5.5, 141.9 ± 5.3 s and VO2max
were 64.4 ± 4.0, 65.7 ± 3.9, 65.7 ± 3.6, 65.9 ± 4.0 ml/kg/min, respectively. Mean HRmax
was 180 ± 7 bpm with no change over the four heats. LApeak was 12.8 ± 2.4, 13.3 ± 3.0,
13.5 ± 2.8, 13.8 ± 2.7 mmol/l and LApre 1.6 ± 0.7, 5.3 ± 3.6, 5.9 ± 4.1, 6.2 ± 4.0 mmol/l.
The above mentioned variables did not change between the four heats, except LApre
which was higher in H2 (p<0.05), H3 and H4 (p<0.01) compared to H1. The final sprint
(820-850m) velocities of H1, H2, H3 and H4 were 14 ± 5, 13 ± 5, 13 ± 3, 15 ± 5 % (all,
p<0.001) lower than Vmax and sum-iEMG at the same measuring phases were 27 ± 13,
28 ± 15, 24 ± 10, 27 ± 14 % (all, p<0.001) lower than EMGmax. However, sumiEMG in the
beginning phases of each heat did not differ from that of the Vmax test. The present
metabolic findings are mainly in line with Stöggl et al. (2006). We observed significant
decreases in muscle activation and velocities during the single heats which may partly
indicate neural fatigue. These decreases in sport specific EMG are in line with Peltonen et
al. (1997), showing the important role of the central nervous system in short duration
endurance performance. In conclusion, each single heat induced neuromuscular fatigue
but the recovery between the heats seems to be long enough for preventing accumulation
of fatigue.
56
Ernährung
Hansen, C. A. (2000). The effects of ergogenic aid supplementation on the sprint capacity
of male cyclists.
(Die Auswirkungen der Supplementierung ergogener Mittel auf die Sprintleistungsfähigkeit
männlicher Radsportler; Internetzugriff unter:
https://millrace.uoregon.edu/kinpubs/newsearch.cfm?CFID=175521&CFTOKEN=2303477
5&viewmode=detail&pdfsonly=unlimit&specdet=86)
ergogenes Mittel | Leistungsfähigkeit | Radsport | Sprint | Supplementierung
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of ergogenic aid
supplementation, specifically different formulated sports drinks with reference to
magnesium, on the sprint capacity (mean anaerobic power, peak anaerobic power, lowest
anaerobic power, rate of fatigue, and blood lactate concentrations) in male cyclists. The
investigation followed a double-blind format with participants randomly assigned into
treatment groups. All participants completed a three-day diet analysis during each
supplementation period. At the end of each supplementation period participants performed
a 40-km bicycle ride on a stationary trainer at 80% of their maximum heart rate followed by
a Wingate Anaerobic Power Test at 0.075 kp/kg. Three minutes post Wingate, an
Accusport portable blood lactate analyzer measured blood lactate concentrations. A
repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences in mean anaerobic power
(F=5.680, p=0.035) between ergogenic aid A (392 mg of magnesium per day) and
ergogenic aid B (60.6 mg of agnesium per day). However, significance was not reached in
peak anaerobic power (F=2.737, p=0.124), lowest anaerobic power (F=2.083, 0.175), rate
of fatigue (F=0.071, p=0.794), and blood lactate concentrations (F=0.282, p=0.607).
Dependent t-tests revealed no significant differences between ergogenic aid A and B when
added to the participants diet: potassium (p=0.072), calcium (p=0.503), carbohydrates
(p=0.270), and total kilocalories (p=.064). In contrast, there was a significant difference in
magnesium (p<0.001) between ergogenic aid A and B. In conclusion, supplementation of
magnesium (392 mg per day) may be beneficial in the enhancement of anaerobic
performance in competitive male cyclists.
Maughan, R. J., Greenhaff, P. L., Leiper, J. B., Ball, D., Lambert, C. P. & Gleeson, M.
(1997). Diet composition and the performance of high-intensity exercise. J. Sports Sci., 15
(3), 265-275.
(Nahrungszusammensetzung und Leistung bei hochintensiver Belastung; Internetzugriff
unter: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids
=92325 52&dopt=Abstract)
Stoffwechsel | Kurzzeitausdauer | Kohlenhydrat | Fett | Ernährung | Eiweiß | Belastung | Ausdauer
The crucial role of muscle glycogen as a fuel during prolonged exercise is well established,
and the effects of acute changes in dietary carbohydrate intake on muscle glycogen
content and on endurance capacity are equally well known. More recently, it has been
recognized that diet can also affect the performance of high-intensity exercise of short (2-7
min) duration. If the muscle glycogen content is lowered by prolonged (1-1.5 h) exhausting
cycle exercise, and is subsequently kept low for 3-4 days by consumption of a diet
57
deficient in carbohydrate (<5% of total energy intake), there is a dramatic (~10-30%)
reduction in exercise capacity during cycling sustainable for about 5 min. The same
effectis observed if exercise is preceded by 3-4 days on a carbohydrate-restricted diet or
by a 24 h total fast without prior depletion of the muscle glycogen. Consumption of a diet
high in carbohydrate (70% of total energy intake from carbohydrate) for 3-4 days before
exercise improves exercise capacity during high-intensity exercise, although this effect is
less consistent. The blood lactate concentration is always lower at the point of fatigue after
a diet low in carbohydrate and higher after a diet high in carbohydrate than after a normal
diet. Even when the duration of the exercise task is kept constant, the blood lactate
concentration is higher after exercise on a diet high in carbohydrate than on a diet low in
carbohydrate. Consumption of a low-carbohydrate isoenergetic diet is achieved by an
increased intake of protein and fat. A high-protein diet, particularly when combined with a
low carbohydrate intake, results in metabolic acidosis, which ensues within 24 h and
persists for at least 4 days. This appears to be the result of an increase in the circulating
concentrations of strong organic acids, particularly free fatty acids and 3-hydroxybutyrate,
together with an increase in the total plasma protein concentration. This acidosis, rather
than any decrease in the muscle glycogen content, may be responsible for the reduced
exercise capacity in high-intensity exercise; this may be due to a reduced rate of efflux of
lactate and hydrogen ions from the working muscles. Alternatively, the accumulation of
acetyl groups in the carbohydrate-deprived state may reduce substrate flux through the
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, thus reducing aerobic energy supplyand accelerating
the onset of fatigue.
58
Nachtrag
Folgende fünf Quellen zur Thematik der Bibliografie wurden nach Redaktionsschluss, aber
noch vor der Kleinkonferenz, in unsere Datenbanken aufgenommen.
91. MFNR 307416
L319; I.L.10.; 28671
Mikkola, J., Laaksonen, M. S., Holmberg, H.-C. & Linnamo, V. (2010). Changes in double
poling forces and cycle characteristics during cross-country skiing sprint competition . In E.
Müller, S. Lindinger, T. Stöggl & J. Pfusterschmied (Hrsg.), 5th International Congress on
Science and Skiing, Dec. 14-19, 2010, St. Christoph am Arlberg - Austria. Book of
Abstracts (S. 45). Salzburg: University of Salzburg, Interfakultärer Fachbereich Sport- und
Bewegungswissenschaft/USI.
(Veränderungen der Kräfte beim Doppelstockschub und Zyklusmerkmale im Sprintwettkampf im Skilanglauf)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Wettkampf | Technik | Kraft | Vortrieb | Biomechanik
Introduction: "Modern" double poling (DP), introduced by Holmberg et al. (2005), is the
most used technique in the classical cross-country skiing sprint (XCSS) competitions.
However, there is no published data about how pole forces change during XCSS using DP
due to fatigue. The aim of this study was thus to investigate changes in pole forces and
cycle characteristics during XCSS.
Method: Twelve Finnish top-level male XC skiers performed a simulated sprint competition
(4 x 1050 m heat / 20 min recovery between heats) using DP technique in an indoor ski
tunnel on snow. Vertical (Fz) and horizontal (Fy) pole forces, as well as poling (PT),
recovery (RT) and cycle times (CT = PT + RT) were measured using a custom made 18m-long force plate System (Vähäsöyrinki et al. 2008) during the start (maximal), race
(optimal race speed) and finish (maximal) phases of each heat. Furthermore, vertical (Iz)
and horizontal (ly) pole impulses, DP speed (V18m) and cycle length (CL) were calculated.
Velocity (VH), heart rate (HR) and peak lactate (LA) were also measured during the heats.
Results: VH decreased by 2.5% (p<.01) from heat1 (6.1 ±0.3 m/s) to heat4 (5.9±0.3 m/s)
but there were no changes in HR (from 180±4 to 179±5 bpm) or L+A (from 11.2+1.1 to
11.6±1.8 mmol/l) between the heats. V18m and cycle characteristics did not differ when
comparing the same phases between the heats but when averaging all four heats
significant changes were observed within phases (table 1). The poling forces and impulses
decreased within the heats (table 1) but not between the heats. The mean VH of four
heats correlated significantly to the mean V18m of the race (r=.91***) and finish (r=.79**)
phases as well as to the mean Fy of the finish phase (r=.70*) and to the mean Fz of the
race phase (r=.59*).
Discussion/conclusion: Decreased maximal DP velocity (V18m) within heats (start vs.
finish phase) indicated fatigue among the skiers. Fatigue was manifested by decreased
pole force production and changes in cycle characteristics. However, the accumulation of
fatigue between the heats was minor because of the 20-min recovery between the heats.
Also, the skiers' different pacing strategies might affect the accumulation of fatigue. The
fastest sprint skiers seemed to be able to keep propulsive force levels higher during the
finishing sprint.
59
92. MFNR 307420
L319; I.L.10.; 28671
Fujita, Z., Ishige, Y., Yoshioka, S., Tauchi, K. & Tsuchiya, J. (2010). Time course changes
of the kinematics and kinetics during double-poling technique in cross-country sprint
skiing. In E. Müller, S. Lindinger, T. Stöggl & J. Pfusterschmied (Hrsg.), 5th International
Congress on Science and Skiing, Dec. 14-19, 2010, St. Christoph am Arlberg - Austria.
Book of Abstracts (S. 112). Salzburg: University of Salzburg, Interfakultärer Fachbereich
Sport- und Bewegungswissenschaft/USI.
(Zeitverlaufsveränderungen der Kinematik und Kinetik beim Doppelstockschub im Skilanglauf-Sprint)
Skilanglauf | Biomechanik | Technik | Kraft | Sprint
Introduction: Ten years ago, sprint skiing events were introduced into the World Ski
Championships, and subsequently, some skiers have tried to adapt their cross-country
skiing technique to the higher racing speeds attained during sprint skiing. The racing
speed using the double-poling technique is high, and many athletes use double-poling
technique when they want to accelerate or when they are close to the finish line (Stöggl, et
al., 2006). Thus, it is important that athletes keep the high level of the racing speed.
However, no study could be found elucidating a relationship between the racing speed and
the time course changes of kinematics and kinetics during double-poling technique. The
purpose of this study was to examine time course changes of the kinematics and the
kinetics during double poling techniques in cross-country sprint skiing.
Method: Five subjects performed 3 min maximal double poling on an oval track (320 m).
Measured kinematic parameters were the mean velocity, cycle length, cycle rate, duration
over one cycle, which consists of poling (0% - 30% of one cycle) and gliding (30% -100%
of one cycle) phases. The segment angles were measured for the upper and forward
arms, trunk, thigh, shank, foot, pole from the horizontal plane. Distance from the most
proximal edge of the foot to the pole contact point, which is defined here as pole contact
length, was also calculated. For the kinetic parameters, the peak and mean forces and Impulse of poles were analyzed.
Results: The velocity, cycle rate and peak and mean pole forces decreased significantly at
3rd lap compared with 1st lap of the round. In contrast, duration of the poling and gliding
phases and impulse of pole and poling angle increased significantly at 3rd lap compared
with 1st lap (p<.05). There was no significant difference in the cycle length and pole
contact length among laps (p<.05). Thigh angle was greater, and shank and foot angles
were less at 3rd lap than at 1st lap in poling phase (p<.05). During gliding phase, foot and
thigh angles were greater and shank angle was less at 3rd lap than at 1st lap (p<.05).
Discussion: In poling phase, thigh angle was greater and lower limb and foot angles were
less, indicating position while one cycle. In glide phase, foot and thigh angles were greater
and shank angle was less indicating decreased flexing and extending action.
Conclusion: The aim of this study was to examine time course changes of the kinematics
during double poling technique. Double poling technique during sprint skiing was changed
to erect standing position of the body and decreased flexing and extending action of legs
with time course.
60
93. MFNR 307421
L319; I.L.10.; 28671
Yarim, I. & Cetin, E. (2010). Relationship between anaerobic power and roller ski sprint
performance in cross-country skiers. In E. Müller, S. Lindinger, T. Stöggl & J. Pfusterschmied (Hrsg.), 5th International Congress on Science and Skiing, Dec. 14-19, 2010, St.
Christoph am Arlberg - Austria. Book of Abstracts (S. 159). Salzburg: University of Salzburg, Interfakultärer Fachbereich Sport- und Bewegungswissenschaft/USI.
(Zusammenhang zwischen anaerober Leistung und Rollski-Sprintleistung bei Skilangläufern)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Leistung | anaerob
Inroduction: Sprint races, which have become more widespread since the 1990s, lead
skiers to specialize in different branches [1]. Studies conducted in recent years state that
in this type of race, during which anaerobic performance and strength are important,
athletes should have different features anthropometrically, physically and physiologically
[2].The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between sprint exercises performed
at different distances using the roller ski training model and anaerobic performance.
Method: Ten volunteer male skiers ages 19.3±2.5, with heights of 173.3±6.2 and weights
of 67±8.4 participated in the study. The measurements in the study were performed in a
laboratory and on a tartan track using the V2 skating technique. The roller ski used was
Pro-Ski C2 (Sterners, Nyhammar, Sweden). The applied anaerobic strength test of the leg
muscles was a Wingate 30-second cycle ergometer test. Spearman rank correlation test
was performed for statistical analysis. The value of p<0.05 was accepted for statistical
significance.
Discussion: A difference between the distance of the exercise and the parameters applied
in the study was determined. While a significant positive correlation was observed
between 200 m roller ski exercise and peak power, a significant positive correlation was
found between 800 m exercise and average power. Many studies began to be performed
with regard to the increase in the speed factor since the day sprint races began. These
studies focus on topics such as equipment technology, wax, technique, strategy and
predominantly training physiology [1, 3, 4].In light of the literature and our results, it may be
advised that improving the training of the anaerobic average power should be applied for
cross-country ski sprinters.
Conclusion: As a consequence, while the positive correlation value between the exercise
performed in short distance (200 m) and the peak power is high, this study demonstrated
that as the distance increased (800 m), average power value became more important.
Mattsson, M. (2010). Het och plagasam träningstrend: Tabata-intervaller. Idrott &
Kunskap, 5, 28-29.
(Heißer und sehr anstrengender Trainingstrend: Tabata-Intervalle; Internetzugriff unter
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-1499)
Ausdauer | Ausdauerdisziplinen | Training | Trainingsmethode | Belastungsumfang |
Belastungsintensität | Intervallmethode
Die sog. Tabata-Intervalle stammen ursprünglich aus dem Eisschnelllaufen und haben folgende Struktur: 20 Sekunden Belastung, danach 10 Sekunden Erholung, das wird bis zur
Erschöpfung gemacht. Die Belastungen können auf dem Rad, dem Fahrradergometer, auf
Schlittschuhen oder auf dem Laufband absolviert werden. Eine Trainingseinheit besteht im
Normalfall aus acht Intervallen, d. h. einer Gesamtzeit von 4 Minuten. Davor liegt eine
zehnminütige Erwärmung, d. h. die Gesamteinheit umfasst 15 Minuten. Die Belastungs61
intensität muss sehr hoch sein – 170 % der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme (VO2 max).
Die Tabata-Intervalle können nicht auf der Grundlage des Pulses absolviert werden, weil
dieser nur Relationen bis zu 100 % der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme herstellt. Damit
die Intervalle wirken, müssen große Muskelmassen/-gruppen belastet/aktiviert werden.
Sandbakk, Ø, Holmberg, H.-C., Leirdal, S. & Ettema, G. (2010). Metabolic rate and gross
efficiency at high work rates in world class and national level sprint skiers. Eur. J. Appl.
Physiol., 109 (3), 473-481.
(Stoffwechselrate und Gesamteffektivität bei hoher Belastungsintensität unter Skisprintern
des Weltspitzen- und nationalen Spitzenbereichs; Internetzugriff unter
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1372-3)
Skilanglauf | Sprint | Hochleistungssport | Leistungssport | Leistungsfähigkeit | O2Aufnahme | maximal | Ermüdung | Geschwindigkeit | Video | Analyse | Laktat | Blut |
Belastungsintensität | Stoffwechsel Energiestoffwechsel
The present study investigated metabolic rate (MR) and gross efficiency (GE) at moderate
and high work rates, and the relationships to gross kinematics and physical characteristics
in elite cross-country skiers. Eight world class (WC) and eight national level (NL) male
sprint crosscountry skiers performed three 5-min stages using the skating G3 technique,
whilst roller skiing on a treadmill. GE was calculated by dividing work rate by MR. Work
rate was calculated as the sum of power against gravity and frictional rolling forces. MR
was calculated using gas exchange and blood lactate values. Gross kinematics, i.e. cycle
length (CL) and cycle rate (CR) were measured by video analysis. Furthermore, the skiers
were tested for time to exhaustion (TTE), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and maximal
speed (Vmax) on the treadmill, and maximal strength in the laboratory. Individual
performance level in sprint skating was determined by FIS points. WC skiers did not diVer
in aerobic MR, but showed lower anaerobic MR and higher GE than NL skiers at a given
speed (all P < 0.05). Moreover, WC skiers skated with longer CL and had higher Vmax
and TTE (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study shows that WC skiers are more
eYcient than NL skiers, and it is proposed that this might be due to a better technique and
to technique-speciWc power.
62
Index
Adaptation
12, 41, 82
aerob
18, 47, 75, 76, 77, 82, 83, 85, 86
aerob-anaerobe Schwelle
77, 88
allg. athlet. Ausbildung
29, 32
anaerob
47, 75, 76, 79, 93
Analyse
2, 21, 60, 66, 84, 95
Anthropometrie
3, 6, 15, 18, 20, 23, 69
Arm
19
Aufwärmung
81
Ausbildung
27
Ausdauer
34, 80, 83, 90, 94
Ausdauerdisziplinen
13, 94
Australien
9, 35
Auswahl
9, 11
Bahnradsport
2, 5, 9, 42, 64, 80
Bein
16
Belastung
74, 90
Belastungsgestaltung
12, 28, 33, 39, 41, 45, 50, 52, 70
Belastungsintensität
36, 40, 70, 77, 84, 88, 94
Belastungsumfang
27, 36, 39, 40, 94
Beschleunigung
14, 85
Beweglichkeit
10, 29
Bewegung
11, 65
Bewegungsfertigkeit
21, 46, 60, 66
Bewegungskoordination
21, 60, 66
Bewegungsmerkmal
60
Bewegungsschnelligkeit
21, 60, 66
Biathlon
1
Biomechanik
2, 15, 21, 25, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65,
71 , 72, 78. 91, 92
Blut
84, 95
BRD
11
Brustschwimmen
57
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
11
63
Eignung
11
Eisschnelllauf
14, 16, 25, 54, 58, 59
Eiweiß
90
EMG
88
Energie
15
Energiestoffwechsel
15, 75, 76, 84, 88, 95
ergogenes Mittel
89
Ergometrie
24, 75, 86
Ermüdung
45, 53, 73, 79, 80, 84, 87, 88, 95
Ernährung
90
Explosivkraft
19, 22
Faser
74
Fett
90
Geschwindigkeit
20, 21, 31, 57, 69, 71, 84, 85, 95
Herzfrequenz
88
Hilfsgerät
63
Hochleistungssport
3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 21, 38, 40, 41, 60, 66,
77, 84, 95
Hydrodynamik
61
international
13
Intervallmethode
26, 33, 60, 94
Jahr
50, 52
Jugend
15
Kajak
18, 23, 43, 67, 76, 86
Kanurennsport
23, 28, 43, 61, 62, 67, 68, 76, 86
Kanusport
18, 43, 61, 62
Körperbau
6, 10, 18, 20, 68, 69
Körpermaß
3, 4, 20, 77
Kohlenhydrat
90
koordinative Fähigkeit
10
Kraft
4, 10, 14, 16, 18, 19, 22, 28, 30, 31, 38,
43 , 63, 78, 80, 91, 92
Kraulschwimmen
8, 10, 11, 15, 26, 37, 69, 78
Kurzzeitausdauer
44, 90
Laktat
12, 15, 21, 41, 84, 85, 87, 88, 95
Langstrecke
17, 39
64
Leistung
2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15, 16, 20, 21, 23, 30,
32, 33, 34, 41, 47, 53, 58, 64, 70, 71, 75,
77, 79, 80, 83, 86, 93
Leistungsdiagnostik
16, 19, 58
Leistungsentwicklung
13
Leistungsfähigkeit
4, 13, 18, 83, 84, 85, 89, 95
Leistungsfaktor
1, 7, 10, 23
Leistungssport
3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13, 21, 38, 41, 60, 66, 75,
77, 84, 95
Leistungsstruktur
2, 5, 10, 13
Leistungsvoraussetzung
1
Litauen
52
männlich
4, 40, 69, 79
maximal
4, 12, 41, 77, 83, 84, 85, 95
Maximalkraft
8, 19, 22
Mechanik
63
Mesozyklus
82
Messverfahren
24
Modellierung
2, 64
motorisches Lernen
46
Muskel
16, 74, 78
Muskelphysiologie
78, 87
Nachwuchsleistungssport
6, 9, 11, 15, 83
Neurophysiologie
73
Norwegen
40
O2-Aufnahme
4, 12, 21, 41, 77, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 95
Olympische Sommerspiele 2000
68
Organisierung
27
pH-Wert
81
Physiologie
13, 21, 77, 85, 86
Prognose
3, 6
Programm
49
Radsport
2, 7, 9, 22, 24, 33, 34, 38, 42, 44, 47, 63,
64, 71, 74, 79, 80, 89
Reaktion
29
Relation
6, 20, 30, 33, 53, 69, 70, 77
Schnelligkeit
10, 11, 31, 43, 44, 66
65
Schnellkraft
14
Schuh
63
Schwimmen
6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 17, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32,
35, 36, 37, 39, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55,
57, 60, 65, 69, 70, 78, 81, 82
Shorttrack
25, 27, 54
Simulation
87, 88
Skilanglauf
3, 4, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 40, 41, 46, 52,
56, 66, 72, 73, 75, 77, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88,
91, 92, 93, 94
Spezialisierung
39
Sportgerät
61, 67, 68
Sportphysiologie
12, 13, 21, 23, 41, 77, 80, 81, 85, 86, 87,
88
Sportverein
27
Sprung
58
Start
14, 59, 65
Statistik
57
Stoffwechsel
15, 75, 84, 88, 90, 95
Straßenradsport
64
Supplementierung
89
Taktik
25, 64
Talent
9, 11
Tapering
51
Technik
4, 5, 10, 11, 15, 21, 25, 30, 54, 57, 59,
60, 66, 72, 77, 87, 91, 92
Test
11, 15, 19, 24, 58, 75, 80, 86
Theorie
2, 64, 86
Thorax
19
Trainer
27
Training
12, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50,
51, 52, 54, 55, 60, 82, 83, 85, 94
Trainingskonzeption
39
Trainingsmethode
27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 43, 47, 94
Trainingsmittel
30, 32, 54
Trainingsplanung
12, 28, 29, 38, 40, 41, 48, 50, 52
Trainingswirkung
32
66
Übung
54
Übungszusammenstellung
38, 54
Untersuchungsmethode
15, 24, 62, 65
USA
49, 55
UWV
51
Video
84, 95
Vorbereitungsperiode
29
Vortrieb
91
weiblich
69, 79
Wettkampf
27, 64, 77, 87, 88, 91
Wettkampfperiode
28, 29
Widerstand
31, 64
Wiederherstellung
33, 45, 53, 70, 79, 88
Wiederholungsmethode
53
67
68
Institut für Angewandte Trainingswissenschaft
Ein Institut im Verein IAT/FES des DOSB e. V.
Marschnerstr. 29
04109 Leipzig
Telefon +49 (0)341 4945 131
Fax
+49 (0)341 4945 400
E-Mail
bfranz@iat.uni-leipzig.de
Web
http://www.sport-iat.de
69

Bibliografie Sprint (Ausdauerdisziplinen)

Transcription

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