“STUDY OF DIFFERENT MARKET SAMPLES BALA PHYTOCHEMISTRY” cordifolia

Transcription

“STUDY OF DIFFERENT MARKET SAMPLES
WITH GENUINE SAMPLE OF BALA (Sida
cordifolia Linn) W.R.T.PHARMACOGNOCY AND
PHYTOCHEMISTRY”
By
Dr. UMAKANT N.RABB.
B.A.M.S
Dissertation submitted to the
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka Bangalore,
In partial fulfillment
Of the requirements for the Degree of
AYURVEDA VACHASPATI
In
DRAVYAGUNA
Guide
Dr. YOGINI KULKARNI ( M.D.Ph.D.;M.A(Sanskrit & sangeet);F.I.I.M.;D.A&Y)
Professor
Shri. B. M. Kankanawadi Ayurveda
Mahavidyalaya, Belgaum.
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF DRAVYAGUNA
K. L. E.’S SHRI. B.M. KANKANAWADI AYURVED
MAHAVIDYALAYA, SHAHAPUR, BELGAUM.
2010 - 11
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled “STUDY OF DIFFERENT
MARKET SAMPLES WITH GENUINE SAMPLE OF BALA (Sida cordifolia
Linn) W.R.T. PHARMACOGNOCY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY” is a bonafide
and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. Yogini
kulkarni(M.D.Ph.D.;M.A(Sanskrit&sangeet);F.I.I.M.;D.A&Y)Professor,Departmentof Dravyaguna,
K.L.E.’s Shri B. M. K. Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belgaum.
Date:
Place: Belgaum
Signature
Dr. UMAKANT N RABB.P.G Scholar
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE
This is to certify that this dissertation entitled “STUDY OF DIFFERENT
Linn) W.R.T. PHARMACOGNOCY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY” is a bonafide
and genuine research work carried out by Dr. Umakant N. Rabb in partial fulfillment
of
the
requirement
Date:
Place: Belgaum
for
the
degree
of
AYURVEDA
VACHASPATI.
Signature of Guide
Dr.Yogini R. Kulkarni Prof
,M..D..Ph..D.(Ayu Dravyaguna);M.A.(Sanskrit Parangata);M.A.(Sangeet Alaankar)D.A.& Y.;F.I.I.M
Department of PG Studies in Dravyaguna
KLE’S Shri B. M. Kankanwadi Ayurveda
Shahapur, Belgaum
CERTIFICATE BY THE CO- GUIDE
This is to certify that this dissertation entitled “STUDY OF
DIFFERENT MARKET SAMPLES WITH GENUINE SAMPLE OF BALA (Sida
cordifolia Linn) W.R.T.PHARMACOGNOCY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY” is a
bonafide research work done by Dr. UMAKANT N RABB in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of AYURVEDA VACHASPATI.
Date:
Place: Belgaum
Signature
CO-Guides
DR. HARSHA HEGDE Scientist-B
I.C.M.R.Belgaum
MR.AJIT LINGAYAT (Msc.Medicinal plants)
Incharge of K.L.E’s Ayurveda pharmacy.
Belgaum.
ENDORSEMENT CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “STUDY OF DIFFERENT
Linn) W.R.T.PHARMACOGNOCY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY” is a bonafide
research work done by Dr. Umakant N.Rabb under the guidance of Dr. Yogini
kulkarni, M.D.Phd, Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, K. L. E’s Shri. B.M. K.
Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belgaum.
H. O. D.
Principal
Dr. S. K. Hiremath M.D.
DR. B.S. PRASAD Ph.d
Professor & H.O.D.
Principal
PG Dept. of Dravyaguna
K.L.E.’S Shri B.M.Kankanwadi
K.L.E.’S Shri B.M.Kankanwadi
Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Shahapur
Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Shahapur
Belgaum
Belgaum
COPYRIGHT
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,
Karnataka shall have the right to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in print
or electronic format for academic / research purpose.
Date:
Place: Belgaum
Signature of the candidate
Dr. Umakant N.Rabb P.G.Scholar
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The dissertation work is a planned work carried out in a scheduled
time. This is made possible with valuable guidance, inspiration, critics, advice
and suggestions; all these empowered me to complete my work successfully.
I express my thanks to my beloved Guide Dr. Yogini Kulkarni
Professor, P. G. Department of Dravyaguna, for her maximum support and
guidance all throughout the work.
I express my thanks to my beloved Co-Guides Dr. Harsha Hegde
scientist-B I.C.M.R. Belgaum and Mr. Ajit Lingayat in charge of K.L.E.’s
B.m.k.Ayurveda pharmacy Belgaum for his maximum support and guidance all
throughout the work.
I sincerely thank our Principal Dr. B. S. Prasad and academic in charge
Dr R. C. Mathad for their encouraging thoughts and provoking support.
I thank Prof and H.O.D, Dr. S. K. Hiremath , Asst.prof Dr.(Mrs.)
S.K.Kulkarni,
Asst prof Dr Aroon M. Chougale , Dr.Gogesh Girgaon,
Dr.D.G.Kolume, lecturer Dr.Nataraj H.R. Post Graduate Department of
Dravyaguna, for their valuable Guidance.
I would like to thank lecturer, Dr. M. B. Gundakalle lecturer and Central
Research Lab faculty, who helped me for their valuable support in carrying out
my analytical work,
I am thankful to College Librarian Girija Madam, Vaishali Madam and
other library members.
I am thankful to Mr. T. B. Thitte manager and Mr. Vaibhav for his
guidance for carrying out HPTLC work in Anchrom H.P.T.L.C lab Mumbai.
I remain ever thankful to my friends and colleagues who have supported
and guided me all throughout
Dr. Poornima undi, Dr. Bhagyshree, Dr.
Mahadev, Dr. Katakar, Dr. Deepti, Dr. Ashwini, Dr. Haresha
Dr. Athira, Dr.Manjunath and Dr. Shilji.
I thank my father Shri. Nandkumar N. Rabb and my mother Smt
Shanta N. Rabb for their natural love and affection throughout my studies.
I express my warm appreciation to my Sisters Smt. Varsha and
Smt.Girija without their support it would not have been possible to accomplish
sthis work.
Date:
Place: Belgaum
Signature
Dr. Umakant N.Rabb
P.G. Scholar
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A.P.I
Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India
A.H
Ashtanga Hrudaya
A.N
Adarsh Nighantu
A.H
Ashtanga Hrudaya
Aq.
Aqueous
Al.
Alcoholic
B.P
Bhavaprakash Nighantu
C.S
Charaka Samhita
C.D
Cakradatta
C.R.L
Central Research Laboratory
D.N
Dhanwantari Nighantu
G.N
Gadanigraha
gms
Grams
H.P.T.L.C
High performance thin layer chromatography
K.S
Kashyapa Samhita
K.N
Kaideva Nighantu
M.N
Madanapal Nighantu
mm
Millimeter
m
Meter
ml
Milliliter
nm
Nanometer
dm
Diameter
P.N
Priya Nighantu
I.H.P
Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia
R.N
Raja Nighantu
Rf value
Refraction value
S.S
Sushruta Samhita
S.N
Shodhala Nighantu
Sample G
Genuine
Sample A
Belgaum sample
Sample B
Bangaluru sample
Sample C
Hubli sample
T.S
Transverse section
Ut
Uttaratantra
W/w
weight by weight
Y.R
Yogaratnakar
%
Percentage
0
degree Celsius
C
ABSTRACT
Objectives: •
To procure the different market samples of Bala moola and genuine sample from
natural habitat
•
To compare the market samples with genuine sample by Pharmacognostic and
Phyto-chemical parameters.
Methodology:1. Collection of Bala moola from natural habitat in Grishma rutu and
procurement of different market samples of Bala.
2. Pharmacognostic study of market and genuine samples
3. Aqueous and alcohol (Methanol) extraction of all the samples were carried out
4. Physicochemical and phyto-chemical study of Market and Genuine sample
was done
5. Qualitative analysis by T.L.C and H.P.T.L.C of different alcohol and aqueous
extracts were carried out for all Samples.
6. Estimation of Alkaloid percentage of all Samples was done.
Results:1. Macroscopic and Microscopic study of the collected samples suggest that
genuine sample contain roots where as all the market samples contains stems
of Different varieties of Sida species.
2. The phyto-chemical study shows similar ingredients present in roots and stem
parts of the Bala, both in Genuine and Market samples.
3. Alkaloid percentage is more in Genuine sample that is because of proper
collection of the drug as mentioned in samhita.
4. In T.L.C and H.P.T.L.C analysis there is less phyto chemicals are separated in
aqueous extract as compared to the methanol extract.
5. All H.P.T.L.C results of Market samples compared with Genuine, concludes
that sample-C shows maximum same phyto-chemical constituents. So the
Sample-C is nearer to Genuine sample.
Conclusion:After thorough examination of all the samples with standard procedures, it concludes
that samples available in the market belong to different varieties of sida species, and
the phyto-chemical analysis is also showing same ingredients in both Genuine and
Market samples Whereas the T.L.C and .H.P.T.L.C results concludes that there is
more phyto-chemicals were separated in methanolic extract than the aqueous extract.
And when compared with Genuine sample, the sample-C shows maximum same
chemical constituents. So, the sample-C is nearer to Genuine sample.
Keywords: - Bala moola, Adulterants, Substitutes, Physico-chemical, Phytochemical
analysis etc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO.
CONTENTS
PAGE. NO.
1
INTRODUCTION
1-2
2
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
3
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
4-17
4
MATERIALS AND METHODS
18-27
5
OBSERVATIONS & RESULTS
28-38
6
DISCUSSION
39-45
7
CONCLUSION
46-47
8
SUMMARY
48-49
9
LIST OF REFERENCES
50-56
10
PHOTOPLATES
57-72
11
ANNEXURE
LIST OF TABLES
S. No.
List of Tables
P. No.
1
Macroscopic characters of Roots
30
2
Microscopic characters of Roots
30
3
Powder Macroscopy
31
4
Powder Microscopy
31
5
Physico-chemical Analysis of Bala Moola
32
6
Phyto-chemical analysis Bala Moola
7
Determination of Elemental ash
34
8
Fluorescence analysis
35
9
Alkaloid Eatimation
35
10
Micro-chemical testing
36
11
TLC Results
37
12
HPTLC Results -Rf value in 254 nm
38
13
HPTLC Results- Rf value in 366 nm
39
14
HPTLC Results - Rf value in 540 nm after derivatization
40
33-34
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate no
List of Photo Plates
1
Agro-climatic zone of Karnataka
2
Morphology of Bala(Sida cordifolia Linn)
3
Macroscopic study of collected Bala Moola and market samples.
4
Microscopic study of collected Bala Moola and market samples
5
Macroscopy study of Coarse powder of Bala Moola and market samples.
6
Powder Microscopic of Bala Moola and market samples.
7
Ash value of Bala Moola, Alcoholic and water ext. of Bala Moola and
market samples.
8
T.L.C. Analysis of Bala moola.
9
HPTLC Analysis of Bala Moola in 254 nm, 366 nm, 540 nm.
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda is Indian system of medicine, aiming with promotion of health and
prevention of diseases. Dravyaguna is part of Ayurveda mainly deals with Herbal
Drugs and first explained by Charaka1 and latter Narhari author of Raj Nighantu
identified as separate speciality2.
Due to globalization and popularity of Ayurved worldwide that leads more
consumption of herbal medicines which leads to scarcity of standard raw drug. To
overcome this problem it should be focus harvesting time and place of raw drug for
maintain the optimum therapeutic value and diversity of plants. As Aacharya Charaka
explain specific collection time for particular raw materials with their different part,
as roots should be collected in Greeshma and Shishira rutu3 .While commenting on
Charaka samhita Chakrapanidatta mentioned Ushna veerya Dravya should be
collected in Grishma Rutu and sheeta veerya Dravya should be collected in Shishira
Rutu. The raw material collected in the above mentioned time the raw drugs are to be
of the better quality.
Day by day, because of concretization over exporting of raw materials and
miss-proportion of harvesting of medicinal plants many of plants getting endangered.
Insufficiency of raw materials the substitutes or sub standard materials and adulterants
are used in the formulation which gives sub standard results.
Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn) is one of the drugs having various varieties
mentioned in Nighantus and in the Botany also.
“Study of different market samples with genuine sample of Bala (Sida cordifolia
Linn) W.R.T. Pharmacognocy and Phytochemistry”
1
Introduction
So it is necessary to compare the quality of genuine and market raw materials
on the basis of Pharmacognostic and Physiochemical evaluation. In this study only
one variety of Bala was analyzed.
It is cheap and cost effective, and used in day today practice as single or
component of various formulations like, ksheerabala taila, Bala ashvagandhai taila,
Bala taila, Dhanavantari taila etc.
To treat the various common diseases like Amavata, Vata vyadi, Grdhrasi,
Bastisula, Katishoola, etc.
So this topic has been selected for the study. Present study was mapped in four stages
1. Review of the literature was done regarding Bala and its identification
characters
2. Collection of genuine and market samples of Bala was done
3. Pharmacognostic and Physiochemical analysis of all the samples were done
on by standard procedures
4. Observations and results were compared and discussed.
2
Aims and objectives
Aims and Objectives
Aim of the study: - To assess the Pharmacognostic and Phyto-chemical analysis of
different market samples of Bala(Sida cordifolia Linn) with Genuine sample of Bala
moola ( Sida cordifolia Linn)
Objectives:1. Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical study of different Bala moola samples
2. To compare the genuine sample of Bala moola(Sida cordifolia Linn.) with
different market samples on the basis of Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical
study
3
Review of Literature
Review of the Literature
4
VEDIC PERIOD .
•
Bala is mentioned as rasayana, vishagna, balya and pramehagna.
•
In Atharva Veda KALPA SOOTRA the reference regarding Bala is available.
•
In Atharva parishishta it is used as Pushpaabhisheka. (Ref. Pai.19/39/1-13.
A.P. 5/1/4.)
SAMHITA PERIOD:
Different pharmacological classification is mentioned in various ganas,
Charaka samhita:
•
Bala is mentioned in Brunhaniya 5, Balya , Prajasthapana5 and Madhura
skandha 5
•
Bala is mentioned as strength promoting and vatashamak drug6.
•
The Bala churna is advised with water in sarvadhatugata visha chikitsa7.
•
Also it is one of the ingredients of Panchashirisho agada and Amruta ghrita8.
•
While explaining the different types of varieties Chakrapani told that,
Vatyayani is Sweta Bala 9 and Bhadraudini is Peeta Bala9.
•
The roots should be collected in summer (grishma) or late winter (shishira)10
Sushruta samhita:
•
In Vamanopaga gana 11 Bala is mentioned.
•
In case of Sahadiva Acharya Sushruta explained that it is one of the varieties
of the Bala and it is having peeta pushpa 12, 13 (yellow flowers) but the other
varieties have neela pushpa12. (Blue color flowers).
4
•
For all types of Vatarakta rogas, Bala taila14 is used.
•
For the preparation of Mahasugandhi agadaraj15 which is used in snake
poison Bala is one of the ingredients.
•
While explaining the Baladwaya, it is mentioned that Bala is having white
flower (shukla pushpa) and Atibala has yellow flower (peeta pushpa) 16. And
its seed is Seeta paki 17.
•
While explaining about the collection of the root, it should be collected in the
early winter 18.
•
In Sarvopaghatashamaniya rasayana adhyaya extensive use of Bala is
mentioned19.
Vagbhat:
1. The reference regarding Bala found in Balyadashemani20 and in Madhyama
panchmoola21.
2. In Astanga hrudaya uttara tantra Vagbhat mentioned Bala dwaya22 Dwi
Bala23 and Bala traya24.
3. According to Arunadatta the Balatitrayam25 are Bala, Atibala and Nagabala.
NIGHANTU PERIOD:
Bhava prakasha nighantu 26:
•
Bala is mentioned in Guduchyadi varga.
•
Bala chatusthaya (Four types of Bala) are Madhura in rasa, Snigdha in guna,
Sheeta in veerya, bala, kantikaraka, grahi in karma, alleviates Samira, arsha,
pittaasra and kshata.
5
•
The root bark of this is taken along with curd or sugar cures Mutratisara.
Dhanavantari nighantu 27:
•
Bala is mentioned in Guduchyadi varga, Shukravardhaka, Balya, Tridosha
shamaka, also acts as oja vardhaka, and cures rakta pitta and kshaya.
Shaligrama nighantu 28:
•
Bala is mentioned in Guduchyadi varga.Also explained various synonyms of
Bala. Ruchikaraka, vrushya, grahi, and vata and pitta shamaka.
Shodhala nighantu 29:
•
Bala is mentioned in Guduchyadi varga, Vrishya and strength promoting i.e.
balakaraka.
Kaiyadeva nighantu 30:
•
In Oshadi varga Bala is mentioned as Bala chatusthaya (all the four types of
Bala), are Ayuvardhaka, and alleviates vatarakta, tridosha, kshata and kshaya.
•
Its fruits (seeds) are Kashaya and Madhura in rasa, Madhura vipaka, Sheeta
in veerya, Guru, Sthambaka, Lekhana karaka, Vibandha, Adhmana, vata-pitta
and Rakta-vikara nashaka.
Raja nighantu 31:
•
The root should be collected in shishira rutu.
•
Apart from this he explained various synonyms of Bhadraudini like Nagabala,
Kharagandha Chatushphala, Mahodaya, Mahashakha, Mahapatra,
Mahaphala, Vishvadeva, Arishtha, Kharva, Hrisva, Gavedhuka, Deavadanda,
Mahadanda and Ghata. Its qualities are, Mahura, Amla, and kashaya in rasa,
6
Ushna virya, and Guru. It alleviates Kandu, Kushtha, and vata dosha, vrina
and pitta vikara nashaka.
•
Bala is mentioned in Shatahvadi varga. Bala is Ati-tikta, Madhura in rasa,
cures Pittatisara, provides bala, veerya, pushti and relieves kapha roga
Adarsha nighantu 32:
•
In Karpasadi varga Bala is mentioned,and having Brumhaniya, Balya,
Prajasthapana, Grahi, Vrushya, Ojavardhaka, Vatahara, Pittaghna, and
Kshaya nashaka properties.
Priya nighantu 33:
•
In Shatapushpadi varga Bala panchaka is mentioned. The Bala panchaka are
Bala, Atibala, Mahabala, Nagabala, and Raja bala.
Gada nigraha 34:
•
While explaining the treating the all types of Vata vyadhi, Bala taila and
Brihad Bala taila Tritiya Bala taila, and Mudhagarbhe Chaturtha Bala taila is
mentioned.
SYNOMYMS AND THEIR MEANING 35:
•
Bala- The plant is used as a strength promoting.
•
Odanahvaya- The seeds of which are like cereals.
•
Kharayasthika- Has rough stem.
•
Peeta pushpi- Flowers are yellow.
•
Baladhya- Strength promoting.
•
Bhadraudini- The seeds of which are like cereals.
7
•
Vaatya- Stem possesses strong fibres.
•
Vaatyalakaa- Growing in fields.
•
Vinaya- Strength promoting.
•
Sheeta paaki- Fruits ripen in winter season.
TAXANOMICAL CLASSIFICATION 36:
Kingdom: - Plantae
Unranked: - Angiosperms
Unranked: - Eudicots
Unranked: - Rosids
Order: - Malvales
Family: - Malvaceae
Genus: - Sida
Species: - Sida cordifolia
VERNACULAR NAMES 37:
•
English—Country mallow.
•
Hindi—Kungyi, Bariyar,
•
Bengali—Swetberela, Brela,
•
Gujrati—Mahabala, Khapat,
•
Kannada—Hettuthi, Hettugigada,
•
Malayalam—Kurunhott, Vellurum,
•
Marathi—Chikana, Khiranti.
8
•
Punjabi—Kowar, Simak,
•
Tamil—Nilatutti, Puniar tutti
•
Telagu—Tellantisa, Tellagorra,
•
Oriya—Badianaula, Bisvokopari,
•
Sind—Burrayra.
•
Mundari—Marang, Lupaaraba,
•
Gwaliar—Kharanti,
•
Konkani—Kobirsir bhaji, Muttava.
•
Sinhalese—Hiradona, Valbevila
GANA AND VARGA
Sr.no. Author
1
Charaka
Gana/varga
Brunhaniya , Balya , Prajasthapana Madhura
skanda
2
Sushruta
Vamanopaga gana , Vatasanshamana gana
3
Astanga Sangraha
Balyadashemani , Madhyama panchmoola
4
B.P.N
Guduchyadi varga
5
D.N.
Guduchyadi varga
6
Shal.N.
Guduchyadi varga
7
Shod.N.
Guduchyadi varga
8
K.N.
Oshadi varga
9
R.N.
Shatahvadi varga
10
A.N.
Karpasadi varga
11
P.N.
Shatapushpadi varga
9
RASA, GUNA, VEERYA, VIPAKA AND DOSHAGHNATA
Sr.no.
Author
Rasa
Guna
Virya
Vipaka
Doshaghnata
1
Charaka
Madhura
Snigdha
Sheeta
Madhura
Vata shamaka
3
Sushruta
Madhura
Snigdha
Sheeta
Madhura
Vata shamaka
3
A.S.
Madhura
Snigdha
Sheeta
Madhura
Vata shamaka
4
B.P.N.
Madhura
Snigdha
Sheeta
Madhura
Vata shamaka
5
D.N.
Madhura
Snigdha
Sheeta
Madhura
Tridosha
shamaka
6
Shali.N.
Madhura
Snigdha
Sheeta
Madhura
Vata-pitta
shamaka
7
Shod.N.
Madhura
Snigdha
Sheeta
Madhura
Vata-pitta
shamaka
8
K.N.
Kashaya,
Snigdha,
Madhura
Guru.
Sheeta
Madhura
Tridosha
shamaka
9
R.N.
Madhura
Snigdha
Sheeta
Madhura
Vata shamaka
10
A.N.
Madhura
Snigdha
Sheeta
Madhura
Vata-pitta
shamaka
11
P.N.
Madhura
Snigdha
Sheeta
Madhura
Vata-pitta
shamaka
KARMA
Sr.no.
Author
Karma
1
Charak
Balya, Grahi.
2
Sushruta
Balya, Rasayana.
3
Vagbhatta
Balya.
4
B.P.N.
Balya, Kantikaraka, Grahi.
10
5
D.N.
Balya, Shukra & Ojavardhaka.
6
Shali.N.
Balya. Vrushya, Grahi.
7
Shod.N.
Vrushya, Balakaaraka
8
K.N.
Stambaka, Lekana kaaraka.
9
R.N.
Bala, Virya, pushtikaaraka.
10
A.N.
Brumhaniya,Balya, Prajasthapana, Grahi,
Vrushya, Ojavardhaka,
11
P.N.
Balya,Vrushya, Brumhana kaaraka
MORPHOLOGY 38:
•
Shrubby, branched, softly hairy and with much stellete, hair nearly all over
and subpersistant.
•
Leaves: 1-2 inch long, cordate or subacute, not acuminate, petioles are ½- 1½
inch long.
•
Pedicels: Solitory or few together, hort. Some up to ½- ¾ inch long jointed
much above the middle.
•
Calyx: ¼ -3/4 inch long, lobes ovate, acute.
•
Corrolla: Slightly exceeding the calyx, yellow.
•
Fruit; ¼-1/3 inch in diameter.
•
Carpels: 7-10 strongly reticulated ciliate on the upper margins. The two
dorsal margins almost scabrid, awns 2 nearly as long as the carpels, linear,
retrosely scabrid, hairy.
11
•
Root: Occurs in variable sized pieces, 5-15 cms long with few lateral slender
rootlets of smaller size, tap root branched at the tip; outer surface buff to
grayish-yellow minutely striated or smooth, odorless, taste slightly bitter.
CHEMIAL CONSTITUENTS 39, 40:
Root: C 28 phyto-ecdysones viz, sidasterone B, carboxylated tryptamines,
quinazoline alkaloids, symathomimetic amines, bête-phenethylamine, beta- sitosterol,
acylsteryglycoside sitoindoside, ephedrine, S-(+)- Nb-methyltryptophan methylester,
hypaphorine, vasicinone, vascicine, vasicinol, choline, betaine, phytosterol, resin
acids.
•
Seed: Proteins, steroids, resin, resin acid, mucin, phenethylamine, ephedrine,
pseudoephedrine, fatty oil, potassium nitrate, linoleic acid, malvalic acid,
sterculic acid, and coronaric acid.
•
Aerial parts: Palmitic, stearic, hexacosanoic acids, beta- sitosterol.
SUBSTITUTE AND ADULTERANTS 41, 42, 43:
•
The plants most commonly used as the source of Bala belong to the genus
sida. Sida retusa Linn, syn. S.rhombifolia, var. retusa Linn, S. rhombifolia
Linn, S.rhoboidea Roxb, S. spinosa Linn, S.acuta Burn, S.veronicaefolia
Lamk and Abitulon indium G.Don, Urena lobata Linn, U. sinuate Linn,
Pavonia odorata Wild, P. zeylanica Cav. are being used under the name of
Bala in different part of the country.
12
•
Abitulon indicum (L). Sweet, S.retusa Linn, Pavonia odorata Wild and Urena
lobata Linn are used as adulterants.
•
Sida cordifolia Linn is the widely used source of Bala in northen parts of India
while physicians of Kerala have adopted Sida rhombifolia Linn. Ssp.retusa
(Linn) Borss. (Syn S.rhombifolia var. retusa (Linn) Mast; Family: Malvaceae)
as Bala. In the T.L.C identity test, if the plate is viewed under UV light (at
366nm) prior to spraying, bright fluorescent spots in the polar region (Rf. 0.10.2), Absent in S.cordifolia, are conspicuous in S.rhombifolia ssp.retusa.
•
The drug may commonly adulterate with Sida rhombifolia, and Sida spinosa
species.
PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION 44:
•
Cultivation of the plant is done through seeds.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT 44:
•
Found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of India up to an
elevation of 1800mts in Himachala Pradesh, Bengal, Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Andrapradesh, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamilnadu, Uttarpradesh,
Karnataka, Kerala are chief regions of its occurrence.
•
Also occurs in Shrilanka.
SANGARAHA KALA
Name of
Sangrahana kala
Comparative Hindu
Comparative English
Text.
(Season)
Months.
Months.
Charaka
Grishma Rutu
Samhita
(summer season)
Jastha- Ashadha
Mid May- Mid July
13
Raja
Shishira Rutu
Nighantu
(Cold & dewy season)
Magha- Phalguna
Mid Jan- Mid March
CONTROVERSIAL ASPECT OF BALA (Sida cordifolia Linn) 45
•
In Kerala, fresh bundles of green Bala plants are sold in the market. It is
widely used in Kerala. Not a single pharmacy may be there, which may not be
using Bala. Ghee, Taila and other preparations are made from Bala. But their
Bala is Sida retusa Linn, somewhat different from ours.
•
Vatyalaka is a synonym of Bala and this word has been as derived as it is used
for sweeping purposes. Some plants are tied together and made into a sweep.
•
Sida cordifolia Linn contains an alkaloid Ephedrine; other species do not
contain ephedrine. So Sida cordifolia Linn sholuld be used for medication.
•
Looking to all this Bala is not at all controversial.
•
Still, however, in some parts of India Atibala is known as Bala and Bala as
Atibala. This should be corrected.
RESEARCHES IN AUYRVEDA ON BALA 46 1. Pharmacognostical study of Bala (1984, page no-152).
2. Ashvagandha evam Bala ka kuposhanajanya vyadhiyon par prabhavatmaka
adhyayana (Bala shosha ke pariprekshya mein) 1992, page no-121.
3. Baala shosha par Balaadi yoga ke prabhava ka chikitsatmaka adhyayana
(1997, page no-135).
14
4. Clinical management of Vandhyatva by oral use of Baladi churna with and
without Bala taila uttara basti (1997, page no-173).
5. Clinical management of Asrigdara by oral use of Bala churna (1998, page no173).
6. Astudy on the combined effect of Guduchi, Amalaki,and Bala in the
management of Prameha (2003, page no- 154).
7. The study of effect of Shirodhara with Bala asvagandhadi taila in the
management of anxiety neurosis(2004 page no- 260)
8. The clinical management of Greevagata- sandhivata with shallaki with and
without Bala-asvagandha taila abhyanga.
9. Hazrw J; Ojha JK; Shrikant N; Chopra KK(2000), Effect of Bala(Sida
cordifolia Linn) on diabetic neuropathy 47, proceeding of Internatinal
congress on Ayurveda 2000. Chennai, TN, India, 79: 28-30.
10. Kanth VR; Diwan PV (1999), Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and
hypoglycemic activities of Sida cordifolia Linn 47. Phytother Res. 13(1): 7577.
11. Khan MW; Rashid MA; Hug E and Mesbahu A (1989), The non polar
constituents of Sida cordifolia Linn 47. J Bangladesh Acad Sci. 13(1); 55-60.
C.A. 1989, 11: 130747r.
12. Medeiros IA; Santos MR; Nascimento NM; Duarte JC(2006),
Cardiovascular effects of Sida cordifolia Linn leaves extract in rats 47.
Fitoterapia, 77(1): 19-27.
15
13. Karmakar R: Ghosh S: Maity LN; Roy R; Bandyopadhyaya SK; Datta
H(1996), Treatment of female infertility by Indian medicinal plant 47 :
Sida cordifolia Linn Phytomedicine. 3(Suppl. 1): 123.
14. Kotoky J; Das PN (2000), Hepatoprotective activities of Sida cordifolia
Linn root against carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats 47. JMAPS. 22/4A.
JAMPS 24-no. 2: 577.
15. Rao KS; Mishra SH(1997), Isolation and assessment of hepatoprotective
activity of fumaric acid obtained for the first time from Sida cordifolia
Linn 47, Indian Drugs. 34(12): 702-706.
16. Sida cordifolia Linn reduces cotton pellet granuloma formation in albino
rats48. (Alam M, Joy S. and Ali U.S., Indian Drugs 28, 397 (1991).
17. The drug Sida cordifolia Linn has antibacterial 48 (Alam M, Joy S. and Ali
U.S., Indian Drugs 28, 570(1991), Antiplaque (Namba T, Tsunezuka M, Saito
K, Kakiuchi N,, Hattori M, Dissinayake D.M.R.B. and Pilapitiya U,
Shoyakugaku Zasshi 39, 146(1985), Med. And Aromat. Plant. Abstracts 8,
3348(1986). ,
18. Antifungal activities 48 (Muauza D.N. Kim B.W. Euler K.I. and Williams L,
Intern, J. Pharmacogn. 32, 337(1994)., Antirheumatic activity48 ( Savarajan
V.V and Balachandran I., Ayurvedic Drugs and their plant sources, Oxford
and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 71(1994).
19. Franzotti E.M et al, Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity and acute tixicity
of Sida cordifolia Linn 48, J Ethnophamacolgy (Ireland), 72, 273-277(2000)
16
20. The drug increases the production of antisalmonella typhi O antibodies 48.
(Dixit S.P.Tewari PV and Gupta R.M, J.Res. Indian Med. Yoga and
Homeopath 13:3, 50(1978).
21. Sitoindoside X has adaptogenic and immunostimilant properties48.
(Ghosal S., Kaur R, and Bhattachyarya S.K., Planta Med. 54, 561(1988)
22. The Sida cordifolia Linn extract shows a low toxicity up to oral dose of 3g/kg.
The experiment was conducted on groups of 10 mice with an oral dose of 0.5,
1, 2 and 3.0g. They were kept under observation for 38 hours, for recording
mortality 49. (Dietrich L,. Anew approach to practical acute toxicity testing.
Archieves of Toxicology 1983, 54, 275-287.)
23. Auddy B, Ferreira M, Blasina F, Lafon L, Arredondo F, Dajas F, Tripathi PC.
Seal T, Mukharjee B. Screening of antioxidant activity50 of three Indian
Medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neurodegenerative
diseases. J. Ethnopharmacology, 2003 Feb; 84(2-3): 131-138.
24. K.Dhalwal; Y.S.Deshpande; A.P.Purohit; S.S.Kadam. Evaluation of the
antioxidant activity of Sida cordifolia 51. Pharmaceutical Biology, December
2005, 43(9); 754-761.
25. Kubavat JB. Asdaq SM. Role of Sida cordifolia Linn. Leaves on
biochemical and antioxidant profile during myocardial injury 51. J
Ethnopharmacology. 2009 July 6; 124(1): 162-165.
26. Philip BK, Muralidharan A, Natarajan B, Varadamurthy S, Venkataramana S.
Preliminary evaluation of anti-pyretic and ant-ulcerogenic activities of
Sida cordifolia Linn methanolic extractb51. Fitoterapia. 2008 Apr, 79(3):
229-231.
17
27. Santos MR, Nascimento NM, Antoniolli AR, Medeiros IA. Endotheliumderived factors and k+ channels are involved in the vasorelaxation
induced by Sida cordifolia Linn. in the rat superior mesenteric artery 51.
Pharmazie. 2006 May; 61(5): 466-469.
28. Silva RL, Melo GB Melo VA, Antoniolli AR, Michellone PR, Zucoloto S,
Picinato MA, Franco CF, Mota Gde A, Silva Ode C. Effect of the aqueous
extract of Sida cordifolia Linn on liver regeneration after partial
hepatectomy51. Acta Cir Bras. 2006; 21 Suppl 1:37-39.
18
Materials and Methods
METHODOLOGY
PLANT IDENTIFICATION:The plant Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn) is identified on the bases of its 1. Synonyms given in classics of Ayurveda.
2. Morphology and family characters of the plant.
AUTHENTICATION:The plant was authenticated as Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn) C.R.L. K.L.E.’s
Shri B. M. K. Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belgaum, I.C.M.R. Belgaum,
K.L.E.Society’s Raja Lakhamagauda Science Institute, Belgaum, Q.C.L. A.L.N.Rao
Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College and P.G. Center Koppa, Chickmagaluru.
COLLECTION AND STPRAGE OF ROOT:The roots of Bala(Sida cordifolia Linn) were collected in grishma from Togunasi
village Badami taluk ,Dist. Bagalkot.
Root was collected by digging the ground from periphery of plant towards the plant.
Thus obtained root cleaned cut with secateur into pieces measuring 3-10 cm and
shade dried and stored in airtight container.
ORGANOLAPTIC EVALUATION:Qualitative evaluation is based on the sensory profile refers to observation by colour,
odor, taste, touch. Here all samples are subjected to organoleptic evaluation.
1) Root macroscopy is studied by taking its measurement.
2) Microscopic evaluation of drug.
SECTION CUTTING TECHNIQUE OF ROOT 52:• A young fresh root of Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn) is selected for section cutting.
• Part of fresh roots middle is taken.
18
• The sections of surface are taken out by moving the razor blade back and forth.
• The obtained sections are stained with safranin by standard technique of staining.
• A fine T. S. is selected for observation and washed under tap water and mounted
on a slide to observe the different features under microscope.
MICROSCOPEIC EXAMINATION OF POWDERS 52:•
Fine powder of crude drug is examined under microscope by using different
reagents like phluroglucinal, HCl, 60% sulphuric acid, iodine to evaluate
different type of cells present in it. It is essential for qualitative microscopic
analysis to rule out any substitute or adulterant.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS:Determination of Foreign organic matter 52.
Procedure: - 100 gm of sample is weighed and spread on a white tile or glass
plate uniformly, without overlapping, inspected the sample with naked eyes by means
of lens of 5X magnification power or above. The foreign organic matter (other than
the sample if any) is separated. After complete separation, the matter separated is
weighed and foreign organic matter in terms of percentage w/w, present in the sample
is determined.
Determination of Moisture content / Loss on drying 52:Procedure: - 2 gm of powdered test sample is weighed. Placed in china / glass
dish and dried in oven at 100 – 1050C. The sample is taken out, it is cooled in
desiccators and loss in weight is recorded. This procedure is repeated till constant
weight is obtained.
Loss on drying (%) = Loss in weight x 100 /w.
Where ‘W’ is = Weight of the drug powder in gram.
19
Determination of Total ash value 52:Procedure: - 2 gm of weighed test sample is taken in a silica crucible,
previously ignited and weighed. The powdered sample is scattered at the bottom of
crucible. The muffle furnace is incinerated by gradually increasing the temperature till
to 4500C, i.e. until the sample powder is free from carbon. Then cooled in desiccators.
The ash is weighed, and percentage of ash is calculated with reference to the air-dried
drug sample.
Ash value (%) = 100 x Wt. of ash
Wt. of sample
Determination of Acid – insoluble ash value 52:Procedure: - Using 25 ml of dilute HCl (0.5N), the ash from the dish, used for
the total ash value determination is washed into a beaker. Wire gauze is placed over a
Bunsen flame and the washed HCl is boiled for 5 minutes. Filtered through ash less
fitter paper, washed with hot water, then the filter paper with residue is folded and
placed in a crucible. The muffle furnace is incinerated till 2500C. Then cool it and the
residue is weighed. The acid insoluble ash of the crud drug with reference to the air
dried sample of crude drug is calculated.
Acid insoluble ash value (%) =100 x Wt. of residue
Wt. of sample
DETERMINATION OF EXTRACTIVE VALUES:Determination of Alcohol-Soluble Extractive 52:Ingredients :- a)
b)
Powdered drug – 5 gm
Alcohol (90%) – 100 ml
20
Procedure:(i)
About 5 gm of the powdered drug is weighed in a beaker and
transferred it to a dry 250 ml Iodine flask.
(ii)
100 ml graduated cylinder is filled to the required mark with the
solvent, 90% alcohol.
(iii)
The flask is stoppered and set aside for 24 hours shaking with
frequently at the interval of 6 hours (maceration).
(iv)
Filter into a 50 ml cylinder after sufficient filtrate has collected;
transfer 25 ml of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker.
(v)
Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an
oven at 1000C for about 10 –15 minutes.
(vi)
Cooled in desiccators and weighed.
(vii)
The percentage w/w of extractive is calculated with reference to the air
dried drug.
Determination of Water soluble extractive 52:Procedure: - Same as determination of alcohol soluble extractive value. Instead of
alcohol chloroform water is used.
Determination of pH value:Procedure: - The pH value of a liquid is determined by glass electrode in pH meter.
Method: - Standardize the pH meter by standard pH solution 4, 7 and 9 and then
electrode is dipped in the aqueous solution and pH is noted.
21
EXTRACTION:Methanol Extraction:Extraction of root of Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn) is carried out according to the
A.P.I procedures.
Ingredients: - a)
b)
Powdered drug – 5 gm
Methanol– 100 ml
Procedure:(i)
About 5 gm of the powdered drug is weighed in a beaker and transferred it to a
dry 250 ml Iodine flask.
(ii)
100 ml graduated cylinder is filled to the required mark with the solvent, 90%
alcohol.
(iii) The flask is stoppered and set aside for 24 hours shaking with frequently at the
interval of 6 hours (maceration).
(iv) Filter into a 50 ml cylinder after sufficient filtrate has collected; transfer 25 ml
of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker.
(v)
Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an oven at
1000C for about 10 –15 minutes.
(vi) Cooled in desiccators and stored in glass bottle use for HPTLC
Aqueous Extraction (Water extract):Ingredients
-
Powdered drug 5 gm
-
Water (95 ml)
-
Chloroform (5 ml)
22
Procedure:(vii) About 5 gm of the powdered drug is weighed in a beaker and transferred it to a
dry 250 ml Iodine flask.
(viii) 100 ml graduated cylinder is filled to the required mark with the Methanol and
add in iodine flask.
(ix) The flask is stoppered and set aside for 24 hours shaking with frequently at the
interval of 6 hours (maceration).
(x)
Filter into a 50 ml cylinder after sufficient filtrate has collected; transfer 25 ml
of the filtrate to a weighed 25 ml beaker.
(xi) Evaporated to dryness on water bath and complete the drying in an oven at
1000C for about 10 –15 minutes.
(xii) Cooled in desiccators and stored in glass bottle use for HPTLC
Determination of specific gravity 53:The specific gravity of a substance is the weight of a given volume of that
substance at a stated temperature as compared with the weight of an equal volume of
water at the same temperature, on weights being taken in air
Procedure / method: - Fill clean dry Pycnometer with sample previously
cooled to about 20°c, place in constant temperature bath for 30 mins. At 25°c, and
adjust sample level to proper point on Pycnometer and stopper. Remove from the
bath, wipe dry and weigh. Subtract the weight of empty Pycnometer from its weight
when filled with sample and divide the difference by the weight of distilled water at
25°c. Quotient is specific gravity at 25°c (apparent)
Specific gravity of sample = (sample/water) x1
23
Fluorescence Analysis:The dry powder of all samples, both extracts of samples were treated with
Methanol, chloroform and these were observed under U.V. light to evaluate the
fluorescence.
PHYTO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 54:Chemical tests are performed on extracts obtained from using non-polar and
polar solvent. It helps to find out organic compounds like carbohydrates, proteins,
glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, tannins and phenolic compounds, oxygenic acids
enzymes, fats and oils etc.
1. TEST OF CARBOHYDRATES:Molisch’s Test (General Test):- 2 – 3 ml aq. Extract + few drops of alpha naphthol
solution in alcohol shake and add concentrated H2SO4 from sides of test tube - Violet
ring is formed at the junction of 2 liquids.
2. TEST FOR REDUCING SUGARS :Benedict’s test: - Mix equal volume of Benedict’s reagent and test solution in the test
tube. Heat in boiling water bath for 5 min. Solution appears green. Reducing sugars
present.
3. TEST FOR MONOSACCHARIDES:Barfoed’s test: - Mix equal volume of Barfoed’s reagent and test solution. Heat for 12min. in boiling water bath and cool. No Red colour ppt appears. Monosaccharides
absent.
4. TEST FOR PENTOSE SUGARS:Bial’s Orcinol test:-To a Bial’s reagent add few drops of test solution. Green colour
appears.
24
5. TEST FOR HEXOSE SUGARS:Selwinoff’s test (For ketohexose like fructose):- Heat 3ml. Selwinoff’s reagent and
1ml.test solution in bearing water bath for 1-2min. Red colour is formed. Hexose
sugars present.
6. TEST FOR NON REDUCING SUGARS:Test solution does not give response to Fehling’s & Benedict’s Tests.
7. TEST FOR NON-REDUCING POLYSACCHARIDES (STARCH) :Iodine test: - Mix 3ml. test solution and few drops of dilute Iodine solution. Blue
colour appears; it disappears on boiling and reappears on cooling.
8. TEST FOR PROTIENS :Million’s test: - Mix 3ml test solution with 5ml of Million’s reagent. White ppt
appears. Ppt dissolves after warming. Protiens present.
9. TEST FOR AMINO ACIDS :Test for tyrosine: - Heat 3ml. test solution and 3 drops Million’s reagent. Solution
not showed dark red coloration. Amino acids absent.
10. TEST FOR STEROIDS :Salkowski reaction: - To 2ml. of extract, add 2ml, chloroform and 2ml. con.H2SO4.
Shake well. Chloroform layer appears red and acid layer shows greenish yellow
flurescence. Steroids present.
11. TEST FOR ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES :Borntrager’s test: - To 3ml of extract add dil H2SO4, Boil and filter. To cold filtrate
add equal volume benzene, shake well and separate the organic solvent.Now add
ammonia. - Ammonia layer turns pink to red.
25
12. TEST FOR ALKALOIDS :Wagner’s test: - 2-3ml.filtrate with few drops Wagner’s reagent gives reddish brown
ppt. Alkaloids present.
13. TEST FOR TANNINS :Dilute Iodine solution: - 2-3 ml of extracts add dilute iodine solution- transient red
colour appears.
14. TEST FOR SAPONIN:Foam test: - Shake the dry powder vigorously with water. Persistent foam observed.
ALKALOID ESTIMATION: (Harborne method) 55:5gm of the sample was weighed into a 250ml beaker and 200ml of 10% acetic
acid in ethanol was added and covered and allowed to stand for 4hrs. This was filtered
and the extract was concentrated on water bath to one quarter of the original volume.
Conc. ammonium hydroxide was added drop wise to the ext. until ppt. was complete.
ELEMENTAL ASH DETERMINATION 56:Prepare ash of drug material. Add 5ml of HCL and 5ml of distilled water. Shake well
and then filtered.
• TEST FOR SODIUM: - To Filtrate add potassium pyroantimonate.
White ppt is seen. Sodium present
• TEST FOR POTASSIUM: - To Filtrate add sodium cobalt nitrate.
Yellow ppt seen, Potassium present.
• TEST FOR IRON: - To Filtrate add ammonium thiocyanate, Red ppt
seen. Iron present.
• TEST FOR CALCIUM: - To Filtrate add, ammonia solution +
potassium ferrocyanide, yellow ppt not seen. Calcium absent.
26
• TEST FOR CHLORIDE:- To Filtrate add, Silver nitrate, white ppt
not seen. Chloride absent.
• TEST FOR SULFATE: - To Filtrate add, lead acetate, white ppt not
seen. Sulfate absent.
MICRO-CHEMICAL TESTING 57:TEST WITH WATER / FILTRATE:1. Powder + Water, shake the test tube, frothing is seen. Saponin present.
2. Powder + Water, boil in test tube, specific odor
3. Test for tannins: - Powder + Water, boil and filtered, add FeCl3 reagent. Dark
coloration seen. Tannins present.
4. Test for anthraquinone: - Aqueous extract + Ether, Shake well, separate the
ether layer, then strong ammonia solution is added and shake well. Red
colour is seen. Anthraquinone present.
5. Test for mucilage:i.
Powder + 1-2 drops of water on microscopic slide, slippery
feeling can be seen.
ii.
Aqueous extract + Molisch’s reagent, heat, violet colour is
seen. Carbohydrate present.
TEST WITH SULPHURIC ACID:•
Powder + few drops of sulphuric acid, yellow colour seen.
HEAT THE POWDER WITH GLACIAL ACETIC ACID: - Red fumes seen.
27
Observations and Results
ORGANOLEPTIC RESULTS
Table-1
Sample
G
A
B
C
Fracture
(Shabdha)
Fibrous
Fibrous
Fibrous &
splintery
Fibrous &
splintery
Surface
(Sparsha)
Rough
Shape
(Roopa)
Long &
Curved
Color
(Varna)
Cream color
Greenish
brown
Taste
(Rasa)
Sweet
Astringent
Odor
(Gandha)
Smooth &
Moderately
Moderately
rough
rough
Cylindrical & Cylindrical & Cylindrical
Straight
Straight
& Straight
Smooth &
Hairy
Greenish
brown
Astringent
Greenish
brown
Astringent
Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS OF ROOT
Table-2
Characters
G
A
B
Thin walled,
tangentially
elongated
cells
Very narrow
thin walled
cells.
Thin walled,
rectangular large
cells
Modularly
ray
Many, uniseriate cells
Uni-to biseriate
cells
Thin walled,
Thin walled,
rectangular
rectangular
large cells
large cells
Uni-to biseriate Uni-to biseriate
cells
cells
Vessels
Vary in size
and shape
Occluded with
tyloses.
Occluded with
tyloses.
Pith
Absent
Present
Cork
Cortex
Thin walled,
tangentially
elongated cells
Thin walled,
tangentially
elongated cells
C
Present
Thin walled,
tangentially
elongated cells
Occluded with
tyloses.
Present
28
POWDER MACROSCOPY:Table – 3
Sample
G
A
B
C
Appearance
(Roopa)
Fibrous
Fibrous
Fibrous
Fibrous
Touch
(Sparsha)
Coarse
Coarse
Coarse
Color
(Varna)
Light Brown
Light Brown
Light Brown
Taste
(Rasa)
Sweet
Odor
(Gandha)
Characteristic
Astringent
Characteristic
Astringent
Characteristic
Coarse
Light Brown
Astringent
Characteristic
POWDER MICROSCOPY:Table-4
Sample
G
A
B
C
Cork Portion
Present
Present
Present
Present
Vessels
Present
Present
Present
Present
Stone cells
Present
---
---
---
Starch grains
Present
---
---
---
29
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BALA MOOLA:Table -5
ROOT
STEM
STDS
STDS
Foreign matter
NA
Loss on drying
NA
Parameters
Total ash
Acid insoluble ash
NMT
G
A
B
C
NA
Nil
100%
100%
100%
NA
6.79%
10.2846%
10.0798%
8.7781%
9.73%
5.284%
12.9805%
5.6858%
10.72%
2.43%
0.7976%
3.8442%
1.0973%
1.5968%
6-6.69%
NMT
1-2.74%
Acid soluble ash
NA
NA
4.4852%
9.1363%
4.5885%
9.1232%
Water soluble ash
NA
6.52%
4.2458%
9.7403%
3.9461%
4.6454%
Water insoluble ash
NA
NA
1.0382%
3.2402%
1.7397%
6.0746%
Specific gravity
NA
NA
1.003944
1.00487
1.003703
1.003663
Dissolved solids
NA
NA
1.02544
1.2662
0.96278
0.95238
pH value
NA
NA
6.85
6.96
6.88
6.71
2.86%
2.9588%
4.638%
3.1168%
3.0368%
6.52%
6.3176%
8.2368%
Alcohol soluble ext.
Water soluble ext.
NLT
2-2.78 %
NLT
4.36-5 %
3.3568%
9.91%
30
PHYTO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS BALA MOOLA:Table – 6
Aqueous Ext
S.No.
Methanol Ext
Phytochemical name
G
A
B
C
G
A
B
C
1
Test for Carbohydrates:
Molish Test
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
2
Test for non-reducing
sugar
Benedict’s test
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
3
Test for Pentose sugarsBial’s test
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
4
Test for
monosaccharidesBarfoed’s test
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
5
Test for hexose sugarsSelvinoff’s test
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
6
Test for non-reducing
sugars
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
7
Test for StarchIodine test
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
8
Test for ProtiensMillion’s test
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
9
Test for Amino acidsTyrosine test
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
10
Test for SteroidsSalkowski reaction
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
11
Test for Anthraquinone
GlycosideBorntrager’s test
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
12
Test for SaponineFoam test
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
31
13
Test for AlkaloidsWagner’s test
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
14
Test for Tannins
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
ELEMENTAL ASH DETERMINATIONTable-7
Sl.No
Name of the Test
G
A
B
C
1
Test for Sodium
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
2
Test for Potassium
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
3
Test for Iron
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
4
Test for Calcium
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
5
Test for Chloride
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
6
Test for Sulphate
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
32
FLUORESCENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROOT
EXTRACTS UNDER U.V. LIGHTTable-8
Extracts
Sample Sample
G
A
Sample
B
Sample
C
Water
Blue
Blue
Blue
Blue
Methanol
Green
Blue
Green
Blue
Green
Blue
Green
Blue
ESTIMATION OF ALKALOIDTable – 9
Samples
Alkaloid in %
Sample G
6.42%
Sample A
5.6%
Sample B
3.2%
Sample C
2.5%
33
MICRO CHEMICAL TESTINGTable-10
Aqueous Ext
S.No.
1
Methanol Ext
Tests
Test for Anthraquinone
G
A
B
C
G
A
B
C
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
2
Test for Tannins
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
3
Test for Saponin
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
4
Test with sulphuric acid
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
5
Test for mucilage
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
6
Test for AlkaloidsWagner’s test
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
7
Test for carbohydrate
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
34
Table-11
T.L.C. Rf Values: - All samples run in Chloroform: Methanol 7:3 Mobile phase
shows following result.
Aqueous Ext.
Methanol Ext.
G
A
B
C
G
A
B
C
0.09
0.06
0.05
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.09
0.46
0.53
0.47
0.5
0.11
0.12
0.08
0.15
0.58
0.59
0.58
0.58
0.16
0.66
0.13
0.19
0.68
0.69
0.65
0.67
0.25
0.77
0.15
0.32
0.34
0.6
0.58
0.39
0.63
0.61
0.61
0.66
0.65
0.7
0.73
0.72
0.79
0.81
35
Table-12
HPTLC PROFILE SHOWING MAXIMUM RF VALUES
AT 254 nmAqueous Ext.
Methanol Ext.
G
A
B
C
G
A
B
C
0.09
0.10
0.07
0.09
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.22
0.06
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.22
0.34
0.25
0.30
0.13
0.22
0.24
0.20
0.30
0.45
0.32
0.44
0.21
0.26
0.36
0.31
0.48
0.48
0.46
0.58
0.34
0.37
0.59
0.35
0.58
0.59
0.59
0.69
0.46
0.47
0.65
0.46
0.69
0.69
0.71
0.58
0.59
0.71
0.58
0.70
0.65
0.79
0.68
0.78
0.71
0.85
0.79
0.84
0.79
0.85
0.88
0.86
0.89
0.78
0.91
36
AT 366 nmTable-13
Aqueous Ext.
Methanol Ext.
G
A
B
C
G
A
B
C
0.91
0.09
0.14
0.10
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.03
0.12
0.91
0.12
0.13
0.19
0.14
0.05
0.31
0.20
0.33
0.19
0.13
0.31
0.44
0.31
0.20
0.41
0.51
0.40
0.32
0.55
0.60
0.51
0.52
0.66
0.64
0.56
0.64
0.73
0.71
0.64
0.78
0.85
0.79
0.70
0.85
0.91
0.87
0.79
0.90
0.95
0.86
0.91
0.90
37
AT 540 nm
Table-14
Aqueous Ext.
Methanol Ext.
G
A
B
C
G
A
B
C
0.07
0.10
0.14
0.09
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.15
0.11
0.47
0.45
0.14
0.07
0.07
0.15
0.40
0.47
0.60
0.61
0.39
0.14
0.15
0.38
0.49
0.50
0.66
0.86
0.47
0.23
0.27
0.48
0.60
0.61
0.73
0.59
0.27
0.39
0.59
0.71
0.73
0.86
0.73
0.42
0.48
0.74
0.79
0.49
0.60
0.79
0.86
0.60
0.73
0.86
0.92
0.73
0.79
0.80
0.87
0.88
0.92
0.87
38
Discussion
DISCUSSION
Drug ReviewAs per review of the literature shows, that the plant Bala is used from vedic
period as a drug. The description mentioned in Samhita the collected whole genuine
sample of Bala was observed same as the morphological description mentioned in
Charaka Samhita as peeta pushpa, kharayasthika etc.
The procurement of genuine and market samplesIn Ayurvedic text various types of Bala are mentioned. While collecting the
genuine samples of Bala five varieties of Sida species was observed. In the field, in
different localities many varieties of Bala are used in the medicine. So for
authentication of the experts opinion was taken. In the village Togunasi, Taluka Badami, District- Bagalkot, State- Karnatak the Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn) is
abundantly
available. As per samhita the potency of the root drug is maximum in
Grishma rutu, that’s why genuine sample was collected in Grishma rutu.
While collecting the market samples the availability of Bala root is very
difficult because of its different varieties. After sincere efforts the three market
samples were collected from, Belgaum at Kajarekar aushadhalaya, Bangaluru at
Dhanavantari aushadhalaya and Hubli at Hebsur aushadhalaya.
Botanical identificationGenuine sample was authenticated as Sida cordifolia Linn. And market
sample are the mixture of different varieties of Sida species.
Macroscopic examinationIn the Organoleptic characters only the difference was observed in the taste.
The genuine sample shows Madura rasa as mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. All three
39
Discussion
market samples show Kashaya rasa that is because of improper collection and storage
methods. The gunakarma vijnyana of the drug is differs as per rasa and
panchamahabhautik constitution. For conclusion clinical trials of genuine and market
samples are essential.
External morphology (Table-1)Genuine sample shows tap root system having primary and secondary roots,
measuring 3-10cm long and 1.6-7.5mm in diameter, cylindrical and curved. The
external morphological feature of genuine sample shows the root part. While the
market samples shows the cylindrical greenish brown pieces with nodes and
internodes. These observations suggest that these are the aerial parts as stem.
Microscopic examination (Table-2)The comparison of genuine sample and market samples concludes that the
sample-G is root because of absence of pith and the alternate vascular bundles with
exarch xylem, while all market samples are stem parts, because presence of pith and
conjoint vascular bundles with endarch xylem. In well developed root and stem parts
shows abundant secondary growth which cannot differentiate the type of vascular
bundle and xylem. The comparison of genuine stem of Sida cordifolia Linn with
market samples concludes that the different microscopic characters were observed
than genuine. The market samples when compared with other varieties stem part of
Sida species; it concludes the market samples contain mixture of different varieties of
Sida species.
Powder microscopyThe observations of powder microscopy not showing significant difference.
40
Discussion
Physico-chemical analysis (Table-5)Foreign matterForeign matter was observed nil in the genuine sample because the sample
was collected from the field personally. While the labeled drug regarding market
samples is Bala root but the observed all three market samples showing the stem parts
of the other varieties of Sida species, so the foreign matter is observed 100% in
market samples. While thinking the substitution of other parts of the plants in
medicines the clinical trials are necessary for therapeutic efficacy. The phytochemical study shows similar ingredients present in roots and stem parts of the Bala
which strengthen the above observations.
Moisture contentThe percentage of moisture depends on collection and storage of the samples.
As in present study the sample G shows less amount of moisture (6.79%) because
following proper collection and storage methods. While the market samples show
more moisture than genuine, only the sample C shows negligible decrease in weight.
This is because of improper storage methods.
Total ashThe sample-G complies with I.H.P.standards of root. Whereas sample-B
complies with I.H.P. standards of stem. The sample A & C shows increased total ash.
This is because of uncleaned material. Acid soluble, insoluble and water soluble,
insoluble ash shows increased values in sample-A & sample-C.
Specific GravitySpecific Gravity Values are negligible in all samples. Dissolved solids are
more observed in sample G &A, as compared to sample- B &sample- C.
41
Discussion
pH valuepH of all samples of aqueous extracts shows neutral pH . These observations
strengthen the statement the rasa mentioned in texts as madhura.
Alcohol soluble extractive value, of all the samples complies with standard values
mentioned in I.H.P.
Water Soluble extractive valuesWater Soluble extractive values of sample G &B complies I.H.P.standards,
whereas sample-A and C shows increased water soluble extractives.
All the physic-chemical analysis concludes genuine sample complies with all
parameters with I.H.P. standards of root. In case of market samples, only the SampleB complies with I.H.P.standards of stem.
Preliminary Phyto-chemical study (Table-6)Preliminary Phyto-chemical study shows same ingredients are present in all
the samples. This suggests that the market samples show same phyto-chemicals as
observed in genuine sample. It concludes that market samples are the mixture of same
species.
Elemental ash (Table-7)Elemental ash shows the presence of sodium, potassium, and iron in all the
samples. Whereas calcium, sulphate and chloride were absent in all the samples.
Alkaloid percentage (Table-9)Alkaloid percentage is more in genuine sample, because of proper collection
and storage as mentioned in Samhita.
42
Discussion
Qualitative analysis by T.L.C and H.P.T.L.C T.L.C and HPTLC study shows the numbers of phyto-chemical are present in
respective samples. HPTLC is the superior as compared to TLC. Both procedures are
carried out in common mobile phase and stationary phase, and qualitative HPTLC
visualizes all phyto-chemical present in the drug. In T.L.C and H.P.T.LC analysis
there is less phyto chemicals are separated in aqueous extract as compared to the
methanolic extract.
T.L.C. (Table-11)In all aqueous extracts, 4 chemical constituents are separated in that at Rf 0.58
and 0.68 constituents are observed same in all the samples. In case of Methanolic
extracts the sample G and Sample-C shows 9 chemical constituents are separated in
that at Rf 0.16 and 0.61, are observed same. In case of sample A and B 4 and 8
constituents are separated respectively, in that at Rf 0.05, 0.13 and 0.66 are observed
same. It concludes that the sample-C is nearer to Genuine.
H.P.T.L.C. (Tables-12, 13, 14)In aqueous extracts of sample-G and A at 254 nm 7 and 8 constituents are
separated respectively, in that 5 same constituents are observed at Rf 0.09, 0.14, 0.48,
0.58, 0.69. While in methanolic extracts of these samples, at 254 nm 11 and 12
constituents are separated respectively, in that 7 constituents are observed at same Rf.
In aqueous extracts of sample-G and B at 254 nm 7 constituents are separated
respectively, in that 2 same constituents are observed. While in methanolic extracts of
these samples, at 254 nm 11 and 9 constituents are separated respectively, in that 5
constituents are observed at same Rf. 0.06, 0.13, 0.70, 0.78, and 0.84.
43
Discussion
In aqueous extracts of sample-G and C at 254 nm 7 and 6 constituents are
separated respectively, in that 5 same constituents are observed at Rf 0.09, 0.02, 0.30,
0.58, 0.69. While in methanolic extracts of these samples, at 254 nm 11 constituents
are separated, in that 10 constituents are observed at same Rf except 0.03 and 0.31 in
sample-G and C respectively.
In aqueous extracts of sample-G and A at 366 nm 1 and 3 constituents are
separated respectively, in that 1 same constituent are observed at Rf 0.91. While in
methanolic extracts of these samples, at 366 nm 10 and 11 constituents are separated
respectively, in that only same 1 constituent is observed at Rf.0.20.
In aqueous extracts of sample-G and B at 366 nm 1 and 2 constituents are
separated respectively, in that 1 same constituent are observed at Rf 0.91. While in
methanolic extracts of these samples, at 366 nm 10 and 12 constituents are separated
respectively, in that 10 constituents are observed at same Rf except 0.66, 0.73.
In aqueous extracts of sample-G and C at 366 nm 1 and 3constituents are
separated respectively, in that all are different. While in methanolic extracts of these
samples, at 366 nm 10 constituents are separated in both, in that 6 constituents are
observed at same Rf except 0.41, 0.55, 0.66 and 0.73.
In aqueous extracts of sample-G and A at 540nm 6 and 7 constituents are
separated respectively, in that only 2 constituents are observed at same Rf 0.49 and
0.60. While in methanolic extracts of these samples, at 540nm 9 and 11 constituents
are separated in both, in that 5constituents are observed at same Rf 0.03, 0.14, 0.59,
0.73, 0.79.
44
Discussion
In aqueous extracts of sample-G and B at 540nm 6 constituents are
separated, in that only 1 constituent is observed at same Rf 0.60. While in methanolic
extracts of these samples, at 540nm 9 and 11 constituents are separated, in that 9
constituents are observed at same Rf.
In aqueous extracts of sample-G and C at 540nm 6 and 4 constituents are
separated respectively, in that only 1 constituent is observed at same Rf 0.60. While in
methanolic extracts of these samples, at 540nm 10 and 9 constituents are separated, in
that all constituents are observed at same Rf.except 0.92.
All these findings of H.P.T.L.C. the sample-C is nearer to genuine sample.
45
Conclusion
Conclusion
1. The description mentioned in Samhita the collected whole genuine sample of
Bala was observed same as the morphological description mentioned in
Charaka Samhita as peeta pushpa, kharayasthika etc.
2. Genuine sample was authenticated as Sida cordifolia Linn. And market
samples are the mixture of different varieties of Sida species.
3. The genuine sample shows Madura rasa as mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. All
three market samples show Kashaya rasa.
4. External morphological features conclude the genuine sample is root, because
externally it shows primary and secondary rootlets. While market samples are
stem because the presence of nodes and internodes with greenish brown color.
5. Microscopy of genuine and market sample concludes that sample G is root
part because of absence of pith and vascular bundles with exarch xylem, while
samples A,B and C are the stem parts of other variety of Sida species.
6. The comparison of genuine stem of Sida cordifolia Linn with market samples
concludes that the different microscopic characters were observed than Sida
cordifolia Linn, but when compared with other varieties of Sida species it
resembles different varieties of Sida species.
7. The observations of powder microscopy not showing significant difference.
8. The foreign matter is observed 100% in market samples and nil in genuine
sample.
9. The phyto-chemical study shows similar ingredients present in roots and stem
parts of the Bala which strengthen the above observations.
46
Conclusion
10. Alkaloid percentage is more in genuine sample that is because of proper
11. In T.L.C and HPTLC analysis there is less phyto-chemical are separated in
12. All H.P.T.L.C results of market samples compared with genuine, concludes
that sample-C shows maximum same constituents. Sample-C is nearer to
genuine sample.
47
Summary
SUMMARY
The whole study can be summarized as follows:
•
The plant Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn) is popular drug in Ayurveda and used to
treat the vatavyadhis. It is mentioned in Post vedic literature where it is used in
Pushpabhisheka and also in various disease condition.
•
It is observed that many of the medicinal plants are adulterated and substituted
since they are not available in sufficient quantity to meet the demand; Bala is
also such plant, which is adulterated with many other botanical sources of Sida
species. Hence the study is taken to get an idea regarding the availability of
the Bala in the market.
•
Initially three market sample were collected from different markets and one
genuine sample is collected from the natural habitat and dried under shade.
•
All samples were subjected for Pharmacognostic and phyto-chemical tests like
1. Root macroscopy and microscopy.
2. Powder macroscopy and microscopy.
3. Florescence analysis.
4. Physico-chemical analysis.
5. Alcohol and Aqueous Extraction of all the four samples.
6. Alkaloid estimation of all the four samples.
7. Qualitative analysis by T.L.C and H.P.T.LC.
•
External morphological features conclude the genuine sample is root, because
externally it shows primary and secondary rootlets. While market samples are
stem because the presence of nodes and internodes with greenish brown color.
48
Summary
•
Microscopy of genuine and market sample concludes that sample G is root
part because of absence of pith and vascular bundles with exarch xylem, while
samples A,B and C are the stem parts of other variety of Sida species.
•
The comparison of genuine stem of Sida cordifolia Linn with market samples
concludes that the different microscopic characters were observed than Sida
cordifolia Linn, but when compared with other varieties of Sida species it
resembles different varieties of Sida species.
•
The observations of powder microscopy not showing significant difference.
•
The foreign matter is observed 100% in market samples and nil in genuine
sample.
•
The phyto-chemical study shows similar ingredients present in roots and stem
parts of the Bala which strengthen the above observations.
•
Alkaloid percentage is more in genuine sample that is because of proper
•
In T.L.C and HPTLC analysis there is less phyto chemicals are separated in
•
All H.P.T.L.C results of market samples compared with genuine, concludes
that sample-C shows maximum same constituents. Sample-C is nearer to
genuine sample.
Scope for further study•
Detailed Pharmacognostic and physico-chemical study of market samples
should be compared with different varieties of Bala.
•
All available varieties of Bala should be tested clinically.
49
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no-28, 112.
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30. Acharya Kayadeva, Kayadeva nighantu Oshadhi varga, redacted by Sharma
P.V., 1
st
edition , New-Delhi, Chaukhamba publications, 1979, page no-
194,195.
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Tripathi, Varanasi, Chaukhamba Krishnadas academy, 2003, page no- 80, 82,
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32. Vaidya Bapalal, Nighantu Adarsha, Karpasadi varga redacted by Vaidya
Bapalal, vol-1, Chaukhamba Bharati academy, reprinted 2007, page no- 152153.
33. Sharma P.V. Priya nighantu Shatapushpadi varga shloka no-102-106, redacted
by Sharma P.V, Varanasi, Chaukhamba Surabharati prakashana, edition 2004,
page no- 94.
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Tripathi and Gangahaya Pandey, part- 1, Varanasi Chaukhamba Sanskrit
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Ranunculaceae to Rubiaceae, by Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh Dehradun,
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2007, page no-42.
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publishers, reprint 2005, page no- 307.
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central council for research in Ayurveda and Siddha, Govt. of India, edition
2007, page no-44, 50.
45. Bapala vaidya, some controversial Drugs in Indian Medicine first edition
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Drug Manufacturers Association, 2002, Page no-391,392.
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of Health and Family Welfare Dept. Ayush, page no-230.
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55. Dandapani R and Sabna S “PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF
SOME INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS” Journal of Ancient Sciences of Life
Vol XXVII, April/May/June 2008.
prakashana Page no-155-156.
prakashana Page no-163.
56
Photo plates
57 Photo plates
Measurement of collected Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn) Sample:-
58 Photo plates
Collected samples pictures:Sample-G
Sample-A
Sample-B
Sample-C
59 Photo plates
Measurement of collected Bala Samples:Sample-G
Sample-A
Sample-B
Sample-C
MI
CR
OS
CO
PY
OF
BA
LA
M
OO
LA:-
60 Photo plates
Sample-G (Sida cordifolia Linn)
Cork
Cortex with
parenchymatus cells
Metaxylum
Protoxylum
Medullary rays
Cambium
Cork
Cortex with
parenchymatus cells
Cambium
Metaxylem
Protoxylem
Vascular bundles
MICROSCOPY OF BALA (Sida cordifolia Linn) STEM: “Study of different market samples with genuine sample of Bala (Sida cordifolia
61 Photo plates
Stellate hair
Cork
Cortex
Cambium
Pith
Vascular bundles
Sample-A:-
Cork
Cortex
Vascular bundles
Pith
Cambium
Sample-B: “Study of different market samples with genuine sample of Bala (Sida cordifolia
62 Photo plates
Cork
Cambium
Cortex
Pith
Vascular bundles
Sample-C:-
Cork
Cortex
Cambium
Vascular bundles
Pith
Coarse powder: “Study of different market samples with genuine sample of Bala (Sida cordifolia
63 Photo plates
Sample-G
Sample-A
Sample-B
Sample-C
Powder microscopy of sample- G
64 Photo plates
Powder microscopy of sample- A
Powder microscopy of sample- B
Powder microscopy of sample- C
65 Photo plates
Ash value of the samples
Methanolic extract samples
66 Photo plates
After Drying the Extracts on Water Bath
Aqueous extracts of the samples
67 Photo plates
After Drying the Extract on Water Bath
T.L.C. Analysis of Bala samples
68 Photo plates
Image at day light
Methanol extract
Aqueous extract
Image at S-Wave
Aqueous extracts
Methanol extract
Image at L-Wave
69 Photo plates
Aqueous extract
Methanol extract
H.P.T.L.C. Analysis of Bala samples
Sida Cordifolia Linn
Ga
Aa
Ba
Ca
Gm
Am
Bm
Cm
Image @ 254nm after development
70 Photo plates
Ga
Aa
Ba
Ca
Gm
Am
Bm
Cm
Image @ 366 nm after development
Ga
Aa
Ba
Ca
Gm
Am
Bm
Cm
Image @ 366nm after derivatization
71 Photo plates
Ga
Aa
Ba
Ca
Gm
Am
Bm
Cm
Image @ white R after derivatization
72

“STUDY OF DIFFERENT MARKET SAMPLES BALA PHYTOCHEMISTRY” cordifolia

Transcription

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