Page 1 SIA for the Alibunar wind-farm project

Transcription

SIA for the Alibunar wind-farm project
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
OF THE ALIBUNAR WIND-FARM PROJECT
Prepared for: Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Serbia
Prepared by: Biotope
April 2013
Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013
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TITLE PAGE
Project Title:
Contract
Document Title:
Alibunar wind-farm project- Serbia
UG 10-12
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Environmental
and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar wind-farm
project- Serbia
Prepared by:
Date Prepared:
Principal authors:
B&V Project Manager:
Biotope
February 2013
Jean-Yves Kernel, Yves Bas, Delphine Morin, Marko Janković
Jean-Yves Kernel
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tableofcontents
TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................................. 6 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2. Need for the project ................................................................................................................................ 12 1.4. Methodology for the ESIA ....................................................................................................................... 12 1.5. Organization of this Report ..................................................................................................................... 18 2. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................ 19 2.1. National administrative and legal framework ......................................................................................... 19 2.1.1. General framework ......................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.2. Environmental framework ............................................................................................................... 20 2.1.3. Land use and labor laws applicable to the project ........................................................................... 26 2.1.4. Legal framework for the development of wind energy production .................................................. 27 2.2. International requirements ..................................................................................................................... 28 2.2.1. Requirements of International Finance Institutions ......................................................................... 28 2.2.2. International conventions and agreements ..................................................................................... 28 3. PROPOSED PROJECT ................................................................................................................................ 30 3.1. Information on the project developer ...................................................................................................... 30 3.2. Information on the author of the ESIA report .......................................................................................... 31 3.3. Presentation of the project ...................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.1. Location of the site .......................................................................................................................... 33 3.3.2. Spatial planning on the project site ................................................................................................. 34 3.3.3. Proposed means of connection to existing infrastructure ............................................................... 35 3.4. Description of the main alternatives studied by the developer ................................................................ 36 3.5. Description of the project components .................................................................................................... 37 3.5.1 Wind turbines ................................................................................................................................... 37 3.5.2. Transformer station ......................................................................................................................... 40 3.5.3. Power line ....................................................................................................................................... 42 3.6. Construction process ............................................................................................................................... 44 3.6.1. Wind turbines platforms.................................................................................................................. 44 3.6.2. Foundations of the wind turbines .................................................................................................... 45 Metal casing of the foundation ................................................................................................................. 45 Pouring the concrete in the foundation .................................................................................................... 45 Finalized foundation .................................................................................................................................. 45 Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013
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3.6.3. Construction of the tower ............................................................................................................... 46 3.6.4. Access roads to the project site ....................................................................................................... 47 3.6.6. Construction of the transmission power line ................................................................................... 48 Substation ................................................................................................................................................. 50 Schedule for wind farm construction and operation ................................................................................. 51 Construction management ........................................................................................................................ 52 3.7. Operation ................................................................................................................................................ 53 3.7.1. Electricity production ...................................................................................................................... 53 3.7.2. Waste and chemicals ....................................................................................................................... 53 3.7.3. Maintenance ................................................................................................................................... 53 3.8. Decommissioning activities ..................................................................................................................... 53 3.8.1. Recycling ......................................................................................................................................... 53 3.8.2. Disposal ........................................................................................................................................... 54 4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS ............................................................ 55 4.1. Environmental Baseline ........................................................................................................................... 55 4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate ................................................................................................................ 55 4.1.2. Natural protected areas .................................................................................................................. 58 4.1.3. Geology/geomorphology ................................................................................................................. 60 4.1.4. Hydrology/Hydrogeology ................................................................................................................. 62 4.1.5. Seismology ...................................................................................................................................... 65 4.1.6. Waste Management ....................................................................................................................... 66 4.1.7. Noise level ....................................................................................................................................... 67 4.1.8. Other environmental pollution ........................................................................................................ 69 4.1.9. Birds ................................................................................................................................................ 70 4.1.10. Bats ............................................................................................................................................... 80 4.1.11. Non flying fauna ............................................................................................................................ 85 4.1.12. Flora species and habitats ............................................................................................................. 92 4.2. Baseline Socio‐economic Conditions ........................................................................................................ 97 4.2.1. Demographics ................................................................................................................................. 97 4.2.2. Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 105 4.2.3. Economics ..................................................................................................................................... 111 4.2.4. Health ............................................................................................................................................ 115 4.2.6. Cultural Resources ......................................................................................................................... 116 5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS AND ASSOCIATED MITIGATION MEASURES ............. 119 5.1. Assessment of environmental impacts ................................................................................................. 121 5.1.1. AIR QUALITY .................................................................................................................................. 121 5.1.2. SOIL ............................................................................................................................................... 125 5.1.3. WATER .......................................................................................................................................... 131 5.1.4. NOISE AND VIBRATIONS ................................................................................................................ 134 5.1.5. SHADOW FLICKER .......................................................................................................................... 142 5.1.6. ICE THROW .................................................................................................................................... 146 5.1.7. LANDSCAPE ................................................................................................................................... 148 5.1.8. BIRDS ............................................................................................................................................. 159 5.1.9. BATS .............................................................................................................................................. 172 5.1.10. NON FLYING FAUNA SPECIES ....................................................................................................... 182 5.1.11. FLORA SPECIES AND NATURAL HABITATS .................................................................................... 183 Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013
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5.2. Potential socioeconomic impacts .......................................................................................................... 184 5.2.1. TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................... 185 5.2.2. PUBLIC AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ....................................................................... 188 5.2.3. INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT ......................................................................................................... 191 5.2.4. ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................................................ 194 5.2.5 CULTURAL RESOURCES ................................................................................................................... 196 5.2.5. ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 198 5.2.6. EMF IMPACT ON HEALTH .............................................................................................................. 200 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ACTION PLAN (ESAP) Separate document as part of public disclosure 204 7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PROGRAM (ESMP) ...................................................... 205 8. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PLAN (SEP) – Separate document as part of public disclosure ............... 208 LITERATURE ............................................................................................................................................... 209 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................................. 223 Appendix 1: List of preparers ........................................................................................................................ 223 Appendix 2: Location and elevation of the turbines ...................................................................................... 224 Appendix 3: Field surveys and studies undertaken for the project ................................................................ 226 Appendix 4: List of birds names and conservation status ............................................................................. 227 Appendix 5: List of land‐owners (SEP) .......................................................................................................... 234 Appendix 6: Private companies on the project area (SEP) ............................................................................ 237 Appendix 7: Photomontage .......................................................................................................................... 239 Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Duration of Impacts ................................................................................................... 14 Table 2: Representation of impact significance ....................................................................... 16 Table 3: Main Environmental Serbian Laws............................................................................ 21 Table 4: Technical specifications of the turbines ..................................................................... 38 Table 5: Average Monthly temperature in Zrenjanin and in Belgrade from 1981 to 2010 ..... 57 Table 6: Basic land types in the territory of municipality Alibunar......................................... 61 Table 7: Baseline survey for noise pollution ............................................................................ 68 Table 8: Dynamics of field activities on the field .................................................................... 71 Table 9: Presentation of the altitude categories used during census ........................................ 71 Table 10: Biological status of observed ornithofauna in different areas of influence ............. 72 Table 11: Protection and conservation statuses in numbers ..................................................... 74 Table 12: Intensity of bat activity on the project site ............................................................... 82 Table 13: Assessment of ecological concern for bat species ................................................... 84 Table 14: Recorded non flying species .................................................................................... 86 Table 15: Recorded flora species ............................................................................................. 92 Table 16: Habitats identified on the study area ........................................................................ 94 Table 17: Number of inhabitants in the Municipality of Alibunar .......................................... 97 Table 18: Population loss in the municipality of Alibunar ...................................................... 98 Table 19: Natural growth of the population ............................................................................. 99 Table 20: Life expectancy ...................................................................................................... 100 Table 21: Sex repartition and age of the population .............................................................. 100 Table 22: Ethnic composition of the population .................................................................... 101 Table 23: Immigrants in 2011 ................................................................................................ 103 Table 24: Occupation of working immigrants in 2011 .......................................................... 103 Table 25: Refugees ................................................................................................................. 104 Table 26: Traffic pressure on the road section Pančevo 2 (Zrenjanin) - to Alibunar ............ 105 Table 27: Electricity production and generation capacity in Serbia in 2012 ......................... 109 Table 28: Potential of energy production of different RES ................................................... 110 Table 29: Employment ........................................................................................................... 111 Table 30: Salaries ................................................................................................................... 112 Table 31: Share of agricultural land in the Province, District and Municipality ................... 114 Table 32: The structure of agricultural land in M. Alibunar .................................................. 114 Table 33: Surface of agricultural land destroyed by the project ............................................ 125 Table 33: Noise limit recommended by the IFC Noise Level Guidelines ............................. 134 Table 34: Noise limits according to Serbian law ................................................................... 134 Table 36: Impact of road traffic flow changes on noise level ................................................ 136 Table 40: Zone under ice throw risk ...................................................................................... 146 Table 41: Assessment of magnitude of change ..................................................................... 153 Table 42: Summary of visual impact assessment................................................................... 158 Table 43: Risk assessment for birds ....................................................................................... 162 Table 44: Institutions consulted for assessing the impact on infrastructure .......................... 185 Table 45: Wind turbines located between 1 and 5 km from the villages ............................... 187 Table 46: Benefits from renting or selling the land ............................................................... 192 Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013
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Table 47: Potential Annual agricultural income .................................................................... 193 Table 48: international standards for exposure to EMF ......................................................... 201 Table 49: Typical EMF Levels for Power Transmission Lines of 115 kV ............................ 202 Table 50: Average strength of magnetic fields from house electric appliances..................... 203 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Location of the Municipality of Alibunar ................................................................. 33 Figure 2: wind turbine (Vestas v112 – 3 MW) and inside part of a rotor ................................ 39 Figure 3: Wind generator elements .......................................................................................... 40 Figure 4: Project scheme of the transformer TS 220/35 kV Vladimirovac ............................. 41 Figure 5: Route of the connecting transmission line ............................................................... 43 Figure 6: Flattening of the terrain for the platforms ................................................................. 44 Figure 7: Building the wind turbines foundations .................................................................... 45 Figure 8: Construction of the wind turbine's tower .................................................................. 46 Figure 9: upgrading the existing roads by widening ................................................................ 47 Figure 10: Underground electric cables ................................................................................... 48 Figure 11: Wind speed and potencial energy produced by a wind farm at a height of 50 m ... 56 Figure 12: Pedological map of Alibunar Municipality ............................................................ 60 Figure 13: Hydrogeological map of Vojvodina ....................................................................... 63 Figure 14: Macroseismic zoning in Vojvodina ........................................................................ 65 Figure 15: Noise recording points ............................................................................................ 67 Figure 16: Nest box for Sakers on power line .......................................................................... 75 Figure 17: Overview of habits of species ................................................................................. 85 Figure 18: Souslik (Spermophilus citellus) .............................................................................. 87 Figure 19: Insects of ecological concern on the study area...................................................... 90 Figure 20: Flora species from valley A and B ......................................................................... 92 Figure 21: Remnants of the steppe habitats by the agricultural road ....................................... 94 Figure 22: Habitat E1.2 in valley B.......................................................................................... 95 Figure 23: Figure: Electricity production sources in Serbia .................................................. 109 Figure 24: Income by economic sector in the municipality Alibunar .................................... 113 Figure 25: Percentage of agricultural land: level of Province, District and Municipality ..... 113 Figure 26/ Number of inhabitants per doctor ......................................................................... 115 Figure 27: Cultural monuments in Alibunar (Orthodox churches) ........................................ 118 Figure 28: Description of the photomontage.......................................................................... 154 Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013
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LIST OF MAPS
Map 1: Presentation of the project ........................................................................................... 32 Map 2: Saker falcon dispersion model ..................................................................................... 76 Map 3: Ecological corridors ..................................................................................................... 79 Map 4: Map of natural and semi-natural habitats .................................................................... 96 Map 5: Map of transportation infrastructure .......................................................................... 107 Map 6: Map of archeological findings ................................................................................... 117 Map 7: Sound emission at a wind speed of 5m/s ................................................................... 138 Map 8: Sound emission at a wind speed of 5m/s ................................................................... 139 Map 9: Map of shadows ......................................................................................................... 144 Map 10: Zone of virtual influence.......................................................................................... 150 Map 11: Viewpoints location ................................................................................................. 152 Map 12: Activity of Nyctalus noctula .................................................................................... 179 Environmental And Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind-Farm Project, Biotope 2013
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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. Compliance of the study with the EBRD’s requirements
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) considers it important that
all companies receiving EBRD financing have a systematic approach to appraising, managing
and monitoring the environmental and social issues and impacts associated with their activities.
The environmental and social management system required by the EBRD is described in the
Performance Requirement 1 of the EBRD “Environmental and Social Appraisal and
Management” (PR 1) as a dynamic, continuous process, initiated and supported by
management, that involves meaningful communication between the client, its workers, and the
local communities affected by the project. It requires a methodical systems approach
comprising planning, implementing, reviewing and reacting to outcomes in a structured way
with the aim of achieving a continuous improvement in performance. It should be tailored to
the size and nature of the clients’business activity and should comply with the Bank’s
Environmental and Social Policy throughout the life of the project.
In order to comply with the EBRD’s Environmental and Social Policy and to implement the
PR1, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study (ESIA) has been developed for
the Alibunar Wind Farm Project.
The goals of the ESIA study are:
‐ to identify and assess environmental and social impacts and issues, both adverse and
beneficial, associated with the project.
‐ to adopt measures to avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimize, mitigate, or
offset/compensate for adverse impacts on workers, affected communities, and the
environment.
‐ to identify and, where feasible, adopt opportunities to improve environmental and
social performance.
‐ to promote improved environmental and social performance through a dynamic
process of performance monitoring and evaluation.
Quality of contents of the ESIA study
The ESIA study is based on recent information, including an accurate description and
delineation of the project, and social and environmental baseline data at an appropriate level
of detail. This ESIA study identifies applicable laws and regulations in the Republic of Serbia,
in which the project operates, that pertain to environmental and social matters, including those
laws implementing the obligations of the Republic of Serbia under international law.
ESIA study and EBRD’s due diligence
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The information presented in the ESIA study will inform the EBRD’s due diligence related to
the company WindVision and the Alibunar Wind Farm project and will help to identify the
applicable PRs and the appropriate measures to better manage risk and develop opportunities.
Stages of the project cycle
In accordance with PR1, the environmental and social issues and impacts have been analyzed
for all the relevant stages of the project cycle: construction, operations, and decommissioning.
Transboundary and global issues
In accordance with PR1, the appraisal also consider potential transboundary and global issues,
such as impacts from effluents and emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, climate change
mitigation and adaptation issues, and impacts on endangered species and habitats.
The project’s area of influence
In accordance with PR1, environmental and social impacts and issues have been appraised in
the context of the project’s area of influence
This area of influence includes:
1.
The assets and facilities, directly owned or managed by the client, that relate to the
project activities to be financed and which are: the transformer substation, the power
transmission line that connects the national grid to the wind farm, the access roads
and the construction camp.
2.
Supporting/enabling activities, assets and facilities owned or under the control of
parties contracted for the operation of the clients business or for the completion of
the project (such as contractors).
3.
Associated facilities or businesses that are not funded by the EBRD as part of the
project and may be separate legal entities yet whose viability and existence depend
exclusively on the project and whose goods and services are essential for the
successful operation of the project.
4.
Facilities, operations, and services owned or managed by the client which are part of
the security package committed to the EBRD as collateral.
5.
Areas and communities potentially impacted by: cumulative impacts from further
planned development of the project or other sources of similar impacts in the
geographical area, any existing project or condition, and other project-related
developments that can realistically be expected at the time due diligence is
undertaken.
6.
Areas and communities potentially affected by impacts from unplanned but
predictable developments caused by the project that may occur later or at a different
location.
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1.1.2. Introduction to the project
The Serbian company WindVision Wind farm d.o.o, subsidiary of the Belgian company
WindVision, herein referred as the “project developer” is proposing to develop a wind-farm
project with 63 wind turbines and a total capacity of 189 MW. This project ”Alibunar wind
farm” is located on the municipality of Alibunar, in the region of Banat, in the autonomous
province of Voivodina in Serbia as shown on map 1.
The spatial planning documentation for the approval of the Plan of Detailed regulation (Plan
Detaljne Regulacije), a type of zonal urban plan, has been carried out by the Belgrade Land
Development Public Agency and has been approved by the Provincial Secretariat for Urban
Planning, Construction and Environmental Protection in 2013.
The company WindVision Windfarm d.o.o. has approached the European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and other lenders for financing and has conducted
an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment according to their requirements.
The draft ESIA is being disclosed to project stakeholders and the public in compliance with the
Serbian law and the EBRD guidelines. All stakeholder and public comments on the draft ESIA
will be considered in developing the final ESIA.
1.1.3. Compliance of the project with labour and working conditions requirements
The project has been designed so that PR2: the Performance Requirement of the EBRD on
labour and working condition is respected.
The EBRD believes that workers should be treated fairly and should be provided with safe and
healthy working conditions. In PR2, the EBRD explains that for any business, the workforce is
a valuable asset, and that good human resources management and a sound worker-management
relationship based on respect for workers’ rights, including freedom of association and right to
collective bargaining, are key ingredients to the sustainability of the enterprise. Conversely,
failure to establish and foster a sound worker/management relationship can undermine worker
commitment and retention, jeopardise a project and damage the reputation of the project
developer.
As required by PR2, WindVisions’human resources policies, procedures and standards aim at:
1. establishing and maintaining a sound worker-management relationship
2. promoting the fair treatment, non-discrimination and equal opportunity of workers
3. promoting compliance with any collective agreements to which the client is a party,
national labor and employment laws, and the fundamental principles and key
regulatory standards embodied in the ILO conventions that are central to this
relationship
4. Protecting the health of workers, especially by promoting safe and healthy working
conditions.
In the ESIA, ESAP, ESMP and SEP these 4 objectives have been taken into consideration and
in addition, WindVision is committed to work together with the EBRD in order to achieve
them through its environmental and social action plan and management system.
WindVision is particularly committed to make sure that
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its resources policies are appropriate to the size of the company, clear, understandable
and accessible to workers.
‐ working relationships are eased by clear communication to all workers on their
working conditions and terms of employment including their entitlement to wages,
hours of work, overtime arrangements and overtime compensation, and any benefits
(such as leave for illness, maternity/paternity, or holiday).
‐ the project complies with all the national (Serbian) labor, social security and
occupational health and safety (OHS) laws, with international conventions (ILO
conventions), with EU requirements on non-discrimination related to employment and
with IFC OHS guidelines.
‐ the OHS management system of the company is clearly established, appropriate to
WindVision’s size and activity and in continuous improvement.
WindVision is committed to implement these principles not only for WindVision’s employees
but also for any non-employee workers hired by sub-contractors or by WindVision itself.
‐
1.2. Need for the project
Serbia has ratified the “European Union Directive on the promotion of electricity produced
from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity” (2001/77/EC) and in the “Energy
Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia by 2015”, the production of renewable
energy is considered necessary for Serbia.
The article 4 of the Decree on measures of incentive for the production of electricity using
renewable energy sources (Official gazette of the RS 72/09) states that the producers of
renewable energy are eligible for subventions from the Serbian state which means that the
Serbian state is recognizes the need for renewable energies.
1.4. Methodology for the ESIA
1.4.1. Scoping
This study has been written so as to gather data on all the receptors and resources described in
the Serbian Law and the guidelines provided by the EBRD, the International Finance
Corporation (IFC), the Serbian government and other international institutions.
The supporting tools available on the website of the EBRD were regularly consulted in order
to write this study, especially:
‐ EBRD’s Environmental and Social Policy 2008
‐ EBRD Performance Requirements
‐ Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
(ESIA)
1.4.2. Baseline Data Collection
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The baseline data collection for this study is based on detailed field surveys and consultations:
5 baseline field surveys
‐ a one-year long field survey on birds and bats undertaken by the company Biotope d.o.o.
Beograd from June 2011 to July 2012
‐ a field survey on archaeological remains undertaken by the Institute for the Protection
of Cultural Monument of Pančevo and delivered in 2012
‐ a geotechnical field survey undertaken by the company GeoMehanika doo and delivered
in 2011
‐ a set of cadastral and topographic maps elaborated between August 2011 and August
2012 by the company Geovizija doo
‐ a noise survey was done by the Institut IMS and delivered in January 2013
‐ wind measurements were made by the company Netinvest d.o.o. from April 2010 and
are on-going
Consultations
‐ regular meetings with officials from the Provincial Ministry of Environment and with
the Provincial Institute for Nature Protection in Novi Sad
‐ regular meetings with local communities undertaken by the company WindVision
Windfarm d.o.o. from 2010 to 2012
A land planning study called “Plan of Detail Regulation” (in Serbian “Plan Detaljne
Regulacije”) was undertaken by the Belgrade Land Development Public Agency and delivered
in January 2013. This study was based on the data provided by the 5 baseline field surveys, the
consultations and the Plan of Detailed regulation that has been written by a multidisciplinary
team including experts from the company “Saobraćajni institute d.o.o.” a company specialized
in transportation infrastructure.
Biotope d.o.o. has thoroughly analyzed all this data together with other scientific literature,
official report and websites and has summarized it in the Environmental Social and Impact
Assessment study. Details about the consultations, the participants and the authors of the
different studies are presented in Annex of this study.
1.4.3. Types of impact
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) assesses the impacts of the project
on social and environmental receptors and resources, that is, people (e.g. residents, workers,
visitors) and physical, natural and cultural resources (e.g. soils and land, protected habitats and
species, and historic sites).
The ESIA examines different types of impacts including:
‐ Positive impacts: effects that have a beneficial influence on receptors and resources
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‐
‐
‐
Negative impacts: effects that have an adverse influence on receptors or resources.
Permanent impacts: effects that result from an irreversible change to the baseline
environment (e.g. destruction of farm land)
Temporary or short term impacts: effects that persist for a limited period only, due
for example to particular construction activities (e.g. air pollution because of
construction work).
Long term impacts: effects that will continue over a long period, for example during
operation of a plant, but that will cease on closure of the plant (e.g. emissions from
manufacturing processes)
Direct impact: the direct total or partial modification of an element of the environment
(e.g. for example, when bird species are killed or natural habitat destroyed
Indirect impact: the direct total or partial modification of an element whose alteration
will destroy, modify and/or damage the environment (e.g. if a natural habitats is
destroyed or polluted, the fauna species that are dependent on this habitat will be
affected )
Cumulative impacts: over time a project can have an increasing impact on the
environment (e.g. when an infrastructure release more pollutants when becoming older);
or if combined with other projects or activities (e.g. an existing industrial plant already
altering biodiversity)
The table here under gives precision about what we consider to be temporary or permanent
impacts.
Table 1: Duration of Impacts
Nature of change
Temporary
Permanent
Duration
Definition/ Description
Short-term
less than one year
Medium-term 1 to 5 years
Long-term
5 to 10 years
Due to the length of time period for human beings,
impacts over 10 years can subjectively be defined as
permanent.
As recommended by the Serbian guidelines on EIAs published in 2010, we examined the
impacts taking into account all the project phases:
‐ The pre‐installation stage is the time when the developer of the infrastructure
projects and other stakeholders interested into the development of the projects
are coming to the site for different reasons: observations, measures, meetings…
By their activity, they can affect flora and fauna.
‐ The construction stage is the phase when the construction work of the
infrastructure takes place and when many stakeholders (workers, engineers,
inspectors…) are coming to the site and transform it, creating disturbance. It
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implies the use of machines, construction materials and the emission of
pollution. This phase is particularly dangerous for fauna and flora.
‐ The operation stage is when the infrastructure is being used as planned in the
project. It implies often emission of pollution. Within the operation stage, we
take into account the “maintenance work” that takes place when the
infrastructure does not operates normally because of technical problems caused
by natural hazards or technical faults
‐ The decommissioning stage is the time when the infrastructure is not useful
anymore and is dismantled. This phase implies the work of many stakeholders
(workers, engineers, inspectors…) who are coming to the site and transform it,
creating disturbance. It implies the use of machines, construction materials and
the emission of pollution.
We also take into consideration the possibility for accidents due to natural hazards, human
mistakes or technical problems.
According to the same guidelines, this ESIA study takes into consideration spatial aspects and
distinguishes between
‐ the “project site” which is the area where the infrastructure will be built.
‐ the “study area” which is the area that can be impacted by the project
Impacts are assessed by comparing the baseline conditions (i.e. situation before starting the
project) with the conditions that will prevail if the project is constructed and operated.
As required by the Serbian law and the EBRD requirements, the study gives information on
the 5 main steps of the ESIA:
‐ Identifying the baseline conditions and the sensitivity and importance of the
receptors and resources at risk.
‐ Predicting the type of impact on these receptors and resources,
‐ Evaluating the significance of impacts
‐ Investigating options for mitigation of significant adverse impacts
‐ Designing a monitoring program in order to assess monitoring measures and
improve them if necessary
1.4.4. Significance of impact
Once the potential impacts on receptors and resources are identified, the significance of impacts
should be assessed. The significance of an impact depends on the predicted magnitude of
change (scale, extent and duration), and on the value or importance of the affected receptors or
resources. The methodologies used are described in the beginning of every impact assessment
for every receptor.
‐ The sensitivity of receptor was assessed according to its level of protection when
relevant.
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‐
The magnitude of change was assessed according to the percentage of change measured
either on the percentage of area affected (e.g. >90% affected) either on the percentage
of the local population affected.
The significance of impacts was classed as “very high”, “high”, “moderate”, “low”,
“negligible” (impact too low to be taken into consideration) and “none”(no impact). Different
colors are used to represent positive and negative impacts are as shown in the table hereafter.
Table 2: Representation of impact significance
very
high moderate low Negligible None Negligible low moderate high
high
very
high
1.4.5. Specificity of impacts on biodiversity
The impact assessment of the project on biodiversity typically addresses the following issues
for every fauna or flora species:
‐ Significance of the population studied on the study area for the survival of the
species at a local, national and international level
‐ Protection status of the species by the local, national and international Law
‐ Importance of the study area for the species
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1.4.6. Specificity of socio-economic impacts
The impact assessment of the project on biodiversity typically addresses the following issues
on local communities:
‐ Demographics, including changes in local population size, emigration/immigration in
the area, migration of people in search of work
‐ Economic issues, including potential impacts on local markets for goods and
services, employment opportunities during the different phases of the project
‐ Health issues, working conditions,
‐ Infrastructure to support project activities and personnel as well as the local
communities
‐ Resources, including land use changes, increased access to rural or remote areas and
use of natural resources.
‐ Cultural, including issues associated with sites that have archaeological, historical,
religious, cultural, or aesthetic values.
‐ Social and gender equity, including local social groups who will gain or lose as a
result of the project or operation.
1.4.7. Environmental Mitigation and Enhancement
Where potential impacts could be significant, mitigation measures were developed. These
measures are intended to avoid, reduce, compensate, and/or remediate adverse impacts, or to
enhance potentially beneficial impacts. Wherever possible, this is undertaken as part of the
project design, so the measures will feed back into impact assessment.
The mitigation which should be undertaken as part of the project are set out as an
Environmental and Social Action Plan (ESAP) which should be applied in order to manage
different phases of the project.
1.4.8. Environmental Monitoring
Where there is uncertainty over the potential significance of an impact, mitigation may include
monitoring of that impact to determine whether additional measures are required.
The monitoring activities are set out in an Environmental and Social Monitoring Program.
Page17
1.5. Organization of this Report
The ESIA of the Alibunar Wind Farm project is organized in 8 chapters:
‐ Chapter 1: Introduction and background
‐ Chapter 2: Legal and institutional framework
‐ Chapter 3: Project description
‐ Chapter 4: Baseline environmental and socioeconomic conditions
‐ Chapter 5: Environmental and socioeconomic impacts and associate mitigation
measures
‐ Chapter 6: Environmental and Social Action Plan (ESAP). It summarizes the actions
that should be undertaken in order to reduce, eliminate or compensate the project
impacts.
‐ Chapter 7: Environmental and Social Monitoring Program (ESMP). It summarizes the
monitoring activities that should be implemented in order to monitor the project impacts
and the efficiency of the associated mitigation measures.
‐ Chapter 8: Stakeholders Engagement Plan (SEP) defined in PR10 helps clients build
and maintain over time a constructive relationship with their stakeholders, in particular
the locally affected communities.
The ESAP, the ESMP and the SEP are specific chapters that highlight the measures described
in previous chapters of the ESIA study. They include clear action plans showing how to
manage the environmental and socioeconomic issues.
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2. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter describes the national and international legal framework of the “Alibunar” windfarm project, including standards and policies applicable to the Project.
2.1. National administrative and legal framework
The legal framework for environmental protection is based on the Constitution of the
Republic of Serbia approved in referendum in 2006.
2.1.1. General framework
The Republic of Serbia is a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system and an
unicameral National Assembly composed of 250 proportionally elected members.
The Executive authority is exercised by the Prime Minister (Ivica Dačić since 2012) and the
President (Tomislav Nikolić since 2012)
The administrative system in Serbia is regulated by the Law on General Administrative
procedure ”Zakon o opštem upravnom postupku” ("Službeni list SRJ", br. 33/97 i 31/2001, i
"Službeni glasnik RS", br. 30/2010) that explain what is the function of every institution.
The Article 182 of the Constitution establishes that Serbia has 2 Autonomous Province:
Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija. Article 179 explains that the Autonomous provinces shall
autonomously regulate the organization and competences of its bodies and public services in
accordance with the Constitution and the Law. Article 183 states that the Autonomous
provinces shall regulate the matters of provincial interest in different fields among which urban
planning and development, environmental protection, industry and public informing at the
provincial level. Therefore, Environmental Impact Assessment studies are regulated by the
Government of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Vlada Autonomne Pokrajine
Vojvodine) in Novi Sad.
The department specifically in charge of the EIA studies is the Provincial Secretariat for Urban
Planning, Construction and Environmental Protection (Pokrajinski sekretarijat za urbanizam,
graditeljstvo i zaštitu životne sredine).
However, other departments can be consulted through the administrative process needed to
implement the project as the Provincial Secretariat for Energy and Mineral Resources or the
Provincial Secretariat for agriculture, water economy and forestry.
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2.1.2. Environmental framework
2.1.2.1. Environmental laws and institutions
The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia proclaims in Article 74 the rights for all citizens to
live in a healthy environment and to get timely and full information about the state of
environment. Article 74 also states that everyone and especially the Republic of Serbia and
autonomous provinces, shall be accountable for the protection of environment and is obliged to
preserve and improve the environment.
Since the election in May 2012, there are two ministries in Serbia that deal with environmental
matters:
‐ the
Ministry
of
Energy,
Development
and
Environmental
Protection”(Ministarstvo energetike, razvoja i zaštite životne sredine)
‐ the Ministry of Natural Resources Mining and Spatial Planning (ministarstvo
prirodnih resursa, rudarstva i prostornog planiranja)
In the autonomous region of Voivodina, the Provincial Secretariat for Urban Planning,
Construction and Environmental Protection (Pokrajinski Sekretarijat za urbanizam,
graditeljstvo, i Zaštitu Životne Sredine) is the only department in charge of environmental
matter
The policies at national or provincial level are implemented and monitored through the Serbian
Institute for Nature Protection (SINP) in Belgrade and the Provincial Institute for Nature
Protection in Novi Sad.
Many Serbian laws were taken into consideration to write this study among which the most
important may be:
Page20
Table 3: Main Environmental Serbian Laws
Year
Name and reference of the law
2009
Law on nature protection: “Zakon o zaštiti prirode” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 36/09 i
88/10);
2009
Law on Water: Zakon o vodama („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 36/2009);
2009
Law on air protection: Zakon o zaštiti vazduha („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 36/2009);
2009
Law on waste management: Zakon o upravljanju otpadom („Sl. glasnik RS“ br.
36/2009);
2009
Law on the Protection of the Environmental Noise “Zakon o zaštiti od buke u
životnoj sredini” („Sl. glasnik RS“, br. 36/2009, 88/2010);
2007
Law on Ratification of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife
and Natural Habitats and Fauna “Zakon o potvrđivanju Konvencije o očuvanju
evropske divlje flore i faune i prirodnih staništa”, Službeni glasnik RS Međunarodni ugovori, br. 102/2007
2007
Law on Ratification of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of
Wild Animals “Zakon o potvrđivanju Konvencije o očuvanju migratornih vrsta
divljih životinja”, (Službeni glasnik RS - Međunarodni ugovori, br. 102/2007)
2006
Law on Agricultural Land “Zakon o poljoprivrednom zemlištu” ("Sl. glasnik RS",
br. 62/2006)
2004
Law on Environmental Protection “Zakon o zaštiti životne sredine” („Sl. glasnik
RS“ br. 135/2004, 36/2009, 72/2009, 43/2011);
2004
Law on Environmental Impact Assessment studies “Zakon o proceni uticaja na
životnu sredinu” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 135/2004, 36/2009);
A decree of importance for the selection of the fauna and flora species to be taken into
consideration in the impact assessment is the Rulebook on the announcement and protection of
strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi („Official Gazette of
RS”, N° 5/10 and 47/11).
As a candidate country to the European Union, Serbia is also taking into consideration the EU
directives, for this study, we made sure to comply with the following directives:
‐ « EIA Directive » Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 amending Directive
85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on
the environment
‐ « Habitats Directive » Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation
of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora
‐ “Birds Directive” Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds
Page21
Page22
2.1.2.2. Milestones and schedule for completing the EIA process in Serbia
The EIA study should be submitted to the Provincial Government that will undertake the
following procedure.
Organization of a public hearing
According to article 20 of the law on EIA (Sl. glasnik RS", br. 135/04, član 20), the competent
authority shall inform the interested stakeholders about the organization of a public hearing
within 7 days after reception of the EIA study. This public hearing should be held not earlier
than 20 days after informing the stakeholders about it.
Amendment to the EIA study
According to article 21 of the law on EIA), 15 days after the end of the public hearing, the
competent authority should deliver a decision asking for amendments to the EIA study.
According to the same article, the project developer has 15 days to submit amended EIA study.
Technical commission
According to article 21 of the law on EIA, the competent authority should submit the amended
EIA to a technical commission within 10 days of its reception together with its opinion on the
study. According to article 23 of the law on EIA, the technical commission should make a
decision about the study within 30 days and can ask the project developer to modify the study
within a certain period of time.
Information on approval or denial or the EIA study
According to article 24 of the law on EIA, the competent authority should approve or deny the
EIA study after receiving the decision of the technical commission and should inform the
project developer about it within 10 days.
Page23
2.1.2.3. Building, Location and Energy permit issuance procedure
The administrative process to get issued a Building permit, a Location permit and an Energy
permit is long and complex.
During this process, the project developer has to communicate and ask opinion and
authorizations from the Serbian ministries, from the main national institutes and agencies and
from the public enterprises that are responsible for infrastructure, energy and environmental
management. As a result many institutions know about the project at an early stage and are able
to alert the authorities or the public opinion if some elements of the projects are not acceptable
for them.
‐ In order to get the Building permit, it is necessary to produce a study called “Plan of
Detailed Regulation”, as well as an Environmental Impact Assessment study. For these
two studies, it is necessary to undertake different field surveys: on Birds and Bats, on
Archeology, on sounds, on Landscape, on Geology (see Appendices).
‐ In order to get the energy permit from the Ministry of Energy, Development and the
Environment, it is necessary to present an Environmental Impact Assessment study,
previously approved by the Provincial Secretariat for Urban Planning, Construction and
Environment, and Building as well as a Location and a Building permit delivered by the
same institution
List of relevant institutions
Ministries
‐
‐
‐
‐
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management (Ministarstvo
poljoprivrede, trgovine, šumarstva i vodoprivrede)
Ministry of Internal Affairs, Department for exceptional situation and
administration for preventive protection (Sektor za vanredne sitacije, uprava za
preventivnu zaštitu)
Ministry of Defense, Department for tangible resources and administration of
infrastructure (Ministarstvo odbrane, sektor za meterijalne resurse, uprava za
infrastrukturu)
Ministry for urbanism, construction and environmental protection (Sekretariat
za urbanizam i stambeno komunalne poslove i zaštitu životne sredine)
National institutes and agencies
‐ Provincial Institute for Nature Protection « Pokrajinski Zavod za Zaštitu
Prirode » (PZZP)
‐ National Institute for the Protection of the Monuments of Culture, city of
Pančevo « Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture u Pančevu”
‐ National Institute of Hydrometeorology of the Republic of Serbia “Republički
Hidrometeorološki Zavod Srbije”
‐ National Institute of Seismology “Republički Seizmološki Zavod”
Page24
‐
‐
Republic Agency for Electronic Communications “Republička agencija za
elektronske komunikacije” (RATEL)
Civil Aviation Directorate of the Republic of Serbia “Direktorat civilnog
vazduhoplovstva republike Srbije”
Public companies
‐ Public enterprise for construction "Stanogradnja", Alibunar
‐ Radio Television of Serbia “Radio Televizija Srbije” (RTS)
‐ Public enterprise for gas distribution in Serbia “Srbijagas”
‐ Public enterprise of Post office“Pošta »
‐ Public Enterprise for Broadcasting Radio and TV programs with terrestrial
equipment “Emisiona tehnika i veze” (ETV)
‐ Public Enterprise for distributing electricity in Serbia “Elektromreža Srbije”
(EMS)
‐ Public Enterprise for water management in Vojvodina “Vode Vojvodine”
‐ Public Enterprise for water management in Serbia “Putevi Srbije” (PS)
Page25
2.1.3. Land use and labor laws applicable to the project
Different laws govern the use of land in Serbia as:
The laws on land use in Serbia that could have direct implication on the project are:
‐ Law on planning and construction: “Zakon o planiranju i izgradnji („Sl. glasnik RS“
br. 47/2003, 34/2006, 72/2009, 81/2009, 24/2011);
‐ Law on Agricultural Land “Zakon o poljoprivrednom zemlištu” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br.
62/2006)
‐ Law on expropriation “Zakon o ekspropriaciji”("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 53/95, "Sl. list
SRJ", br. 16/2001 - odluka SUS i "Sl. glasnik RS", br. 20/2009)
‐ Law on State Survey and Cadaster and registration of rights on real estate “Zakon o
državnom premeru i katastru I upisima prava na nepokretnosti” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br.
83/92, 53/93, 67/93, 48/94, 12/96 i 15/96-ispr.)
‐ Law on Public Roads: “Zakon o javnim putevima” ("Official Gazette of the RS", Nos.
101/05 and 123/07)
‐ Law on Spatial Plan of the Republic of Serbia: Zakon o prostornom planu Republike
Srbije ("Official Gazette of the RS", No. 88/10)
‐ Law on State Survey and Cadaster and registration of rights on real estate: “Zakon o
državnom premeru i katastru I upisima prava na nepokretnostima” ("Official Gazette
of the RS", No. 83/92, 53/93, 67/93, 48/94, 12/96 i 15/96)
The main law on health and safety at work in Serbia are
‐ Law on Occupational Safety and Health: “Zakon o bezbednosti i zdravlju na radu”
("Official Gazette of the RS", No. 101/2005);
‐ Law on explosive materials, inflammable liquids and gases: “Zakon o eksplozivnim
materijama, zapaljivim tečnostima i gasovima” ("Official Gazette of the SRS", Nos.
44/77, 45/85, 18/89, "Official Gazette of the RS", Nos. 53/93, 67/93, 48/94)
‐ Fire Protection Law: “Zakon o zaštiti od požara” ("Official Gazette of the SRS", br.
37/88, "Official Gazette of the RS", No. 53/93, 67/93, 48/94 )
‐
While the main rulebooks on health and safety at work are:
‐
Rulebook on construction work safety: “Pravilnik o bezbednosti i zdravlju na radu”
("Official Gazette of the RS", No. 53/97)
‐
Rulebook on methods for storing, packaging and labeling of hazardous waste:
“Pravilnik o načinu skladištenja, pakovanja i obeležavanja opasnog otpada”
("Official Gazette of the RS", No. 92/10)
Rulebook on contents of the Policy for prevention of accidents and methodology for preparation
and contents of the Safety Report and Plan for protection against accidents: “Pravilnik o Listi
opasnih materija i njihovim količinama i kriterijumima za određivanje vrste dokumenta koje
izrađuje operater seveso postrojenja, odnosno kompleksa” ("Official Gazette of the RS", No.
41/10).
Page26
2.1.4. Legal framework for the development of wind energy production
Since 2005, the Serbian State has been supporting the development of renewable energy
production in Serbia in the following documents
-
2005, Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia before 2015" ("Official
Gazette of RS", no. 44/05)
2006, International Energy Community treaty ("Official Gazette of RS", no. 62/06)
2007, ratification of the Kyoto Protocol
From 2007, the commitments of the Serbian State towards the development of wind energy
increases and more practical measures are taken and published in different decrees
- In 2007, the Decree on Implementation of the Energy Sector Development Strategy of
the Republic of Serbia until 2015, for the period 2007 – 2012" (" Official Gazette of RS
", No. 17/07 and 73/07) sets as a goal to increase the portion of energy produced from
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) up to 20%. It also gives an estimate based on data
gathered from the existing meteorological stations at a height of 10 m above the ground
that about 0.19 million toe (tons of oil equivalent) per year could be provided by wind
energy in Serbia. It recommends undertaking more wind measurement during one-year
at heights of 30 to 50 meters.
- In 2009, the Decree on amendments and supplements to the Program for the Realization
of the Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia until 2015, for the
period 2007-2012(" Official Gazette of RS "No. 99/09) states that based on new data,
the capacity of wind energy production in Serbia is estimated as 1,300 MW or 0.2
million toe.
- The same year, the “Decree on the requirements for obtaining the status of privileged
electric producer and the criteria for assessing fulfillment of these requirements"
(“Official Gazette of RS” No. 72/09) states that renewable energy producers can benefit
from a privileged status under certain conditions, and the “Decree on Incentive
Measures for Electricity Generation using Renewable energy sources and for Combined
Heat and Power (CHP) Generation” (“Official Gazette of RS” No. 99/09) explains that
the Serbian State will subsidize wind energy production through a feed-in tariff of 9.5
c€/kWh until a total installed capacity of 540 MW from wind farms is reached.
In 2011, the commitment of the Serbian States towards the development of wind energy is
reinforced in the Law on Energy" ("Official Gazette of RS", no. 57/2011) that confirm that the
States aims at offering the adequate commercial and financial conditions for the production of
renewable energy including wind energy.
.
Page27
2.2. International requirements
2.2.1. Requirements of International Finance Institutions
The International Finance Corporation (IFC), established in 1956 in Washington DC and part
of the World Bank Group (WBG), is an international finance institution which offer
investments, advisory and asset management services in order to encourage private sector
development in developing countries.
The IFC expects beneficiary companies to respect 6 social and environmental Performance
Standards (PS) defined in its „Policy on Social and Environmental Sustainability“.
‐ PS 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and
Impacts
‐ PS 2: Labor and Working Conditions
‐ PS 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention
‐ PS 4: Community Health, Safety, and Security
‐ PS 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement
‐ PS 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural
‐ Resources
‐ PS 7: Indigenous Peoples
‐ PS 8: Cultural Heritage
According to the IFC’s Performance Standards, companies should anticipate and avoid adverse
impacts on workers, communities, and the environment, or where avoidance is not possible, to
minimize, and where residual impacts remain, compensate/offset for the risks and impacts, as
appropriate.
Consistent with this commitment, IFC carries out the actions described in Section 3 of this
Policy and is bound to only finance investment activities that are expected to meet the
requirements of the Performance Standards within a reasonable period of time.
2.2.2. International conventions and agreements
Bern Convention
The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats- the Bern
Convention is a binding international legal instrument in the field of Nature Conservation
elaborated by the Council of Europe. The Convention was open for signature on September 19,
1979 and came into force on June 1, 1982.
The species listed in Annex II of the convention are considered as “strictly protected species”
and the species listed in Annex III of the convention are considered as a “protected species”.
The Bern Convention is transposed in the Serbian legal framework by the “Law on Ratification
of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and Fauna”
(Zakon o potvrđivanju Konvencije o očuvanju evropske divlje flore i faune i prirodnih staništa)
Page28
Convention on Biological Diversity
The Convention on Biological Diversity – CBD (also known as Biodiversity Convention) is an
international legally binding treaty whose goals are
‐ The conservation of biological diversity
‐ The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity
‐ The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic
resources
It requires countries to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of
biological diversity. It was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5
June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993.
Page29
3. PROPOSED PROJECT
3.1. Information on the project developer
Company:
WindVision Windfarm A d.o.o.
Mlinska 42,
26310 Alibunar Serbia
Code of activity:
Phone number:
Fax:
E-mail:
TIN:
Owner:
Responsible person:
3511 (Production of electric energy)
+38163368098, +38163250097, +381113283527
+381116301527
danilo.drndarski@windvision.com
106376086
Jacob Jan Ferweda
Danilo Drndarski
WindVision Company is an independent producer of electric energy from renewable sources,
active in Belgium, France, Serbia, Morocco and Cyprus. The company specializes in the
development, financing, construction and operation of wind farms. WindVision has started its
operations in 2001. The founder and his management team is Eline Group (1999), a consulting
firm in the field of counseling in exploiting the potential of wind energy, and Business
Consulting NV (1996), a company that brings together experts from the fields of energy and
telecommunications. In this way the company created a management team that has experience
in developing specialized telecommunications projects, the development of wind energy
projects, as well as experience in specialized energy projects and management restructuring.
Also, the company has a professional team of experienced engineers with experience in
technical projects - technology development, land buying specialists, financial experts and
engineers with extensive experience in the construction and operation of wind farms.
WindVision currently has projects in Belgium, Holland, France and Cyprus.
In Belgium:
‐ 66 MW (11 wind turbines with a capacity of 6 MW) - the project is currently under
development;
‐ From 29 to 69 MW (23 wind turbines with 2-3 MW) - the project has been approved;
‐ From 38 to 57 MW (19 MW wind turbine capacity 2-3) – the company is awaiting
permits for the project;
‐ More than 200 MW in the review.
‐ In France: More than 300 MW in the review.
‐ In Cyprus: More than 50 MW in the review.
‐ In the Netherlands: More than 25 MW in the review.
Page30
3.2. Information on the author of the ESIA report
The organization in charge of writing the ESIA is a Limited Liability Company called “Biotope
DOO Beograd” that was registered at the Serbian Business Registration Agency in Belgrade
on October 20, 2010, under the registration number 20684801, under the Taxpayer
Identification Number: 106807365, at the address: Nebojšina 12, Beograd, Vračar, Serbia and
under the Activity Code: 7022 “Consulting activities related to business and other
management".
In June 2011, because of the new Law on Private Companies “Zakon o privrednim
društvima“(Sl. glasnik RS", br. 36/2011), Biotope changed its Activity Code to: 7112
“Engineering and technical consulting activities”.
Director of the study (Odgovorni projektant)
Jean-Yves Kernel is the project leader of this study. He is a project manager at Biotope, the
French mother company of Biotope DOO Beograd, who graduated from an undergraduate
degree of Biology at the University of Nancy, France in 1996 and of a master’s degree at the
French National Institute for Landscape Engineering (INH) in 1999.
Jean-Yves Kernel has successfully undertaken Environmental Impact Assessement studies for
wind-farm projects for 11 years as for example:
 in 2011 in Turkey for the company “Guris Construction and Engineering CO.INC”
 in 2007 in France, in the “Bouches-du-Rhône” region for the company “Eco Delta”
 in 2007 in France, in the “Deux-Sèvres” region for the company “WKN France”
 in 2006 in France, in the “Loire-Atlantique” region for the company “WKN France”
 in 2004 in France, on the Reunion Island, for the company “”EDF EN – Aerowatt”
 in 2001 in France, in the” Pyrénées-Orientales” region for the company DONG Energy
3.3. Presentation of the project
Different buffer areas have been drawn around the project area in order to show the different
study areas that were used for the impact assessment, as shown on Map 1.
‐ the area included into the 15km buffer has been chosen as a study area for landscape,
for flying fauna (bird and bat species, sousliks (Spermophilus citellus) and for most of
the socio-economic analysis
‐ the area included into the 15km buffer has been chosen as a study area for systematic
survey of flying fauna, for non-flying fauna, natural habitat and water analysis
‐ the area included into the 1km buffer has been chosen as a study area for soil and land
use analysis
Page31
Map 1: Presentation of the project
Page32
3.3.1. Location of the site
The planned location for the wind farm "Alibunar" is located on a loess plateau in South Banat
plain, on the territory of the “Municipality Alibunar”, between the villages Vladimirovac,
Albunar and Seleuš. The land use of the area on which the turbines are planned is currently
purely agricultural. The landscape of the area is also agricultural, without water surfaces, natural
habitat fragments or objects of human habituation.
On the territory of the “Municipality Alibunar” (Opština Alibunar) there are ten settlements
among which Alibunar is the biggest settlement and the administrative center.
Alibunar
Janošik
Banatski Karlovac
Lokve
Vladimirovac
Nikolinci
Dobrica
Novi Kozjak
Ilandža
Seleuš
Figure 1: Location of the Municipality of Alibunar
Source : http://www.allibunar.org.rs/mdfa/n/citizens/basic -data/basic-data.html
Page33
3.3.2. Spatial planning on the project site
Land use on the project site
The total project site is approximately 50 km2 which includes
‐ the wind farm project area: a polygon that will be occupied by the turbine foundations
and platforms, the project substation, the permanent crane pads and the access roads,
‐ the grid project area
‐ the power line project that includes the pylons of the power line
‐ the safety area that is defined in the study as “close area of influence” and comprises a
buffer of 1km around the wind turbines where no houses should be built
The wind farm project site includes privately owned land and public land which belongs to
Alibunar commune. The Project Substation 220/35 kV and the 2 x 220 kV power line project
sites include privately owned land and public land which belongs to Vladimirovac commune.
Existing regulations regarding land use in the area of the project site
In the Spatial plan of Alibunar Municipality it is stated that the areas for wind farm development
are agricultural. It is also stated that the areas planned for wind farm construction shall be the
subject of the urbanistic plan, and will be regulated by the Plan of detailed regulation. In these
areas, the building will be forbidden for all objects except for infrastructure. The land use
therefore remains agricultural („Official Gazette of Alibunar Municipality“ No. 12/12).
The land use and infrastructure development plan will be regulated by a document called Plan
of Detailed Regulation of Alibunar (PDR) which is currently being made for this purpose by
the Belgrade Land Development Public Agency.
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013
Page34
History of the site
Before 2012, the land use for the project site was purely agricultural production, defined in the
Spatial plan of Alibunar Municipality (“Official Gazette of Alibunar Municipality“ No. 2/93,
9/03, 11/03 и 13/03). In this spatial plan production of energy from wind was not considered
or regulated.
3.3.3. Proposed means of connection to existing infrastructure
Main access to the site
Site access will be via the existing agricultural roads. The road network currently present is
very developed and all the turbines are easily accessible. All the roads leading to the turbines
will be strengthened, widened to an approximate width of 4.5 m and covered with gravel. No
new access roads will be built.
Water supply
The water will be readily accessible for use via mobile tanks. Each water tank will have the
volume of about 1,000 liters and will be used by approximately 50 workers for sanitary
purposes.
Water resources necessary for the wind farm operation are minimal and will also be provided
via mobile tank.
Electricity supply
Electricity during construction will be provided via generator.
During operation, the energy needed for internal consumption by low voltage electric
equipment, SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) equipment and the Project
Substation will be self-sufficient. In situations of low wind speed (below 3 m/s) or too fast wind
(exceeding 25 m/s), when the turbines will not be operational, the power required for
monitoring, control and data transmission will be supplied via one auxiliary transformer with a
voltage of 20/0,4 kV, which will be backed/up by a 125 kW diesel generator.
Gas supply
No gas supply is required during the construction or operation of the project.
Page35
3.4. Description of the main alternatives studied by the developer
Serbia’s wind resources have been measured and ranked according to their potential for wind
energy by different private companies involved in the wind farm development business. The
results of these field surveys are not available to public.
A geo-referenced map of the wind of Vojvodina has been produced by the Provincial
Government.
Based on this map, the highest wind energy potential in Vojvodina was identified in South
Banat, close to the special nature reserve Deliblato Sand.
WindVision started to perform wind measurements for the selection of the 190 MW project
site in 2009.
The consultancy company Netinvest documented the data and provided support with the
installation of a first wind mast in the Alibunar project site. This mast was 80 m high and was
equipped with sensors for the measurement of wind speed, direction, outside temperature and
humidity.
The final selection of the site was based on the consideration of the following factors:
‐ results of the measurement of wind speed and direction performed over a period of 6
months;
‐ available grid capacity to allow the distribution of the energy generated by the wind
farm into the national power grid;
‐ distance of the site from the nearest residential housing;
‐ distance of the site from the nearest protected natural sites and from the Important
Bird areas (IBA)
‐ preliminary opinion of the Provincial Institute for Nature Protection
WindVision approached several turbine manufacturers in order to select the type of turbine to
be used for the development of the wind farm project. The most satisfactory turbines for the
needs of the project are built by Vestas, Siemens, Enercon, Sinovel.
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3.5. Description of the project components
The project components of the wind farms are:
- the wind turbines : tower, foundations, platforms
- the access roads
- the transformer substation
- the transmission power line
- the underground electric cables
3.5.1 Wind turbines
The project developer is planning to build a field of 63 wind turbines with a total capacity of
189 MV (see table herunder).
The choice of the model of wind turbine will depend on the technical and commercial offer
available on the market at the moment of purchase. The constructor will be chosen among the
most reliable companies present on the European market such as: Vestas, Enercon, Sinovel.
The wind turbines will have the following technical characteristics:
‐ their total height will range from 151 to 182 m high,
‐ the diameter of the rotor will range from 100 to 126 m
‐ the capacity will be 3MW
‐ The lowest extremity of the pale will be between 53.5 and 75 m
The turbines will be separated by a distance of 560 m do 750 m.
The foundations of the mast will occupy a surface of 180 m2 and will be 5m deep.
The trenches where the cables will be positioned art planned to be 0,80m deep.
Caving the foundations and assembling the wind turbines will take about 12 months and the
connection to the grid will take about 6 months.
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Table 4: Technical specifications of the turbines
Technical
specifications
Vestas
Vestas
Enercon
Sinovel
Alstom
GE
V126
V112
E-101
SL3000/113
ECO 122
2.5-120
General specification
Nominal power (MW)
3
3
3
3
2.7
2.5
Capacity of 63 turbines
(MW)
189
189
189
189
170
157.5
Total height
182 m
151m
149.5 m
166.5 m
150 m
168.7 m
Wind class
IEC IIIb
IEC IIb
IEC IIa
IEC IIIa
IEC IIIa
IEC IIIb
Concept
Height
Material
3-bladed. horizontal axis with gearbox (except Enercon : direct drive). pitch
regulation with variable speed upwind clockwise rotation
Tower
119 m
119 m
99 m
90 m
89 m
110 m
Tubular
Steel
Tubular
steel
mast
Concrete
and steel
mast
Tubular steel
mast
Tubular
Steel
Tubular
Steel
Color
Light grey (RAL 7035 or equivalent)
Rotor
Diameter
126 m
112 m
101 m
113 m
122 m
120 m
Blade length
62 m
54.65 m
48.5 m
55 m
59.3 m
58.7 m
56
50
69.5
53.5
57
56 m
12 469 m2
9 852 m²
8 012 m²
10 029 m2
11 690 m2
11 310 m2
Lower extremity of the
pales
Swept area
Material
Brake
Glass -fiber reinforced plastic
Full span pitching. active
hydraulic breaking system
Primary –
aerodynamic
Auxiliary –
Mechanical
Hydraulic fluid
– Shell Tellus
4
hydraulic
brake
callipers
individual
blade
pitch
control,
electrodynamic
Operational data
Rotation speed (rpm)
Cut-in wind speed
3.2 -15.5 4.4 – 17.7
3 m/s
3 m/s
6 -14.5
8-16
6.97-12.25
5-13
2.5 m/s
3 m/s
3 m/s
3 m/s
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Nominal power at
approx.
Cut-out wind speed
12 m/s
12.5 m/s
13.0 m/s
11.5 m/s
12 m/s
12.5 m/s
22.5 m/s
23 m/s
28 m/s
25 m/s
25 m/s
20 m/s
Weight (without foundation)
Wind turbine (approx.)
123 t
123 t
120 t
110 t
135 t
122 t
Nacelle
157 t
157 t
140 t
110 -120 t
165 t
158 t
Mast
315 t
315 t
122 t
279.5 t
158 t
125 t
Rotor
34.5 t
34.5 t
43.5 t
40.5 t
42 t
39 t
Foundation
Shape
Depends on soil tests (circular. octagonal. cross.…)
Horizontal dimension
18 m x 18 m
Vertical dimension
(max.)
2.5 x 3.0 m
Figure 2: wind turbine (Vestas v112 – 3 MW) and inside part of a rotor
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Figure 3: Wind generator elements
3.5.2. Transformer station
The transformer substation 220/35 kV Vladimirovac will be built for the transformation of the
electricity produced by the wind generators to the voltage level of 220 kV and its delivery to
the transmission network of the public company "Electric Network of Serbia" through the
connection line No. 254 Pančevo 2 – Zrenjanin 2.
For the purpose of transformation of the maximum possible electricity produced by the 63 wind
turbines of the wind farm, the transformer station 220/35 kV Vladimirovac will be equipped
with two transformers (150MVA each) and two connections for 220 kV power-lines.
The connection of each of the wind turbines in a wind farm with the transformer station 220/35
kV Vladimirovac will be made through a network of underground cables (35 kV voltage level)
(read after).
The routes of these cables will coincide with the routes of the access roads that connect the
wind turbines. The cables will be laid underground by the road network, at depth defined by
the law.
The transformers will be installed on separate foundations with individual tubs.
The positioning of the two transformers should be solved in a way that will enable the removal
and transport by towing without interrupting the operation of the second transformer.
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In order to avoid leakage, an oil sewer from the transformer tubs to the remote waterproof tank
will be constructed.
The transformer station 220/35 kV will be directly grounded.
The installation and the connection to the electricity network would take 6 months. The total
amount of electricity produced will be supplied to the transmission network of the public
company "Electric Network of Serbia".
Network cable operating voltage of 35 kV will connect with every wind generator switchyard
35 kV substation 220/35 kV Vladimirovac.
For the purpose of accepting a maximum quantities of electricity from wind turbines provided
63 MVA power stations 3, will be installed two power transformers of 150 MVA (300 MVA)
in a 220/35 kV Vladimirovac, and the ability to connect two DV (line) 220 kV which is the
principle of "input-output" connected to the existing 220 kV no. 254 Pančevo 2 - Zrenjanin
second
Planned substation is located in the central part of the wind turbine complex, close to the
extreme western limits of the project area, in order to minimize the cost of an investment in the
cable network and the minimization of energy loss in the cable network. The total area of the
transformer station complex is 1.95 hectares and consists of: 220 kV facilities in the open, 35
kV facilities housed in the building, transformer station command-building, transportation,
parking and landscaped areas. For the operation of facilities within the complex, the necessary
internal infrastructure will be provided (water, sewer, and telecommunications and low voltage
network).
Figure 4: Project scheme of the transformer TS 220/35 kV Vladimirovac
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3.5.3. Power line
The new power transmission line will connect the Transformer station TS 220/35 kV
Vladimirovac with the 220 kV transmission grid between Pančevo and Zrenjenin. The official
name of the power transmission line project is Connecting Power Transmission Line
2x220KV, introducing the Power Transmission line DV 220 kV No.254 Pančevo 2 Zrenjanin
2 into transformer station TS “20/35 kV Vladimirovac. Location of the new power
transmission line is mostly pure agricultural, flat landscape. It is situated at a distance of at
least 1.45 km from the nearest populated place Padina, and about 10 km from the protected
area, Special Nature Reserve "Deliblato Sand". Nominal voltage of the power transmission
line is 220kV and it will be connected through the two input output systems. The new power
transmission line starts with two exit portals at the TS “20/35 kV Vladimirovac and ends at
the power transmission line DV 220 kV No.254 Pančevo 2 Zrenjanin 2, in the section between
the pillars 67 and 69. The conductors, 3+3, will be of identical characteristics, Al/Steel SRPS
N.C1.351 - 360/57. For the protection wire one ACS (alumoweld) wire, 126.1 mm2 and one
15mm OPGW with 48 optical fibers will be used.
The insulators will be from glass, type 120 b, 146/255. The pillars will be from steel frame or
polygonal, type “barrel” with a double top for protection wires.
The foundations will be from reinforced concrete - broken down and/or AB block based,
depending on the applied type of pillars.
Expected additional burden will not exceed 1.6 x 0.18√d daN/m. The wind pressure will not
exceed 75 daN/m2. The expected number of pillars is 41, while one “gate” type pillar from
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the DV 220 kV No.254 Pančevo 2 Zrenjanin 2 will be demolished. In total there will be 39
“barrel” type pillars, 34 carrying pillars and 5 angular tightening pillars, and additional 2
angular tightening pillars of the “y” or “spruce” type.
Total length of the new power transmission line is 11848m, and each pillar would take 100
m2, except angular tightening pillars, which occupy 120 m2 (2.5 m deep, in case of broken
down foundations). If the AB block foundations are used, the depth of the foundation will be
higher, around 4 m, but the radius of the foundation will not exceed 4 m for carrying pillars
or 5 m for angular tightening pillars.
Figure 5: Route of the connecting transmission line
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3.6. Construction process
The construction process of the wind farm will be in two steps first the 33 wind turbines of
Alibunar will be built and then the 30 wind turbines of Alibunar 2 project phase.
3.6.1. Wind turbines platforms
Figure 6: Flattening of the terrain for the platforms
A platform will be built at the foot of every wind
turbine. This platform will be used as the only
authorized parking and storage place.
Before the construction of the platforms can start,
the terrain will be flattened and in some cases,
some soil will be removed or added before the
steam roller can flatten the terrain.
In order to reinforce the terrain before the arrival
of heavy machinery as trucks and cranes, a top
layer will be placed on the flattened land.
The different components of this layer are: a
geotextile canvas, recycled material and stonechippings.
The total thickness of this layer is about 40 cm.
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3.6.2. Foundations of the wind turbines
The foundations of the wind turbines will be circular and below ground. An adjustment of the
foundation depth to local conditions may occur during detailed design following consideration
of the permitted total height. The technical characteristics of the foundations will be based on
the soil properties described in details at each turbine location in the geotechnical study
produced in 2011 by the company GeoMehanika doo
Figure 7: Building the wind turbines foundations
Stability work
In some circumstances the soil has to be reinforced
before the construction of the foundation and the
wind turbine. This is done by placing concrete
poles in the underground up to a depth of 15m. In
total there are 25 poles for each wind turbine. This
work is done by a ramming machine.
Metal casing of the foundation
After the stability work, the construction workers
will start making the metal casing for the
foundation.
Then they will make a metal skeleton and
eventually, they will poor the concrete.
Pouring the concrete in the foundation
The concrete is brought to the site by truck and is
poured in the metal foundation casing by a trunk.
It will take on week for the concrete to dry.
Finalized foundation
The base of the wind turbines are anchored in their
foundation. A foundation has a total average
weight of 1500 tons and includes 700 m3 of
concrete. The diameter of the concrete installation
is about 15 m.
Therefore
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3.6.3. Construction of the tower
Figure 8: Construction of the wind turbine's tower
Assembly of tower components
Modern wind turbines are bigger than ancient ones;
therefore it has become impossible to transport rings of the
tower in one piece. One ring thus exists of three
components. These are glued together on site to form one
ring of the tower.
In the picture you can see several of these components
waiting to be glued together.
Construction of the tower
After the rings of the tower are complete, they are lifted
upon each other to construct the tower of the wind turbine.
In total a tower exists of 22 of these rings depending on the
required total height of the tower and wind turbine.
Finalized tower
In this picture a complete tower of a wind turbine is
showed. Notice that the hub isn’t placed on the tower yet.
The total height of this tower is 105m.
The hub
After the completion of the tower the hub is placed on its
top. This can be done by one crane
The rotor
Once the hub is placed on top of the tower, it’s time to
connect the rotor to the hub.
This can be done with a rotor in one piece with the blades
already attached. When this is too difficult the rotor is
placed in several pieces. The blades are attached separately
in this case.
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3.6.4. Access roads to the project site
Main access to the site
The main access to the site will be via the National Road E70 Pančevo - Vršac.
Upgrading existing roads
The existing network of agricultural access roads on the project site will have to be upgraded
on 13 km in order to secure a good access to heavy machinery. According to the cadastre, the
access roads are 4 meters wide (3 meters of road and 1 meter of stabilization banks). However,
with time, the roads have been reduced to a smaller surface. WindVision will bring back the
roads to their original surface.If any other extension is needed, the transformation will be
organized in cooperation with the Alibunar municipality.
Figure 9: upgrading the existing roads by widening
The extension of the access roads up to 4 mwide will be done with surplus compacted
material remaining from the excavation
activities, and topped with a layer of compacted
crushed natural stones (gravel).
This structure should undergo a load of 12-15 t
/axle and a maximum weight of 140 t.
On soft subsoil, even when it does not exceed
1.0 m in depth, a geotextile membrane will be
laid onto the surface to act as a stabilizer and
minimizes the volume of the required crushed
rock material.
On rocky soil, the aggregate will be built up directly on that surface. Several layers of crushed
rock will be built up and compacted.
Any excavated soil will be stored immediately next to the locations where the access roads will
be constructed and will be used as construction material.
Signalization on the road during construction work will be organized so as to ensure security
on the road.
3.6.5. Construction of the underground electrical cables
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Figure 10: Underground electric cables
To connect the wind park to the national
electric distribution network, lots of cable is
needed.
In some cases the cables are placed in next to
the roads on a depth of 80 cm.
When the cables are placed in agricultural
land, the depth of their location is 1,20 m.
3.6.6. Construction of the transmission power line
In order to transport the electricity produced by the wind farm to the national electric
distribution network park, a transmission power-line will be constructed. Hereafter, the basic
procedure of the preparatory and the construction works is presented.
Preparatory construction phase
Before the work on the field has started, it is necessary to do a feasibility study for the
construction of the facility that will determine the order and manner of the construction and
electrical works, the exclusion of the existing transmission and other high-voltage lines, backup
power supply, protection of existing facilities, traffic regulation and all other works related to
the construction and prescribed safety at work. The timing of the connection to the substation
TS 220/35 kV Vladimirovac depends on the completion date of its construction.
The Contractor shall comply with the technical documentation and technical regulations. Before
starting preparatory work, detailed examination of the project is need, with a special
consideration of the field conditions. In case of necessary changes or deviations from the project
plan, the contractor is obliged to provide a written report to the designers and investors and ask
their written consent for these changes.
The Contractor should check all the locations for power-line pillars before digging the
foundation pits, in order to avoid errors due to the shifting of the poles by irresponsible persons.
The distance of the new pillars from the existing power-lines should also be checked, so that
construction of the foundation, mount base and the lower part of the pillars can begin.
Construction of foundations
The excavation of foundation pits should be aligned with the dynamics of concrete provision,
to avoid the damage of the pits caused by prolonged rest. Prolonged rest can cause the reduced
carrying capacity of the soil.
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While laying the foundation it is important to prevent the collection of water around them. Upon
completion of the foundation it is necessary to remove any excess material at some convenient
place to prevent any stacking of the material that could collect water around the foundation.
If during the excavation of foundation pits, underground installations that are not specified in
the project appear, or at a distance less than 10 feet from the foundation, the investors and
building designers should be immediately informed.
Construction of pillars
Before the delivery of all the material to the field, it should be professionally reviewed by an
expert and tested in a laboratory. Due to the large range of materials that has to be taken into
account, special care needs to be taken during the ordering and installation process. The
instructions for the preparation, corrosion protection and mounting of the pillars are provided
in the technical pillar documentation. After raising the metal structure, it is important to finish
the grounding of the pillar.
Isolation and cabling
Carrier clamps for conductors and protection wire should be tightened according to the
manufacturer's instructions using torque wrenches, otherwise the wire will slip through the
clamps when pressured with extra weight, like ice for example.
Tightening bolts according to manufacturer's instructions and using torque wrenches is a
mandatory procedure for all elements such as supporting terminals, dampers, spacers, etc...
The vibration dampers should be installed on a distance in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions. The distance should be measured from the middle of the mounting clamp, or from
the end of the compression clamps.
If there is no written guarantee of the producer that insulators and dampers suit the required
quality, the legislation requires the examination of this material.
Before the installation of wires and cables begin, it is required to finish the anchoring of the
pillars that are not counted as final.
While spreading the aluminum-steel wires, care is necessary in order not to damage them. When
purchasing protective conductors and cables it is necessary to take into account the length of
the needed cables, for them to be merged on smallest number of places possible. The distance
between the merging place and any of the clamps must be minimum 20 m. the coupling has to
be compressible ant thus provide at least 100% of tensile strength of the conductor.
To secure orchestrated flow of wires, specialized devices should be used, strictly taken to avoid
the creation of a loop. During the works it must be ensured that no contact occurs between the
copper and aluminum-steel, not even through the tools that had been used for copper wires, or
otherwise, because it will lead to chemical corrosion of the either material. The diameter of the
wire coil must not be smaller than 0.7 m.
When installing conductors and grounding, it is necessary to tighten the ropes to the maximum
and leave to stand for 20 min, and after, the force that corresponds to the current state of
temperature. This needs to be done in order to avoid later increase in force above the projected
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deflection curve - elongation of the rope. The rope that was not strained to the maximum force
does not have the same deflection curve as the rope that once had that power. Operating
temperature should be measured with a thermometer, and should not be the subject of estimates.
After fixing the conductors in the clamps, carrying chains should have vertical position.
The pulling and tensioning the wires at the intersections with other power-lines or transmission
lines can be made only when these lines are excluded from the transmission network.
Substation
To connect the wind park to the national electric distribution network, two transformers will
be installed at the outer edge of the wind farm.
Preparatory phase
Selection of site for construction of a Grid Sub Station is the first and important activity. This
needs meticulous planning, fore-sight, skillful observation and handling so that the selected site
is technically, environmentally, economically and socially optimal and is the best suited to the
requirements.
The main points to be considered in the selection of site for construction of a Grid Sub Station
are given hereunder:
The site should be:
- As near the load center as possible
- As far as possible rectangular or square in shape for ease of proper orientation of bus –
bars and feeders.
- Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach / termination of high
voltage overhead transmission lines.
- Free from master plans / layouts or future development activities to have free line
corridors for the present and in future.
- Easily accessible to the public road to facilitate transport of material.
- Above highest flood level (HFL) so that there is no water logging.
- Sufficiently away from areas where police and military rifle practices are held. Special
attention should be paid on hunting with shotguns, which should be banned in the radius
of at least 1000m.
- The site should have sufficient area to properly accommodate the Sub Station buildings,
structures, equipment, etc. and should have the sufficient area for future extension of
the buildings and / or switchyard.
Construction phase
During construction phase, the following should be respected:
- Transportation and unloading of the substation material and equipment at the location
shall be done in a safe manner so that they are not damaged or misplaced.
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-
-
-
-
-
-
All support insulators, circuit breaker poles, Transformer bushings and other fragile
equipment shall preferably be handled carefully with cranes having suitable boom
length and handling capacity.
Sling ropes, etc. should of sufficient strength to take the load of the equipment to be
erected. They should be checked for breakages of strands before being used for the
erection of equipment.
The slings should be of sufficient length to avoid any damage to insulator or other fragile
equipment due to excessive swing, scratching by sling ropes, etc.
Mulmul cloth shall be used for cleaning the inside and outside of hollow insulators.
Erection of equipment shall be carried out as per and in the manner prescribed in the
erection, testing and commissioning manual / instructions procedures of the
manufacturer.
The services of the manufacturer’s Engineer, wherever necessary, may be utilized for
erection, testing and commissioning of substation equipment.
All the elements containing liquid pollutants must be equipped with an appropriate
retention system directly under it or with a properly maintained drainage system leading
to the water resilient retention reservoir.
Whenever the work is required to be got done at the existing GSS where the adjacent
portions may be charged, effective earthing must be ensured for safety against induced
voltages so that work can be carried out without any danger / hazard to the workmen.
After completion of the erection work, all surplus material including bolts and nuts,
templates, etc. shall be returned to the store. All unusable cut lengths of material such
as conductors, earth wire, aluminum pipes, etc. shall not be treated as wastage and shall
also be deposited in the store.
Operating risks
The transformers will be located outside the wind turbines in the transformer station. The
transformer oil is usually not changed during the life time of the equipment. In case of an
accident, any oil that emerges is collected in an impermeable concrete drip tray beneath the
transformer. Based on the above, no significant groundwater contamination impacts are
anticipated during operation.
Whilst some localized effects on groundwater infiltration into the underlying bedrock may
occur, the overall impacts are predicted to be minor given the area of the site (16.9 km2)
compared with the area affected by permanent foundations and other permanent cover (a total
of 0.124 km2).
Schedule for wind farm construction and operation
The construction of the wind farm shall begin after all the licenses are acquired and financial
background is complete. This is likely to happen in the first half of 2014. Work will start in
parallel on all the elements of the wind farm. Both the power transmission line and the
transformer station should be finished within 6 months, and the construction of the find farm
should last approximately one year
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Construction management
The construction will be supervised by a team of senior engineers with a minimum of (years of
professional experience in building wind turbines.
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3.7. Operation
The operation of the wind farm will last for 10 years, which is the duration of the energy license.
Considering the life expectancy of the turbines and a possibility for the prolongation of the
energy license, it might be expected that the wind farm will be operational until the end of the
turbines life expectancy (20 years).
3.7.1. Electricity production
The electricity will be produced by the 63 wind turbines. Every turbine will have nominal power
of 3 MW, while the whole park will have nominal power of 189 MW. The energy generated by
the wind farm will be transferred to the point of connection with the Power Distribution Grid which
is at the transformer station TS 220/35 kV Vladimirovac. Further on, the electricity will be
supplied to the national grid via new power transmission line from the TS 220/35 kV Vladimirovac
to the regional 220 kV power transmission line Pančevo 2 – Zrenjenin 2.
The electricity will be sold to the national electricity company: “Elektroprivreda Srbije”.
The wind farm will not require any raw materials, chemical substances or compounds for production
purposes. It will produce electricity using a renewable source of energy: the wind.
3.7.2. Waste and chemicals
The operation of the wind farm will not generate any significant biological and physical pollution
of the environment. Any impacts that arise during the construction of the proposed project will be
assessed and mitigation measures, discussed during the following chapters, will be applied.
3.7.3. Maintenance
A maintenance team will come regularly to the wind farm in order to check if all the components
are working properly.
3.8. Decommissioning activities
When the lifetime of the wind farm expires, it will be time for the decommissioning phase of
the project. The foundations for wind turbines, previously equipped with cavities for
decommission purposes, will be partially removed from the soil, until the depth defined by law.
After the removal of the upper part of the foundation, the area will be restored to its original
state.
3.8.1. Recycling
During the dismantling of the wind turbines, it is possible to recycle the metal and plastic parts,
as well as fiberglass.
• Metal (steel, iron, copper): used clean, it needs to be chopped and melted for reuse
• PVC: used clean, it is necessary to grind it and melt it for reuse
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• Concrete: it must be milled before use. It can be reused as a building material
• Glass reinforced plastic, fiberglass is the most difficult to recycle. Previously, the only solution
for this type of waste disposal were landfill sites. Nowadays, under pressure from legislation,
new processes are being introduced, such as pyrolysis. Another solution would be to burn it in
cement kilns.
Exploited oil and other chemicals, must be delivered to enterprises licensed for the treatment
of specified waste.
3.8.2. Disposal
The hazardous waste, primarily oil, will be sold and delivered to the companies that have
specific authorization to deal with the hazardous waste, for them to process it or dispose on
adequate locations.
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4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC
CONDITIONS
This chapter describes existing conditions in the area close to the project site. Section 3.1
describes various environmental conditions, and section 3.2 describes socioeconomic
conditions.
4.1. Environmental Baseline
4.1.1. Meteorology and Climate
The climate in Serbia is very heterogeneous and 8 main types of climate have been identified:
Danubian, Illyric, Moesian, Mountain-illyric, Oro-mesian, Mountain-submediterraneanadriatic, Mountain-submediterranean-aegean, Pannonian while the Annual solar radiation
ranges between 1500 and 2200 hours annually. (Serbian CBD report, 2010)
In northern Serbia, the climate is more continental with cold winters, and hot, humid summers.
The continental pattern of precipitation is characterized by higher amounts of rainfalls in the
warmer period of the year. Most precipitation occurs in June and May, while February and
October have the least.
The project area is located on the municipality of Alibunar which characterized by a Central
European climate, with distinctive continental characteristics, intensified by the winds coming
from the plain of Wallachia in Romania through the “Iron Gate”. Because of its proximity to
the Carpathian Mountains, the area is exposed to the impact of high winds, especially “Košava”
and “Severca”.
“Košava” is a very strong wind that blows through the valley of the Danube from Golubac in
eastern Serbia until Vukovar and Osijek in Croatia that affects mainly northern Serbia but can
be felt until Niš in south-eastern Serbia
The coldest month is January (average temperature 0.5 ° C) and the warmest July (22.1 ° C).
The average annual amount of precipitation is 619.1 mm, the wettest month is June (89.5 mm)
and the driest month is February (23.8 mm). The average annual number of days with
precipitations of rain is 125,4 and the average annual number of days with precipitations of
snow is 20.7 days while the average annual number of days with snow cover is 31.2.
The municipality of Alibunar is located in a very windy area. The most frequent wind is
blowing from the southeast at a speed of 5.5 m/s. The second most common wind is a
northwestern wind blowing at a speed of 3.6 m/s. The period when the winds are the strongest
is in November and December while in summer the winds are weaker, especially in July and
August. The wind “Košava » dries out the soil while the northern winds bring pleasant shade
and refreshment, often with rain. The average number of days with strong wind higher than 6
Beaufort is 149.9, and with gusting winds (more than 8 Beaufort) is 30.1.
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According to the “Wind Atlas” of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Katić et al, 2008),
Alibunar is located in an area with favorable winds (5 to 5.5 m/s) blowing 50 feet above the
ground, or 100 feet above the ground which corresponds to the wind favorable to the modern
wind farms that need a force of 2 to 2.5 MW for wind energy to be economically viable see the
figure hereunder.
Figure 11: Wind speed and potencial energy produced by a wind farm at a height of 50 m
Source: Katić et al, 2008
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Temperature
The Republic hidrometeorological service of Serbia (RMZ) does not provide with tremperature
data about the Alibunar municipality. However, the tables hereunder provide data about the
cities of Zrenjanin located north of the municipality of Alibunar and Belgrade located southwest
from it.
Table 5: Average Monthly temperature in Zrenjanin and in Belgrade from 1981 to 2010
Meteorological station of Zrenjanin
Month
Sept
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
March April May
Average maximum 23.8
18
10.4
4.9
3.6
6.2
12.2
18
23.5
Average minimum 11.7
7.1
2.5
-1.3
-2.9
-2.1
1.8
6.5
11.4
17.1
11.9
6
1.4
0.1
1.6
6.4
12
17.4
37.7
30
23.9
20.5
17.7
22.5
27.7
30.1
35.2
0.5
-8.6
-13.2
-23.1
-27.3 -21.9
-17.6
-6.7
-0.5
0
2
9
18
10
1
0
Temperature °C
Normal value
Absolute
maximum
Absolute
minimum
Frost (average
number of day
21
17
Meteorological station of Belgrade
Temperature °C
Average maximum
23.9
18.4
11.2
5.8
4.6
7
12.4
18
23.5
Average minimum
13.5
9
4.2
0.2
-1.1
-0.1
3.7
8.3
13
18
12.9
7.1
2.7
1.4
3.1
7.6
12.9
18.1
37.5
30.7
28.4
22.6
20.7
23.9
28.8
32.2
34.9
4.7
-4.5
-7.8
-13.4
-18.2
-15.4
-12.4
-3.4
2.5
0
0
5
15
18
14
5
0
0
Normal value
Absolute
maximum
Absolute
minimum
Frost (average
number of day
Source : RHMZ, 2013
Page57
Major Landscapes and Ecosystems
The landscape on and around the project area is a very uniform and plane rural area that is
part of the Pannonian depression and ranges from 70 to 140m asl, with hills at 170m asl in the
area of Deliblatska Pešćara. The project is planned on a loess and sand plateau that ranges
from 80 to 140m high and is cut by 3 valleys that are 10 to 45 m deep.
The buildings are mainly dwelling places located in the villages: (Alibunar, Vladimirovac,
Seleuš, Novi Kozjak, Padina, etc.) and the rest of the landscape is occupied by open fields and
rare natural or semi-natural meadows.
Intensive agriculture, the main economic activity is clearly visible in the landscape through
huge fields and industrial farms.
The main ecosystem of the project area was initially steppe grassland and some of the flora
species are still visible at places that are not cultivated: along the roads, on the steep slopes of
some valleys. However, most of this ecosystem has been destroyed by agriculture.
4.1.2. Natural protected areas
Special nature reserve of Deliblato Sands
The only protected area in the vicinity of Alibunar is the Special Nature Reserve Deliblato sands
(in Serbian ”Deliblatska Pešćara”).
According to the latest descriptions (Cooper et al, 2010), the Deliblato Sands occupy an area of
over 300 km2 in the southern part of the Banat region of Serbia between the Danube River and
the western slopes of the Carpathian Mountains. Previously known as the „European Sahara“,
this is the largest and most unique area of wind-blown continental sand dunes in Europe.
In addition to its extraordinary geological value, the area supports high levels of biodiversity
associated with a complex mosaic of rare steppe grassland, sand, wet meadow/marsh and
natural forest habitats surrounded by fertile agricultural areas. The Deliblato Sands are famous
for their high degree of endemism, including many unique plants, reptiles and insects associated
with the fragile ecosystems characteristic of the region.
The sands are also home to a great diversity of bird and mammal species, many of which are of
European and global conservation importance. In 1977, part of the Deliblato Sands was
declared a special nature reserve, which currently covers an area of almost 35,000 hectares. It
is managed by the Vojvodina Forests (Vojvodinašume) public enterprise. Part of the area have
been classified as a Ramsar site - Labudovo okno; Emerald Network of Areas of Special
Conservation Interest (ASCI); Important Plant Areas (IPA), Important Bird Areas (IBA)
(Labudovo okno, Deliblato Sands), and Prime Butterfly Areas (PBA).
The Deliblato Sands experience a semi-arid climate. Maximum precipitation occurs in June and
November, while minimum precipitation occurs in February and September. The average
annual rainfall is between 637 and 720 mm, which is higher than the average for the surrounding
Vojvodina Province (611 mm).
Page58
The pedological cover of Deliblato Sands has evolved over a relatively short period of time and
comprises several types and sub-types of soil. These include: sierozem with a significant
presence of calcium-carbonate and small quantities of humus and clay; organo-genetic
pararendzine; and sandy chernozem. The dunes are covered with a layer of black sand (50–100
cm in depth) over which greyish-yellow sand is piled up. The borders of the Deliblato Sands
can be characterized as a transition zone from sand to loess and sandy chernozem to pure
chernozem.
Although surrounded by intensively managed farmland, the biodiversity value of Deliblato
Sands has largely been maintained through traditional, low intensity farming practices,
especially extensive grazing by Podolian cattle, sheep and goats. Once widespread both within
the area of Deliblato Sands Special Nature Reserve and its wider surroundings, these lowintensity farming practices are now only found in the pastures at the edge of the sands. This
decline in livestock production stems from the prohibition of grazing in the Deliblato Sands
Special Nature Reserve in the 1970s, resulting in the loss of traditional grazing and hay-making.
Valuable open habitats of the Pannonian sand steppes disappeared through the invasion of
meadows and pastures with tree and shrub species, including blackthorn and acacia. The
disappearance of the European Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) from many localities,
and the decline of the nesting population of Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca) in recent decades
are directly connected to the scrubbing up of former grazing areas.
The key species found in Deliblato Sands which are dependent on the maintenance of open
habitats through low-intensity grazing include:
‐ Mammals: European Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus citellus), Southern Birch Mouse
(Sicista subtilis), Lesser Mole Rat (Spalax leucodon), Geoffroy’s Bat (Myotis
emarginatus), Natterer’s Bat (Myotis nattereri), Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus
auritus).
‐ Birds: White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca),
Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga), Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina), Black
Kite (Milvus migrans), Red Kite (Milvus milvus), Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo),
Common Raven (Corvus corax), Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), European Bee-eater
(Merops apiaster), Roller (Coracias garrulus), Lesser Grey Shrike (Lanius minor),
Whinchat (Saxicola rubetra).
‐ Amphibians and reptiles: European Lizard (Lacerta viridis), Schmidt’s Whip Snake
(Coluber caspius), European Copper Skink (Ablepharus kitaibelii), Meadow Lizard
(Darevskia praticola), Balkan Wall Lizard (Podarcis tauricus), Aesculapean Snake
(Zamenis longissimus), Green Toad (Pseudepidalea viridis).
‐ Plants: Fern-Leaf Peony (Paeonia tenuifolia), Pančić’s Wormwood (Artemisia
pancici), Rindera (Rindera umbellata), Dwarf Everlast (Helichrysum arenarium).
(Cooper et al, 2010)
Patches of land included into the Serbian Ecological Network
Page59
Several localities are designated as the part of the Serbian ecological network (Decree on the
Ecological Network, “Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia “No 102/10).
These localities include all the natural and semi-natural habitats in Vojvodina, and therefore the
three valleys around the project site. These areas are not officially protected, but are designated
as such and conserved from future alterations. The closest turbines, proposed by the project, are
at least 1km from these areas.
4.1.3. Geology/geomorphology
The wider project area represents the continuation of Deliblato Sands, a formation of aeolian
origin, between the Danube and the western Carpathian slopes. Morphologically, the area is an
undulating plateau that stretches from the depression of Alibunar to the river Tamiš.
The territory of Alibunar municipality is situated on pedological formations made of loess
terrace, loess plateau, and alluvial plain and aeolian sands.
The geological layers made of aeolian sand and loess are dated from the Pleistocene and the
sandy aleurites are dated from the Holocene period.
These geomorphic deposits have caused the formation of several soil types.
Figure 12: Pedological map1 of Alibunar Municipality
1
Translated from Serbian by Biotope d.o.o. Beograd
Page60
The previous figure above presents the soil map of Alibunar municipality, showing soil types,
which we can be divided into five main groups, as shown in the table 4.
Table 6: Basic land types in the territory of municipality Alibunar
No.
Type
Surface (ha)
Percentage (%)
1.
Chernozem
37.369,01
62,17
2.
Soils meadow
3.483,15
5,80
3.
Marsh soil
9.301,59
15,48
4.
Salty meadows
5.555,03
9,24
5.
Sandy soil
4.394,25
7,31
Source: OGMA, No. 15/09
As shown in the table above, most common primary soil type of the area, occupying 62.17%
of total area is the chernozem: a soil of great quality.
The meadow soils occupy 5.80% and are also first-class soil type, while the marsh soil
occupying 15.48% is potentially fertile with the use of certain cultural practices. Some of the
Alibunar municipality surfaces are occupied by saline (9.24%) and sandy soils (7.31%).
Chernozem is a natural resource of importance for the successful development of agricultural
production. It is characterized by a deep humus layer, very favorable chemical, physical and
production characteristics. In majority of its distribution chernozem is a first-class soil for
agricultural production, which allows easy processing. Because of its outstanding production
values, despite the fact that it is quite frequent in the municipal area, it is reasonable to plan the
use of this soil type, primarily for agricultural purposes.
Meadow soils are characterized by relatively deep humus layer, excellent structure, favorable
water to air regime, chemical, physical and production characteristics. According to its
characteristics it is classified as a first-class soil type, on which all crops can be grown with
success.
The group of the marshy soils is composed out of two subtypes, which are potentially fertile
soils. They differ in their physical and chemical characteristics and production, but with proper
use of cultural practices can be used in agricultural production for all crops.
Salty meadow soils belong to the defective soils because of the harmful salts and poor physical
properties. Such soils are generally not suitable for crop production, and in the Alibunar
municipality, 2 types are present: solonchak and solonetz.
Sandy soils are located in the southeastern part of the municipality. The production
characteristics of this soil type are quite weak. On the other hand, successful production fruits
in orchards and vineyard is possible on such soils, but with a proper application of the scientific
farming methods.
According to the stated above, a large area of the municipality is favorable for crops or fruit
production, which can lead to significant results in agricultural production. (OGMA, No. 15/09)
Page61
The elevations in the area range from 75 to 80 m above sea level (a.s.l.) in the Alibunar
depression. In the upper parts of the ground, or the loess plateau, elevations range from 110.00
to 140.00 m a.s.l.
4.1.4. Hydrology/Hydrogeology
There are no natural water courses or permanent surface waters on the territory of Alibunar
municipality.
There is the artificial canal Danube-Tisa-Danube that makes the Northeastern border of the
municipality and that largely condition the movement of the underground water level.
There is also a small pond on the study area that was formed by the wastewater emitted by a
pig farm.
Page62
Figure 13: Hydrogeological map2 of Vojvodina
While analyzing the geological structures of the area, it has been concluded that there are two
hydrogeological collectors.
‐ A first hydrogeological collector is situated at a depth of 50m. It is an unconfined aquifer
that has been formed within this collector through accumulation of the available ground
water. The recharge of this aquifer is exclusively made through infiltration of
precipitation, and it is being discharged into the deeper layers. This collector is not
interesting as water supply because of low yields and chemical pollution.
‐ The second hydrogeological collector extends from a depth of 90 meters to about 130
meters below the surface. Sporadically a 5 meter thick clay layer stratifies the aquifer
into two levels, which is particularly evident in Alibunar. Aquifer recharge is done
mostly with the side filtration from the outer rim of the Pannonian Basin. This aquifer
has a broad regional distribution and can be found in Alibunar, in Banatski Karlovac, in
Seleuš, in Ilandža and in Vladimirovac). Water from this aquifer is the highest quality
drinking water, and is generally used as a water supply in the region. The capacity of
the wells pumping in this aquifer is good and ranges from 10 l/s to 20 l/s (OGMA, No.
15/09).
2
Translated from Serbian by Biotope d.o.o. Beograd
Page63
Uncontrolled rising of the underground water is not a problem on the upper terrace of the
municipality of Alibunar located west from the road Alibunar-Seleuš. However, on the lower
terrace located east from the road Alibunar-Seleuš, underground water rising happens. A
network of channels had been constructed in order to avoid water logging in the fields but lately,
irregular maintenance of the channels and the retention basins has reduced their capacity to
regulate water.
This leads to a frequent water logging of the land that has a negative impact on crops and makes
the area suitable for the development of mosquito larvae. This also manifests as a reduced
inflow to the pumping stations, and the flooding of farmland. (OGMA, No. 15/09
One of the hydrologic particularities of the municipality of Alibunar is a borehole called Je-17
situated close to Janošik village and famous to be one of the 6 thermal baths of Vojvodina.
Originally, it was used for oil extraction from the earth but after the oil had been completely
exhausted, the well was used for the exploitation of the thermal-mineral water. In 1973, the first
thermal-mineral water was drawn up from the depth of 700-800 m. The borehole gives 300 l of
water per minute, and the temperature of the water is 48°C.
Chemical analysis showed that this water contains large quantities of bromine, iodine, hydrogen
sulfide and strontium, iron and barium. The Institute for nuclear sciences „Boris Kidrič“ in
Vinča examined radioactivity of the water and found that it contains 88pCi/l, and that it
originates from radon and radium. Although the radioactivity is high, the water can be used for
therapeutic purposes (Tomić, et Romelić, 2000).
Through the Alibunar Municipality runs the main channel in the Province, Danube – Tisza Danube (DTD), whose existence is largely defining the movement of the underground water
level. Otherwise, the channel is insufficiently used for commercial purposes, particularly in
terms of irrigation of agricultural areas, water supply for the industry, transport and the like.
(OGMA, No. 15/09)
Page64
4.1.5. Seismology
There has not been any macro seismic study on the territory of the municipality of Alibunar.
The only available data is the official map about macro seismic zoning published in the
Official Gazette of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina („Službeni list SAP Vojvodine”,
br. 20/79). According to the data given by this map, on the study area there is a possibility for
earthquake of 7°M.SC. (Mercalli Scale) and even 8°M.SC. in the future.
Figure 14: Macroseismic zoning in Vojvodina
Page65
4.1.6. Waste Management
Water waste management
In the Alibunar Municipality, a major problem is the absence of waste water treatment, and the
lack of sewage systems in many villages, where the wastewater is collected in septic tanks,
which have largely been improperly installed.
The management of wastewater from animal farms is an important problem. The situation is
especially risky in the villages Vladimirovac and Banataski Karlovac, where larger farms do
not have properly solved waste deposit location, not to mention wastewater treatment.
Another problem is the management of wastewater from the local slaughterhouses and
industrial companies located by the canal Danube-Tisza-Danube that discharge their
wastewater directly into the canal. (OGMA, No. 15/09).
Solid waste management
Currently, every village has one or two municipal solid waste landfills, which are completely
unregulated. On these sites waste is being dumped with no particular order and without prior
separation of recyclable materials. It is not a rare situation in which the landfill is on completely
inappropriate places, close to public roads or near the urban construction zones and residential
areas in settlements. This is especially the case in Banatski Karlovac, where after a gradual
spreading of the construction zone a municipal landfill ended up in the middle of residential
area. In the Municipality of Alibunar, the process of separation of garbage by type is still in its
infancy.
Every village in the municipality has a location for animal waste disposal, which are entirely
unequipped and uncontrolled. At these locations, the only safety procedure applied is waste
covering. (OGMA, No. 15/09).
Page66
4.1.7. Noise level
As the municipality of Alibunar does not have any completed acoustic zoning, a field survey
has been undertaken by the Institute IMS ad Beograd, in order to determine the existing
communal noise.
Methodology
Organization of the field survey
The noise experts went on the field and made measures in the villages of Seleuš and
Vladimirovac.
The measurements have been done during 24 hours from 20.12.2012 at 10am until 21.12.2012
at 10 am, at the following locations:
‐ Census point: MM1, Geographical location: N 45°7’10.7”; E 20°54’16.5”,
‐ Census point: MM2, Geographical location: N 45°2’4.5”; E 20°51’4.8”,
‐ Census point: MM3, Geographical location: N 45°2’25.9“; E 20°50’57.5“
‐ Census point: MM4, Geographical location: N 45°2’2.8”; E 20°51’1.92” (see figure
hereafter).
Figure 15: Noise recording points
During the field survey, the experts also did a second measurement in order to satisfy the other
standards: IEC 61400-11 (IEC, 2012). The measurements have been done at the same localities
as the first one, on two occasions: 01.02.2013. and 12.02.2013.
If the acoustic zoning of the Alibunar Municipality had been done, these locations would be
classified as the Zone 3: Purely residential areas.
Page67
Recording devices
The communal noise is measured per standards described in the SRPS ISO 1996-2:2010 (ISS,
2010).
The survey methodology consisted of continuous monitoring of noise in duration of 24h at
every recording point, following the standards and monitoring the following parameters:
LAeq,15min, LA1,15min, LA5,15min, LA10,15min, LA50,15min and LA90,15min, in a 15 minute intervals.
The following devices have been used for noise measurements:
‐ Phonometer RION, model NL - 32; No. 01161946, with a microphone UC-53A No.
311049 and a filter card NX 22RT.
‐ Phonometer RION, model NL-32; No 00240664, with a microphone UC-53A, No
305891 and a filter card NX 22J.
‐ Phonometer RION, model NA – 28; No. 01260208, with a microphone UC-59, No
00291.
‐ Phonometer RION, model NL-18; No 00770469, with a microphone UC-53A, No
76119.
The calibration of the measurement systems has been done before and after the measurements
with the calibrators:
‐ RION, type NC-73, No. 10876318 and
‐ RION type NC-74 No. 34883956.
The wind speed has been measured with the following devices:
‐ TFA Nexus Weather Station at h = 3 m and
‐ Anemometer KIMO VT100, on the ground level.
Results
The ambient noise level at sampling points is:
Table 7: Baseline survey for noise pollution
LAeq [dB]
Census
Settlement
points
Geographical location
MM1
Seleuš
N 45°7’10.7”; E 20°54’16.5”
MM2
Noise during
the day
Noise during
the night
39.0
31.1
Vladimirovac N 45°2’4.5”; E 20°51’4.8”,
41.5
44.2
MM3
Vladimirovac N 45°2’25.9”; E 20°50’57.5”
38.0
26.6
MM4
Vladimirovac N 45°2’2.8”; E 20°51’1.92”
52.8
38.2
The measured values of LAeq (Equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level) at the
measuring point showing the highest noise level were:
‐ Lday = 52.8 dB at the point MM4 and
‐ Lnight = 44.2 dB for the night at the point MM2
Page68
4.1.8. Other environmental pollution
There is no available information about the level of environmental pollution in the
Municipality of Alibunar.
However, the wastewater and solid waste management problems are an obvious source of
water and soil pollution.
There is no record of soil pollution on the project site.
Page69
4.1.9. Birds
Methodology for ornithological field survey
The survey on birds on the study area has been carried out during 12 months, as required from
the Nature Conservation Institute of Vojvodina, from July 2011 until June 2012 (see annexes)
because they represent a particularly sensitive group of animals when it comes to wind farm
projects. It has been undertaken by the environmental consultancy Biotope d.o.o. and
involved a team of 5 ornithologists.
General methodology for ornithological field survey
Monitoring of birds and analysis of the impacts that wind-farm could generate have been done
according to the guidelines recommended by the European Commission (European
Commission, 2010) and the report supplied to the Council of Europe by BirdLife International
(Langston et Pullan, 2003), but with some adjustments in accordance with the sensitivity of
species, defined on the basis of known mortality (Durr, 2012) and the characteristics of the local
avifauna.
Bird monitoring was performed using the point count method (Bibby et al, 2000) and limited
transect method (Matvejev, 1988). The birds have been identified visually as well by the species
specific calls. Movement on the field has been done mostly by foot, with the occasional use of
vehicles.
The census points have been chosen in a way that would offer the best coverage of a wide area
in order to accurately detect the movement patterns of the species through the area, as well as
the places of the aggregation of birds. To achieve so, points have been positioned so as to avoid
blocking of the field of view by trees, hedges, woodland and dunes. The points have been evenly
distributed throughout the area to cover all the habitats types present, and to be accessible from
the existing dirt road network.
The transect method was used to connect the census points and exceptionally for the bird
mapping on locations that had not been covered with point count method.
The frequency of visits paid to different census points largely depended on the importance of
the point and its proximity to the planned find farm.
The birds have been monitored for a total of 35 days, with a 286 hours spent on the field.
Presentation of the dynamics of field activities implemented by month is shown in the table
hereunder, where we present the number of days and hours spent on the field.
Page70
Table 8: Dynamics of field activities on the field
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
February
March
April
May
June
Total
Days in the month
24,25,26
19,20,21
12,13,14
1,2,16
29
24,25
27
3,22,23,27,28,29
9,10,13
18,19,20,23,24,25
18,19,20,21
35
Total No. of days
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
6
3
6
4
35
Total hours
34
30
26
12
9
19
9
42
29
48
28
286
The data have been recorded in a GPS device in a format that defines the location and time of
the occurrence of species, and if the species has been observed in the altitude of the rotor
(critical height of 50-200 m), and additional codes were added, for the altitude, direction and
the type of activity.
The codes for altitude have been defined within 4 categories, as seen in the table hereunder,
designed according to the technical characteristics of wind turbines (rotor height of 60-190m
from the ground). For critical categories, we considered those above 50 m a.s.l.
Table 9: Presentation of the altitude categories used during census
Code representing altitude range
A
B
C
D
Altitude range
0-50
50-150
150-200
200+
Page71
Specificity of Saker Falcon monitoring
After the first five months, we have determined that the Saker Falcon is one of the species
potentially threatened by the project development. Therefore we undertook a research to
determine the number of breeding pairs in the proximity of the project, as well as the main
dispersion patterns of present individuals. Knowing that they need power-line breeding Ravens
or Hooded Crows as nest donors (Puzović, 2008) and that in terms of food they largely depend
on the pigeon population from the villages throughout the year and the natural populations of
Sousliks during breeding season, we took this 4 species and their habitats into account when
monitoring Saker Falcon. Methodology for the monitoring of the Saker Falcon had four main
components:
- Search for the nests of Corvids along the power-lines
- Checking the potential habitats of Sousliks in order to determine those that have
higher value for the Saker
- Checking the previously discovered nests and their occupancy by Saker Falcon.
- Monitoring the Saker Falcon and its dispersion.
Description of ornithological results
General ornithological results
In the wider area of influence, 151 species of birds have been recorded. Out of this number, 97
species have been observed within the project area, 108 species have been observed within the
close area of influence and 148 have been observed within the medium area of influence.
Unsecure determinations and general level ones have not been considered in the final analysis.
For 85 species, breeding have been confirmed, while 11 species have been defined as potential
breeders, and additional 56 have been observed during migration or local movement. In the
table hereafter, we can clearly see the decline in numbers of breeding birds as well as the
decrease in space utilization as we go narrower toward the project area, comprised almost
exclusively of arable land.
Table 10: Biological status of observed ornithofauna in different areas of influence
Project
area
Close area of
influence (1km)
Medium area of
influence (5km)
Wide area of
influence
(15km)
Breeding
19
28
74
85
Passage
78
80
57
56
Potential breeding
0
0
18
11
Total
97
108
148
151
Page72
The majority of recorded species is abundant in the region and can be found equally throughout
the area at appropriate habitats. However, there are some species that have been recorded in
very low numbers and are confined to very small areas located in one or few localities.
Following the national legislative, 126 strictly protected species of birds were observed on the
entire study area (close, medium and large area of influence) and additional 24 are considered
protected.
As shown in Appendices, from the total number of recorded species, 70 (46%) of the recorded
species are listed either as SPEC species (BLI) or Annex I of the Birds Directive (Official
Journal of the European Union 2009/147/EC) which means that they are species of global or
European conservation concern. From the total number of recorded species, 34 are under Annex
I of the EU Birds Directive and consequently should be the subject of special conservation
measures concerning their habitat in order to ensure their survival and reproduction in their area
of distribution.
When taking into consideration the IUCN criteria, 1 species is considered endangered (Falco
cherug) on the international level, 1 is Vulnerable (Aquila heliaca) and 5 are considered to be
Near Threatened (Falco vespertinus, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, Aythya nyroca, Crex crex i
Gallinago media).
Considering the statuses defined on population trends of birds, defined by Bird Life
International (Birds in Europe 2, 2004), 6 species fall under SPEC 1 category (Species of global
conservation concern), 18 under SPEC 2 (main area of distribution is within the European
continent, and their conservation status is unfavorable - endangered species) and 37 under SPEC
3 category (main area of distribution is outside of the European continent, and their
conservation status is unfavorable - endangered species). A total of 96 species are on the list of
strictly protected species by the Bern Convention (“Official Gazette of RS” no. 102/07, Annex
II), while 48 species are on the list of protected species (Annex III). When it comes to the Bonn
Convention (Official Gazette no. 102/07), the total of 4 species from Annex-I (endangered
species) are present as well as the 65 species from the Annex-II - migratory species with an
unfavorable conservation status and whose status can be significantly improved by international
conservation projects (see table hereafter).
Page73
Table 11: Protection and conservation statuses in numbers
Law/institution
National legislative
IUCN
BLI
BD
Bern
Bonn
Status
No. of species
Strictly protected
125
Protected
26
NT
5
VU
1
EN
1
SPEC 1
6
SPEC 2
18
SPEC 3
37
Annex I
34
Annex II
31
Annex III
11
Annex II
96
Annex III
48
Annex I
4
Annex II
65
From the 151 recorded species, 41 species are considered of particular importance because they
have been designated by BirdLife International as SPEC 1, SPEC 2 or SPEC 3 (Burfield et van
Bommel, 2004), or because they are listed in Annex-I of the EU Birds Directive.
The Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) has been selected because of its abundance and sensitivity to
wind-farms whilst Raven Corvus corax has been chosen as the main nest builder for Saker
Falcon.
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Results of Saker Falcon monitoring
In total, 14 nests have been found on power-lines, 3 of which were occupied by the Raven
(Corvus corax) and one by the Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix). The remaining nests were mostly
old Raven nests from previous seasons, in different state of deterioration. Two nests have been
occupied by the Saker Falcon and two other by the Hobby (Falco subbbuteo). The artificial
nests, placed for Saker along the power-lines (Puzović, 2008) were not occupied by any of the
species (see figure hereafter).
The fact that groups of Raven nests have been observed on the neighboring power-line poles
means that they are probably traditional nesting sites for this species, and therefore for the Saker
as well.
Figure 16: Nest box for Sakers on power line
©Biotope
The monitoring of the nests has shown the dispersion pattern of the species, presented in the
map hereafter. According to it, the only two nests that have been discovered are positioned on
the power-lines north from the project area, respectively 5.5 and 10km away from it. The main
patterns of flight are mostly directed to inhabited places, because the pigeons are big part of the
species diet, at the same time, as expected, birds tend to feed with Sousliks during the period in
which they raise the young resulting in an increase of visits to these areas. The activity of the
species have been recorded only twice within the project area, with all the other findings being
positioned north from the site. The dispersion of the species from the recorded nests toward
south was not recorded in significant amount (see Appendix X).
Page75
Map 2: Saker falcon dispersion model
Page76
Places of bird aggregation and migration corridors
During the 12 month long research on birds, several important locations for birds have been
discovered. These places include important migratory corridors and stopover locations for
many long distance migrants, such as Cranes, Geese, Swallows etc. Hereunder, those will be
presented in details.
Project site
Considering that the project area has no distinctive morphological features and natural
landscapes, there are no exceptionally attractive areas for birds within it. This should not be
taken for granted, because at certain occasions, there are numerous flocks or high number of
individuals of some species. During the research, we have discovered the following
aggregations of birds in the area:
- after the harvest, mostly in July, there are some residual crops on the meadows,
attracting some species as Feral Pigeons Columba livia domestica and Collared
doves Streptopelia turtur in high numbers.
- In July and August, in a two separate occasions small to medium flocks (70 and
120, respectively) of Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica have been observed roosting
in the corn-fields for the night.
- In late July, a very large flock (approximately 2000 individuals) of Common
Swifts Apus apus went through the area, taking some time to fly around the windspeed measure mast (around 20 min).
- In August and September, a very high number of Whinchats Saxicola rubetra can
be seen, probably feeding here before the autumn migration.
- In September, very high numbers of Quails Coturnix coturnix can be observed,
sometimes at incredible densities. This can be explained with illegal hunting of the
species, where hunters position powerful calling devices, imitating the call of the
species, aggregating them to a narrow area large as the radius range of the device,
some 4km approximately.
All the noticed aggregations of birds and high number of individuals have been observed also
in the surrounding agricultural landscape, as well as in some natural landscapes, therefore it
can be concluded that the project area does not stand out in this matter compared to the
surrounding landscapes. The only exception is Quail, where hunters choose this location
because it is remote and therefore easier for their activities to be covered.
No distinct migratory corridors have been observed on the project area.
Surrounding area
Area around the project site is similar in characteristics to the project site itself, especially
looking north and west. Looking toward south, there is a narrow corridor of natural steppe
grassland, and after it, there is agricultural landscape, followed by the Special Nature Reserve
“Deliblato sands” and a loess valley, some 5.5 km to the south-east. East from the project site
there are two loess valleys, the bigger of them being a very valuable natural landscape,
important for biodiversity. Further east, the altitude drops and on the right side of the road there
are some salty meadows, which are abundant also further north and south, close to the villages
Page77
Alibunar, Seleuš and Ilandža. North-west from the project site, there is a loess valley that is
continuing for several kilometers, until village Padina. All this distinctive areas can be observed
in the map hereafter. During the research, we have discovered the following important
aggregations of birds in the area:
- on the salty meadows east and north-east from the project site, big flocks of Storks
Ciconia ciconia and especially Cranes Grus grus can be observed during March and
April. These salty meadows are part of a regionally important migration corridor,
because it is connecting big fishponds to the north with the wide wintering places
on Danube, that sometimes hold more than 50000 waterfowl daily (Labudovo okno).
The same corridor seems to be important for other species, most interesting of them
being the Spotted Eagle, Aquila pomarina.
- along the local corridor south from the project site, there is a frequent circulation of
Corvids, which are going from the roosting site in Valdimirovac to the feeding
grounds on agricultural fields and salty meadows east from the project site. The same
corridor is being used by other species on migration, primarily Harriers Circus sp.,
but to a lesser extent also by other bird species such as geese and other birds of prey.
The same corridor has an exceptional importance for the hunting and movement of
local breeding ornithofauna, primarily Kestrels Falco tinnunculus, but also some
rare Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris and vary rare Short-toed Lark Calandrella
brachydactyla hungarica.
- Close to Vladimirovac, 1.25 km south from the project area, there is a small lake,
actually representing a waste disposal site from a local pig farm. This place is an
important breeding site for some species, such as Shelduck Tadorna tadorna and a
Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus, but also an important stopover place
for many waterfowl and waders.
- Northernmost part of Deliblato sands, 5.5 km away from the project site, is an
important habitat for Souslik Spermophilus citellus and it has a very large surface of
2.5 km2 therefore attracting large number of birds of prey, primarily Buzzards, but
also some rare species such as Booted Eagle Aquila pennata.
All the described localities bare importance for ornithofauna on the local and regional level,
and had to be considered in this study in order to recognize the patterns in which the birds utilize
the space. Project site itself should not make a significant barrier to the movement of birds in
the future, primarily because of the fact that birds already avoid this area in a great extent.
Page78
Map 3: Ecological corridors
Page79
4.1.10. Bats
Methodology for field survey
The bat species have been monitored for one year from July 2011 until June 2012 by the
company Biotope d.o.o.
The guidelines used for this field survey are the EUROBAT Secretariat’s official guidelines on
bat monitoring (Battersby et al., 2010) and on bat and wind farms (Rodrigues et al. 2008) as
well as guidelines in focusing on Serbian context (Paunović, Karapandža et Ivanović, 2011).
A methodology of transects and census points have been implemented and Sound MeterBat
ultrasound recorders have been used.
The field work has been organized around three main periods in order to adapt to the ecological
cycle of the bats: spring migration, reproduction, fall migration.
‐ Late August and September have been considered as the best months for getting data on
bats fall migration of bats (Hutterer, 2005).
‐ April and May have been considered as the best months for getting data on bats spring
migration
‐ June has been considered as the best month for getting data on bat reproduction
In order to assess the level of bat species activity, a methodology developed by Biotope in
France has been used. The ultrasounds emitted by the bats when flying are recorded
permanently. When a sequence of ultrasounds is recorded, it is considered as only one contact
during a whole minute. After this minute, if a new sound is emitted, it will be considered as a
second contact. The level of activity is assessed by counting the number of contact per hour or
per night. Since 1992, Biotope bat experts have been undertaking many bat field survey in
France and in Europe and have saved the level of bat activities species by species in a database.
The level of activity found in Alibunar species by species has been compared to the level
recorded in the data base on order to distinguish between low, moderate, high and very high
activity.
Page80
Description of results
List of species
On the studied area, 15 bat species were recorded:
13 bat species from the Vespertilionidae family:
‐ Barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus)
‐ Serotine Bat (Eptesicus serotinus)
‐ Daubenton's Bat (Myotis daubentonii)
‐ Whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinus)
‐ Leisser noctule (Nyctalus Leisleri)
‐ Common Noctule (Nyctalus noctula)
‐ Kuhl's Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii)
‐ Nathusius's Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii)
‐ Commone Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus
pipistrellus)
‐ Soprano Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pygmaeus)
‐ Brown long-eared bat or Common long-eared
bat (Plecotus auritus)
‐ Grey long-eared bat (Plecotus austriacus)
‐ Parti-coloured bat or rearmouse (Vespertilio
murinus)
1 bat species from the Miniopteridae family:
‐ Schreiber's Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus
schreibersii)
1 bat species from the Rhinolophidae family:
‐ Greater Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus
ferrumequinum)
Barbastella barbastellus
©Biotope
Page81
Level of activity recorded on the project site
The intensity of bat activities varies from species to species. Some species have been recorded
in very low numbers (e.g. Barbastella barbastellus or Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) and other
species in very high numbers (e.g. Nyctalus noctula).The overall intensity of activity of bat
species on the study area is quite high.
The table here after shows the intensity of activity species by species during fall migration in
2011, during spring migration in 2012 and during the reproduction period in 2012 (Biotope,
2012).
Table 12: Intensity of bat activity on the project site
Bat species
Eptesicus serotinus
Miniopterus schreibersii
Myotis daubentonii
Myotis mystacinus
Nyctalus leisleri
Nyctalus noctula
Pipistrellus kuhlii
Pipistrellus pipistrellus
Pipistrellus nathusii
Pipistrellus pygmaeus
Plecotus auritus
Plecotus austriacus
Vespertilio murinus
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Fall migration
2011
low
moderate
high
low
low
moderate
very high
high
low
high
low
low
moderate
low
low
Spring
Reproduction
migration 2012
2012
low
low
low
very high
high
low
high
low
low
low
low
moderate
low
very high
very high
high
low
low
low
-
Source: Biotope 2012
The bats have mainly been recorded moving along the local ecological corridor described in
the Baseline chapter on birds.
In the parks of Alibunar and Vladimirovac, 5 roosts of Nyctalus noctula were found in
September 2011.
Species of ecological concern
A species is of ecological concern when its protection is described by the national and
international legal documents as mandatory and of high importance and this concern increase
if the trend of the population is negative.
Page82
Legal protection:
The bat species identified on the site are protected under different legal documents:
- They are strictly protected species according to the Rulebook on the announcement and
protection of strictly protected and protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi
(Official Gazette of RS”, broj 5/10 i 47/11)
- They are protected under the Habitat directive (92/43/CEE) of the European Union and
as a candidate country Serbia may start implementing the directive. 3 species
(Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Barbastella barbastellus) are
in Annex II which means that their conservation may require the designation of a Special
Areas of Conservation. The 12 other species are strictly protected under Annex IV.
- They are strictly protected under the Bern Convention “on the Conservation of
European Wildlife and Natural Habitats” (Annex II) of the Council of Europe, except
for Pipistrellus pipistrellus which is considered as protected (Annex III).
- They are protected under the Bonn Convention “on Conservation of Migratory Species
of Wild Animals” (Appendix II) of the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP). That means that these species “need or would significantly benefit from
international co-operation.”
Both the Bern and the Bonn Conventions have been transposed into Serbian Law (Official
Gazette of RS: 102/07) and entered into force in Serbia in 2008.
Vrste
Rulebook on
Bern
Bonn
Strictly Protected Convention Convention
Species (Of.g. RS:
annex:
annex:
5/2010)
x
II
II
Eptesicus serotinus
x
II
II
Myotis daubentonii
x
II
II
Myotis mystacinus
x
II
II
Nyctalus Leisleri
x
II
II
Nyctalus noctula
x
II
II
Pipistrellus kuhlii
x
II
II
x
II
II
x
III
II
x
II
II
Plecotus auritus
x
II
II
Plecotus austriacus
x
II
II
Vespertilio murinus
x
II
II
Miniopterus Schreibersii
x
II
II
x
II
II
Habitat Directive
(92/43/CEE),
annex:
II, IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
II/IV
II/IV
Page83
Population trends
Population trends of the bat species recorded on the project site are given in the table
hereafter.
- The international trends and status are given by the International Union for Nature
Conservation (IUCN).
- The Serbian trends and status were made according to the IUCN recommendations
and are given in Karapandža et Paunović (2009).
Table 13: Assessment of ecological concern for bat species
Species
Eptesicus serotinus
Myotis daubentonii
Myotis mystacinus
Nyctalus Leisleri
Nyctalus noctula
Pipistrellus kuhlii
Plecotus auritus
Plecotus austriacus
Vespertilio murinus
Miniopterus Schreibersii
Status3 Population
trend
NT
stable/declining
LC
unknown
LC
increasing
LC
unknown
LC
unknown
LC
unknown
LC
unknown
LC
unknown
LC
stable
LC
unknown
LC
stable
LC
unknown
LC
stable
NT
declining
LC
declining
Status Population
trend 2009
VU
stable
LC
stable
LC
increasing
LC
stable
LC
stable
LC
stable
LC
increasing
LC
stable
LC
stable/declining
DD
stable
NT
stable/declining
LC
stable
LC
increasing
LC
stable
LC
stable
Breeding
recorded?
yes
yes
Doubtful
yes
Ne
Doubtful
yes
Ne
yes
Doubtful
yes
yes
Ne
yes
yes
According to the table above, Barbastella barbastellus is considered globally as nearly
threatened and in Serbia as vulnerable, and Plecotus auritus is considered as nearly threatened
in Serbia while globally, it is considered as least concern.
All the bat species recorded on the Alibunar project site are considered of ecological concern,
especially Barbastella barbastellus and Plecotus auritus.
3
LC: Least concern, NT: Nearly threatened (not threatened but to be soon)
DD: Data Deficient, VU: Vulnerable
Page84
4.1.11. Non flying fauna
This chapter presents the non-flying species observed in the close and medium area of the wind
farm project from July 2011 to June 2012 by the company Biotope d.o.o. Beograd. Given that
the ESIA study is about a wind-farm project, the species at risk are mainly flying fauna and for
this reason, flying fauna has been studied in greater detailed that non-flying fauna.
Because of the importance for biodiversity of the semi-natural and natural habitats of the
valleys recorded around the project, names have been given to them and have been showed in
the picture under:
‐ “valley A”- in red
‐ “valley B”- in orange;
‐ “valley C”- in yellow
The green color shows the natural and semi natural habitats between the pond and the valley
that is called ecological corridor and is described in greater details in the chapter on birds.
Figure 17: Overview of habits of species
Page85
Presentation of recorded species
Due to their higher resilience to wind farm project, non-flying fauna has been observed in
lesser details in the study area during the one-year birds and bats monitoring study. A list of
strictly protected (SP) and protected species (P) according to the Serbian Law is presented in
the table here after for the reptiles, insects, amphibians and non-flying mammals. When
species have been observed within the project area (where the turbines are going to be built)
and not only in the larger study area, it is stated.
Table 14: Recorded non flying species
Group
Protection Species names
status
Mammals
SP
P
P4
P
P
P
P
P
Insects
SP
SP
Amphibians SP
Reptiles
SP
Souslik (Spermophilus citellus)
Common mole (Talpa
europaea)
Golden jackal (Canis aureus)
Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
Badger (Meles meles)
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Wild boar (Sus scrofa)
Brown hare (Lepus europaeus)
Acrida ungarica
Saga pedo
Green toad (Pseudepidalea
viridis)
Dolichophis caspius
Observed in
the project
area
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Golden jackal (Canis aureus)
Ecology of the species: Golden Jackal is one of the most common species of Canidae, which
occurs in southeastern Europe, North and East Africa and in a large part Asia. In the recent
decades the population is going through a rapid increase toward north, now having the core
population in Europe, concentrated in the Balkans. It has just recently spreaded north from
Danube. This species is listed as Least Concern. (Stoyanov, 2012)
Location on the study area: It has been heard several times, footprints have been found inside
the project area at the southern and the western limit and it has been observed in July 2011 and
in May 2012.
4
Can be hunt under certain conditions
Page86
Souslik (Spermophilus citellus)
Ecology of the species: The European souslik is endemic to central and south-eastern Europe,
where it occurs at altitudes of 0-2,500 m. In optimal habitat, densities of 18-48 individuals per
hectare have been recorded, although lower figures of 5-14 individuals per hectare are also
reported. The European souslik avoids cultivated land and is restricted to short-grass steppe and
similar artificial habitats (pastures, lawns, sports fields, golf courses) on light, well-drained
soils, where it can excavate its burrows. The main threats to this species are the conversion of
steppe-grassland and pasture to cultivated fields or forestry, and the abandonment of pasture
and its subsequent reversion to tall-grass meadows or scrubby habitats which are not suitable
for the souslik (Kryštufek 1999 in Coroiu et al. 2008).
Although there are still some large and apparently stable subpopulations, there have been many
reports of declines, especially in the north-western part of its range; it is also declining in the
southern part of the range. This species is considered by IUCN International: as vulnerable with
decreasing population trend. (Coroiu et al. 2008)
Figure 18: Souslik (Spermophilus citellus)
©Biotope
Importance of the species for the study: This species has been studied in great detail during a
field survey from April to June 2012 because of its importance for the Saker falcon (Bagyura
et al, 1994), as its primary prey during breeding season.
The goal of the study was to map the colonies of sousliks in the vicinity of the project and to
understand how and in which proportion Saker falcon depend on them (see Map on “Saker
falcon feeding dispersal model”). For the study area, all potential habitats free from ground
water have been considered and visited, in the radius of 15km from the project site. The
Page87
abundance of Souslik holes and animals themselves on these habitats was the primary factor
for population estimation.
Location on the study area: In the study area, the sousliks have not been recorded inside the
project area. It has been recorded in valleys A and B, in valley C in high density, in the meadows
around Vladimirovac, in the meadows around Novi Kozjak in very high density and in very
small density on the right side of the road going from Alibunar to Seleuš.
Common mole (Talpa europaea)
Ecology of the species: It is generally widespread on the European continent, although absent
from southern Iberia, southern Italy, the southern Balkans. It is present in most habitats where
there is sufficiently deep soil to permit the construction of its extensive burrows. It prefers
meadows, pastures, arable land. This species is widespread and abundant, with no serious
threats at present. Consequently it is assessed as Least Concern. (Amori et al, 2008)
Location on the study area: It has been recorded inside and outside of the project area in small
numbers on agricultural area. On semi-natural habitats it has been observed in higher density.
Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
Ecology of the species: The roe deer has a large range in the Palearctic. It is found through most
of Europe, including western Russia. Outside Europe, it occurs in Turkey, northern Syria,
northern Iraq, northern Iran, and the Caucasus. It occupies a wide variety of habitats, including
deciduous, mixed or coniferous forests, moorland, pastures, arable land, and suburban areas
with large gardens. It prefers landscapes with a mosaic of woodland and farmland. Roe deer are
well adapted to modern agricultural landscapes. This species is listed as Least Concern. (Lovari
et al. 2008)
Location on the study area: It is present unregularly in small numbers on the project area and
in higher densities in the valleys A, B and C.
Badger (Meles meles)
Ecology of the species: It has a large areal in the Western Palearctic, being abundant throughout
its range. Population in Europe is increasing in the last decades, mostly as a consequence of the
reduction of rabies and hunting pressure. It prefers deciduous woods with clearings, or open
pastureland with small patches of woodland. It is also found in mixed and coniferous woodland,
scrub, suburban areas and urban parks. It is very well adapted to agricultural landscapes, for as
long as there are patches of natural habitats. This species is listed as Least Concern. (Kranz et
al. 2008)
Location on the study area: It is present in high numbers on the project location and in adjacent
areas. In total 7 dens have been found.
Page88
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
Ecology of the species: Distributed across the entire northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle
to North Africa, Central America, and the Asiatic steppes, the Red Fox has the widest
geographical range of any member of the order Carnivora (covering nearly 70 million km²).
Red Foxes have been recorded in habitats as diverse as tundra, desert and forest, as well as in
city centers (including London, Paris, Stockholm, etc.). Natural habitat is dry, mixed landscape,
with abundant "edge" of scrub and woodland. In many habitats, foxes appear to be closely
associated with man, even thriving in intensive agricultural areas. This species is listed as Least
Concern. (Macdonald et Reynolds, 2008)
Location on the study area: It has been observed in medium density inside the project area and
in high density inside the ecological corridor and the loess valleys.
Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)
Ecology of the species: The Eurasian wild boar has one of the widest geographic distributions
of all terrestrial mammals, and this range has been greatly expanded by humans. The species
now occurs in pure wild or barely modified feral form on all continents excepting Antarctica.
The Eurasian wild pig occupies a wide variety of temperate and tropical habitats, from semidesert to tropical rain forests, temperate woodlands, grasslands and reed jungles; often
venturing onto agricultural land to forage. This species is listed as Least Concern. (Olivier et
Leus, 2008)
Location on the study area: It has been observed in low density inside and around the project
area, predominantly in the valleys.
Hare (Lepus europaus)
Ecology of the species: The current Eurasian distribution of Lepus europaeus extends from the
northern provinces of Spain, to introduced populations in the United Kingdom and southern
regions of Scandinavia, south to northern portions of the Middle East, and has naturally
expanded east to sections of Siberia. It is a highly adaptable species that can persist in any
number of habitat types. When available, weeds and wild grasses are selected for food;
however, intensified agro-practices have reduced this food source resulting in the selection of
crop species. It is currently listed as Least Concern. (Smith et Johnston, 2008)
Location on the study area: It has been observed in low density inside and around the project
area
Large Whip Snake (Dolichophis caspius)
Ecology of the species: Distributed Southeast Europe and Southwest Asia. It inhabits mainly
Mediterranean maquis and steppe. It is avoiding swamps, dense forests and areas with high
humidity throughout the year. It hibernates between December and March in the hollows in the
rock, stone walls or rodent holes. Mating takes place between March and May. It is currently
assessed as Data Deficient by IUCN. (Janev Hutinec et Lupret-Obradović, 2005)
Location on the study area: It has been recorded in small numbers in the valleys A and B
Page89
Pannonian Locust (Acrida ungarica ungarica)
Ecology of the species: Mediterranean species, which extends into eastern and central Europe. It
is namely distributed in Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Serbia and Romania and prefers natural
steppe and forest steppe habitats. The subspecies (Acrida ungarica ungarica) is endemic from
the Pannonian basin. The adults can be found from July to October. They are xerothermic
phytophagous species feeding on various grasses, such as Sesleria and Festuca. Data Deficient
by IUCN. (Trnka, 2008)
Location on the study area: It has been recorded in small numbers in the project area and in
higher density in the valleys A and B.
Predatory Bush Cricket (Saga pedo)
Ecology of the species: Saga pedo has a highly scattered distribution across southern European
countries. This "Matriarchal katydid" is one of the largest insects in Europe (12 cm in length).
It is a carnivore and parthenogenetic grasshopper that prefers natural habitats of dry grassland
or forest steppe. It is currently assessed as Vulnerable. (OSG, 1996)
Location on the study area: One individual of the species has been observed in valley B in July
2012.
Figure 19: Insects of ecological concern on the study area
Acrida ungarica ©Biotope
Saga pedo ©Biotope
Page90
Green toad (Pseudepidalea viridis)
Ecology of the species: It is distributed through much of Europe (excluding much of FennoSkandia, the British Isles, almost the whole of Italy, the Iberian Peninsula and almost all of
Europe west of the Rhine River) eastwards to Kazakhstan. This species lives in a wide range of
forests, forest steppe, scrubland, grassland and alpine habitats. Animals may be present in
modified areas including urban centers, city parks and gardens - and often benefits from
disturbed habitats. It is currently assessed as Least Concern (Agasyan et al, 2009).
Location on the study area: One individual of the species has been observed within the project
area in April 2012 and one in the valley B in May 2012.
Assessment of ecological concern
As described above, most of the protected and strictly protected species that were observed in
the study area are not of ecological concern. They are widespread species with positive
population trend.
The 4 species considered of ecological concern are:
‐ Spermophilus citellus because it is considered by IUCN as a vulnerable species with a
decreasing population trend;
‐ Acrida ungarica ungarica because it is an endemic species from the Pannonian basin
and there is no information on its population trend.
‐ Saga pedo is a very rare insect considered by IUCN as a vulnerable species and there is
no information on its population trend.
‐ Dolichophis caspius is a rare species of snake for Vojvodina and there is no information
on its population trend or its status.
Page91
4.1.12. Flora species and habitats
This chapter presents the flora species and the natural habitats observed in the close and medium
area of the wind farm project from April to July 2012 by the company Biotope d.o.o.
Presentation of recorded plant species
The plant strictly protected and protected plant species presented in the table hereafter have
been observed in valleys A and B.
Table 15: Recorded flora species
Protection status Species names
SP
SP
SP
P
P
P
P
Adonis vernalis L., fam. Ranunculaceae
Iris spuria L. subsp. spuria, fam Iridaceae
Agrimonia eupatoria Ledeb. subsp. eupatoria, fam. Rosaceae
Allium paniculatum L. subsp. paniculatum, fam Liliaceae
Anthyllis vulneraria L.
Astragalus asper Jacq.
Galium verum L. subsp. verum
Figure 20: Flora species from valley A and B
Anthyllis vulneraria
©Biotope
Adonis vernalis
©Biotope
-
©Biotope
Adonis vernalis is considered as an endangered Pannonian plant species because of
steppe habitat loss and proliferation of invasive plant species occurring in Serbia.
However, it is not as endangered as other steppe species because it is poisonous to sheep
and is not threatened by over grazing.
Page92
-
-
-
-
Iris spuria is as very endangered plant species. It is very rare in Vojvodina where it has
been recorded in only 15 localities, most of all around Deliblato Sand, Subotica Sand
and in Fruška Gora. It is present on mesophillus grasslands in the steppe zone. It is
threatened by the destruction of humid meadows through draining and plowing for
agricultural purposes and invasive species.
Agrimonia eupatoria is a common species that is not considered as endangered. It is
collected for medicinal purposes under conditions described by Serbian law.
Allium paniculatum is an extremely rare the steppe species that is present in only 5
localities in Vojvodina. It is a relict plant species that is considered as an indicator for
high quality steppe on sand habitats. It is endangered.
Anthyllis vulneraria is a common the steppe species that is an indicator species for good
steppe on sand.
Astragalus asper is an endangered plant species, very rare in the Pannonian region that
is on the southern border of its range. It can be found in the northern part of Bačka on
Subotica Sand.
Galium verum is a common species that is not endangered, under control of collecting,
medicinal plant
Assessment of ecological concern for flora species
The plant species observed in valley A and B that are of ecological concern are:
- Adonis vernalis because it is “moderately” endangered
- Iris spuria because it is very endangered
- Allium paniculatum because it is endangered
- Astragalus asper because it is endangered
Page93
Presentation of recorded habitats
In Serbia, the natural habitats are not protected but some of them are in the EU Habitats
Directive (92/43/EEC). The natural habitats that were observed in the study area were identified
based on the EUNIS (European Nature Information System) classification and are presented in
the table hereafter.
Table 16: Habitats identified on the study area
EUNIS code EUNIS name
I1.12
I1.13
E1.2
In the project
area
Medium scale intensive unmixed crops: 1-25ha
Small scale intensive unmixed crops: <1ha
Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppe
x
x
Most of the project area is covered by crops intensively cultivated, which is classified as “I1.12”
(Medium scale intensive unmixed crops: 1-25ha) and “I1.13” (Small scale intensive unmixed
crops: <1ha).
The dominant crops covering the soil are the sunflower (Helianthus annuus), the corn (Zea
mays) as well as wheat (Triticum spp.) on smaller surfaces and other types of cereal.
On such types of habitats the level of biodiversity increases when the intensity of the agriculture
is low and when there are patches of uncultivated lands within the crops, which is not the case
on the project area.
Some remnants of the steppe habitats can be found along the access roads to the fields on small
surfaces.
Figure 21: Remnants of the steppe habitats by the agricultural road
Page94
©Biotope
The valleys A and B contrast with the monotony of the project area. There can be found a
beautiful habitat that is classified by EUNIS as “E1.2” (Perennial calcareous grassland and basic
steppe). This habitat is very attractive for biodiversity and is threatened in Vojvodina.
Figure 22: Habitat E1.2 in valley B
©Biotope
©Biotope
©Biotope
Assessment of ecological concern for habitats
Assessment of ecological concern for natural habitats
The habitat E1.2: (Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppe) is an endangered habitat
that is considered of ecological concern
Page95
Map 4: Map of natural and semi-natural habitats
Page96
4.2. Baseline Socio-economic Conditions
As said in Chapter 3, the project site is located on the territory of the “Municipality Alibunar”
that comprises 10 settlements: Alibunar, Banatski Karlovac, Vladimirovac, Dobrica, Ilandža,
Janošik, Lokve, Nikolinci, Novi Kozjak and Seleuš.
This chapter gives socio-economic data about these settlements.
4.2.1. Demographics
Population density
According to (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2006), (map2, p 27), the municipality
of Alibunar belongs to the area with an average population density of less than 50 inhabitants
per km2.
Number of inhabitants
The table hereafter shows the population dynamics in the Alibunar Municipality from 1948 to
2011. This table has been made based on (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2006)
and updated with information from (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012a).
Table 17: Number of inhabitants in the Municipality of Alibunar
Population number
Settlements
Old census methodology (until 2002)
1948
District of
South Banat
Alibunar
Municipality
Alibunar
Banatski
Karlovac
Vladimirovac
Dobrica
Ilandža
Janošik
Lokve
Nikolinci
Novi Kozjak
Seleuš
Average per
village
1953
1961
1971
New census methodology
1981
1991
2002
2011
279,092 292,125 320,187 331,285 340,189 315,633 313,937 293,730
32,552
31,770
32,932
31,833
29,383
24,930
22,954
20,151
3,616
3,811
3,705
3,951
3,803
3,630
3,431
3,007
5,834
5,186
6,025
6,273
6,319
5,926
5,820
5,082
5,261
2,666
3,132
1,280
4,184
2,862
1,441
2,276
5,294
2,632
2,896
1,281
4,246
2,820
1,415
2,189
5,519
2,617
2,926
1,467
4,243
2,716
1,428
2,286
5,335
2,376
2,805
1,488
3,826
2,377
1,281
2,121
5,106
2,006
2,426
1,372
3,511
1,905
1,170
1,765
4,292
1,575
1,919
1,211
2,450
1,540
990
1,397
4,111
1,344
1,727
1,171
2,002
1,240
768
1,340
3,868
1,076
1,422
966
1,772
1,131
636
1,191
3,255
3,177
3,293
3,183
2,938
2,493
2,295
2,015
Page97
According to the census in 2002 the Municipality of Alibunar has 22,954 inhabitants and the
average population size is 2,295 people per village.
Population loss
The table hereafter on population loss has been extrapolated from the table above.
Table 18: Population loss in the municipality of Alibunar
Settlements
District of
South Banat
Alibunar
Municipality
Alibunar
Banatski
Karlovac
Vladimirovac
Dobrica
Ilandža
Janošik
Lokve
Nikolinci
Novi Kozjak
Seleuš
Population numbers
Old census
New census methodology
methodology
Population loss (%)
1981
19811991
19912002
20022011
340,189 328,428 315,633 313,937 293,730 -3,46
-0,54
-6,44
29,383
26,535
24,930
22,954
20,151
-9,69
-7,93
-12,21
3,803
3,738
3,630
3,431
3,007
-1,71
-5,48
-12,36
6,319
6,286
5,926
5,820
5,082
-0,52
-1,79
-12,68
5,106
2,006
2,426
1,372
3,511
1,905
1,170
1,765
4,539
1,621
2,023
1,225
2,973
1,634
997
1,499
4,292
1,575
1,919
1,211
2,450
1,540
990
1,397
4,111
1,344
1,727
1,171
2,002
1,240
768
1,340
3,868
1,076
1,422
966
1,772
1,131
636
1,191
-11,10
-19,19
-16,61
-10,71
-15,32
-14,23
-14,79
-15,07
-4,22
-14,67
-10,01
-3,30
-18,29
-19,48
-22,42
-4,08
-5,91
-19,94
-17,66
-17,51
-11,49
-8,79
-17,19
-11,12
1991
1991
2002
2011
Source : data extrapolated from Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2006 and 2012a
As shown on the table above, the censuses of 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011 have shown a constant
decrease of the population in every of the 10 villages of the municipality. This is the case in all
South Banat but the trend in the Municipality of Alibunar is particularly fast.
Between 1981 and 1991, the Alibunar Municipality lost 10% of its population the village of
Dobrica lost 20% and the villages of Ilandža, Lokve, Novi Kozjak and Seleuš lost around 16%
of their population.
Between 1991 and 2002, the Alibunar Municipality lost 8% of its population, the village of
Novi Kozjak 22%, the villages of Lokve and Nikolinci lost around 19% and the village of
Dobrica lost around 15% of its population.
Between 2002 and 2011, the Alibunar Municipality lost 12% of its population, Dobrica lost
around 20%, Novi Kozjak lost around 18% and the villages of Ilandža and Janošik lost around
18% of their population.
Page98
From 1981 to 2011, the villages that lost the higher percentage of population are Dobrica,
Lokve, Novi Kozjak and the villages that lost the lower percentage of population are Alibunar
and Vladimirovac.
This population loss can be explained by rural exodus (younger generations leave their village
to go work in the cities that are more dynamic economic centers) and also by a very negative
natural growth.
Natural growth of the population
The table here after show data about natural growth in South Banat and in the municipality of
Alibunar for the year 2011 (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012c)
Table 19: Natural growth of the population
Year
South Banat Population
Region
Live births
Deaths
Natural
increase
Natural
increase
(%)
Alibunar
Population
Municipality Live births
Deaths
Natural
increase
Natural
increase
(%)
1971
331,285.0
4,563.0
3 585,0
978,0
1981
340,189.0
4 ,645.00
3,888.00
757.0
1991
328,428.0
3,660.0
4,310.0
-650.0
2001
332,317.0
3,158.0
4,681.0
-1,523.0
2011
295,731.0
2,555.0
4,504.0
-1,949.0
0.30
0.22
-0.20
-0.46
-0.66
31,833.0
381.0
397.0
-16.0
29,383.0
313.0
372.0
-59.0
26,535.0
280.0
399.0
-119.00
25,603.0
207.0
413.0
-206.0
20,376.0
137.0
373.0
-236.0
-0.05
-0.20
-0.45
-0.80
-1,16
Page99
Age and sex of the population
Life expectancy for men is 69,9 years in the South Banat Region and 67,3 years in the
Municipality of Alibunar while for women it is 75,8 years in the South Banat Region and 67,3
years in the Municipality of Alibunar, as shown in the table hereafter,
Table 20: Life expectancy
Life expectancy
Men
Women
South Banat Region
69,9
75,8
Municipality of Alibunar
67,3
74,6
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia,2012c
Settlements
The table hereafter shows the sex and the age of the population in the different settlements of
Alibunar. This table has been made based on official data (Statistical Office of the Republic
of Serbia, 2006).
Table 21: Sex repartition and age of the population
Settlement
Municipality of
Alibunar
Alibunar
Banatski
Karlovac
Vladimirovac
Dobrica
Ilandža
Janošik
Lokve
Sex
Numbers
T
M
F
T
M
F
T
M
F
T
M
F
T
M
F
T
M
F
T
M
F
T
20,151
9,951
10,200
3,007
1,446
1,561
5,082
2,461
2,621
3,868
1,946
1,922
1,076
571
505
1,422
713
709
966
476
490
1,772
Numbers
(%)
100,0
49,4
50,6
100,0
48,1
51,9
100,0
48,4
51,6
100,0
50,3
49,7
100,0
53,1
46,9
100,0
50,1
49,9
100,0
49,3
50,7
100,0
Adults (above
18, %)
82,29
81,61
82,96
83,7
83,46
83,98
84,53
84,27
84,78
79,03
79,19
78,88
81,88
80,91
82,97
83,47
82,19
84,77
83,44
82,35
84,49
82,11
Average
age
43,5
41,9
45
42,9
41,8
43,9
44,2
42,8
45,5
41,7
40,5
43
44,5
42,5
46,7
45,5
43,4
47,7
44,3
42,7
45,8
44,4
Working age
(15-65, in %)
66,08
69,15
63,08
69,97
71,9
68,23
68,61
72,25
65,2
65,23
68,45
61,97
61,62
65,5
57,23
63,15
67,04
59,24
67,08
69,96
64,29
62,19
Page100
Settlement
Nikolinci
Novi Kozjak
Seleuš
Sex
Numbers
M
F
T
M
F
T
M
F
T
M
F
881
891
1,131
548
583
636
313
323
1,191
596
595
Numbers
(%)
49,7
50,3
100,0
48,5
51,5
100,0
49,2
50,8
100,0
50,0
50,0
Adults (above
18, %)
80,93
83,28
78,96
76,09
81,65
83,18
84,03
82,35
80,77
78,36
83,19
Average
age
43
45,9
41,5
39,2
43,7
45,3
44,1
46,5
42,9
40,3
45,4
Working age
(15-65, in %)
65,15
59,26
63,31
64,96
61,75
63,52
67,41
59,75
64,65
68,12
61,18
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012a
As shown in the table above, according to the last census in 2011, the repartition in numbers
between men and women in the municipality of Alibunar is balanced with 0, 49% of men and
0.51% of women. The average age is 43.5 years: 41.9 years for males and 45 years for
females. 66% of the population of the municipality of Alibunar is within the working age.
Ethnic composition of the population
In this area important people migrations have been taking place from the 18th and 19 century
with people coming from the northwest and the north (Germans, Slovaks and Hungarians),
from the northeast and the east (Romanians, Bulgarians) and from the south (Serbs, Greeks,
Roma). These migrations gave a very diverse ethnic structure to the population.
The table hereafter shows the sex and the age of the population in the different settlements of
Alibunar according to the last census in 2011. This table has been made based on official data
(Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012a).
Table 22: Ethnic composition of the population
Ethnic identity
Total
Serbs
Albanians
Bosnians
Bulgarians
Bunjevci
Vlachs
Goranci
Yugoslavs
Hungarians
Population in the Municipality of Alibunar
Total
Total (%) Men
Men (%)
20,151 100,00
9,951
100,00
12,234 60,71
6,077
61,07
7
0,03
6
0,06
5
0,02
4
0,04
12
0,06
4
0,04
2
0,01
13
0,06
10
0,10
1
0,00
1
0,01
47
0,23
24
0,24
227
1,13
99
0,99
Female
10,200
6,157
1
1
8
2
3
23
128
Female (%)
100,00
60,36
0,01
0,01
0,08
0,02
0,03
0,23
1,25
Page101
Population in the Municipality of Alibunar
Total
Total (%) Men
Men (%)
Macedonians
115
0,57
44
0,44
Muslims
17
0,08
8
0,08
Germans
17
0,08
5
0,05
Roma People
833
4,13
425
4,27
Romanians
4,870
24,17
2,408
24,20
Russians
10
0,05
7
0,07
Ruthenians
Slovaks
965
4,79
455
4,57
Slovenians
11
0,05
4
0,04
Ukrainians
3
0,01
Croats
43
0,21
17
0,17
Montenegrins
37
0,18
20
0,20
Other
23
0,11
12
0,12
Did not declare 344
1,71
162
1,63
Regional
64
0,32
39
0,39
affiliation
Unknown
251
1,25
120
1,21
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012a
Ethnic identity
Female
71
9
12
408
2,462
3
510
7
3
26
17
11
182
Female (%)
0,70
0,09
0,12
4,00
24,14
0,03
5,00
0,07
0,03
0,25
0,17
0,11
1,78
25
0,25
131
1,28
As shown in the table above, the ethnic identity in the Municipality of Alibunar is very
diverse. Majority of the inhabitants, 61% declare being Serbian, 24% declare being
Romanian, 5% declare being Slovak, 4% declare being Roma and 1% declare being
Hungarian.
Religious structure of the population
Multi-ethnicity is one of the main characteristic of Vojvodina, and it is also true for the Alibunar
municipality. The main religion is Orthodox with 82%, followed by Protestant and Catholic
1.75%. The other groups are marginally present, mostly Atheist and Islam, both under 2‰.
More than 12% did not declare any religious belief (Statistical Office of RS, 2003)
Immigrants
Despite of the negative population trend, some immigrants came to South Banat and to the
Municipality of Alibunar in 2011 (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012b), as
shown in the tables hereafter. Approximately half of them are working and half of them are
dependent on social welfare.
Page102
Table 23: Immigrants in 2011
Population of
immigrants in 2011
South Banat
Region
South Banat
Region (%)
Total Population
Persons with
personal income
Persons dependents
on social welfare
Active population
3,010
100,00
Municipality
Municipality
of Alibunar
of Alibunar
(%)
220
100
95
3,16
4
1,82
1377
45,75
102
46,36
1472
48,90
106
48,18
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012b Most of the workers immigrating to South Banat and Alibunar are not qualified workers as
shown in the table here after
Table 24: Occupation of working immigrants in 2011
Occupations of immigrants who
came in 2011
Total active population of
immigrants
Farmers and related workers
Workers in mining, manufacturing
and related workers
Workers in trade
Workers in service activities
Employees in social protection
Administrative and related
workers
Managers
Experts and artists
Other occupations
Workers without occupations
South
Banat
Region
Municipality
South Banat Municipality
of Alibunar
Region (%) of Alibunar
(%)
1472
100,00
106
100
58
3,94
3
2,83
22
1,49
1
0,94
70
64
19
4,76
4,35
1,29
2
8
2
1,89
7,55
1,89
41
2,79
4
3,77
172
366
726
11,68
24,86
49,32
16
25
53
15,09
23,58
50,00
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012b Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013
Page103
Refugees
Between 1991 and 1995 because of the war in Bosnia and in Croatia, and in 1999 because of
the war in Kosovo, mainly people were forced to leave their country and came to South Banat
as refugees.
Based on the population census of 2002, there are 16,850 refugees in the South Banat Region
and 1,020 refugees in the Municipality of Alibunar (Lađević et Stanković, 2004).
Table 25: Refugees
Settlements
South Banat
Region
Total (according to the 2002 census)
16,850.00
Refugees of
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,897.00
Serbian nationality Croatia
11,050.00
Other ethnic identity from ex- 402.00
Yugoslavia and unknown
Total
15,349.00
Refugees of other Bosnia and Herzegovina
475.00
nationalities
Croatia
749.00
Other ethnic identity from ex- 277.00
Yugoslavia and unknown
1,501.00
Total
Municipality
of Alibunar
1,020.00
183.00
747.00
26.00
959.00
22.00
36.00
6.00
64.00
Source : Lađević et Stanković, 2004
Page104
4.2.2. Infrastructure
The following paragraph describes the existing infrastructure in the municipality of Alibunar.
Most of the information has been taken from the development strategy of the Alibunar
Municipality for 2010-2014 (Official Gazette of the Municipality of Alibunar (OGMA) No.
15/09).
4.2.2.1. Transport infrastructure
The area of Alibunar is covered by a moderately developed transport network of roads and rail
and by the canal system Danube-Tisa-Danube.
The international road E-70 that connects Belgrade to Pančevo, to Vršac and to Timisoara goes
through Alibunar enabling a good connection to the regional and international centers. This
road, renovated in 2007, is in good condition and encourages a moderately developed domestic
and foreign tourism that is mainly targeting the Deliblato Sands nature reserve.
The municipality is intersected by two smaller roads: one connects Alibunar to Plandište and
then to Zrenjanin or Vršac and the other one connects Alibunar to Ilandža and then to Zrenjanin.
The table here after shows the traffic pressure on the road section Pančevo 2 (Zrenjanin) - to
Alibunar from 2007 to 2011 according to the information available on the official website of
the public company “Putevi srbije” in charge of road management in Serbia.
Table 26: Traffic pressure on the road section Pančevo 2 (Zrenjanin) - to Alibunar
Average Annual Daily Traffic on the road "Pančevo 2 (Zrenjanin) - to
Alibunar" (31,8 km long)
Five years
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Vehicles types
daily average
Car
4,988
4,861
4,918
5,099
3,852
4,744
Bus
90
162
164
170
83
134
Light truck
120
466
471
488
75
324
Middle size truck
220
243
246
255
103
213
Heavy truck
230
37
38
38
54
79
Semi-trailer
322
310
327
331
343
300
Truck
Total
5,958
6,097
6,168
6,393
4,467
5,817
Source: public company “Putevi srbije”, 2012
As shown in the table, between 2007 and 2011, the traffic pressure decreased for all types of
vehicles but especially for trucks. In 2007, there was a daily traffic of 230 heavy trucks, 220
middle size trucks and 120 light trucks, whereas in 2011 there was a daily traffic of only 54
heavy trucks, 103 middle size truck and 75 light trucks. This can be explained in a decrease of
economic activity.
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The international railroad (Belgrade- -Vršac-Timisoara) is old, slow and mainly used for freight
transit. Once a day, there is a train open to passengers but people travel more by autobus when
using public transportation because it is a lot modern and faster.
About ten years ago there were railway lines operating from Alibunar to Zrenjanin and
intramunicipal rail from Seleuš to Janošik but there routes are not anymore functioning. In the
last few years only one train a day can transport passenger between Belgrade and Bucharest.
The only way for water transport in the municipality Alibunar is the Danube-Tisa-Danube
Canal, which runs through the northern part of the municipality and is a potential link with the
area of central Banat and Vršac and with the Romanian border in the east. The channel is
suitable for operation with small river boats, but is navigable only in a few places in the
municipality. For these reasons, water transport is currently completely absent in the
municipality.
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Map 5: Map of transportation infrastructure
Page107
4.2.2.2. Telecommunication infrastructure
On the territory of Alibunar there are 11 post offices: one in every town and one in Devojački
Bunar, a very small settlement on the territory of Seleuš.
The network of fixed telephone lines completely covers the area of the municipality, and
thereby the number of telephone lines per 100 inhabitants in the community is greater than the
corresponding value for the South Banat District. However, there is still no digital telephone
exchange in six villages. The entire territory of Alibunar has the coverage of all three mobile
operators. There are some problems with the Internet network, because outdated systems that
do not meet the needs properly are still in use. (OGMA, No. 15/09)
Water supply
There are about 7,000 water connections on the territory of Alibunar and the entire area is
covered with the water supply network. Water quality is satisfactory according to the Serbian
regulation. However, there are some problems with supplying the required amount of water in
periods of increased water spending. The main reasons for this are that the wells are of
insufficient capacity and that the pumps and other equipment are outdated. This causes frequent
interruptions when the pumps have to work at maximum capacity and can lead to a complete
interruption of water supplies in summer.
Much of the water network (85%) consists of 30 to 40-year-old cement asbestos pipes which
are not sold anymore for those purposes. At least 50% of the total length of water mains is in
poor condition (OGMA, No. 15/09).
Sewage infrastructure
The sewage network is rather underdeveloped. Only Banatski Karlovac, Janošik and Alibunar
have bought sewer systems. Thus, the percentage coverage of the municipality sewage system
does not meet contemporary needs. (OGMA, No. 15/09)
Gas network
The municipality has built a gas networks in 10 out of 11 settlements. There are about 6,000
connections and the network is being managed by the distributor, "NIS-GAS". The network has
sufficient capacity. (OGMA, No. 15/09)
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Electricity production and distribution
1. Electricity production and distribution in Serbia
Sources of electricity in Serbia
Electricity production in Serbia is mainly from 3 sources
- Thermal Power Plants (TPPs)
- Hydro Power Plants (HPPs)
- Combined Heat and Power Plants that produce both electricity and heat (hot water used
to warm up buildings)
The table hereafter shows the latest figures for electricity production and generation capacity
in Serbia (EPS, 2012).
Table 27: Electricity production and generation capacity in Serbia in 2012
Thermal Power Plants
Hydro Power Plants
Combined Heat and Power Plants
Total
Electricity production
(GWh)
26,462
9,180
408
36,050
Generation
capacity (MW)
3,936
2,835
353
7,124
Source: EPS, 2012
A small percentage of electricity is obtained from private power plants through procurements
but most the electricity is produced by state-owned companies.
Figure 23: Figure: Electricity production sources in Serbia
Source: EPS, 2012
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State of electricity production infrastructure in Serbia
The electric power transmission system of Serbia consists of a high voltage system amounting
to 400 kV, 220 kV, and 110 kV as well as other power plants, telecommunication system,
information system and other facilities necessary for the power system’s operation. The total
length of the transmission lines (excluding Kosovo) is 8.864 km.
The electricity infrastructure of Serbia has been intensely bombed by NATO (North Atlantic
Treaty Organization) during the war in 1999. Since then, it has been continuously rebuilt and
improved. In 2010, the national electricity company (EPS, 2010) states that in the last 5-6 years
the efficiency of the transmission network has significantly improved. Transmission system
losses have decreased from values around 4% in 1998-99 to 2.8% in 2007, as the amount of
delivered energy continuously increases. EMS has six regional transmission units, namely
Belgrade, Bor, Valjevo, Kruševac, Novi Sad and Oblic
Share of renewable energy production in the current electricity production
According to the Serbian Energy Balance, the only renewable energy source (RES) utilized for
electricity generation is hydropower (EPS, 2009). Non-commercial use of biomass and
geothermal energy for private purposes also occurs at very small scale (Slunge et al, 2008).
State ambition for wind power
In 2009, the Ministry of Energy and Mining estimated that the wind energy share in the total
electricity potential of the RES in Serbia was about 0.19 million toe annually (around 5% of the
whole potential). This assessment was made based on data of the existent hydro-meteorological
stations, which measured the wind at 10m altitude and 100m altitude (Josimović et Pucar,
2010).
Table 28: Potential of energy production of different RES
Type of RES Technical Potential
Biomass
Small Hydro Plants (up to 10MW)
Solar
Geothermal
Wind
Total
(Mtoe)
2,40
0,40
0,64
0,20
0,19
3,83
Source: Ministry of Energy and Mining. Renewable Energy in Serbia, 2009
The real potential of wind energy in Serbia has been estimated to be about 1.300 MW installed
power (" Official Gazette of RS "No. 99/09) and the Serbian State committed to give a feed-in
tariff of 9.5 c€/kWh until a total installed capacity of 540 MW from wind farms is reached
(“Official Gazette of RS” No. 72/09).
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2. Electricity production and distribution in the Municipality of Alibunar
The electricity network is covering the entire territory of Alibunar but it is generally
underdeveloped in terms of capacity. There is an insufficient number of existing substations
and in some places the network itself is rather old and unfavorably spatially positioned. The
private company “Elektrovojvodina d.o.o.” manages the electricity infrastructure.
There is currently no production of alternative and renewable energy in the municipality of
Alibunar while the territory is extremely favorable for wind energy. (OGMA, No. 15/09)
4.2.3. Economics
According to the “Decision on the criteria for determining the status of undeveloped and
developed municipalities in Vojvodina” (Official Gazette of AP Vojvodina, No. 8/2006) which
is based on several economic development indicators (value of national income per capita,
employment rate, number of telephone lines, etc...), the municipality of Alibunar is regarded as
one of the underdeveloped municipality of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.
Employment
In 2006, the employment rate in the Municipality of Alibunar was significantly lower than the
average in Vojvodina or in the South Banat District (OG AP Vojvodina, No. 8/2006).
The table hereunder shows a recent estimation of employment in the Municipality of Alibunar
(SIEPA 2012) as well as in AP Voivodina and in Serbia (Statistical Office of the Republic of
Serbia, 2012e). There are more people unemployed in the Municipality of Alibunar (27.4%)
than in AP Vojvodina (25.7%) or in Serbia (22.5%).
Table 29: Employment
Total population
Employed
Capable of working
Unemployed
Unemployed (%)
Municipality of
Alibunar
20,151.00
7,409.00
10,205.00
2,796.00
27.4
Vojvodina
Province
1,663,687.00
581,430.00
782,462.00
201,032.00
25.7
Serbia
6,272,286.00
2,299 ;068.00
2,964,542.00
665,474.00
22.5
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012b
The economic sector that employs the most people in the M. of Alibunar is agriculture. In 2007,
agriculture employed 21.9% of people in M. of Alibunar, 7.3% in South Banat and 6% in AP
Vojvodina (OGMA, No. 15/09).
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Salaries and wages
In 2012, in the municipality of Alibunar, the salaries (including per diems) are significantly
lower than in the South Banat Region, the Vojvodina Province and the Republic of Serbia
(Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012d). The average net monthly salary during the
period January to November 2012 is 255€ in the Municipality of Alibunar and 377€ in South
Banat as shown in the table here after.
Table 30: Salaries
Gross salaries in 2012
Locations
Nov 2012
RSD
Republic of
Serbia
Vojvodina
Province
South Banat
Region
Municipality
of Alibunar
€
Net salaries in 2012
Average
(Jan-Nov 2012)
Nov 2012
RSD
RSD
€
Average
(Jan-Nov 2012)
€
RSD
€
58,914.0 519,63 56,724.0
500,32 42,395.0
373,93 40,872.0
360,50
57,616.0 508,19 55,145.0
486,39 41,417.0
365,31 39,723.0
350,37
61,246.0 540,20 59,313.0
523,15 44,082.0
388,81 42,730.0
376,89
42,576.0 375,53 40,083.0
353,54 30,637.0
270,23 28,897.0
254,88
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2012d
Share of economic activities in the income
The main economic activity in the municipality in Alibunar is agriculture. The table hereafter
shows the share of income generated by industry, agriculture and business in 2000, 2002 and
in 2004 (OGMA, No. 15/09). Agriculture becomes more and more important: it represents 71%
of the income in 2000, 72% in 2002 and 76% in 2004. Business (wholesale and retail trade)
became also more and more important: it represents 2% of the income in 2000, 3% in 2004 and
9% in 2006. The share of industry in the income decreases a lot: it represents 22% in 2000, 20%
in 2002 and 9% in 2004.
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Figure 24: Income by economic sector in the municipality Alibunar
Income by sector in M. Alibunar
80
70
60
50
Industry
40
Agriculture
30
Wholesale and retail trade
20
10
0
2000
2002
2004
The municipality of Alibunar produces large quantities of raw materials but is unable to process
them within small and medium enterprises or within larger food production factories is almost
gone. Tackling this problem would increase the share of industry in the income.
The main problem for agricultural producers is the lack of adequate space for storing
agricultural products. One of the main obstacles for the construction of these warehouses and
industrial buildings is the lack of spatial planning.
Land use
In 2007, 85.3% of the land located in the municipality of Alibunar was used as farmland among
which 89.7% was arable and mainly fields and gardens. The table hereafter shows land use in
the municipality of Alibunar, in South Banat and in AP Vojvodina (OGMA, No. 15/09).
Figure 25: Percentage of agricultural land: level of Province, District and Municipality
Percentage of farmland
86
84
82
80
78
76
Percentage of farmland
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The share of agricultural land in total land in the county is given in Table 4, whereas the
structure of agricultural land according to the categories is shown in Table 5.
Table 31: Share of agricultural land in the Province, District and Municipality
Census
1991
Census
2002
Census 2004 Census 2007
83,20
82,90
83,30
81,25
Agricultural land in South Banat (%)
80,12
80,45
79,27
Agricultural land in M. of Alibunar
(%)
86,16
85,60
85,27
Agricultural land in Vojvodina (%)
Table 32: The structure of agricultural land in M. Alibunar
Total surface of agricultural land (ha)
Arable land
Arable land (%)
Pastures
Forests
1993
1998
51,579.00 52,013.00
45,630.00 46,018.00
88.50
88.50
5,765.00
5,812.00
1,923.00
1,923.00
2002
51,866.00
46,172.00
89.00
5,547.00
1,923.00
2004
51,531.00
46,309.00
89.70
5,088.00
1,923.00
Tourism
Tourism does not represent an important economic activity in M. of Alibunar.
The Nature Reserve Deliblato Sand is the main touristic attraction in the municipality but its
touristic potential is almost undeveloped. A place called “Devojački Bunar” located on the
territory of Seleuš attracts the most tourists because of a beautiful landscape but lacks
infrastructure and promotion (OGMA, No. 15/09).
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4.2.4. Health
The Health Center (in Serbian “Doma zdravlja”) of the M. Alibunar was created in 1964,
employs 77 people, is open 24 hours a day and offers a wide range of services (pediatric, internal
medicine, pulmonary, radiology, psychiatric, occupational medicine and gynecology). The
ambulance service is equipped with modern vehicles and equipment for emergency. In addition,
in each of the 10 villages of the municipality, a clinic can provide people with primary health
care services. However, no service is specialized in gerontology and no solution has been found
to efficiently transport older people from their home or from nursing homes to the Health Center
without using the emergency service that is too expensive and not adapted to these situations.
The health center and the clinics located in the villages are working in cooperation with the
available public pharmacies and with the two private pharmacies located in Alibunar and in
Banatski Karlovac. Buying common or more specific medicine is not a problem in the
municipality.
The table hereafter shows the number of inhabitants per doctor which is a good indicator of
the capacity of health care in the municipality.
Figure 26/ Number of inhabitants per doctor
Nombre of inhabitants per doctor
900
800
700
600
AP Vojvodina
500
South Banat
400
M. Alibunar
300
200
100
0
1991
1997
2002
2007
According to the Serbian Public Health Institute, in the municipality of Alibunar, there are 29
doctors, including generalists and specialist, 7 dentists, 4 pharmacists and 70 nurses. It is
estimated that there are 745 doctors per inhabitants, which is significantly higher than in AP
Vojvodina or in South Banat. However, some specialists such as X-ray technicians,
radiologists, pediatricians, pharmacists and dentists are well distributed geographically and
should be reorganized (OGMA, No. 15/09).
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4.2.6. Cultural Resources
Cultural life in local communities
There are independent cultural associations in the municipality of Alibunar located in cultural
centers and libraries and founded by local communities. Amateur societies are the most
common organizators of cultural activities, and they are the most common: folk clubs, drama,
recitation, etc. However, professional are lacking to help amateur cultural centers need to be
renovated.
Many cultural events are taking place in the Municipality of Alibunar as for example a cake
competition called "Tortijada" in Banatski Karlovac, in February or a Municipal Folklore and
folk music festival in April
Archeological heritage
The period when the first human settlements were built on the territory of what is today the
Alibunar Municipality has not been reliably determined. However, based on the discovery of
remains of old cultures from the Neolithic and Bronze Age, it is known that people was living
there during the prehistorical age. Various items from the period when Romans dominated the
Banat region from the time of the Great Migration (VI and VII century AD) are precious
information on the past of this region.
Archeological baseline survey
The Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, Pančevo “Zavod za Zaštitu Spomenika
Kulture u Pančevu” (ZZSKP) organized in 2012, on the project site, an archeological field
survey in order to assess the archeological potential of the site.
Some pieces of objects from the Sarmatian, Medieval and the Turkish period were found in the
vicinity of the 13 following turbines: 5, 16-22, 26-30.
A protection zone has been drawn around the turbines where these objects have been found and
is shown on the map with a red hatched area.
Based in the results, of the baseline survey, ZZSKP have given to conditions to the
construction of the wind farm:
1. Any soil excavation within the protection zone will have to be monitored by
the archeologists from ZZSKP
2. In the case of exceptional finding, the investor will have to pay for the
conservatory works.
3. The work should be stopped in case of any archeological discovery in rest of the
project area and the finding should be immediately reported to ZZSKP
4. Any changes in turbine locations should be reported to ZZSKP
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Map 6: Map of archeological findings
Source: archeological field survey, 2012 ( Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture u Pančevu)
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Cultural monument
In the Alibunar municipality mainly religious monuments are the witnesses of the historical
tolerance for multi-ethnicity and religious choices. The first Orthodox Church has been built in
Alibunar in 1735 in an old part of the settlement called the Serbian district “Srpski kraj”. The
second Orthodox Church has been built in 1796, followed exactly one century later by the
construction in 1896 of the Romanian Orthodox Church and a few decades later in 1913 by the
Roman Catholic Church.
A third Serbian Orthodox church called “Sveti Nikola” Serbian Orthodox was built in 1848 in
Ilandža has been designated by ZZSKP as an historic monument protected by law because of
the quality of the paintings (OGMA, 2009).
Figure 27: Cultural monuments in Alibunar (Orthodox churches)
Alibunar Municipality has many monuments of profane architecture, older history and NOB5.
There are also many commemorative plaques, as well as another forms of memorials,
figurines and busts, while there are very few monuments with practical use such as fountains,
drink fountains and libraries
In Alibunar municipality, there are also memorials, fountains and libraries of historical
interest but they are not protected by Law.
5
NOB – Narodno-oslobodilačka borba – Communist resistance during the Second World War
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5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS AND
ASSOCIATED MITIGATION MEASURES
This chapter assesses the potential environmental and social impacts that would be expected to
occur from construction, operation and decommissioning of the project.
The assessment occurs as follow:
1. scoping of the receptors and assessment of their sensitivity to change
2. Scoping of the study area
3. Impact assessment: including mitigation measures and residual impacts
The impact assessment takes into consideration “normal conditions” but also “extreme
conditions” in case of hazards. A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse
effects that is caused by forces extraneous to Man and is therefore difficult to anticipate.
Vulnerability of the site to hazards
Probability for natural hazards
‐ Land-slide: according to the field survey on geological and geotechnical investigations
undertaken in 2011 by GeoMehanika d.o.o., there is no risk of land-slide on the project
area that has a flat surface and deep underground water
‐ Wild fire: the project site is in the middle of a large agricultural area with almost now
trees, there is no possibility for wild fires
‐ Earth-quake: according to the official macro seismic zoning of Vojvodina („Službeni
list SAP Vojvodine”, br. 20/79) there is a possibility for earthquake of 7° °M.SC.
(Mercalli Scale) on the project area. An earth quake of this intensity can only make light
damage to structure of good design and construction. Therefore, the structures can be
altered but are not likely to collapse.
‐ Storms with very violent winds: the probability of very violent winds during a storm
is quite low. In the municipality of Alibunar, the winds blow very often but around of
3.6 to of 5.5m/s, almost never at high speed.
The impact assessment will take into account the probability of earth-quakes and storms with
very violent winds.
Probability for technical hazards
‐ Fire: in the nacelle of the wind turbine or at the transformer substation, there is a very
small chance for fire in case of technical problem. There is no risk of man-made fire for
agricultural purpose because this practice is not implemented by farmers on the project
area.
‐ Collapse of structure: in case of storm with very violent winds, the rotor of the wind
turbines are not likely to fall because in case of danger the blades are taking a neutral
position where it is not vulnerable to wind
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Leak in the liquid retention system the nacelle of the wind turbine and the transformer
substations have a liquid retention system. There is an extremely small chance for this
system to have faulties.
The impact assessment will take into account the probability of fire and leak due to faulty to
the retention system.
‐
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5.1. Assessment of environmental impacts
The paragraphs here after present the potential impacts on the environment that can be very high, high,
moderate or low.
5.1.1. AIR QUALITY
Clean air is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be a basic requirement of
human health and well-being. According to this institution, air pollution is contamination of the
indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the
natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Motor vehicles, industrial facilities and combustion
are common sources of air pollution because the release pollutants of major public health such
as carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide that can cause respiratory and
cardiovascular problems (WHO, 2006).
Sensitivity of the air quality
Where air quality is degraded, it is likely to be of higher sensitivity to additional impacts than
where air quality is good. This is because air quality thresholds and standards may be exceeded
and impacts may arise on human health or vegetation.
The air quality in the municipality of Alibunar is acceptable because they are no major industrial
facilities emitting large quantities of Green House Gases. However home heating fires and
regular traffic on the roads, especially on the E70 international road are sources of air pollution.
The sources of emissions are present, but not likely to exceed international standards.
The air quality sensitivity to change is medium.
Methodology for assessing impacts on air quality
Area of influence and boundaries
We considered air quality at different levels: the pollution is at the scale of the municipality of
Alibunar, the improvement of air quality is at the scale of Serbia.
Methodology
As wind farms do not include combustion sources, the only possible air quality impacts are very
low. For this reason, our methodology is a quantitative assessment based on a qualitative
estimation of the air sensitivity and of the possible impact based on experience.
Impact assessment on air quality and mitigation measures
Wind farms do not include combustion sources and therefore, the only possible air quality
impacts are associated with the release of fugitive dust emissions and pollutant emissions from
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vehicles and equipment during construction and decommissioning, and at very rare occasions
during project maintenance activities.
A. Impacts on air during construction and decommissioning
1. Fugitive dust
Construction activities, including material moving activities, site preparation, and vehicle
traffic, if not properly monitored and controlled, have the potential to generate large amounts
of fugitive dust. The fugitive dust emissions sources can be:
‐ Disturbed surface areas: portion of earth’s surface that has been physically moved,
uncovered, destabilized, or otherwise modified from its undisturbed natural soil
condition, thereby increasing the potential for emissions of fugitive dust.
‐ Storage piles: accumulation of bulk material, often soil or aggregate, that is not fully
enclosed or otherwise covered or chemically stabilized. Fugitive dust emissions may
occur at several points in the storage pile cycle, including material loading or unloading
and dust entrainment in wind currents on the exposed slopes of the storage pile.
‐ Earthmoving: refers to a broad range of construction activities using heavy equipment
to clear land. The activities may directly expose soil material to wind erosion through
excavation, hauling, loading, transferring, and other material moving activities.
‐ Vehicular traffic: Worker vehicles, equipment deliveries, and heavy construction
vehicle traffic over unpaved surfaces causes the material on the road to become lifted,
dropped, and then entrained into the turbulent air currents caused by the velocity of the
vehicle.
The impact of fugitive dust on air quality during construction phase and decommissioning is
assessed as low short-term direct negative impact
2. Vehicles and equipment emissions
Construction activities typically involves the use of gasoline- or diesel-fueled vehicles and
equipment to transport workers, remove debris from the work area, conduct earthwork, erect
structures, deploy conductor, and other activities. The operation of such vehicles and equipment
result in emissions of carbon monoxide, NOx, SO2, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. The
total contributions of vehicle emissions are expected to be minor and temporary.
The impact of vehicles and equipment emissions on air quality during construction phase and
decommissioning is assessed as low short-term direct negative impact
Both fugitive dust and pollution due to fuel emission represent negative impacts that exist for
every construction project. They will be very localized and will only affect the air quality on
the construction site to a very small extent.
B. Impacts on air during operation and maintenance
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1. Vehicle and equipment emissions
Worker in charge of control or maintenance activities on the wind-farm will use gasoline- or
diesel-fueled vehicles and equipment. This will result in emissions of carbon monoxide, NOx,
SO2, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter.
Maintenance and control activity on the wind-farm are expected to be very limited in frequency
and duration. The total contributions of vehicle emissions are expected to be minor and
temporary.
The impact of vehicles and equipment emissions on air quality during operation and
maintenance is assessed as negligible.
2. Indirect reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
A wind-farm produces energy without burning fuel and therefore does not emit pollution. There
is no negative impact.
The main beneficial impact of the project will be to reduce the need for electricity produced
from thermal power plants using fossil energies (e.g. coal) and emitting large quantities of
greenhouse gas. The reduction of greenhouse gas emission contributes to limiting global
warming.
An estimate of greenhouse gas savings potential for this project has been calculated using
EBRD’s Greenhouse Gas Assessment Methodology, where renewable energy power generation
projects are assumed to displace the emissions associated with the national average grid
electricity generation. Based on 63 wind turbines of 2,5 - 3MW in constant use with a possible
annual generation of 1379, 67 to 1655,6GWh, the Alibunar wind farm will provide CO2
emissions savings in the order of 1,1 - 1,31Mt CO2-e/year. The above total does not take into
account emissions associated with the construction phase and other life cycle impacts, and that
wind turbines will not be in constant operation and operate at ideal wind speed throughout a
year.
The wind-farm has a high indirect long-term positive impact on air quality.
C. Impacts on air quality in case of hazard
If for technical reasons (break down, human mistake) or natural reasons (fire, storm) the
substations and the wind turbines are damaged, a fire can happen that would result in releasing
in the air chemicals or particulate matter. The quantity of these pollutants would not be
significant for the air quality in the municipality of Alibunar.
The impact on air quality in case of hazard is assessed as negligible.
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D. Mitigation measures and associated residual impact
In order to reduce the risk for the impacts described above, mitigation measures should be
implemented.
Reduce the risk of fugitive dust emissions
1. Minimize surface clearing to minimum required for operations.
2. Minimize size of material/spoil storage piles.
3. Restrict unnecessary traffic.
4. Minimize and strictly regulate offsite hauling of debris.
5. Use truck bed covers when hauling materials.
6. Supply workforce with dust masks.
7. Use gravel for the access roads.
8. Spray the roads with water during warm period to suppress dust.
9. Plant vegetation where relevant.
While these measures implemented, the impact of fugitive dust on air quality during
construction phase and decommissioning is assessed as negligible.
Reduce emission of contaminants from vehicles and equipment
1. Implement regular vehicle maintenance and repair procedures.
2. Utilize fuel efficient equipment and vehicles.
3. Utilize emission control devices such as catalytic converters.
While these measures implemented, the impact of emission of contaminants from vehicles and
equipment during construction phase and decommissioning is assessed as negligible.
Monitoring program
Monitoring dust emission during construction and decommissioning
Every day, for 30min, the foreman will be controlling the level of dust and particulate matter
on the construction site at the end of the working hours. The results will be written down in a
report. Once a week, the information reported in the report will be reviewed and discussed by
the project developer in order to implement additional Best Management Practices if necessary.
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5.1.2. SOIL
The geology of the soil has been thoroughly studied during a fieldwork survey undertaken in
the project area in 2011 by the private company GeoMehanika.
Sensitivity of the soils to change
The soil is sensitive to change because it needs particular conditions to be able to fully provide
ecosystem services such as water filter, water and nutrient retention, carbon storage, habitats
for plants or many fauna species…etc. For example, if the soil is sealed by a layer of concrete,
or if pedological horizons are destroyed due to machines or erosion, or if the soil is polluted, it
cannot undertake ecological functions anymore. In some cases, the soils can recover over time
or technics can be used to restore the soil (depollution, restoration), but in most of cases soils
are damaged permanently and it takes thousands to millions of years for a new soil to form.
On the study area, as explain in the baseline chapter, the soil is mainly chernozem: a very good
type of soil for agriculture due to its high content in organic matter. The second most common
soil on the project area is meadow soil that is also a first-class soil type for agriculture. Other
soils as marsh, saline and sandy soils are not as good but are not as common. Historical soil
pollutions have never been encountered in the project area and are very unlikely because the land
has always been used for agriculture
The soil on the project is a receptor of high sensitivity.
Methodology for assessing impacts on soil
The assessment of impact on site is limited to the project area because the project will impact
only the soils located on the project area.
Methodology
Our impact assessment is based on knowledge about soil properties and about the technical
characteristics of the project.
Impact assessment on soil
The proposed wind farm project will alter the soil during the construction of the platforms for
the wind turbine, of the transformer substation and of the electric pylons of the transmission
power line.
The widening of the access roads will not affect the legal size of the agricultural parcels because
the space reserved for roads in land planning documents is large enough to enable widening.
As shown in the table hereafter, a total of about 18 hectares of arable land will be destroyed.
Table 33: Surface of agricultural land destroyed by the project
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Type of structure
Wind turbine’s platforms
Transformer substation parcel
Electric pillar’s foundation (barrel
type)
Total
Number
Surface
(ha)
Total
surface (ha)
63
2
0,22
1,78
13,86
3,56
40
0,0144
0,576
17,996
The soil is a sensitive natural resource but the surface impacted will be small compared to the
total project area.
The main impacts on soils and geology are likely to arise during the site preparation and during
the construction activities. In a very small extent, some impacts can occur during operation and
maintenance phase.
Cumulative impact due to the presence in the soil of pollution from historical sources that could
sum up to potential project pollution is not considered as an option because the long agricultural
land use of the site makes the presence of historical contamination very unlikely
A. Impacts on soil during construction phase
The construction phase will involve the following activities on the soil:
‐ Vegetation clearing and grubbing
‐ Soil compaction
‐ Soil sealing
‐ Soil excavation
1. Erosion due to clearing and grubbing
The vegetation cover forms a layer that protects the soils from erosion due to wind and
precipitation and that fixes it with the roots. During the construction phase clearing of
vegetation and grubbing will be necessary in order to enlarge the access roads. As a
consequence, the soil will not be protected anymore and will be damaged by erosion, fugitive
dust will be emitted and the amount of sedimentation carried in storm water runoff will increase.
However, the project area is mainly agricultural land with some patches of grasses and shrubs
on extremely small areas, and its surface is flat so that storm water runoff will not be a concern.
There is no impact on soil associated with erosion due to clearing and grubbing.
2. Soil compacting
Soil compaction is the process in which a stress applied to a soil causes densification as air is
displaced from the pores between the soil grains. Compacted soils become less able to absorb
rainfall, which leads to increased runoff and erosion. Compacted soils are also less favorable to
plants that have difficulties to grow roots and to burrowing animals because denser soils are
more difficult to penetrate
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The soils will be compacted intentionally during the construction process of the platforms of
the wind turbines, the platforms of the electric pylons and the substations.
The soils will also be compacted by the circulation or the parking of vehicles and other
construction equipment. However the surfaces where this compaction is going to happen are
small.
The impact of compaction on soil is assesses as a low direct negative permanent impact.
3. Soil excavation
When digging the soil, the horizons are destroyed or disorganized which destroys or reduces
the capacity of the soil to provide ecological services.
Excavating the soil will be necessary to build the platforms and the foundations of the wind
turbines, the foundations of the electric pylons and the foundations of the transformer
substation. The surfaces were excavation will occur are small.
The impact of soil excavation is assessed as a low direct negative permanent impact.
4. Soil sealing
Soil sealing is the covering of the soil by completely or partly impermeable artificial material
as (asphalt, concrete, etc.). It is the most intense form of land take and is essentially an
irreversible process (Prokop et al. 2011). Sealed soils are not able to absorb rainfall so there is
no possibility of aquifer recharge and soils lose their function of habitat for biodiversity.
On the project area, the soils will be sealed in order to build the platforms of the wind turbines,
the platforms of the electric pylons and the substations. These surfaces are very small.
The impact of soil sealing on soil is assessed as a low direct negative permanent impact.
5. Soil pollution
During construction and decommissioning, soil contamination can occur from the use, improper
handling and spilling of hazardous materials, such as insulating oils, wood preservatives, paints,
fuel and other toxic substances which could be used during the construction of the project. It
can also result from leaks from vehicles and equipment. These risks exist for any construction
site and the surface that could be impacted are small.
The impact of soil pollution is assessed as a low long-term negative impact.
6. Mud carrying off the site
As the platforms and the access roads will be covered by gravel, the quantity of mud likely to
be carried off the site on vehicle tires is extremely small.
There is no impact related to mud carrying off-site.
.
B. Impacts on soil during operation and maintenance
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During operation and maintenance of the project, excavation and sealing will not be necessary.
Soil compaction is not a danger because the machines and vehicles will stay on the platforms
and access roads.
However, the following activities might be implemented:
‐ Soil pollution
Soil pollution
During operation and maintenance, soil contamination can occur from the use, improper
handling and spilling of hazardous materials, such as insulating oils, wood preservatives, paints,
and other toxic substances as herbicides and other toxic substances which could be used during
the construction of the project. It can also result by fuel leaks from vehicles and equipment
Large quantities of lubricants will be used both in the nacelles of the wind turbines and in the
transformer substation and could pollute the soil in case of leak. However a collecting system
(drip tray, tanks) is already integrated in the design of both the nacelles and the transformer
substation and will prevent the leak of lubricants and other chemicals and regularly emptied
during maintenance.
The impact of soil pollution is assessed as a low direct long-term negative impact.
C. Impacts on soil in case of hazard
Soil pollution due to accident
‐ If there is an accident with a vehicles or a machine on the construction site, some fuels
or lubricants can be spilled. However, the quantities of fuels in the vehicles would not
be very large.
In case of vehicle accident, and related fuel leak, the impact on soil would be a low long-term,
direct, negative impact.
Soil pollution due to damage to the infrastructure
‐ If for technical reasons (break down, human mistake) or natural reasons (earth quake,
storm) the retention system of the substations and the wind turbines are damaged, this
could result into an important leak of the lubricants that are used in these infrastructures
and collected into retention system.
In case of damage to the infrastructure, soil pollution could be assessed as a moderate longterm, direct, negative impact.
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D. Mitigation measures and associated residual impact for the soil
Prevent soil compaction
1. Clearly identify and demarcate access roads and parking place on large scale
topographic maps before construction and confine vehicles and equipment to them
in order to avoid damaging larger areas
2. Clearly identify and demarcate the limits of the construction sites including places
where construction equipment will be moved and stored and places where shelters
and sanitary equipment for the workers will be installed.
The residual impact on soil compaction if these mitigation measures are implemented is
negligible.
Prevent soil pollution
1. Clearly identify and demarcate access roads and parking places
2. Clearly identify and demarcate the limits of the construction sites
3. Establish a secured designated fuel and chemical storage area, with an impervious soil
covering and sufficient containment volume and store all chemicals at this place
4. Develop procedures for emergency/ spill response, and for the storage and handling of
fuels, construction materials and wastes.
5. Check hoses and valves regularly for leaks ensure they are turned off and securely
locked when not in use.
6. Make sure to have recipients that can collect fuels in case of leaks as well as a minimum
of 3 kg of environmentally friendly substances able to absorb fuel and other spills
7. Conduct regular inspections of construction vehicles to identify and repair leaks or
damaged fuel/lubricant lines.
8. Restrict refueling of vehicles or equipment to impermeable hard-standing areas with
strict spill controls.
9. Place diesel pumps and similar items on drip trays to collect minor spillages. Check
trays regularly and remove any accumulated oil.
10. Separate polluted soils and treat it as hazardous waste.
11. Undertake vegetation control using manual techniques which do not require the use of
herbicides where possible
12. Use non-toxic paints and preservatives where possible.
13. Contain, excavate, and containerize all spills of hazardous material in accordance with
local regulations
The residual impact on soil pollution if these mitigation measures are implemented is negligible.
Properly manage excavated soil
1. Store excavated soil without mixing up the horizons, protect it from pollution and
backfill material in the same stratigraphic sequence at the same location and if not
possible on other locations.
2. Reuse the soil excavated when digging the turbines on another construction site but
make sure to use fertile topsoil for recultivation of damaged areas
3. Stockpiles will be a maximum of 2 m high
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The residual impact on excavated soil if these mitigation measures are implemented is
negligible.
Monitoring program
 during construction and decommissioning
1. Look for chemical leaks: Once a day, for 30 min, the foreman will look for chemical
leaks on the locations where the workers have been working and will ask the rest of the
team if they noticed a leak. In case of leak, the name and the estimated volume of
pollutants spilled, as well as the measures taken to stop and remove the pollution will
be written in a report. Once a week, the information reported in the report will be
reviewed and discussed by the project developer in order to implement additional Best
Management Practices if necessary.
2. Monitor waste management: Once a day for 15 min, the foreman of the construction
team will control the management of waste including domestic solid waste, domestic
waste water and hazardous waste. For every type of waste, he will make sure that they
are adequately disposed and that there are no leaks. In case of problems, he will take the
appropriate measures. The foreman will write down in a report the problems
encountered and the measures taken to solve them.
 during operation and maintenance
1. Look for chemical leaks: During operation, in intervals defined by the equipment
producer, the maintenance team will be emptying and controlling the retention system
in the nacelles and in the transformer substation. The volume of chemicals found in the
retention system and the reason for the leak as well as the measures implemented to
solve the problem will be reported in a report. Once a month, the information reported
in the report will be reviewed and discussed by the project developer in order to
implement additional Best Management Practices if necessary.
2. Monitor waste management: During operation, the foreman of maintenance team will
control the management of waste including domestic solid waste, domestic waste water
and hazardous waste. Upon noticing of waste on the site, it should be removed as soon
as possible. Semi-annual controls of the entire area for vaste should be done. For each
type of waste, the foreman will make sure that they are adequately disposed and that
there are no leaks. In case of problems, he will take the appropriate measures. The
foreman will write down in a report the problems encountered and the measures taken
to solve them.
3. Control the state of the lubricating system: During operation, in intervals defined by the
equipment producer, the maintenance team will control the level of lubricants in the
nacelles of the wind turbines and in the transformer substation and will empty the
retention system. In a report, he will describe the level of lubricants, the state of the
retention system, the problems encountered and the measures taken to solve them.
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5.1.3. WATER
Sensitivity of the water to change
Surface water bodies
On the study area, the only surface water body is a pond that was formed by wastewater emitted
by a pig farm. This surface water is polluted with nitrates and chemicals that were used for
raising the pigs (hormones and medicines). For this reason the water is not drinkable and is not
used for agricultural purposes. However the pond is used as habitat by many interesting species
of birds. The sensitivity to change of this pond has been assessed as low.
Underground water bodies
There are two aquifers containing underground water in the project area:
‐ The shallow aquifer situated at a depth of 50m is not used as water supply because of
low yields and chemical pollution. The permeability of the overlying sediments is
compensated by the relatively deep location of the groundwater table (50 m bgl). The
sensitivity of this aquifer is assessed as low.
‐ The deepest aquifer situated at a depth of 90 meters to about 130 meters is drinkable
and used as a water supply. Therefore its vulnerability is higher. However, the
permeability of the overlying sediments is compensated by the deep location of the
groundwater table (90 to 130 m bgl). Consequently, the sensitivity of the second aquifer
is also assessed as low.
Methodology for assessing impacts on water
The surface water bodies taken into consideration is a pond limited to the study area.
The underground water bodies taken into consideration are located under the project area but
are flowing further away. For these aquifers, the area of influence is the Municipality of
Alibunar.
Methodology
Our impact assessment is based on knowledge about water and soil properties and about the
characteristics of the project. Knowledge about hydrology in the area is based on available
literature (OGMA, No. 15/09) and on the fieldwork survey undertaken by GeoMehanika in
2011.
Impact assessment on water
Construction and operation of the project is not anticipated to have any long-term impact on surface
water or groundwater resources. Water availability is not a significant issue because there are no
consumptive uses or large amounts of water needed for withdrawal for construction, maintenance,
or operation of the wind farm.
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The main project activities with the greatest potential to impact surface water and groundwater
include enlarging access roads, excavation for wind turbines, substation and electrical tower
foundations.
A. Impacts on water during construction and decommissioning
1. Change in the aquifer recharge system
During operation, the project will have no water demands and no discharges will be made.
During excavation works water levels will be controlled using pumping and cut-off drains if
necessary. As the first aquifer is 50 bgl, dewatering operations in order to temporarily lower
groundwater levels may not be necessary.
There will be no impact on groundwater level.
2. Groundwater pollution
Potential impacts to the groundwater resource during construction may occur from leaks or spills
of diesel or lubricants on the site from equipment or machinery. However, contaminants originating
from leaks from machines and vehicles are unlikely to reach the aquifer because these leaks would
represent small volumes and the aquifer is 50 m bgl.
There will be no pollution impact on groundwater.
3. Surface water pollution
‐ Chemical pollution: Potential impacts to surface water during construction may occur from
the use, improper handling and spills of hazardous materials, such as insulating oils, wood
preservatives, paints, herbicides and other toxic substances which could be used during the
operation and maintenance of the project. These contaminants would represent small
volumes.
‐ Sediments and dust pollution: Earthmoving activities as excavation disturb soil and create
fugitive dust and particulate matter which can be washed by storm water runoff and carried
to nearby surface waters resulting in increased levels of turbidity and sediment deposition.
It is unlikely that storm water runoff would be carried more than 100 meters from each
construction site so the water surface pollution will be very limited and it cannot reach the
pond.
As the study area is very large, the impact on runoff would be negligible and would not reach the
pond located at least 1.30km from the closest turbine.
There will be no pollution impact on surface water.
B. Impacts on water during operation and maintenance
1. Change in the aquifer recharge system
During operation, the project will have no water demands and no discharges will be made.
Soil sealing on the project area will be limited and will not bring any significant change in the
aquifer recharge system.
There will be no impact on groundwater level.
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2. Groundwater pollution
‐ Leak from the wind turbines: there is no risk of leaks from the nacelles of the wind turbines
thanks to the retention system
‐ Leak from the transformer substation: there is no risk of leaks from the transformer
substation thanks to the retention system
There will be no pollution impact on groundwater.
4. Surface water pollution
Potential impacts to surface water during construction may occur from the use, improper handling
and spills of hazardous materials, such as insulating oils, wood preservatives, paints, herbicides and
other toxic substances which could be used during the operation and maintenance of the project.
These contaminants would represent small volumes.
As the study area is very large, the impact on runoff would be negligible and would not reach the
pond located at least 1.30km from the closest turbine.
There will be no pollution impact on surface water.
C. In case of hazards
Water pollution due to accident
If there is an accident with a vehicles or a machine on the construction site, some fuels or
lubricants can be spilled. However, the quantities of fuels in the vehicles would not be very
large and is not likely to reach the second aquifer.
In case of vehicle accident, and related fuel leak, the impact on underground water would be
negligible.
Water pollution due to damage to the infrastructure
If for technical reasons (break down, human mistake) or natural reasons (earth quake, storm)
the retention system of the substations and the wind turbines are damaged, this could result into
an important leak of the lubricants that are used in these infrastructures and collected into
retention system. The foundations of the turbines could create a preferential pathway for
contaminants to reach aquifers but given that the concrete foundations depth will be limited to 5 m
bgl and that the aquifer was not encountered by the geotechnical boreholes advances to 50 m bgl
the groundwater contamination risk related to foundation can be considered low.
In case of damage to the infrastructure, soil pollution could be assessed as a low long-term,
direct, negative impact.
D. Conclusion on impact on water
The project has been designed so as eliminate any kind of impact on water. What is more, the
sensitivity of water bodies on the site is low. The project is not likely to have any impact on
water, except a low impact in case of hazard if the retention system in the wind turbines or the
transformer substation is damaged.
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5.1.4. NOISE AND VIBRATIONS
Background information
Any construction project creates noise during construction and decommissioning phases. Windfarm projects also create noise during operation that can have an impact on the surrounding
communities.
International guidelines and the Serbian legislation define permissible limits for noise levels in
different areas.
Table 34: Noise limit recommended by the IFC Noise Level Guidelines
Permissible limits for noise levels LAeq (dB)
Receptor
Daytime: 07:00-22:00
Nighttime: 22:00-07:00
Residential, institutional
and educational
55
45
Industrial and commercial
70
70
Source: IFC, 2007
Table 35: Noise limits according to Serbian law
Degree
Use of the space
Noise limits in
dB(A)
Day
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Night
Areas for recreation, areas around hospitals, areas for cultural
50
40
events, large parks
Tourist areas, small and big towns, camps, general educational
50
45
areas
Purely residential areas
55
45
Business - residential areas, commercial - residential areas,
60
50
children's playgrounds
Central city areas, manufacturing and commercial areas,
65
55
administrative areas, areas around highways and regional
roads
Industrial zones, warehouse service areas and transportation
At the border area
terminals without housing
of the complex it is
not allowed to
exceed the noise
levels permitted for
adjacent areas
Source : Rulebook on permitted noise level in the environment “JUS U.J6.205”, (Sl. glasnik RS", br. 54/92)
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Sensitivity of the receptors to noise an vibrations
The sensitivity to noise depends on the proximity of receptors and existing noise environment.
A receptor may be defined as any point on the premises occupied by persons where extraneous
noise and/or vibration are received (IFC, 2007).
The identified receptors for the noise and vibrations that will be emitted by the wind farm during
operation are the residents from the villages of Vladimirovac and Seleuš because residents of
other communities will not be able to perceive the sound emitted by the wind farm (IMS
2013).According to Serbian Law, these receptors fall into degree III „Purely residential areas”
and their sensitivity have considereed as moderate for this study (high sensitivity receptors are
classidied as degree I and II and low sensitivity receptors as degree V and VI).
The identified receptors for the noise due to traffic increase are the settlements located along
the road E70: Pančevo, Banatsko Novo Selo, Vladimirovac and Alibunar. The sensitivity of
these receptors is moderate.
Methodology for assessing noise and vibration impacts
The study area for this impact assessment includes all the potential receptors: Pančevo,
Banatsko Novo Selo, Vladimirovac, Alibunar and Seleuš;
Methodology
The methodology used for this impact assessment is based on the noise impact assessment study
undertaken for this project by the IMS institute (IMS 2013) and on literature research.
Noise predictions were carried out under worst-case downwind propagation conditions.
- The sound power levels of the wind turbines used as a basis of the assessment are also
measured under down-wind conditions.
The factors considered for undertaking predictions of noise levels are:
- decrease in sound energy with distance;
- absorption of sound energy in air;
- attenuation of sound energy by passage over acoustically "soft" ground;
- screening of the turbines by topography and other obstacles; and meteorological
conditions.
The calculation method described in ISO 9613 was used as a reference for our calculations.
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Impact assessment on noise
Noise from vehicles and heavy equipment during construction, operation and maintenance
could disturb nearby residents and others. It will be managed by controlling working hours:
08:00 to 19:00 Monday to Friday and 08:00 – 14:00 on Saturday. Construction is anticipated
to take approximately 18 months in duration and operation is supposed to take 10 months.
The nearest residential receptor in Vladimirovac is approximately 1.07 km from the site
boundary. The project site will be sufficiently distant from dwellings to avoid noise impacts on
residents.
A. Noise impact during construction and decommissioning
Road Traffic Noise
The table here under shows an assessment of the impact of traffic flow changes on noise level
as well as the associate significance of impact. (UK Highways Agency, 2011)
Table 36: Impact of road traffic flow changes on noise level
Change in
traffic flow
Noise
(dB)
change Significance
of impact
0
0.1 – 0.9
25% increase or 1 – 2.9
20% decrease
100% increase or 3 – 4.9
50% decrease
5+
No change
Negligible
Minor
Moderate
Major
Source : UK Highways Agency, 2011
A change in noise level of 1 dB is equivalent to a 25% increase or a 20% decrease in traffic
flow, assuming other factors remain unchanged and a change in noise level of 3 dB is equivalent
to a 100% increase or a 50% decrease in traffic flow.
As shown in the Baseline studies on the road E-70, that connects Alibunar to Belgrade, Pančevo
and Vršac, from 2007 to 2011, there was a daily average traffic of 4,744 cars and 614 trucks
(among which 79 heavy trucks).
During the worst case period, there will be up to 40 heavy vehicle movements per day and up
to 30 light vehicle movements. This would represent a short term traffic flow increase lower
than 25%, that means less than 0.1 to 0.9 decibel noise change.
The increase in traffic flow due to construction and decommissioning of the wind-farm will
have a low direct negative impact.
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B. Noise impact during operation and maintenance
In order to assess the noise impact that the wind farm might have on receptors, both potential
modeled noise impact from wind turbines and local environmental noise have been considered.
Ambient noise level at the receptors
As shown in the baseline chapter, the measured values of LAeq (Equivalent continuous Aweighted sound pressure level) during the day period at the receptors showed that the highest
noise level are:
‐ Lday = 52.8 dB and
‐ Lnight = 44.2 dB for the night
(see the baseline chapter)
Noise from wind turbines
The IMS Institute has assessed the potential noise impact created by the Alibunar Wind Farm
during operation (IMS 2013).
Those calculations have been carried out using the software Win Pro ver. 2.6. The program has
consistently implemented calculation method designed according to the standard SRPS ISO
1996-2:2010, (ISS, 2010).
The calculation method has followed the general theoretical principles of acoustics and rules of
the sound waves propagation. The noise was compared to the assumed criteria for a permissible
level for Zone 3: purely residential areas. The calculations are presented in the graphical layout
plan as isophone lines.
At low speeds, the wind noise has the lowest values, and with an increased wind speed, the
noise level grows to a certain value, and then it becomes constant and does not depend on the
wind speed. According to the study done by the IMS Institute, the constant noise level is reached
at the wind speed of 7m/s.
The predicted noise levels generated by the wind farm are presented on the map hereafter, for
the two different wind speed conditions.
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Map 7: Sound emission at a wind speed of 5m/s
Source: IMS Institute, 2013
As shown by the figure above, at a wind speed of 5 m/s, the only affected residential area will
be Vladimirovac.
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Map 8: Sound emission at a wind speed of 5m/s
Source: IMS Institute, 2013
As shown by the figure above, at a wind speed of 8 m/s, both Seleuš and Vladimirovac will be
affected.
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Considering that Serbian legislation allows a noise level up to 55dB during the day and up to
45 dB during the night in residential areas and that the highest recorded ambiance noise is 52.8
dB during the day and 44.2 dB during the night (see baseline chapter), it can be concluded that
the noise level of 30-39 dB, caused by the wind turbines, will not exceed the ambiance noise
currently present, and will stay within the legal limits prescribed by regulation.
The impact of the operating wind farm on nearby residential areas will be low.
Wind turbine vibrations
Wind turbines during operation do not emit vibrations that could impact human health or the
environment.
There are no direct health effects from noise at the level of noise generated by wind turbines
(Leventhall et al., 2003) because the infrasonic noise and vibration radiated from modern,
upwind configuration wind turbines are below the threshold of perception.
There is no impact due to wind turbine vibrations.
Road Traffic Noise
During operation the vehicle movements to the site is estimated to be 7 light vehicle movements
(14 trips) per week, as a worst case scenario. Given the existing levels of road traffic, road
traffic noise from operation is not considered significant.
Increase in traffic flow due to operation and maintenance of the wind-farm does not have any
significant noise impact on the environment.
Noise and vibrations due to the power line or transformer substation
During operation, a low buzzing sound will be audible directly under the line and perhaps a few
meters outside the line’s width. This could be louder during wet weather. However, it will not
be audible from the closest houses that will be more than 1km away.
Noise and vibrations due to the power line or the transformer substation will not impact the
environment.
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C. Mitigation measures and residual impact
In order to avoid increase in road traffic noise during construction and decommissioning, it is
recommended to:
1. Confine construction activities to daylight hours within 5 km of residential areas.
2. Truck access from the regional road E70 to the site, should be arranged so that they do
not pass through the streets of lower rank in the urban areas.
3. Put information signs along the road in order to inform people of noise disturbance
during working hours.
After implementation of this measure, the residual impact of road traffic increase during
construction and decommissioning is assessed as negligible.
Monitoring program for noise during operation
In order to make sure that the noise and vibration does not exceed the prevision of this study a
continuous noise monitoring program should be implemented close to the closest houses of
Seleuš and Vladimirovac settlements. This program should be elaborated by the experts of IMS
institute.
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5.1.5. SHADOW FLICKER
Baseline information on shadow flicker
As the blades of a wind turbine rotate in sunny conditions, they cast moving shadows on the
ground resulting in alternating changes in light intensity. This phenomenon is termed shadow
flicker.
Shadow flicker is different from a related strobe-like phenomenon that is caused by intermittent
chopping of the sunlight behind the rotating blades.
Shadow flicker intensity is defined as the difference or variation in brightness at a given location
in the presence and absence of a shadow. The speed of shadow flicker increases with windturbine rotor speed. (Risser et al, 2007).
Shadow flicker is a function of several factors, including the location of people relative to the
turbine, the wind speed and direction, the diurnal variation of sunlight, the geographic latitude
of the location, the local topography, and the presence of any obstructions (Nielsen 2003 in
Risser et al, 2007).
Shadow flicker can be considered as a nuisance to people living near especially when its
intensity and the frequency of the shadow flicker is important.
Flicker frequency due to a turbine is on the order of the rotor frequency (i.e., 0.6-1.0 Hz), which
is harmless to humans. According to the Epilepsy Foundation of America, only frequencies
above 10 Hz are likely to cause epileptic seizures (Risser et al, 2007).
Shadow flicker’s impact on health is controversial. There is limited scientific evidence of an
association between annoyance from prolonged shadow flicker (exceeding 30 minutes per day)
and potential transitory cognitive and physical health effects. (Ellenbogenet al. 2012). However,
as it has not been proved that shadow flicker does not have any health impact, the risk should
be assessed.
Disturbance due to shadow flicker can be a problem for local residents that have a shadow
flicker on their window or to local drivers who can be distracted while driving.
There are no official regulations of shadow flicker. Best practice in Germany suggested that the
maximum number of hours of allowed shadow flicker per year (when there are awaken people
in the house) is 30 hours, while in Denmark it is 10 hours. (Risser et al., 2007).
Sensitivity of the receptors
The receptors are the residents living near the project area. Their sensitivity is low because there
are no houses within the buffer area of 1km around the project area (close area of influence).
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Impact assessment
Study area
The study area is the buffer area of 5 km around the project area called before “medium area
of influence” and that includes Vladimirovac, Seleuš and some houses in Alibunar
Scoping
The source of shadow flicker can only be wind turbines during the operation phase of the
project.
Methodology for impact assessment
The shadow flicker on the study area has been analytically modeled using specific software and
a “Map of shadows” (see before) have been made that shows the annual variation of hours of
exposure to moving shadows according to changes in position and distances to the wind
turbines.
Impact assessment
According to the results, only 2 or 3 houses could be impacted by shadow flicker in Kolonija
and would not be exposed to more than 10 to 25 hours a year. As shadow flicker only lasts for
a short time each day, rarely more than half an hour and is observed only for a few weeks in the
winter season (Risser et al., 2007), this is a low intensity exposure
Given the low number of houses affected and the low number of hours of annual exposure, the
impact is assessed as negligible.
Monitoring program
The rotor frequency should be monitored permanently in order to know how it fluctuates along
the year.
Once a year, the project developer should meet with the local farmers who will work on the
project area and with people living in the houses that could be impacted by the shadow flicker
and ask if they are suffering from any health problem. If people complain about health
problems, doctors should be consulted for further examination in order to be sure that they are
related to shadow flicker. If it is the case (very unlikely) compensation or reduction measures
should be taken.
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Map 9: Map of shadows
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5.1.6. ICE THROW
When temperatures are negative or around zero, wind turbines may be covered by ice. If a wind
turbine operates in icing conditions, two types of risks may occur if the rotor blades collect ice.
The fragments from the rotor are thrown off from the operating turbine due to aerodynamic and
centrifugal forces or they fall down from the turbine when it is shut down or idling without
power production.
Ice throw depends upon the weather and especially the wind conditions, on the instrumentation
of the wind turbine's control system, and on the strategy of the control system itself. (…)
Observations show that the ice fragments don’t hit the ground as long slender parts but break
off immediately after detaching from the blade into small fragments. (Seifert et. al. 2003)
Wind turbine icing occurs only a few days per year during extreme winter conditions. During
these icing days only situations with a proper wind speed and wind direction in combination
with detachment of ice fragments at the right time and right location will cause a hit at a certain
spot at the ground. Provided that a person stays exactly at that time on that location an incident
or accident occurs. If 15,000 persons pass the road close to the wind turbine per year there might
be one accident in 300 years. The risk for this situation to happen is therefore very low (Seifert
et. al. 2003).
Sensitivity of the receptors to change
The wind turbines will be erected close to agricultural roads and in farm land. The potential
receptors are local farmers who are working often close to wind turbines and the maintenance
staff. The sensitivity of the receptor has been assessed as moderate.
Potential visitors who could walk close to the turbines are not taken into consideration because
the project area is not attractive.
Methodology for assessing ice throw impacts
It has been established that the safety distance between the turbine and the nearest object can
be calculated as: 1.5*(hub height + rotor diameter) (Tammelin et al. 1998).
For the Alibunar project, the area where ice throw could happen is within a radius of about
400m around wind turbines.
Table 37: Zone under ice throw risk
Technical specifications
hub height (m)
rotor diameter (m)
1.5*(hub height + rotor diameter)
Vestas V126
119
126
367,5
Vestas
V112
100
100
300
Enercon
Sinovel
E-101
SL3000/113
99
110
101
113
300
334,5
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Methodology
Our impact assessment methodology is based on available literature and the characteristic of
the project and of the study area.
Ice throw impact assessment
A. During operation and maintenance
As shown in the Baseline chapter, Serbia is characterized by a continental climate with average
temperature around zero from December to February and with days of frost from October to
April. In these climatic conditions, icing of wind turbines is likely to occur.
In the 400m radius risk zone around wind turbines there are no houses but there are agricultural
roads that are driven regularly by farmers, and there are some fields where farmers are working
from time to time. Because of maintenance activity, maintenance staff will work regularly on
the wind turbines.
The impact of ice throw is assessed as direct, negative low impact.
There is a low risk for ice throwing that can be avoided if the following precautions measures
presented hereafter are taken.
B. Mitigation measures and residual impact
Warning about the risk
1. Use warning signs in order to signal the area of risk around the turbine.
2. Inform operational staff and local farmers about the conditions likely to lead to ice
accretion on the turbine, of the risk of ice falling from the rotor and of the areas of risk.
In case of danger
1. If a defined deviation is detected which can be related to a beginning rotor blade icing,
the turbine should be shut down
If these measures are implemented properly, there is no residual impact due to ice throw.
Monitoring program
-
Continuously check the power curve and the ambient air temperature using an ice free
anemometer and a heated wind vane (Seifert et. al. 2003) from September to May.
Page147
5.1.7. LANDSCAPE
The European Landscape Convention of the Council of Europe was ratified by the Serbian
government on June 2011 and entered into force the same year. It promotes landscape
protection, management and planning. In its preamble, the Convention defines “landscape” as
“an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of
natural and/or human factors”. (COE, 2000)
According to the Council of Europe (COE 2008), wind farms are among the types of projects
that strongly influence the quality of a place.
The magnitude or size of wind farm elements, and the distance between them and the viewer,
are basic physical measures that affect visibility, but the key issue is human perception of visual
effects, and that is not simply a function of size and distance. (…) The perception of the viewer
depends on experience, the visual field, attention, background, contrast and expectation,
(University of Newcastle, 2002).
Public perceptions of wind-energy projects vary widely. To some, wind turbines appear
visually pleasing, while others view them as intrusive industrial machines (Risser, 2007)
Sensitivity of the receptor to change
Main receptor: human perception of the landscape
The receptors are all the persons that can be impacted by the change of the landscape due to the
wind-farm project for example: residents, workers, commuters, traveler, tourists, local
recreationist (walking, biking, running…etc.) (University of Newcastle, 2002).
- The residents are permanently present on the study area and might see the projects from
their house.
- Commuters and workers (farmers) might be affected during their working day.
- Tourists are not numerous in the study area and are not visiting the area for landscape
except maybe in Devojački Bunar
Residential and leisure areas are located at least 1 km from the project site. The workers that
are more likely to be impacted by the project are the farmers that will be working close to the
project site.
The sensitivity of the receptors is considered as medium.
Page148
Methodology for Visual Impact Assessment
Area of influence and boundaries: Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI)
The study area has been defined according to the Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) of the wind
farm. The ZVI map hereafter shows visually affected areas and the number of turbines that can
be seen from these areas. The visibility of the wind farm is mainly affected by its size and by
local topography. The map shows that because of topography, the wind turbines will not be
entirely visible or not visible at all from the valleys close to the project area (A, B and C), from
the depression of Alibunar, from the natural reserve “Deliblato Sands”, from the valley southwest from Padina, from the valleys south from Alibunar, from the depression of the Tamiš river,
from the valleys located between Kočarevo and Banatsko Novo Selo and south of them.
According to the ZVI, the wind farms might be visible up to 30km from the project area.
However, at this distance the wind-farm will be hardly noticeable and for this reason we defined
the study area as a circle of 20km radius from the project area that includes 16 settlements:
Alibunar, Vladimirovac, Seleuš, Banatsko Novo Selo, Nikolinci, Banatski Karlovac, Crepaja,
Kačarevo, Kovačica, Padina, Lokve, Janošnik, Ilandža, Novi Kozjak, Samoš, and Dobrica.
Methodology: selection of 11 view points
In order to assess the magnitude of change, 11 viewpoints have been selected in the study area
as shown by the map called “Viewpoints location”.
These viewpoints are main roads and settlements from which receptors (inhabitants, tourists,
commuters and workers can be affected by the visual impact due to the project. The viewpoints
have been chosen according to these receptors.
Pictures have been taken from these viewpoints so as to show the existing visual resource and
the sensitivity of this resource to wind farm development.
These pictures have been superimposed with a representation of the proposed design of the
project within a photomontage that shows the predicted appearance of the final proposed
development.
The photomontage was made with software that takes into account the distance between the
observation point and the wind turbines and shows the turbines at the size they will appear in
the landscape when constructed. The photomontage is shown in Appendixes of this study.
The visual impact of the wind-farm has only been assessed as negative because it is a common
reaction among the general public. However, the development of a wind-farm project in this
flat and monotonous agricultural could be perceived by some viewers as a modern and
interesting object that can give an added value to the landscape.
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Map 10: Zone of virtual influence
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Page151
Map 11: Viewpoints location
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Landscape sensitivity due to physical characteristics of the landscape
The “landscape sensitivity” or” visual sensitivity” is the extent to which a landscape or visual
composition can accommodate of a particular type and scale without adverse effects on its
character or value (SNH, 2006).
The study area is dominated by a flat and monotonous plateau intensely covered with
geometrical agriculture parcels. Some semi-natural habitats patches of salty meadows or steppe
grass land can be found but monotonous farm land is dominant. The landscape of the study area
does not show high cultural or natural value and is considered to have a low sensitivity to
landscape change.
Magnitude of change
In order to assess the magnitude of change, at every viewpoint, a table was used that associates
human perception to wind farm with a magnitude of change (University of Newcastle, 2002).
In this table (see hereafter), the magnitude of change is never assessed as very large because
the wind turbines are located at a minimum distance of 1km from the closest houses and at a
minimum distance of 2,5 km from the closest road. The viewer does perceive the real size of
the wind turbines.
The magnitude of change is never assessed as negligible because at this wind-farm does change
the landscape in a radius of at least 20km from the turbines.
Table 38: Assessment of magnitude of change
Descriptors – appearance in
central vision field
Magnitude
of change
Commanding, controlling the
view
Very large
Seleuš (PM4), Vladimirovac (PM2), road
between Vladimirovac and Alibunar (PM3),
road between Vladimirovac and Banatsko
Novo Selo (PM1)
Standing out, striking, sharp,
unmistakable, easily seen
Large
Road between Alibunar and Lokve (PM11)
Noticeable, distinct, catching the
eye or attention, clearly visible,
well defined
Padina (PM7), Novi Kozjak.(PM5), road
between Ilandža and Novi Kozjak (PM8),
road between Banatsko Novo Selo and
Pančevo (PM9), Lokve (PM10)
Visible, evident, obvious
Viewpoints
Samoš (PM6)
Moderate
Small
Lacking sharpness of definition,
not obvious, indistinct, not clear,
obscure, blurred, indefinite
Weak, not legible, near limit of
acuity of human eye
Very small
Negligible
Source: University of Newcastle, 2002
Impact assessment
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A. Visual impact during operation
Magnitude of change associated with landscape sensitivity
The table hereafter shows for every viewpoint its location, the associated to a picture, an
assessment of landscape sensitivity and an assessment of magnitude of change. The all
photomontage is shown in annex with a better precision
Figure 28: Description of the photomontage
PM1 is a viewpoint located close to the
entrance of Banatsko Novo Selo on the
road between Banatsko Novo Selo and
Vladimirovac. At this location, the
landscape is dominated by flat and
monotonous intensive agriculture. The
wind turbines appear smaller than the
tree but are prominent and unmistakable
by the commuter. The magnitude of
change is large. The impact on landscape
is assessed as direct, long-term, negative,
and moderate.
PM2 is located at the entrance of
Vladimirovac from the road between
Vladimirovac and Alibunar. At this
location, the landscape is dominated by
flat
and
monotonous
intensive
agriculture and is altered by agricultural
infrastructure. The wind turbines are
easily seen even if they appear smaller
than bushes and industrial infrastructure.
The magnitude of change is large. The
impact on landscape is assessed as direct,
long-term, negative, and moderate.
PM3 is located at the entrance of
Alibunar from the road between
Vladimirovac and Alibunar.
At this location, the landscape is
dominated by flat and monotonous
intensive agriculture altered by an
electric pylon. The wind turbines are
standing out and easily seen even if they
appear smaller than the electric pylon.
The magnitude of change is large. The
long-term, negative, and moderate.
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PM4 is located at the village of Seleuš.
dominated by extremely flat and
wind turbines are striking, sharp and
unmistakable. They are controlling the
view. The magnitude of change is large.
The impact on landscape is assessed as
direct,
long-term,
negative,
and
moderate.
PM5 is located at the village of Novi
Kozjak. At this location, the landscape is
flat and covered with steppe grassland of
high ecological value for sousliks
(Spermophilus citellus) with a small
plantation of (Morus sp.) of importance
for the reproduction of the rook (Corvus
frugilegus). The landscape is assessed as
a moderate quality landscape even if it is
altered by electric pylons. The wind
turbines are obvious. The magnitude of
change is small. The impact on landscape
is assessed as direct, long-term, negative,
and low.
PM6 is located at the entrance of Samoš
from the road between Samoš and
Padina. At this location, the landscape is
intensive agriculture affected by electric
pylons. The wind turbines appear blurred
and indefinite. The magnitude of change
is very small. The impact on landscape is
assessed as direct, long-term, negative,
and negligible.
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PM7 is located at the village of Padina.
intensive agriculture. The wind turbines
look visible and obvious but look smaller
than all the trees on the picture. The
magnitude of change is small. The impact
on landscape is assessed as direct, longterm, negative, and low.
PM8 is on the road between Ilandža and
Novi Kozjak. At this location, the
landscape of flat natural salty meadow
slightly altered by electrical pylons can
be regarded as of medium quality. The
wind turbines look visible and obvious.
The magnitude of change is small. The
long-term, negative, and low.
PM9 is on the road between Banatsko
Novo Selo and Pančevo, south from
Kačarevo. At this location, the landscape
the landscape is dominated by flat and
wind turbines look visible and obvious
even if they are smaller than the house,
the trees and even the corn. The
PM10 is at the village of Lokve. At this
location, the landscape is dominated by
flat
and
monotonous
intensive
agriculture. The wind turbines look
visible and obvious but look smaller than
all the trees on the picture. The
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PM11 is on the road between Alibunar
and Lokve. At this location, the
landscape of altered salty meadow can be
assessed as medium quality. The wind
turbines look visible and obvious. The
Source:WindVision 2012
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B. Summary of visual impact assessment
The visual impact assessment can be summarized in the table hereunder:
Table 39: Summary of visual impact assessment
Environmental
receptor and
sensitivity
Receptors :
residents,
workers,
commuters,
tourists;
Sensitivity:
medium
Risk
Project
phase
Impact
description
Significance
of impact
Degradation of landscape from:
Seleuš (PM4), Vladimirovac
(PM2), road between
Direct
Vladimirovac and Alibunar
Operation negative long- moderate
(PM3), road between
term
Vladimirovac and Banatsko
Novo Selo (PM1)
Degradation of landscape from
Padina (PM7), Novi Kozjak
(PM5), road between Ilandža and
Direct
Novi Kozjak (PM8), road
Operation negative long- low
between Banatsko Novo Selo
term
and Pančevo (PM9), Lokve
(PM10), Road between Alibunar
and Lokve (PM11)
Direct
Degradation of landscape from:
Operation negative long- negligible
Samoš (PM6)
term
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5.1.8. BIRDS
Background information on birds and wind-farms
Wind turbines can have a negative impact on birds. Several European field studies have shown
that birds can collide with the turbines during local and seasonal migration, or they can become
disturbed in their breeding, resting or feeding areas (Langston et Pullan, 2003). The average
number of collision fatalities in different European wind farms on land varies between a few
birds up to 64 birds per turbine per year (Langston et Pullan, 2003; Everaert et Kuijken, 2007).
Also within one wind farm, the impact can strongly differ between individual turbines (Everaert
& Stienen 2006), clearly showing that ‘site selection’ can play an important role in limiting the
number of collision fatalities.
Generally, there are three potential effects that wind power facilities may have on birds. These
are (1) collisions, resulting in increased mortality, (2) habitat loss, which may be either direct
through destroyed habitats or indirect by causing disturbance and potentially lower population
counts locally, and (3) barrier effects (Drewitt & Langston 2008).
Bird collisions into the wind turbines:
The fact that birds sometimes collide with towers or the rotors of wind turbines has been known
since the early days of wind farming (Erickson et al. 2001). Collisions usually lead to immediate
death of the bird or to serious wounds from which it dies later. In addition, birds may collide
with infrastructure associated with the wind turbines, such as meteorological towers, powerlines, buildings or traffic (Kuvlesky et al. 2007).
The risk for collision depends on the bird and its life habit and behavior, particularly its reaction
to the presence of wind turbines. The characteristics of the wind turbines may also be of
importance such as the height above the ground, the length of the rotor blades (sweep area) and
presence of artificial light sources at or near the turbine. The location of the turbines in relation
to the occurrence of birds may be of primary importance. Finally, the risk that birds will collide
with a wind turbine could also be related to the time of the year and the prevailing weather
(Drewitt & Langston, 2008).
When evaluating the consequences of increased mortality from collisions with wind turbines at
the population level, it may be important to know that a certain number of dead birds may be
much more serious for long-lived species with slow reproduction and late maturity (usually
large birds) than for species that mature early and reproduce rapidly (typically small birds). The
effect on the population may be particularly serious for slowly reproducing species that also
happen to be rare (Desholm, 2009).
Bird habitat loss due to wind farm construction:
The construction of a wind farm may affect the density of birds in the vicinity. A direct loss of
habitat will certainly occur at the site of construction and perhaps also at a distance from the
site (Rydell et al, 2011). To some extent, construction of a wind power facility means increased
human activity in the area during and to some extent also after the construction phase (Kuvlesky
et al. 2007) and the disturbance caused by this may be significant. Associated roads may provide
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access to previously relatively pristine areas and hence indirectly make them available to
forestry and traffic. Such disturbance effects would probably appear during the early
construction and may continue with varying intensity (Langston & Pullan 2003).
Barrier effects
A barrier effect means that an obstacle such as a wind power facility acts as a barrier to flying
birds, so that they avoid the vicinity of the obstacle and take another flight course. This behavior
obviously leads to a lower collision risk, but at the same time the birds would have to take a
longer route, hence potentially increasing the energy consumption during transports between
feeding, breeding and resting areas (Rydell et al, 2011).
Barrier effects have primarily been investigated for migrating seabirds near off shore wind
farms (Rydell et al, 2011). The birds have usually been observed with radar and their reaction
to the presence of wind turbines have been quantified at various distances from the wind
turbines (Plonczkier et Simms, 2012). The same principle can be adapted for onshore use. The
extra distance the birds have to fly to negotiate a wind farm is probably negligible in most cases,
but since birds sometimes fly very long distances and may pass many wind farms on their way,
the cumulative effects on their energy consumption may perhaps become significant (Rydell et
al, 2011).
Sensitivity of the species
The 41 species of particular importance because of their international protection status are
considered of high sensitivity. The Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) is considered of high
sensitivity because of its abundance on the study area. The Raven (Corvus corax) is
considered of high sensitivity because of is importance as the main nest builder for Saker
Falcon (see Baseline chapter).
Assessment of impacts on birds
Vulnerability to the project
‐ Bird species are considered to be vulnerable during the construction phase if they are
dependent on vulnerable habitats, which means on a habitat that is likely to be
disturbed or destroyed construction activities.
‐ Bird species are considered to be vulnerable during the operation phase if they are
often flying at height of the wind turbines and occasionally vulnerable if they are
flying occasionally at height of the wind turbines.
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Vulnerable species
On the study area, only two bird species dependent on habitats likely to be disturbed or
destroyed during construction activities have been recorded: Falco cherrug and Calandrella
brachydactyla.
On the study area, 13 bird species flying at height of the turbines have been recorded: Falco
cherrug, Ciconia ciconia, Grus grus, Aquila pennata, Aquila heliaca, Aquila pomarina,
Circaetus gallicus, Pernis apivorus, Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Egretta
garzetta, Chlidonias hybrida, Numenius arquata
Occasionally vulnerable species
On the study area, 14 bird species flying occasionally at height of the turbines have been
recorded: Delichon urbica, Alauda arvensis, Falco columbarius, Falco vespertinus, Circus
pygargus, Circus cyaneus, Circus aeruginosus, Anthus campestris, Hirundo rustica, Riparia
riparia, Calandrella brachydactyla, Falco tinnunculus, Buteo buteo, Corvus corax
The 27 vulnerable and occasionally vulnerable species presented above are considered as
vulnerable and will be taken into account in the impact assessment.
Some species are flying high but are not vulnerable to the project for ecological reasons:
Merops apiaster, Vanellus vanellus, Anser anser, Anser albifrons, Aythya nyroca, Tadorna
tadorna and Anser fabalis. All these species, even when numerous at the wind farm sites are
known to avoid the turbine field or blades with ease (Plonczkier et Simms, 2012, EU Comission,
2009, Everaert, 2003).
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Risk assessment:
The risk of the species to collide into the wind turbines is assessed by confronting the presence
on the study area site to the vulnerability and the protection status of the species.
In the table hereafter, the names of the species at low risk are written in green, the names of the
species at moderate risk are written in orange and the names of the species are high risk are
written in red.
Table 40: Risk assessment for birds
Presence on the study area
Vulnerability
Very
common
Vulnerable
(flying high
and dependent
on a
vulnerable
habitat) and
endangered
Rare
Extremely rare
Falco cherrug
Ciconia ciconia,
Grus grus,
Falco vespertinus,
Aquila pennata,
Aquila heliaca,
Aquila pomarina,
Circaetus gallicus,
Pernis apivorus
Calandrella
brachydactyla
Delichon urbica,
Anthus campestris, Phalacrocorax
Alauda arvensis,
Hirundo rustica,
pygmeus,
Falco columbarius, Riparia riparia,
Nycticorax nycticorax,
Circus pygargus,
Egretta garzetta,
Circus cyaneus,
Chlidonias hybrida,
Circus aeruginosus
Numenius arquata
Occasionally
vulnerable
(flying high
occasionally)
and
endangered
Vulnerable
(flying high)
and not
endangered
Common
Falco
tinnunculus,
Corvus corax
(ecologically
important)
Buteo buteo
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Impact assessment
A. During construction and decommissioning
The potential project impact on the birds species are assessed based on the result of this risk
assessment and based in the ecological concern existing for every species. Only the species
assessed to be “at moderate risk” and “at risk” (see Table “Risk assessment”) are taken into
consideration in this impact assessment.
Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug):
The power-line that will connect the wind-farm to the grid will go over a loess valley, parallel
to the existing power-line, and connect to the grid close to the known Saker Falcon Falco
cherrug nest. The Saker Falcon is generally sensitive to disturbance, and will leave the nest if
the human presence is common or permanent (Bagyura et al, 2006), the same stands for
machinery.
The potential project impact on the Saker Falcon during construction is assessed as moderate.
Short-toed lark (Calandrella brachydactyla)
South from the project site, on the corridor of local importance for birds, the first breeding pair
for Vojvodina of the Short-toed Lark Callandrella brachydactyla, a subspecies endemic for the
Pannonian plain, has been discovered. Construction activities or high human presence on the
road during the reproduction period from April to August could push the birds to abandon their
nests.
The potential project impact on the Short-toed Lark during construction is assessed as moderate.
B. During operation
Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug): It has been observed
often in the area north from the project site, but only
twice within it.
©Biotope
The species is going through a serious decline during
last decades throughout its range, and thus it has been
declared as Endangered by the IUCN. Also, it has
been declared as an Annex I species (BD) and a
SPEC 1 species (BLI). The decline has been
witnessed in Serbia too, and therefore it has been
classified as the high risk species. The potential
project impact on the Saker falcon has been assessed
as moderate.
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Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca): Only one individual has been observed at one occasion,
approximately 5km north from the project site. Considering the fact that it is an IUCN Vulnerable,
Annex I (BD) and SPEC 1 (BLI) species, it has to be considered seriously, especially considering
the fact that Serbia has only 3 known breeding pairs. It has been classified as species of moderate
risk and is very rare on the site. The potential project impact on the Imperial Eagle has been
assessed as moderate.
Booted Eagle (Aquila pennata): The species has been
observed only once above the northern part of Deliblatska
Peščara in June 2012 hunting for sousliks and flying south
after a successful hunt. It is an Annex I BD species, as well
as SPEC 3, very rare in Vojvodina (Puzović et al, 2002).
Considering the low number of sightings and a distance
from the project site, it has been designated as a moderate
risk species, very rare on the site. The potential project
impact on the Booted eagle has been assessed as low.
Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina): There have been 3 sightings of the species, one in March, one
in April and one in May 2012 (during spring migration). All observations were above the salty
meadows on the right side of the road going from Banatski Karlovac to Ilandža. It is a SPEC 2
and Annex I BD species, facing decline in Serbia (Puzović et al, 2002). Considering the low
number of sightings and the fact that the corridor for the migration of this species is situated east
from the project site, it has been designated as a moderate risk species, rare on the site. The
potential project impact on the Spotted eagle has been assessed as low.
©Biotope
White Stork Ciconia ciconia: The species has been
observed several times, and places of aggregation of
this species have been determined east from the
project site, on the salty meadows right from the road
Banatski Karlovac – Ilandža. It is an Annex I BD and
a SPEC 2 species, with a slight population decrease
in Serbia (Puzović et al, 2002). Considering that the
project site is on the outer edge of the corridor
situated on the east the species has been designated
as a moderate risk, very common on the site. The
potential project impact on the White stork has been
Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus): It is an Annex I BD species, rare in Vojvodina (Puzović et
al, 2002), and only two individuals have been observed within the project site, out of which only
one has been recorded flying at the altitude of the rotors. Because of its low numbers and no
defined corridor, as well as the absence of food items for the species on the site, it is considered
as a moderate risk species, very rare on the site. The potential project impact on the Honey
Buzzard has been assessed as low.
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House Martin (Delichon urbica): It is a SPEC 3
species, decreasing in Serbia, common on the project
are during postnuptial migration, but rare the rest of
the time. Because of the high numbers at times, and
the fact that it tends to fly in the altitude of the
turbines, the risk has been designated as moderate.
The potential project impact on the House Martin has
been assessed as low.
©Biotope
Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus): It is SPEC 3, Annex I species, rare on breeding in
Vojvodina (Puzović et al, 2002) and moderately sensitive to wind farms. There have been total
of 3 sightings, two of which at the altitude of the rotors, and one of them being during the breeding
period. Considering that no breeding has been confirmed in the wide area of project influence,
the risk has been designated as moderate. The potential project impact on the Short-toed eagle
has been assessed as moderate.
©Biotope
Crane (Grus grus): It is a SPEC 1, low activity
species on the site, but with a very high activity on
and above the salty meadows east from the project
site. There have been 7 sightings at the altitude of the
rotors, with a total of 987 individuals; There has been
only one sighting above the project area, total of 3
individuals. The risk for this species has been
assessed as moderate, because the project site is
outside of the obvious migration route. The potential
project impact on the Crane has been assessed as
low.
Merlin (Falco columbarius): Observed 11 times, with most of the sightings being at the altitude
of 40m. It is an annex I BD species, wintering in Serbia. Because of its unusually high number
on the site it has been assessed as a moderate risk species, very common at the site. The potential
project impact on the Merlin has been assessed as low.
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Red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus): It is an
IUCN Near Threatened, SPEC 3 and Annex 1 BD
species, with a negative population trend throughout
its range, as well as in Serbia (Puzović et al, 2002).
It has been observed only once at the altitude of the
rotors in May 2012, but none above the project site.
At the same time no breeding colonies have been
discovered within the wide area of project influence.
The risk for this species is assessed as moderate
because of the level of protection that it enjoys. Is
very rare on the site. The potential project impact on
the Red-footed falcon has been assessed as low.
©Biotope
©Biotope
Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus): The species is very
common on the site, with more than 200
observations in total, and about 19 at the altitude of
the rotors. Even though the species is very sensitive
to wind-farms (Duerr, 2012), it is designated as an
average risk species because of the abundance and
positive population trend in Vojvodina (Puzović et
al, 2002). The potential project impact on the Kestrel
has been assessed as moderate.
Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus): It has been observed 4 times during fall migration (OctoberNovember) but only once at a critical altitude. It is not breeding in Serbia. Considering that it is
a BD Annex I species, it is a moderate risk species. The potential project impact on the Hen
Harrier has been assessed as moderate.
Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus): Observed
only once in April above the valleys east from the
project site. It is an Annex 1 BD species, very rare
on breeding in Vojvodina (Puzović, 2002). It is
therefore a moderate risk species, very rare on the
site. The potential project impact on the Montagu’s
Harrier has been assessed as low.
©Biotope
Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus): It is an Annex I BD species, observed 22 times at the
project site, only during migration. Population in Serbia is large (Puzović et al, 2002) and stable,
but because of the high number during migration, the species is assessed as a moderate risk. The
potential project impact on the Marsh Harrier has been assessed as low.
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Raven Corvus corax: 34 sightings of the species at
the altitude of the rotors. It is not endangered or
strictly protected, nor especially sensitive to wind
farms but it has a huge ecological importance for the
Saker Falcon, primarily as a nest donor. It is a species
of moderate risk. The potential project impact on the
Raven has been assessed as low.
©Biotope
Skylark (Alauda arvensis): It is a sensitive species toward wind farms (Durr, 2012), very
numerous species at the project site, SPEC 3, decreasing in Serbia due to pesticide use. There
have been 117 observations of the species in the altitude of the turbines. Considering that the
risk of collision and disturbance for this species is high at the project area, and that it is very
abundant in Serbia and that the population size is way above the thresholds for concern, we
conclude that species is of moderate risk. The potential project impact on the Raven has been
C. In case of hazards
The project will not have any impact on birds in case of hazard.
D. Mitigation measures and residual impact
 to reduce disturbance
1. Limit activity around the Saker falcon’s nests: As explained before, the construction
work on the power-line is likely to disturb the Saker falcon during reproduction.
Therefore, even though the Saker may benefit from this power-line in the future,
because there will be more available places for the Ravens to breed, special care needs
to be directed to the time of the power-line construction, in order to avoid the breeding
season. There should not be any activities 2km around the Saker nests during breeding
season: starting from mid-January with territorial display, all until successful education
of the young birds in early-August. This measure might be updated and improved based
on the results of the yearly monitoring study on Saker falcon.
If this mitigation measure is correctly implemented, the residual potential project impact on the
Saker falcon will be low.
2. Limiting activity around the Short-toed Lark’s nest: In order to avoid disturbance
of the Short-toed Lark Callandrella brachydactyla during reproduction period, it is
recommended not to use the road going through the corridor from April to August. In
addition, any transformation that could motivate increased use of this road in the future,
like widening and improving the quality of the road should be avoided. In order for the
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workers to be aware of this limitation, marking will be visible on the access road from
April to August and an explanatory meeting will be held for the workers.
If this mitigation measure is correctly implemented, the residual potential project impact on the
Short-toed Lark’s will be low.
 to reduce the risk for birds to collide into the turbines
1. Painting turbines to reduce bird fatality: In order to reduce the risk of bird fatality it
is important to reduce the attractiveness of the wind farm area for birds. Insects are
attracted by wind turbines and tend to concentrate around them. Bird species that are
feeding on insects, as swallows and swifts, may be attracted to insects flying around the
turbines and might collide into the rotor while hunting. In order to lower this risk, it has
been suggested to paint the wind turbines red or purple perpendicular to the axis of the
blade in order to reduce their attractiveness for insects (Long et al. 2010). However,
painting the rotor in red or purple might reduce their visibility for birds. White or light
grey coloration of the wind turbines are probably near the optimal for their detection by
birds (Ödeen & Hĺstad 2007). The Provincial Institute for Nature Conservation of Novi
Sad requested for wind generator propellers to be painted in red and white alternating
stripes of width 40 to 60cm in its decision number: 03-729/2 and dated: 10.06.2011.
This technique might allow both to deter insects and to make the propellers visible to
birds. However, this would increase the visual impact of the project on landscape
2. Equip the connection power line with bird deflectors: Above the natural or semi
natural habitats, the power line should be equipped with bird deflectors and should be
adequately isolated in order to reduce the mortality of medium to large birds from
electrocution.
During operation phase
3. Clear vegetation around wind turbines:
- To avoid attracting preys: In the decision quoted above, the Provincial Institute for
Nature Conservation of Novi Sad requested for the bases of each wind generator pillar
to be built and ensured in such a way that mammals living subterraneous and are
potential prey of predatory birds cannot be driven under them. Also, concrete elements
such as turbine foundation might be attractive to burrowing animals (hamsters, voles,
mice, etc.) that are themselves prey for raptors. Vegetation around the wind turbines
should be cleared regularly in order to discourage burrowing animals to settle under
concrete elements such as turbine foundation.
- To avoid perching points: All potential perching points (bushes, trees, fences) in a radius
of 100m from turbines might be removed in order to discourage birds from perching.
6. Avoiding crop spill on the wind turbines platform: Any accidental crop spill on the
wind turbine platforms should be avoided in order not to attract rodents or birds. To
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achieve this goal, farmers should be informed and the maintenance staff should control
if this precaution measure is respected, especially during the period of crop collection.
In case of accidental spill of crops on the platform surface, all the material should be
removed as soon as possible.
7. Remove carcasses around wind turbines: Carcasses of flying fauna killed by wind
turbines should be removed as fast as possible in order not to attract scavengers or
opportunistic scavengers (e.g. buzzards and harriers or even eagles and falcons). This is
especially important during the winter months and migration, when many birds of prey
feed on carcasses.
Nota Bene: as it is not possible to be sure that these mitigation measures aiming at reducing the
risk for birds to collide into the turbines are going to be effective. The monitoring program will
give feedback about the effect of these mitigation measures.
Monitoring program
1. Implement a continuous monitoring radar system: In its decision number: 03-729/2
and dated: 10.06.2011, the Provincial Institute for Nature Conservation of Novi Sad
requested for wind power plants above 50 MW installed capacity to be equipped to
provide continuous monitoring of crossing of birds and bats over the territory occupied
by wind power plant this request is based on the „Rulebook on specific technical and
technological solutions that enable the safe circulation of wildlife“("Of.g. RS 72/2010),
article 10, in order to protected migratory species it is mandatory for wind farms over
50 MW to be equipped in a way so as to provide continuous monitoring of birds and
bats flying over the wind farm.
The most important for preventing migrating birds to die in large number over the
Alibunar wind farm is:
- to identify bird’s migration routes
- to anticipate the moment when large migrating flock will fly over the wind farm
- to understand how migration routes are related to weather conditions
In order to answer these questions, a permanent radar monitoring system called
Aviscan©Biotope will be installed at a strategic location on the wind farm.
The Aviscan radar continuously detects flying objects within a radius that can be set up
according to the targeted species

6 km focus on storks and medium to large birds of prey

16 km: flocks of birds
The radar will be focusing on the migratory species at risk (Circaetus gallicus, Ciconia
ciconia, Circus aeruginosus)
Meteorological data will be recorded at the same time and birds behavior will be
interpreted in relation to it in order to make a prediction model of birds migration routes
around the wind farm.
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2. Organize a survey for dead birds: In order to assess the consistency of conclusions of
the Baseline field survey on birds as well as the efficiency of the Aviscan continuous
monitoring system, a survey for dead birds may also be required. This survey for dead
birds will be done under the same condition than the study for bats (see impact
assessment on bats).
3. Monitor the Saker falcon’s reproduction success: The feeding dispersion model of
the Saker falcon (see Baseline chapter on birds) is based on the location of nests around
the wind farm (Biotope 2012) and on available knowledge about the species. As the
locations of the nests and the behavior of the species are likely to slightly change over
time, we recommend organizing every year a short monitoring campaign on the Saker
falcon including nest searching in March and April and nest observation in June.
Mitigation measures regarding the Saker falcon will be adapted to the result of this
survey.
4. Discuss the results of the monitoring program with the INP: The results of the
Aviscan continuous monitoring, the survey for dead birds and the Yearly monitoring of
Saker falcon will be assessed by a team of ornithologists who will regularly present their
results at the Institute for Nature Protection of Novi Sad. A particular attention will be
given to Falco cherrug, Ciconia ciconia, Alauda arvensis, Circaetus gallicus, Pernis
apivorus, Circus aeruginosus, Circus cyaneus, Circus pygargus, Aquila pomarina,
Aquila heliacal, Aquila pennata, Falco vespertinus, Falco columbarius, Grus grus,
Delichon urbica and Corvus corax that can potentially be affected by the project.
Compensation measures to the residual impacts
If despite of the mitigation measures implemented there is still an alarming bird mortality on
the wind farm, compensation measures should be implemented in a way that would bring
benefit to the specific birds species impacted by the wind farm operation and based on the
recommendations given by the Rulebook on compensatory measures (Of. g. of RS: 20/2010)
and detailed in Appendix of this study
Below we identify a list of compensatory restoration measures based on current available
knowledge that aim at achieving the following environmental gains for the populations of
endangered species:
‐ Reducing threats to the species,
‐ Increasing breeding success or
‐ Increasing breeding opportunities.
Compensation measures:
1. Retrofit offsite power lines with bird deflectors or isolate them to reduce the mortality
of medium to large birds from electrocution
2. Implement habitat restoration measures on relevant areas (offsite) in order to improve
the population status of the species impacted by the project
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3. Enhance the nesting opportunities in Serbia by improving existing nests or by building
artificial ones in relevant areas (offsite)
4. Fund research to identify successful strategies for reducing the species mortality from a
variety of human activities (e.g., fill the knowledge gap needed to quantify
environmental gains)
5. Fund an outreach program to educate local communities (for example farmers, hunters
or pigeon holders) on the dangers of poisoning the pests and the consequence these
actions might have on environment and species (on-/off-site)
6. Re-introduce the species into previously colonized areas (in Vojvodina or Serbia) where
populations are currently extirpated (assuming conditions have improved since
extinction)
The thresholds for bird mortality that would set off compensation measures should be defined,
based on the Rulebook on compensatory measures ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 20/2010),
population trend and species abundance, by the Provincial Institute for Nature Conservation.
All the compensation activities should be implemented by experienced ornithologists in
cooperation with the Provincial Institute for Nature Conservation
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5.1.9. BATS
Bat species are vulnerable to wind farm project. They are attracted to wind turbines because of
the movement of the rotor (Cryan et Barcley, 2009) or because of the vertical structure likely
to attract insects (Kunz et al., 2007). When they fly too close, they collide into the rotor or most
of the time, die from barotrauma (Baerwald et Barcley, 2009, Cryan et Brown).
Barotrauma is caused by rapid air- pressure reduction near moving turbine blades that provokes
rapid or excessive pressure change in bats which kills them. (Baerwald et al., 2008)
European scientists started to monitor the effects of wind farm projects in bats in the 1990’s
and the number of bats killed by wind turbines in Europe is reported into a table that is updated
every year (Durr 2012). This table is used in this chapter in order to know which species are
vulnerable to wind farms.
The receptors are the bat species that have been described in the Baseline chapter as species of
ecological concern especially Barbastella barbastellus and Plecotus auritus. These receptors
are considered as sensitive.
Assessment of the project’s impact on bats
Study area
As described in the Baseline chapter on bats. It includes the close (1km), medium (5km) and
wide (15) areas of influence. As flying fauna, bat species are likely to move around the project.
Methodology for the impact assessment
Our methodology is based on the results of the field survey on bats (Biotope 2012), on literature
research and on the knowledge about the technical characteristics of the project.
There are 4 steps to our impact assessment:
1. Assessing bats species vulnerability to wind farm projects
2. Questioning the intensity of activity of the bats species vulnerable to wind farm projects
3. Assessing the risks for these species to be impacted
4. Assessing the potential project impact on bat species
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In order to assess the vulnerability of the species to wind farm projects, we analyze behavioral
information (Eurobats, 2011) and mortality rates due to wind farm in Europe (Durr 2012).
- By knowing the behavior of the species we can predict if they are likely to fly at height
of the rotor (50 to 200m) and to know if they are likely to move far away from the places
where they have been recorded.
- By analyzing the record of species mortality due to wind farm in Europe, we know
which species get killed by wind turbines.
Species
Eptesicus serotinus
Miniopterus schreibersii
Myotis daubentonii
Myotis mystacinus
Nyctalus leisleri
Nyctalus noctula
Pipistrellus kuhlii
Plecotus auritus
Plecotus austriacus
Vespertilio murinus
Source: Eurobats, 2011
Height of flight (m)
above canopy
50
2 to 5 (foraging) and
open sky (transit)
1 to 5
up to 15m in the
canopy
above canopy
10 to a few hundred
meters
1-10; up to a few
hundreds
up to the rotor
1-20 (foraging);30-50
(migration)
up to the rotor
up to the canopy
No data
20-40
No data
Mortality in
Europe
Vulnerability
2
138
7
Low
Medium
Low
6
3
Low
Low
291
636
High
High
126
Medium
867
High
High
520
135
Medium
Low
Low
Medium
Low
5
7
70
1
Durr 2012
This table shows that Nyctalus leisleri, Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus nathusii, Pipistrellus
pipistrellus are sensitive to wind farm projects while Eptesicus serotinus, Pipistrellus kuhlii,
Vespertilio murinus and Pipistrellus pygmaeus could be moderately sensitive. For all the other
species, the sensitivity to the wind farm projects is low.
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Intensity of activity of vulnerable species
As shown in the Baseline chapter some species have been recorded in low numbers and other
species in high numbers.
Species that are vulnerable to wind farms but were recorded in low numbers on the study area
are not likely to be impacted to the project. This is the case for Nyctalus leisleri, Vespertilio
murinus, Pipistrellus pygmaeus, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Barbastella barbastellus, Plecotus
auritus and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Risk assessment
The table hereafter shows both vulnerability to wind farm and recorded level of activity on the
study area.
Vulnerability
to wind
farms
High
Level of activity recorded on the site
Very high
Moderate
Low
Nyctalus noctula Pipistrellus
nathusii
Medium
Low
High
Myotis
daubentonii,
Myotis
mystacinus
Pipistrellus
kuhlii
Miniopterus
schreibersii
Eptesicus
serotinus
Plecotus
austriacus
Precaution measure integrated into the design of the project
The one-year bat baseline survey showed that most of the bat species are moving along the local
ecological corridor where semi-natural habitats attract bats to forage. Some bushes located too
close from the limit of the project sites have also been identified as attractive to bats. Eptesicus
serotinus has been recorded in August 2011 foraging above a bush located at the north-eastern
limit of the wind farm while Pipistrellus kuhlii has been recorded in September 2011 on the
southern limit of the project site.
As a precaution measure, a buffer area was designed in order for all the turbines to be at a
minimum distance of 200 m from the ecological corridor and from these bushes, as
recommended by Eurobat’s official guidelines (Rodrigues et al. 2008).
This precaution measure reduces significantly the risks of bat fatality at the wind farm.
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Impact assessment
No bats species is dependent on habitats that could be altered or destroyed during the
construction or decommissioning of the project. Therefore, there is no impact.
B. During operation and maintanance
In able to assess the project’s potential impacts on this species at risk, a close analysis is made
for every species at risk hereafter.
Myotis daubentonii and Myotis mystacinus have been recorded in low numbers during fall
migration 2011, they have not been recorded during spring migration in 2012 and they have
been recorded in very high number during the reproduction period. The recordings were located
by the pond or above valley the A and B. These two species are clearly following the ecological
corridor north-west from the project site because they need to fly above trees and bushes and
they are not likely to fly in open sky through the wind farm. As the wind turbines are located at
a minimum distance of 200m from the ecological corridor and as these species show low
vulnerability to wind farm projects, they might not be at risk (Rodrigues et al. 2008. The
project’s impact on Myotis daubentonii and Myotis mystacinus is assessed as negligible.
Miniopterus schreibersii has been recorded in high number during fall migration in 2011 and
in low numbers during spring migration and the reproduction period in 2012. Most of the time,
it has been recorded along the ecological corridor by the pond or the valleys A and B, and only
two times above the project. The species is foraging at 2 to 5m above the ground and is transiting
in the open sky. When foraging the species is flying a lot low altitude and cannot be impacted
by the rotor but when transiting it can be flying at altitude of the rotor. However, the species
shows low vulnerability to wind farm project.
The project’s impact on Miniopterus schreibersii is assessed as negligible.
Plecotus austriacus has been recorded in moderate number during fall migration in 2011 and
in low numbers during the reproduction period in 2012. A few times, it has been recorded in
the project area in September 2011 probably while migrating. As the level of activity of the
species on the study area is moderate and its vulnerability to wind farm projects is low.
The project’s impact on Plecotus austriacus has been assessed as negligible.
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Pipistrellus nathusii has been
recorded in high numbers
during fall migration in 2011
and spring migration in 2012.
During reproduction period in
2012, it has been recorded in
low numbers. As shown on the
map hereafter, the bat is very
active above the pond and
moderately active above the
valleys A and B. This species
flies at low altitude when
foraging (1 to 20meters) and
between 30 to 50 meters during
migration periods.
Therefore, from time to time, when flying the highest, it is at altitude of the rotor. The species
is vulnerable to wind farm (Durr 2012).
The project’s impact on Pipistrellus nathusii has been assessed as low.
Pipistrellus kuhlii has been
recorded in high numbers
as well as during spring
migration and reproduction
period in 2012.
As shown on the map
hereafter, the bat is very active
by the pond and around it. It
has also been recorded a few
times above the project area.
his species can fly up to a few
hundred meters and is
moderately vulnerable to wind
farm project (Durr 2012).
The project’s impact on Pipistrellus kuhlii has been assessed as medium.
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Eptesicus serotinus has been
recorded in moderate numbers
and during reproduction period
in 2012. During spring
migration in 2012, it has been
recorded in low numbers. As
shown on the map hereafter,
the bat is very active above the
pond. A moderate to high
activity has also been recorded
in June 2012 by a wind turbine,
on the northern limit of the
project area. The bat species is
moderately vulnerable to wind
farm project.
The project’s impact on Eptesicus serotinus has been assessed as low.
Nyctalus noctula has been recorded in very high numbers during fall migration in 2011 and
spring migration in 2012. During reproduction period in 2012, it has been recorded in high
numbers. As shown on the map hereafter, the bat is very active above the pond and in its
surrounding, as well as above the valleys A and B and above the valley located south west of
Alibunar. It is using the ecological corridor. The bat has also been recorded several times above
the project area in low to moderate numbers. It is known to fly at an altitude of 10 to a few
hundred meters and to fly in open sky when transiting and it is highly vulnerable to wind farm
project.
The project impact on Nyctalus noctula has been assessed as moderate.
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Page178
Map 12: Activity of Nyctalus noctula
C. Mitigation measures and associated residual impact
 When designing the project
1. Design a 200m wide buffer zone between the turbines and the bats’ hunting territories:
As explained before, while designing the project, a safety distance of 200m has been
respected between the turbines and the location that might be attractive to bats.
 During construction
No particular precaution measures should be taken for bats during construction because they
are active from dusk to dawn from March to October which shall not be during working hours.
 During operation
1. Stop the turbines when recommended by the bat mortality prediction model There
have been considerable efforts to deter bats from approaching wind energy facilities by the
use of various technical installations (warning lights, ultrasound and radar) but without real
success. The only reduction measure that has proven to be efficient is stopping the turbine
rotors when the risk of bat collision or barotrauma is the highest (Rydell, 2012). The great
majority of fatalities of bats at wind turbines occur during a restricted time of the year,
namely in August and September, always at night and nearly always in particular weather
conditions with warm air and slow and usually northern winds. In order to reduce the risk
of fatality, the turbine rotors may be stopped during periods with high risk of fatality (Rydell
et al.2012) Raising wind-turbine cut-in speed at periods when active bats may be at
particular risk from turbines, could reduce bat mortality from 44% to 93% with marginal
annual power loss (< 1% of total annual output) (Arnett et al. 2010). The prediction model
of bat mortality at each turbine of the Alibunar wind farm built with the Chirotech©Biotope
continuous monitoring will be used in order to know under which conditions the wind
turbines might be turned off.
1. In case of high mortality rate, cut bushes inside the project area
More than occasional occurrence of dead bats on wind farm should lead to another
mitigation measure. Upon request from the Institute for Nature Protection, all bushes
located in a radius of 200m from the wind turbines should be cut in order to avoid attracting
the bats inside the project area (Rodrigues et al. 2008).
In order to compensate for the destruction of bushes inside the project area, native species
of bushes should be planted along the ecological corridors at places where there is
discontinuity (see map on ecological corridor). This compensation measure will be
implemented according to the instructions given by the Rulebook on compensatory
measures ("Official Gazette of RS" 20/2010)
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Nota Bene: as it is not possible to be sure that these mitigation measures aiming at reducing the
risk for birds to collide into the turbines are going to be effective. The monitoring program will
give feedback about the effect of these mitigation measures.
Monitoring program
In its decision number: 03-729/2 and dated: 10.06.2011, the Provincial Institute for Nature
Conservation of Novi Sad requested for the Alibunar wind farm to be equipped so as to provide
continuous monitoring of crossing of birds and bats over the territory occupied by wind power
plant.
This request is based on the „Rulebook on specific technical and technological solutions that
enable the safe circulation of wildlife“("Official Gazette of RS", 72/2010), article 10, that states
that in order to protected migratory species it is mandatory for wind farms over 50 MW to be
equipped in a way so as to provide continuous monitoring of birds and bats flying over the wind
farm.
1. Continuously monitor bat activity above the Alibunar wind farm
The most important thing for preventing bats to die on the Alibunar wind farm is to identify:
 the turbines around which the activity is the highest
 the species that are fling in the danger zone around the rotor
 the weather conditions under which bat activity is the highest around wind turbines
In order to answer these questions, a permanent monitoring system called Chirotech©Biotope
will be installed on the wind turbines. This system uses SM2bat sound recorders positioned at
altitude of the rotor that are set up to record bat activity every night with an omnidirectional
angle of detection and up to a distance of 100m. The Sonochiro©Biotope software will be used
to analyze and give precise information about bat species and behavior. Meteorological data
will be recorded at the same time and bats behavior will be interpreted in relation to it in order
to make a prediction model of bat mortality at each turbine in relation with the weather
conditions.
2. Research dead bats over the site
In order to assess the consistency of conclusions of the Baseline field survey on bats as well as
the efficiency of the Chirotech continuous monitoring system, a survey for dead bats may also
be required.
Post-construction surveys for dead bats are very important to evaluate if mitigation at the wind
farm site is needed or not. (Rydell et al. 2012)
At operating wind farms, estimation of bat mortality implies searching for carcasses around
wind turbines by a team of trained searchers. These searches should be implemented as often
as possible by the maintenance staff of the wind farm Alibunar with particular intensity at
strategic periods (peak of bat activity). The staff will collect all the visible carcasses found in
the vicinity of the turbines, take a picture of them and store the data in a “Fatality register” that
will include the exact position (coordinates) of the finding, the date, the description of the
carcass and an estimate of the time of the fatality based on the state of the carcass.
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The number of carcasses found during the searches will be adjusted by carcass removal (e.g.
by scavengers or decay), frequency of searches and searcher efficiency rates. A fatality
estimator will be used in order to adjust for imperfect detect ability of carcasses (Eurobats,
2011). Other Best Practices will be used as regular observation of scavenger’s behavior above
the wind farm and use of trained dogs (dogs properly trained can detect 96% more carcasses
than human experienced searchers (Bernardino et al., 2012).
3. Discuss the results of the monitoring program with the INP
The results of the Chirotech continuous monitoring and the survey for dead bats will be assessed
by a team of bat experts who will regularly present their results at the Institute for Nature
Protection of Novi Sad. A particular attention will be given to Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus
nathusii, Pipistrellus kuhlii and Eptesicus serotinus that can potentially be affected by the
project.
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5.1.10. NON FLYING FAUNA SPECIES
The receptors are non-flying fauna species.
In the Baseline chapter, only 4 non-flying fauna species have been assessed as of ecological
concern and are therefore relevant for this assessment.
‐ Spermophilus citellus
‐ Acrida ungarica ungarica
‐ Saga pedo
‐ Dolichophis caspius
Area of influence and boundaries: The area of influence for non-flying fauna species is the
medium area of influence (see map “Presentation of the study area”).
Methodology: The methodology used for this impact assessment is ecological knowledge
about the non-flying fauna species based on field survey and literature research, as well as
knowledge about technical aspects of the project.
Impact assessment
None of these species is sensitive neither to the transformation of agricultural land nor to
disturbance linked to the project
‐ Spermophilus citellus is not present in the project area because it avoids cultivated land
and is restricted to short-grass steppe and similar artificial habitats on light, well-drained
soils. This species is not vulnerable to the project.
‐ Acrida ungarica ungarica is present in the project area but in very small numbers. As it
prefers natural steppe and forest steppe habitats, it is not likely to use farm lands as an
important habitat. This species is not vulnerable to the project.
‐ Saga pedo has never been observed on the project area and is not likely to be because it
prefers natural habitats of dry grassland or forest steppe. This species is not vulnerable
to the project.
‐ Dolichophis caspius is a snake that has not been observed in the project area and is not
likely to be because it prefers natural habitats. This species is not vulnerable to the
project.
Conclusion on impacts: The proposed project will not have any impact on non-flying fauna.
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5.1.11. FLORA SPECIES AND NATURAL HABITATS
The receptors taken into consideration are plant species and natural habitats.
Plant species
The plant species considered as sensitive are the 4 species observed in valley A and B that
have been assessed as “of ecological concern” in the baseline chapter:
- Adonis vernalis
- Iris spuria
- Allium paniculatum
- Astragalus asper
No plant species of ecological concern have been found in the project area.
Habitats
The habitat species considered as sensitive is the habitat observed in valley A and B:
- habitat E1.2: (Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppe) is an interesting habitat
that is considered of ecological concern
No habitat of ecological concern has been found in the project area.
The area of influence for flora species and natural habitats is the medium area of influence (see
map “Presentation of the study area”).
Methodology
The methodology used for this impact assessment is ecological knowledge about the flora
species and the habitats based on field survey and literature research, as well as knowledge
about technical aspects of the project.
Impact assessment
The project area is mainly agricultural land where none of the sensitive flora species or habitats
considered of ecological concern are present. Therefore, they cannot be affected by the project.
Impact assessment
There are no impacts on flora species or on natural habitats.
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5.2. Potential socioeconomic impacts
As described in the baseline chapter, the project site is located near 10 communities and all the
houses are at a minimum of 1km from the project site.
The key stakeholders from these communities are:
 representatives elected by local citizens
 representatives of local organizations
 any citizen who showed special interested or concern about the project and got involved
in the consultation process (a layer, a doctor, a school teacher, an expert in mapping)
 land owners who are planning to lease their land to the project
 land owners and/or farmers who are not leasing their land but whose parcels are located
within the project
These key stakeholders are presented in greater details in Appendix of the study.
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5.2.1. TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Methodology for assessing impact on telecommunication infrastructure
The settlements located close to the project area were taken into particular consideration
(Alibunar, Seleuš including Novi Kozjak, Valdimirovac) because their infrastructure are the
most likely to be affected. However for transportation issues, our study area takes into
consideration the road from Belgrade to Alibunar.
Methodology
Our methodology is based on literature review of the available information as well as
consultations of the relevant institutions.
An initial desktop review of telecommunication infrastructure and related users located in the
vicinity of the proposed wind-farm identified the following:
 mobile phone services.
 television broadcasting using transmission towers and repeater stations; and
 aircraft navigation systems and radio towers managed by the Civil Aviation
Directorate of the Republic of Serbia
The institutions that could be impacted have been consulted as shown in the table hereunder.
Table 41: Institutions consulted for assessing the impact on infrastructure
Organization
Consulted
Comment
The Civil Aviation Directorate of
the Republic of Serbia (Direktorat
civilnog vazduhoplovstva) controls
the conditions for safe and secure air
transport
19/10/2011
Setting up a wind farm on the sites close
to Novi Kozjak, Seleuš and
Valdimirovac, along with the
appropriate marking, does not affect the
preservation of an acceptable level of
aviation safety
Within the project site RDU-RTS does
not have any objects or buildings,
neither any plans for building within the
project site in the future
12/10/2011
The Broadcasting Institution Radio
Television of Serbia (RDU-RTS)
“Radio Difuzna Ustanova Radio
Televizija Srbije” is in charge of the
production and broadcasting of radio
and television program.
03/10/2011
“Telekom Srbija” public enterprise
for telecommunication provides
telecommunication services for fixed
and mobile telephony, internet and
multimedia.
Within the project area there are no
underground or over-head network TT
(earthed neutral) installations.
Page185
Impact assessment on telecommunication infrastructure
A. Impact during construction and decommissioning
There will not be any impact during construction and decommissioning.
B. Impact during operation and maintenance
Wireless services work best if there is a clear path between the source of the signal (the
transmitter) and its intended destination (the receiver). Large structures within, or near to, this
path can affect the signals either because of physical blocking of the signal either because of
reflection from the sides of the structure (OFCOM, 2009).
The wireless services likely to be affected by tall structures are:
‐ television
‐ business radio (for example voice or data communications between commercial
premises)
‐ mobile phones
1. Physical blocking of the signal
If a tall structure affects electromagnetic wave, it is only on a limited distance called “shadow
zone”. This shadow zone can be delimited into 3 zones:
‐ immediately behind the structure (typically a few tens of meters) where there may be a
large reduction in signal level with a possible complete loss of reception,
‐ further away (typically a few hundred meters) where the signal reduction is less severe
and some distance away (1-5km)
‐ some distance away (1-5km) where there is no more impact on electromagnetic waves
In rare cases, broadcast radio (FM, AM and DAB digital radio) can be affected by physical
blocking of the signal.
As the wind turbines are located at least 1 km away from any house, there will be no impact
due to physical blocking of electromagnetic waves.
2. Reflection of the signal
Wireless signals can be reflected from the sides of many structures, (e.g. tree, house, hill,
building) the best reflective material being metal. Wind turbines rotating blades are moving
metal objects that can cause a complex reflection effect.
Reflections can sometimes cause reception problems when the aerial receiving a signal from a
transmitter also picks up a signal that has been reflected from a structure.
This happens more to analogue wireless systems than digital wireless systems.
‐ The consequences of signal reflections on analogue television would be a “ghosting”
effect or delayed image interference where a pale shadow or shadows appear to the right
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of the main picture on viewers’ television screens (OFCOM, 2009). It is unlikely that
digital televisions may be affected except where digital signals are strong.
‐ In rare cases, strong signal reflections can reduce the quality of FM and AM broadcast
radio reception.
The reflection effect is strong a few tens of meters all around the structure and can be felt up to
a maximum distance of 5 km.
The reflection effect can be higher if the structure is sited on much higher ground than the
surrounding areas.
As shown in the table here after, the maximum elevation difference between the highest turbine
and the closest house in Novi Kozjak is 20 m, in Vladimirovac is 6 m and in Alibunar is 5 m.
The maximum elevation difference between the highest turbine (143m) and the lowest houses
is: in Alibunar: 73, Novi Kozjak: 66, Vladimirovac 6. But these houses are located more than
Table 42: Wind turbines located between 1 and 5 km from the villages
Settlements
Alibunar
118 m)
Closest house Turbines within 5 km
elevation
(70- 118m
Turbine
s within
1 km
A1(123m),
none
Seleuš including 115m
Novi
Kozjak
(77-115m)
A1,A2,A3,A4,A5,A6,A7,A8,A9,A10,A13,A14, none
A15,A16,A17, A18,A19,A20,A30 (135-126 m)
Vladimirovac
(140-137)
A11, A12, A13, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24,
A26, A27, A28, A32, A33, B2, B3, B4,B5,B6,
B7, B8, B9,B10, B11, B12, B13, B14, B15,
B16, B17, B18, B19, B20, B21, B22, B23,
B24, B25, B26, B27, B28, B29, B30 (143-127)
137m
none
As the wind turbines are located at least 1 km away from any house and there is not a big
elevation difference between the turbines and the settlements, the potential impact due
reflection of the electromagnetic waves will be negligible.
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5.2.2. PUBLIC AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
The receptors of impact on public and occupational health and safety are the workers who will
be working on the project site, the farmers who will be working on their land any visitor that
could be present on the project site.
The sensitivity of the workers is high because they will be working directly on the construction
site, or on the operating infrastructure and the sensitivity of the local farmers is moderate
because they will be on the project site every working day.
The area of influence is the project site, and for the workers it can also be any place where
they have to undertake tasks given in the framework of the project and during working hours.
Methodology
Our methodology is based on knowledge about potential impact public and occupational
health and safety and knowledge about the technical characteristics of the project area.
Impact assessment
Occupational health problems
Despite the mitigation measures that will be undertaken, farmers working on the field could
be affected by noise, dust, and other disturbances, mostly during construction of the wind
farm. This is true for any construction site.
The potential project impact on occupational health is assessed as negative direct low.
B. In case of hazard
Accident at work due to human mistake
Workers working on the wind farm or on the transmission line could be subject to injury or
death from falls, falling objects, electrocution, heavy equipment use, vehicle accidents, and
possibly from contact with solvents or other chemicals. The probability for these accidents to
happen is low.
The potential project impact on health due to accident in case of human mistake is assesses as
negative direct low.
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Accident in case of natural hazard
In case of natural hazard (e.g. earthquakes or high winds), humans (farmers, workers) and or
machines could be harmed by falling towers or lines in case of line or tower failure along the
power line and by falling rotors around the wind turbines. However, it is very unlikely that in
case of natural hazard workers or farmers are near this structure.
The potential project impact on health in case of natural hazard is assessed as low.
The wind turbines, the transformer substations and the transmission power line are all grounded
elements that are not likely to be dangerous in case of electric storm.
C. Mitigation measures and residual impacts
 during construction and decommission
1. Provide workers with safety equipment to prevent occupational health problems:
WindVision will make sure that the workers are provided in sufficient numbers will
safety equipment (helmet, protection glasses, ear protection, mask for dust and
chemicals, gloves, adapted shoes…etc.) in order to minimize health problem due to
construction activity.
If these mitigation measures are implemented, the health impact on workers due to construction
activity will be negligible.
 during all phases of the project
Prevention measures to avoid accident or to avoid risks in normal situation or in case of
hazard should be taken during all phased of the projects.
1. Hold daily safety briefing to reduce the risk for human mistake: Every morning, for
30mn, construction workers/maintenance team will participate in a safety
meeting/briefing and will be told the day’s activities, the hazards that may encounter,
actions to take or to avoid in order to minimize risk, and how to respond in case of
illness or injury. The foreman will hold this meeting and write down the topic and the
safety measures recommended in a short report.
2. Train to first aid in order to limit accidents impact on health: the foreman and at least
one other person in every crew will be trained in first aid. Each crew will have a first
aid kit with them at all times. Foremen will always know where the nearest medical
facilities are located, and should have the telephone number available at all times.
3. Make and distribute flyers on safety measures to local communities: Local communities
and especially the farmers working on the project site should receive information about
the risks linked to the project in case of hazard. Flyers with safety measures will be
printed and distributed during meetings. In this pamphlet it will be clearly explained
when it is especially dangerous to be under or around the power line or the wind turbines
(during extreme winds for example).
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4. Organize yearly meeting with local communities: before starting construction, before
starting operation and every year during operation, the project developer will organize
a meeting with local communities during which the planning of the activities related to
the project will be presented and the risks linked to these activities or to natural hazards
will be described as well as the steps to take in order to avoid accidents.
If these mitigation measures are implemented, potential project impact on health due to
accident in case of human mistake or in case of natural hazards would be considered as
negligible.
Monitoring program
During construction and decommissioning
1. Organize internal (HSE) audits: once a month, the construction company will make sure
that the team of workers has understood and memorized all the safety measures
described during the daily meetings by organizing internal health, safety, environment
(HSE) audits. The results of these meetings will be written down in a report and will
include what has been achieved and what should be improved.
During operation and maintenance
1. Organize internal (HSE) audits: once every 4 months, the project developer will make
sure that the maintenance team has understood and memorized all the safety measures
described during the daily meetings by organizing internal health, safety, environment
(HSE) audits. The results of these meetings will be written down in a report and will
include what has been achieved and what should be improved.
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5.2.3. INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT
The receptors taken into consideration are mainly people from one of the ten local communities
in Alibunar Municipality.
These receptors are considered to be sensitive on employment and income topics because, as
shown in the baseline chapter, in 2012, in the municipality of Alibunar, the salaries (including
per diems) are significantly lower than in the South Banat Region, the Vojvodina Province and
the Republic of Serbia.
Moreover, as stated in the Baseline chapter on employment, according to the data published by
the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia in 2012, the unemployment rate in the
Municipality of Alibunar is 27.4% while the national unemployment rate is 22.5%.
With a national unemployment rate of 22.5%, people living in Serbia are also considered as
receptors sensitive to employment.
Impact assessment
Income received from employment
The construction and decommissioning of the wind farm Alibunar will require workers. The
number will not be known until the contractor is hired to do the work, but it will likely be at
least several dozen workers. WindVision Windfarm d.o.o. will encourage the Technical
Consultant to recruit these workers from the communities near the project site whenever
possible and appropriate. All laborers will be paid a standard fair wage and will receive full
benefits while employed on the project: salaries, transportation to the working place, health
insurance.
The rest of the workers will be from other regions and will also benefit from the employment
generated by the project.
During the construction and decommissioning phase, the project will have a direct moderate
positive impact on employment for both local communities and workers from other regions.
B. During operation and maintenance
Income received from employment
The operation phase of the project will require qualified electro-technical workers for a period
of 10 years. Currently, there are no such workers in the local communities. WindVision
Windfarm d.o.o will offer one or more grants a year to students coming from local communities
for them to study electro-technical engineering in Belgrade or Novi Sad.
Workers and engineers electro-technical expertise and coming from other Serbian regions will
be employed for the maintenance and operation of the wind farm.
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During the operation phase, the project will have a direct low positive long-term impact on
employment for local communities and a direct medium positive long-term impact on workers
from other regions in Serbia.
Income received from leasing
‐ For the 63 wind turbines, 66 land owners will receive an income for the leasing of their
land.
‐ For the 35 electric pylons, approximately 37 land owners will receive an income for the
leasing of their land.
If we consider that 18 ha of land will be bought or rented by the project developer for the project,
the benefits could be of 180,000€ if everything is sold or 54,000€ a year if everything is rented.
Table 43: Benefits from renting or selling the land
Buying
Renting (per
year)
Land surface
(ha)
Price per ha
Price per 18 ha
18
18
10,000
3,000
180,000
54,000
Source : WindVision 2012
During the operation phase, the project will have a direct high positive long-term impact on
income for local land-owners.
Income received from agriculture
As shown in the chapter on Impact assessment on soil a total of about 18 hectares of arable land
will be taken for the needs of the project.
Within the project area, the crops are mainly wheat (Triticum spp.), corn (Zea mays) and sun
flower (Helianthus annuus) and there are also some fields planted with alfalfa (Medicago
sativa) and rapeseed (Brassica napus).
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Table 44: Potential Annual agricultural income
Types of crops
Productivity Price
(kg/ha/year) (din/kg)
average 2002- in 2011
2011
Estimated
loss (per ha
per year in
RSD)
Total
estimated
loss (per year
in RSD)
Total
estimated
loss (per year
in €)
Wheat (Triticum spp.) 3 965.00
29.61
117,403.65
2,112,796.09
18,598.50
Corn (Zea mays)
Sun flower
(Helianthus annuus)
Alfalfa (Medicago
sativa) in 2011
Rapeseed (Brassica
napus)
5 493.00
2 151.00
27.76
42.00
152,485.68
90,342.00
2,744,132.30
1,625,794.63
24,156.02
14,311.53
6 693.00
27.00
180,711.00
3,252,075.16
28,627.33
3 000.00
48.00
144,000.00
2,591,424.00
22,811.76
Source: Marjanović-Jeromela, Marinković et Jestrovuć, 2011, Jevtić, Kalenić et Stefanović, 2012,
www.proberza.co.rs/, http://www.stips.minpolj.gov.rs/stips/nacionalni, http://www.kvantas.rs/cene/1601-uljanarepica-450-evra-po-toni-
The income that these 18 hectares of farmland would give if entirely covered by these cultivars
would range between 14,300 and 28,600€ a year, depending on the type of crops planted. These
figures do not take into consideration the purchase of the seeds, the cost of man work and the
use of agricultural machinery. Therefore, the farmers would gain more money by leasing these
parcels.
During the operation phase, the project will have a direct low long-term negative impact on
agricultural income for local farmers
Income received from tourism
As described in the Baseline chapter, the tourism sector is not an important activity in the
Municipality of Alibunar except in Devojački Bunar where there is a low presence of tourists.
A wind farm in the landscape could deteriorate the attractiveness of the natural landscapes of
Deliblato Sand but the map on Zone of virtual influence shows that the project will be hardly
visible from Deliblato Sands and Devojački Bunar. Therefore the project will not have any
impact on touristic income.
During the operation phase, the project will have no impact on touristic income for
communities.
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5.2.4. ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
The components of the wind farm will be transported on boats to Pančevo, then on trucks to the
project site via the National Road E70 Pančevo – Vršac and then on the access roads.
The road E-70, that connects Alibunar to Belgrade, Pančevo and Vršac, and the access roads to
the project sites are the receptors. The road E-70 is important for national and international
transportation so it is considered as a sensitive receptor while the sensitivity of the access roads
that are only used by farmers is assessed as low.
Impact assessment
A. During construction and decommission
Deterioration of road E-70
The road E-70 was renovated in 2007 and from its reconstruction until 2011 it supported a daily
average of 5,817 vehicles among which 79 heavy trucks (Putevi Srbije, 2012) without any
infrastructure problems. This road is a good quality infrastructure and should be strong enough
for the heavy trucks that will be used to deliver components needed for the construction of the
wind farm.
The impact on the quality of the road E-70 during construction and decommissioning is assessed
as direct, long-term, negative low.
Improvement of the access roads
The access roads will be transformed by WindVision for the purpose of supporting the heavy
machinery. Currently these roads are agricultural dirt roads highly damaged by tractors and
hardly drivable for a car. In summer, the roads are outgrown with tall hard grass and extremely
dusty while in during rainy periods, these roads are hardly usable because of mud.
The impact on the quality of the access roads during construction and decommissioning is
assessed as direct, long-term, positive high.
Increase of traffic pressure
- On the road E-70 Traffic pressure has decreased significantly between 2007 and 2011,
(see Baseline chapter) and the road is large and safe enough for cars to easily overtake
trucks. Therefore, this road has the capacity to support short-term intensification of truck
traffic that will be created by the project. The worst case scenario during the
construction phase is the circulation of up to 40 heavy vehicle movements per day and
up to 30 light vehicle movements. From 2007 to 2011, there has been an average of 79
heavy trucks and 4,744 cars a day on the road E-70. The traffic increase would be about
50% for heavy vehicles and would be negligible for cars.
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- On access roads, except from tractors, there is no traffic.
The impact on traffic pressure during construction and decommissioning is assessed as shortterm, negative moderate.
Impact on road infrastructure quality
For the reasons presented above, the quality of the road E-70 and of the access roads is not
likely to be impacted by the car and truck traffics due to maintenance.
The impact on road quality during operation is assessed as negligible.
Impact on traffic
For the reasons presented above, the traffic pressure on the road E-70 due to maintenance will
not be an issue.
For the reasons presented above, the traffic pressure on the access roads due to maintenance
will not be an issue.
The impact of traffic on road infrastructure during operation is assessed as negligible.
C. Mitigation measures and residual impact
Avoid traffic perturbation during construction and decommissioning phase
1. Work closely with local police to avoid traffic perturbation: in order to avoid traffic jam,
before the transportation of wind turbines components, WindVision will work closely
with local police to determine optimal times so as to minimize delays.
2. Inform farmers about the planning of construction activities: In order not to bother
farmers in their activities, they will be warned at least one month in advance about the
planning of the project activities.
If these measures are implemented, the impact on traffic pressure during construction and
decommissioning is assessed as short-term, negative low.
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5.2.5 CULTURAL RESOURCES
Sensitivity of the receptor
The receptors are the objects located on the territory of the Municipality of Alibunar that are
considered by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, Pančevo “Zavod za
Zaštitu Spomenika Kulture u Pančevu” (ZZSKP):
- a cultural monument protected under Serbian Law: the Serbian Orthodox church “Sveti
Nikola” in Ilandža: its sensitivity is assessed as low
- a protection zone on the project area that is localizing archeological objects: its
sensitivity is assesses as moderate
The study area taken into consideration to assess the impact of the project on cultural resources
is the municipality of Alibunar.
Methodology
Our impact assessment is based on the results of the archeological field survey organized by
ZZSKP in 2012 (see baseline chapter) and the information given by the Map of the Zones of
Visual Influence.
Impact assessment
Deterioration of the archeological heritage
When digging the ground to build the wind turbine foundations or the foundations of the
electrical towers, potential archeological objects could be damaged.
The project could have a direct, permanent, negative low impact on the archeological objects.
B. During all phases of the project
Deterioration of the value of the cultural monument
The project impact on the Serbian Orthodox church “Sveti Nikola” in Ilandža is similar during
construction, operation and decommissioning because it is a landscape impact.
As the cultural monument is located about 7 km from the first turbine in a settlement, the project
will not impact its visual integrity.
The project does not have any impact on the Serbian Orthodox church “Sveti Nikola”.
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C. Avoidance measures and residual impact
The project developer commits to the following avoidance measures during the construction
phase as required by ZZSKP:
1. Any soil excavation within the protection zone will be monitored by the
archeologists from ZZSKP
2. The work will be stopped in case of any archeological discovery in the rest of
the project area and the finding should be immediately reported to ZZSKP
With the implementation of this avoidance, measures, the residual impacts will be negligible.
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5.2.5. ELECTRICITY INFRASTRUCTURE
The receptor is the electricity infrastructure:
‐ at the national scale and the scale of Banat, it can be assessed as a moderately sensitive
receptor given that it is functioning well despite some losses on the network and nonsustainable sources of electricity production
‐ at scale of the Municipality of Alibunar, it can also be assessed as moderately sensitive
because it is distributing electricity to all the citizens but it is aging, at some locations
unfavorably spatially positioned and the number of substations is insufficient (OGMA,
No. 15/09)
The area of influence of the project on electricity infrastructure taken into consideration is the
local network in the Municipality of Alibunar and in Banat as well as the whole Serbian
territory.
Methodology
Our analysis is based on knowledge about the electricity infrastructure in Serbia and
characteristics of the project.
Impact assessment
Wind turbines and transformer substation
The wind turbines and the transformer substation will not have any impact on local or national
electricity infrastructure during the construction and decommissioning phases of the project
because they will not be connected to any local sources of electricity. As described in Chapter
3, electricity sources during these phases will be independent generators.
Power line
The connection of the power line “2 x 220 kV” to the network, may present risks of perturbation
for the local network at the scale of the Banat region, because the receptor power transmission
line has to be excluded from the national grid for a short period of time, in order to include the
new wind farm to the system.
This would represent a direct negative short-term low impact.
During construction and decommissioning, there will not be any impact on electricity
infrastructure at the scale of the in the Municipality of Alibunar.
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 Wind farm
Increase of the Serbian electricity production from wind energy
As explained in the Baseline chapter, in Serbia, apart from large Hydro Power Plants, there are
no electricity production sources from renewable energy sources (RES).
The state ambition is to increase the production of (RES) from different sources: biomass, small
hydro power plants, sun, geothermic, wind. The objective of the state for wind farms is to
install a total capacity of 540 MW from wind farms.
The creation of the wind farm Alibunar that will generate about 180MW will have a direct high
positive long-term impact on the wind energy production capacity at the national scale
 Power line
Short perturbation on the local electricity network
The maintenance of the power line “2 x 220 kV”, may present risks of perturbation for the local
network at the scale of the Banat region.
This would represent a direct negative short-term moderate impact.
During operation and maintenance there will not be any impact on electricity infrastructure at
the scale of the in the Municipality of Alibunar
C. Mitigation measure and residual impact
1. Work in close cooperation with the manager of the local electricity network: During the
connection and the maintenance of the power line “2 x 220 kV, the construction team
will work in close cooperation with the company “EMS – Elektro Mreže Srbije” that
manages the local electricity infrastructure in order to determine when optimal times
are so as to minimize delays.
With the implementation of this mitigation measure, the residual impact is direct negative shortterm low.
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5.2.6. EMF IMPACT ON HEALTH
Introduction to EMF
Electric and magnetic fields are produced by any wiring or equipment carrying electric current.
The strengths of the fields decrease rapidly with increasing distance from the source (NRL,
2008).
 Electric fields are produced by voltage and increase in strength as the voltage increases.
The electric field strength is measured in units of volts per meter (V/m) (NIEHS, 2002).
Trees and buildings shield electric fields, which can reduce their strength considerably.
(NRL, 2008).

Magnetic fields result from the flow of current through wires or electrical devices and
increase in strength as the current increases. Magnetic fields are measured in units of
gauss (G) or tesla (T). The current must be flowing, for a magnetic field to be produced.
(NIEHS, 2002) Magnetic fields are not shielded by trees, buildings or iron roofs but the
field strength decreases rapidly with increasing distance from emitting source (NRL,
2008).
Health problems due to EMF
Even though electrical equipment, appliances, and power lines produce both electric and
magnetic fields, most recent research has focused on potential health effects of magnetic field
exposure. This is because some epidemiological studies have reported an increased cancer risk
associated with estimates of magnetic field exposure. No similar associations have been
reported for electric fields. No consistent pattern of biological effects from exposure to EMF
had emerged from laboratory studies with animals or with cells. However, epidemiological
studies (studies of disease incidence in human populations) had shown an association between
childhood leukemia and exposure to power-frequency EMF. Interpretation of the
epidemiological findings has been difficult due to the absence of supporting laboratory evidence
or a scientific explanation linking EMF exposures with leukemia (NIEHS, 2002) and (ICNIRP,
1998 and 2009)
Because of the potential impact of EMF on human health, a security distance should be
respected between EMF emitter as power lines or transformer substation and residential areas.
Page200
International organizations have defined EMF exposure standards as shown here under:
Table 45: international standards for exposure to EMF
Exposure (60 Hz)
Electric field
Magnetic field
Occupational
8.3 kV/m
4.2 G
General Public
4.2 kV/m
0.833 G
Source: ICNIRP, 1998
In the framework of our project, only power lines and the transformer substation are likely to
have effect on human health.
Power lines can be either overhead or underground and both of them produce electric fields and
magnetic fields during operation.
Underground lines do not produce electric fields above ground but may produce magnetic fields
above ground (NIEHS, 2002). A 220 kV power line and a (220/35 kV) transformer substation
will be built in the framework of the wind-farm Alibunar project.
Hereafter we assess the impact on human health of the power line and the transformer
substation.
Sensitivity to EMF
Within a buffer zone of 500m from the power line and from the transformer substation, there
are neither houses, nor places where people could regularly come (e.g. leisure or sport center,
walking paths…etc.). The first house from the power line is in Padina, 1.5 km away and the
first house from the substation is in Vladimirovac, 5.4 km away. There are no houses inside a
radius of 1km around the power lines and the power substation. The sensitivity of the receptor
is very low.
Methodology for assessing impacts on houses
As a first area of influence, we studied the first 100m around the power lines and the substation
where EMF could be perceived. For the all study area, we consider a radius of 1km around the
project.
Methodology
In order to study the impacts we confront current knowledge about EMF with the characteristics
of our project.
Page201
Impact assessment
A. Impact of EMF emitted by the power line and the substation during operation
At a distance of 91 m and at times of average electricity demand, the magnetic fields from many
lines can be similar to typical background levels found in most homes. The distance at which
the magnetic field from the line becomes indistinguishable from typical background levels
differs for different types of lines (NIEHS, 2002).
Table 46: Typical EMF Levels for Power Transmission Lines of 115 kV
Voltage of the Power
Transmission Line
Distance
(m)
0
15
20
30
61
91
115 kV
230 kV
500 kV
Electric Field (kV/m)
1.0
2.0
7.0
Mean Magnetic Field (mG)
29.7
57.5
86.7
0.5
1.5
6.5
19.5
EMF
(at 1 m above ground)
3.0
29.4
0.07
0.3
1.0
1.7
7.1
12.6
0.01
0.05
0.3
0.4
1.8
3.2
0.003
0.01
0.1
0.2
0.8
1.4
Source : NIEHS, 2002
The table above shows that the EMF emitted by different power lines, for a 220 kV power line,
at a distance of 91m, the electric field is: 0.01 kV/m, and the magnetic field is 0.8 mG. This is
way under international standards for exposure to EMF and this is less than a blender, a micro
wave, a dish washer or a vacuum cleaner located 0,61m away from the receptor, as shown by
the table hereafter..
Page202
Table 47: Average strength of magnetic fields from house electric appliances
Average strength of magnetic fields (mG) Electrical appliances Distance from source (m) 0,15 0,3 0,61 1,22 BLENDERS 70 10 2 ‐ COFFEE MAKERS 7 ‐ ‐ ‐ 200 4 10 2 ELECTRIC OVENS 9 4 0 ‐ DISHWASHERS 20 10 4 ‐ WASHING MACHINES 20 7 1 ‐ VACUUM CLEANERS 300 60 10 1 MICROWAVE OVENS Source : NIEHS, 2002 Electric fields from power lines are relatively stable because line voltage does not change very
much but magnetic fields on most lines fluctuate greatly as current changes in response to
changing loads. During peak loads (about 1% of the time), magnetic fields are about twice as
strong as the mean levels above. (NIEHS, 2002).
Even if the magnetic fields happen to be twice stronger during peak load, at a distance of more
than 1 km, there will be no impact on human health. The power line and transformer substation
are located far enough from residential areas.
There is no impact on human health due to EMF.
Page203
6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ACTION PLAN (ESAP)
In separate document as part of public disclosure
Page204
7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PROGRAM (ESMP)
In accordance with PR1, WindVision has designed the ESMP so that WindVision senior management receive regular performance assessments
of the environmental and social management system and/or progress in implementing the ESAP, based on systematic data collection and
analysis. The nature, scope and frequency of such reporting has been tailored to the activities identified and undertaken in the ESAP and is
described in the table here under.
WindVision is committed to provide the EBRD with updates on progress in implementing their ESAP as part of its regular reporting to the Bank
Improvement of the monitoring system
Monitoring activities will be adjusted according to performance experience and feedback.
Monitoring of the project by the EBRD
WindVision is committed to facilitate monitoring visits to their sites by the EBRD’s environmental or social specialists, or consultants acting on
the EBRD’s behalf.
Page205
Phase
Parameter
Construction
Dust emission
Description of activity
Time
Cost/ Cost İnstutituonal
per year
Responsibility
Indicator
Site observation and measurements with a 30 min a day part of the
dust level measuring device (as defined
contract
by the law)
Soil pollution
Site observation
30 min a day part of the
(chemical leaks)
contract
Soil pollution
Site observation
15 min a day part of the
(waste
contract
management)
Occupational
Internal health, safety, environment
1 h a month part of the
Health and
(HSE) audits
contract
Safety Measures
Noise and
Noise measurement with adequate
1 day a
part of the
vibration
phonometers
month
contract
Construction
company
Quantity of dust in the air
Construction
company
Construction
company
Number and surface of leaks on the soil
Construction
company
Workers' knowledge about OHS standards
and measures to take to implement them
IMS Institute
Level of decibels at nearby residential areas
Operation
Shadow flicker
Operation
Ice throw
part of the
contract
part of the
contract
Maintenance
team
Maintenance
team
Graphs showing rotor frequency along the
year.
Graphs showing power curve and air
temperature from September to May.
Operation
Soil pollution
(lubricants)
Operation
Soil pollution
(chemical leaks)
Operation
Soil pollution
(waste
management)
Construction
Construction
Construction
Operation
Quantity of domestic solid waste not properly
disposed
Continuous monitoring of rotor
frequency.
Continuously check the power curve and
the ambient air temperature from
September to May.
continuous
Control the level of lubricants in the
nacelles of the wind turbines and in the
transformer substation and empty the
retention system
Control of lubricating oil
As defined
for the the
device used
part of the
contract
Maintenance
team
Level of lubricants, state of the retention
system,
Routine
obligation
following
regular
activities
Per sighting
plus controls
part of the
contract
Maintenance
team
Presence of leaks on the project sites and
measure taken to solve the problem.
part of the
contract
Maintenance
team
Quantity of domestic solid waste not properly
disposed
Site observation
continuous
Page206
Phase
Parameter
Description of activity
Time
Cost/ Cost İnstutituonal
per year
Responsibility
Indicator
Maintenance team's knowledge about OHS
standards and measures to take to implement
them
Number and location of nests occupied by the
Saker falcon
every six
months
Operation
Operation
Occupational
Health and
Safety (OHS)
Birds
Operation
Birds
Continuous monitoring of birds
migration using radar technology
Operation
Bats
Continuous monitoring of bats using
Chirotech technology
all year
25 000 €
Operation
Birds and bats
Research dead or injured birds and bats
over the site
Routine
obligation
following
regular
activities
3 hours a
year
part of the
contract
Maintenance
team
part of the
contract
3 hours a
year
part of the
contract
Project developer Minutes of the meeting, list and signature of
participants, solutions found to improve the
efficiency of the mitigaton measures.
Project developer Minutes of the meeting, list and signature of
participants.
Operation
Operation
Internal health, safety, environment
(HSE) audits
1 h every 4
months
part of the
contract
Project
developper
Monitoring of the Saker falcon
reproduction success
March-June
(10 days a
month)
all year
4 500 €
Team of
ornithologists
35 000 €
Team of
ornithologists and
radar experts
Team of bat and
Chirotech
Discuss the results of the monitoring
program with the INP in Novi Sad
Shadow flicker, Annual meeting with local stakeholders
Ice throw, OHS who could be affected.
Species identification and numbers of birds
recorded, maps of the migration routes
Species identification and numbers of bats
recorded in the danger zone of the wind
turbines
Number and location of the dead or injured
birds and bats
Page207
8. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PLAN (SEP)
In separate document as part of public disclosure
Page208
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SERBIAN LEGAL DOCUMENTS
Serbian Laws
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Law on nature protection: “Zakon o zaštiti prirode” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 36/09 i
88/10);
Law on Environmental Protection “Zakon o zaštiti životne sredine” („Sl. glasnik RS“
br. 135/2004, 36/2009, 72/2009, 43/2011);
Law on Environmental Impact Assessment studies “Zakon o proceni uticaja na
životnu sredinu” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 135/2004, 36/2009);
Law on the Protection of the Environmental Noise “Zakon o zaštiti od buke u životnoj
sredini” („Sl. glasnik RS“, br. 36/2009, 88/2010);
Law on Ratification of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of
Wild Animals “Zakon o potvrđivanju Konvencije o očuvanju migratornih vrsta divljih
životinja”, (Službeni glasnik RS - Međunarodni ugovori, br. 102/2007)
Law on Ratification of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and
Natural Habitats and Fauna “Zakon o potvrđivanju Konvencije o očuvanju evropske
divlje flore i faune i prirodnih staništa”, Službeni glasnik RS - Međunarodni ugovori,
br. 102/2007
Law on water “Zakon o vodama” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 36/2009);
Law on air protection: “Zakon o zaštiti vazduha” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 36/2009);
Law on waste management: “Zakon o upravljanju otpadom” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br.
36/2009);
Law on planning and construction: “Zakon o planiranju i izgradnji” („Sl. glasnik RS“
br. 47/2003, 34/2006, 72/2009, 81/2009, 24/2011);
Law on energy: “Zakon o energetici” („Sl. glasnik RS“, br. 57/11 i 80/11)
Law on health and safety at work: “Zakon o bezbednosti i zdravlju na radu” („Sl.
glasnik RS“ br. 101/2005);
Law on cultural heritage: “Zakon o kulturnim dobrima” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br.
71/1994);
Law on protection from fire: “Zakon o zaštiti od požara” („Sl. glasnik RS“ br.
37/1988, 53/1993, 67/1993, 48/1994, 101/2005);
Serbian rulebooks
‐
‐
Rulebook establishing the list of projects for which it is mandatory to do an EIA study
and for which an EIA study might be required “Pravilnik o utvrđivanju liste projekata
za koje je obavezna procena uticaja i liste projekata za koje se može sahtevati procena
utucaja na životnu sredinu” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 114/2008)
Rulebook on the content of the request on the need to write an EIA study and on the
content of the request for the scope and the contents of the EIA study « Pravilnik o
sadržini zahteva o potrebi procene uticaja i sadržini zahteva za određivanje obima i
Page219
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
sadržaja studie o proceni uticaja na životnu sredinu » ("Službeni glasnik RS", br.
69/2005)
Rulebook on methods for measuring noise, content and scope of the report on noise
measurement “Pravilnik o metodama merenja buke, sadržini i obimu izveštaja o
merenju buke” („Sl. glasnik RS“, br. 72/2010);
Rulebook on permitted noise level in the environment “Pravilnik o dozvoljenom nivou
buke u životnoj sredini” (“Sl. glasnik RS", br. 54/92)
Rulebook on specific technical and technological solutions that enable the safe
circulation of wildlife “Pravilnik o specijalnim tehničko-tehnološkim rešenjima koja
omogućavaju nesmetanu i sigurnu komunikaciju divljih životinja” ("Službeni glasnik
RS", br. 72/2010);
Rulebook on criteria for classification of habitat, habitats types, sensitivity,
vulnerability, occurrence and priority for protection and protective measures for their
conservation “Pravilnik o kriterijumima za izdvajanje tipova staništa, o tipovima
staništa, osetljivim, ugroženim, retkim i za zaštitu prioritetnim tipovima staništa i o
merama zaštite za njihovo očuvanje” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br. 35/2010).
Rulebook on the announcement and protection of strictly protected and protected wild
species of plants, animals and fungi “Pravilnik o proglašenju i zaštiti strogo zaštićenih
i zaštićenih divljih vrsta biljaka, životinja i gljiva” ("Sl. glasnik RS”, br 5/10 i 47/11)
Rulebook on compensatory measures “Pravilnik o kompenzacijskim merama” ("Sl.
glasnik RS", br. 20/2010) od 31.3.2010.
Serbian decrees
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Decree on Implementation of the Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic
of Serbia until 2015, for the period 2007 – 2012" “Uredba o utvrđivanju Programa
ostvarivanja Strategije razvoja energetike Republike Srbije do 2015. godine za period
2007. do 2012. godine.” (“Sl. glasnik RS", br. 17/07 i 73/07)
Decree on amendments and supplements to the Program for the Realization of the
Energy Sector Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia until 2015, for the period
2007 – 2012 “Uredba o izmenama i dopunama Uredbe o utvrđivanju Programa
ostvarivanja Strategije razvoja energetike Republike Srbije do 2015. godine za period
od 2007. do 2012. Godine” (“Sl. glasnik RS", br. 99/09)
Decree on the requirements for obtaining the status of the privileged electric producer
and the criteria for assessing fulfillment of these requirements “Uredba o uslovima za
sticanje statusa povlašćenog proizvođača električne energije i kriterijumima za ocenu
ispunjenosti tih uslova” (“Sl. glasnik RS", br. 72/09)
Decree on Incentive Measures for Electricity Generation using Renewable energy
sources and for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Generation ”Uredba o merama
podsticaja za proizvodnju električne energije korišćenjem OIE i kombinovanom
proizvodnjom električne i toplotne energije” (Sl. glasnik RS, br. 99/09)
Decree on the Ecological Network “Uredba. o ekološkoj mreži.” ("Sl. glasnik RS", br.
102/2010)
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‐
Decree on noise indicators, limits, methods for evaluating indicators of noise,
disturbance and adverse effects of environmental noise “Uredba o indikatorima buke,
graničnim vrednostima, metodama za ocenjivanje indikatora buke, uznemiravanja i
štetnih efekata buke u životnoj sredini” („Sl. glasnik RS“, br. 75/2010);
Serbian decisions
‐
Decision on the criteria for determining the status of undeveloped and developed
municipalities in Vojvodina “Odluka o kriterijumima za utvrđivanje statusa
nerazvijenih i nedovolljno razvijenih opština u AP Vojvodini“ (Sl. glasnik AP
Vojvodina, br. 8/2006)
Serbian strategy
‐
‐
Alibunar Municipality rural development strategy for the period 2010-2014.
“Strategija ruralnog razvoja opštine Alibunar za period od 2010 do 2014 godine,
(Official gazette of the Municipality of Alibunar (OGMA) No. 15/09))
Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia before 2015 “Strategija razvoja
energetike Republike Srbije do 2015. godine, Vlada Republike Srbije, Beograd. 2005
(“Sl. glasnik RS", br. 44/05)
Page221
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
-
European Landscape Convention of the Council of Europe, Florence, 20.X.2000,
Bern Convention “on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats”
transposed in (Official Gazette of RS: 102/07)
Bonn Convention “on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals” transposed
in (Official Gazette of RS: 102/07)
DIRECTIVES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
« EIA Directive » Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 amending Directive
85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on
the environment
« Habitats Directive » Council directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the
conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora
“Birds Directive” Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds
Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27
September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy
sources in the internal electricity market“, Official Journal of the European
Communities;
Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003
on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport“, official
Journal of the European Union;
Page222
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: List of preparers
List of Preparers for the ESIA on the wind-farm Alibunar
Name
Education
Jean-Yves KERNEL Dipl.ing,
ornithologist and
botanist
Yves BAS
PhD in biology,
ornithologist and
chiropterologist
Cédric
ELLEBOODE
Marko JANKOVIĆ
M.Sc. in biology
and botanist
M.Sc. in Biology,
and ornithologist
M.Sc. in
Environmental
management
Delphine MORIN
Srećko Milić
Years of Role in ESIA preparation
experience
Project manager
Scoping
Impact assessment
14
Baseline study and
monitoring program for birds
and bats
Baseline study on birds and
bats
6
Impact assessment on birds
and bats
Natural habitats and flora
9
study
Baseline study on birds
Impact assessment on birds
Project coordinator
Socio-economic analysis
3
Impact assessment
Dipl.el.ing.
10
Ilija M. NIKOLIĆ
Dipl.el.ing.
11
Technical characteristics of
the power line
Impact assessment
Technical characteristics of
the transformer substation
Impact assessment
Page223
Appendix 2: Location and elevation of the turbines
Turbines of Alibunar project phase
Alibunar Turbine Reference Coordinates Elevation (m) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N45 05.470 E20 53.673
N45 05.808 E20 53.545
N45 06.169 E20 53.407
N45 06.502 E20 53.281
N45 06.381 E20 52.725
N45 06.074 E20 52.836
N45 05.708 E20 52.971
N45 05.368 E20 53.099
N45 05.052 E20 53.220
N45 04.713 E20 53.350
N45 04.245 E20 52.861
N45 04.551 E20 52.714
N45 04.861 E20 52.580
N45 05.231 E20 52.443
N45 05.624 E20 52.291
N45 05.922 E20 52.175
N45 06.255 E20 52.043
N45 06.154 E20 51.483
N45 05.819 E20 51.604
N45 05.163 E20 51.858
N45 04.774 E20 51.959
N45 04.461 E20 52.180
N45 04.165 E20 52.294
N45 03.819 E20 52.185
N45 04.117 E20 51.865
N45 04.377 E20 51.554
N45 04.677 E20 51.355
N45 05.010 E20 51.299
N45 05.720 E20 51.044
N45 06.071 E20 51.071
N45 04.085 E20 51.252
N45 03.814 E20 51.430
N45 03.613 E20 51.773
125 m
126 m
127 m
130 m
129 m
129 m
129 m
132 m
132 m
134 m
136 m
136 m
138 m
135 m
134 m
131 m
131 m
132 m
133 m
135 m
137 m
138 m
141 m
142 m
139 m
138 m
138 m
136 m
135 m
132 m
140 m
140 m
140 m
Page224
Turbines of Alibunar 2 project phase
Alibunar 2 Turbine Reference 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Coordinates N45 05.160 E20 50.053
N45 04.898 E20 50.343
N45 04.624 E20 50.649
N45 04.356 E20 50.947
N45 03.273 E20 51.268
N45 03.553 E20 50.961
N45 03.854 E20 50.748
N45 04.116 E20 50.337
N45 04.361 E20 50.066
N45 04.639 E20 49.760
N45 04.896 E20 49.487
N45 04.601 E20 49.014
N45 04.360 E20 49.276
N45 04.112 E20 49.548
N45 03.838 E20 49.849
N45 03.517 E20 50.209
N45 03.213 E20 50.545
N45 02.997 E20 50.783
N45 02.809 E20 50.368
N45 03.074 E20 50.073
N45 03.331 E20 49.793
N45 03.583 E20 49.507
N45 03.887 E20 49.167
N45 04.101 E20 48.933
N45 03.886 E20 48.289
N45 03.656 E20 48.705
N45 03.353 E20 49.007
N45 03.054 E20 49.233
N45 02.812 E20 49.611
N45 02.476 E20 49.867
Elevation (m) 141 m
135 m
134 m
134 m
137 m
136 m
136 m
137 m
136 m
133 m
132 m
132 m
131 m
132 m
134 m
135 m
137 m
141 m
141 m
137 m
135 m
134 m
132 m
131 m
131 m
134 m
135 m
135 m
141 m
141 m
Page225
Appendix 3: Field surveys and studies undertaken for the project
STUDY Topic Title AUTHORS Date of delivery Names and qualifications of the team Company
Biodiversity One‐year baseline 05.07.2012 Jean‐Yves Kernel (Dipl.ing, Biotope study on birds and . ornithologist and botanist), Marko d.o.o. bats Jankovic (M.Sc. in Biology, Beograd ornithologist), Yves Bas (PHD in Biology, ornithologist and chiropterologist), Delphine Morin (M.Sc. in Environmental management) Archeology Final report of the 18.10.2012 Jasna Jovanov(Arheolog‐konzervator) archaeological . and Maja Živković (Arheolog‐
reconnaissance of konzervator) the space allocated for the Alibunar wind‐farm project Zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture u Pančevu Geology, hydro‐
geology Study on geological 14.10.2011. Ivica Ivandić (Dipl.ing.geol.) and and geotechnical Zlatomir Mrkonjić (Dipl.ing.geol.) investigations GeoMehanik
a doo Geodesy Cadastral and 08.2011, topographic maps 02.2012, 08.2012 Gabrijel Jurašović (Dipl.ing.geod) and Geovizija doo
Nenad Perić (Dipl.ing.geod) Sound Noise assessment January 2013 Borislav Budisavljević (Dipl.ing.), Aleksandar Milenković (Dipl.ing.) Institut IMS
Jean – Michel Durand (Dipl.Ing.mech) WindVision (Belgium) Wind Wind measurements 01.04.2010 Filip Kanački (M.Arch.), Danilo Netinvest and on‐
Komatina (Dipl.ing.el.) d.o.o. going Jean – Michel Durand (Dipl.Ing.mech) WindVision (Belgium) Land planning Plan of Detail Regulation 11.01.2013 Jelena Stojkov (odgovorni urbanista, .ing.arh.), Nataša Tančev (Dipl.ing.arh.), Milan Pavićević (Dipl.ing.saob.) Direkcija za Građevinsko Zemljište i Izgradnju Beograda J.P
Srećko Milić (Dipl.ing.el.)
Elektroistok izgradnja doo
Ilija Nikolić (Dipl.ing.el.)
Pro Inel doo Katarina Pandurov (Ing.mat.)
Saobraćajni institut CIP Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Alibunar Wind Farm Project, Biotope 2013
Page226
Appendix 4: List of birds names and conservation status
This annex presents the names of the birds species recorded in the study area as well as their
conservation status according to different recognized institutions as explained in the table
hereafter..
Table 2: list of bird species and conservation status
Nbr. Latin name
1
2
3
4
5
Tachybaptus
ruficollis
Podiceps
cristatus
Podiceps
nigricollis
Phalacrocorax
pygmeus
Phalacrocorax
carbo
English name
Little Grebe
Great Crested
Grebe
Black-necked
Grebe
Pygmy
Cormorant
Serbian
Bird
IUCN BirdLife
Law
Directive
NonSP
LC
SPEC
NonSP
LC
SPEC
NonSP
LC
SPEC
SP
NT
Cormorant
P
LC
SPEC 1
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
Bern
Bonn
Convention Convention
II
III
II
I
II
II
III
6
Egretta garPetta
Little Egret
SP
LC
7
Ardea cinerea
Grey Heron
SP
LC
Great Egret
SP
LC
Night Heron
SP
LC
SPEC 3
I
II
SPEC 2
I
II
II/1
III
II/2, III/2
III
II
II/1, III/2
III
II
II
II
II/1
III
II
II/1, III/2
III
II
II/1; III/1
III
II
8
9
Casmerodius
albus
Nycticorax
nycticorax
I
II
III
II
II
10
Ciconia ciconia
White Stork
SP
LC
11
Anser fabalis
Bean Goose
P
LC
12
Anser albifrons
White-fronted
Goose
P
LC
13
Anser anser
Greylag goose
SP
LC
14
Tadorna tadorna
Shelduck
SP
LC
15
Anas strepera
Gadwall
SP
LC
16
Anas penelope
Wigeon
P
LC
17
Anas
platyrhynchos
Mallard
P
LC
18
Anas clypeata
Shoveler
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II/1, III/2
III
II
19
Anas acuta
Pintail
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II/1, III/2
III
II
20
Anas
querquedula
Garganey
P
LC
SPEC 3
II/1
III
II
NonSPECe
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
SPEC 3
NonSPECe
NonSPEC
II
Page227
Serbian
Bird
IUCN BirdLife
Law
Directive
NonP
LC
II/1, III/2
SPEC
Nbr. Latin name
English name
21
Anas crecca
Teal
22
Aythya ferina
Pochard
P
LC
SPEC 2
23
Aythya nyroca
Ferrugineous
Duck
SP
NT
24
Pernis apivorus
Honey BuPPard
SP
Short-toed Eagle
25
26
Circaetus
gallicus
Circus
aeruginosus
Bern
Bonn
III
II
II/1, III/2
III
II
SPEC 1
I
III
I
LC
NonSPECe
I
II
II
SP
LC
SPEC 3
I
II
II
Marsh Harrier
SP
LC
NonSPEC
I
II
II
SPEC 3
I
II
II
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
27
Circus cyaneus
Hen Harrier
SP
LC
28
Circus pygargus
Montagu's
Harrier
SP
LC
29
Accipiter nisus
Sparrowhawk
SP
LC
30
Accipiter gentilis Goshawk
P
LC
31
Buteo buteo
BuPPard
SP
LC
32
Aquila pomarina
Lesser Spotted
Eagle
SP
LC
SPEC 2
I
II
II
33
Aquila heliaca
Imperial Eagle
SP
VU
SPEC 1
I
II
I
34
Aquila pennata
Booted Eagle
SP
LC
SPEC 3
I
II
II
35
Falco
tinnunculus
Kestrel
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II
II
36
Falco vespertinus
Red-footed
Falcon
SP
NT
SPEC 3
I
II
I
37
Falco
columbarius
Merlin
SP
LC
I
II
II
38
Falco subbuteo
Hobby
SP
LC
II
II
39
Falco cherrug
Saker Falcon
SP
EN
SPEC 1
I
II
I
40
Perdix perdix
Grey Partridge
P
LC
SPEC 3
III/1
III
Quail
P
LC
SPEC 3
II/2
III
Pheasant
P
LC
NonSPEC
II/1; III/1
III
41
42
Coturnix
coturnix
Phasanius
colchicus
NonSPECe
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
II
43
Grus grus
Crane
SP
LC
SPEC 2
I
II
II
44
Crex crex
Corncrake
SP
NT
SPEC 1
I
II
II
45
Fulica atra
Coot
P
LC
II/1, III/2
III
II
46
Charadrius
dubius
Little Ringed
Plover
SP
LC
II
II
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
Page228
Nbr. Latin name
English name
Serbian
Bird
IUCN BirdLife
Law
Directive
Bern
Bonn
47
Vanellus
vanellus
Lapwing
SP
LC
SPEC 2
II/2
III
II
48
Gallinago media
Great Snipe
SP
NT
SPEC 1
I
II
II
Curlew
SP
LC
SPEC 2
II/2
III
II
Spotted
Redshank
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II/2
III
II
Redshank
SP
LC
SPEC 2
II/2
III
II
II
II
III
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
I, II/2
III
II
I
III
II
I
II
II
II/2
III
II/2
III
49
50
Numenius
arquata
Tringa
erythropus
51
Tringa totanus
52
Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper
SP
LC
53
Tringa nebularia
Greenshank
SP
LC
54
Tringa ochropus
Green Sandpiper
SP
LC
55
Tringa glareola
Wood Sandpiper
SP
56
Calidris alpina
Dunlin
57
58
59
Philomachus
pugnax
Himantopus
himantopus
Recurvirostra
avosetta
Larus
michahellis
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
II/2
LC
SPEC 3
I
SP
LC
SPEC 3
Ruff
SP
LC
SPEC 2
Black-winged
Stilt
SP
LC
Avocet
SP
LC
P
LC
P
LC
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
NonSPECe
NonSPECe
Yellow-legged
Gull
Black-headed
Larus ridibundus
Gull
Chlidonias
Whiskered Tern
hybrida
Columba livia
Feral Pigeon
domestica
Columba
Wood Pigeon
palumbus
Streptopelia
Turtle Dove
turtur
Streptopelia
Collared Dove
decaocto
SP
LC
SPEC 3
I
II
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
III
SP
LC
NonSPECe
SP
LC
SPEC 3
P
LC
67
Cuculus canorus
Cuckoo
SP
LC
68
Tyto alba
Barn Owl
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II
69
Otus scops
Scops Owl
SP
LC
SPEC 2
II
79
Athene noctua
Little Owl
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II
71
Asio otus
Long-eared Owl
SP
LC
NonSPEC
II
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
III
II/2
III
II/2
III
II
III
Page229
Nbr. Latin name
English name
Serbian
Bird
IUCN BirdLife
Law
Directive
Bern
Bonn
72
Caprimulgus
europaeus
Nightjar
SP
LC
SPEC 2
73
Apus apus
Swift
SP
LC
NonSPEC
III
74
Merops apiaster
Bee-eater
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II
II
75
Coracias garrulus Roller
SP
LC
SPEC 2
II
II
76
Upupa epops
Hoopoe
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II
77
Jynx torquilla
Wryneck
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II
Dendrocopos
major
Dendrocopos
syriacus
Calandrella
brachydactyla
Great Spotted
woodpecker
Syrian
woodpecker
SP
LC
SP
LC
Short-toed Lark
SP
LC
SPEC 3
81
Galerida cristata
Crested Lark
SP
LC
SPEC 3
82
Lululla arborea
Woodlark
SP
LC
SPEC 2
83
Alauda arvensis
Skylark
SP
LC
SPEC 3
III
84
Riparia riparia
Sand Martin
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II
85
Hirundo rustica
Barn Swallow
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II
86
Delichon urbica
House Martin
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II
87
Motacilla alba
Pied Wagtail
SP
LC
88
Motacilla flava
Yellow Wagtail
SP
LC
89
Anthus
campestris
Tawny Pipit
SP
LC
90
Anthus trivialis
Tree Pipit
SP
LC
91
Anthus pratensis
Meadow Pipit
SP
LC
92
Anthus cervinus
SP
LC
93
Lanius collurio
SP
LC
SPEC 3
I
II
94
Lanius minor
SP
LC
SPEC 2
I
II
95
Lanius excubitor Gret Grey Shrike
SP
LC
SPEC 3
Wren
SP
LC
Dunnock
SP
LC
78
79
80
96
97
Troglodytes
troglodytes
Prunella
modularis
Red-throated
Pipit
Red-backer
Shrike
Lesser Grey
Shrike
NonSPEC
NonSPECe
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
III
I
III
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
SPEC 3
II
II
I
II
NonSPEC
NonSPECe
NonSPEC
II
II
II
II
NonSPEC
NonSPECe
II
III
Page230
Nbr. Latin name
English name
98
Turdus merula
Blackbird
99
Turdus pilaris
Fieldfare
100
101
102
103
104
Turdus
philomelos
Turdus
viscivorus
Erithacus
rubecula
Luscinia
megarhynchos
Phoenicurus
ochruros
Song Thrush
Mistle Thrush
Robin
Nightingale
Black Redstart
105
Saxicola rubetra
106
Saxicola torquata Stonechat
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
Oenanthe
oenanthe
Panurus
biarmicus
Locustella
fluviatilis
Locustella
luscinioides
Acrocephalus
schoenobaenus
Acrocephalus
arundinaceus
Acrocephalus
palustris
Hippolais
icterina
Phylloscopus
collybita
Phylloscopus
sibilatrix
Whinchat
Wheatear
SP
LC
SP
LC
SP
LC
SP
LC
Sedge Warbler
SP
LC
Great Reed
Warbler
SP
LC
Marsh Warbler
SP
LC
Icterine warbler
SP
LC
Common Chiff
Chaff
SP
LC
Wood Warbler
SP
LC
SP
LC
SP
LC
SP
LC
SP
LC
SP
LC
Bearded
Reedling
The River
Warbler
The Savi's
Warbler
Sylvia atricapilla Blackcap
The Garden
Warbler
The Common
Sylvia communis
Whitethroat
The Lesser
Sylvia curruca
Whitethroat
The Barred
Sylvia nisoria
Warbler
Sylvia borin
Serbian
Bird
IUCN BirdLife
Law
Directive
NonSP
LC
II/2
SPECe
NonSP
LC
SPECe
NonSP
LC
II/2
SPECe
NonSP
LC
SPECe
NonSP
LC
SPECe
NonSP
LC
SPECe
NonSP
LC
SPEC
NonSP
LC
SPECe
NonSP
LC
SPEC
Bern
Bonn
III
III
III
III
II
II
II
II
II
SPEC 3
II
NonSPEC
NonSPECe
NonSPECe
NonSPECe
NonSPEC
NonSPECe
NonSPECe
NonSPEC
II
SPEC 2
NonSPECe
NonSPECe
NonSPECe
NonSPEC
NonSPECe
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
Page231
Serbian
Bird
IUCN BirdLife
Law
Directive
NonSP
LC
SPECe
NonSP
LC
SPECe
Nbr. Latin name
English name
122
Regulus regulus
Goldcrest
123
Regulus
ignicapillus
Firecrest
124
Muscicapa striata
Spotted
Flycatcher
SP
LC
125
Aegithalos
caudatus
Long-tailed Tit
SP
126
Parus palustris
Marsh Tit
127
Parus major
128
Bern
Bonn
II
II
II
II
SPEC 3
II
II
LC
NonSPEC
II
SP
LC
SPEC 3
II
Great Tit
SP
LC
Parus caeruleus
Blue Tit
SP
LC
129
Sitta europaea
Nuthatch
SP
LC
130
EmberiPa
citrinella
Yellowhammer
SP
LC
131
EmberiPa cirlus
Cirl Bunting
SP
LC
Ortolan Bunting
SP
LC
SPEC 2
Blac-headed
Bunting
SP
LC
SPEC 2
II
Reed Bunting
SP
LC
NonSPEC
II
135
Miliaria calandra Corn Bunting
SP
LC
SPEC 2
III
136
Fringilla coelebs
Common
Chaffinch
SP
LC
Brambling
SP
LC
Goldfinch
SP
LC
132
133
134
137
138
EmberiPa
hortulana
EmberiPa
melanocephala
EmberiPa
schoeniclus
Fringilla
montefringilla
Carduelis
carduelis
NonSPEC
NonSPECe
NonSPEC
NonSPECe
NonSPECe
II
II
II
II
II
I
III
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
NonSPECe
III
III
II
139
Carduelis chloris Greenfinch
SP
LC
140
Carduelis
cannabina
SP
LC
SPEC 2
II
141
Loxia curvirostra Red Crossbeak
SP
LC
NonSPEC
II
142
Passer
domesticus
House Sprarrow
P
LC
SPEC 3
143
Passer montanus
Tree Sparrow
P
LC
SPEC 3
144
Sturnus vulgaris
Starling
P
LC
SPEC 3
145
Oriolus oriolus
Golden Oriole
SP
LC
146
Garrulus
glandarius
Jay
P
LC
Linnet
NonSPEC
NonSPEC
II
III
II/2
II
II/2
III
Page232
Nbr. Latin name
English name
147
Magpie
148
149
Pica pica
Corvus
monedula
Corvus
frugilegus
Jackdaw
Rook
150
Corvus cornix
Hooded Crow
151
Corvus corax
Raven
Serbian
Bird
IUCN BirdLife
Law
Directive
NonP
LC
SPEC
NonP
LC
II/2
SPECe
NonP
LC
II/2
SPEC
NonP
LC
II/2
SPEC
NonP
LC
SPEC
Bern
Bonn
III
Page233
Appendix 5: List of land-owners (SEP)
The table here-under shows the list of land-owners that will be renting land to WindVision for
the Alibunar Wind Farm Project.
Name of owner
1 AD Jedinstvo
AD Jedinstvo
AD Jedinstvo
AD Jedinstvo
AD Jedinstvo
AD Jedinstvo
AD Jedinstvo
AD Jedinstvo
AD Jedinstvo
AD Jedinstvo
2 Arambašić Dosta
3 Baba Ana
4 Božin Emanuel
5 Branković Paun
Branković Paun
6 Brošćanc Trajan, Oktavijan, Jonice &
Jon
7 David Julijan
8 Dimitrija Jonel
9 Draguc Maria
10 Draguc Trifu
11 Erina Jon
12 Erina Nikola
13 George Elena
14 Glanda Livija
15 Glanda Petar
16 Glumac Olgica
17 Gruba Petar
18 Iglendža Petar
19 Jovanović Dojna & Dušan
20 Keta Jon
Keta Jon
21 Keta Trifu
22 Komatina Darko
Plot number Cadastre municipality
2590
2591
2592
2612/4
2809
2699/2
2656
2573
2574
2575
3231/1
3771/1
3243
3042/1
10986 1/2
3007/1
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Seleuš
4070/9
2559/2
2841/1 3/4
2841/1 1/4
10265/9-1/2
10265/9-1/2
3312
11067
9991
11185/109
9257
11185/96
10265/78
2870/1
2870/2
9990
3006
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Novi Kozjak
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Seleuš
Page234
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
47 48 49 50 Name of owner
Kondić Jovan
Kračun Todor
Kračun Trifu
Maran Marija
Marina Jon
Marina Paun
Mihajlov Aurel
Mihajlov Aurel
Mikša Trajan
Otonoga Jon
Otonoga Jon
Otonoga Jon
Otonoga Jon
Otonoga Sofija
Otonoga Sofija
Popa Jon
Pražić Vidosava
Rošu Georgina
Šakić Slobodan
Samoila Dragica
Šćopu Sofija
Sekešan Jelena
Sekešan Paraskeva
Sekešan Paun
Slepčević Milan
Stefan Viorika
Stojan Djordje
Surdućan Trajan
Trifu Anujka
Trifu Anujka
Verka Jon
Zajka Jonel
Zajka Petar
ZHBO
ZHBO
ZHBO
ZHBO
ZHBO
ZHBO
ZHBO
11185/7
10265/54
11185/15
3332/1
4070/16
3937/35
11065
11066
11010
3675
3674/2
3727
3728
4070/22
3267
3748
11182/21
10265/22
11183/9
11084/1
10531/60
9305/1-1/2
9305/2
9305/1-1/2
11190/9
10531/12
2918/2
3292
10281/1
10281/2
3332/2
2859
3036
2581/2
10265/81
10531/76
10531/37
10308/1
10360
3656/1
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Novi Kozjak
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Vladimirovac
k.o. Seleuš
Page235
Name of owner
ZHBO
ZHBO
ZHBO
51 Žuža Jonel
3701
3702
3081
11085/1
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Seleuš
k.o. Vladimirovac
Page236
Appendix 6: Private companies on the project area (SEP)
The table here-under shows information about the two private companies that are owning 10
parcels on the project area.
Companies owning land in the project area
Short name
ZHBO
AD Jedinstvo
Official name
Zelene HolandskoBanatske Oranice DOO
Alibunar
Poljoprivredno Preduzeće Jedinstvo
AD Seleuš
Activity
Architectural activity (711)
ID number
Tax identification
number
Date of creation
Director
20734477
107061993
Growing of cereals (except rice),
leguminous crops and oil seeds
(0111)
08047570
101084163
Address
Nombre of parcels
04.05.2011
Leon Joannes Hubertus
Marie Vankan (from
Neitherland)
Žarka Zrenjanina , 26310
Alibunar
10
15.11.1975
Ćuro Ćurivija (Serbian)
Maršala Tita 90, 26351 Seleuš
10
Page237
Appendix3:Descriptionoflocaldecision‐makingprocess
Municipal Assembly/ Skupština opštine (SO)
The Municipal Assembly (MA), in Serbian” Skupština opštine” is the local political body in the
Municipality of Alibunar that represents the interests of the citizens. The MA is constituted by
23 members elected every four years by citizens directly, by secret voting.
The MA meets in regular sessions every three months but also whenever the president decides
it is necessary to convoke it.
Meetings are public and the president is responsible to organize information broadcast to the
citizens.
The members of the MA were elected by local citizens in October 2012 and the three more
important members are:
‐ the president Neđeljko Konjokrad from Ilandža ( Đurica Gligorijev)
‐ the vice president: Đorđe Cvetković from Alibunar (before it was Predrag Velić )
‐ the secretary: Biljana Vragović
The MA designates permanent or temporary working groups to study and solve the requests
and complaints of the citizens. The working groups give their opinions on the decisions taken
by the MA and undertake other tasks, according to their mission and field of expertise
responsibilities described in «Codes of conducts”.
There are 6 permanent working groups, every one having a president and a deputy president
elected by the MA, and three members and 3 Council members ( one from the MA and two
who can be appointed experts in the related field).
1. Council for budget and finance
2. Council for urbanism, architecture, housing and communal sector, and environment
3. Commission for statutory issues, organization and normative acts of Assembly
4. Commission for human resources, administrative issues and labor
5. Commission for petitions and proposals
6. Commission for mandate and immunity
Municipal Council/ Opštinsko Veće
The Municipal Council (MC), in Serbian” Opštinsko Veće” is the executive body of the
Municipality of Alibunar that implement the policies of the Municipal Assembly and perform
control and monitoring function of the work of the local administration.
The mayor, elected by secret voting by the Municipal Assembly is the President of the
Municipal Council
The MC includes the mayor, the vice mayor and 10 council members who are elected by the
MA upon the proposal of the mayor.
‐ the mayor : Dušan Jovanović from Banatski Karlovac
‐ the deputy mayor: Dragana Komatina from Vladimirovac
Page238
Appendix 7: Photomontage
Page239
Kontakti
WindVision d.o.o.
Obilićev Venac 18-20,
VII sprat, stan 1 i 2,
11000 Beograd, Srbiija
PIB: 106376086
www.windvision.com
Biotope
22 Boulevard Maréchal Foch - BP
58 - 34140 Mèze, France
Tél. : 04 67 18 46 20 -
www.biotope.rs
Biotope d.o.o.
Nebojšina 12,
11000 Beograd, Srbija,
+381 11 30 83 159
68 07 365
Tel:
PIB : 10
www.biotope.rs
Page240

Page 1 SIA for the Alibunar wind-farm project

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