Colour - Fishackathon Dutch Hackathon

A snapshot of European Space Agency
Oceanographic Earth Observation
Dr Craig Donlon D/EOP
ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
Outline
– Introduction to ESA
– Satellites for ocean science
– Examples of useful measurements for Fishackathon
–
Currents
–
Colour
–
Temperature
–
Salinity
–
Winds
–
Waves
– Getting data
Purpose of ESA
“To provide for and promote, for exclusively peaceful
purposes, cooperation among European states in
space research and technology and their space
applications.”
Article 2 of ESA Convention
What can Satellite data do for you?
What’s Happening Right Now?
(R. Kudela, Uni. Santa Cruz)
HABs and Water Quality are Linked
September 2009—53
year old woman diving in
Monterey suffered from
bilateral mastoiditis (ear
infections penetrating to
the brain).
Retrospective analysis
linked high pathogen
loads to red tides.
Honner, Kudela & Handler
(2012), J. Emergency Medicine
Using a
combination of
satellite imagery,
numerical
models, and
statistical
forecasts, we can
identify what’s
happening NOW,
and predict what
will happen over
the next three
days….
http://www.cencoos.org/data/models/habs
(R. Kudela, Uni. Santa
Cruz)
70% Earth’s surface covered
by water
The final frontier…
“If I were to choose a single phrase to characterize the first
century of modern oceanography, it would be a century of
under-sampling.”
Walter Munk, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 2000
Some of the First Ocean
Currents…
Chart of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic
Drift from ship logs
(M. Maury)
Matthew Fontaine Maury
(1806 –1873): 1853 Brussels
Conference on Observation
Practice
ESA provides information on many relevant
parameters from its satellite instruments
Sentinel-1 VVroughness SAR:
image over Brest
and the Iroise,
France (2014-0901)
Microbreaking and
surface waves –
the gearbox of the
air-sea interaction
“engine”
Ocean time and space scales
(B. Chapron, IFREMER)
•
A virtual platform to
discover and manipulate
co-located EO datasets and
related model/in-situ
datasets
•
Conceived to develop
synergy between data
sets
•
A scientific research tool
allowing visual and
interactive exploration of
data in the oceanographic
context
•
Prototype for ocean
NOWCASTING bench
Project http://ovl-project.oceandatalab.com
OVL data portal http://ovl.oceandatalab.com
Coastal Thematic Exploitation Platform
Monitoring related to aquaculture & fisheries
Frontal
structures
Regional monitoring
Aquaculture
Carrying
Capacity
deposition/
erosion
Benthic
habitat
evolution
Coastal
Risk/Resilience
Earth
Observation
in ESA
ESA
Earth Observation
Programmes
Meteorological
Programme
Copernicus
Programme
Earth Observation
Envelope Programme
Sentinel-1
Illegal Unreported and Unregulated
(IUU) Fisheries
• Detection of Vessels
operating in national EEZs
• Detection of support to IUU
fishing (eg catch transfer,
refuelling etc)
• Detection of anomalous
behaviour by fishing vessels
(eg presence in third party
ports)
Detection of vessels
within national EEZ
Detection of extended
proximity of fishing vessels
where one has switched off
its transponder
IUU Fisheries Surveillance for West African
Regional fisheries Program (WARFP)
Tandem-X
24/10/2015
Sentinel 1A
30/09/2015
Radarsat 2
28/10/2015
TerraSAR-X
21/08/2015
TONIGHT!!!! Sentinel-1B launch
23:02 CEST – live broadcast @10:30 PM
22nd April 2016
Livestream
@10:30 PM
tonight of all
events at
www.esa.int
What material determines the colour
of water?
Dark blue clear water
contains….mostly just
water! The blue colour of
pure water is due to the
absorbing and scattering
properties of the water
molecules….
Light blue clear water
contains….mostly just
water, but you can also see
the bottom, in this case
sand. This makes it look
lighter….
(Credit: S. Bernard)
What material determines the colour
of water?
Green slightly turbid
water contains (in this
case) phytoplankton,
mostly because the
phytoplankton are
absorbing the light in
the blue to
photosynthesise with…
(Credit: S. Bernard)
What material determines the
colour of water?
Bright green very turbid
water contains a lot of
cyanobacteria or bluegreen algae. The colour
comes from the mats of
cells floating on the
surface
(Credit: S. Bernard)
What material determines the colour
of water?
Red-brown very turbid
water contains a lot of
dinoflagellates (a type of
phytoplankton) – a “red
tide”. The red-brown
colour comes from the
quantity and nature of
the phytoplankton….
(Credit: S. Bernard)
What material determines the
colour of water?
Bright brown turbid
water contains a lot of
sediment, absorbing
blue light and returning
red light
(Credit: S. Bernard)
What material determines the
colour of water?
Clear green water
contains tannin-like
dissolved organic
materials, mostly
coming from degrading
plant material and
absorbing blue light
without scattering….
(Credit: S. Bernard)
Sentinel-2
San Francisco Bay
Algal Bloom Monitoring
Algal bloom in the Baltic Sea
Baltic Bloom (Aug 2015)
Coastal Monitoring
Algae bloom, Baltic Sea
Venice
boats
breakwater
surface
effects
Courtesy K. Ruddick, D. V.d. Zande, RBINS
Copernicus Sentinel data 2015, RBINS processing
Coral Reefs Monitoring
Sentinel-2 operations
Sentinel-2 target coverage at full operation
Sentinel-2 operations ramp-up according to https://sentinel.esa.int/web/senti
nel/missions/sentinel-2/operations-ramp-up-phase
All acquired data automatically processed and made available to users
Sentinel-3
Sentinel-3a launch from Plesetsk
Cosmodrome 16th February 2016
Sentinel-3A: The Bigger Picture
Height of
the surface
SAR Altimeter
Temperature
of the surface
Colour of
the surface
Sea and Land Surface
Temperature Radiometer
Ocean and Land
Colour Imager
Sentinel-3A: The Bigger Picture–first results
Model predictions
Sea and Land Surface
Temperature Radiometer
Ice shelf: crack
2-4 km wide
Sentinel-3A
track
SAR Altimeter
Credits Copernicus Sentinel data (2016)/CMEMS
Algae and
sediments
Colour of
the surface
Ocean and Land Colour Imager
Credits Copernicus Sentinel data (2016)
Sentinel-3A: Thermal Signatures
Namibian Coastline,
29 March 2016
Contains modified
Copernicus Sentinel data
[2016]
Global SAR Sea Surface Altimetry
Sea Surface Height
DEM, Tides,
River and lake
Heights, MSS
…
Mean Sea level
Wind and Waves
Sentinel-3 will extend Multi-Mission altimetry
sea level time series covering polar seas…
(Credit: Remko Scharroo)
?
Sentinel-3a
Ocean Color
SST
Ocean Surface Currents
http://www.globcurrent.org/
Air-sea interaction from space
Global Ocean Colour
ENVISAT MERIS
Sargassum
28/11/2008
ENVISAT MERIS Southern Ocean Bloom
13/01/2012
In 2008 a massive
Phytoplankton Biodiversity in the
algal bloom in the
Coastal Zone and harmful algal blooms
North Sea (toxic to
mussel beds)
affected coastal
waters from
Denmark to
Belgium.
Starting in midApril and declining
only at the
beginning of May.
A 300 m spatial
resolution MERIS
image estimated
algal concentration.
(Copernicus MarCoast
Service© 2011 Brockmann
Consult)
(Credit: Stewart Benard, R. Kudela)
Sentinel-3 will measure Sea Surface
Temperature – a key climate indicator
One day of
satellite SST!
Accurate to
0.3K from
814 km up in
space!
Try measuring
your
bathwater to
that accuracy!
El Niño 2015/16…SST is a great
indicator...
December 2013 (OSTIA multi-mission SST)
December 2015 (OSTIA multi-mission SST)
SMOS: Soil Moisture and
Ocean Salinity Mission
www.esa.int/smos
Launched 2nd Nov 2009!!
Its objectives are:
- to provide global maps of soil moisture and ocean salinity for hydrological studies
(Accuracy of 0.1 psu for a 10-30 day average for an open ocean area of 200 x
200 km)
- to advance our understanding of the freshwater cycle
-to improve climate, weather and extreme-event forecasting
-Instrument: Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS)
SMOS: A complex ocean salinity
retrieval process (Plots N Reul, IFEMER)
Aim: Accuracy of 0.1 psu
for a 10-30 day average for
an open ocean area of 200
x 200 km
Issues to deal with…
Instrument: Radiometric sensitivity, accuracy,
calibration stability
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) –
complex
Atmosphere: Tropospheric corrections,
Galactic: Faraday rotations, Sky radiation
reflections at sea surface, sun glint
Surface: Dielectric constant of water,
Roughness and waves (effect of 5 psu ~ 10
m/s) wind waves, swell, other wave
characteristics, foam coverage, foam
emissivity, rain…
Derive 3 different sea surface salinities,
according to different roughness models
A major challenge!
Sentinel data
Sentinel data are available:
 Open and free
 Over
very long term
 Systematically, in an operational fashion
©Copernicus Sentinel data 2015
Open and Free data access policy
https://sentinels.copernicus.eu
https://scihub.copernicus.eu/
Sentinel data access @ESA
ESA is delivering Sentinel products on a 24/7 basis both in Near Real Time (3hrs
from sensing ) and Non Time Critical (within 24 hrs) to all users
ESA data access system is ensuring that at any point in time any user has
access to all available Sentinels core products irrespective of their ‘age’
All users have free access to all Sentinels data, including most recent products
as well as full Long Term Archives
Data download is via terrestrial network featuring two separated and fully
redundant outputs each of 10 Gbps bandwidth
• This includes a dedicated connection to the academic network
(GEANT/Internet2)
57
Sentinel data access tools
@ ESA
APIs
scripting
automatic
selection
download
interface:
for
data
and
SNAP Sentinel toolbox
Data Hub Web graphic
Interface
http://scihub.copernic
us.eu
Data Hub Server available as open source
software
https://github.com/SentinelDataHub/DataHubSystem
.
Sentinel Toolbox available as
open source software
https://github.com/senbox-org
Scientific Toolboxes
Sentinel 3 Toolbox
Sentinel-3 Toolbox:
•
Visualisation & processing of Sentinel-3 OLCI and SLSTR
data and other optical data
•
Uncertainty visualization and exploitation
•
Remote in-situ database access
•
Synergistic use of OLCI and SLSTR
•
Various OLCI and SLSTR data processors
http://step.esa.int/
59
Oceanographic Priorities for 2025
(Peter Niiler 2009)
– “The oceanography of 2025 will require observations and
realistic modelling of the circulation patterns that contain
the vertical motion of the upper 200m.
– Models will be compared not by how well they assimilate or
replicate the sea-level or reproduce the geostrophic
velocity, but rather by how their internal vorticity, thermal
energy and fresh water balances maintain ageostrophic
velocity structures and the associated vertical circulations.
– This task calls for development and
implementation of new methods and
instruments for direct velocity
observations of the oceans”
Thank you - any questions?
For more information http://www.esa.int
Contact: craig.donlon@esa.int