Conversations in American Literature
Transcription
Conversations in American Literature
Meeting the Common Core State Standards with Conversations in American Literature The Common Core State Standards are academic guidelines that “provide a consistent, clear understanding of what [K-12] students are expected to learn.”1 These standards are currently adopted by 45 states as a measuring tool for student success. Conversations in American Literature, by Robin Dissin Aufses, Renée H. Shea, Lawrence Scanlon, and Kate Aufses features an anthology with a mix of media and genres, carefully selected to familiarize students with the complexity and range of texts recommended by the English Language Arts standards. Scaffolded instruction demonstrates, then guides students as they practice, then master, analyzing and synthesizing this diverse material. This chart lists the ELA Anchor Standards and shows how the textbook supports students as they work toward achieving each standard. PART I. READING Common Core Standard Coverage in Conversations in American Literature CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.1 Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text. Chapter 2, “Close Reading: The Art and Craft of Analysis” provides instruction in and concrete strategies for close reading. The section “Writing a Close-Analysis Essay” (Ch. 2) walks students through questioning a text and developing a thesis statement supported by textual evidence. In anthology chapters (5-10), “Exploring the Text” questions ask students to make inferences from specific phrases or images. 1 Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) and the National Governors Association, Common Core State Standards Initiative. 2012. Web. corestandards.org. Conversations in American Literature, Common Core Correlation 2/2014 Page 1 of 6 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.2 Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas. Chapter 2 helps students question texts, annotate them, and use graphic organizers to determine main ideas and delineate key supporting details. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.3 Analyze how and why individuals, events, or ideas develop and interact over the course of a text. Chapter 1 teaches students to use a text’s rhetorical situation to track how and why the various parts of the text develop and interact. For long readings in the anthology, “Exploring the Text” questions (Chs. 5-10) focus on how characters, ideas, and events develop. Chapter 2 demonstrates analysis of diction and syntax to determine how writers shape their meaning and tone. Activities (Chs. 1-4) and “Exploring the Text” questions (Chs. 5-10) draw students’ attention to impactful technical and figurative language. Chapter 3 provides explicit instruction in identifying the function of small- and largescale rhetorical and stylistic elements within a text. “Grammar as Rhetoric and Style” lessons (Chs. 5-10) use examples from the anthology to demonstrate how particular kinds of sentences function within a longer text. Chapter 1 begins by defining various texts’ rhetorical situations, including how they’re shaped by the writer/speaker’s purpose and point of view. Chapter 2 on “Close Reading” grounds analysis of texts’ content and style in understanding their rhetorical situations. Chapters 1-3 teach and demonstrate methods for analyzing multiple types of texts. Chapter 4 covers synthesis, or integrating texts into an essay or argument. Throughout, the text maintains a mix of media and formats in readings and examples, including: literature, official documents, journalism, speeches, advertisements, visual art, cartoons, charts, and graphs. “Exploring the Text” questions in Chapters 510 draw attention to formal conventions. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.4 Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.5 Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g., a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.6 Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.7 Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse media and formats, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words. Conversations in American Literature, Common Core Correlation 2/2014 Page 2 of 6 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.8 Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.9 Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.R.10 Read and comprehend complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently. Chapter 3, “Analyzing Arguments” includes explanation and examples of types of claims, first- and second-hand evidence, and logical fallacies. Annotated passages of argumentative writing, as well as “Essay in Progress” boxes (Ch. 3) help students recognize effective use of evidence. Each “Culminating Activity” in Chapters 1-4 is based on thematic groupings of texts. “TalkBacks” and “Conversations,” pivotal features of Chs. 5-10, group texts related to major themes and debates in American intellectual life. Questions after each grouping help students increase their understanding of the topic, and compare authors’ approaches and opinions. Practice with shorter, simpler texts in Chapters 1-4 equips students with strategies for reading and understanding more challenging texts. Each anthology chapter (5-10) includes texts of varying lengths and complexity. PART II. WRITING Common Core Standard Coverage in Conversations in American Literature CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.1 Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.2 Write informative/ explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content. Ch. 3, “Analyzing Arguments,” includes instruction in forming arguable claims, recognizing sound reasoning, and choosing suitable evidence. “Entering the Conversation” questions (Chs. 5-10) direct students to develop arguments on meaningful topics, using readings as evidence. Sections on classical oration, induction and deduction (Ch.3), logical appeals, and concession and refutation (Ch. 1) provide students with organizing principles to use when drafting their own informative writing. Chapters 5-10 feature exemplars of informative/explanatory texts. Conversations in American Literature, Common Core Correlation 2/2014 Page 3 of 6 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.3 Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details and well-structured event sequences. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.4 Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.5 Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.6 Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and to interact and collaborate with others. Instruction on personal experience and anecdotes (Ch. 3) explains how to use narrative effectively. Anthology chapters (5-10) include selections from highly-regarded fiction and nonfiction narratives with questions focused on significant details and sequences. The “rhetorical situation” is a foundational concept, introduced by charting the circumstances of a text’s presentation, including task, purpose, and audience (Ch. 1). Activities (Chs. 1-4), post-reading questions, and “Suggestions for Writing” (Chs. 5-10) often ask students to practice adapting their writing to different tasks and audiences. The “Essay in Progress” boxes in Chapter 3 assist students developing an essay, from brainstorming to first draft. “Grammar as Rhetoric and Style” exercises (Chs. 5-10) ask students to revisit their old writing to try new techniques. No coverage. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.7 Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects based on focused questions, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. Explicit instruction in developing a thesis statement (Ch. 2 & 3), as well as discussion of closed, open, and counterargument thesis statements (Ch. 3) help students develop focused questions appropriate to short or long research projects. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.8 Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, assess the credibility and accuracy of each source, and integrate the information while avoiding plagiarism. Chapter 4, “Synthesizing Sources” provides guidelines for finding reliable sources, framing and integrating quotations, and citing sources so as to avoid plagiarism. Specific guidelines for using the MLA documentation style are included in the Appendix. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.9 Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. Chapter 3 includes coverage of how to use several kinds of informational and literary texts as evidence, and in what context each type of evidence is most effective. Conversations in American Literature, Common Core Correlation 2/2014 Page 4 of 6 CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.W.10 Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences. Essay writing for any purpose—analysis (Ch. 2), argument (Ch. 3), or synthesis (Ch. 4)—is presented as a multi-stepped process, beginning with research. Post-reading questions scale in complexity, and offer a range of tasks, including writing for specific imagined audiences or purposes. PART III. SPEAKING AND LISTENING Common Core Standard Coverage in Conversations in American Literature CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.SL.1 Prepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. Skills honed while synthesizing sources (Ch. 4), maintaining open-mindedness when encountering other voices, and clarity when expressing one’s own opinion, assist in collaborations with partners. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.SL.2 Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally. Checklists (Ch. 3) and guidelines (Ch. 2) for evaluating and using information from various formats are helpful preparation for speaking and listening. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.SL.3 Evaluate a speaker’s point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric. Instruction in identifying and describing point of view or bias (Ch. 1), reasoning, and effective evidence (Ch. 3) applies to spoken texts. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.SL.4 Present information, findings, and supporting evidence such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. Practice evaluating reasoning (Ch. 3), organization, development, and style (Ch. 2) as related to a text’s rhetorical situation provides students with standards to use in their own work. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.SL.5 Make strategic use of digital media and visual displays of data to express information and enhance understanding of presentations. Close readings of visual texts (Ch. 2) and analysis of their use as evidence (Ch. 3) help students recognize proficient uses of visuals and replicate these in their presentations. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.SL.6 Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and communicative tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate. When reading famous speeches from diverse contexts, instruction and questions train students to recognize effective use of formal or informal language. Conversations in American Literature, Common Core Correlation 2/2014 Page 5 of 6 PART IV. LANGUAGE Common Core Standard Coverage in Conversations in American Literature CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.L.1 Demonstrate command of the conventions of Standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.L.2 Demonstrate command of the conventions of Standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.L.3 Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.L.4 Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiplemeaning words and phrases by using context clues, analyzing meaningful word parts, and consulting general and specialized reference materials, as appropriate. No coverage. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.L.5 Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings. CCSS.ELA-Literacy.CCRA.L.6 Acquire and use accurately a range of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when encountering an unknown term important to comprehension or expression. Lessons in matching diction to one’s audience (Ch. 1) demonstrate the utility of Standard English. Throughout, the text highlights examples of effective use of Standard English by elite writers and speakers. “Grammar as Rhetoric and Style” sections (Chs. 5-10) help students understand the effects of complex sentence structure, providing rationale, rather than just rules, for punctuation. In Chapter 1, students practice identifying the way language aligns with subject, occasion, audience, and purpose, considering examples of functional rhetoric in written and spoken texts. Diction, including using figurative language and words with nuanced meanings, is examined in context as part of instruction in rhetoric (Ch.1), close-reading (Ch.2), and argument (Ch. 3). “Exploring the Text” questions in Chapters 510 frequently call out significant word choices. The Glossary contains definitions and examples of terms used in discussing academic and formal writing, as well as those specific to literary studies. A sample annotated text demonstrates marking words to look up later (Ch. 2). Some “Exploring the Text” questions direct students to look up particular words independently to better understand their multiple meanings. Conversations in American Literature, Common Core Correlation 2/2014 Page 6 of 6