Electric bicycles in type-approval

Presentation by Annick Roetynck
AVERE Light Electric Vehicle Policy Manager
ELBIL Workshop
Oslo, 29 April 2015
Annick Roetynck
Degree Political Science
In 2Wheel sector since 1987
2Wheel articles in public magazines & trade papers, i.e. Bike Europe
Secretary General of Belgian 2Wheel Federation
Secretary General of ETRA
Annick Roetynck
For ETRA:
Defence and
promotion interests
2-wheel dealers at
EU level
Strong involvement
in development
better rules for LEVs
Awareness-raising in
European
institutions, e.g.
Sustainable2wheels
The European
Association
for ElectroMobility,
founded in
1978
To promote
the use of
electric
vehicles for a
more
sustainable
mobility
European
network of 17
national
associations/
+ 1,000 members:
vehicle &
equipment
manufacturers,
users, ngo’s, R&D
entities, interest
groups, public
bodies
Member of
WEVA
Industry
Task Force
Light
Electric
Vehicle
Task Force
From Vehicle
Association to
Mobility
Association
Main
Activities:
Advocacy
Networking
&
Information
European
Projects
Conferences
AVERE LEV Task Force
LEV-TF scope: all L-category vehicles, i.e.
electric bicycles, mopeds, scooters, motorcycles,
tricycles, quadricycles, quads, light quadrimobiles and LEVs excluded from L-category
Objective: to develop and promote light electric
mobility in the EU as a sustainable mobility
solution, thus contributing to combatting
climate change, improving quality of life and
public health, greening the economy and
creating green jobs,
Who can participate: any company,
organisation or invidivual who has an interest in
the European LEV market and wishes to
contribute in the framework of the AVERE LEVTF to the promotion of LEVs
LEV Groups
Electric
bicycles
excluded
from typeapproval
Electric
bicycles in
type-approval
Electric
Powered 2, 3
and 4wheelers in
type-approval
Light electric
vehicles
excluded
from typeapproval
European LEV Market
Electric bicycles excluded from type-approval: huge success,
sales today > 1 million and growing despite lack of political interest
Electric bicycles in type-approval: success starting, sales a few
thousand but huge confusion, type-approval expensive and
unadapted framework, lack of political interest
Electric 2-, 3- and 4-wheelers: success starting, sales in 2012
around 20,000 and growing but lack of political interest
Light electric vehicles excluded from type-approval: marginal
sales due to unadapted framework, hope for improvement since
exclusion from type-approval but lack of political interest
European Electric Bicycle Market
EU Electric Bicycle Sales
1400000
1,250,000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
2008 2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Electric Bicycle Market
Country
E-bikes sold in
2014
Change
Market share
compared to 2013
The Netherlands
223,000
+16%
21 %
Germany
480,000
+17%
12%
Belgium
100,000
n.a.
23%
France
77,500
+37%
2,6%
Italy
60,000
+12%
4%
Austria
50,000
+16%
12,5%
Sweden
est. 20,000
n.a.
3,5%
18,000
0%
4%
(2013) 50,000
-5.5%
15%
est. 12 to 15,000
n.a.
3 to 3.75%
Denmark
Switzerland
Norway
Analysis Electric Bicycle Market
Leaders:
• The Netherlands, Germany & Belgium = mature
markets
• Riders are getting younger
• Electric bike use becomes more diverse: commuters,
service bikes, logistics, tourism, rental schemes, …
• Success goes together with policies to push cars out
of urban areas and growing traffic problems
• Average electric bike price = + € 2,000
Analysis Electric Bicycle Market
Followers:
•
•
•
•
•
France, Italy, Austria
Sales until recently very low
Now fast increase
Same trends as for “leaders”
Average electric bike price = € 1,200 to € 2,000
Doubters:
• For instance in Denmark, Sweden & the UK, electric bikes still not taking
off
• In Denmark, cyclists can’t be bothered, in UK motorists can’t be bothered
• Average electric bike price = € 1,200 to € 2,000
Analysis Electric Bicycle Market
Stragglers:
• Greece, Spain, Portugal: sales remains marginal,
• Bicycle associated with sports and recreation
• Little use as means of transport in urban areas
•
•
•
•
Eastern European countries: sales very low
Electric bicycle considered expensive means of transport
Cycling has negative image
Avere electric bike price = € 750 to € 1,250
Stragglers
Followers
Doubters
Leaders
General Developments
25km/h pedelecs continue to grow. Players from other sectors (are) become interested:
• Huge success for Bosch
• Interest and attempts from car manufacturers, no impressive success stories yet
• Limited and hesitating interest from scooter/motorcycle sector:
• Klever Mobility = electric bike brand of Kymco
• Piaggio working on electric bike project as one step towards the new light mobility
market
• Accell, originally conventional bike maker, still market leader: 23% turnover growth in
2014. Electric bicycles = 41% share in turnover, 35% in 2013
Fast electric bicycles come on the market
• Confusion, uncertainty & deception related to vehicle category fast electric bicycle
Growing popularity electric mountain bikes
• Huge legal risks electric mountain bikes
China leading role in component supply
• Growing import of complete vehicles
• Sufficient quality level ?
EU Technical Legislation Electric Bicycles
Pedal assisted bicycles
< 25 km/h – < 250 W:
Legislative
basis:
EU
Regulation
168/2013
Excluded from
type-approval
legislation
European
standard
Member
states allowed
to categorise
as bicycle
In most
member states
voluntary
=
Type-approval
for mopeds &
motorcycles
EN 15194
Selfcertification
Bicycle

no driver’s
licence, no
helmet, no
insurance, no
number plate,
…
EU Technical Legislation Electric Bicycles
Pedal assisted bicycles - < 45 km/h – < 35 kg –
Legislative
basis:
EU
Regulation
168/2013
=
Typeapproval for
mopeds &
motorcycles
max. peak power < 1,6 x max. continuous rated power –
pedal power < 4 times actual pedal power:
Included in
type-approval
legislation
Categorisation
as L1E-B :
moped
Typeapproval of
vehicle and
of large
number of
components
specific
bicycle
requirements
for certain
components
Typeapproval to
be carried
out by a
technical
service
accredited
by MS
approval
authority
At sales,
vehicle
Moped
to be
accompanied
by Certificate
of
Conformity
driver’s
licence,
helmet,
insurance,
number
plate, …

EU Technical Legislation Electric Bicycles
Pedal assisted bicycles - < 25 km/h – < 1 kW:
Electric bicycles - < 25 km/h – < 1 kW - without pedal
assistance & with open throttle:
Legislative
basis:
EU
Regulation
168/2013
=
Typeapproval for
mopeds &
motorcycles
Included in
type-approval
legislation
Categorisation
as L1E-A :
powered cycles
Typeapproval of
vehicle and
large number
of
components
specific
bicycle
requirements
for certain
components
Typeapproval to
be carried
out by a
technical
service
accredited
by ms
approval
authority
At sales,
vehicle to be
accompanied
by Certificate
of
Conformity
Moped

driver’s
licence,
helmet ?,
insurance,
number
plate, …
EU Technical Legislation Electric Bicycles
Electric mountain bicycles =
Legislative
basis:
EU
Regulation
168/2013
=
Typeapproval for
mopeds &
motorcycles
Vehicles primarily intended for off-road use and
designed to travel on unpaved surfaces
Excluded from
type-approval
legislation
No speed limit
No power limit
No technical
regulations
No
categorisation

no driver’s
licence,
no helmet,
no insurance,
no number
plate, …
Problems with Legislation
Spot the difference?
Problems with Legislation
Pedelec < 25 km/h
Pedelec < 45 km/h
Mountain Bike < 75 km/h
The difference
Problems with Legislation
Manufacturers & distributors don’t know/don’t “believe” the legislation:
•
•
•
•
•
< 45 km/h are not type-approved
Not type-approved mountain bikes are put on the market without information about their legal use
Lack of information or misinformation to the consumers
Appearance creates confusion about type of vehicle: pedelec or mountain bike?
Difficulties to police legislation
Motorcycle helmet obligation seriously hampers use of < 45 km/h pedelecs
Serious threats to market development and product development
Growing discussion about place of electric bicycles on the road
All details on rules & legislation: www.bike-eu.com: white paper
Other LEV Market
Electric 2, 3 &
4wheels + LEVs
excluded from
type-approval
Still very
marginal: 2 to
2,5% of annual
EU registrations
EU market:
1,1 million
registrations in
2014 of which
340,000 mopeds
Growth has been
limited but
constant in
declining market
Growth expected
to continue:
• Several “big” names
enter the market
• Decreasing battery
costs
EU Policies & Legislation
Europe needs
light electric
electromobility
for:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Emission reduction
Reducing congestion
Combatting noise
Combatting climate change
Improving public health
Improving social inclusion
Making transport more energy-efficient
Improving quality of life
Greening the economy and creating green job
EU Policies & Legislation
Road transport emissions
still problematic:
Several EU objectives:
• = 1/5 of EU's total CO²
emission
• − 3.3% in 2012 but still
20.5% higher than in
1990
• Transport is only major
sector where GHG
emissions are still rising.
• reducing carbon
emissions by 60% by
2050 compared to 1990
• 20-20-20 targets by 2020,
among which 20% less
GHG compared with
1990 and 20% more
energy efficiency
EU Policies & Legislation
Main EU Policy documents for E-mobility:
• EU White Paper “Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area
– Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport
system” : “The EU must halve the use of ‘conventionally-fuelled’ cars
in urban transport by 2030; phase them out in cities by 2050.”
• Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive: “Member States
should ensure that recharging points accessible to the public are built
up with adequate coverage, in order to enable electric vehicles to
circulate at least in urban/suburban agglomerations and other
densely populated areas (...)
• European Strategy on Clean and Energy Efficient Vehicles:
“Electric vehicle technology has significant potential to radically
address a number of challenges facing the European Union, such as
global warming, dependency from fossil fuels, local air pollution (…)”
EU Policies & Legislation Problems
Policies & Legislation are not well adapted to LEVs
• Best example: technical regulations
Policies & Legislation largely overlooking LEVs, for instance
•
•
•
•
•
White Paper on transport does not mention LEVs in “modal shift”
European Green Vehicles Directive
European Electromobility Observatory
Horizon 2020
…
EU not making progress on certain issues, e.g. taxation
Lack of coherence between DG’s
AVERE Solution to Problems
AVERE LEV
Strategy:
• As foundation for the development of LEV-TF activities
• To be determined by AVERE members and LEV-TF participants
• To be coordinated with other interested parties: i.e. CONEBI, ACEM, BEUC,
T&E, RECHARGE, etc,
• Lack of research on all aspects of light electromobility
• Aware raising in the European institutions and among AVERE members on
the potential of electromobility with a view to optimising advocacy
Strategy will cater • To find a way to overcome the lack of cooperation and cohesion between
for 3 fundamental Commission departments
issues:
E-Mobility at Local Level
+ Introduction of low emission zones, congestion charging,
30 km/h speed limits, general trend of pushing car out of town …
creates further potential for LEVs
+ Public opinion and attitude evolving towards mobility changes
• Local authorities lack awareness of LEVs and of EU technical rules
and regulations
• Infrastructure based on “old mobility concepts”
• Overemphasis on charging infrastructure whilst parking
infrastructure and road space more essential for LEVs
• Taxation too often still in favour of “old mobility concepts”, for
instance company cars
Good Examples
Every day 350,000 journeys in Brussels, 50% less than 5 km, 30% less than 3 km
Ecospostale, courier company in Brussels
Core business = first and last mile by bike or by Cyclocargo
Cyclocargo’s available for advertising
Calculation of emissions saving for customers
Local distributor of Cyclocargo vehicles
Good Examples
Aachen = German
city, + 235,00
inhabitants
Comprehensive
electromobility
policy inspired by
White Paper
Transport target
Website: http:
www.emobilaachen.de
Numerous
initiatives to raise
awareness on
electromobility
including LEVs
Good Examples
City provides companies with electric bikes to allow their staff to testride
for a week
New inhabitants are welcomed with a welcome pack that includes a
voucher for 1 day of free rent of an electric bike
Aachen first to introduce ecall-a-bike
Promotion of CLAC, courier service by electric (cargo)bike
Listing of all e-bike shops
Comprehensive brochure with advice on electric bicycles
Development of electric bike rental system by students from local
universities: test phase, final objective 100 stations, 1,000 electric bicycles
Good Examples
Good Examples
Burricleta:
•
•
•
•
Around 10 centres in different parts of Spain
Possibility to rent for a few hours up to a week
Possibility to test electric bicycles
GPS tours for different levels and tastes including
information on gastronomy, accomodation,
recreational & cultural activities
• Webshop with more than 60 models to come soon
It is highfor
time the
for theSilent
Silent Revolution
High Time
Revolution!
Thank you for your attention!
Further questions, comments, information?
Please contact Annick Roetynck
AVERE Light Electric Vehicle Policy Manager
a.roetynck@pandora.be
averelev.wordpress.com