Gender, Race, Sexuality and Nationality

Transcription

The Mass Media’s Construction of
Gender, Race, Sexuality
and Nationality
An Analysis of the Danish News Media's Communication about Visible Minorities
from 1971-2004
Rikke Andreassen l Department of History, University of Toronto l May 2005
Tabel of Content
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................................................. 3
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 5
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Acknowledgments
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Literature ...................................................................................................................................................................... 294
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1. Introduction
1. Introduction
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1. Introduction
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1. Introduction
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1. Introduction
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19
1. Introduction
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20
1. Introduction
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21
1. Introduction
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22
1. Introduction
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23
1. Introduction
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Number of viewers to primetime television news programs 1971-2004.
Year
DR
DR
TV2
TVAvisen
TVAvisen
Nyhederne
(primetime)
(primetime)
(primetime)
Viewers in 1000
Viewers in
Viewers in
(Rtg)
percentage (Rtg)
1000 (Rtg)
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1985
1988
1989
1990
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2004
TV2
Nyhederne
(primetime)
Viewers in
percentage
(Rtg)
295
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School year
1975/76 1980/81 1985/86 1990/91
Students
756,849 713,089 642,792 549,262
Visible minority students
2,531
8,093
11,815
22,578
Vis. min. stud.in percentage
0.3
1.1
1.8
4.1
1995/96
513,695
35,924
6.9
2000/01
563,576
50,360
8.9
2003/04
594,009
57,523
9.6
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,QJHQHUDOYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVZHUHSUHVHQWHGDVDKRPRJHQRXVJURXS7KHQHZV
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EDFNJURXQGVQRUEHWZHHQWKHLULPPLJUDQWVWDWXVHV7\SLFDOO\MRXUQDOLVWVSROLWLFLDQVDQGRWKHU
LQWHUYLHZHHVUHIHUUHGWRWKHJURXSRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVDV0XVOLPVZLWKRXWGLIIHUHQWLDWLQJEHWZHHQ
279
8. Conclusion
GLIIHUHQWNLQGVRI0XVOLPV6LQFHWKH\SUHVHQWHG,VODPDVVLQJXODUµWKH,VODPLFYLHZ¶RUµWKH
,VODPLFFXOWXUH¶DSSHDUHGDVDQHJDWLYHIDFWRUVWKDWVDWXUDWHGYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHV¶OLYHVDQGPDGH
WKHPGLIIHUHQWIURPHWKQLF'DQHV
7KHQHZVPHGLD¶VFRPPXQLFDWLRQDERXWYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVLVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHLWZDV
DSULPDU\VRXUFHRILQIRUPDWLRQDERXWYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVIRUWKHPDMRULW\RIHWKQLF'DQHVGXULQJWKH
SHULRGDQDO\]HG%HFDXVHVRIHZHWKQLF'DQHVKDYHKDGSHUVRQDOLQWHUDFWLRQVZLWKYLVLEOH
PLQRULWLHVWKHPHGLD¶VUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVKDYHPRVWOLNHO\KDGPRUHLQIOXHQFHWKDQWKH\RWKHUZLVH
PLJKWKDYHKDGLIYLHZHUVDQGUHDGHUVKDGSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHVZLWKYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVWKDWWKH\
FRXOGFRPSDUHWRWKHPHGLD¶VUHSUHVHQWDWLRQV
Deconstructing the stereotypes
,KDYHDLPHGWRGHFRQVWUXFWVHYHUDORIWKHVHVWHUHRW\SHVE\FRPSDULQJWKH
VWHUHRW\SLFDOLPDJHVWRWKHLUFRQWHPSRUDU\FRQWH[WV/RRNLQJDWWKHLQGLYLGXDOVWHUHRW\SHV,KDYH
VKRZQKRZDUULYDOVRILPPLJUDQWVWR'HQPDUNKDYHQRWWDNHQWKHIRUPRIDQXQFRQWUROOHGIORRGEXW
LQVWHDGDUDWKHUUHVWULFWHGDIIDLUFRQWUROOHGE\LPPLJUDWLRQUXOHVWKDWKDYHEHHQLQFUHDVLQJO\
WLJKWHQHGVLQFHWKHV6LPLODUO\,KDYHVKRZQKRZWKHZDYHVRILPPLJUDWLRQWKDW'HQPDUNKDV
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UHSUHVHQWDWLRQLQFULPHVWDWLVWLFVDVFODLPHGE\WKHPHGLDPLJKWUHVXOWIURPKLVVRFLDOO\DQG
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FRPSDULQJWKHPHGLDLPDJHVWRVWDWLVWLFVIURPWKHFULVLVFHQWHUVWKDWKRVWEDWWHUHGZRPHQ7KHVH
VKRZHGWKDWWKHPDMRULW\RIZRPHQDWWKHFHQWHUVZHUHHWKQLF'DQHVDQGWKDWWKHPDMRULW\RIZLIH
EHDWHUVZHUHHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKPHQQRWWKHYLVLEOHPLQRULW\0XVOLPVDVWKHQHZVPHGLDLQVLQXDWHG
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EHHQIRUFHGLQWRDUUDQJHGPDUULDJHVDJDLQVWWKHLUZLOOLQVWHDGLWVHHPHGWKDWWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHP
280
8. Conclusion
KDYHFKRVHQWKHLUVSRXVHIRUWKHPVHOYHV,KDYHIXUWKHUWULHGWRQXDQFHWKHLPDJHVRIIHPDOHYLVLEOH
PLQRULWLHVRSSUHVVHGE\WKHYHLOE\LOOXVWUDWLQJKRZWKHSUDFWLFHRIYHLOLQJLVYHU\FRPSOH[QRWD
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HWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKPHQPLJKWFRQVWLWXWHDODUJHUVH[XDOWKUHDWWRZRPHQWKDQYLVLEOHPLQRULW\PHQ
6HFRQGO\,LOOXVWUDWHGKRZWKHQHZVPHGLDLQWKHLUFRYHUDJHRIUDSHFDVHVZLWKYLVLEOHPLQRULW\
SHUSHWUDWRUVDSSOLHGWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRILQGLYLGXDOYLVLEOHPLQRULW\UDSLVWVWRDOOYLVLEOHPLQRULW\
PDOHV7KLVGLIIHUHGVLJQLILFDQWO\IURPWKHLUFRYHUDJHRIUDSHFDVHVZLWKHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKPHQDV
SHUSHWUDWRUV,QWKHVHVWRULHVWKHPHGLDSUHVHQWHGWKHPHQDVLQGLYLGXDOVZKRVHDFWVGLGQRW
UHSUHVHQWDOOHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKPHQ)LQDOO\,KDYHWULHGWREDODQFHWKHLPDJHRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHV
DVQRQLQWHJUDWHGE\SRLQWLQJWRGHYHORSPHQWVLQWKHSROLWLFDOGLVFRXUVHRQWKHZHOIDUHVWDWH7KH
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WKHQHZVPHGLD¶VUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVPLJKWKDYHFRPSOLFDWHGHIIRUWVWRDFWXDO
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UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVZDVRIDFRXQWU\VRQLFHWKDWODUJHQXPEHUVRISHRSOHZHUH
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281
8. Conclusion
+RZHYHUWKLVIULHQGO\LPDJHRIHWKQLF'DQHVZDVSDUWO\GLVWRUWHGE\WKHQHZVUHSRUWVDERXWORFDO
HWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKUHVLGHQWVZKRUHIXVHGWRUHFHLYHUHIXJHHVLQWKHLUDUHDV%XWWKHIULHQGO\LPDJH
ZDVQRWWRWDOO\GLVWRUWHGEHFDXVHWKHQHZVPHGLDGLGQRWVLPSO\GUDZDQHJDWLYHLPDJHRIWKHVH
ORFDOUHVLGHQWV,QVWHDGWKHQHZVIRFXVHGRQWKHFODLPWKDWWKHORFDOHWKQLF'DQHVUHDFWHGQHJDWLYHO\
EHFDXVHWKH\ZHUHRYHUO\EXUGHQHGZLWKUHIXJHHV*HQHUDOO\WKHQHZVPHGLDFKDUDFWHUL]HGWKH
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ZRPHQDQGZHUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVSHUVRQVZKRGLGQRWVXEMHFWZRPHQWRYLROHQFHLQWKHIRUPRI
GRPHVWLFYLROHQFHRUUDSH2QWKHFRQWUDU\WKH\ZHUHJRRGDQGUHVSHFWIXOORYHUVDQGWKHLGHDO
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LPDJHHWKQLF'DQHVDOOEHORQJHGWRWKHPLGGOHFODVVHVDOOKROGLQJMREVDQGDOODEOHWRDIIRUG
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282
8. Conclusion
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PLQRULWLHVWRWKLVIXQGDPHQWDOGHILFLHQF\7KHUHSHDWHGIRFXVRQIHPDOHYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHV¶OLYHVDV
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VXFFHVVVWRULHVWKDWWKHQHZVPHGLDEURDGFDVWRYHUWKH\HDUVLQZKLFKVRFDOOHGZHOOLQWHJUDWHG
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283
8. Conclusion
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ZRPHQZHUHSOD\HGRXWYLVXDOO\E\WKHQHZVPHGLD¶VSRUWUD\DORIYLVLEOHPLQRULW\ZRPHQDV
YHLOHG7KHQHZVPHGLDOHIWYHU\OLPLWHGURRPIRUUHDGLQJYHLOLQJDVDQ\WKLQJEXWRSSUHVVLYH
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RIQDNHGIHPDOHIOHVKLQ'HQPDUNZDVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHOLEHUDWLRQRIHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKZRPHQ
7KLVPLJKWKDYHOLPLWHGWKHRSWLRQVIRUTXHVWLRQLQJWKHSXEOLFVH[XDOL]DWLRQRIIHPDOHVLQ'HQPDUN
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$FHQWUDOSDUWRIWKHSRVLWLYHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI'HQPDUNDVDSODFHZLWKVH[XDO
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SUHVHQWHGUDSHDQGPLVRJ\QLVWYLHZVRIZRPHQDVEHORQJLQJWRYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHV¶FXOWXUHDQG
UHOLJLRQWKLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIVH[XDOLW\ZDVHVSHFLDOO\H[SUHVVHGGXULQJWKHODWHVDQGHDUO\
V1HZVSULQWVDQGEURDGFDVWVSUHVHQWHGUDSHDVD³FODVKRIFXOWXUHV´ZKLFKLQGLFDWHGWKDW
FXOWXUHLQVWHDGRIJHQGHUVWUXFWXUHVERUHWKHSULPDU\UHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHH[LVWHQFHRIUDSHLQ
284
8. Conclusion
'HQPDUN5DSHZDVDOVRH[SODLQHGE\YDULRXVIDFWRUVUHODWHGWRWKHYLVLEOHPLQRULW\SHUSHWUDWRUV
WKDWSUHYHQWHGDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIUDSHDVDVLJQRIDVRFLHW\¶VSRWHQWLDOO\JHQGHURSSUHVVLYH
VWUXFWXUHV,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHODWHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\'DQLVKQHZVPHGLDSUHVHQWHGHWKQLF'DQHV
DQGVSHFLILFDOO\HWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKPHQDVQRQPLVRJ\QLVWV7KLVFRQWULEXWHGWRDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI
'DQLVKPRQRHWKQLFUHODWLRQVKLSVDVSRVLWLYHEHFDXVHWKHDOWHUQDWLYHLQWHUFXOWXUDOUHODWLRQVKLSV
EHWZHHQYLVLEOHPLQRULW\PHQDQGHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKZRPHQZHUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\IRUFHYLROHQFH
DQGUDSH7KHZKLWHPDOHERG\ZDVLQVFULEHGZLWKIDPLOLDULW\DQGFRPIRUWDQGZDVHPERGLHGDVD
µJRRG¶SDUWQHULQRWKHUZRUGVWKHLGHDOSDUWQHUZDVUDFLDOL]HGDVDZKLWHHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKPDQ
7KHLPDJHRI'HQPDUNDVDSODFHZLWKVH[XDOOLEHUDWLRQDQGJHQGHUHTXDOLW\DGGHGWR
FRQVWUXFWLRQVRI'HQPDUNDVDSURJUHVVLYHVRFLHW\6RFLHWDOSURJUHVVLRQZDVQRWRQO\FRQQHFWHGWR
SROLWLFDOO\SURJUHVVLYHGHPRFUDF\RUDVRFLDOO\SURJUHVVLYHZHOIDUHVWDWHWKHQHZVPHGLDDOVR
FRQVWUXFWHGVH[XDOOLEHUW\DVDSDUWRIWKLVSURJUHVVLYHLPDJH(WKQLF'DQHVPD\KDYHEHHQDEOHWR
HPERG\WKLVSURJUHVVLYHLGHQWLW\SDUWO\WKURXJKWKHQHZVPHGLD¶VODEHOLQJRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVDV
WKHSXUSRUWHGYLRODWRUVRIWKHVHSURJUHVVLYHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
7KHQHZVPHGLDXQGHUVFRUHGHWKQLF'DQHV¶SROLWLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVUHJDUGLQJWKH
DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVLPPLJUDWLRQDQGYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVEXWGLGQRWUHDOO\HPSKDVL]HDQ\RWKHU
GLIIHUHQFHV7KHQHZVSURJUDPVH[SOLFLWO\SUHVHQWHGGLIIHUHQWSROLWLFDOYLHZVE\IRULQVWDQFH
MX[WDSRVLQJSROLWLFLDQVUHSUHVHQWLQJGLIIHUHQWSROLWLFDOSDUWLHV7KHQHZVPHGLDWKHUHE\RSHQHGWKH
ZD\IRUGLYHUVLW\EHWZHHQHWKQLF'DQHVUHJDUGLQJWKHLUSROLWLFDOYLHZVKRZHYHULQPDWWHUVRWKHU
WKDQWKLVSDUWLFXODUGLIIHUHQFHWKHQHZVPHGLDJHQHUDOO\SRUWUD\HGWKHHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKSRSXODWLRQ
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7KHVHODWWHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZHUHFRQVWUXFWHGDVVHHPLQJO\IXQGDPHQWDO±DVLIDOOHWKQLF'DQHV
HPERGLHGWKHVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV±DQGRQWRSRIWKHVHµEDVLF¶FKDUDFWHULVWLFVZHUHFRQVWUXFWHGPRUH
IOXLGFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVXFKDVSROLWLFDODWWLWXGHV7KLVPLJKWSDUWO\KDYHEHHQH[SODLQHGE\±DQGDOVR
KDYHH[SODLQHG±WKHVWDELOLW\LQWKHVWHUHRW\SHVDERXWWKHRSSUHVVHGLPPLJUDQWZRPDQDQGWKH
VH[XDOO\DJJUHVVLYH0XVOLPPDOHZKLOHWKHVWHUHRW\SHRIWKHDUULYLQJLPPLJUDQWFKDQJHGDQGZDV
GHEDWHG
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HVSHFLDOO\WKHVXSSRVHGGLIIHUHQFHVLQJHQGHUUROHEHWZHHQYLVLEOHPLQRULW\ZRPHQDQGHWKQLFDOO\
'DQLVKZRPHQZDVUHSUHVHQWHGKHOSHGWRFRQVWUXFWKLHUDUFKLHVQRWRQO\EHWZHHQPHQDQGZRPHQ
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285
8. Conclusion
PHGLDFRQVWUXFWHGJHQGHUDVDPXOWLIDFHWHGFRQFHSWZKLFKLQWHUVHFWHGZLWKDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJV
UDFH7KLVLQWHUVHFWLRQEHWZHHQJHQGHUDQGUDFHLQYROYHGWKHELQDU\RSSRVLWLRQRIRSSUHVVHGIHPDOH
YLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVDQGOLEHUDWHGIHPDOHHWKQLF'DQHV3RZHUZDVFRQVWLWXWHGRQGLIIHUHQWOHYHOV
ZLWKLQWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRIJHQGHUDQGUDFH,WZDVDVFULEHGYLDWKHODUJHDPRXQWRIQHZVWKDW
SULYLOHJHGHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKPHQ¶VVRFDOOHG³'DQLVKÉHKDYLRU±V\QRQ\PRXVZLWKUHVSHFWIRU
ZRPHQQRQUDSHDQGQRQGRPHVWLFYLROHQFH±RYHUWKHEHKDYLRURIYLVLEOHPLQRULW\PHQ±ODFNRI
UHVSHFWIRUZRPHQUDSHDQGYLROHQFH0RUHLQJHQLRXVO\SRZHUZDVDOVRFRQVWUXFWHGYLDWKHQHZV¶
DUWLFXODWLRQDQGWKHUHE\PDLQWHQDQFHRIWKHKHJHPRQLFGLVFRXUVHWKDWWKHUHZDVJHQGHUHTXDOLW\
DPRQJWKHHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKSRSXODWLRQ7KLVGLVFRXUVHSOD\HGDSDUWLQPDLQWDLQLQJDQG
UHSURGXFLQJWKHFXUUHQWJHQGHUVWUXFWXUHV4XLWHVRSKLVWLFDWHGO\LWVHHPVWKDWDQLQWHJUDWHGSDUWRI
WKHQHZVPHGLD¶VDUWLFXODWLRQVDERXWJHQGHUDQGJHQGHUUROHVLQYROYHGDKHJHPRQLFFRQVHQVXVWKDW
JHQGHUHTXDOLW\H[LVWHGDQGWKDWWKHFXUUHQWJHQGHUV\VWHPWKHUHIRUHVKRXOGQRWEHTXHVWLRQHG
+RZHYHUVLQFHUHFHSWLRQDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIQHZVPHVVDJHVKDSSHQVRQWKH
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IURPWKHQHZVPHGLD,WPLJKWWKHUHIRUHDOVREHSRVVLEOHWKDWWKHKHJHPRQLFDOO\VWDWHGGLVFRXUVH
DERXWWKHVWDWHRIJHQGHUHTXDOLW\LQ'HQPDUNDOVRSURGXFHGFRXQWHUHIIHFWVLQZKLFKYLHZHUV
TXHVWLRQHGWKHLUVWDWXVRIJHQGHUHTXDOLW\H[DFWO\EHFDXVHLWZDVVRXWWHUHGE\WKHQHZVPHGLD7KH
SURFODLPHGP\WKDERXWJHQGHUHTXDOLW\FRXOGWKHUHIRUHDOVRKDYHFRQWULEXWHGWKHSURGXFWLRQRI
DOWHUQDWLYHYLHZVDPRQJYLHZHUV
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VH[XDOO\DJJUHVVLYH0XVOLPPDOH¶SRLQWHGWRVRPHFRQWLQXLW\ZLWKLQWKHQHZVPHGLD¶V
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHV3UHYLRXVVFKRODUVKLSZLWKLQWKHILHOGRI'DQLVKPDVVPHGLDDQG
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVKDYHJHQHUDOO\DUJXHGWKDWDFKDQJHLQWKHFRYHUDJHWRRNSODFH
GXULQJWKHV,EHOLHYHWKDWWKHGLVFUHSDQF\EHWZHHQP\ILQGLQJVDQGSUHYLRXVILQGLQJVKDV
PDLQO\UHVXOWHGIURPP\LQFOXVLRQRIJHQGHUDQGVH[XDOLW\SHUVSHFWLYHV0\ILQGLQJVSRLQWWRWKH
LPSRUWDQFHRIH[DPLQLQJWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQVEHWZHHQRQWKHRQHKDQGUDFHDQGQDWLRQDOLW\DQGRQ
WKHRWKHUKDQGJHQGHUDQGVH[XDOLW\VXFKLQWHUVHFWLRQDOSHUVSHFWLYHVFDQIXQFWLRQDVDZLQGRZWRD
EURDGHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHFDWHJRULHVLQTXHVWLRQ
‘Us’ vs. ‘them’
7KHPDQ\GLUHFWDQGLQGLUHFWFRPSDULVRQVEHWZHHQWKHYLVLEOHPLQRULW\SRSXODWLRQ
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286
8. Conclusion
YHUVXVYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHV7KLVGLYLVLRQZDVXQGHUVFRUHGE\WKHQXPHURXVSRUWUD\DOVRIWKHSDUDOOHO
OLYHVRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVRXWVLGH'DQLVKVRFLHW\-RXUQDOLVWVDQGLQWHUYLHZHHVIXUWKHUFKDUDFWHUL]HG
YLVLEOHPLQRULWLHV¶OLIHVW\OHVDQGRUFXOWXUHDV³PHGLHYDO´ZKLFKLPSOLHGWKDWµWKHLU¶ZD\RIOLYLQJ
ZDVEDFNZDUGZKHQFRPSDUHGZLWKµRXU¶ZD\RIOLYLQJ7KHFRQQRWDWLRQRI³PHGLHYDOÓLYLQJDQG
³PHGLHYDOFXOWXUH´ZDVRIDVWDWLFVRFLHW\,QFRPSDULVRQ'DQLVKVRFLHW\DSSHDUHGDVG\QDPLF
SURJUHVVLYHDQGFLYLOL]HGZLWKLWVFRQWLQXRXVGHYHORSPHQWVRYHUWKHFRXUVHRIKLVWRU\
7KLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHYLVLEOHPLQRULW\SRSXODWLRQDVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHHWKQLFDOO\
'DQLVKSRSXODWLRQZDVKHLJKWHQHGE\UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVDVRQHKRPRJHQRXV
JURXS:KHQWKHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVZDVH[SDQGHGWRUHSUHVHQWDOO
YLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVWKH\DOODSSHDUHGWRSRVVHVVWKHQHJDWLYHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVWKDWWKHQHZV
DWWULEXWHGWRWKHP7KHSRVLWLRQLQJRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVLQELQDU\RSSRVLWLRQVWRHWKQLF'DQHV
WKHUHE\LQGLUHFWO\LPSOLHGWKDWDOOHWKQLF'DQHVVLPLODUO\RQHKRPRJHQRXVJURXSUHSUHVHQWHGWKH
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'DQHVZDVWKHUHIRUHRIWHQOLQNHGWRWKHKLHUDUFKDOSRVLWLRQVRIWKHWZRJURXSVZKHUHE\HWKQLF
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%\FRQWUDVWHWKQLF'DQHVFRQVWLWXWHGWKHQRUPDQGWKHUHIRUHZHUHXQODEHOHG*URXSVRISHRSOHZKR
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IURPWKHVWRWKHVLWVHHPHGWKDWZKLWHHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKPHQFRQVWLWXWHGWKHQRUPWR
VXFKDQH[WHQWWKDWQHLWKHUWKHLUHWKQLFLW\QRUWKHLUJHQGHUQHHGHGPHQWLRQLQJ:RPHQFRQVWLWXWHG
WKHQRUPWRDOHVVHUH[WHQWDQGWKHUHIRUHWKH\ZHUHQDPHGPRVWRIWHQE\WKHLUJHQGHUZKLWH
HWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKJLUOVZRPHQZHUHODEHOHG³JLUOVZRPHQ´ZKLOHYLVLEOHPLQRULW\ZRPHQZHUH
ODEHOHG³LPPLJUDQWZRPHQ´³HWKQLFZRPHQ´HWF7KHGLYLVLRQEHWZHHQµWKHP¶DQGµXV¶ZDV
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DQ\IXUWKHUUHIHUHQFHWRDVSHFLILFHWKQLFLW\DQGHWKQLF'DQHVZHUHVRQRUPDOWKDWWKH\ZHUHQRW
DVFULEHGDQ\7KLVPHDQWWKDWEHLQJ'DQLVKFRQVWLWXWHGWKHQRUPWRVXFKDQH[WHQWWKDWLWGLGQRW
UHTXLUHDQHWKQLFLW\DQGEHLQJ³HWKQLF´RIWHQIXQFWLRQHGV\QRQ\PRXVO\ZLWKEHLQJRIFRORU%HLQJ
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'DQHV6LPLODUO\KROGLQJD'DQLVKFLWL]HQVKLSZDVQRWHTXDWHGZLWKEHLQJ'DQLVK)RULQVWDQFHWKH
287
8. Conclusion
QHZVGHVFULEHGYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVSRVVHVVLQJ'DQLVKFLWL]HQVKLSDV³IRUHLJQHUV´DQGLPPLJUDQWV¶
FKLOGUHQZHUHODEHOHG³VHFRQGJHQHUDWLRQLPPLJUDQWV´LQVWHDGRI³ILUVWJHQHUDWLRQ'DQHV´,QWKH
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DQ³HWKQLFLW\´ZHUHSRROHGLQWRDODUJHJURXSRI³HWKQLFV´WKURXJKZKLFKLQGLYLGXDOLW\ZDVWDNHQ
DZD\IURPWKHSHUVRQGHVFULEHG7KHSRVLWLRQDVREMHFWZDVVWUHQJWKHQHGIXUWKHUE\WKHOLPLWHG
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WDONHGDERXWLQVWHDGRIWDONHGZLWKDQGWKDWWKH\ZHUHQRWJLYHQURRPWREHH[SHUWVRQWKHLURZQ
VLWXDWLRQV7KLVZDVHVSHFLDOO\SUHYDOHQWLQWKHQHZVFRYHUDJHRIYLVLEOHPLQRULW\ZRPHQLQZKLFK
WKHODFNRIIHPDOHH[SHUWLVHDQGIHPDOHYRLFHVQRWRQO\PDGHIHPDOHYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVDSSHDUDV
REMHFWVLQVWHDGRIVXEMHFWVEXWDOVRDVSDVVLYHYLFWLPVRIYLROHQFHUDWKHUWKDQDVSRWHQWLDODFWLYH
VXUYLYRUV)XUWKHUPRUHZKHQYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVHYHQWXDOO\ZHUHSODFHGLQH[SHUWVLWXDWLRQVLWGLG
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Narration
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QHZVSDSHUVFDXVHPXFKRIWKHµXV¶YVµWKHP¶FRPPXQLFDWLRQ7KHODFNRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHV¶YRLFHV
FDQEHVHHQDVDQLOOXVWUDWLRQRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKHVWDWLRQVDLPHGDWUHDFKLQJWKHQHZVSURJUDPV¶
%HQHGLFW$QGHUVRQImagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism1HZ<RUN
/RQGRQ9HUVR
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memories, %UX[HOOHV3,(3HWHU/DQJ'DYLG&ROHPDQ(VNLO:DGHQVM|Immigration to Denmark.
International and National Perspectives,$DUKXV7KH5RFNZRRO)RXQGDWLRQ5HVHDUFK8QLW$DUKXV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
288
8. Conclusion
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289
8. Conclusion
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OHDGVWRP\VHFRQGLPSRUWDQWSRLQW,WPXVWEHWKHDFWXDOFRQWHQWRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQZKLFKLVDQG
ZDVLPSRUWDQWQRWWKHLQWHQWLRQVEHKLQGWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ7KLVPHDQVWKDWGHVSLWHWKH
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PLQRULWLHVWKH\KDYHQHYHUWKHOHVVGRQHVRLQWKHODVWWKUHHGHFDGHV3UHMXGLFHVDQGUDFLVPDUHQRW
RQO\UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRISHUVRQDOIHHOLQJVRUEHOLHIVWKH\DOVRUHSUHVHQWVRFLDODQGLQVWLWXWLRQDO
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Attitudes towards ‘them’
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VWULFWSXEOLFVHUYLFHUXOHVDPRQJRWKHUUHVWULFWLRQVWKHVHUXOHVSURKLELWHGVHQVDWLRQDOQHZVDQG
LQWHQWLRQDOHGLWLQJRIIRRWDJH7KHFRPSHWLWLRQEHWZHHQ'5DQG79OHGWRLQFUHDVHGIRFXVRQ
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WRNHHSWKHPRQWKHFKDQQHO7KLVUHVXOWHGLQQHZW\SHVRIVWRULHV$PRQJWKHVHZHUHVHYHUDOVWRULHV
DERXWFULPLQDOLPPLJUDQWVWKDWZHUHQDUUDWHGGUDPDWLFDOO\DQGFRQWULEXWHGWRSRVLWLRQLQJ\RXQJ
YLVLEOHPLQRULW\PDOHVZKRZHUHFRQVWUXFWHGDVSRWHQWLDOFULPLQDOVDQGGDQJHUVDVGLIIHUHQWIURP
\RXQJHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKPDOHV7KH\RXQJYLVLEOHPLQRULW\PDOHVZHUHRIWHQSRVLWLRQHGLQWKHUROH
RIµDQWDJRQLVW¶LHµEDG¶LQWKHDFWDQWPRGHOQDUUDWLRQZKLOHWKHHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKPHQZHUH
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PLQRULWLHVDPRQJHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKWHOHYLVLRQYLHZHUV$VLPLODUFOLPDWHRIIHDUPLJKWKDYH
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VH[XDOWKUHDWWRZKLWHHWKQLFDOO\'DQLVKZRPHQ6XUYH\VKDYHDUJXHGWKDW'DQHVKDYHDPELYDOHQW
DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVLPPLJUDQWVDQGGHVFHQGDQWV7KH\KDYHH[SUHVVHGQHJDWLYHSUHMXGLFHDWWLWXGHV
DJDLQVWYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKH\H[SUHVVHGWROHUDQFHDQGDUJXHGWKDW
'HQPDUNVKRXOGKHOSDQGZHOFRPHLPPLJUDQWV$VLPLODUDPELYDOHQFHZDVIRXQGLQWKHQHZV
PHGLD¶VFRYHUDJHRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHV2QWKHRQHKDQGWKHQHZVPHGLDFRQWULEXWHGWRLPDJHVRI
YLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVDVDKRPRJHQHRXVJURXSFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\QHJDWLYHVWHUHRW\SHVDQGWKLVNLQGRI
290
8. Conclusion
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VLPXOWDQHRXVO\SRUWUD\HGLQGLYLGXDOYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVDQGGHVFULEHGWKHPLQDSRVLWLYHOLJKWLQD
ZD\WKDWPRVWOLNHO\HYRNHGV\PSDWK\IURPYLHZHUV7KHIHZLQGLYLGXDOL]HGSRUWUD\DOVPLJKWKDYH
QXDQFHGRUEDODQFHGWKHQHJDWLYHVWHUHRW\SLFDOLPDJHVDQGOHIWYLHZHUVZLWKWKHLPSUHVVLRQWKDWQRW
DOOYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVZHUHHTXDOO\EDG+RZHYHUWKHVHLQGLYLGXDOSRUWUD\DOVRIWHQIXQFWLRQHGDVWKH
H[FHSWLRQWKDWSURYHGWKHUXOHDQGWKH\WKHUHIRUHPLJKWQRWKDYHEHHQDEOHWRFKDOOHQJHWKHRYHUDOO
LPSUHVVLRQRUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIYLVLEOHPLQRULWLHV
Questions left to be answered
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FRXOGDUJXHWKDWWKHUROHRILQGLYLGXDOSHRSOHKDVQRWEHHQFHQWUDOIRUWKHQHZVSURGXFWEHFDXVHDOO
MRXUQDOLVWVQHZVFDVWHUVHWFKDYHSDUWLFLSDWHGLQFHUWDLQGLVFRXUVHVWKDWLQIOXHQFHGWKHRXWFRPHRI
WKHLUDFWV%XWLIRQHGHSDUWVIURPWKLV)RXFDXOWLDQQRWLRQLWPLJKWEHLQWHUHVWLQJWRWDNHDFORVHU
ORRNDWWKHGLIIHUHQFHPDGHE\GLIIHUHQWQHZVGLUHFWRUVDVZHOODVQHZVMRXUQDOLVWVIRUWKH
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291
8. Conclusion
)XUWKHUPRUHLWZLOOEHLQWHUHVWLQJWRFRPSDUHWKLVGLVVHUWDWLRQ¶VUHVXOWVZLWKVLPLODU
6FDQGLQDYLDQDQG(XURSHDQPHGLDUHSUHVHQWDWLRQV6RPHVXUYH\VDOUHDG\H[LVWHJIURP6ZHGHQ
DQG+ROODQGDQGRWKHUVPLJKWQHHGWREHFDUULHGRXWEHIRUHFRPSDULVRQVFDQWDNHSODFH,WZRXOG
JLYHQHZLQVLJKWVWRORFDWHVLPLODULWLHVDQGGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHVHVXUYH\VDQGPLQH,WKLQNLW
ZRXOGEHHVSHFLDOO\LQWHUHVWLQJWRWU\WRGHWHUPLQHWRZKDWH[WHQWWKH'DQLVKQHZVFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
ZDVUHSUHVHQWDWLYHIRUWKH(XURSHDQFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGWRZKDWH[WHQWLWZDVDQH[FHSWLRQ
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YLVLEOHPLQRULWLHVDQGZLWKLQWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQVEHWZHHQUDFHJHQGHUVH[XDOLW\DQGQDWLRQDOLW\
VHYHUDOTXHVWLRQVKDYHEHHQDQVZHUHGLQWKLVGLVVHUWDWLRQ7KHGLVVHUWDWLRQKDVWKURZQOLJKWRQ
SUHYLRXVO\XQUHVHDUFKHGDUHDVE\LWVDQDO\VHVRIWKHPHGLDFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQDORQJHUKLVWRULFDO
SHUVSHFWLYHQDPHO\EHWZHHQWKHVDQGWKHVDQGE\LWVDQDO\VHVRIWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQVRI
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<OYD%UXQHHGMörk magi i vita medier. Svensk nyhetsjournalistik om invandrare, flytkingar och rasismen
6WRFNKROP&DUOVVRQ<OYD%UXQHFlyktingfrågorna i pressen, 1985-19886WRFNKROP'HOHJDWLRQHQI|U
LQYDQGUDUIRUVNQLQJ'(,)2<OYD%UXQHStereotyper i förvandling. Svensk nyhetsjournalistik om invandrare
och flyktingar6WRFNKROP5HJHULQJVNDQVOLHW8WULNHVGHSDUWHPHQWHW<OYD%UXQHNyheter från gränsen: tre
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%ODFNZHOORU7HXQ$YDQ'LMNRacism and the Press /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH
292
Literature
Abstract
3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQThe Mass Media’s Construction of Gender, Race, Sexuality and Nationality. An
Analysis of the Danish News Media’s Communication about Visible Minorities from 1971 to 2004.
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UHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHQHZVPHGLD6HFRQGO\LWQXDQFHVWKHVHVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVE\FRPSDULQJWKHPWR
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DQGPDQ\VLGHGUHDOLWLHVDVVLPSOLILHGVWRULHVDERXWµJRRG¶HWKQLF'DQHVYVµEDG¶YLVLEOHPLQRULWLHV
293
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Literature
$OODQ5REHUWHGChannels of Discourse, Reassembled.&KDSHO+LOO/RQGRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI
1RUWK&DUROLQD3UHVV
$QGHUVHQ+HOJHRadio- og TV-frekvensundersøgelse. 21/11-27/11. 1971&RSHQKDJHQ'5
$QGHUVHQ+HOJHRadio- og TV-frekvensundersøgelse. 26/11-1/4. 1973&RSHQKDJHQ'5
$QGHUVRQ%HQHGLFWImagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
1HZ<RUN/RQGRQ9HUVR
$QGUHDVVHQ5LNNH³'DQVNHP QGYROGWDJHUGDLNNH´Jyllands-Posten, JP København 'HF
$QGUHDVVHQ5LNNH³7KHµH[RWLF¶DVPDVVHQWHUWDLQPHQW'HQPDUN´Race & Class YRO
$QGUHDVVHQ5LNNHDet populære Indien. En diskursanalyse af danske massemediers fremstilling af
Indien fra 1820 til 19998QSXEOLVKHG0$WKHVLV'HSDUWPHQWRI+LVWRU\8QLYHUVLW\RI$DUKXV
$QGUHDVVHQ5LNNH³(QJDQJYDUGHWQRJOHVXUHOHEEHIHPLQLVWHU´)RUWKFRPLQJ
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.ULPLQDOSU YHQWLYH5nG
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