program details

Transcription

program details

Table of Contents
Preface ........................................................................................................................... 3
Organizing Committee ...................................................................................................... 5
Scientific Committee ........................................................................................................ 6
Sponsors ........................................................................................................................ 7
Program ......................................................................................................................... 8
Abstracts ...................................................................................................................... 21
ORAL PRESENTATIONS ................................................................................................... 21
Monday, 13 October 2014
HALL –A Opening Ceremony .................................................................................. 23
HALL – B [Ses02] - Quaternary Geology in the Eastern Mediterranean ........................ 25
HALL – C [Ses10]-Cenozoic Magmatism, Mantle History and Tectonism
in the Anatolia-Aegean Microplates ......................................................................... 30
HALL – D [Ses01] - Geotectonic Development of Anatolia and Adjacent Region ............ 35
Tuesday, 14 October 2014
HALL – B [Ses02]- Quaternary Geology in the Eastern Meditarrenean ......................... 38
HALL – B [Ses08]- Levantine palaeoenvironments, palaeoclimates and
ancient human populations – Pleistocene-Holocene ................................................... 40
Tuesday, 14 October 2014 .........................................................................................
HALL – C [Ses03]- Tectonic geomorphology: coupling between crustal
deformation and landscape evolution ...................................................................... 43
HALL – C [ThS01]- Sedimentology and Stratigraphy ................................................. 46
HALL – C [Ths04]-Environmental Geology ................................................................ 50
HALL – D [Ses05] - Mantle to surface dynamics in Anatolia ........................................ 53
HALL – D [Ses05] - Mantle to surface dynamics in Anatolia ........................................ 60
Wednesday, 15 October 2014 .............................................................................................
HALL – B [SeS09] - Eastern Mediterranean Marine and Lake Paleoclimate Records........ 66
HALL – B [ThS14] - Geophysics .............................................................................. 71
HALL – C [SeS12] - The role of paleo-archeo-seismology
in the constraint of crustal deformation ................................................................... 75
HALL – D [ThS01] - Sedimentology and Stratigraphy ................................................ 79
HALL – D [Ths07]-Engineering Geology ................................................................... 83
HALL – D [Ths08]-Opholite .................................................................................... 84
Thursday, 16 October 2014 ................................................................................................
HALL – B [Ths06]-Paleontology .............................................................................. 86
HALL – C [Ths10]-Magmatic and Metamorphic Petrology............................................ 94
HALL – C [ThS20] - Active Tectonics ....................................................................... 96
HALL – C [Ths26]-Hydrogeology ............................................................................. 98
HALL – D [Ths11]-Mineral Resources, Ore Deposits, Metallogeny .............................. 100
HALL – D [Ses11]-Geodynamics and Ore Deposit Evolution in Tethyan belt ................ 104
Friday, 17 October 2014 .....................................................................................................
HALL – B [Ses14] - Muğla – ÖzlüceTurolian Park Project .......................................... 111
HALL – B [ThS22] - Tectonics ............................................................................... 113
HALL – C [ThS25] - Geothermal ........................................................................... 114
HALL – D [Ths12]-Geochemistry and Petrology....................................................... 117
POSTER PRESENTATIONS ............................................................................................. 119
Authors Index ............................................................................................................. 178
Keyword Index ............................................................................................................ 184
The 8th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology
13-17 October 2014 / Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey
2
Preface
Dear Colleagues,
We are pleased to welcome you in Muğla and have your contribution to the
8th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology (ISEMG).
The home of earliest civilizations on Earth, the Eastern Mediterranean is among the
most interesting regions in Earth Sciences. Earliest discoveries related to the Earth’s
geology, such as the use of ore deposits or fossil fuels took place in the Eastern
Mediterranean. Besides, intense seismic and volcanic activity or extreme climate
changes played crucial roles in shaping the civilizations and developments in this
region.
The complex geology of the Eastern Mediterranean is still an appealing subject for
many earth scientists. Since decades, onland and offshore researches revealed
extensive amount of information on the geologic, tectonic, seismic and climatic history
of the region. Besides, discoveries of natural resources raised interest for new
research and investments in the Eastern Mediterranean.
The 8th ISEMG received about 240 abstracts from 27 countries with a very wide range
of topics, indicating that Eastern Mediterranean is still a remarkable region for Earth
scientist.
We are hoping that the 8thISEMG will provide a platform for all participating experts in
geology, geophysics, mining and other geosciences to share and discuss their recent
work and establish new international networks among several disciplines of
Geosciences.
Several local enterprises have also shown interest to ISEMG and valued the efforts of
the Earth science community. Without the support of our sponsors (listed on the
sponsor page) we would not have been able to accomplish this symposium. We are
much obliged for their financial support.
The Department of Geological Engineering of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University is
honoured to host the 8th ISEMG. We hope you will appreciate the meeting and will
enjoy your stay in Muğla.
Kind regards,
8th ISEMG Organizing Committee
3
4
Organizing Committee
Honorary President
Prof. Dr. Mansur HARMANDAR (Rector of Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University)
President
Prof. Dr. Fikret KAÇAROĞLU (Head of the Geological Engineering Dept.)
Secretary
Prof. Dr. Murat GÜL (MSKU)
Assistant Secretaries
Asst. Prof. Dr. Murat Ersen AKSOY (MSKU)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Sena AKÇER (MSKU)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Özgür AVŞAR (MSKU)
Res. Asst. Ali ALUÇ (MSKU)
Treasurer
Asst. Prof. Dr. Murat Ersen AKSOY (MSKU)
Social Affairs
Asst. Prof. Dr. Sena AKÇER (MSKU)
Members
Prof. Dr. Ergun KARACAN (MSKU)
Prof. Dr. İlkay KUŞCU (MSKU)
Prof. Dr. Alastair H.F. ROBERTSON (The University of Edinburgh)
Prof. Dr. Ulvi Can ÜNLÜGENÇ (CU)
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Cihat ALÇİÇEK (PAU)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gonca KUŞCU (MSKU)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Domenico LIOTTA (The University of Bari)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Semih GÜRSU (MSKU)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet ÖZBEK (KSU)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Bedri KURTULUŞ (MSKU)
Res. Spec. Özlem YILMAZ (MSKU)
Res. Asst. Taner KORKMAZ (MSKU)
Res. Asst. Bora ÖN (MSKU)
Res. Asst. Erde BİLİR (MSKU)
Res. Asst. Esra ÇETİN (ITU & IPGS)
Res. Asst. Mehmet ÇAM (MSKU)
Res. Asst. Göksu USLULAR (MSKU)
Res. Asst. Orkun TÜRE (MSKU)
Res. Asst. TümayKadakçı KOCA (DEU)
5
Scientific Committee
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Naki AKÇAR – University of Bern
Prof. Dr. Serdar AKYÜZ – Istanbul Technical University
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Cihat ALÇİÇEK – Pamukkale University
Prof. Dr. Ercan ALDANMAZ – Kocaeli University
Prof. Dr. Serdar BAYARI – Hacettepe University
Prof. Dr. Erdin BOZKURT – Middle East Technical University
Prof. Dr. Namık ÇAĞATAY – Istanbul Technical University
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ziyadin ÇAKIR- Istanbul Technical University
Prof. Dr. Mehmet EKMEKÇİ – Hacettepe University
Prof. Dr. Semih ERGİNTAV – Boğaziçi University
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nicolas FLIPO – Mines Paris Tech
Prof. Dr. M. Cemal GÖNCÜOĞLU – Middle East Technical University
Prof. Dr. Naci GÖRÜR – Istanbul Technical University
Prof. Dr. Nilgün GÜLEÇ – Middle East Technical University
Prof. Dr. Kemal GÜRBÜZ – Çukurova University
Prof. Dr. Cahit HELVACI – DokuzEylül University
Prof. Dr. Selim İNAN – Mersin University
Prof. Dr. Remzi KARAGÜZEL – Istanbul Technical University
Prof. Dr. Ali İhsan KARAYİĞİT – Hacettepe University
Prof.Dr. Tanju KAYA- Ege University
Prof. Dr. Nuretdin KAYMAKÇI – Middle East Technical University
Prof. Dr. İlkay KUŞCU – Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University
Prof. Dr. David LENTZ – University of New Brunswick
Prof. Dr. Jürg LUTERBACHER – Justus-Liebig-University Giessen
Prof. Dr. Peter MARCHEV – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Prof. Dr. Mustapha MEGHRAOUI – Strasbourg University
Prof. Dr. Robert MORITZ – University of Geneva
Prof. Dr. Mohammed Rashad Hassan MOUFTI – King Abdulaziz University
Dr. Karoly NEMETH – Massey University
Prof. Dr. Roland OBERHANSLI – University of Potsdam
Prof. Dr. Sefer ÖRÇEN – Yüzüncü Yıl University
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tolga OYMAN – Dokuz Eylül University
Prof. Dr. Sacit ÖZER – Dokuz Eylül University
Prof. Dr. Osman PARLAK – Çukurova University
Prof. Dr. Mahmut PARLAKTUNA – Middle East Technical University
Prof. Dr. Sypros PAVLIDIS – Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Prof. Dr. Georgia PE-PIPER – St. Mary’s University
Prof. Dr. Moumtaz RAZACK – Poitiers University
Prof. Dr. Klaus REICHERTER RWTH – Aachen University
Prof. Dr. Neil ROBERTS – Plymouth University
Prof. Dr. Alastair H.F. ROBERTSON – The University of Edinburgh
Prof. Dr. Mehmet SAKINÇ – Istanbul Technical University
Dr. Ioan SEGHEDI – Romanian Academy
Prof. Dr. Şevket ŞEN – National Museum of Natural History
Prof. Dr. A.M. Celal ŞENGÖR – Istanbul Technical University
Prof. Dr. Şakir ŞİMŞEK – Hacettepe University
Prof. Dr. Stathis STIROS – Patras University
Prof. Dr. Lutfi SÜZEN – Middle East Technical University
Prof. Dr. Gültekin TARCAN – Dokuz Eylül University
Prof. Dr. Tamer TOPAL – Middle East Technical University
Prof. Dr. Asuman GÜNAL TÜRKMENOĞLU – Middle East Technical University
Prof. Dr. Reşat ULUSAY – Hacettepe University
Prof. Dr. Ulvi Can ÜNLÜGENÇ – Çukurova University
Prof. Dr. Mahir VARDAR – Istanbul Technical University
Prof. Dr. Donna L. WHITNEY – University of Minnesota
Prof. Dr. Hasan YAZICIGİL – Middle East Technical University
Assoc. Prof. Dr. İsmail Ömer YILMAZ – Middle East Technical University
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ozcan YİĞİT – Çanakkale 18 Mart University
6
sponsors
PROGRAM DETAILS
HALL - A
Time
08:30 - 17:00
09:30 - 10:00
10:00 - 10:45
11:00 - 11:45
ON-SITE REGISTRATION (All Days)
OPENING SPEECHES
Keynote
Speaker
Keynote
Speaker
A. M. Celal Şengör - The Eastern Mediterranean: A Laboratory for Continental Collision Studies
Iain S. Stewart - Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Communicating Geology to Society
HALL - B
[Ses02] - Quaternary Geology in the Eastern Mediterranean
Time
14:00 - 14:20
14:20 - 14:40
14:40 - 15:00
16:00 - 16:20
16:20 - 16:40
Chair
Akçar, N.
Akçer, S.
16:40 - 17:00
Authors
Claude, A. et al.
Schlüchter, C. et al.
Sarıkaya, M.A. & Çiner, A.
Tikhomirov, D. et al.
Amiri, N.M. et al.
Panagiotis, F. & Anastasakis,
G.
Title
The onset of glaciations in the Alps
Quaternary glaciations in Anatolia - potential correlations and implications
Chronology of Late Quaternary Glaciers and inferred paleoclimate on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey
COFFEE BREAK
Holocene earthquake activity in the Gediz Graben, western Turkey: Insights from cosmogenic 36Cl dating
The Holocene seismic activity and slip rates of the Priene-Sazli fault, Western Anatolia
Seafloor mapping of the volcanic field offshore NW Methana peninsula, Saronikos Gulf, Greece
HALL - C
[Ses10] - Cenozoic Magmatism, Mantle History and Tectonism in the Anatolia-Aegean Microplates
Time
14:00 - 14:20
14:20 - 14:40
14:40 - 15:00
Authors
Giuseppe, D.P. et al.
Agostini S.
Marchev, P. et al.
& Kuşcu G.
Markakis, E. et al.
15:40 - 16:00
Gençalioğlu-Kuşcu G. et al.
Agostini S.
& Kuşcu G. Savaşçın, M.Y. et al.
16:00 - 16:20
Chair
Title
Eastern Anatolia Neogene Volcanic Activity and Its Bearing on Tectonic Reconstructions
Coeval Felsic Igneous Magmatism of Mesta Volcanic Complex and Central Pirin Batholith, NW Bulgaria
Tracing Volcaniclastic Upper Quaternary Input on the Seafloor of West Kos Basin
COFFEE BREAK
New findings of the distal Nisyros tephra on Datça peninsula (Turkey)
Western Anatolia Versus Eastern Anatolia Magmatic - Tectonic and Geodynamic Comparing and their
Geothermal Results
HALL - D
[Ses01] - Geotectonic Development of anatolia and Adjacent Region
Time
Chair
Authors
14:00 - 14:20
Çimen, O. et al.
Bozkurt, E.
& Ünlügenç,
14:20 - 14:40
Robertson, A.H.F. et al.
U.C.
14:40 - 15:00
Çakır, Ü.
15:40 - 16:00
16:00 - 16:20
Robertson, Robertson, A.H.F. et al.
A.H.F.
Akıncı, A. C. et al.
Title
The New Findings on the Mid-Late Paleozoic Volcanism in the Eastern Taurides: Implications for the
Geodynamic Evolution of the Anatolide-Tauride Terrane
New Evidence of Late Triassic-Early Jurassic Continental Break-Up and Jurassic-Cretaceous Passive Margin
Development of the Southern Neotethys in SE Turkey
Anatolian Ophiolites and Marginal Formations: Indicator of Tethyan Evolution of Turkey
COFFEE BREAK
How to Accommodate Time Field-Based Evidence for Five Or More Mesozoic Subduction Zones in Anatolia
Within A ~1500 Km-Wide Eurasia-Arabia Gap?
Sedimentary Evidence for the Cenozoic Development of the SE Anatolian Thrust Belt
8
PROGRAM DETAILS
HALL - B
[Ses02] - Quaternary Geology in the Eastern Mediterranean
Time
09:40 - 10:00
10:00 - 10:20
Chair
Doğan, U.
Authors
Küçükuysal, C. & Yavuz. N.
Title
Multi-proxy climate records of the very late Pleistocene-the Holocene from Central Anatolia, Turkey
The First Findings of the Sarıkavak Calcareous Tufa Deposits as Palaeoenvironmental and Palaeoclimatic
Indicators (Denizli-SW Turkey)
LUNCH BREAK
13:00 - 14:00 POSTER PRESENTATIONS
Toker, E.
[Ses08] - Levantine palaeoenvironments, palaeoclimates and ancient human populations – Pleistocene-Holocene
Time
Chair
Authors
14:00 - 14:20
Rambeau, C. et al.
14:20 - 14:40
14:40 - 15:00
Rambeau, Cheddadi, R. et al.
C.
Rollefson, G. et al.
15:00 - 15:20
Title
What Has Changed Under the Sun? Environmental Reconstruction in Arid Southern Levant (Jordan) for the
Past Ca. 40,000 Years
Holocene climate changes in Lebanon and their potential impacts on Man
Green Hues in the Black Desert: Implied Mid-Holocene Grasslands in Eastern Jordan
The Bronze Age Paleoenvironments in the Northern Mesopotamia and the Southern Levant: Comparative
Modeling and Human Impacts
COFFEE BREAK
HALL - C
Arıkan, B.
[Ses03] - Tectonic geomorphology: coupling between crustal deformation and landscape evolution
Time
Chair
10:40 - 11:00
11:00 - 11:20
11:20 - 11:40
Authors
Title
Boulton, S. J. & Stewart, I. S. Holocene Coastal Notches in the Mediterranean Region: Indicators of Palaeoseismic Clustering?
Boulton,
S. J.
11:40 - 12:00
The Relationship Between River Channel Morphology and Active Tectonics in the Gediz Graben, Western
Turkey.
Constrains on the Long-Term Slip Rate of the Ecemiş Fault Zone, Turkey By Cosmogenic 36Cl Dating of offset
Alluvial Fans
Kent, E. et al.
Sarıkaya, M.A. et al.
Aksoy, M.E. et al.
Geomorphology Along Major Continental Faults: Slip Rate Constraint from Climatic Fluctuations
LUNCH BREAK
[ThS01] - Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
Time
Chair
Authors
14:00 - 14:20
Anna, K. et al.
14:20 - 14:40
Zeynalov, G. & Askerova, R.
14:40 - 15:00
Kadir, S.
Kadir, S. et al.
Title
The Discovery of Holocene Tephra Producing Events in the Marine Realm Surrounding the Volcanic Centers of
the Southeast Agean Sea
Structural-geologic modelling and oil and gas bearing of the Lower Kura Basin, Azerbaijan
Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Genesis of Mudstones Within the Upper Miocene Mustafapaşa Member of the
Ürgüp Formation in the Cappadocia Region, Central Anatolia, Turkey
15:00 - 15:20
Kaplan, M.Y. et al.
Palygorskite Formation Within Quaternary Calcretes (Adana, Southern Turkey)
15:20 - 15:40
Hassan, F. K. & Khalil, M.T.
Impact of Overland Flow on the Soil Movement By Water Erosion at Northern Iraq
COFFEE BREAK
9
PROGRAM DETAILS
[Ths04] - Environmental Geology
16:00 - 16:20
Yücel, D. Ş. & Baba, A.
16:20 - 16:40
Kaçaroğlu, Yücel, M.A. et al.
F.
Erkoyun, H. & Kadir, S.
16:40 - 17:00
Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Acidic Water Sources Around Can Region, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey
Monitoring of Acid Mine Lakes By Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on Geographic Information System (GIS)
Around Can Region, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey
Occurrence of Asbest and Relationship With Development of Potential Mesothelioma Cases in Eskişehir,
Western Turkey
HALL - D
[Ses05] - Mantle to surface dynamics in Anatolia
Time
Chair
Authors
09:00 - 09:20
Robertson, A.H.F. et al.
Whitney, D.
09:20 - 09:40
Kaymakçı, N. et al.
L. &
09:40 - 10:00 Lefebvre, C. Oruç, B. & Sönmez, T.
10:00 - 10:20
Meijers, M.J.M. et al.
10:40 - 11:00
Whitney, D. L. et al.
Whitney, D.
11:00 - 11:20
L. &
Abgarmi, B. et al.
11:20 - 11:40 Lefebvre, C. Özacar, A.A. et al.
11:40 - 12:00
Kahraman, M. et al.
Title
Late Cretaceous-Miocene Sedimentary-Tectonic Development of the Arabian Continental Margin in SE Turkey
(Adıyaman Region): Implications for the Construction of Anatolia
Fethiye-Burdur Fault Zone: A Myth?
Integrated Lithospheric Modeling Combining Gravity and Thermal Data in the Eastern Mediterranean,
Southern Turkey
Reconstructing the Paleotopography and Paleoenvironment of the Anatolian Plateau: An Integrated Approach
COFFEE BREAK
Overview of the CD-CAT Project: Cenozoic Surface to Mantle Dynamics of Central Anatolia During the
Transition from Subduction to Collision to Escape
Structure of the Crust Beneath Central Anatolia: Preliminary Analysis of Teleseismic Receiver Functions
CAT Seismic Network: Preliminary Results & Implications on Central Anatolian Tectonics
Receiver Function Analysis of Crustal Structure Beneath Western Anatolia
LUNCH BREAK
[Ses05] - Mantle to surface dynamics in Anatolia
Time
Chair
Authors
14:00 - 14:20 Whitney, D. Özkaptan, M. et al.
14:20 - 14:40
L. &
Gülyüz, E. et al.
14:40 - 15:00 Lefebvre, C. Brocard, G. et al.
16:00 - 16:20
Lefebvre, C. et al.
Whitney, D.
Uslular, G. et al.
L. &
16:40 - 17:00 Lefebvre, C. Katzir, Y. et al.
16:20 - 16:40
17:00 - 17:20
Golan, T. et al.
Title
Large Block Rotations Around the Intersection of the Izmir-Ankara and Intra-Tauride Suture Zones in Turkey
Thermo-Chronometric Characteristics and Evolution of the Haymana Basin, Central Anatolia (Turkey)
Evolution of River Drainage and River Incision During the Uplift of the Central Anatolian Plateau
COFFEE BREAK
Structural and Geochronological Evidences for Reburial of the Niğde Massif in Context of Arabia-Eurasia
Collision
Petrography and Geochemistry of Scoria Cones within Eğrikuyu Monogenetic Field (EMF), Central Anatolia
(Turkey)
Garnet Pyroxenite Xenoliths As Recorders of Recurring Magmatism at the Margins of the Levant Basin
The Timing of Rifting-Related Magmatism in the Levant Margins: U-Pb Dating of Zircons from Deep Boreholes
in the Coastal Plain of Israel
10
PROGRAM DETAILS
Wednesday, 15 October 2014
HALL - B
[SeS09] - Eastern Mediterranean Marine and Lake Paleoclimate Records
Time
Chair
Authors
09:00 - 09:20
09:20 - 09:40
09:40 - 10:00
Erel, T.L. et al.
Roberts, N.
10:20 -10:40
Çağatay, M.N. et al.
Eriş, K.K. et al.
Roberts, N. et al.
Çağatay, N.
10:40 - 11:00
Erkan, G. & Bayarı, C.S.
Title
The Impact of the Changing Coastline on the Harbors in Bodrum and Datça Peninsulas, and the Examples of
Bodrum (Halıkarnassos), Aspat (Strobilos), Datça (Stadia), Tekirburnu (Knidos)
70 ka Old Paleoclimatic, Paleoceanographic and Tephra Records from the Sea of Marmara
Late Pleistocene-Holocene Paleo-Climate and Sedimentation Record of Lake Hazar, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey
COFFEE BREAK
“A Tale of Two Maars”: Comparing Lake Sediment Records of Climate Change for the Last 14 ka Bp from
Cappadocia, Turkey
Evaluation of Paleoclimate Conditions Based on Temporal Stable Isotope Analyses of Stalagmite: Yelini Cave
(Günyüzü, Eskişehir-Turkey)
LUNCH BREAK
[ThS14] - Geophysics, Remote Sensing & Geodesy
Time
14:00 - 14:20
14:20 - 14:40
Chair
Authors
Akgün, M. et al.
Tunçel, A.
14:40 - 15:00
15:00 - 15:20
İpek, Y. et al.
Pamuk, E. et al.
Nasr, A. et al.
Title
Relationship between Peak Period and Vs Values:Case Study of İzmir New City Center
Estimation of Earthquake Damage By Using Nakamura's Vulnerability Index: the Case Study at the Southern
Part of İzmir
Multi-Approach Geophysical Investigations for Obtaining More Reliable and Accurate Soil Transfer Function
Sub-Surface Based Fusion Experiments Using Etm-8 and Ers-1 Data for Geological Exploration
COFFEE BREAK
[Ths28] - Geological Heritage, Geoarcheology, Gemstone
Time
16:00 - 16:20
16:20 - 16:40
Chair
Rovella, N.
16:40 - 17:00
Authors
Hassan, Z.M.
Crisci, G.M. et al.
Çoban, E. et al.
Title
Starting the Geological Heritage Culture in Iraq
Cappadocian "Fairy Chimneys" and Rupestrian Churches: A Geological Heritage to Preserve
Mineralogical and Gemmological Investigations on Ancient Gemstones in the Caria Region (Muğla) and their
Relations With Rocks and Minerals Outcropping in the Region
HALL - C
[SeS12] - The role of paleo-archeo-seismology in the constraint of crustal deformation
Time
09:00 - 09:20
09:20 - 09:40
09:40 - 10:00
Chair
Authors
Yalamaz, B. et al.
Meghraoui,
M.
Hinzen, K.G. et al.
Meghraoui M.
Title
Earthquake Sedimentary Records in the Lake Sapanca (NW Anatolia) and their Relations With Earthquake
Parameters
Constraints on Earthquake Slip Velocity Using An Archaeoseismic Model of the ateret Fortress on the Dead
Sea Transform Fault
Slip Deficit Along the Dead Sea Fault: Do Active Faulting and Past Earthquakes Determine the Seismic Gaps?
COFFEE BREAK
11
PROGRAM DETAILS
10:40 - 11:00
11:00 - 11:20
11:20 - 11:40
de Boer, J.Z. et al.
Meghraoui,
Reicherter, K. et al.
M.
Uçarkuş, G. et al.
The Myth of the Battle Between Poseidon and Polybotes: Geological and Archeological Evidence for A Major
Seismic Event Around 500 Bce: Kos, Greece
Mediterranean Active Normal Faults: New Insights and Concepts
Segmentation and transtensional deformation along the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara:
Implications for Strain Partitioning
LUNCH BREAK
HALL - D
[ThS01] - Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
Time
Chair
09:20 - 09:40
09:40 - 10:00
Authors
Parizan, N. et al.
Gürel, A.Solak, C. et al.
Gül, M.
10:00 - 10:20
Korkmaz, T. et al.
10:40 - 11:00
11:00 - 11:20
11:20 - 11:40
Capuano, N.
Amel, C. et al.
Simakova, A. et al.
Gül, M.
11:40 - 12:00
Gürel, A.
Title
Cementation in Mixed Carbonate-Siliciclastic Shoreface Sediments of the Oligo-Miocene: Study of Asmari
Formation, from Gale Bar Pass (Semirom), East Zagros Basin, Iran.
Facies Analysis and Depositional Environments of the Cretaceous Limestones in the Spil Mountain (Manisa, W
Turkey)
Stratigraphy and Microfacies Analysis of Maastrichtian Sequences in Hekimhan and Yeşilyurt Areas (Malatya
Basin-Eastern Turkey)
COFFEE BREAK
Pleistocene Braid-Delta Depositional System in Peri-Adriatic Basin, Italy
Mapping of Late Pleistocene Coastal Eolianites in Tunisia
Stratigraphy, Archaeology and Tectonics of the Early Pleistocene in NW Armenia
Dolocretes and Associated Palygorskite Occurrences in Siliciclastic Red Sediments of the Kömişini Formation
(Late Miocene/Pliocene), Northwestern Part of the Tuzgölü Basin in Central Anatolia, Turkey
LUNCH BREAK
[Ths07] - Engineering Geology
Time
14:00 - 14:20
14:20 - 14:40
14:40 - 15:00
15:00 - 15:20
Chair
Authors
Kadakçı-Koca, T. et al.
Abood, M.R, et al.
Karacan, E. Al-Subai, K.A. & Al-Qadhi,
A.A.
Al-Obaydi, M. et al.
Title
Geomechanical Properties of Marl and Sandstone in Çağlayan Dam Reservoir Area Under Dynamic Conditions
Geotechnical Evaluation for Selected Outcrops of Pilaspi Formation in Darbandikhan Area /North Iraq
Engineering Geology of Taiz City, Yemen Republic
Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Flow Around Underground Structures
COFFEE BREAK
[Ths08] - Ophiolite
Time
16:00 - 16:20
16:20 - 16:40
16:40 - 17:00
Chair
Authors
Title
Tsikouras, B. et al.
Evolution of Mafic Rocks in the Ophiolite Mélange of the Iti Ophiolite (Central Greece)
Tsikouras, İfandi, E. et al.
Petrogenetic Implications on the Ophiolitic Vavdos Peridotites (Chalkidiki Peninsula, Greece)
B.
Hajialioghli, R. & Moazzen, M. Supra-Subduction and Abyssal Mantle Peridotites of the Piranshahr Ophiolite (Zagros Belt, NW Iran)
12
PROGRAM DETAILS
Thursday, 16 October 2014
HALL - B
[Ths06] - Paleontology
Time
Chair
09:20 - 09:40
Authors
Sarı, B. et al.
Sarı, B.
09:40 - 10:00
İbilioğlu, D.
10:40 - 11:00
Parlar, Ş.
11:00 - 11:20
Merceron,
Gürel, A. & Yıldız, A.
G.
11:20 - 11:40
Demircan, H. & Avcıoğlu, M.
Title
Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Balçıkhisar Succession (Şuhut-Afyon,
Western Anatolia)
Biostratigraphic and Stable Isotopic Characteristics of the Early Miocene Foraminifera in the N-NW Part of the
Malatya Basin, Eastern Anatolia
COFFEE BREAK
The Grain Size Distribution and Geochemical Characteristics of Sea-Floor Sediments Including Foraminifera in
Gulf of Güllük and Gökova
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation of Pliocene Diatomate-Bearing Lacustrine Deposits in the KaracaörenÜrgüp Area (Nevşehir, Turkey)
Trace Fossils on the Shelly Terrace Units. An Example from Along the Southwestern of Lapseki
Palaeoshoreline, Çanakkale, Turkey
LUNCH BREAK
[Ths06] - Paleontology
Time
Chair
14:00 - 14:20
14:20 - 14:40
14:40 - 15:00
Authors
Erdal, O. et al.
Mayda, S.
15:20 - 15:40
Alpagut, B. & Kanık, D.
Demirel, A.F. & Mayda, S.
Erdal, O. et al.
Mayda, S.
15:40 - 16:00
Aytek, A.İ. & HarvatiPapatheodorou, K.
Title
New Material of Palaeoamasia (Embrithopoda, Mammalia) from the Paleogene of Turkey: the First Cladistic
Analyze at Species Level and Its Implication on Paleobiogeography
What Was the Bio-Diversity 15 Mya Ago Surrounding Bursa Province at the Southern Marmara Region?
An Early Pleistocene Fauna from Burdur Basin of SW Anatolia
COFFEE BREAK
For a Mammalian Biostratigraphy of Neogene and Quaternary Deposits in the North Anatolian Fault Zone
Basins
Reassessment of Kocabaş Calvaria from Turkey
HALL - C
[Ths10] - Magmatic and Metamorphic Petrology
Time
09:20 - 09:40
09:40 - 10:00
Chair
Küçükuysal
C.
Authors
Gülmez, et al.
Vasilopanagos, et al.
Title
Heterogeneous Mantle Source Dynamics of Late Cretaceous Ultrapotassic Rocks Related With the Subduction
of Neo-Tethys
Subcontinental Mantle Peridotites Exposed Amidst the External Hellenides, S. Peloponnesus, Greece, and
their Geotectonic Significance
COFFEE BREAK
[ThS20] - Active Tectonics
10:40- 11:00
11:00- 11:20
11:20- 11:40
Trifonov, V.G. et al.
Aksoy, M.E. Şentürk, S. & Çakır, Z.
Moulouel, H. et al.
Variations of Seismicity and Recent Geodynamics in Major Strike-Slip Zones
Source Parameters of the Mw=6.1, February 21, 2007 Sivrice (SE Turkey) Earthquake Fault from Insar
Geophysical Imaging of the the Thenia Active Fault Zone (North-Central Algeria)
LUNCH BREAK
13
PROGRAM DETAILS
[Ths26] - Hydrogeology
Time
14:00-14:20
14:20-14:40
14:40-15:00
15:40-16:00
16:00-16:20
16:20-16:40
Chair
Authors
Dişli, E.
Kaçaroğlu,
F.
Özgür, N. & Çalışkan, T.A.
Arslan, Ş. et al.
Avcı, P. et al.
Kaçaroğlu,
Al Hosni, T. et al.
F.
Hassan, K.F. & Salih, A.S.
Title
Quality of Water Sources for Drinking and Agricultural Use in the Upper Tigris River Basin, DiyarbakırBatman, Turkey
Water Pollution Monitoring Between Manavgat and Fethiye, Turkey
Assessment of the Pollutants in Soils and Surface Waters Around Gümüşköy Silver Mine (Kütahya, Turkey)
COFFEE BREAK
Land Use Change Effects on the Groundwater Budget in Demre Plain (Antalya, Turkey)
The Potential of the Maradi Fault Zone, Northern Oman, to Act As A Barrier to Fluid Migration Within the
Cenozoic Sequence
Secular Trend Analysis of Water Erosion in Mosul Basin By Using Time Series Technique
HALL - D
[Ths11] - Mineral Resources, Ore Deposits, Metallogeny
Time
09:20-09:40
09:40-10:00
Chair
Mortiz, R. & Banks, D.A.
Kuşcu, İ.
Bozkaya, G. & Banks, D.A.
10:40-11:00
11:00-11:20
Authors
Gagnidze, N. et al.
Banks, D. Uğurcan, O.G. & Oyman, T.
11:20-11:40
Aluç, A. et al.
Title
Metal Transport By Brines and Hydrocarbons in Mvt Deposits.
Fluid Pressure Change and Mineralization in the Biga Peninsula, Turkey
COFFEE BREAK
Felsitic Magmatism and Thorium - Bismuth Ore Mineralization in the Greater Caucasus Kakheti Segment,
Georgia
Mineralogy, Mineral Chemistry and Fluid Inclusion data From Kalkan and Karaağıl (Simav-Kütahya) Iron
Skarns
A New Low Sulfidation Epithermal Au – Ag Mineralization Within Biga Peninsula: Karadere (Burhaniye,
Balikesir, Turkey)
LUNCH BREAK
[Ses11] - Geodynamics and Ore Deposit Evolution in Tethyan belt
Time
Chair
14:00-14:40
14:40-15:00
Authors
Moritz, R.
Kuşcu, İ.
Yiğit, Ö.
15:00-15:20
Sahakhla Abdullayeva
15:40-16:00
Delibaş, O. et al.
16:00-16:20
Yiğit, Ö.
Rezeau, H. et al.
Title
Keynote: Diversity of metallogenic Settings along the Tethys belt: Lessons from Southeastern
Europe and the Lesser Caucasus
Heat Flow and Gold Mineralization in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt: Exploration Hot Spots in Turkey
Metallogenically High-Productive Alpian Stage Against the Tethys Ocean Geodynamic Activity Within the
Lesser Caucasus and Eastern Pontian
COFFEE BREAK
Timing of Magmatism Associated With Porphyry-Type Mineralizations in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey
Timescales and Geochemistry of Tertiary Magmatism and Porphyry Cu-Mo Formation of the Composite MeghriOrdubad Pluton, Southern Armenia, Lesser Caucasus
16:20-16:40
Guseynov, G. et al.
Mineralization of the Gedabek Gold-Copper Deposit, (Lesser Caucasus), Azerbaijan.
16:40-17:00
Bilir, M.E. et al.
The Early-Middle Eocene Magmatism and Related Epithermal Systems of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey
14
PROGRAM DETAILS
Friday, 17 October 2014
HALL - B
[Ses14] - Muğla – Özlüce Turolian Park Project
Time
09:20 - 09:40
09:40 - 10:00
Chair
Authors
Alpagut, B.
Alpagut, B
Kesici, S.D.
10:40 - 11:00
11:00 - 11:20
11:20 - 11:40
Güler, G. & Alpagut, B.
Alpagut, B Erol, A.S. & Yavuz, A.Y
Damla, N. & Usta, Y.
Title
Turolian Park Project of Muğla Province
The Role of Education for the Historical Enviroment Conservation of Muğla Under the Turolian Park Project
COFFEE BREAK
Anatolian Miocene Paleoecological Indicators Through Rhinocerotidae
Late Miocene Vertebrate Fossil Locality Paleofauna of Çorakyerler
Giraffidae Fossil Remains of Miocene Epoch in the Western and South-Western of Turkey
LUNCH BREAK
[ThS22] - Tectonics
Time
14:00 - 14:20
14:20 - 14:40
14:40 - 15:00
Chair
Authors
Uzelli, T. et al.,
Sünnetçioğlu, M.A. & Temel,
Aksoy, M.E.
R.Ö.
Khairy, S.Z.
Title
Neotectonic Characteristics of the Gülbahçe (İzmir) and Surrounding Area, Western Anatolia-Turkey
Seismic Evidences of Messinian Salt Deposition and Its Structural Evolution,
Fault Zone Architecture Within Miocene-Pliocene Rift Sediments, Northwestern Red Sea, Egypt
COFFEE BREAK
HALL - C
Ths25 - Geothermal
Time
10:40 - 11:00
11:00 - 11:20
11:20 - 11:40
Chair
Baba A.
11:40 - 12:00
Authors
Uzelli, T. et al.
Alacalı, M.
Karakılçık, H. & Karan, A.
Avşar, Ö.
Title
Structural Controls on Gülbahçe Geothermal System and Its Hydrogeochemical Properties (Western Turkey)
Hydrothermal Alteration Studies in Balçova Geothermal Field
Investigation of A Shallow Geothermal Anomalies Using Multi Electrode Resistivity Method: A Case from
Turkey
Discovery of a subaqueous hot spring by a new method in Fethiye-Göcek Bay (SW Turkey)
LUNCH BREAK
HALL - D
Ths12 - Geochemistry and Petrology
Time
09:20 - 09:40
09:40 - 10:00
Chair
Avşar Ö.
10:40 - 11:00
11:00 - 11:20
11:20 - 11:40
Authors
Ahadnejad, V.
Origin of tourmaline in Granitic Rocks of Boroujerd, Sanandaj-Sirjan, Iran
Khalid, A.K. et al.
Measuring the Extent of Chemical Weathering in Calcareous Soils of Northern Iraq
El-Sayed, M.M. et al.
Avşar Ö.
Title
Karadağ, M.M. et al.
Küpeli, Ş. et al.
COFFEE BREAK
Petrological and geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Kurdeman gold mineralization, Central Eastern
Desert, Egypt
Geochemistry of the Katrangediği (Cenomanian) and Doğankuzu (Senonian-Maestrihtian) Formations of the
Geyikdağı Unit, and Modern Terra-Rossa Occurrences, Central Taurides, Turkey
C, O Isotope and Ree+Y Geochemistry of the Early-Middle Cambrian Çaltepe Formation in the Bağbaşı-Hadim
(Konya) Area, Central Taurides, Southern Turkey
15
PROGRAM DETAILS
LUNCH BREAK
[Ths11] - Mineral Resources, Ore Deposits, Metallogeny
Time
14:00 - 14:20
14:20 - 14:40
Chair
Yiğit Ö.
14:40 - 15:00
Authors
Bagirbekova, O. et al.
Roknifar M. & Mollai H.
Cengiz O.
15:40 - 16:00
Uçurum, A. et al.
Oyman T.
16:00 - 16:20
Okrostsvaridze, A. et al.
Title
The Isotopic Age of Uchtapa -Kyzylkaya Granitoids and Associated Mineralization (Lesser Caucasus)
Geological and Mineralogical Characteristic of Bauxite Deposit in the Alborz Range , North West -North East of
Iran, With Special Reference to the Tash Bauxite Deposit.
Mineralogical Analysis of Barite and Sulfide Bearing Barite Mineralizations in SultandağLari Region, Central
Taurus, South Turkey
COFFEE BREAK
Evaluation of Evaporitic Tertiary Sivas Basin With References to O, S, H and Sr Isotope Data of Celestine
Deposits, Turkey
A Modern Field Investigation of the Mythical "Gold Sands" of the Ancient Colchis Kingdom and the
"Golden Fleece" Phenomena
16
POSTER PRESENTATIONS
Time
13-15 October 2014
13-15 October 2014
13-15 October 2014
13-15 October 2014
13-15 October 2014
13-15 October 2014
13-15 October 2014
13-15 October 2014
Session
ID
Ses01
Ses10
Ses02
Ses03
Ths01
ThS04
Ses12
Ses09
Poster
No
Authors
1
Zlatkin, O. et al.
2
3
4
5
Göçmengil, G. et al.
Piper, D. and Pe-Piper, G. et al.
Tutberidze, B. and Akhalkatsishvili, M.
Karakaş, Z. et al.
6
Babayeva, G. et al.
7
Akçar, N. et al.
8
Bayrakdar,C. et al.
9
Zabcı, C. et al.
10
11
12
13
14
Hughes, P. and Woodwar, J.
Yeşilyurt, S. et al.
Yeşilyurt, S. et al.
Topal, S.
Küçükuysal, C.
15
Tesson, J. et al.
16
Gao, M.X.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Uslular G.
Varol, B. E. et al.
Eroğlu, T. et al.
Mahmoudi, O. and ben Haj Ali, N.
Darbaş, G. and Gül, M.
Ataselim, Z. and Kazancı, N.
Yalamaz, B. et al.
24
Bulkan, Ö. et al.
25
Gül, M. and Gürbüz, K.
26
Gül, M. and Uslular, G.
27
Vural, A. and Akaryalı, E.
28
29
30
31
Kafadar, İ.
Reicherter, K. et al.
Schneiderwind, S. et al.
Ön, Z. B. et al.
32
Makaroğlu Ö
33
Akçer-Ön, S. et al.
34
Eroğlu, C. et al.
35
Avşar, U. et al.
Title
The Proto-Pelagonian Basement of Greece As An Exotic, Peri-Amazonian Terrane in the Eastern Mediterranean: Evidence
from U-Pb-Hf Isotope Geochemistry in Zircon
Geological and Geochemical Features of Volcanic Rocks from Yıldızeli Region (Sivas, NE Turkey)
The Kos Plateau Tuff in Eastern Kos and Its Significance for the Character of the Eruption
Volcano-Glacier Interaction By the Example of the Javakheti Plateau (Georgia)
Mineralogical Properties of Volcanic Units in the Kizilirmak Formation Around Kozakli (Nevşehir)-Felahiye (Kayseri), Turkey
Petrological-mineralogical factors of evolutional transformation of primary meltings of Cretaceous teschenite-tephrite,
syenite-trachyte, essexite-trachybasaltic complexes of Carpathian, Caucasian and North TransBaikal region
Investigation of the Quaternary Geological Context of the February 2011 Massive Failures at the Çöllolar Coalfield, Eastern
Turkey
Geomorphological and Chronological Evolution of the Akdağ Rockslide (SW Turkey)
Understanding the Intra-Plate Deformation of the Anatolia: Insights from Preliminary Slip-Rates of the Malatya-Ovacık Fault,
Eastern Turkey, During the Last 16 Ka
Glaciations in the Western Balkans: Pleistocene to Present-Day
Quaternary Glaciations of Kavuşşahap Mountains, Eastern Anatolia
Late Pleistocene Glaciations at the Munzur Mountains, Turkey
Tectonic Geomorphology of the Honaz Fault, SW Turkey
Ground water calcretes from a paleosol section in Ankara, Central Anatolia
Seismic Slip History of Normal Faults in Central Apennines (Italy) Using in Situ 36cl Cosmogenic Exposure Dating and Rare
Earth Elements Concentrations.
Plio-Quaternary Tectonism does Not Support the Hypothesis on Colliding Mountain Building in the Eastern Mediterranean
and Surrounding Areas
Power-law for the size-distribution of scoria cones within the Eğrikuyu Monogenetic Field (central Anatolia, Turkey)
Depositional Historyof the Yeniceoba-Cihanbeyli Tertiary Basin-Fill Deposits
Microfacies Features of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Inalti Formation, Boyabat (Sinop) Area
Paleocene and Lower Eocene Biostratigraphy (Foraminifera and Ostracods) from the Jebel Serj, Central Tunisia
General Geological Properties of the Neogene Sequence of Köyceğiz (Muğla-SW Turkey) Region
Sediment Characteristics of A Plio-Quaternary Polje-Infill in South-Central Anatolia, Turkey
Physical Properties of the Lake Bafa Sediments: Implications for the Depositional Conditions During the Last 150 Years
Environmental Controls on the Organic Matter Enrichment Processes in the Lake Bafa Sediments (Eastern Mediterranean
Region), During the Last 150 Years
Promontory Plate Geometry Effect on Foreland Basin Sedimentation (Kahramanmaraş, SE Turkey)
Weathering and Geomorphological Features of Metamorphosed Granitoids (Çine Submassif-Menderes Metamorphic Massif, W
Turkey)
Threshold Values of Trace Element Concentrations in Astragalus L. Which Grows Arzular (Gümüşhane, Turkey) Gold
Mineralization
Evaluation and Use of the Marble Muds in Desulphurization Plant of thermal Power Plant
Cretan and Greek Palaeotsunamis
Trenching Investigations on Active Normal Faults on Crete - Combinig Lidar and Geophysical Information
Late Pleistocene Climatic Cycles from Eastern Anatolia
Environmental Records of Küçükçekmece Lagoon Sediments (Istanbul) Based on Mineral- Magnetic and Geochemical
Analyses
Liıttle Ice Age And Medıeval Warm Periıod iIn İstanbul: Correlatiıon Of Küçükçekmece Lagoon Sediımentary Records wWiıth
Hiıstoriıcal Data
Late Holocene Cliımatiıc And Enviıronmental Changes Of Lake Bafa (Muğla, Turkey)
Varved lake sediments from SW Anatolia (Köyceğiz Lake): paleoclimatic reconstructions and sedimentary earthquake record
for the last 400 years
17
13-15 October 2014
13-15 October 2014
13-15 October 2014
16-17 October 2014
16-17 October 2014
16-17 October 2014
16-17 October 2014
16-17 October 2014
Ths07
Ths14
Ths08
Ths06
Ths10
Ths11
Ths24
Ths26
36
37
38
Özvan, A., et al.
Özbek, A. and Gül, M.
Akbulut, C. et al.
39
Uras, Y. et al.
40
41
42
Mpalatsas, I. et al.
Petrounias, P. et al.
Anıt, Y. and Ertuğrul, G.
43
Akın, Ö. et al.
44
M. Rifat Kahyaoğlu et al.
Evaluation of Size Effect on Capillarity Water Absorption Test for Selected Rocks
The Geological Strength Index Evaluations and Classification of Sandstone and Claystone Alternations
Determination of Liquefaction Potential of the Tarsus Plain (Mersin-Adana)
Geochemical and Engineering Properties Evaluation of Aggregates Used in Asphalt Production in Kahramanmaras (SE
Turkey)
Assessment of Carbonate Lithologies from Western Greece for their Use As Road Construction Aggregates
Comparative Study of Ophiolitic and Carbonate Rocks for their Suitability As Concrete Aggregates
Geotechnical Investigation Properties of Sirnak City
A Combination of Fundamental Mode Dispersion Curves Obtained from Remi and Masw Methods- Examples from Trabzon
(Arsin)
A Case Study on the Mechanism and Remediation of Landslide in Kale-Denizli Motorway
45
Demirel, S. and Adatepe, F.
Examination of Gravity Data of Cyprus
46
Özdağ, Ö. C. et al.
Invesgation of Soil Dynamics Analysis Parameters at the Northern Part of Izmir Gulf By Using Multi-Approach Geophysical
Methods
47
Özdağ, Ö. C. et al.
The Dynamic Amplification Factor Calculations By Using Geophysical Methods: the Case Study at İzmir New City Centre Area
48
Bensalem, R. et al.
Comparison Between H/V Microtremors and H/V Weak-Motion Earthquake: Case of Pilot Site of Dar El Beida (Algiers) Algeria
49
50
51
52
Akkaya, İ. et al.
Doğru, F. and Pamuk E.
Altınoğlu, F. F. and Aydın, A.
Elisha, B. et al.
53
Demircan, H. et al.
54
55
56
Badpa, M. et al.
Okur, K.
Yavuz, N. et al.
57
Yavuz, N. and Demirer, Ş. S.
58
59
Akçay, A. G. et al.
Kılıç, C. Ö. and Kadıoğlu, Y. K.
60
Moazzen, M. et al.
61
Ulusoy, E. and Kadıoğlu, Y. K.
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
Bağcı, U. Et al.
Hajialioghli, R.
Spiros, O. and Dimitrios, K.
Bilgin, Ö.
Toygar, Ö. et al.
Sendir, H. et al.
Aydoğan, M. S.
69
Aydoğan, M. S. and Kumral, M.
70
Ergin, M. et al.
71
Guseynov, G. et al.
72
Korkmaz, E. F. and Vural, A.
73
Kayadibi, Ö. And Üstün, A. B.
74
Kurtuluş, B. et al.
75
76
77
Alsharabi, E. S. et al.
Iliya Bauchi Danladi
Çaldırak, H., et al.
Determination of Soil-Structure Interaction of Yüksekova (Hakkari, Turkey) By Using Microtremor Method
Wavelet Transform Methods for Arrival Times of P and S Phases Identification in Seismograms
Seismicity and Its Relation With Crust Structure of Western Anatolia
Fossil Oceanic Core Complex in the Limassol Forest, Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus
The First Finding of Cambro -Ordovician Trace Fossils in the Siliciclastic Deposits in the Eastern Taurides (Kozan-FekeSaimbeyli/Adana)
The Oldest Record of Paraheritschioides (Sando, 1985) (Rugose Coral)
Description of the Eocene Alveolina and Paleoclimate Condition , Safranbolu Basin (NW of the Turkey)
Late Oligocene climate and vegetation in the Thrace Basin (Turkey) based on pollen data
Palynological and Isotopic Data from A Well-Known Early Miocene Mammal Type Locality, Kılçak (Mn 1), Central Anatolia,
Turkey
A Large Hyaenid of Western and Central Anatolia in Late Miocene: Adcrocuta Eximia (Hyaenidae, Mammalia)
Nature of Migmatites in Central Anatolia, Turkey
Hydrothermal Alteration of Spinel to Ferrite Chromite-Silicate Assemblage, Uvarovite and Kã¤Mmererite in Serpentinized
Peridotites from South of Salmas, West Azerbaijan, NW Iran
Nature of the Demirköy Intrusive Body: Geochemical and Confocal Raman Spectrometry Characteristics, Strandja Massif,
NW Turkey
The Geochemistry and Petrology of the Magmatic Complex from the Namrun (Mersin) Region, Southern Turkey
Petrogenesis of Syn-Collisional S- and I-Type Granitoids of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Belt (Zagros Orogen)
Novel Garnet-Orthopyroxene thermometery: Emphasis on Granulites and Diamondiferous Peridotites
Assessment in Terms of Mineral Processing of Turkey-Gordes Zeolites
Geochemical Observations on the Kaymaz Gold Deposit, Eskisehir, NW Turkey
Geology and Ore Mineralogy Features of Hayriye, İclaliye Mineralizations in (İnegöl-Bursa) Area
Geochemistry of Ni-Laterites in the Muratdağı Region (Uşak, Western Turkey)
Geochemistry of Radiolarian Chert-Hosted Manganese Mineralizations Around Pabuçlu-Kavaklı in Kula (Manisa, Western
Turkey): A Preliminary Study
Heavy Mineral Enrichment in Modern Beach Sediments Along the Datça Peninsula (SW Turkey, Eastern Mediterranean):
Implication for Placer Exploration
Mineralization of the Gedabek Gold-Copper Deposit, (Lesser Caucasus), Azerbaijan
The Detection of Changing of Basalt Lavas Which Outcrop in Geosite Area of Kula and Its Near Vicinity By Using Remotely
Sensed Stalite Images
Mapping of Quaternary Aged Sediments By Using Aster Satellite Data
Estimation of Hydraulic Properties of Liwa Aquifer from an Unconfined Pumping Test Data and Evaluation of Data by using
Boulton (1963) and Neuman (1975) models
Analytical Study for Water Resources in Saber Mountain, Taiz, Yemen
The Water Stratification in Lake Salda
Recharge of Lake Salda
18
16-17 October 2014
16-17 October 2014
16-17 October 2014
16-17 October 2014
Ths20
Ths28
Ths12
Ths17
16-17 October 2014
Ths25
16-17 October 2014
Ths22
16-17 October 2014
Ses14
78
79
Machane, D. et al.
Ahmed, B. et al.
Neotectonic Evidences in the Soummam Active Fault
Landslide Mapping Using Remote Sensing and GIS: Case of Bejaia Landslide Site, Algeria
80
Yasin, D. et al.
Fault Delineation Research Based on Rn and Co2 Measurements in the Soil: An Example for Eskişehir Karabayir
81
Ay, A. M. et al.
The Mineralogical-Petrographical and Gemological Characteristics of Natural Black Carbon (Oltu Stone) and Green Opal
82
Hassanov, F. D.
83
Ghaffari, M. et al.
Distribution of the radioactive elements (U, Th) in the deposits of the productive series depending on lithologic-mineralogical
pecularities of rocks
Characteristics and Origin of the Plutonic Complex of Salmas, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, NW Iran
84
Kibici, Y. et al.
The Geological and Geochemical Properties of the Quaternary Travertines in the Emet Basin (Kütahya-Turkey)
85
Shabanian, N. et al.
Petrology and Geochemistry of Noghan Bridge Granitoid, the NW of Boein- Miandashat, Sanandj-Sirjan Zone, Iran
86
87
Dzwoniarek, M.
Goiran, J. P. et al.
Preliminary Investigation Into the Stone Materials from Nea Paphos (Cyprus)
Piraeus, An Ancient Island By the City of athens? Evidence from Holocene Sedimentary Archives and Ancient Texts Archives
88
Ghaib, F. A. and Gardi, S. Q.
Re-Interpretation of Geopysical Data for the Archaeological Hill "Malta" in Duhok City Iraqi Kurdistan Region
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
Gareev, A. and Farkhutdinov, A.
Karakuş, H. et al.
Özen, T. et al.
Avşar, Ö. et al.
Hozatlı, B. and Özeler Kanan, N.
Rustamov, M.
Balamir, M. and Akyüz, S.
Rustamov, M. and Salahov, A.
Akçay, G. D. et al.
Mayda, S. et al.
Karakütük S.
Current State and Prospects for the Use of Geothermal Waters of Russia on Khankala Deposit Example
A Numerical Modeling Approach on the Heat Sources of the Western Anatolian Geothermal Systems
Hydrogeochemical Studies of Yenicekent Geothermal Field (Denizli, Turkey)
Comparison of Wet and Arid Season Stable Isotope Characteristics of Thermal and Mineral Waters in Muğla (SW Turkey)
Integration of thermal Energy Storage Systems With Existing Architectural and Heating-Cooling Systems
Caucasian Microcontinent in Paleotethys Evolution in Global Geodynamic Setting of Compression
Structural Evolution of Istanbul Zone: A Case Study in Sazlibosna-KayabaåI Area, West of Istanbul
Caucasian Microcontinent in Tethys Evolution
A Palaeoecological Evaluation from Muğla-Özlüce and Bursa-Paşalar Probosidean Fossils
The Updated Late Miocene Mammalian Faunas from the Yatağan Basin, Muğla, SW Turkey
Late Miocene Sub-Paratethyan Biogeographic Province: the Bovid Perspective
19
ORAL SESSIONS
21
22
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
HALL –A – Opening Ceremony
The Eastern Mediterranean:
Collision Studies
A
Laboratory
for
Continental
A. M. Celâl Şengör
İTÜ Maden Fakültesi, Jeoloji Bölümü ve AvrasyaYerbilimleri Enstitüsü, Ayazağa 34469 Istanbul
TURKEY
sengor@itu.edu.tr
The Eastern Mediterranean is the only remnant of the Neo-Tethys. Until now it was
believed that the subduction system to its north was a unified structure that had come
into existence during the late Cretaceous (according to some) or during the medial
Miocene (according to others). It now seems that both is correct in that the subduction
zone of the Cyprus Arc formed during the Turonian, whereas the Hellenic Arc formed
during the medial Miocene (some 13 Ma ago). The key to this realisation lies in the
tectonic evolution of the Ayyubidorogen. The Ayyubids formed by ophioliteobduction
during the Turonian to Campanian interval. This ophioliteobduction was abortive in
Libya and Egypt where it created a major germanotypeorogen. By contrast, it was well
developed in southern Turkey, Cyprus, Syria and along the Zagros where a major
alpinotypeorogen came into existence. The boundary between the abortive and the full
obduction coincides with a major inferred north-south transform fault boundary that
today coincides with the transition from the Hellenic to the Cyprus arcs. Along-strike
complexities along collision zones are very varied and become smeared into narrow
zones of deformation following the collision, along which the earlier complexities are
exceedingly difficult to disentangle, which, however, are crucial for an understanding
of the evolution of the pre-collisional evolution of orogens.
Post-collisional complexities are of different nature and are usually better preserved. I
here present the changes of tectonic style along the North Anatolian Shear Zone
extending from Karlıova in eastern Turkey to the Ionian Sea. The North Anatolian
Shear zone changes from a well-defined strike-slip fault system to a broad zone of
normal faulting with rotating fault blocks, where the older orogenic fabric abruptly
changes course at about the Pelion Peninsula in Greece.
Such complexities are usually not taken into account by modellers applying simple
engineering concepts to extremely complex tectonic phenomena. The result usually is
that the models generated bear little resemblance to what is on the ground making
dialogue between modellers and geologists difficult.
Keywords:Eastern Mediterranean, Ayyubids, Hellenic Trench, Cyprus Trench, North Anatolian
Fault, Continental collision
23
Between A Rock And A Hard Place: Communicating Geology to
Society
Iain S. Stewart
School of Geography, Earth, & Environmental Sciences (SoGEES), Plymouth University,
Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
Geoscientific knowledge and understanding lies at the heart of many of the most
critical societal issues that face us in the 21st century. The pressing human challenges
of natural disaster reduction, energy supply and security, and mineral and water
resource management, rest on geological foundations. And yet, outside of the
academic and industrial geoscience community there is a limited appreciation of Earth
Science, especially among policy makers and the wider public. The result is that
geology is largely out of sight and out of mind. It is for that reason that professional
geologists are increasingly being encouraged to communicate more broadly what they
do and what they know. Yet how can we do that when, for most people, geology is
about 'stones' and stones are 'boring'! It is a problem compounded by the fact that
many of our most acute geo-issues pertain to the unfamiliar realm of the deep
subsurface. To counter this, this talk will use a decade of experience in popularising
geoscience for mainstream television programmes to explore ways in which geologists
can make our subject connect better with the dissonant public, and in doing so forge
more effective strategies for meaningful public engagement.
Keywords:
24
HALL – B [Ses02] – Quaternary
Mediterranean
Geology
in the Eastern
The Onset of Glaciations in the Alps
Anne Claude1, Naki Akçar1, Susan Ivy-Ochs2, Fritz Schlunegger1, Peter Kubik2, Meinert Rahn3,
Andreas Dehnert3, Christian Schlüchter1
1University
2ETH
of Bern, Switzerland
Zurich, Switzerland
3Swiss
Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate ENSI, Switzerland
The onset of glaciations in the northern hemisphere is referred to approximately 2.7
Ma. Whether this onset in the Alps is synchronous or not, it is still unknown. Building
of ice sheets must have resulted in a landscape change, which is recorded in the
oldest Quaternary deposits in the Alps. The focus of this study is on these old
deposits, the Deckenschotter, which are glaciofluvial gravels covering Tertiary Molasse
or Mesozoic bedrock. Based on their distinct topographical positions, these gravels can
be divided into two units: Höhere (Higher) and Tiefere (Lower) Deckenschotter. To
characterize the onset of glaciations in the Alps, we reconstruct the chronology of
Swiss Deckenschotter and thus contribute to the understanding of the large-scale
evolution history of the Alpine Foreland. In order to reveal the extent of paleoglacial
catchments we use detailed lithostratigraphy.
To reconstruct the chronology of Deckenschotter, we apply two different methods:
depth-profile dating, which uses the fact that cosmogenic nuclide build-up diminishes
with depth and isochron-burial dating that is based on different pre-burial but same
post-burial histories of quartz pebbles originating from the same timeline. Here, we
show first results of two Higher Deckenschotter sites in northern Switzerland. At these
sites, sediment samples were taken for depth-profile dating with 10Be and quartz
pebbles for isochron-burial dating with 10Be and 26Al. First results from one site
indicate that these units were accumulated during a cold period approximately 2 Ma
ago and pebbles were derived from the catchment of the Rhein-Linth Paleoglacier. We
thus think that Quaternary glaciations in the Alps should have begun prior to 2 Ma.
Keywords: Cosmogenic,
10Be, 26Al,
Quaternary, dating, Deckenschotter, terrace
25
Quaternary Glaciations in Anatolia-Potential Correlations and
Implications
Christian Schlüchter1, Naki Akçar1, Vural Yavuz2, Markus Leuenberger1, Susan Ivy Ochs3, Regina
Reber1, Dmitry Tikhomirov1, Serdar Yesilyurt4, Conradin Zahno5, Peter Kubik3
1Univ
2ITU,
Turkey
3ETH
Zürich, Switzerland
4Cankiri
5Louis
Karatekin Uni, Turkey
Engineering and Consulting, Switzerland
The Anatolian landmass between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea is climatically a
highly sensitive area. It is even more so if we consider climate change and this leads
to the simple question: are there any terrestrial paleoclimate archives which allow the
retrieval of basic paleo data? Over the past 15 years substantial findings have been
possible through several research groups on the existance of former glaciers in
Anatolia. Available paleoglacier chronologies show glacier expansions in the high
mountains of Anatolia during the last major global cold phase = MIS 2 of the marine
isotope stratigraphy. Evidence for earlier glacier expansions is, so far, not fully
established. However, glacier oszillations between 25 and 10 ka BP are well confirmed
and their correlation with other paleoclimate archives, e.g. the Greenland ice core
record, are now under careful study. In addition, implications for ice-age
paleocirculation patterns during MIS 2 are evaluated.
Keywords: Glaciations, Quaternary, Anatolia, Correlations, Greenland, Paleocirculation
Chronology of Late Quaternary
Glaciers and
Paleoclimate on the Mediterranean Coast of Turkey
Inferred
Mehmet Akif Sarikaya1, Attila Çiner1
1Istanbul
Technical University, Turkey
We report an overview of Late Quaternary glaciers and paleoclimate of Turkey,
specifically on the SW and central Taurus Mountains located along the Mediterranean
coast of Turkey. Several glaciated mountains exist on the western and central sector
of the Taurus such as Mount Sandiras, Akdağ, Geyikdağ, Bolkar and Aladağlar. Over
the last decade, the knowledge on the Late Quaternary glacial history of Turkey has
dramatically increased. The cosmogenic exposure ages obtained from glacial
landforms in these mountains provided significant information regarding the timing of
glaciations. Here, we revised the glacio-geological literature of these mountains, and
provided a synthesis of extent and chronology of Late Quaternary glaciations using upto-date data. Results indicate that the oldest glaciers were developed prior to the
global-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), about 30-40 ka ago. Later, glaciers reached their
maximum extents during the LGM (21-18 ka ago). Younger advances took place
during Late Glacial (15 ka ago) and in Younger Dryas (around 12 ka ago). Unusual
Early Holocene glaciations, dated to 9 ka-10 ka, were also reported from Mount
Erciyes and Aladağlar. Late Holocene (3-5 ka ago) and Little Ice Age advances were
less extensive than older glaciations, and developed only at certain locations, as
predecessor of the present glaciers. Using the glacier modeling and paleoclimate
proxies from the Eastern Mediterranean, we estimated that if temperatures during the
LGM were 8-11oC colder than modern, which is suggested by paleotemperature
proxies in the region, precipitation on the southwest Taurus was up to two times more
than that of today, which is at odds with the conventional view of the LGM as being
cold and dry.
Keywords: Glacier, paleoclimate, Quaternary, cosmogenic dating
26
Holocene Earthquake Activity in the Gediz Graben, Western
Turkey: Insights from Cosmogenic36Cl Dating
Dmitry Tikhomirov1, Çağlar Özkaymak2, Naki Akçar1, Susan Ivy-Ochs3, Vasily Alfimov3, Nasim
Mozafari Amiri1, Bora Uzel4, Hasan Sözbilir4, Christan Schlüchter1
1Universität
2Afyon
3ETH
Bern, Switzerland
Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Turkey
4Dokuz
Eylül Universitesi, Turkey
We applied cosmogenic 36Cl dating to two normal fault scarps of the Manisa Fault Zone
at the western end of the Gediz Graben and reconstructed their rupture history. The
Gediz Graben is located in the West Anatolian Extensional Province (Turkey), which
appears one of the regions of intense seismic activity. To provide sufficient data set for
the rupture history reconstruction of the Manisa Fault Zone, we cut 7 meter profile of
the Manastir scarp and collected 87 samples. Rupture history of the Mugirtepe fault
scarp was recovered by reanalysis of a complemented 44-sample data set by Akçar et
al. (2012). New advanced model for fault scarp dating and paleoearthquake
reconstruction (Tikhomirov et al. 2014) was used for interpretation of measured 36Cl
profiles. Best fit solutions for the Mugirtepe data set indicated that the scarp was
ruptured by 2.5 ± 0.4 m (2σ) during period of seismic activity at 6 ± 1.5 kyr B.P.
(2σ). After this period the Mugirtepe fault was deactivated, and later seismic activity is
related to the Manastir fault. Last ruptures of the Manastir fault scarp occurred during
2.1 ± 0.8 kyr B.P (2σ), when lower 7 ± 1.1 (2σ) m of scarp surface were exposed.
Recent seismic activity was not detected in displacements of the fault scarps.
Keywords: Normal fault scarp, Cosmogenic
Zone, Turkey
36Cl
27
dating, Earthquake chronology, Manisa Fault
The Holocene Seismic Activity and Slip Rates of the Priene-Sazlı
Fault, Western Anatolia
Nasim Mozafari Amiri1, Ökmen Sümer2, Dmitry Tikhomirov1, Çağlar Özkaymak3, Susan IvyOchs4, Bora Uzel2, Christof Vockenhuber4, Hasan Sözbilir2, Naki Akçar1
1University
2Dokuz
3Afyon
4ETH
Eylül University, Turkey
Kocatepe University, Turkey
Zurich, Switzerland
The destructive earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region were
historically and instrumentally recorded since 464 B.C., which respectively reveal 78
earthquakes before and 79 after 1900. However, long-term earthquake modelling
requires paleoearthquakes information beyond the historical data. Built mainly in
carbonate rocks, three major graben systems of the Gediz, the Küçük Menderes and
the Büyük Menderes in the western Anatolia, are bordered by large scale normal faults
displaying seismic activity and thus surface faulting during the Pleistocene-Holocene.
With the aim of understanding of how and when these graben systems were active
prior the historical archives, as a first step, we sampled the Priene-Sazli Fault on the
westernmost part of the Büyük Menderes graben for fault scarp dating. To measure
36
Cl concentration and chemical composition of individual but continuous samples, 117
slabs of limestone were collected along the fault. Analyzing the measured 36Cl
concentrations with a new Matlab code, we modelled three periods of seismic activity
of the Priene-Sazli fault: (1) ca. 6 kyr with 6 m of vertical slip; (2) ca. 4 kyr with a
vertical slip of around 2 m; and (3) ca. 2 kyr with a vertical component of
displacement of around 2 m. We estimate slip rates of approximately 2,1 and 1 mm/yr
for these periods respectively. Based on these, we infer that the Büyük Menderes
graben underwent periods of enhanced seismic activity during the Holocene, with
decreasing amplitude through the time. For the Büyük Menderes graben, 2 mm/yr of
long-term slip rate is anticipated for the last ca. 6 kyr.
Keywords: Büyük Menderes graben, Cosmogenic, 36Cl, Surface exposure dating, Normal fault,
Earthquake, Seismicity, Turkey, Eastern Mediterrenean
28
Seafloor Mapping of the Volcanic Field Offshore NW Methana
Peninsula, Saronikos Gulf, Greece
Foutrakis Panagiotis1, George Anastasakis1
1School
of Geology & Geoenvironment, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
The western end of the South Aegean Arc hosts several volcanic centers of which the
Methana peninsula has the longest recorded history, with continuous volcanic products
from the Late Pliocene to recent times. The seafloor of the margin around the Methana
peninsula has been mapped and here we report on the NW margin that displays
intense Upper Quaternary volcanic activity. Our research is based on post 2010
surveys that include detailed multibeam bathymetry and side scan sea floor mapping,
high to medium resolution 2D chirp and sparker profiles and gravity coring.
Onshore, previous work shows that dacite domes and small andesitic stratovolcanoes
formed throughout the mid and late Quaternary. The seafloor off the NW quarter of
the Methana peninsula displays unequivocal evidence of active volcanic processes that
include dome piercing, older elevated structures with dome morphology, flows
associated with doming, more widespread flows from land, pyroclastic flows and
probable small scale caldera collapse. The dome piercing chronology can be related to
the stratigraphy of the surrounding sediments, with three distinct major flow events
interbedded within the well stratified marine sediments. Seismic stratigraphy and
sedimentation rates deduced from cores in the region suggest that these flow occurred
over the last 300 ka. The last flow is linked to the 230 BC eruption. The oldest flow
travelled the farthest to the west, 8 km from the NW coast of Methana, reaching the
western edge of the >420 m deep Epidavros Basin. Upper Quaternary sediments
recovered in cores record only one volcaniclastic layer, at around 11 ka.
The Upper Quaternary seafloor volcanic activity on the NW Methana margin extends
over an area of >25 km2.
Keywords: Volcanic activity, Quaternary, seafloor, Methana, Saronikos Gulf, Greece
29
HALL – C [Ses10]-Cenozoic Magmatism, Mantle History and
Tectonism in the Anatolia-Aegean Microplates
Eastern Anatolia Neogene Volcanic Activity and Its Bearing on
Tectonic Reconstructions
Paolo Di Giuseppe1, Samuele Agostini2, Mehmet Yilmaz Savaşçin3, Michele Lustrino1, Ayten
Öztüfekçi Önal4, Sevcan Kürüm5, Özgür Karaoğlu6, Piero Manetti1
1Dipartimento
2Istituto
di Scienze della Terra, La Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
3Mahmudiye-Sapanca,
4Tunceli
5Firat
6Van
Turkey
University, Turkey
University, Turkey
University, Turkey
A diffuse igneous activity developed in SE Turkey after the Arabia collision against
Anatolia. In East Anatolia, around the Elazig, Pertek, Tunceli, Mazgirt and Karakoçan
areas, a wide and chemically variable volcanic activity took place during the late
Tertiary.
Forty-three samples collected from this area show a wide range of petrographic and
geochemical characters, ranging in composition from basalt/trachybasalt to
andesite/dacite. Three main groups of rocks have been distinguished. The first group
(Elazig-Karakoçan) exhibits high TiO2 (3.1-1.7), low La/Nb ratios (1.9-0.7), low Sr
isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7033-0.7038) pointing out for mantle sources with small
or any subduction-related component. The second group (Tunceli-Bulgurçuk) has
lower TiO2 contents (1.7-1.4), higher La/Nb (2.3-1.3) and 87Sr/86Sr (0.7040-0.7049)
than the first group. The third group (Pertek-Mazgirt). have low TiO2 (1.7-0.4), high
La/Nb (3.5-2.3) and strongly radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr (0.7055-0.7068). These features,
including positive Pb and K anomalies as well as LILE and Sr enrichment in primitive
mantle-normalized diagrams, are compatible with derivation from a subduction-related
mantle source.
Negative correlations of TiO2 with 87Sr/86Sr and 207Pb/204Pb ratios and positive
correlations among 87Sr/86Sr, Th/Ta and La/Nb speak for the existence of two endmembers in the mantle sources. The presence of spatially and temporally overlapping
volcanic rocks with very different mineralogical, chemical and isotopic compositions is
a further evidence of the perils in inferring paleotectonic environments on the basis of
geochemical constraints only.
Keywords: Eastern Anatolia, Neogene Volcanism, Petrology, Isotope Geochemistry
30
Coeval Felsic Igneous Magmatism of Mesta Volcanic Complex
and Central Pirin Batholith, NW Bulgaria: Evidence for Extreme
Crustal Assimilation
Peter Marchev1, Petyo Filipov1, Irena Peytcheva1,2, Carsten Münker3,4, Maria Kirchenbaur3,4
1Geological
2ETH
Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
3Institut
für Geologie und Mineralogie, Köln, Germany
4Steinmann-Institut
für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Bonn, Germany
An N-NW fault juxtaposes Mesta Volcanic Complex (MVC) and its feeding magma
chamber, the Central Pirin batholith (CPB), providing an excellent opportunity for
direct comparison. To clarify the genetic relationships and magmatic processes for the
two rock suites, we studied their age, mineral and geochemical composition, Sr-Nd-Hf
whole rock and Hf zircon isotopic compositions. The 34-32.5 Ma MVC and CPB have
similar whole-rock compositions (SiO2 64 - 72.5 wt%) except one high-SiO2 rhyolite
with 76.4 wt% SiO2. They also have similar mineral phases, which include plagioclase,
biotite and K-feldspar in all rock types and quartz as phenocryst for the rhyolites and
as a rock forming mineral in the plutons. The granites and rhyolites have similar 6-7
cm K-feldspar megacrysts, whereas amphibole is present only in the trachydacites and
granodiorites. Similar isotopic ratios (high 87Sr/86Sr 0.71080-0.71521, low εNd -6.1 to
-8.1 and εHf -3.8 to -7.5) of the volcanic and plutonic rocks are consistent with an
origin by melting of crustal material. This is supported by the ~35% of xeno- and
inherited zircons from the local metamorphic basement with εHf values of -2 to -9.5.
However, findings of high-Mg (# 85-90) clino- and orthopyroxene and mafic enclaves
in the youngest trachydacite and granodiorite indicate mixing with mafic and
intermediate magmas. In addition, in situ analyses of Hf isotopes of zircons reveal
large variations in 176Hf/177Hf (> 9 εHf units) between zircons in a single rock with
most radiogenic values (εHf +2.7) within the mantle range. We suggest that the felsic
MVC and CPB rocks formed as the result of high degree of assimilation of the thick (~
50 km) continental crust into primitive mantle-derived magma.
Keywords: Mesta Volcanic Complex, Central Pirin Batholith, Bulgaria, Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes,
Crustal assimilation
31
Tracing Volcaniclastic Upper Quaternary Input on the Seafloor of
West Kos Basin
Emmanouil Markakis1, George Anastasakis1, David J.W. Piper2
1School
2Geological
Survey of Canada (Atlantic) Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Canada
The West Kos Basin, with a maximum depth of 518 m, is enclosed to the north by the
SW half of Kos and bounded to the south by the Upper Quaternary volcanic islands of
Pyrgousa, Pachia, Nisyros and Yali. Both land and marine geologists have previously
suggested that the seafloor of this region hosted the collapsed calderas of the major
Kos Plateau Tuff (KPT) eruption.
Post 2010 marine surveys by Athens University included multibeam bathymetry, a
limited number of high resolution chirp profiles and a grid of high to medium
resolution sparker and air gun profiles. Additionally 17 cores supplemented by 9 older
gravity cores provide ground truthing.
In the deep basin, the upper 15–40 m of stratified sediments includes several minor
mass-flow deposits coming from both the north and south margins of the basin. This
overlies a prominent acoustically incoherent body apparently piled against the SW Kos
slope apron, over 150 msec thick, and rapidly thinning towards Pyrgousa and
eastwards. This massive unit overlies up to 200 msec thick well stratified sediment,
interrupted by thin mass-flow deposits. Below the stratified sediments is a second
acoustically incoherent bed, in places with an erosive base, with a maximum thickness
of 250 msec against the Pyrgousa slope apron.
Sedimentation rates for the deeper parts of the basin are greater than 10–25 cm/ka
for the Holocene and > 21cm/ka in the 10–20 ka time intervals. Taking into account
sedimentation rates and seismic stratigraphic considerations, we interpret the lower
incoherent bed as the KPT and relate the upper acoustically amorphous body to a
younger eruption on either Yali or Nisyros not excluding the possibility of a massive
debrisavalanche from the southern Kos.
Keywords: Aegean Sea, Volcanic Arc, West kos Basin, Volkaniclastic, Kos Plateau tuff
New Findings of the Distal Nisyros Tephra on Datça Peninsula
(Turkey)
Gonca Gençalioğlu Kuşcu1, Göksu Uslular1, Ali Aluç1, Abitter Günay1
1Muğla
SitkiKoçman University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering,
Muğla, Turkey
Nisyros is an active volcano of Kos-Nisyros-Yalı volcanic system considering recent
hydrothermal explosions, shallow earthquakes and high-enthalpy geothermal system.
While there is an increasing interest in the volcanological and petrological evolution of
the Nisyros volcano, stratigraphy, distribution, and age of the tephrahave still been
controversial. For instance,as for the distribution of the proximal Nisyros tephra,
limited deposition is argued, owing to collapse of the caldera. As for the distal tephra,
deposition mainly in marine environment was proposed. However, there are afew
studies suggesting that Nisyros tephra covered larger distances than expected (300
km to the north) and possible Kyra subunits deposited in the surrounding islands
(Pachia, Chalki and Tilos) and Turkish mainland (Datça Peninsula). Therefore,
identification and verification of inland deposited tephra for this active volcano
becomes more important.
In this study we aim to present new findings about the Nisyros pumice fall units
(possibly Kyra sub-unit) deposited on Kos Plateau Tuff units in several locations of
Datça Peninsula, and discuss the distribution and field characteristics with regard to
previous and ongoing studies in the region. This research is supported by TUBITAK,
grant number 113Y328.
Keywords: Aegean Sea, Volcanic Arc, West Kos Basin, Volkaniclastic, Kos Plateau tuff
32
Western Anatolia versus Eastern Anatolia Magmatic - Tectonic
and Geodynamic Comparing and Their Geothermal Results
M.Y. Savaşçın1, M. Tokçaer2, Ö. Karaoğlu
1Tunceli
2Dokuz
3
University, Turkey
3Yüzüncu
Yıl University, Turkey
During the Cenozoic Turkey has been interested by a widespread igneous activity with
products characterized by very variable chemical and mineralogical compositions. In
some of these igneous areas high level high enthalpy geothermal fields have been
identified. The western and eastern sectors of Anatolia experienced different tectonic
evolutions followed by the Arabia-Asia collision.
The extensional regime in western Anatolia has been associated with lithospheric and
crustal thinning and high heat flows. The heat source for the western Anatolia
geothermal systems is very shallow (high geothermal gradient). On the other hand,
the tectonic regime of eastern Anatolia is dominated by the strike-slip tectonics,
possible oceanic slab delamination gave rise to passive asthenospheric upwelling in
the last 10 Ma, likely the source region of the young sodic mildly alkaline rocks with a
general OIB-like geochemical characteristic. The geothermal systems active in eastern
Anatolia should be associated to the presence of young plutonic bodies and the
passive upwelling of hot sub-lithospheric mantle. Heat flow measuring in several km
deeps, or mantle originated noble gases support also this hypothesis.
In western Anatolia (e.g., the Menderes core complex) plutonic bodies are covered
and thermally insulated by thick young sedimentary infillings (up to 2 km), whilst
similar (but generally younger) plutonic bodies in the eastern Anatolia reach the
surface or are overlaid by thinner sedimentary cover, causing major geothermal heat
dispersion. The relatively large distance between the local hydrographic network and
the shallow hotspots favoring the development of hot geothermal sites. On the other
hand, the absence of true extensional tectonic in the eastern Anatolia force both the
cold (rivers) and the hot waters (geothermal fluids) to mix, strongly reducing the
enthalpy.
Keywords: Geodynamic, Magma, Geothermal
33
HALL – D [Ses01]-Geotectonic Development of Anatolia and
Adjacent Region
The New Findings on the Mid-Late Paleozoic Volcanism in the
Eastern Taurides: Implications for the Geodynamic Evolution of
the Anatolide-Tauride Terrane
Okay Çimen1, M. Cemal Göncüoğlu1, Kaan Sayit1, Cengiz Okuyucu2
1Middle
East Technical University Department of Geological Engineering, Turkey
2Selçuk
University Department of Geological Engineering, Turkey
The Anatolide-Tauride Terrane consists of widespread Paleozoic (Cambrian to Permian)
units in which mafic volcanic rocks are rarely found. These mafic lithologies have been
described in two areas; Eastern Taurides (SW of Tufanbeyli and Yahyali) and Central
Taurides (Northern Konya). The ideas on the evolution of these volcanic rocks,
however, are controversial, and the available data mainly come from the volcanics of
the Central Taurides (Konya Region).
Based on our preliminary work, mafic volcanic rocks were identified in the Eastern
Taurides (Develi-Kayseri). These basaltic lithologies are observed between the Late
Devonian (Famennian) limestones and Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian) sandstones.
The basalts display affinites to back arc basin (BAB) lavas, with trace element patterns
showing relative enrichment in large ion lithophile-elements (LILE) relative to high
field strength element (HFSE). The abundance of the HFSE in the lavas appears to be
normal-MORB (NMORB)-like and they exhibit flat REE profile.
The recently discovered mafic volcanic rocks in the Eastern Taurides geochemically
resemble to the meta-diabase dykes in the Konya and Yahyali regions, which were
interpreted to be linked to a subduction-related event (Göncüoğlu et al.,2007;
Robertson and Ustaömer, 2009). If supported by additional data, this new finding will
place further constraints on the mid-Paleozoic evolution of the Taurides.
Keywords: Eastern Taurides, Volcanism, Mid-Late Paleozoic, BAB, Develi-Kayseri
34
New Evidence of Late Triassic-Early Jurassic Continental BreakUp and Jurassic-Cretaceous Passive Margin Development of the
Southern Neotethys in SE Turkey
A.H.F. Robertson1, O. Parlak2, P. Dumitrica3, K. Tasli4 & N. Yildirim5
1School
of GeoSciences, Univ. Edinburgh, W. Mains Rd., Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK
2
Dept. Geological Engineering, Çukurova Univ., 01330-Balcali, Adana, Turkey
3
Dennigkofenweg 33, CH-3037 Guemligen, Switzerland
4Dept.
5
of Geological Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Elaziğ, Turkey
Evidence of rift-spreading-closure of S Neotethys is provided by continental
margin/oceanic units emplaced onto the Arabian foreland (Adiyaman area). Two main
volcanic and/or sedimentary units are present. First, the Koçali Complex is a folded,
imbricated succession that includes basaltic lavas, volcaniclastics, pelagic carbonates,
diagenetic chert, radiolarite and manganiferous deposits, of Mid(?)-Late Triassic to
Cretaceous age. The, structurally lower, Karadut Complex is a broken formation of
deep-sediments, including pelagic and redeposited carbonates, pelagic carbonate and
radiolarite, of (at least) Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous age. Ophiolitic rocks are
imbricated with the Koçali Complex. New data are provided for sedimentology,
biochronology (Radiolaria and planktic foraminifera), igneous geochemistry and
structure. The basaltic rocks of the Koçali Complex are of ocean-island basalt and
enriched mid-ocean ridge type. The OIBs and E-MORBs are interbedded, with OIB
predominating stratigraphically upwards. The basalts formed by interaction of deeply
sourced upper mantle melts (OIB) and more shallowly derived melts (E-MORB),
probably within the outer part of a continent-ocean transition zone. Continental breakup took place during Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian)-Early Jurassic). Overlying MidJurassic-Early Cretaceous radiolarian sediments accumulated in an abyssal plain
setting below the carbonate compensation depth. The contrasting Karadut Complex
reflects the accumulation of calcareous gravity flows in a relatively proximal slope to
base-of-slope marginal setting. Deposition was terminated by emplacement onto the
Arabian platform by earliest Maastrichtian time.
Keywords: SE Turkey, Continental margin, Rifting, Radiolarites, Sediments
35
How to Accommodate Field-Based Evidence for five or more
Mesozoic Subduction Zones in Anatolia within a ~1500 km-Wide
Eurasia-Arabia Gap?
A.H.F. Robertson1, O. Parlak2, T. Ustaömer3
1School
of GeoSciences, Univ. Edinburgh, W. Mains Rd., Edinburgh, UK
2Dept.
Geological Engineering, Çukurova Univ., Adana, Turkey
3Dept.
Geology, Istanbul Univ., Istanbul, Turkey
How can we rationalise field-based geological evidence for five or more subduction
zones with the palaeomagnetic evidence of a ~1500 km gap between Eurasia and
Arabia? Four or five potentially interlinked oceanic strands are commonly inferred for
the central-eastern Anatolia region based on field geological evidence. from N to S: 1.
Izmir-Ankara Ocean (IAESZ) (major ocean); 2. Inner Tauride Ocean (ITO) (regionalscale ocean); 3. Berit Ocean (BO) (small; between microcontinents); 4. S Neotethys
(SNT) (major ocean). Within the IESZ, at least two subduction zones are documented:
i) Cretaceous continental margin subduction zone (i.e. E Pontide arc) and ii) L.
Jurassic-U. Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction zone (i.e. Jurassic SSZ ophiolites &
related arc magmatism). Associated with the ITO, there is evidence of Late Cretaceous
SSZ-ophiolite genesis/arc magmatism and Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene HP/LT
metamorphism. Ocean 3 (BO) is evidenced by Late Cretaceous SSZ-type ophiolite
genesis, Late Cretaceous & Eocene continental margin arc magmatism and Late
Cretaceous HP/LT metamorphism (e.g. SSZ-Berit ophiolite; Malatya-Keban platform
arc; N. Bitlis blueschists). The SNT is evidenced by Late Cretaceous SSZ ophiolite
genesis (e.g. Troodos; Hatay), arc magmatism (Kyrenia, N Cyprus) and accretion
(Koçali Complex, SE Turkey). Three of the subduction zones seem inescapable (IESZ x
2 + SNT). Elimination of the remaining two (ITO, BO) would require complex
structural emplacement and/or terrane displacement which are difficult to reconcile
with the known field relations and the timing of events. Acceptance of numerous
subduction zones implies the existence of multiple SSZ-spreading episodes between a
collage of microcontinents.
Keywords: Anatolia, Subduction, Microcontinents, Ophiolite, Suture zones
36
Sedimentary Evidence for the Cenozoic Development of the SE
Anatolian Thrust Belt
Ahmet Can Akıncı1, Ulvi Can Ünlügenç1, A.H.F. Robertson2
1University
of Çukurova, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Geology, Adana,
Turkey
2School
of GeoSciences, Univ. Edinburgh, W. Mains Rd., Edinburgh, UK
We report new, mostly sedimentary evidence and interpretation from a well-exposed
frontal part of the South East Anatolian thrust belt and the adjacent Arabian foreland,
in the vicinity of Çağlayancerit. The following tectono-statigraphy is developed in the
area. 1) Arabian Foreland; The succession studied begins with Eocene limestones,
ranging from bioclastic limestones to Nummulitic limestones and micritic limestones
with local chert nodules. The succession passes upwards into Oligocene and then Early
Miocene limestones. Where exposed in the south, the Early Miocene limestones are
neritic, with a rich biota (e.g. pelecypods, echinoderms and coral). In the north an
abrupt transition is exposed from shelf limestones to Lower-Middle Miocene
terrigenous mudstones and sandstone/siltstone turbidites (locally lenticular). 2) Thrust
duplex; Fine-coarse clastics, including ophiolite-derived debris-flow deposits. Above,
slices of ophiolitic rocks (serpentinite, gabbro, sheeted dykes, basaltic extrusives),
locally intruded by granitic rocks. 3) Sedimentary melange (“Bulgurkaya
Olistostrome”), variable-sized blocks including Eocene shallow-marine conglomeratic
rocks and metamorphic rocks in a matrix composed of highly altered & sheared
phyllite, calcschist, greenschist rocks. 4) Regionally extensive thick (several
kilometres) metamorphic thrust sheet (Malatya Metamorphics); mostly tectonised
marble, schist and phyllite of greenschist facies grade.
In ascending age, the above units can be interpreted as follows: The ophiolitic rocks,
cut by Upper Cretaceous granitic intrusions record S Neotethyan oceanic crust, locally
intruded by U. Cretaceous arc rocks (Nurlu et al. 2014). The Eocene-Oligocene?
sedimentary melange represents a foredeep into which debris was shed from the
Malatya metamorphic rocks and the associated Maastrichtian-Eocene? cover
succession. In the south, the Eocene-Lower Miocene carbonates accumulated on the
subsiding Arabian margin. The overlying Early-Middle Miocene succession, mostly
mudrocks and channelized turbidites, accumulated in a flexurally controlled foreland
basin.
The thrust stack developed in response to northward subduction beneath a backstop
represented by the Tauride microcontinent (Malatya Metamorphics). During later
stages of closure of the S Neotethys, the thrust stack progressively accreted to the
Malatya Metamorphics above. Debris was shed southwards into an early-stage
foredeep (Eocene-Oligocene?). Ophiolitic rocks then accreted. When the Arabian
margin entered the subduction zone, it subsided rapidly to form an Early-Middle
Miocene foreland basin. The northerly, proximal part of the foreland basin including
the ophiolite-derived debris-flow deposits (‘Çüngüş Formation’) detached and accreted
to the base of the allochthon. After collision (Middle Miocene), large-scale folds (e.g.
Ahırdağ) developed in response to suture zone tightening (Middle-Late Miocene). The
associated uplift triggered extensive erosion and large-scale deposition of fluvial facies
including braided streamconglomerates (Pliocene Şelmo Formation).
Keywords: SE Anatolia, Thrust belt, Arabian Foreland, Çağlayancerit, Convergent margin
37
HALL – B [Ses02]Meditarrenean
Quaternary
Geology
in
the
Eastern
Multi-proxy Climate Records of the very Late Pleistocene-the
Holocene Fluvio-lacustrine Sediments from Central Anatolia,
Turkey
Ceren Küçükuysal1, Nurdan Yavuz2
1Muğla
Sıtkı Koçman University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering,
Muğla, Turkey
2General
Directorate of MTA, Turkey
Flood-plain deposits from a 36.9 m section in Gölbaşı, Central Anatolia was
investigated by qualitative and quantitative mineralogical, stable isotopic and pollen
analysis of the bulk samples. The calcrete bearing unit beneath the recent soil is
evaluated as paleosol by soil structure, color and life traces. The paleosol section
which has a sharp contact with the overlying recent soil, is composed of Bk horizon
with an immature powdery calcretes and Bw horizon with blocky accompanying peds.
The Munsell color of this B horizon is mostly 10 YR 9/2, while the calcretes within is
2.5 GY 9/2. 14C (AMS) age of one sample from the section shows an age of cal BP
12080, the very late Pleistocene. The average mineralogical composition of the studied
section is 8.7% quartz, 3% calcite, 25.1% cristabolite, 20.1 % feldspar and 43% total
phyllosilicates. The clay minerals are dominantly smectite and a little amount of
kaolinite. δ13C and δ18O isotope compositions throughout the paleosol range from 13.02‰ to -5.80‰ and -8.90‰ to -7.22‰ VPDB, respectively. The pollen record
documents the climate related vegetation history of the studied section. Pinus,
Asteraceae
/
Asteroideae,
Asteraceae
/
Cichoriodeae
and
Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae dominate the pollen assemblage and percentages of
long-distance transported pollen taxa are used to infer regional variations in moisture
and vegetation density. Two periods of increased humidity are identified from central
and lower parts of the section with peak percentages of Salix and Pinus. The
correlations among the mineralogical, palynological and stable isotopic proxies prove
the presence of wet and dry oscillations through the very late Pleistocene to the
Holocene in Central Anatolia.
Keywords: Paleosol, stable isotopes, pollen, Central Anatolia, paleoclimate, Late
Pleistocene-Holocene
38
The First Findings of the Sarikavak Calcareous Tufa Deposits as
Palaeoenvironmental and Palaeoclimatic Indicators (Denizli-SW
Turkey)
Ezher Toker1
1Pamukkale
University, Geological Engineering Department, Denizli, Turkey
The palaeoclimatic significance of calcaerous tufa deposits found in the presently the
Sarikavak area characterized by Pliocene deposits developed in the northeast of the
Acıgöl Graben basin occured during Neotectonic extensional movements in SWTurkey. These ambient temperature deposits (tufa) and thermal precipitations
(travertine) are exposed within Pliocene deposits consisted of beige, white marl,
limestone, sandstone and clayey limestone. In this present study is to reveal tufa
facies and systems using by palaeoenvironmental analysis and sedimentological
criteria. The main goal of this study is to approach palaeoclimatic changes during the
depositional processes. For this purpose, according to field study, Sarikavak tufa
outcrops are precipitated in two depositional environments such as perched springline
and fluviatile tufa systems and composed of four lithotypes (phytoherm framestone,
phytoherm boundstone, tufa breaccia and intraclast tufa). Autochthonous deposits; in
situ, cemented plant material, commonly patchy and precipitated radially around plant
stems (Phytoherm framestone) and in situ, laminated stromatolite build-ups,
commonly banded, laminae occur as radiating calcite crystals (Phytoherm
boundstone). Clastic deposits; mainly composed of angular, poor-sorted,
intraformational phytoclast and phytoherm tufa fragments (Tufa breccia) and silt and
sand size detrital clastics (intraclast tufa).The further work, precise age of the
Sarikavak tufa will be determined by using U/Th dating method and stable isotope
data will be obtained from fresh water carbonates to get some environmental
information about water temparature, rainfall (mainly δ 18O), and/or soil respiration
(mainly δ13C).
Keywords: Tufa, palaeoenvironment, palaeoclimate, Quaternary, Denizli, SW-Turkey
39
HALL
–
B
[Ses08]
Levantine
palaeoenvironments,
palaeoclimates and ancient human populations – PleistoceneHolocene
What
Has
Changed
under
the
Sun?
Environmental
Reconstruction in Arid Southern Levant (Jordan) For the Past
Ca. 40,000 Years
C. Rambeau1, J. van Leeuwen1, P. van der Knaap1, E. Gobet1, E. Asouti2, C. Kabukcu2, A.
Moravcová3, A.L. Develle4
1IPS,
University of Bern, Switzerland
2University
3Charles
of Liverpool, UK
University in Prague, Czech Republic
4Université
de Savoie, France
Reconstructing the environmental and climatic evolution of the most arid parts of the
Levant represents a challenge, due to the general scarceness of suitable archives in
such dry landscapes. However, this information is crucial to establish precisely the
context into which prehistoric and historic populations travelled, settled and evolved
during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene.
New information regarding the local evolution of environmental conditions in semi-arid
to arid southern Levant was obtained from small, ‘desert’ wetlands located in western
and southwestern Jordan. Interestingly, the results of this investigation show the
persistence of steppe vegetation at the studied sites, which suggests that no drastic
variation of climatic conditions occurred during the last ca. 40,000 years. However,
clear palynological, geochemical and sedimentological changes in the records hint at a
definite evolution of local to regional environmental factors, as well as at the presence
of several abrupt events. These results add a new piece to the jigsaw of climate and
environmental reconstruction in the Southern Levant, and may even contribute to
shed a new light on human occupation in the arid and semi-arid parts of the region
during the late Pleistocene and Holocene.
Keywords: Southern Levant, Jordan, Wetlands, Pollen, Arid, Paleoenvironments, Multiproxy
40
Green Huesin the Black
Grasslands in Eastern Jordan
Desert:
Implied
Mid-Holocene
Gary Rollefson1
1Whitman
College, USA
The contemporary landscape in Jordan’s panhandle is one of bleak and desolate
expanses of silt, sand, basalt, and gravel. Although Bedouin groups have herded their
animals successfully for millennia in this forbidding territory, their presence at any one
spot is generally fleeting, their stay governed by unpredictable rains and consequent
water and food for their animals and themselves. Sparse indications of Pleistocene
human presence in the area have contributed to a general sense that the modern
hyperarid desert has been a constant factor for tens, if not hundreds of thousands of
years. Recent archaeological research in the Black Desert – a large area characterized
by a broad plain of basalt in southeastern Syria, eastern Jordan, and northwestern
Saudi Arabia – indicates that the barrenness of the region may be a relatively recent
development, and that the earliest pastoral groups of the mid-Holocene may have
been able to exploit a relatively lush environment to support their herds of sheep and
goats.
Keywords: Pastoralism, Late Neolithic, Black desert, Precipitation, Topsoil
41
The
Bronze
Age
Paleoenvironments
in
the
Northern
Mesopotamia and the Southern Levant: Comparative Modeling
and Human Impacts
Bülent Arıkan1
1Istanbul
Technical University Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences Department of Ecology and
Evolution, İstanbul, Turkey
Computational modelling in archaeology has proven to be a useful tool in quantifying
changes in the paleoenvironment. This method is especially useful as it combines data
from diverse fields of research in order to answer questions that focus on the complex
and non-linear aspects of human-environment interactions. The research presented in
this talk will compare the changes in climate during the Bronze Age in two
environmentally and socially different regions of the Near East: the Malatya Plain in
the northern extremity of Northern Mesopotamia and the Wadi el-Hasa in the southern
Levant. The results of landscape evolution modeling between 5000–3000 cal. BP for
both regions reveal significantly different reactions to increased aridity in this period
which led to variations in surface processes, mainly erosion-deposition rates across
space and time. In addition to this, extensive agropastoral land use modeling was
applied to three sites of different size and function in the Malatya Plain during the
Early Bronze Age I period (ca. 5000–4750 cal. BP) in order to simulate the varying
scale and intensity of human impacts in relation to changes in the level of social
organization and temporal length. The results suggest that the even in such land use
types with a light footprint, the scale and intensity of anthropogenic impacts on the
woodland steppe environment change significantly in relation to the level of social
organization.
Keywords: Paleoclimate, Land use, Anthropogenic impacts, Modeling, Bronze age, Social
organization
42
HALL – C [Ses03] - Tectonic geomorphology: coupling between
crustal deformation and landscape evolution
Holocene Coastal Notches in the Mediterranean
Indicators of Palaeoseismic Clustering?
Region:
S. J. Boulton 1, I. S.Stewart 1
1Plymouth
University, UK
Marine tidal notches are developed by bioerosion in the intertidal zones of rocky
coasts, but a combination of sea-level change and crustal movements can result in
them being raised above or submerged below the water line. For that reason, the
present-day elevation of these former shorelines relative to mean sea level has long
been used to quantify relative coastal uplift and subsidence in tectonically active
areas, assuming that the sea-level (eustatic) change component is known. Along the
microtidal Mediterranean littoral, it is generally assumed that notches develop during
relative stillstands of sea level, when tectonic and eustatic trends are in unison, and
that discrete notch levels record abrupt shoreline changes caused by local seismic
displacements. Recently, however, a climatic model for notch formation has been
proposed, in which stable periods of Holocene climate favour enhanced erosion; in this
competing model, the rate of sea-level rise is lower than the tectonic uplift rate and
individual notches are not specific seismic indicators. Because marine notches are
widely used as geomorphic markers of tectonic, and in some cases palaeoseismic,
movements, a reappraisal of the geological significance of these strandlines is
warranted. Here, the two conflicting notch models are tested using a database of
Eastern Mediterranean palaeoshorelines. Although we conclude that the spatial and
temporal distribution of the notches supports a dominantly tectonic control on notch
genesis as a result of earthquake clustering, we highlight how the diachronous timing
of notch development tempers their value as tectonic markers.
Keywords: Marine notch, Neotectonics, Mediterranean, paleoseismology, climate
43
The Relationship between River Channel Morphology and Active
Tectonics in the Gediz Graben, Western Turkey
Emiko Kent1, Sarah J. Boulton1, Iain Stewart1, Alex Whittaker2, M. Cihat Alçiçek3
1Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
2Imperial
College London, UK
3Pamukkale
University, Turkey
The Gediz Graben is one of the most significant grabens in western Turkey in terms of
sedimentary accumulation and fault development, it is characterised by a drainage
pattern consisting of largely parallel channels cutting perpendicular to the strike of the
elevated graben margins. Rivers are known to be a significant mechanism of
landscape evolution and if topography represents a filtered signal of tectonics and
climate then it should be possible to work backwards through the rivers to the original
boundary conditions. This project aims to test this hypothesis using computer and field
data of rivers and active faults. An ASTER DEM has been analysed using RiverTools
software to extract the regional fluvial network and allow extraction of river long
profiles and upstream drainage areas. The morphology and slope geometry of river
channels that traverse the graben margin and cross the major graben bounding faults
have been examined for evidence of knickzones. In addition to the river data the
locations of the major active high-angle normal faults have been mapped and swath
analysis and cross-sections have been created on the graben margin to quantify
amounts of fault movement, allowing comparison of methods. Using the cross-section
and swath method displacement rates range from 1.48 mm/a to 0.44 mm/a over 2
ma. Subsequently, the locations and heights of the knickzones have been examined
along strike and compared to the fault data, showing significant variation along strike.
These results suggest the fault displacement may have played a part in determining
the height of knickpoints in the southern tributaries of the Gediz River and that fault
movement has been greatest to the eastern extent of the graben.
Keywords: Normal faulting, Gediz Graben, River long profiles, Displacement rate
Constrains on the Long-Term Slip Rate of the Ecemiş Fault Zone,
Turkey by Cosmogenic36Cl Dating of Offset Alluvial Fans
Mehmet Akif Sarikaya1, Cengiz Yildirim1, Attila Çiner1
1Istanbul
The Ecemiş Fault Zone is the southernmost segment of the Central Anatolian Fault
Zone. The tectonic trough of the fault zone defines the boundary between the Central
and Eastern Taurides Ranges. The presence of faulted alluvial fans and colluvium
within this trough provides favorable conditions to unravel the Late Quaternary sliprate of the fault zone by cosmogenic surface exposure dating. In this context, we
focused on the main strand of the Ecemiş fault zone and also on the Cevizlik Fault that
delimits the mountain front of the Aladağlar, Eastern Taurides. Geomorphic mapping
and topographic surveying indicate four different alluvial fan levels deposited along the
main strand. Our topographic survey reveals 165±5 m horizontal and 35±1 m vertical
displacement of the oldest fan surface (AF1) associated with the main strand of the
fault zone. We dated the alluvial fan surfaces with 43 cosmogenic 36Cl samples. Our
results indicate that the AF1 surface was abandoned maximum 98.5±1.8 ka ago.
Accordingly, we propose 1.68±0.06 mm/yr horizontal and 0.36±0.01 mm/yr vertical
mean slip-rates for the Late Quaternary. on the other hand, we measured 20±2 m
vertical displacement on the colluvium along the Cevizlik Fault. The surface exposure
age of the colluvium indicate an abandonment age since 21.9±0.3 ka that translates
to 0.91±0.09 mm/yr vertical slip-rate for the Cevizlik Fault. Our results reveal
significant Quaternary deformation, and low strain rates might indicate very long
earthquake recurrence intervals along the fault zone.
Keywords: Ecemis Fault, Alluvial fan, Quaternary, Aladağlar, Cosmogenic dating, Slip rate
44
Geomorphology along Major Continental
Constraint from Climatic Fluctuations
Faults:
Slip
Rate
Ersen Aksoy 1, Mustapha Meghraoui2, Matthieu Ferry3
1Dept
2EOST
of Geological Engineering, Mugla S.K. University, Mugla, Turkey
- Institut de Physique du Globe, Strasbourg, France
3Equipe
Risques, Geosciences Montpellier, Montpellier, France
We construct the slip history for the DSF and NAF based on the interaction between
stream offsets along faults and alluvial and lacustrine deposits. Our analysis focuses
on the geomorphology of active faults and paleoclimate history of the Eastern
Mediterranean for the last 140 kyr with an emphasis on Intense Precipitation Episodes
(IPEs) likely to have triggered systematic stream gully erosion and alluvial fan
aggradation. IPEs are documented by the occurrence of sapropel layers, high lake
stands and significant changes in vegetation and dated by multiproxy approaches. The
45-km-long co-seismic 1912 surface ruptures and related slip along the Ganos
segment of NAF have been investigated to document cumulative right-lateral
displacements. The classification of stream offsets at 63localities and correlations with
climatic events deduced from Black Sea sea level curves reveal the correlation
between consecutive 5 cumulative slip groups (from 70 to 300 m) and subsequent sea
level rise periods at 4 ka, 10.2 ka, 12.5 ka, 14.5 ka and 17.5 ka BP. Slip rate
estimations yield a constant slip rate of 17.9 mm/a for the last 20.000 years. Along
and 120-km-long Jordan Valley segment of the DSF the isotopic dating of six
paleoclimatic events yields a precise chronology for the onset of six generations of
gully incisions at 47.5 ka, 37.5 ka, 13 ka, 9 ka, 7 ka, and 5 ka BP. The cumulative slip
of 20 dated incisions along the DSF consistently fall into six distinct classes yielding an
average constant slip rate of 4.7 to 5.1 mm/a for the last 47.5 ka. These estimates of
long-term fault slip rate are consistent with the 16 – 18 mm/a and 4.5 – 5.5 mm/a
from paleoseismology and with the 22 – 26 mm/a and 4 – 5 mm/a from GPS
velocities, for the NAF and DSF, respectively. The timing of cumulative offsets also
reveals slip rate variations critical to our understanding of the slip deficit and seismic
cycle along major continental faults.
Keywords: North Anatolian Fault, Holocene, Climatic fluctuations, Tectonics, Slip rate
45
HALL – C [ThS01] - Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
The Discovery of Holocene Tephra Producing Events in the
Marine Realm Surrounding the Volcanic Centers of the Southeast
Aegean Sea
Anna Koutrouli1, George Anastasakis1, David J.W. Piper 2, Georgia Pe-Piper3, Stephe Kuehn4
1School
2Geological
Survey of Canada (Atlantic), Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Canada
3Department
4Concord
of Geology, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
University, USA
In the complex marine setting around the volcanic islands of the southeast Aegean
Sea, Athens University has recently recovered 43 cores. a tephra identified
interbedded within the uppermost East Mediterranean sapropel S1 prompted a high
resolution study of 11 cores retrieved from around the islands of Nisyros, Yali,
Pyrgousa and Kos. This research included magnetic susceptibility and carbonate
content measurements, and selective measurements of XRD bulk mineralogy, organic
content, and WDS analyses of volcanic glass shards.
Core PAG-12-10 from deep water separating Nisyros and Yali islands was used to
identify levels with high volcanic mineral input, recognized from well crystallized
feldspar contents from XRD analysis. The organic rich sapropel sediments contain two
levels of elevated volcanic minerals, one in the middle-upper part of S1 and another
just above S1, with feldspar content up to 50%. These layers contain no evidence of
reworking and foraminifera give a calibrated C-14 age of 7881±79 (lower limit) and
5960±91 yrs BP (upper limit). The correlative level in M-15-162 in deep water east of
Pyrgousa contains tephra with >75% SiO2, geochemically similar to the Yali
uppermost Pumice. A pumice block in a raised mid-Holocene beach in eastern Kos is
also geochemically similar.
Cores within 50 km of the Yali-Nisyros- Pyrgousa caldera contain significantly elevated
levels of volcanic tephra within sapropel S1, implying small but extended Plinian
events. However, tephra from the younger Minoan eruption of Santorini is more
readily recognized as a tephra in the basins of the SE Aegean Sea Volcanic Arc, except
close to Pyrgousa-Yali, pointing out orders of magnitude difference in the two
Holocene volcanic events.
Keywords: Holocene, tephra, SE Aegean Sea, Volcanic Arc
46
Structural –Geologic Modeling and Oil and Gas Bearing of the
Lower Kura Basin, Azerbaijan
Gasham Zeynalov1, Roksana Askerova2
1Khazar
University, Azerbaijan
2Institute
of Geology at Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Azerbaijan
The Lower Kura Basin as the western part of the South Caspian megabasin is
characterized with high sedimentation rates during Cenozoic time.These processes
produced sizeable thickness of lacustrine clayey-sandstones and accumulation of
plastic clays of the Paleogene-Miocene and the Pliocene-Quaternary sediments
accompanied by widespread development of diapirs and mud volcanism. The major oil
and gas reservoirs of the basin are considered Pliocene sandstones (Inan et al.1997;
Nemcok et al, 2011 and Zeynalov, 2004).
In spite of a long history of exploration works in the Lower Pliocene (Productive
Series) within the Lower Kura basin, was not stripped anywhere. Only, in the
southwestern flange of the basin, in the Mugan monocline, near zone of the pinching
outs, some exploration wells had reached bottom of these deposits with considerable
unconformities. All these mentioned facts show that Lower Kura Basin has complicated
geologic structure and is characterized with different depositional environments.
Because, generation, migration and accumulation processes of HC have specific
character within Lower Kura basin.
Regional 2D seismic and well data was utilized for this study and in this connection
have been applied the Gocad and the PetroMod software for creating 3D structuralgeologic models of the Lower Kura Basin which allows evaluating character of geologic
structure of the basin for the defining character of depositional environments of oil and
gas bearing in the Pliocene strata. 3D structuralgeologic modelling of the Pliocene
sediments allowed to estimate and predict common and an effective thickness of
Pliocene which enable to predict further exploration drilling for oil and gas within
Lower Kura Basin.
Keywords: Lower Kura basin, Structural-geologic modelling, Oil and gas
47
Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Genesis of Mudstones within the
upper Miocene Mustafapaşa Member of the Ürgüp Formation in
the Cappadocia Region, Central Anatolia, Turkey
Selahattin Kadir1, Tacit Külah1, Ali Gürel2, Muhsin Eren3, Nergis Önalgil1
1Eskisehir
2Niğde
Osmangazi University, Department of Geological Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
University, Department of Geological Engineering, Niğde, Turkey
3Mersin
University, Department of Geological Engineering, Mersin, Turkey
In the Cappadocia region, the Upper Miocene Mustafapaşa member of the Ürgüp
Formation consists predominantly of mudstones, also including sandstone and
conglomerate lenses, and ignimbrite and basalt intercalations. The characteristics of
mudstones of the Mustafapaşa member were examined using X-ray diffractometry,
scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and
chemical and isotopic analyses. Weathering products of the ophiolitic and pyroclastic
rocks were transported into the tectonic depressional zone, and then they were
accumulated as fluvial and lacustrine deposits. The chemical index of weathering also
suggests weathering of ophiolite and ignimbrite source rocks. The weathering is
evidenced by smectite flakes in the mudstones associated with relict pyroxene,
amphibole, feldspar and volcanic glass. The chemical composition of mudstones and
their distribution suggest that the depressional zone was fed from the ophiolitic
material in south and the ignimbrite in north. This interpretation is based on an
increase
in
the
quantity
of
feldspar
and
opal-CT
and decrease
of
Fe2O3+MgO/Al2O3+SiO2 ratio from south to north in the study area. The relative
increases in LREEs/HREEs, (La/Yb), Zr/Ni, Zr/Co ratios and in Nb, Ba, Rb, Sr, and Eu
in the mudstones of the Mustafapaşa member northward with a positive Eu anomaly
suggest that the Fe, Mg, Al and Si required for the formation of smectite were mainly
supplied from fractionation of amphibole, pyroxene, feldspar and volcanic glass during
weathering. Relative increase of K and Al in the pore water favoured dissolution of
smectite flakes and authigenic precipitation of illite fibers under alkaline microenvironmental conditions during early diagenesis.
Keywords: Smectite, Mudstone, Weathering, Ophiolite, Ignimbrite, Cappadocia, Turkey
48
Palygorskite Formation within Quaternary Calcretes (Adana,
Southern Turkey)
Meryem Yeşilot Kaplan1, Muhsin Eren2, Selahattin Kadir3, Selim Kapur4, Jennifer Huggett5
1Mustafa
Kemal University, Deptment of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Iskenderun,
Hatay, Turkey
2Mersin
University, Department of Geological Engineering, Mersin, Turkey
3Eskisehir
4Çukurova
5Natural
Osmangazi University, Department of Geological Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
University, Departments of Soil Science and Archeometry, 01330 Adana, Turkey
History Museum, Department of Earth Sciences, London, SW7 5BD, UK
The study area is located in the northern part of the Adana Basin which is one of the
major Neogene basins in the Taurid orogenic belt. Quaternary calcretes in this area
are widespread on and/or within the Handere Formation (Messinian–Pliocene) and
occur in a variety of forms including nodular, columnar/tubular, fracture-infill, and
laminated hardpan. Some calcrete also occurs in the Pleistocene mudflow and alluvial
terraces. Palygorskite associated with the calcrete forms in the columnar horizon and
adjacent host-rock mudstones, suggesting a co-genetic formation. The widespread
pedogenic occurrence of palygorskite represents the arid and semi-arid climatic zones
of the globe. Palygorskite was characterised by its ideal diagnostic sharp basal
reflection at 10.5 Å, which is not affected by ethylene-glycol solvation, and IR bands
at 3618, 1427, 1032, 875, 798, 518 and 471 cm-1. Scanning and transmission
electron microscope observations reveal development of palygorskite fibers on and
between authigenic calcite crystals in calcretes also indicating an authigenic formation
for palygorskite. The presence of the clay coatings in the calcrete features (columns,
nodules and tubes) alongside the sheet-like fiber bundles and bridges of palygorskite
between the calcite crystals are evidence of a vadose environment/zone. Palygorskite
precipitated in this zone from rapidly evaporated alkaline water, rich in Si and Mg and
low in Al and Fe, at elevated temperatures and at an advanced stage of calcrete
formation. The development of palygorskite mainly on relict calcite crystals indicates
its formation during or shortly after calcite formation in calcretes. Palygorskite fibers
form on this calcite crystal surfaces as wedge-like clust
Keywords: Authigenesis, Calcrete, Geochemistry, Mineralogy, Palygorskite, Pedogenesis,
Quaternary
49
HALL – C [Ths04]-Environmental Geology
Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Acidic
around Can Region, Biga Peninsula, NWTurkey
Water
Sources
Deniz Şanlıyüksel Yücel1, Alper Baba2
1Department
of Geology Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey
2Department
of Civil Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Turkey
Acid rock drainage (ARD) is one of the major sources of water pollution in some
countries. Densely generation of ARD have been seen around Can Region (Biga
Peninsula-NW Turkey) due to altered (silicification, argillic alteration) volcanic rocks
which contain sulfide minerals and specially pyrite and there is inadequate availability
of neutralizing carbonate minerals. Forty water samples (including 17 drilling, 5
drinking water, and 18 spring water) were collected from 2011 to 2012. The result
show that pH of water samples is lower than 5 in most part of study area. Sulfate is
the dominant anion and sodium-calcium is the dominant cation in all water samples.
Total aluminium, iron and arsenic levels of water samples were as high as 32473,
5206 and 387 μg/L, respectively. Chemical analyses revealed that metals were
exceeding the maximum allowable limits depicted in the national and international
standards for drinking water quality. The results show that, ARD pose great risk on
human health and environment. Such water should be treated for metal removal
before using it for domestic applications.
Keywords: Aluminium, Arsenic, Iron, Hydrogeochemistry, Water quality
50
Monitoring of Acid Mine Lakes By Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
(UAV) on Geographic Information System (GIS) Around Can
Region, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey
Mehmet Ali Yücel1, Deniz Şanliyüksel Yücel1, Recep Yavuz Turan2, Alper Baba3
1Department
of Geomatics Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey
2Department
of Mechatronics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey
3Department
of Civil Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Turkey
In the past three decades, a few small scale private enterprises have been operating
around Can Region, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey which is rich in lignite reserves. They
have abandoned the operation land without providing any working of rehabilitation.
during the operation of high sulfur content lignite, the topography have been damaged
and this caused the large holes and deterioration in these areas. As a result of
discharge of surface water the artificial lakes have been formed. In the course of the
time, these lakes gain acidic character due to acid generation from pyrite oxidation.
Significantly high acidity with low pH values ranging from 2.53 to 3.05 is recorded
from AMLs. High iron and aluminium concentrations were found in all lakes, the
maximum of which reached a level as high as 338.17 and 357.47 mg/L, respectively.
AMLs are monitored regularly by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for a year. DJI F550
branded hexacopter is used as UAV. Photographic capturing processes are carried out
at 50-100 height meter by 12 megapixel GoPro Hero3 digital camera. The images are
linked with each other and referenced by iWitness software. UAV images are then
combined to mosaicking method by ENVI software. These images are coordinated by
Global Mapper software with the coordinates of ground control points in the field
measured by GPS and the geographical referenced data are obtained. The images
obtained periodically are transferred to ArcGIS software for digitizing, areal calculation
and visualization processes. Areal change and shape of AMLs whose area are smaller
than 0.3 km2 are determined. The results show that hydrogeochemical properties and
areas of AMLs are affected by climatic conditions in a short interval of time.
Keywords: Acid mine lake, Geographic Information System, Hydrogeochemistry, Unmanned
Aerial Vehicle
51
Occurrence of Asbest and Relationship with Development of
Potential Mesothelioma Cases in Eskişehir, Western Turkey
Hülya Erkoyun1, Selahattin Kadir1
1Eskişehir
Osmangazi University, Department of Geological Engineering, Eskişehir, Turkey
Asbest deposit and occurrences are widespread in the Eskişehir region. Asbestos
materials is hosted by Mesozoic metamorphic units comprising sericite schist,
glaucophane schist and recrystallised limestone units that were tectonically overlain by
Triassic ophiolitic rocks, such as serpentinised harzburgites, pyroxenites, gabbros and
serpentinites. Texturally and micromorphologically, the development of tremolite and
actinolite, the transformation of glaucophane and talc to tremolite-actinolite, and the
chrysotile crystal in fracture of serpentinised ophiolitic units, accompanied by
silicification, Fe-(oxyhyr)oxidation and chloritisation also support this suggestion. The
chondrite-normalised pattern shows enrichment of LREE relative to HREE anomalies in
both the metamorphics and ophiolites, which may be attributed to the concentration of
LREE due to hydrothermal activities controlled by the tectonic and related
serpentinisation of peridotite. The concentration of Ba, Sr, Rb and Zr in the
metamorphic units and the negative Eu anomalies in talc schists may be related to the
alteration of feldspar due to hydrothermal alteration process(es). The primitivemantle-normalised patterns show a decrease in the concentration of Sr, Ba, Rb, Nb,
Pr, Zr, Y, possibly due to the increase of their mobilities during high pressure
conditions of metamorphism. Eskişehir villagers are exposed to asbestous either
occupationally or environmentally. Mesothelioma cases increase parallel to increases in
tremolite and decrease with increases in chrysotile. Crystal dimention of tremolite and
chrysotile may also be an important factor for the increase in the potential
carcinogenic effect of tremolite as compared to that of chrysotile.
Keywords: Asbestos, Amphibole, Tremolite, Actinolite, Serpentine, Chrysotile, Genesis,
Carcinogene, Mesothelioma, Eskişehir
52
HALL – D [Ses05] - Mantle to surface dynamics in Anatolia
Late Cretaceous-Miocene Sedimentary-Tectonic Development of
the Arabian Continental Margin in SE Turkey (Adıyaman Region):
Implications for the Construction of Anatolia
Alastair Robertson1, Sarah J. Boulton2, Kemal Taslı3, Nurdan Inan3, Ayşegül Yıldız4, Nail
Yıldırım5, Osman Parlak6
1School
of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
2Centre
for Research in Earth Sciences, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental
Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, UK
3Dept.
of Geological Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
4Department
5MTA
of Geological Engineering, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
Malatya Bölge Müdürlüğü, Turkey
6Çukurova
University, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Adana, Turkey
Middle Cretaceous-Late Miocene sediments on the Arabian continental margin provide
insights into sedimentary-tectonic processes affecting the S Neotethys prior to and
during construction of Anatolia. Deposition began with Aptian-Early Campanian shelf
carbonates, followed by deepening during Mid-Campanian. Lithoclastic-bioclastic
turbidites accumulated along the down-faulted northern margin of the Arabian
platform during the Campanian. A flexurally controlled foredeep developed in advance
of emplacement onto Mesozoic allochthonous continental margin and oceanic rocks
during latest Campanian-early Maastrichtian. Alluvial detritus was shed from the
emplaced allochthon in shallow-marine to non-marine deltaic settings during latest
Campanian-Early Maastrichtian. A marine transgression created a shallow-marine shelf
during Mid-Maaastrichtian. During latest Maastrichtian, the platform submerged,
initiating deeper-water hemipelagic sedimentation. Uplift occurred during the
Palaeocene resulting in sediment instability, slumping and formation of high-density,
subaqueous gravity flows. In response to regional faulting and tilting, some areas in
the north and also in the southwest emerged during the Early-Middle Eocene
generating alluvial fans. The inferred control of uplift was far-field compression related
to suturing of the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean. After relatively passive, shallowmarine to deeper-water open-shelf deposition during the Middle Eocene-Oligocene, the
Arabian margin subsided strongly in the north to form an Early Miocene flexurally
controlled foreland basin; this was finally over-ridden by the northerly, active
continental margin of the S Neotethys during Early-Mid Miocene.
Keywords: Tectonic-sedimentary development, Collision, Suturing, Anatolia
53
Fethiye-Burdur Fault Zone: a Myth?
Nuretdin Kaymakci1, Arda Özacar1, Murat Özkaptan1, Ayten Koç1,2, Erhan Gülyüz1, Come
Lefebvre3, Bora Uzel4, Cor Langereis2, Hasan Sözbilir4
1Department
of Geological Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
2Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
3Dept
of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
4Department
of Geological Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
Fethiye Burdur Fault Zone (FBFZ) is first proposed by Dumont et al. (1979) as a
sinistral strike-slip fault zone as the NE continuation of Pliny-Strabo trench in to the
Anatolian Block. The fault zone supposed to accommodate at least 100 km sinistral
displacement between the Menderes Massif and the Beydağlari platform during the
exhumation of the Menderes Massif, mainly during the late Miocene. Based on GPS
velocities Barka and Reilinger (1997) proposed that the fault zone is still active and
accommodates sinistral displacement.
In order to test these scenarios and to unravel kinematic characteristics we have
conducted a rigorous paleomagnetic and kinematic study in the region containing
more than 3000 paleomagnetic samples collected from 88 locations distributed evenly
all over SW Anatolia and more than 2000 fault slip data measured mainly along the
FBFZ.
The observed rotation senses and amounts are almost the same everywhere in SW
Anatolia and there is no change in the rotations senses and amounts on either side of
the FBFZ implying no differential rotation within the zone. Additionally, the slickenside
pitches and constructed paleostress configurations along the FBFZ indicated that the
faults within the FBFZ are mainly normal in character. The fault slip measurements are
also consistent with earthquake focal mechanisms suggesting active extension in the
region. Thus, there is no data to support strike-slip nature of the FBFZ since this zone
is dominated mainly by extensional deformation unlike previously proposed
transcurrent deformation. However, it may represent a deep structure that formed at
the ancient northern track of the STEP fault that reflected to the surface as a wide
extensional zone since the late Miocene possibly due to fast Aegean slab retreat
towards south. This research is supported by TUBITAK - Grant Number 111Y239.
Keywords: Fethiye Burdur Fault Zone, Paleomagnetism, Paleostress inversion, Strike-slip fault,
SW Turkey
54
Reconstructing the Paleotopography and Paleoenvironment of
the Anatolian Plateau: An Integrated Approach
Maud J.M. Meijers1, Andreas Mulch2, Tamás Mikes2, Nuretdin Kaymakci3, Gilles Y. Brocard4,
Côme Lefebvre1, Murat Özkaptan3, Noah Keller1, Donna L. Whitney1
1University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
2Biodiversity
and Climate Research Centre & Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany, Institute of
Geosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
3Middle
East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
4University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
Within the Continental Dynamics-Central Anatolian Tectonics framework we aim to
determine the age of plateau uplift and paleoenvironmental conditions by integrating
magnetostratigraphy and stable isotope geochemistry.
Lacustrine sediments were sampled in the central Taurides (Ecemiş corridor and
Ulukişla basin). Preliminary data from three sections of supposedly late Oligocene and
upper Miocene-Pliocene age yield normal and reversed polarities and counter
clockwise rotations. The paleomagnetic data will be supported by alternative age
constraints. The late Oligocene section in the Ulukişla basin sampled within an
alternation of red and gray clastics, marls and limestones partially remagnetized after
tilting. Remagnetization is confined to the gray horizons that have a chemically
different composition as revealed by x-ray fluorescence data, suggesting that
remagnetization is controlled by rock composition.
From all three sections we have δ18O and δ13C stable isotope data. Calculated fossil
δ18Omw values of these latest Oligocene and upper Miocene-Pliocene sections are
~5‰ less negative than present-day meteoric waters (Schemmel et al. 2013) which
is close topographically-controlled oxygen isotope fractionation of ~7-8‰ in modern
rainfall along the Tauride plateau margin. This suggests that our new stable isotope
data are consistent with the absence of Oligo-Miocene rainout along the Taurides and
hence surface uplift that post-dates the deposition of the analyzed sections in the
Ulukişla and Ecemiş basins.
Additional sections have been sampled in southern Anatolia in order to correlate
environmental records and uplift in different basins and over a larger geographic area.
Keywords: Magnetostratigraphy, Stable isotope geochemistry, Plateau formation, Anatolia,
Paleoenvironment, Latest Paleogene-Neogene
55
Overview of the CD-CAT Project: Cenozoic Surface to Mantle
Dynamics of Central Anatolia during the Transition from
Subduction to Collision to Escape
D.L. Whitney1, S. Beck2, M. Cosca3, G. Brocard4, N. Kaymakci5, G. Kuşcu6, C. Lefebvre1, M.
Meijers1, a. Mulch7, A. Ozacar5, M. Reid8, B. Rojay5, L. Schoenbohm9, E. Sandvol10, B. Tank11, S.
Thomson2, C. Teyssier1, N. Türkelli11, P. Umhoefer10
1Minnesota,
2Arizona
USA
USA
3USGS-Denver,
4Pennsylvania,
5METU,
Turkey
6Muğla,
Turkey
7Frankfurt,
8Northern
9Toronto,
USA
USA
Germany
Arizona, USA
Canada
10Missouri,
USA
11Boğaziçi,
Turkey
In Anatolia, the transition from subduction to collision to escape in response to AfricaEurasia convergence and Aegean extension is recorded by changes in deformation
regime, magmatic and depositional systems, and topography. Throughout much of the
Cenozoic, deformation was widespread within the Anatolian plate but in the past ~103 million years has been highly localized along its boundaries, the North and East
Anatolian Fault Zones. Large sub-crustal seismic velocity gradients coincide with
Neogene volcanic provinces and lithosphere-scale strike-slip faults such as the Central
Anatolian Fault zone, and seismic tomography shows subducting oceanic plates at
various stages of destruction (tear, break-off). Basins and associated faults record the
transition from collision to escape, including marine to non-marine deposits that trace
the history of landscape, drainage patterns, sediment dispersal, and paleoelevation;
and evolving landforms that are affected by a network of strike-slip faults throughout
the Central Anatolian Plateau and its bounding mountain ranges. An international,
multi-disciplinary team is mid-way through a 5-year, US NSF-supported project titled
“Continental Dynamics: Central Anatolia Tectonics (CD-CAT)” to investigate the
processes and timescales affecting the surface, crust, and mantle as Anatolia evolved
from subduction to escape.
Keywords: Central Anatolia, collision, escape, subduction
56
Structure of the Crust beneath Central Anatolia: Preliminary
Analysis of Teleseismic Receiver Functions
Bizhan Abgarmi1, A. Arda Özacar1, Jonathan Delph2, Susan L. Beck2, Eric Sandvol3, Niyazi
Türkelli4, Doğan Kalafat5, Metin Kahraman4, Uğur Teoman4
1Geological
Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
2Department
of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
3Department
of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
4Kandilli
Observatory & Earthquake Research Inst., Dept. of Geophysics, Boğaziçi Univ.,
Istanbul, Turkey
5Kandilli
Observatory & Earthquake Research Inst., National Earthquake Monitoring Center,
Istanbul, Turkey
The role of continental collision, slab dynamics, Neogene volcanism and overprinting
tectonic escape on the evolution of Central Anatolia is still under much debate. In
order to shed light to this tectonic complexity, it is essential to understand the current
crustal structure, rheology and deformation mechanisms. In this respect, receiver
function method can be a powerful tool to image seismic discontinuities and depict the
crustal structure that will aid us to generate a reliable tectonic model. In this study,
we used teleseismic P waveforms of 54 earthquakes (Mw ≥ 5.5) recorded during 6
months (May-October 2013) by 59 broadband seismic stations of the Central Anatolian
Tectonics (CAT) temporary seismic network and computed P wave receiver functions
by applying time-domain deconvolution which utilizes an iterative cross-correlation
approach. In order to have the full benefit of dense seismic array, we used common
conversion point technique with constant Vp/Vs ratio to construct 2-D seismic
discontinuity images along selected transects. Preliminary findings indicate rather
sharp lateral variation on crustal structure / thickness across the major fault zones
(Central Anatolian Fault Zone, East Anatolian Fault Zone) and display prominent midcrustal low velocity zones which correlate well with the volcanic centers of Central
Anatolia. After the analysis of all the seismic data that will be recorded by CAT seismic
network, we will be able to constrain the crustal Vp/Vs ratios, accurately map the
crustal structure / thickness variations in the region and interpret them in relation to
geology and tectonic evolution of the region.
Keywords: Receiver functions, CAT, Seismic deployment, Crustal thickness, Vp/Vs ratio, Low
velocity zone, Neogene volcanism, Central Anatolian Fault Zone, East Anatolian Fault
57
CAT Seismic Network: Preliminary Results & Implications on
Central Anatolian Tectonics
A. Arda Özacar1, Bizhan Abgarmi1, Jonathan Delph2, Susan L. Beck2, Eric Sandvol3, Niyazi
Türkelli4, Doğan Kalafat5, Metin Kahraman4, Uğur Teoman4, Gülten Polat4
1Geological
2Department
3Department
of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
4Kandilli
Istanbul, Turkey
5Kandilli
Observatory & Earthquake Research Inst., National Earthquake Monitoring Center,
Istanbul, Turkey
Anatolian interior contains a long record of intraplate deformation and holds the key to
understand the mantle-to-surface dynamics during the continental collision, slab
break-off / tearing and lateral extrusion. The region is characterized by major lateral
and vertical motions, voluminous Neogene volcanism and landscape reorganization
that require a multidisciplinary approach. As a part of Central Anatolian Tectonics
(CAT) project, a dense seismic array that consists of 70 broadband seismic stations is
deployed temporarily in 2013. So far, 6 months of seismic record is processed and
analyzed using a number of complementary seismic techniques. In the region, the
distribution of identified local earthquakes indicated zones of localized seismic activity.
Ambient noise tomography results obtained using stations of KOERI national seismic
network along with new CAT data provided well-resolved seismic images of crustal
velocity. Moreover, receiver function analysis conducted along selected transects
revealed the seismic discontinuity structure of the crust where noticeable, rather sharp
Moho variations and low velocity anomalies are detected in relation with major sutures
/ faults and Neogene volcanism. By the end of the deployment, the collected seismic
data will provide us a unique opportunity to refine the present-day structure of
lithosphere / mantle and nature of both the NeoTethys slab and African oceanic
lithosphere originating from the Cyprean arc. Eventually, the integrated geophysical
and geological research will allow us to reconstruct the tectonic evolution of Central
Anatolia and shed light to the relative roles of isostatic and dynamic processes during
the development of escape tectonics.
Keywords: Passive seismic deployment, Continental dynamics, Tectonic evolution, Cyprus slab,
Central Anatolia
58
Receiver Function Analysis of Crustal Structure Beneath Western
Anatolia
Metin Kahraman1, Arda Özacar2, Niyazi Türkelli1
1Kandilli
Istanbul, Turkey
2Geological
Western Anatolia underwent distinct periods of tectonic deformation similar to Basin
and Range Province in North America. The early phase is characterized by rapid
exhumation of the Menderes Metamorphic Core Complex where deep crustal rocks are
exposed at the surface in relation with low angle detachment faults. Late stretching of
continental crust finally led to modern phase of graben formation along active high
angle normal faults. In this study, we used teleseismic P waveforms recorded by 47
permanent and temporary broadband seismic stations of B.U. KOERI, DEMP, and
Isparta Angle Seismic Experiment (Grand No:07T203). Totally, 3563, ~1 Hz high
quality receiver functions obtained by applying iterative time-domain deconvolution.
We performed a grid search using direct and multiple phases of the crust to estimate
crustal thickness and Vp/Vs ratio beneath each station. Later, we applied the common
conversion point method with our Vp/Vs estimates and constructed 2-D cross-sections
and depth slices displaying crustal structure. According to our results, crustal
thickness becomes gradually thinner from east to west but towards southeast displays
a sharp change (Moho offset) that spatially correlates with the Fethiye-Burdur Fault
Zone. In the region, crustal Vp/Vs ratio is low beneath the core complex, becomes
higher at the edges and towards southeast suddenly increases reaching to maximum
beneath city of Denizli where rich geothermal fields have been discovered. We have
also identified crustal low velocity zones at different parts of the region but the most
prominent one represented by the largest negative amplitudes is located at midcrustal depths beneath the central part of the core complex near Büyük Menderes
Graben.
Keywords: Receiver function, crustal thickness, Moho offset, Vp/Vs ratio, low velocity zone
59
HALL – D [Ses05] - Mantle to surface dynamics in Anatolia
Large Block Rotations Around the Intersection of the IzmirAnkara and Intra-Tauride Suture Zones in Turkey
Murat Özkaptan1, Erhan Gülyüz1, Nuretdin Kaymakci1, Cornelis G. Langereis2, Come Lefebvre3,
Arda A. Özacar1,
1Department
2Paleomagnetic
Laboratory Fort Hoofddijk, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University,
Utrecht, The Netherlands
3Dept.
Izmir-Ankara and Intra-Tauride Suture Zones intersect around the Haymana-Tuzgölü
and Çankir basin complexes which have been developed contemporaneously by the
end of Cretaceous. Tuzgölü and Çankiri basins are underlain mainly by the ophiolitic
mélange units in the northwestern and northern parts while Haymana basin is
underlain by ophiolitic mélange and units belonging to the Sakarya Continent in
places, except for Eocene configuration of the Haymana Basin which also rests on the
units related to Tauride block. This indicates that these basins share common
basements during the Eocene while their Late Cretaceous to (possibly) Paleocene
configurations was differing. This implies that subduction of the Neotethys completed
prior to Eocene.
Two major structural trends, E-W and NW-SE to NE-SW, characterizes the southern
and northern parts of the Haymana basin while the northern part of the Tuzgölü basin
is characterized by NW-SE to NNE-SSW trend that change from south to north and the
rim of the Çankiri Basin resembles to Omega shape. We have conducted a very
detailed gravity inversion study in order to determine the three dimensional geometry
of the basins and the suture zone in the region, in addition to a rigorous
paleomagnetic study to unravel the mechanism by which such complex structural
grain of the region has been developed. The paleomagnetic results have shown that
the region underwent strong clockwise and counter clockwise rotations up to 90° in
places resulting the present geometry of the suture zone. The restored orientations
based on new paleomagnetic data indicate that these basins were initially oriented N-S
mainly prior to Eocene. This is one of the most important outcomes of this study, since
the Izmir-Ankara Suture zone and these basins have always been considered as E-W
striking in the literature and all palaeographic models were based on this assumption.
This implies that the paleogeographical maps and models of the region require major
re-thinking and revisions.
Keywords: Paleomagnetism, Haymana basin, Çankiri basin, Tuzgölü basin, Block rotations,
Central Turkey
60
Thermo-Chronometric Characteristics and
Haymana Basin, Central Anatolia (Turkey)
Evolution
of
the
Erhan Gülyüz1, Murat Özkaptan1, Nuretdin Kaymakci1, Finlay M. Stuart3, Cristina Persano2
1Department
2School
of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gregory Building
University of Glasgow, UK
3Isotope
Geosciences Unit, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, UK
The Haymana basin is located on the southernmost tip of the Central Pontides and
straddles the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Suture Zone (IAESZ) in the north and IntraTauride Suture Zone (ITSZ) in the south. These two suture zones demarcate the
former positions of various branches of the Neotethys Ocean in Turkey. The basins
developed within these zones record the progressive closure of the Neotethys and the
collision of the Tauride and Kırşehir blocks (KB) with Pontides during late Cretaceous
to Eocene interval. Owing to almost complete Late Cretaceous to Eocene stratigraphy,
the Haymana basin is one of the key areas to unravel terminal phase of subduction of
the Neotethys and collision of intervening continental blocks.
In addition to Neogene cover units, four Late Cretaceous to Paleogene key sequences
were determined in the basin based on their depositional environments and facies
associations. These sequences grade laterally and vertically into each other and are
continuous from the Late Cretaceous to Eocene. Late Cretaceous sequences fine
upwards whereas the younger (mainly Paleogene) units tends to be coarsening and
shallowing upwards, which reflects the transition from deeper marine shallow marine
conditions as the basin evolves possibly from fore-arc to foreland settings following
the terminal subduction of Neotethys at the end of Cretaceous. Thermochronometric
samples collected from the basin infill were analyzed in order to unravel the thermal
and exhumation history of the basin by using Apatite-Helium (AHe) dating techniques.
AHe dating of 28 apatite grains from 5 sandstone samples gave pooled cooling ages
between 14-28 Ma and their distribution along balanced sections indicates younger
ages generally at the northern (proximal) parts of the basin indicating contraction and
uplift started at the south and gradually migrated northwards. According to our new
fault kinematic analysis and constructed balanced cross-sections, the basin was
subjected to NE-SW directed compression (shortening) and coeval E-W extension and
large vertical axes rotations during the late Cretaceous to Neogene.
We propose that the Haymana basin was initially a fore-arc basin during the Late
Cretaceous and gradually evolved into a foreland basin in front of a south-vergent fold
and thrust belt developed during the northwards movements of Tauride and Kırşehir
blocks.
Keywords: Thermo-chronometric
61
Evolution of River Drainage and River Incision during the Uplift
of the Central Anatolian Plateau
Gilles Brocard1, Maud Meijers2, Jane Willenbring1, Donna L. Whitney2, Nuretdin Kaymakci3
1University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
2University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
3Middle
East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Central Anatolia has experienced dramatic topographic changes since the entrance of
the Arabian continental crust into the subduction zone c. 25-30 m.y. ago. Central
Anatolia experienced first widespread rock uplift and erosion in the Late Oligocene,
followed by a regionally widespread transgression that accompanied wholesale
foundering of the topography in the Early Miocene. Conglomerates filling deeply
incised valleys fossilized an extremely dissected topography and help reconstruct the
Early Miocene drainage. This orogen was levelled by the end of the Middle Miocene.
Plateau uplift initiated 11 Ma ago in Eastern Anatolia. A pulse of uplift and contraction
characterize Central Anatolia at that time and marked the beginning of topographic
differentiation along the southern plateau margin. The through-going drainage
network inherited from the Miocene disintegrated, allowing for the formation of a vast
zone of inward drainage north of the Taurides. The existence of this already inwarddraining area delayed plateau dissection during subsequent uplift of the plateau
interior. Escape tectonics developed stepwise, first south of the Taurides, where the
shift from contraction to transtension is coeval with, and likely triggered by, the
Messinian Salinity Crisis. North of the Taurides, escape tectonics kicked in suddenly 3
Ma ago along the Central Anatolian Fault Zone. It triggered reconnection of the
inward-drainage to all surrounding sediment sinks (Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, and
Persian Gulf). We investigate the mechanisms of reintegration of this river drainage
and discuss the respective roles played by plateau uplift and escape tectonics. We also
analyze the consequences of this reconnection on the dissection of its margins.
Keywords: Central Anatolia, Plateau uplift, River drainage
62
Structural and Geochronological Evidences for Reburial of the
Niğde Massif in Context of Arabia-Eurasia Collision
Côme Lefebvre1, Paul J. Umhoefer2, Stuart N. Thomson3, Donna L. Whitney1, Christian
Teyssier1, Maud J. M. Meijers , Michael A. Cosca4, Lauren Idleman1
1Department
2Department
of Geology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
3Department
4US
Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Denver, USA
Located along the Ecemis fault zone, the metamorphic and magmatic Niğde Massif
experienced a complex tectonic and thermal history involving crustal scale vertical
motion starting with initial metamorphism and exhumation in the Late Cretaceous.
Recent studies evidenced that the highly deformed eastern margin of the crystalline
complex and its overlying Paleogene (meta) sediments experienced reburial to a depth
of ~10 km at 30 ± 5 Ma, however the actual structures accommodating this dynamic
are not well defined.
In this context we investigate the deformation at the transition between the basement
and its overlying deposits along a NW-SE transect to the Ecemis corridor. Structural
analysis were performed along two main NE-SW to NNE-SSW oriented thrust slices
present through the transect. Kinematic indicators (slickenlines and mineral lineation
from marble mylonitic shear bands) suggest a top-to-the NE displacement (presentday orientation) along the thrust faults. The structurally higher fault taking place
within the sedimentary succession accounts for the resetting of detrital apatite fission
track and AHe ages in the basin rocks as well as metamorphic apatite near the margin
of the massif. The structurally deeper one cuts through the metamorphic basement
and explains why mineral lineations and metamorphic assemblages from the eastern
margin are so different and spatially disorganized relative to the core of the massif.
Compiled with existing low-temperature thermochronological data, we here report new
apatite fission-track and (U-Th)/He data from above and below the basement lower
thrust recording final exhumation and cooling at ~15-20 Ma.
Keywords: Burial, Exhumation, Thrust system, Ecemis fault, Collision
Petrography and Geochemistry of Scoria Cones within Eğrikuyu
Monogenetic Field (EMF), Central Anatolia (Turkey)
Göksu Uslular1, Gonca Gençalioğlu-Kuşcu1, Mary R. Reid2
1Muğla
Sıtkı Koçman University, Geological Engineering, Muğla, Turkey
2Northern
Arizona University, School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, USA
Cappadocian Volcanic Province (CVP) comprises five clusters of the monogenetic cones
from west to east, Karapınar, Karacadağ-Hasandağ (hereafter Eğrikuyu),
Keçiboyduran-Melendiz, Derinkuyu-Acıgöl and Erciyes. Eğrikuyu Monogenetic Field
(EMF) in the southwestern part of Hasandağ stratovolcano contains 104 scoria cones
and several maars. Scoria and lavas from these cones are primarily olivine-basalts
(44.19-51.27 wt% SiO2, and 7.38-11.49 wt% MgO) containing phenocrysts of olivine,
plagioclase, and pyroxene. Most basaltic lava flows related to scoria cones are
transitional (ol-hy normative). However mildly alkaline (<5% ne normative) ones are
also found. EMF lavas petrographically display skeletal crystals indicative of rapid
cooling, and a geochemistry characterized by not only high LILE, low HFSE
abundances, and negative Nb–Ta and Ti anomalies, but also positive P anomalies in
mantle-normalized patterns. However, EMF lava flows have higher and variable Ba/Ta,
Ba/Nb, Nb/Zr, Ba/TiO2 ratios than the other monogenetic fields in CVP, and may have
a sub-continental lithospheric mantle source enriched in incompatible elements with
regard to previous subduction processes. This research is supported by Muğla Sıtkı
Koçman University BAP project-grant number 13-95.
Keywords: Monogenetic volcano, Scoria cone,
Monogenetic Field, Cappadocian Volcanic Province
63
Transitional-mildly-alkaline,
Eğrikuyu
Garnet Pyroxenite Xenoliths as Recorders
Magmatism at the Margins of the Levant Basin
of
Recurring
Yaron Katzir1, Jonathan Kaminchik1, Amit Segev2, Janne Blichert-Toft3, John W. Valley4, Michael
J. Spicuzza4
1Ben
Gurion University of the Negev,Israel
2Geological
3Ecole
Survey of Israel, Israel
Normale Superiere de Lyon, France
4University
of Wisconsin, USA
The Cretaceous within-plate magmatism of the Levant ended with underwater
eruptions of alkaline basaltic tuff (97-82 Ma) at the edge of the Arabian continental
shelf in Mt. Carmel, northern coastal Israel. The pyroclastic horizons contain a suite of
garnet clinopyroxenite xenoliths, otherwise rare across the Arabian plate.
Clinopyroxenites of magmatic and metamorphic textures include pyrope-rich garnet,
augite and spinel. Kelyphitic rims of micron-sized orthopyroxene, anorthite and spinel
are chemically identical to the parent garnet. The coexistence of garnet and spinel
indicates crystallization at T = 1100-1200°C, P = 13-15 Kb. Modelling of REE contents
shows that the pyroxenites could not have formed as residues after melting of
subducted mafic rocks, but rather as cumulates by 1% fractional crystallization of
OIB- like melts. Oxygen isotope ratios are within the mantle range [δ 18O Grt = 5.31
±0.22‰; δ18O Cpx = 5.18±0.34‰] and also indicate pure mantle origin with no
crustal contribution to the source. Nd and Hf isotope ratios plot on the evolution line of
the Arabian sub-continental lithospheric mantle considered to form by a late
Neoproterozoic asthenosphere plume head. Nonetheless Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf whole rock
isochron ages are 306±8 and 197±13 Ma, respectively, and may represent heating
and/or metamorphism. The Carmel garnet pyroxenites crystallized from OIB-type
melts in the uppermost mantle prior or during early Mesozoic rifting. Some
recrystallized due to later metamorphism. Prior to entrapment by ascending magma
the pyroxenites decompressed to lower crustal conditions and were partially
granulitized. Garnet pyroxenites record recurring episodes of extension and
magmatism along the Arabian rifted margins.
Keywords: Garnet clinopyroxenite, Levant, Arabian plate, Mt. Carmel, xenoliths
64
The Timing of Rifting-Related Magmatism in the Levant Margins:
U-Pb Dating of Zircons from Deep Boreholes in the Coastal Plain
of Israel
Tzahi Golan1, Yaron Katzir1, Matthew A. Coble2
1Ben-Gurion
2Stanford
University of the Negev, Israel
University, USA
The Levant basin, at the easternmost Mediterranean, formed during the opening of the
NeoTethys. Whereas other Tethyan basins were later consumed during Alpine
orogenesis, the Levant basin preserves its early history recorded by rifting-related
subsidence and magmatism. While the Permian to Jurassic subsurface extensional
structure along the Levant SE margins (coastal Israel) was reconstructed in detail, the
scope and timing of igneous activity are not well known.
A 2.5 km thick, mostly basaltic sequence, penetrated by the Atlit-1A borehole and
named 'Asher Volcanics', was shown to accumulate within a deeply buried faultbounded NNE trending basin. Previous K-Ar and Ar-Ar dating and biostratigraphic
considerations constrained the age of Asher Volcanics and consequently the activation
of a Tethyan rift in the Levant to early to middle Jurassic times. Rock cuttings of the
topmost ~500 m of Asher Volcanics were recently recovered from the Elijah-3
borehole, 2 km SE of Atlit-1A, and are first studied and dated here.
The
volcanostratigraphy of Asher Volcanics in Elijah-3 borehole includes from bottom to
top: (1) seriate plagioclase basalt, (2) olivine basalt and (3) dolerite.
SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircon from base keratophyres (Atlit-1A; n=2) and top basalts
(Elijah-3; n= 30) indicates that the Asher Volcanics erupted in a relatively short time
interval in the latest Triassic (206 to 204 Ma). Other rift-related volcanic sequences,
the Dhiarizos group of the Mamonia complex, SW Cyprus and the Gödene zone of the
Antalya complex, S Turkey, are of similar age. Based on this age correlation a
palaeogeographic reconstruction of the precursor rift of the Eastern Mediterranean
basin is suggested.
Keywords: Zircon, rifting, Levant, late Triassic, Israel
65
HALL – B [SeS09] - Eastern Mediterranean Marine and Lake
Paleoclimate Records
The Impact of the Changing Coastline on the Harbors in Bodrum
and Datça Peninsulas, and the Examples of Bodrum
(Halikarnassos), Aspat (Strobilos), Datça (Stadia), Tekirburnu
(Knidos)
T. Levent Erel1, Betül Batir1, Z. Bora Ön2
1Istanbul
2Muğla
University, Istanbul, Turkey
University, Turkey
Bodrum and Datça towns, which lie within the borders of Muğla, are located towards
the Southern end of the Bodrum and Datça peninsulas. Settlements and harbors in
both towns are concentrated towards the South with the main purpose of avoiding
dominant northerly winds.
The human impact on the coastline of Bodrum is observable from 370 BC onwards
when Halicarnassos (Bodrum) became the capital of Karia. Harbor structures, the
shipyard, and the mausoleum are some examples to this human impact.
Aspat was a strategically important castle/harbor located on the Western part of the
Bodrum peninsula. The materials carried by the floods have narrowed and shallowed
the harbor in the recent centuries.
The Datça peninsula marks the boundary of Aegean and Mediterranean seas.
Abandoned harbors are scattered on both sides of the Datça-Körmen depression. The
stadia is located on the Eastern part of Datça.
Knidos is located on the tombolo of Deveburnu island and the surrounding cliffs which
lie on the western end of the Datça peninsula. There are two harbors adjacent to the
tombolo. Despite the shallow bays, the ships were able to enter the bays during
antiquity.
C.W. Newton (1863) states that Zefiria was once an island, whereas Strabo states that
Knidos was located both on an island and a peninsula. Volcanism, tectonic uplift,
tsunamis, floods and urbanization are the main reasons for the changes on the coasts.
In this presentation, maps will be presented for different eras, along with supporting
visual data, and the reasons and consequences of changes in the coastline, and
reasons which led to the abandonment of the harbors will be discussed.
Keywords: Changing coastlines, Bodrum-Datça, Harbors, Halikarnassos, Strobilos, Stadia,
Knidos
66
70 Ka Old Paleoclimatic, Paleoceanographic and Tephra Records
from the Sea of Marmara
M. Namık Çağatay1, Sabina Wulf2, Sena Akçer-Ön3, Aslı
Laurence Vidal6, Pierre Henry6, Luca Gasperini7
1Istanbul
2GFZ
Özmaral1,4, François Guichard5,
Technical University-EMCOL, Turkey
Potsdam, Germany
3Mugla
Sitki Kocman University, Turkey
4University
5CNRM
of Bremen, Germany
-GAME (URA CNRS & Météo-France) GMME/MOANA, France
6CEREGE,
7ISMAR,
France
Italy
The continuous sedimentary record in Core MD01-2430 covering the last ca 70 ka
shows only one lacustrine-marine transition at ~ 12.6 cal ka BP, which indicates that
the Sea of Marmara was under lacustrine conditions disconnected from the
Mediterranean Sea from the beginning of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 to the late
MIS2. This implies that the sill depth of the Çanakkale Strait (Dardanelles) was
shallower than the present-day sill depth of -65 m during MIS3 and MIS4, preventing
the entry of Mediterranean waters. Soon after the reconnection, the Marmara sapropel
started depositing under dysoxic-suboxic conditions.
The high Ca concentrations in the Marmara sedimentary sequence corresponding to
high organic productivity correlate very closely with the Greenland Intertadials
recorded in NGRIP oxygen isotope and the Black Sea Ca data sets. The two partly
overlapping Ca peaks in the SoM record corresponding to ~12.6 cal ka BP and cal 14.5
ka BP represent the authigenic carbonate deposition that resulted from the mixing of
lacustrine Marmara and saline Mediterranean waters during the latest marine
reconnection and the Greenland Interstadial-1 (GI-1) high productivity period,
respectively.
The 70 ka old Marmara sedimentary sequence includes three tephra units, which from
top to bottom are correlated with Vesuvius Avellino Pumice, Santorini Cape Riva (Y-2)
and Campanian Ignimbrite which have been previously dated at 3.9 cal. ka BP, 21.95
cal. ka BP and 39.3 ka, respectively.
Keywords: Sea of Marmara, Late Pleistocene - Holocene, Paleoclimate, Paleoceanograpgy,
tephra
67
Late Pleistocene-Holocene Paleo-Climate and
Record of Lake Hazar, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey
Sedimentation
Kürşad Kadir Eriş1, Tuğçe Nagihan Arslan1, Sena Akçer Ön2, Demet Biltekin3, Emre Damci3,
Umut Bariş Ülgen3, Dursun Acar3
1Firat
University, Turkey
2Muğla
Sitki Koçman University, Turkey
3ITÜ-EMCOL,
Turkey
The Lake Hazar basin is one of the well-developed strike-slip basin located on the East
Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) that is a left-lateral strike-slip fault trending NE-SW
between Karliova and Karataş in Eastern Turkey. Lake Hazar is very sensitive to
climate changes, which are driven by the position of the atmospheric jet stream and
the northern extension of the subtropical high pressure belt. High-resolution seismic
and core data in this study have enabled a precise correlation between seismic units
and core sediments, on which basis it was possible to establish an accurate chronology
of the sedimentary successions in Lake Hazar. The sedimentary sequences of the lake
infill in our seismic and core data cover the time period from Late Pleistocene to
Holocene that was deposited under the influence of by lake level changes and tectonic
evaluation of EAFZ. Subdivision of the lake infill in the seismic and cores into subunits
reveals different subenvironments, each subject to a distinctive hydrological and
sedimentological processes due to paleo-climatic changes. Such remarkable climatic
changes are sensitively recorded in the core sediments and determined by using
multi-proxy analyses.
An abrupt climatic shift at the transition from MIS-3 to MIS-2 is recorded in seismic
profiles by formation of progradational unit below −80 m on the shelves of the lake
that implies diminished river runoff and consequent of water level decrease. The
continued lake level drop was modulated by formation of −93 m paleo-terrace, and
then attained its maximum lowstand at −105 m due to cold and dry climate at the
onset of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The initiation of the Bølling/Allerød interstadial
is documented by multi-proxy analyses
Keywords: Lake Hazar, Pleistocene-Holocene, Paleo-climate, Core sediment
68
“A Tale of two Maars”: Comparing Lake Sediment Records of
Climate Change for the Last 14 Ka BP from Cappadocia, Turkey
Neil Roberts1, Jonathan Dean2, Samantha Allcock3, Warren Eastwood4, Matthew Jones5, Jessie
Woodbridge1, Hakan Yiğitbaşioğlu6
1Plymouth
2NERC
University, UK
Isotope Geosciences Facilities, UK
3Bournemouth
4Birmingham
5Nottingham
6Ankara
University, UK
University, UK
University, UK
University, Turkey
Lake sediments are excellent archives of long-term environmental change, but without
inter-site replication, local factors cannot always be separated from those of wider
significance (e.g. climate). Here we compare records from two volcanic maars located
25 km apart in central Anatolia. Eski Acigöl is now dry, but contains a ~20m record of
limnic sediments laid down since the Last Glacial Maximum. They are continuously
laminated below 6.4 m, and offer a highly-resolved record of environmental change
during the late Pleistocene-early Holocene climatic transition (Roberts et al. 2001, The
Holocene 11, 721-36). Nar lake is larger and has varves forming today, allowing a
detailed analysis of Late Holocene environmental changes (Jones et al 2006 Geology
34, 361-64; England et al 2008 The Holocene 18, 1229-45; Woodbridge & Roberts,
2011 Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 3381-92 ; Dean et al 2013 Quat. Sci. Rev. 66, 35–44).
Long (~22m) cores from Nar were taken in 2010, >80% of which are laminated,
spanning the last 14 ka. The rank order of limno-geological proxies between the two
lake records is δ18O (most similar), pollen, authigenic mineralogy/geochemistry, δ13C,
lithostratigraphy
(e.g.
varves),
microcharcoals,
diatoms
and
allogenic
mineralogy/geochemistry (least similar). Site-specific non-climatic controls include a
long-term trend towards basin infilling and lake shallowing at Eski Acigöl, and active
catchment erosion into Nar lake which has been accelerated anthropogenically. The
common climatic signal between the two lakes indicates low water levels and aridity
during the Younger Dryas and Bronze/early Iron Ages (4.2-2.6 ka BP), with wettest
conditions during the Late Glacial interstadial and again in the early Holocene.
Keywords: Lake sediments, Turkey, Holocene, Late Glacial, Climate change, Replication
69
Evaluation of Paleoclimate Conditions Based on Temporal Stable
Isotope Analyses of Stalagmite: Yelini Cave (Günyüzü, EskişehirTurkey)
Gizem Erkan1, C. Serdar Bayari1
1Hacettepe
Textural, structural characteristics as well as the chemical and isotopic contents of
stalagmites include information about past climate conditions. a stalagmite obtained
from Yelini Cave (Eskişehir, Günyüzü) has been studied to determine the past
environmental changes by using the oxygen-18 and carbon-13 isotope signals derived
along the growth axis. The oxygen-18 and carbon-13 isotope profiles have the same
signal trends. An age model based on 230Th age data obtained from four points on
stalagmite was used to spatial variation of stable isotope signal. The age model of 131
mm long stalagmite reveals a growth period between AD 1295-1875 years. The
stalagmite has been studied for 18O and 13C stable isotope data collected through the
growth axis at 0.5 mm resolution. Compared to recent conditions, relatively cooler
conditions were recorded between ~ AD 1300-1430 years whereas, relatively warmer
conditions were recorded between AD 1430-1660 years based on more negative
oxygen-18 values. Relatively more positive isotope values between AD 1660-1700
years are followed by more negative values after AD 1700 year. Stalagmite growth
interval contains Little Ice Age (LIA, AD 1550-1850) period. Accordingly, more positive
oxygen-18 values recorded in the stalagmite between AD 1660-1700 years are likely
to be associated with LIA. Average δ13C signal of the sample suggests that a C3
vegetation has been dominant above the cave which is a consequence of humid
conditions. The isotope signal of the stalagmite agrees with Ottoman archive records.
The warming and cooling periods in the sample indicates the the timing of severe
winter, snow, drought and flood events during the period AD 1400-1800 years.
Keywords: Stable isotope, Paleoclimate, Yelini Cave
70
HALL – B [ThS14] – Geophysics
Relationship between Peak Period and Vs Values: Case Study of
İzmir New City Center
Mustafa Akgün1, Zafer Akçiğ1, Rahmi Pinar1, Oya Pamukçu1, Mehmet Utku1, Şenol Özyalin1,
Tolga Gönenç1, Özer Akdemir1, Aykut Tunçel1, Özkan Cevdet Özdağ2, Eren Pamuk1
1Dokuz
Eylül University Department of Geophysics Engineering, Turkey
2Dokuz
Eylül University The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences,Turkey
Soil class and peak period values are very important in planning of earthquake
resistant buildings. The peak period values of the ground, where the buildings will be
constructed, must be convenient with the Eurocode 8 and TDY 2007 regulations.
However, the dominant soil class of the Izmir Metropolitan area was determined as
S1-S2 in Eurocode 8 and peakperiod values greater than 1 sec which was obtained by
the project entitled “Ground modelling of the seismic behavior of the Aliağa and
Menemen in Izmir Metropolitan Area for design” 1007 the TUBITAK public project. This
means that the values of the longest period, which is defined in Eurocode 8 and TDY
2007 regulations, are insufficient. Therefore new long wavelength spectrum values
must be defined for the Izmir Metropolitan area, where the new skyscrapers will be
constructed.
Keywords: Peak Period, Vs30, Soil response spectrum, Earthquake Resistance Structure Stable
Estimation of Earthquake Damage by using Nakamura's
Vulnerability Index: The Case Study at the Southern Part of
Izmir
Yaprak Ipek1, Özkan Cevdet Özdağ2, Mustafa Akgün1, Eren Pamuk1
1Dokuz
2Dokuz
Eylül University The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Turkey
The structure of the earthquake will affect how and in what manner, the structure of
the soil properties on which they are related. Nowadays, even if done a lot of work is
not possible to predict earthquakes. However, without the occurrence of earthquakes
on the ground will create an impact on how the front predictable. This effect can be
estimated preliminary engineering bedrock layer between the ground surface in order
to know the physical properties of this effect is possible with all the data in the host.
The data obtained from the method of Nakamura microtremor all this effect within the
host. This study applied at a southern part of Izmir Gulf with the Nakamura’s damage
index parameter (Vulnerability) which calculated by single point microtremor
measurements was examined.
Keywords: Microtremor, Vulnerability, Engineering Bedrock
71
Multi-Approach Geophysical Investigations for Obtaining More
Reliable and Accurate Soil Transfer Function
Eren Pamuk1, Özkan Cevdet Özdağ2, Mustafa Akgün1, Şenol Özyalin1
1Dokuz
2Dokuz
Shear wave velocity profiles are very important input parameters for geotechnical
earthquake analysis and soil transfer function (STF). For this purpose 30 m soil
profiles should be determined. However, when the soil thicknesses are great, the
determination of shear wave velocities of soil are important up to the seismological
bedrock (Vs>1500 m/s). Surface waves methods (MASW, ReMi and MSPAC) have
been used with the aim of obtaining phase velocity dispersion curves and velocity
structure. In addition, it is well known that soil parameters (Vs, densitiy, thickness and
attenuation coefficients), which are related to soil and engineering bedrock, are used
for theoretical STF. The STFs are directly involved in the interface characteristics of
bedrock and sediment units and these functions determine how each frequency in the
bedrock input motion is amplified, or de-amplified by the soil deposit. Aims of this
study (1) to combine dispersion curves obtained by these methods for apparent
dispersion curve in order to achieve a reliable Vs profile (2) to compare fitting between
observed STF and theoretical STF for reliable and accurate STF. The Nakamura
technique has been carried out to estimate the observed STF. Also the theoretical
STFs are identified based on 1D ground model which is obtained by using surface
wave methods. For these purposes, geophysical investigations were carried out in
some parts of Izmir Bay surroundings. The results of this study show that all of these
methods should be utilized for the best fitting between calculated and observed STFs.
As a conclusion, it is necessary to take into consideration information of soil profiles
which is up to bedrock for reliable and accurate STF.
Keywords: Soil Transfer Function, MASW, MSPAC, Bedrock
72
[Ths28]-Geological Heritage, Geoarcheology, Gemstone
Cappadocian “Fairy Chimneys” and Rupestrian Churches: A
Geological Heritage to Preserve
Gino Mirocle Crisci1, Mauro Francesco La Russa1, Natalia Rovella1, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo1,
Maria Andaloro2, Claudia Pelosi2, Paola Pogliani2, Anna Arcudi1
1Department
of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
2Department
of Sciences of Cultural Heritage, University of Tuscia, Italy
The uniqueness of Cappadocia (Turkey) is related to the weathering of the MiocenePliocene ignimbrites changed in earth pyramids known as “fairy chimneys”. They were
carved by ancient populations and transformed in dwellings or Rupestrian churches
with precious wall paintings. Unfortunately, the processes that produced these
structures now threaten their conservation. Therefore an innovative approach is
necessary to identify the most suitable methods of conservation. The study areas are
located in the Göreme Open Air Museum and in Şahinefendi village where respectively,
Tokali and Forty Martyrs are considered representative Rupestrian churches. The study
of the minero-petrographic features of the ignimbrites, where these churches were
carved suggests that a consolidation intervention is needed to slowdown the
weathering processes affecting the rocks.
The goal of this paper is to test nanosilica that is compatible with the rocks
composition, to evaluate its effectiveness in laboratory and in situ. First, the treated
rock samples were subjected to colorimetric, peeling and point load tests.
After laboratory analysis, the treatments were applied as consolidant nearby the Tokali
and Forty Martyrs churches. Colorimetric and peeling tests revealed products
behaviour. The application was carried out inside and outside the churches, choosing
modalities and areas on the basis of their surface degradation, exposition to
atmospheric agents and solar exposure to evaluate the products performance.
The work demonstrated the influence of these factors on the consolidant efficiency of
the products suggesting a functional strategy for a conservative intervention suitable
to Cappadocian Rupestrian churches carved in the ignimbrite.
Keywords: Cappadocia, Consolidation, Degradation, Ignimbrite
73
Mineralogical and Gemmological Investigations on Ancient
Gemstones in the Caria Region (Muğla) and their Relations with
Rocks and Minerals Outcropping in the Region
Evrim Çoban1, Cahit Helvaci2, Murat Hatipoğlu3
1Muğla
Sitki Koçman University, Jewellery and Design Programme, Muğla, Turkey
2Dokuz
Eylül University, Department of Geological Engineering, Izmir, Turkey
3Dokuz
Eylül University, Gemmology and Jewellery Programme, Izmir, Turkey
Caria area, extending over the Southern Aegean Region between Büyük Menderes
River and Dalaman Stream, covers Muğla, southern Aydin and western Denizli
territories today. The main goal of this paper with an archaeo-gemmological approach
is to compare the gemstones currently outcropping in this region with the gemological
materials (gemstones and jewelleries with gemstones) used by the Carian civilization,
which reigned in this region since approximately 1100 B.C. until 545 A.D.
In order to find out which types of today’s gemstones did Carians use in the Carian
region, single gemstones and jewelleries with gemstones, which are not yet exhibited
and being currently stored in the stores of Milas Museum and Bodrum Museum of
Underwater Archaeology where antiquities outcropping in Caria region are kept, have
been examined scientifically for the first time and an inventory of these gemological
stones has been created. However, from among those gemstone types which are likely
to be outcropping in Caria regions, only the antique types that are made of smoky
quartz have been found. Besides, onyx, sard and sardonyx types estimated to be
brought from Lydia, karnelien gemstones estimated to be brought from India and
Yemen regions and a great number of glass and ceramic gemstone materials have
been found as well.
When today’s gemstone deposits are taken into consideration, we may say there are 4
different groups of gemstone in the area of Caria region. These are diaspore
(Milas/Muğla region), smoky and colorless crystal quartz (Koçarli-Çine-Karacasu/Aydin
region), almandine and pyrope garnets (Çine/Aydin region) and adularia feldspar
(Çine/Aydin region). As a result of geographical researches, it has been revealed that
diaspore is being deposited within marbles while the others are being deposited within
gneiss and schists.
Keywords: Archaeological and Gemological research, Milas Museum, Bodrum museum of
Underwater Archaeology, Gemologic materials of the Carian civilization
74
HALL – C [SeS12] – The role of paleo-archeo-seismology in the
constraint of crustal deformation
Earthquake Sedimentary Records in the Lake Sapanca (NW
Anatolia) and their Relations with Earthquake Parameters
Burak Yalamaz1, M. Namik Çağatay1, Dursun Acar2, Emin Güngör3, L. Nurdan. Güngör3, Emin
Demirbağ4, Levent Gülen5
1EMCOL
and Department of Geologcical Engineering ITÜ Faculty of Mines, Istanbul, Turkey
2EMCOL
and Institute of Marine Science and Management Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
3TAEK
Çekmece Nuclear Research Centre, Istanbul, Turkey
4Departmant
of Geophysical Engineering ITÜ Faculty of Mines, Istanbul, Turkey
5Department
of Geophysical Engineering Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
Sapanca Lake, with a maximum depth of 55 m and a surface area of 46.8 km2
measuring 16 km in E-S and 5 km in N-S directions, is a pull apart basin located along
the North Anatolian Fault. We have carried out a systematic study of the
sedimentological, physical and geochemical properties of three water-sediment
interface cores, up to 75.7 cm long and cover the last 250 years, located along depth
transects ranging from 43 to 51.7 m water depth. The cores were analyzed using
Geotek Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) for physical properties, laser particle size
analyser for granulometry, TOC Analyzer for Total Organic Content (TOC) and Total
Inorganic Carbon (TIC) analysis, Itrax-XRF Core Scanner for elemental analysis and
digital X-RAY Radiography. The geochronology was established using AMS radiocarbon
and radionuclide methods.
The earthquake records in Lake Sapanca are represented by mass flow deposits
accumulated in the form of Turbidite-Homogenite (TH) units, which are correlated
with 1999 Düzce and Izmit Earthquakes (Mw=7.4 and 7.2, respectively), 1967
Mudurnu Earthquake (Mw=6.8), 1957 Abant Earthquake (Mw=7.1), 1943 Hendek
Earthquake (Mw=6.6), 1894 East Marmara Earthquake (Mw=6.7), 1878 Esme
Earthquake (Mw=6.7), and 1754 Izmit Earthquake (Mw=6.8). The relations between
earthquake parameters (magnitude, distance from epicentre, focal depth) and massflow parameters (thickness, sedimentary structure, grain size, composition) are
discussed.
Keywords: Lake Sapanca, North Anatolian Fault, Earthquake records, Earthquake parameters,
Mass flow unit, Sediment parameters
75
Constraints on Earthquake Slip Velocity Using an Archaeoseismic
Model of the Ateret Fortress on the Dead Sea Transform Fault
Klaus-G. Hinzen1, Roman Kovalev2, Shmuel Marco3, Gregor Schweppe1
1Cologne
University, Germany
2Computational
3Tel
Mechanics Ltd., Russia
Aviv University, Israel
Five consecutive slip events have been identified which have affected the Tell of Ateret
(North Israel), located on the Dead Sea Transform Fault (DSTF) by bisecting
constructions of Iron Age to Medieval times (Ellenblum et al., 2014). The penultimate
displacement occurred during a historically documented earthquake on 20 May 1202
CE and ruptured the fortification walls of the Crusader castle Vadum Jacob on the Tell
with a 1.6 m sinistral displacement.
We present a detailed 3D model of the damaged wall constructed from the results of a
terrestrial laser scan survey. Based on these data, a discrete element model of the
displaced wall section is being used to study the influence of displacement velocity on
the damage pattern of a generic bisected wall and, in addition, specifically for the
Crusader castle. Geodetic data (Even-Tzur and Hamiel, 2011) imply that the DSTF at
this section is locked at shallow depth. These data form the basis of a twofold
hypothesis: whether the complete displacement of the northern fortification wall is of
co-seismic nature or if it can be partially attributed to slower postseismic movements
over the past 811 years. For the latter case, the magnitude of the causing earthquake
would likely be smaller than what has been assumed so far. With computer
simulations we evaluate whether different slip velocities have a significant influence on
the expected damage pattern and what such a result implies for the Ateret case.
Keywords: Archaeoseismology, Dead Sea Fault, Ateret, Slip velocity, DE model
Slip Deficit Along the Dead Sea Fault: Do Active Faulting and
Past Earthquakes Determine the Seismic Gaps?
Mustapha Meghraoui1
1IPG
Strasbourg, CNRS-UMR7516, France
The ~1000-km-long North-South trending transform fault presents structural
discontinuities and includes segments that experienced large earthquakes (Mw>7) in
historical times. The Wadi Araba and Jordan Valley, the Lebanese restraining bend, the
Missyaf and Ghab fault segments in Syria and the Ziyaret Fault segment in Turkey
display geometrical complexities made of step overs, restraining and releasing bends
that may constitute major obstacles to earthquake rupture propagation. Using active
tectonics, GPS measurements and paleoseismology we investigate the kinematics and
long-term/short term slip rates along the Dead Sea fault. Tectonic geomorphology
with paleoseismic trenching and archeoseismic investigations indicate repeated
faulting events and left-lateral slip rate ranging from 4 mm/yr in the southern fault
section to 6 mm/yr in the northern fault section. Except for the northernmost DSF
section, these estimates of fault slip rate are consistent with GPS measurements that
show 4 to 5 mm/yr deformation rate across the plate boundary. However, recent GPS
results showing 3 ± 0.5 mm/yr velocity rate of the northern DSF appear to be in
contradiction with the ~6 mm/yr paleoseismic slip rate.
The kinematic modeling that combines GPS and seismotectonic results implies a
complex geodynamic pattern with the DSF transforms the Cyprus arc subduction zone
into transpressive tectonics on the East Anatolian fault. The timing of past earthquake
ruptures shows the occurrence of seismic sequences and a southward migration of
large earthquakes, with the existence of major seismic gaps along strike. In this
paper, we present the calculated seismic slip deficit along the fault segments and
discuss the identification of seismic gaps.
Keywords: Dead Sea fault, Earthquake geology, Seismic gap, Slip deficit
76
Mediterranean Active Normal Faults: New Insights and Concepts
Klaus Reicherter1, Thomas Wiatr1, Jack Mason1, Sascha Schneiderwind1, Ioannis Papanikolaou2,
Christoph Grützner1,3
1RWTH
Aachen University, Inst. of Neotectonics and Natural Hazards, Aachen, Germany
2Laboratory
of Mineralogy and Geology, Department Department of Natural Resources
Management & Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
3University
of Cambridge, Dept. of Earth Sciences, U.K.
Decoding paleoearthquakes on normal bedrock fault scarps and their associated
deposits on the hanging-wall is an important factor in estimating the seismic hazard
potential for active fault zones. The Mediterranean region hosts many of these fault
scarps within extensive outcrops of Mesozoic carbonate deposits of the Tethys.
Typically, the normal faults associated with the scarps are 15-30 km long, have a freeface height of several meters, slip rates of 0.3-1 mm/yr, recurrence periods of more
than 1000 yrs. These normal faults occur in diffuse plate boundaries and back arc
provinces. Therefore, despite the fact that they do not generate earthquakes stronger
than M>7.0, they are of great importance in terms of seismic hazards due to their
proximity to human habitation. The last few destructive earthquakes in comparable
tectonic settings demonstrated that these faults pose a significant threat due to their
large number and long recurrence intervals. The majority of the normal faults
throughout the Mediterranean comprise Mesozoic carbonate fault scarps, which are
juxtaposed against Quaternary marine/colluvial sediments. These faults are easy to
recognize as they preserve fault scarps are coseismic and result from cumulative
earthquake slip of on the individual fault. In the Mediterranean the common theory is
that during glacial conditions the erosion rate of these bedrock fault scarps, and
sediment deposition on the hanging-wall, was faster than the fault’s slip-rate. In
postglacial times, however, the improved climatic conditions reduced erosion rates
allowing fault scarps caused by recurrent earthquakes to be preserved.
Keywords: Normal fault, Paleoseismology, Hanging wall architecture, Slip rate, Fault scarps,
GPR, ERT
77
Segmentation and transtensional deformation along the North
Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara: Implications for Strain
Partitioning
Gülsen Uçarkuş1, Neal W. Driscoll1, Rolando Armijo2, Ziyadin Çakır3, Graham M. Kent4
1Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
2Institut
de Physique du Globe, 4 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
3Istanbul
4Nevada
Technical University, Geology Department, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
Seismological Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
Basin formation and architecture between strike-slip fault segments exhibit many
different styles; however, despite much research these systems remain poorly
understood. In particular, what processes control deformation patterns and strain
partitioning through time. Here, we present nested geophysical data together with
long cores to constrain basin formation and deformational architecture between nonoverlapping strike-slip fault segments along the North Anatolian Fault. In the Central
Basin, multiple episodes of deformation are recorded in geophysical data and reveal a
polarity reversal in deformation where the early deformation was controlled by the
northern basin-bounding fault. Through time the deformation migrated and exhibited
strain partitioning; the dip-slip component switched to the southern basin-bounding
fault with the northern fault system predominantly accommodating the strike-slip
deformation. An underlapping segment offset in the Central Basin may limit through
going rupture and may explain the preponderance of Ms >7 earthquakes in the Sea of
Marmara, which is important for assessing geohazards.
Keywords: North Anatolian Fault, Active tectonics, Marmara Sea, Basin evolution, Geohazard,
Strain partitioning
78
HALL – D [ThS01]- Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
Facies Analysis and Depositional Environments of the
Cretaceous Limestones in the Spil Mountain (Manisa, W Turkey)
Cemile Solak1, Kemal Tasli1, Sacit Özer2
1Mersin
University, Department of Geological Engineering, Turkey
2Dokuz
In the Spil Mountain which is situated in Bornova Flysch Zone, two successions of the
Cretaceous carbonates are tectonostratigraphically differentiated: 1) Early Cretaceous
and Campanian(?)-Maastrichtian relative autochthonous succession showing
sedimentary transition to the Bornova Flysch, 2) Cenomanian(?)-early Campanian
allochthonous succession overthrusted to the flysch. A paleoenvironment evolution
including the definition of microfacies types for the Cretaceous carbonate deposits is
presented. Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian-early Aptian) was a time prevailed shallow
water restricted platform conditions in which laminated wackestone-mudstone, algal
wackestone, peloidal-fenestral wackestone-mudstone were deposited in low energy
logoon to peritidal environments. After an emerged platform phase spanning late
Aptian-Campanian, a sharp transition to pelagic influenced redeposited carbonates
from restricted platform sediments indicates rapid subsidance of the platform.
Lithoclastic grainstone, bioclastic-foraminiferal packstone-grainstone, intraclasticbioclastic packstone-grainstone and pelagic wackestone microfacies were deposited in
outer platform to slope environments in variable hyrodynamic conditions during
Campanian(?)-Maastrichtian.
The allochthonous succession begins with Cenomanian(?)-Santonian rudistid
limestones deposited in restricted platform environments including benthic
foraminiferal
packstone-grainstone,
benthic
foraminiferal
wackestone,
algal
wackestone, rudistid packstone microfacies. The overlying laminated and cherty
limestones of Santonian-early Campanian age are composed of pelagic wackestones
with planktic foraminifera and calcispheres indicating open platform to slope
conditions.
Keywords: Microfacies, Paleoenvironment, Cretaceous, Spil Mountain, Turkey
79
Stratigraphy
and
Microfacies
Analysis
of
Maastrichtian
Sequences in Hekimhan and Yeşilyurt Areas (Malatya BasinEastern Turkey)
Taner Korkmaz1, Murat Gül2, Bilal Sari3
1General
Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Turkey
2Muğla
Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey
3Dokuz
Maastrichtian sequences of Malatya Basin crops out around Yeşilyurt and Hekimhan
areas. In the Yeşilyurt area, Maastrichtian mudstone-marl alternation of Kapullu
Formation is the scope of the study. Three stratigraphical sections were measured and
159 thin section samples were taken from the Yeşilyurt area. In the Hekimhan area,
approximately 900 m thick Maastrichtian mudstone-marl alternations of Kösehasan
Formation and clayey limestone-carbonate mudstones of Zorbehan Formation is the
main subject of the study. From Hekimhan area, we measured single continuous
stratigraphic section and collected 40 thin section samples for microfacies analysis. To
reconstruct paleogeography and depositional environments of the Malatya Basin, we
used limestone classifications for carbonated rocks, major classification systems and
Standart Microfacies Classification (SMF) models. Based on their microfacies properties
and fossil content, we divided Maastrichtian pelagic sequence of Malatya Basin into
five different facies types. These are; RMF 3 (SMF 8) is wackestone-floatstone
deposited in outer ramp; RMF 5 (SMF 3) is wackestone and carbonated mudstone
deposited in basin; RMF 9 (SMF 5) is packstone and floatstone deposited in mid-ramp
to outer ramp and RMF 15 (SMF 6) is rudstone associated with packstone facies
deposited in midramp environment.
As a result, the obtained data point out that the main factors of facies change cycles in
Malatya Basin is rate, type and source of sediment supply, sea level fluctuations and
regional basin tectonics. Malatya Basin was located on distally steepened carbonate
ramp platform. Upper Cretaceous pelagic sequences were deposited in the late
Maastrichtian in a range between midramp to basin environments.
Keywords: Microfacies, Stratigraphy, Maastrichtian, Malatya Basin
80
Pleistocene Braid-Delta Depositional System in Peri-Adriatic
Basin, Italy
Nicola Capuano1
1Dipartimento
di Scienze della Terra, della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSTeVA), Università di
Urbino,Italy
The Pleistocene stratigraphic succession is studied using facies analysis and
biostratigraphic dating indicate that the record of Colonnella deltaic-facies was formed
during the Calabrian in age, at the paleo-Tronto river mouth.
A Braid-delta depositional system is widely developed in the “Colonnella foothills” area
(Adriatic coast, northern Abruzzi region, central Italy). This study illustrates the braiddelta depositional system in terms of facies sequence and association. Three different
facies associations have been distinguished in Colonnella delta sequence: delta plain,
delta front, prodelta/offshore. The uppermost part of the Colonnella delta sequence is
composed of overbank deposits, while muddy prodelta deposits form the lowermost
part of the sequence. Crevasse splays, levees, bays, or abandoned channels occur in
the delta plain. The delta front and upper prodelta are occupied by distribituary mouth
bars. Distal bar and bar front deposits of the distribituary mouth bars have a distinct
upward-coarsening sequence. Beach facies (foreshore, shoreface) are developed in the
delta front to upper prodelta. Tidal influence consisting of wavy bedding and
herringbone cross-lamination, often formed in the tidal bar deposits. The
prodelta/offshore deposits are caractherized by dark-gray, massive or faintly bedded
silty mudstone alternated to very fine-grained sandstone beds, containing marine
macrofossils and abundant microfauna composed mainly of planktonic and benthic
microfossils, including foraminifera and nannoplankton. Bioturbation and burrows also
occur. Reddish silty-clay beds bounded at the top by erosive surfaces (paleosoil),
indicate times of subaerial exposure and weathering processes.
Keywords: Pleistocene, Delta-facies, Peri-adriatic basin
Stratigraphy, Archaeology and Tectonics of the Early Pleistocene
in NW Armenia
A.N. Simakova1, V.G. Trifonov, V.P. Lyubin, E.V. Belyaeva, V.A. Lebedev, Ya.I. Trikhunkov, A.S.
Tesakov, R.V. Veselovsky, A.V. Latyshev, Kh. Meliksetian, S.L. Presnyakov, T.P. Ivanova, D.V.
Ozhereliev, D.M. Bachmanov, S.E. Artyushkov, S.M. Lyapunov
1Geological
Institute RAS, Russia
The Quaternary stratigraphy and tectonics of the southern volcanic Javakheti Upland
and the adjacent Upper Akhurian and Lori basins (NW Armenia) are studied. The
geological and petrological correlation, paleontological, K-Ar and SIMS U-Pb methods
and examination of natural remanent magnetization have been used for dating of the
stratigraphic units. In the Gelasian, basaltic lava flows from the Javakheti Range
covered and smoothed the surface of the basins. Trachyandesites and trachydacites
covered the basalts in and near the Javakheti Range at the end of Gelasian. During
the Olduvai subchron (not earlier than 1.85 Ma) and the earliest Upper Matuyama
chron, the Karakhach unit of pebbles, sands and tuffs was sedimented in the both
basins that joint by the common Upper Akhurian–Dzoraget–Debed river system via
the Karakhach Pass. At that epoch, the region was occupied by the earliest hominines
producing lithic industries of the Early Acheulian aspect (sites of Karakhach, Muradovo
and Agvorik). Early appearance and special features of these industries might be
caused by natural parting of used trachydacite and basalt to tabulated fragments that
gave a possibility to make such macro-tools. The 1.5–1.4 Ma pulse of dacite explosion
is expressed by pumice in the SE of the Lori Basin. The Kurtan fine-grained
terrigenous unit was sedimented at the latest Calabrian – earliest Middle Pleistocene.
The Middle Acheulian artifacts were found in the Kurtan I section of the Kurtan unit.
The Olduvai subchrone was characterized by wet climate. It became more arid later
and savannah-steppe landscapes dominated. The region underwent the flexure-fault
deformation and the 350–800-m uplift during the last ~0.5 Ma.
Keywords: Quaternary, stratigraphy, paleontology, tectonics, archaelogy, Armenia
81
Dolocretes and Associated Palygorskite
Occurrences in
Siliciclastic Red Sediments of the Kömişini Formation (Late
Miocene/Pliocene), Northwestern Part of the Tuzgölü Basin in
Central Anatolia, Turkey
Ali Gürel1
1Niğde
University, Department of Geological Engineering, Niğde, Turkey
Late Miocene/Pliocene alluvial and lacustrine deposits characterize the so called
Kömişini Formation northwestern part of the Tuzgölü basin in Central Anatolia, which
is the largest intermontane basin in Turkey. This formation consists of alternation of
typical red conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, and intercalated with several red
coloredpaleosol and dolocrete levels. This levels passes vertically into limestone.
Paleosols are recognized that they are histosol, aridisols, inceptisols, locally associated
with, oxisols, according to the soil taxonomy. Paleosols and dolocretes of Kulu-Konya
area are characterized by thin section, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy,
and geochemical analysis. These sediments are composed mainly of quartz, feldspar,
opal-CT, serpentine, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, hematite and clay minerals, such as
smectite, chlorite, palygorskite and illite. Gypsum, smectite and chloride dominate at
the base of the profile, whereas the palygorskite increase upward of the sections.
Dolocrete samples are characterized by high CaO, MgO and loss on ignition values,
and basement ophiolitic rock samples consist mainly of SiO 2, Al2O3+Fe2O3+MgO, low
LOI and relatively high CaO value, revealing the presence of smectite and palygoskite
associated with pyroxene, feldspar, quartz and calcite. Barium, Ni, Cr and Rb are
relatively high and constant in the calcrete and paleosols, compared to the ophiolitic
rocks. Palygorskite precipitated in a vadose zone from strongly evaporative alkaline
water rich in Si and Mg and low in Al at increased temperatures and advanced stage of
dolocrete and paleosol formation. The Si, Mg, Al+Fe and Ca required for palygoskite
formation and calcification were supplied in solution from the smectitic clays, ophiolitic
units and related volcanic units and carbonates in the close area.
Keywords: Central Anatolian, Tuzgölü basin, Clay minerals, Late Miocene/Pliocene, Weathering,
Paleosol-dolocrete
82
HALL – D [Ths07]-Engineering Geology
Geomechanical Properties of Marl and Sandstone in Çağlayan
Dam Reservoir Area under Dynamic Conditions
Tümay Kadakci Koca1, Thomas Frühwirt2, M. Yalçin Koca1
1Dokuz
2TU
Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Failures of slopes in dam reservoir area occur under the seismic conditions or during
periods of abnormal weather and always produce the most disastrous results. Marl and
sandstone layers in the Neogene aged sedimentary rocks are lying over the marbles of
Menderes Massif in Çağlayan Dam reservoir area. Weathered layers cause extensive
slope failures due to the unfavourable engineering properties. The area is located
approximately 30 km away from the tectonically active Gediz Graben. The lithological
units are intensely jointed by local and regional faulting. For this reason, potential of
the slope failures still remains high in this area. In order to estimate the dynamic
behaviour of marls and sandstones, a series of dynamic uniaxial and triaxial
compression and dynamic shear box tests were conducted on both core samples and
block samples in rock mechanics laboratory in TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany.
The dynamic test parameters such as dynamic loading rate, loading frequency and
number of cycles were selected according to the static strength of related rocks. The
results showed that dynamic triaxial strength depends on not only the testing
parameters but also strongly on the obscure weakness zone in marl samples which
may be detected from the dark grey to light black coloured thin strips on the surface
of samples. The failure planes are following these weakness zones. The stress-strain
curves of uniaxial tests indicate semi brittle behaviour either for marl or sandstone.
The cyclic stress-strain curves of shear box tests performed on the large surfaces with
the dimensions of 10x20 cm were evaluated in terms of testing parameters and the
sheared surface properties.
Keywords: Dynamic shear box test, Dynamic triaxial compression test, Dynamic uniaxial
compression test, Marl, Sandstone
83
ThS08- Ophilote
Evolution of Mafic Rocks in the Ophiolite Mélange of the Iti
Ophiolite (Central Greece)
B. Tsikouras1,2, S. Karipi2, K. Hatzipanagiotou2
1Universiti
Brunei Darussalam, Department of Petroleum Geoscience, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong
BE1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
2University
of Patras, Department of Geology, Section of Earth Materials, 265 00, Patras, Greece
Ophiolite outcrops of the Iti Mountain (continental central Greece) are dominated by
an ophiolite mélange whereas lesser mantle peridotites occur tectonically on top of it.
This ophiolite melange comprises a typical multicoloured, chaotic formation
incorporating fragments of ultramafic, mafic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks in a
tectonised matrix. The mafic rocks include a variety of gabbroic rocks, diorites,
dolerites and basaltic rocks, the last with a large textural variety. Geochemical
affinities of the majority of the mafic, volcanic rocks indicate the occurrence of IAT,
MORB and transitional MORB/IAT. However, some basalts show alkaline WPB affinities,
likely related to rifting. Geochemical characteristics of the coexisting gabbros and
diorites are compatible with those of the oceanic basaltic rocks, suggesting evolution
of the Iti ophiolite in a backarc basin. The overall geochemical affinities of the studied
rocks helped to unravel the geological evolution of the broad area from rifting of the
Pindos Ocean to the evolution of a mid-ocean ridge and a subsequent backarc basin.
Keywords: Iti ophiolite, Backarc, Pindos Ocean, SSZ
Petrogenetic Implications on the Ophiolitic Vavdos Peridotites
(Chalkidiki Peninsula, Greece)
E. Ifandi 1, P. Tsitsanis, 1, B. Tsikouras
1University
1,2,
K. Hatzipanagiotou
1
2Universiti
Ophiolite occurrences in the area of Vavdos (west Chalkidiki) include ultramafic and
mafic plutonic rocks. This ophiolite geologically belongs to the Circum-Rhodope Zone
of the internal Hellenides, in NE Greece. This study provides a detailed description of
the petrographic and mineralogical composition of the Vavdos peridotites, comprising
mainly harzburgite and dunite, with less extended outcrops of lherzolite, wherlite,
massive pyroxenite and pyroxenite dykes. Strong evidence indicates that these
peridotites are melt impregnated during mantle metasomatic processes. Harzburgites
are transitional to dunites, having significant amounts of neoblastic olivine and lesser
spinel. Two types of lherzolite were recognised: normal lherzolite shows clear
indications of plastic deformation whereas refertilised lherzolite is characterised by the
presence of olivine and spinel neoblasts. Cataclastic, mylonitised and metasomatic
dunites were also identified. Cumulate lithologies with clear magmatic affinities include
wherlite, websterite and rare clinopyroxenite. The petrogenetic characteristics of the
investigated peridotites reveal the existence of a heterogeneous mantle source and
assist to unravel the history of mantle evolution in the Mesozoic Axios (Vardar) Ocean.
Keywords: Chalkidiki ophiolite, Peridotites, Melts impregnation, Axios ocean
84
Supra-Subduction and Abyssal Mantle Peridotites
Piranshahr Ophiolite (Zagros Belt, NW Iran)
of
the
Robab Hajialioghli1, Mohssen Moazzen1
1University
of Tabriz, Iran
The Piranshahr peridotites in northwestern end of the Zagros belt, in the border of
Iran with Iraq, show the characteristics of both abyssal and SSZ type peridotites. They
have compositions ranging from low-clinopyroxene lherzolite to harzburgite and
dunite. Distinct mineral chemical compositions, suggesting their formation in two
distinct stages. In the first stage, the low-Cpx lherzolites were produced as the
residues of anhydrous MOR-type melting beneath the mid-ocean ridge system within
the southern branch of Neotethys. This seafloor system evolved between the Arabian
Plate and Central Iran microcontinent during the early Mesozoic. Nearly 15–20%
anhydrous, decompressional partial melting of a MOR mantle at the spreading centre
formed the low-Cpx lherzolites at this stage. In the second stage, more refractory
harzburgites formed as residues after ~10-15 % partial melting of a depleted MORB
source as a result of subduction initiated magmatism. The SSz and abyssal affinities of
the Piranshahr peridotites is in accordance with the most of the eastern Mediterranean
ophiolites (e.g. Dinaric and Hellenic ophiolitic belt: Bortolotti et al., 2013; Lycian and
Antalya ophiolites of Turkey: Aldanmaz et al., 2009; Harmancik ophiolites of Turkey:
Uysal et al., 2009; Kermanshah and Neyriz ophiolites of Iran: Saccani et al., 2013;
Rajabzadeh and Nazari Dehkordi, 2012: Oman ophiolites; Goodenough et al., 2010).
during the Late Cretaceous, obduction occurred on the north-eastern margins of the
Arabian plate. Terminal closure and continental collision of Arabia/Central Iran microcontinent was later, at Miocene (Şengor et al., 2008) or Mio-Peliocene (Agard et al.,
2005).
Keywords:SSZ, MOR, peridotites, Piranshahr, Iran
85
HALL – B [Ths06]-Paleontology
Planktonic
Cretaceous
Anatolia)
Foraminiferal
Biostratigraphy
of
the
Upper
Balçıkhisar Succession (Şuhut-Afyon, Western
Bilal Sarı1, Ismail Işıntek1, AsliÖzkaymak2
1Dokuz
Eylül University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, Izmir,
Turkey
2Yüzüncü
Yil University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of Geological
Engineering, Van, Turkey
The Geyik Dağı Unit (western Anatolia) is a part of the Anatolide-Tauride Block and is
represented by an approximately 1580-m-thick Jura-Eocene carbonate dominated
rocks in the Balçıkhisar area (Şuhut-Afyon). Roughly three stratigraphical intervals are
observed from at least 510-m-thick Upper Cretaceoussuccession, which is dominated
by lithoclastic-bioclastic slope limestones (mainly rudstones and floatstones=Facies-a),
which intercalated with planktonic foraminifera-bearing basinal pelagic limestones
(mainly mudstones and wackestones=Facies-B). The 73-m-thick 1st interval is mainly
represented by Facies-B with diverse late Turonian-Santonian planktonic foraminifera.
First appearances of D. asymetrica and ‘pill-box-like’ morphotypes of G. linneiana at
the 953 m and 970 m levels respectively indicate late Coniacian and ConiacianSantonian boundary respectively. Santonian is 26-m-thick. An approximately 300-mthick 2nd interval is dominated by Facies-a and sharply overlies the Santonian
limestones. The bioclasts are mostly rudist fragments and orbitoid foraminifera (i.e.
Orbitoides and Siderolites). Quite rare planktonic foraminifera (mainly double-keeled
globotruncanids) and calcispheres are observed within this interval. Gt. elevata from
the upper part of this interval is known as a Campanian species. The overlying 153-mthick 3rd interval (Facies-B) is represented by quite diverse planktonic foraminifera
assemblages. The first appearances of C. walfischensis and Gt. pettersi from the base
of this interval mark the beginning of the Maastrichtian. The 85-m-thick a.
mayaroensis zone (late Maastrichtian) is documented from the top of the interval. A
140-m-thick Paleogene pelagic strata overlies the Cretaceous succession.
Keywords: Late Cretaceous, Planktonic foraminifera, Biostratigraphy, Geyik Daği Unit,
Balçıkhisar
86
Biostratigraphic and Stable Isotopic Characteristics of the Early
Miocene Foraminifera in the N-NW Part of the Malatya Basin,
Eastern Anatolia
Meral Kaya1, Deniz Ibilioğlu2, Mehmet Önal1
1University
of Ataturk, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Geology, Erzurum, Turkey
2Dumlupınar
University, Geological Eng. Dept., Kütahya, Turkey
Early Miocene Akyar Formation occurs in the north-northwestern part of the Malatya
Basin. The sediments of the formation contain a rich association of benthic and
planktic foraminifera.
The benthic foraminiferal assemblages content 41 species belonging to 26 genera,
namely Anomalinoides, Astacolus, Cibicides, Cibicidoides, Dentalina, Elphidium,
Gavellinella,
Globobulimina,
Gypsina,
Lagena,
Lenticulina,
Marginulina,
Marginulinopsis, Miogypsina, Nodosaria, Osangularia, Planulina, Robulus, Saracenaria,
Semivulvulina, Siphonodosaria, Siphonina, Spiroplectinella, Textularia, Uvigerina,
Vulvulina. According to benthic foraminiferal assemblages, Miogypsina-PlanulinaUvigerina Assemblages Zone was distinguished.
Two early Miocene planktic foraminiferal biozones were distinguished by using 45
species belonging to 11 genera, consisting of Cassigerinella, Catapsydrax,
Dentoglobigerina,
Globigerina,
Globigerinella,
Globigerinita,
Globigerinoides,
Globoquadrina, Globorotalia, Globorotaloides, Neogloboquadrina. These biozones are
Globorotalia kugleri/Globoquadrina dehiscens Concurrent Range Subzone (M1b) in
Aquitanian; Catapsydrax dissimilis Partial Range Zone (M2) in Aquitanian and
Burdigalian. In this study, the sea level oscillations and values of paleosalinity and
paleotemperature were calculated based on δ 18O ‰ (PDB) and δ13C ‰ (PDB) isotope
values obtained from the analysis of tests on the benthic and planktic foraminifera.
The early Miocene foraminifera tests that were analysed for 18O ‰ (PDB) values
ranged between -6,69 and -0,80 and for 13C ‰ (PDB) values showed that salinity of
the sea-surface water was between -1,55 and -0,02. The sea-surface temperatures
also varies between 16,3 0C and 45,4 0C.
Keywords: Foraminifera, Biostratigraphy, Miocene, Palaeoclimatology, Malatya Basin
87
The Grain Size Distribution and Geochemical Characteristics of
Sea-Floor Sediments Including Foraminifera in Gulf of Güllük
and Gökova
Şeyda Parlar1
1Selçuk
University, Turkey
The investigated coastline from the south of Didim (Aydın) to Yalıçiftlik (Muğla) which
includes Gulfs of Akbük, Güllük, Gökova and Güvercinlik and Bodrum Peninsula is
about 260 kilometers and divided into 2 main regions and 21 sub-regions. The grain
size analysis and ICP-MS geochemical analysis carried out on the sea-floor sediments
from the depth of 5, 10, 20 and 30 meters which were obtained by divers. The
nearshore sediments mostly consists of coarse sediments, however medium sediments
are dominant in depth of 10 meters, medium-fine sediments are dominant in depth of
20 meters and fine sediments are dominant in depth of 30 meters. From shore to sea,
the decrease in grain size of sea-floor sediments is clear. Along the coast, the
relatively low grain size of Didim increased towards to Bodrum, then decreased again
towards to the Gulf of Gökova. The highest average grain size was observed in
Güllük.The sediments vary between greywacke and litharenit according to the
classification by major oxide values. The degree of contamination of the sediments
determined by the heavy metals Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Cr, Mn and Cd. These elements
had been evaluated by using enrichment ratio, pollution load index and
geoaccumulation index. The heavy metals don't exhibit severe accumulation. The
determined metal excesses indicate anthropogenic effects in Didim, Güllük and
Turgutreis-Gümüşlük. The reason of the contamination in the area which doesn't have
any large industrial facility is probably the urban wastes and big harbors. The effects
of the increase of Cu and Pb in Gümüşlük reduce the number of foraminifera
individuals and the number of foraminifera species.
Keywords: Gulf of Güllük, Contamination factor, Geoaccumulation Index, Sea-floor sediments,
Enrichment factor, Grain size, Foraminifera
88
Paleoenvironmental Interpretation of Pliocene DiatomateBearing Lacustrine Deposits in the Karacaören-Ürgüp Area
(Nevşehir, Turkey)
Ali Gürel1, Ayşegül Yıldız2
1Niğde
University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, Niğde, Turkey
2Aksaray
University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, Aksaray,
Turkey
The present study demonstrates the utility of lithofacies and paleontological
determination of diatomite bearing lacustrine deposits to undertake a
palaeoenvironmental interpretation of Ürgüp basin in the central part of the
Cappadocian Volcanic province during the Pliocene. Diatomite in this basin crop out in
an alternating sequence of mudstone and organic rich mudstone. The diatomite
samples of the different profiles, 25 species of 10 different diatom genera were
identified such as Achnanthes rechtensis Leclercq, Aulacoseria sp., Cocconeis sp., C.
placentula var. lineata (Ehrenberg) Van Heurck, Cymatopleura selea var. apiculata
(W.Smith), Cymbella sp., C. leptoceras (Ehrenberg), C. moelleriana Grunow, C.
tumidula Grunow, Epithemia sp., E. adnata (Kützing), E. argus Kützing, E. cistula
(Ehrenberg), E.frickei Krammer, E. hydmanii (W.Smith), E. simithii Carruthers,
Eunotia sp., E. denticulata (Brebisson), Fragilaria brevistriata Grunow, Gomphonema
sp., G.acutiusculum (O.Müller), G. entolejum Oestrup, G. gracile Ehrenberg, G.
minutum (Agarth), Navicula weinzierlii Schimanski. Repectively Cocconeis placentula
var. lineata (Ehrenberg) Van Heurck, Epithemia argus Kützing, Epithemia sp., E.
cistula (Ehrenberg), Fragilaria brevistriata Grunow, and Epithemia argus Kützing.
These were present as the predominant species in the collected samples from 1-5 and
bottom of sixth diatomite levels from bottom to top of the profile. Based on these
predominant species, these diatomite levels have been deposited in a shallow, warm
and freshwater lake environment with the features of high level nitrogen and
phosphorus, alkaline, pH >7.
Keywords: Lacustrine deposits, Diatomite, Karacaören-Ürgüp, Paleoenvironment
89
Trace fossils on the shelly terrace units. An example from along
the southwestern of Lapseki palaeoshoreline, Çanakkale, Turkey
Huriye Demircan1, Mustafa Avcıoğlu2
1Department
of Geological Research, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration
(MTA),Ankara,Turkey
2Department
of Geological Engineering, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
Bioerosion is a common process in hard substrates. This study introduces an example
from the shelly terrace units cropping out at a sea cliff along the southwestern of
Lapseki, around the Marmara Sea. The Marmara Formation in the study area can be
observed as a terrace unit that was deposited along the coastal area. Its thickness is
depending on the morphologic characteristics of the shoreline. The terraces consist
mainly of lithified calcareous sandstones, rich in oysters (e.g. Ostrea edulis, Ostrea
patagonica shells), which show many bioerosive structures as trace fossils.The
ichnotaxa include borings produced by duraphagous drillers (Oichnus isp.), phonorids
(cf. Conchotrema isp.), clionid sponges (Entobia geometrica, Entobia laquea, Entobia
ovula, E. solaris, Entobia isp.), endolithic bivalves (Gastrochaenolites torpedo,
Gastrochaenolites
isp.),
polychaete
annelids
(Maeandropolydora
isp.,
Maeandropolydora sulcans, Caulostrepsis isp.), and spinculid worms (cf. Trypanites
isp.). Barnacles are also common as encrusters. The borings can be ascribed to the
Gastrochaenolites -Entobia assemblage, which is typical of the palaeoshores. They
belong to the Entobia ichnofacies indicating various conditions of light, energy, and
depth. Therefore they can reveal environmental changes and play an important role in
forming palaeo-shorelines and wave-cut platforms during marine trangressive events,
indicating a tectonic uplift.
Keyword: Bioerosion, Borings, Trace fossils, Oysters, Lapseki-Çanakkale, Turkey
90
New Material of Palaeoamasia (Embrithopoda, Mammalia) from
the Paleogene of Turkey: The First Cladistic Analyze at Species
Level and Its Implication on Paleobiogeography
Ozan Erdal1, Pierre-Olivier Antoine2, Şevket Şen3
1Istanbul
2Institut
Technical University Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
des Sciences de l’Évolution UMR-CNRS 5554 Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier,
France
3Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle 8 rue Buffon 75005 Paris, France
The order Embrithopoda includes a group of large enigmatic mammals mainly from
the Paleogene of Africa with two genera (Arsinoitherium and Namatherium), also from
Turkey (Palaeoamasia and Hypsamasia) and Romania (Crivadiatherium). Systematic
and phylogenetic relationships between these genera are poorly known although their
monophyly is accepted. This is particularly due to the fragmentary and incomplete
fossil remains of the Eurasian genera. Moreover, the distribution of embrithopods
around the Neotethys domain remains unexplained since this marine barrier would
avoid somehow the dispersion of terrestrial mammals. In this context, the presence of
embrithopods in the North and South of the marine areas should lead to reconsider
the terrestrial relationship between land areas and/or lifestyle of embrithopods which,
for some authors, were adapted to semi-aquatic environments.
In this study, recently collected new material of Palaeoamasia kansui Ozansoy, 1966
from its type locality is described and a dental nomenclature is proposed for this
order. Also, the first species level phylogenetic analysis of the embrithopods, based on
130 cranio-mandibular and dental characters, confirms the monophyly following the
topology [Phenacolophus, [Namatherium, [Arsinoitheriinae, Palaeamasiinae]]].
Phylogenetic relationships between Eurasian embrithopods remain unresolved. The
integration of all embrithopod genera within a cladistic analysis encompassing a wider
taxonomic sample (Condylarthra, Afrotheria/Paenungulata, Laurasiatheria) confirms
again the monophyly of the order, but questions both the position of Phenacolophus
from early Paleogene of Mongolia as a sister group to (other) embrithopods and the
basal position of Namatherium.
Keywords: Embrithopoda, Systematics, Phylogeny, Palaeobiogeography
What was the Bio-Diversity 15 Mya ago Surrounding Bursa
Province at the Southern Marmara Region?
Berna Alpagut1, Derya Kanık1
1Ankara
University, Turkey
This paper will be given to show that extinct species and habitats during the EarlyMiddle Miocene period of southern Marmara region.
The main aim is to introduce the traces of evolution of these paleoenviroments by
using faunal femains.During the Miocene a lot of animal migrations had been occurred
in Anatolian peninsula. As a landbridge Anatoliahasbeen a very important role both for
evolution and extinction of these faunas. Our fossils samples obtained from Paşalar
excavation which continued since 1983.
Keywords: Bio-diversity, Extinct species, Palaeoecology
91
An Early Pleistocene Fauna from Burdur Basin of SW Anatolia
Arzu F.Demirel1, Serdar Mayda2
1Mehmet
Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Anthropology,
Burdur, Turkey
2Ege
University, Natural History Museum, Izmir, Turkey
A new Early Pleistocene mammalian locality, referred to as “Yassigüme Loc.” from
Burdur Basin of SW Anatolia is described here for the first time. The locality is
surrounded by marginal alluvial-fan to fan-deltaic depositional settings of the
uppermost reaches of the basin-fill succession. Here, we introduce the remains of
Bovid and Equid records, as “Leptobos etruscus” which is the first record from Turkey,
with “Gazellospira torticornis” and "Equus stenonis". As Pleistocene fossil Bovid
remains from the territory of Turkey are rare, the new locality of Yassigüme is
primarily interested by the remains of two different sized Bovids and the typical
Pleistocene form of Equus. The fossil assemblage suggests an age of about Late
Villafranchian (1,8-1,5 Ma) for Yassigüme. Both Bovid and Equid records will fill the
gap in the paleobiogeographic dispersal of these taxa in SE Mediterranean during
Pleistocene.
Keywords: Pleistocene, Burdur basin, Large mammals, Bovidae, Equidae
For a Mammalian Biostratigraphy of Neogene and Quaternary
Deposits in the North Anatolian Fault Zone Basins
Ozan Erdal1, Şevket Şen2, M. Korhan Erturaç3
1Istanbul
Technical University Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
2Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle 8 rue Buffon, Paris, France
3Sakarya
University Department of Geography, Sakarya, Turkey
The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), which consists of a transform fault boundary
between the Anatolian and Eurasian plates, hosts many basins spanning in age from
the late Miocene to the Pleistocene (Şengör et al., 2005). The tectonics and
lithostratigraphy of those basins are well explored by MTA prospection and academic
researchers since 1960. The age of deposits is, in most case, not accurately
constrained due to scarce biochronological data, mostly provided by pollen and some
mammalian faunas (Erturaç, 2009 and references therein). However, these basins
have great potential for the discovery of Late Cenozoic mammals, and thus it would
allow refining chronology of their infill and their evolutionary history. Based on this
hypothesis, we undertook the exploration of some basins along the NAFZ, starting
with those Suluova and Tosya in 2013. Our aim is to collect small mammals as useful
biostratigraphic tool in correlation with the European Land Mammal Ages and also with
the Anatolian continental Neogene Zonation based on rodents (Ünay et al. 2003).
The recent discovery of some mammalian fossils from the Suluova Basin such as
Sivatherium sp. from Kurnaz, Kalymnomys sp. and Mesocricetus arameus from the
Eraslan formation (Erturac, 2009) as well as Mammuthus trogontherii (Albayrak &
Lister, 2011) and Microtus arvalis from Harmanağili provided first constrain for the
Quaternary depositional history of Suluova. From the Tosya Basin (Kastamonu), Ünay
and Bruijn (1998) reported a rich micromammalian fauna with Mimomys gracilis,
which is an “index taxon” for Late Ruscinian. a promising preliminary collection will be
enlarged continuously to provide a detailed biochronology for the depositional history
of these basins.
Keywords: North Anatolian Fault, Mammal Biostratigraphy, Rodentia
92
Reassessment of Kocabaş Calvaria from Turkey
Ahmet Ihsan Aytek1, Katerine Harvati-Papatheodorou2
1Department
of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University,
Burdur, Turkey
2Department
of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Senckenberg Center of Human
Evolution and Paleoecology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
The oldest known hominin remains in Turkey were discovered in a travertine quarry in
Denizli province, by Prof. Dr. Mehmet Cihat Alçiçek in 2002. The specimen consists of
a right parietal fragment, a fragment of the frontal preserving the supraorbital torus
(SOT), and piece of the left parietal which is articulated with a frontal bone fragment
(without SOT). Although previous studies proposed ca. 500,000 Ka (Kappelman et al.
2008) and 780 Ka (Vialet et al. 2012) for the specimen, recent studies propose an age
range between 1.2-1.6 Ma (Lebatard et al 2014; Vialet et al. 2014; Boulbes et al.
2014; Khatib et al. 2014).
Until now only a few studies have been conducted on this fossil. Their results, based
on analysis of linear measurements and geometric morphometrics, have suggested
affinities of Kocabaş with Homo erectus (Kappelman et al.2008; Vialet et al. 2014).
Here we present a new, three-dimensional geometric morphometric comparative
analysis of the Kocabaş specimen, which includes the shape analyses of supraorbital
torus. The fossil was scanned with a NextEngine 3D surface scanner and 3-D images
of the fossil bones were reconstructed using AVISO software. 3D coordinates of 13
osteometric landmarks were collected on a comparative sample of 16 Plio-Pleistocene
hominin and 20 modern human crania. The data were superimposed with Generalized
Procrustes analysis and analyzed with Principal components analysis and Procrustes
distance. Our results support previous findings, and show affinity with Homo erectus
stricto.
Keywords: Kocabaş, Turkey, Homo erectus, Calvaria
93
HALL – C [Ths10]-Magmatic and Metamorphic Petrology
Heterogeneous Mantle Source Dynamics of Late Cretaceous
Ultrapotassic Rocks Related with the Subduction of Neo-Tethys
Fatma Gülmez1, S. Can Genç1, Dejan Prelevic2
1Istanbul
2Institut
für Geowissenschaften, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
A variety of ultrapotassic alkaline rocks (UR) were intruded in the volcanoclastic
sequence of North Anatolian Ophiolitic Melange (NOAM), as dykes, stocks and lava
flows related with the consumption of Neo-Tethys Ocean during the late Cretaceous
time. The alkaline ultrapotassic rocks were mainly classified as lamprophyres, leucite
bearing lavas and trachytes based on their mineral paragenesis. Alteration processes
(mainly analcimization) induced variation of K 2O contents (0.89-8.39 wt.%) and its
extreme depletion in leucite bearing samples. The significant LILE and LREE
enrichment relative to HFSE and HREE and depletion of Nb and Ta that resemble
subduction-related magmas are common features for UR. Extremely high Th/Nb,
Th/Yb and Th/La and low Ba/Th ratios, fingerprint the role of the melt derived from
the subducted crust.
Assimilation-fractional crystallization processes (AFC) seem insignificant during the
differentiation of ultrapotassic rock suites because of the absence of major and trace
element variations between lamprophyre and leucite bearing rocks. However it is
possible forming some of the silica saturated trachyte samples by addition of a large
amount and various type of contaminant into silica undersaturated melts which ol (00.05) + phl (0.24-0.41) + cpx (0.2-0.4) + by (0-0.3) + plg (0-0.01) + ap (0.03-0.41) composition is
crystallizing from.
Initial strontium and neodymium isotope compositions of UR indicate depleted mantle
source due to the values are restricted in mantle arrays field ( 87Sr/86Sr(i):0.7044930.70609, 143Nd/144Nd(i): 0.512523-0.51268). On the other hand, δ18O isotope analyses
obtained by in-situ laser-fluorination method of unaltered clinopyroxene phenocrysts
retrieved from the most primitive ultrapotassic lavas (with high MgO contents, high
143
Nd/144Nd(i) and low 87Sr/86Sr(i) ratios) are extremely low and change from 2.4 %o to
5 %o regardless of the rock type. In our view, extremely low δ18O contents represents
a mantle source feature. While the effects of AFC processes are negligible, isotopic
variations of UR should be regarded as reflecting heterogeneity of the metasomatizing
agents that were “flushing “ the mantle wedge source of the ultrapotassic alkaline
volcanism. Geological features also support that because NOAM is an accretionary
prism that represents a mixture of variable lithological components. When such
mixture enters the subduction column during the final stage of the active subduction,
it can feed the source region to form observed geochemical features.
Keywords: Late Cretaceous, Ultrapotassic, North Anatolian Ophiolitic Melange
94
Subcontinental Mantle Peridotites Exposed Amidst the External
Hellenides, S. Peloponnesus, Greece, and their Geotectonic
Significance
C. Vasilopanagos1, E. Moulas2,3 & D. Kostopoulos1,4
1University
of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Department of Mineralogy and
Petrology, Athens, Greece
2University
of Lausanne, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, Institute of Earth Sciences,
Lausanne, Switzerland
3ETH-Zurich,
4Eldorado
Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
Gold, 23A Vas. Sophias Av., Athens, Greece
Ultramafic rocks are rarely present in the External Hellenides of Greece. Serpentinised
lherzolites, are exposed on the NW slopes of Mt.Taygetus of S.Peloponnesus, Greece,
as discontinuous bodies lying structurally on top of the Phyllite-Quartzite(Arna)Unit
and beneath the platform carbonates of the TripolitsaGavrovo Zone.These lherzolites
are mainly composed of atg (totally replacing olivine and opx), metamorphic
diopside,chlorite and magnetite, with rare relics of primary Cr-spinel and cpx. Chlorite
develops around spinel and displays a compositional continuum between clinochlore
through amesite to antigorite with a continuous drop in Al values as the antigorite
matrix is approached. Magnetite comes from the destruction of Cr-spinel and a
compositional continuum between Cr-spinel through fcmt and crmt to magnetite is
observed. Primary Cr-spinel is characterised by Cr/(Cr+Al)~0.2 indicating a low
degree of mantle melting, around 8%. Primary cpx contains elevated contents of
Al,Na,Ti and classifies as subcontinental in origin. Whole-rock 3d transition metal
contents are nearly indistinguishable from those of primitive upper mantle
composition. Deep ocean water imparted a strong imprint on the REE budget of the
rocks during serpentinisation testified by the extreme similarity in the chondritenormalised patterns between deep ocean water and lherzolites. Phase-diagram
sections calculated using Gibbs-free-energy minimisation suggest that the observed
lherzolite mineralogy can be isofacial with phengite-chloritoid schists of the underlying
PQ unit from the typical Arna locality for which P-T conditions of 1.85GPa/400°C were
calculated by the same method.The lherzolites may represent the continental margin
under N.Gondwana.
Keywords: Palaeotethys, Gondwana, Subcontinental, Mantle peridotites, External hellenides,
Peloponnesus ultramafic, Arna lherzolites, Ocean water serpentinization, Ferritchromite,
Clinochlore magnetite, Clinopyroxene, Chlorite, Blueschist, Cr-spinel
95
HALL – C [ThS20] – Active Tectonics
Variations of Seismicity and Recent Geodynamics in Major
Strike-Slip Zones
V.G. Trifonov1, A.M. Korjenkov, Kh.M. Omar
1Geological
Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Strike-slip fault zones are studied where temporal variations of accumulation of strikeslip deformation have been found. The GPS contemporary rate of strike-slip
deformation is many times less than its average rate during Holocene and Quaternary
and weak transverse shortening is measured in the El Ghab segment of the Dead Sea
Transform (Eastern Mediterranean) and the Talas-Fergana fault zone (Central Asia).
Strong earthquakes are unknown in XX century, but epochs of intense seismicity took
place in the past. In the southern and central El Ghab zone, values of seismic energy
released during the peaks of ~350-year seismic cycles are approximated by sinusoid
that shows the ~1800-year hyper-cycle. The rate of sinistral strike-slip deformation
varied probably in conformity with it. In the Talas-Fergana zone, the epoch of intense
seismicity is identified in XIV–XVII centuries. Such several epochs gave the average
Late Holocene slip rate 5 to 15 mm/yr. The Altai 2003 earthquake (MS=7.0) produced
the 2-m dextral slip on the ~65 km long NW-trending seismic rupture; the main shock
and the strongest 2003 aftershocks had the strike-slip mechanisms. The activity
reduced in 2004–2005 and reverse and normal focal mechanisms dominated. In the
Palmyrides (NW Syria), the strong 1994 and 1996 earthquakes had strike-slip
mechanisms, while the 2009–2011 weak earthquakes had mainly normal and reverse
mechanisms. In all cases, the strike-slip deformation was realized mainly during
strong earthquakes. In other time, the rate of its accumulation reduced and the stress
conditions led to transverse shortening of the zone. The transverse compression
component becomes appreciable when the strike-slip deformation rate is reduced.
Keywords: Active strike-slip fault and deformation, Variations of historical seismicity and
paleoseismicity, Focal mechanisms
96
Source Parameters of the Mw=6.1, February 21, 2007 Sivrice
(SE Turkey) Earthquake Fault from Insar
Selver Şentürk1, Ziyadin Çakır2
1Istanbul
Technical University, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Turkey
2Istanbul
Technical University, Department of Geology, Turkey
We study the source parameters of the Mw=6.0, February 21, 2007 Sivrice (Elaziğ)
earthquake that took place in the East Anatolian Fault (EAF) zone, the boundary
between the Anatolian and Arabian plates. Its epicentral location and kinematics are
poorly determined owing to the absence of surface ruptures and local seismic network
coverage. Therefore, we use synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) with a
pair of ENVISAT advanced SAR scenes acquired on 21 May 2005 and 4 August 2007 in
order to map the coseismic surface deformation. The interferogram obtained has high
coherency and reveals about 9 cm of line of sight range increase (~3 fringes) as an
elliptical lob of coseismic fringes southwest of the Hazar lake. Modeling the coseismic
interferogram using rectangular dislocations in a homogeneous elastic half space
shows ~0.5 m pure normal slip and 1.4x1018 Nm geodetic moment (Mw=6.1) in
agreement with the focal mechanism solution (Harvard CMT). The earthquake
occurred on the N30°E trending and ~60° NW dipping Hazar normal fault that bounds
the Hazar basin to the south and makes a ~30° angle with the left-lateral strike-slip
EAF. The fault orientation and the earthquake mechanism are kinematically consistent
with the stress regime that governs a left-lateral shear zone. Our observations
indicate that damaging earthquakes may take place on secondary ruptures oblique to
the major strike-slip fault. Therefore, more attention should be paid to such secondary
faults when mapping active faults and assessing seismic hazard in tectonically active
regions.
Keywords: InSAR, Sivrice earthquake, Active tectonics, East Anatolian Fault, Fault parameters
97
HALL – C [Ths26]-Hydrogeology
Water Pollution Monitoring between Manavgat and Fethiye,
Turkey
Nevzat Özgür1, Tuğba Arife Çalişkan2
1Süleyman
2Marmara
Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Research Center, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
The study area is between Manavgat and Eşen Çay in western and central parts of the
Taurides, Turkey. It is necessary to get a sustainable amount of data by the
measurements of physical, hydrogeochemical and microbiological parameters for
locations in these areas on surface and sea waters. Within the project, (i) in-situ
measurements and sampling for hydrogeochemical and microbiological analyses in 12
locations of the area of surface and sea waters and (ii) hydrogeochemical and
microbiological analyses were realized monthly. These measurements and analyses
were evaluated and interpreted in comparison to “Water Pollution Control Rules, dated
4 September 1998 and with number of 19919 in official Turkish Government
newspaper”.
It is general trend in the area of surface waters that the pollution seems to increase
strongly due to increase of agricultural and touristic activities in the area in future.
Therefore, precautionary measures have to be taken against further pollution in this
area as soon as possible. The measured values of temperature, pH, color, turbidity,
light permeability, odor, taste, dissolved oxygen and hydrogeochemical analyses
correspond with sea water standards closely. The surface waters at some locations
polluted hydrogeochemically. It can pollute sea waters in a short time because it
reaches sea water at a location. This increase of both coliforms is associated with
decrease in surface waters, and moreover, it depends upon the discharge of waste
waters containing fecal and total coliforms, which flow into drainage system. On the
other hand, the dilution of the fecal and total coliforms in waste waters cannot be
established completely due to low discharge of surface waters.
Keywords: Surface water, Sea water, Blue flag, Environment, Health, Pollution
Assessment of the Pollutants in Soils and Surface Waters around
Gümüşköy Silver Mine (Kütahya, Turkey)
Şebnem Arslan1,Uğur Erdem Dokuz1, Mehmet Çelik1, Berihu Abadi Berhe1
1Ankara
A geochemical survey was undertaken and heavy metal concentrations in water and
soil samples around Gümüşköy Silver Mine, located in Köprüören Basin, were
determined to evaluate the anthropogenic level of contamination due to mining
activities. The mean concentrations of As, Pb, Sb and Cd in 12 soil samples are 1193
ppm, 844 ppm, 66 ppm, and 19 ppm, respectively. Water samples collected from the
surface waters in the rainy season around the mine site contain elevated
concentrations of As, Pb, Sb and Cd whose mean concentrations in a total of 9
samples were found out to be 136 ppb, 27 ppb, 14 ppb, and 2 ppb, respectively. Soil
pollution assessment was carried out by using geoaccumulation index (Igeo),
enrichment factor (EF) and pollution index (PI). Igeo, EF and PI suggest anthropogenic
pollution of As, Pb, Sb and Zn in the areas where there is leakage of these heavy
metals from the waste pools of the silver mine facility. The contaminants are
transported by surface waters in the rainy season.
Keywords: Soil pollution, Surface water contamination, Silver mine, Geoaccumulation Index,
Enrichment factor, Kütahya
98
Land Use Change Effects on the Groundwater Budget in Demre
Plain (Antalya, Turkey)
Pınar Avcı1, C. Serdar Bayarı1, N. Nur Özyurt1
1Hacettepe
University Geological (Hydrogeological) Engineering, Turkey
As a result of favorable climate conditions, a year round agricultural production has
been accomplished in the southern coast zone of Turkey. Consequently, Turkey has
put herself among top rows of world’s vegetable production with a global rate of 3.2
percent. In many parts of the country, agricultural water demand has been supplied
by the groundwater which is also major source of potable water. As a result of
extensive abstraction, groundwater levels decline and seawater encroachment
degrades the groundwater quality. Demre Plain is located in the Antalya province of
southwestern Turkey. The fundamental mainstay in Demre Plain is agriculture that
accounts for 7.25% of the total annual production in Antalya province. Groundwater is
the sole source of irrigation water need in the plain.
Agricultural land use change is a critical factor affecting amount of water used for
irrigation. The land use change from past to present in the plain was determined from
aerial photographs for the years 1980, 1990, 2009 and from a satellite image of 2004.
The data were analyzed in GIS environment to determine the temporal change of land
use. The analysis was shown that the orchards, once dominant in the plain, have
been changed to greenhouses during the last 30 years. Currently, about 73% of the
total agricultural lands in the plain is covered by greenhouses. To determine effect of
land use change on groundwater budget in study area; change in aquifer storage
during the last 30 years has been analyzed. Results revealed that the increase in
greenhouse area has had a positive effect on groundwater budget because of the
remarkably low plant water requirement of greenhouse production.
Keywords: Land
(Antalya,Turkey)
use
change,
Groundwater
99
budget,
Alluvial
aquifer,
Demre
plain
HALL – D [Ths11]-Mineral Resources, Ore Deposits, Metallogeny
Metal Transport by Brines and Hydrocarbons in MVT Deposits.
David A. Banks1
1School
of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
In MVT deposits transportation of metals is by high salinity sedimentary brines which
are similar to Oilfield Brines linking oil producing basins and ore deposits. However
this is too simplistic and many oil producing regions despite having highly saline fluids
are devoid of mineralization and vice versa. However, many MVT deposits are
associated with bitumens, and frequently hydrocarbon fluids are trapped as fluid
inclusions. The analysis of hydrocarbon inclusions from ore deposits, by LA-ICP-MS,
found them to contain very significant concentrations of the ore forming metals, in
many cases they contain 100’ to 1000’s ppm of Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, U, etc. Analyses
for different deposits around the world show this is repeated wherever hydrocarbons
are associated with mineralization. We have analyses for the brine component
associated with the hydrocarbons, and so can evaluate the partitioning of metals
between oil and water. Analyses of production oils worldwide shows these are
extremely depleted in metals compared to oils in ore deposits, with the exception of V
and Ni as would be expected. The associated brines also have significantly lower metal
concentrations compared to mineralizing brines. Therefore it appears hydrocarbons
are an active transporting medium in certain circumstances. It is unclear if
organometallic complexes are being formed when the two medium interact at elevated
temperatures, or some other process occurs. SEM imaging of opened hydrocarbon
inclusions shows they contain small particles of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, Hg,
Cd, U have been detected attached to the walls of the inclusions or the oil. So the
presence of oil in these deposits may act as a precipitating agent or as transporting
agents.
Keywords: MVT, Hydrocarbons, Metals, Fluid inclusions
100
Fluid Pressure Change and Mineralization in the Biga Peninsula,
Turkey
Gülcan Bozkaya1, David A. Banks2
1Pamukkale
2University
University, Department of Geological Engineering, Denizli, TURKEY
of Leeds, School of Earth and Environment, Leeds, U.K.
Epithermal base-metal Au deposits and epithermal Au deposits in the Biga Peninsula
almost always show a large range in temperatures and a limited range of salinities of
the ore-fluids from the evidence of fluid inclusions. Mineralization currently being
exploited was emplaced at approximately 600m, constrained by evidence of boiling or
the pressure required to prevent fluid boiling. As some veins are near surface we have
an estimate of the amount eroded from the top of the deposits. In general there is no
well defined mixing and cooling trend to explain the large temperature range of up to
200°C in the most extreme cases. Fluid salinities are generally low > 2wt% NaCl
although occasionally more saline fluids have been found. Fluid temperatures reflect
the change with pressure and the lowest temperatures occurring when the pressure
changes to hydrostatic. Matching of the pressure and temperature differentials is
almost exact in each deposit. As there is not evidence of extensive boiling the
pressure change must have been gradual and follow a path close to the L-V curve.
However, there are examples where the lowest fluid temperatures are significantly
lower than could have been generated going from lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure.
We attribute these to fluids which have “flashed” and the liquid instantaneously
converted to vapour as the pressure reduced significantly below hydrostatic. We find
evidence of such fluids in many samples as essentially empty inclusions. Such events
we believe are generated by earthquakes. As a mechanism for ore precipitation this is
more efficient than boiling or temperature reduction due to change in the confining
pressure.
Keywords: Fluid inclusions, LA-ICP-MS, Base-metal, Biga peninsula, Turkey
101
Mineralogy, Mineral Chemistry and Fluid Inclusion Data From
Kalkan and Karaağıl (Simav-Kütahya) Iron Skarns
O. Gökçen Uğurcan1, Tolga Oyman2
1Istanbul
2Dokuz
University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering
Eylül University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering
Kalkan and Karaağıl skarn deposits located on the southern border of the Eğrigöz
Pluton. Skarnization in both areas is associated with the peraluminous, I-type, calcalcaline, high-K calc-alcaline Eğrigöz Pluton. Geochemical characteristics of the pluton
indicate that it was generated in a continental arc setting. Kalkan and Karaağıl skarns
are hosted in recrystallized calcite bands in two-mica gneiss of Kalkan Formation and
locally dolomitic and clay-bearing limestone of Arıkaya Formation, respectively.
Skarn development occurred sequentially in two stages, prograde and retrograde. In
Kalkan skarn, prograde stage is characterized by clinopyroxene (Di56-73 Hd26-43
Joh1-2), garnet (Adr45-69 Grs30-52 Alm0-1.4 Sps0.7-2.3), amphibole and magnetite,
whereas retrograde stage is dominated by epidote, amphibole, chlorite, quartz and
calcite. In Karaağıl both calcic and magnesian skarn associationoccurred as a result of
local variations in dolomite content of Arıkaya Formation. Prograde assemblage of
magnesian skarn is composed chiefly of spinel, amphibole and olivine. These mineral
assemblages were, partially or fully, altered to serpentine, talc and chlorite during
retrograde alteration. Mesh textures of the serpentine indicates that the serpentine
was altered from olivine. Olivine was completely destructed during retrograde
alteration without relic grains left. Calcic skarn paragenesis includes garnet (Grs3680Adr20-62Alm0-2.2Sps0.2-2.6), clinopyroxene (Di81-92 Hd7-19 Jo0-1), plagioclase
which belongs to earlier stage, and amphibole and chlorite of retrograde stage. High
grossular end member of the garnet probably reflects host rock chemistry.
In Kalkan skarn, fluid inclusions assemblages of prograde skarn association yields
homogenization temperatures from 379 °C to over 600°C; whereas those of
retrograde minerals vary between 235°C and 412.1°C. Salinity values of the inclusions
which obtained from prograde and retrograde assemblages are (9.2-32.9 %NaCl) and
(6.4-16.8 %NaCl), respectively. Homogenization temperatues and salinity values of
inclusions in clinopyroxene of Karaağıl calcic skarn 420->600ºC and 21-30% NaCl,
respectively.
This study is supported by TUBITAK.
Keywords: Skarn, Iron, Calc-silicate, Fluid inclusion, Eğrigöz Pluton
102
A New Low Sulfidation Epithermal Au – Ag Mineralization within
Biga Peninsula: Karadere (Burhaniye, Balıkesir, Turkey)
Ali Aluç1, Zafer Gürler, Ilkay Kuşcu1, M. Selman Aydoğan2
1Muğla
2Balıkesir
Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 10145 Balikesir
The Biga Peninsula in northwestern Turkey hosts a large number of epithermal Au –
Ag – Cu and associated Cu - Au porphyry deposits and prospects. Karadere, one of
these prospects is located in Burhaniye (Balikesir, Turkey). At the Karadere prospect,
five different rock units are recognized; from oldest to youngest these are
metamorphic rocks, intrusive rocks, and volcanic-volcanoclastic sequences consisting
of agglomerate, volcanic breccia, andesitic flow-dome complexes and basaltic
andesite. Gold and silver mineralization is hosted by quartz veins confined to high to
moderate angle normal faults traversing the andesitic domes, and overlying
agglomerate-volcanic breccia. The veins are confined to a structural corridor bounded
on the south by a NE-trending low-angle normal fault, and on the north by a highangle normal fault. The structures within this corridor appear to be sub-parallel faults
trending in N45–50E direction. The mineralized veins are enclosed within quartz –
clay - sericite alteration; sericite is being closer to the veins. According to PIMA
(Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer) method, three different alteration zones were
recognized and mapped: Chlorite – epidote, illite – sericite, and quartz stockwork,
alteration zones.
The mineralized veins are composed predominantly of sugary quartz and occasional
bladed to brecciated textures. No significant vertical zoning with respect to ore-vein
texture association is observed throughout the veins.
Based on the geographical
distribution and associated mineralization, five different main ore zones are
determined in the Karadere: South Ore zone, Ballik Ore zone, Kabak Ore zone,
Karteldere Ore zone and Göktepe Ore Zone.
Keywords: Karadere, Epithermal, Gold, Silver, Low-Sulfidation, Burhaniye, Balikesir, Turkey
103
HALL – D [Ses11]-Geodynamics and Ore Deposit Evolution in
Tethyan belt
Diversity of Metallogenic Settings along the Tethys belt: Lessons
from Southeastern Europe and the Lesser Caucasus - Keynote
Robert Moritz1
1Earth
and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
The Tethyan orogenic belt is the result of a complex evolution, including successive
and locally overprinting subduction, accretion, and post-collision events, as a
consequence of the convergence between the African, Arabian and Eurasian plates.
Adequate conditions for ore deposit formation were generated in different magmatic
and tectonic settings, as presented in this overview of two major segments of the
Tethys belt, namely the Lesser Caucasus and southeastern Europe, including the
Timok-Srednogorie belt and the Rhodope Massif. They document the different
Mesozoic and Tertiary geodynamic settings favourable for ore deposit formation along
the Tethys belt.
In the Lesser Caucasus, Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous eastward subduction along the
Eurasian margin resulted in magmatic arc formation and various ore deposits along
the Somkheto-Karabagh belt. Still enigmatic, Cu-rich, massive sulphide and vein-type
ore deposits, involving seawater in the hydrothermal system, were formed during the
Middle to Late Jurassic (e.g. Alaverdi and Kapan districts). Porphyry-epithermal
districts (e.g. Teghout and Karadagh-Gedabek) were emplaced at the JurassicCretaceous transition and during the Early Cretaceous, at a time when geodynamic
models suggest roll-back of the subducted plate, which is supported by radiogenic
isotope data of magmatic rocks. Late Cretaceous transition from late subduction to
progressive closure and post-collision evolution between the Eurasian margin and the
Gondwana-derived South Armenian block was accompanied by polymetallic and
epithermal precious metal mineralization in the Georgian Bolnisi mining district, which
corresponds to the eastern extension of the Turkish Eastern Pontides. Accretion of the
Gondwana-derived terranes to the Eurasian margin resulted in a southwest-directed
subduction jump of the Tethys, and a change in the metallogenic evolution. Eocene
magmatic activity developed along some of the inherited terrane boundaries, as
documented for instance by the composite Meghri-Ordubad pluton of the
southernmost Lesser Caucasus, where porphyry Cu-Mo (e.g. Agarak deposit) and
subordinate epithermal deposits were formed during the Eocene calc-alkaline,
subduction-related magmatism, which also affected Iran. A younger porphyry Cu-Mo
deposit event, including the major Kadjaran and Paragachay deposits, is associated
with Oligo-Miocene collision to post-collision evolution of this pluton, and is
characterised by a more mantle-dominated, alkaline and high-K-calc-alkaline
magmatism, and a distinct adakitic composition during the Miocene.
In southeastern Europe, major porphyry and epithermal ore formation in the famous
Serbian Bor and Bulgarian Panagyurishte mining districts started during north-verging
Late Cretaceous subduction along the Banat-Srednogorie belt, after an episode of
south- to north-verging subduction reversal. The most economic deposits were formed
early, at the onset of magmatic evolution in each of the mining districts. Progressive
southward migration of calc-alkaline magmatism and ore-formation coincided with a
progressively higher mantle input, as evidenced by radiogenic isotope data, and
interpreted in terms of subduction roll-back. Late Cretaceous flysch sedimentation,
followed by Alpine compression provided the adequate environment for preservation of
some of the high-sulphidation epithermal deposits. With time, magmatism and oreformation migrated southwards into the Tertiary Rhodope Massif in Bulgaria and
Greece, which is an accretionary complex, formed during convergence between a
continental promontory of Gondwana affinity and the European plateform. Late
Jurassic-Middle Cretaceous compression, thrusting and crustal thickening in the
104
Rhodope Massif were followed by Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary syn- to post-orogenic
collapse, exhumation of metamorphic rocks along detachment faults, Late EoceneOligocene sedimentary continental basins, and Late Eocene to Early Miocene
magmatism. Palaeogene magmatism culminated at 30-35 Ma, and was accompanied
by abundant post-orogenic, ore-forming hydrothermal activity, including early
detachment-related and sedimentary rock-hosted epithermal precious metal deposits
(e.g. Ada tepe), followed by base metal skarn and vein-type deposits (e.g. Madan),
and low- to high-sulphidation base and precious metal epithermal deposits coeval with
felsic magmatism (e.g. Madjarovo, Sapes), locally centred on small porphyry
intrusions. Similar ore environments can be traced into Western Turkey.
105
Heat Flow and Gold Mineralization in the Tethyan Metallogenic
Belt: Exploration Hot Spots in Turkey
Özcan Yiğit1
1Canakkale
Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey
Integrated analyses of a gold deposit and prospect database with geological and
geophysical data were performed in a GIS environment to determine crustal scale
patterns and their relationship with gold metallogeny in Turkey. This study reveals for
the first time a close spatial association between gold deposit and prospect density
and heat flow in the prolific Turkish sector of the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt (TMB),
which may be utilized successfully as a new tool for mineral prospectivity mapping.
Background heat flow data in Turkey were calculated for rock types and known host
rocks for gold mineralization. Analyses indicate that there is a statistically significant
positive spatial correlation between gold deposit and prospect density, and heat flow
distribution. Significant gold deposits and prospects [>0.32 Moz gold as reserve
and/or resources] have a more pronounced correlation. The frequency distribution of
the heat flow values of gold deposits and prospects indicate that 80% have heat flow
values more than 41.6 mWm-2. Mean heat flow values for gold deposits and prospects
is 63.3 mWm-2 and different deposit or prospect types range from 42.3 to 97.6 mWm2
. The largest gold deposit, middle Miocene Kisladag porphyry, with more than 17 Moz
gold endowment sits on the edge of the highest heat flow area.
High heat flow areas, which may or may not be genetically related to gold (copper)
mineralization, with favorable host rocks and structures are spatially associated with
gold mineralization constraining the prospective areas to determine high-priority
targets. Turkey as well as other parts of TMB and other metallogenic belts, e.g., N and
S American Cordillera and SW Pacific, should be tested for similar relationships.
Keywords: Tethyan Metallogenic Belt, GIS, Gold Copper, Metallogeny, Mineral exploration,
Heat flow (Flux), Crustal structures, Mineral prospectivity mapping
106
Timing
of
Magmatism
Associated
with
Mineralizations in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey
Porphyry-Type
Okan Delibaş1,2, Robert Moritz2, Alexey Ulianov3, Massimo Chiaradia2, Deniz Göç1, Mustafa
Özkan1
1General
2Earth
Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Ankara, Turkey
and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
3Institute
of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Turkey lies in the central part of the Tethyan-Eurasian Metallogenic Belt (TEMB), and
comprises mainly three tectonic units with distinct stratigraphic and structural
features. These are the Anatolides-Taurides, the Arabian Platform and the Pontides.
The three terranes at the north of Turkey named: Strandja, Istanbul and Sakarya, are
grouped in a tectonic entity known as the Pontides extending from the Aegean Sea in
the west to the Eastern Pontides in the east. The geological evolution of the EWtrending Pontides has been mainly linked to intense magmatic activity as a result of
the subduction of the Paleo-Tethyan and Neo-Tethyan Ocean. Eastern Pontides
represent an important example of subduction related calc-alkaline magmatism with
widespread calc-alkaline plutonic rocks and this belt hosts a number of sub-economic
porphyry prospects. This study focuses on, from west to east, the Elbeyli-Ordu,
Emeksen-Giresun, and Ulutaş-Ispir porphyry-type mineralizations in the Eastern
Pontides. In this contribution, we present new U-Pb zircon age data acquired by LAICP-MS and, new isotopic and geochemical data, which allow us to constrain oreforming events in the Eastern Pontides. Our new data show that the Elbeyli-Ordu MoCu mineralization is hosted within 77.0±1.3 Ma monzodiorite in shoshonitic character.
NW- and NE-striking quartz-molybdenite veins in the Emeksen prospect crosscut calcalkaline granite dated at 78.54±0.79 Ma and a granodiorite dated a 78.68±0.50Ma.
The Ulutaş Cu-Mo mineralization in the Ispir-Erzurum area consists of dissemination,
stockwork and NW-striking veins and the mineralization is hosted within a highly
sericitized quartz-porphyry that intruded into a 132.94±0.60 Ma porphyritic quartz
monzonite.
Keywords: Pontides, Eastern Pontides, Porphyry Type Mineralization, Tethyan-Eurasian
Metallogenic Belt
107
Timescales and Geochemistry of Tertiary Magmatism and
Porphyry Cu-Mo Formation of the Composite Meghri-Ordubad
Pluton, Southern Armenia, Lesser Caucasus
H. Rezeau1, R. Moritz1,M. Ovtcharova1, M. Chiaradia1, R. Melkonyan2, R. Tayan2, S.
Hovakimyan2, A. Ulianov3
1Earth
and Environmental Sciences Section, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
2Institute
of Geological Sciences, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
3Institute
of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Géopolis, Lausanne, Switzerland
The Lesser Caucasus is a key area to understand the metallogenic and geodynamic
link between the western and eastern domains of the Tethys belt. The composite
Meghri-Ordubad pluton, which hosts porphyry Cu-Mo and epithermal deposits, has
been chosen for this study because it exhibits Eocene, Oligocene and early Miocene
intrusive rocks, which are associated both in time and space with porphyry Cu-Mo
deposits.
By combining U-Pb zircon and Re-Os molybdenite geochronology, we illustrate nearly
continuous magmatism associated with ore-forming events from the Eocene to early
Miocene. The whole-rock geochemistry of the Eocene and Miocene plutonic rocks is
very similar and indicates a calc-alkaline affinity, whereas the Oligocene magmatism is
characterized by an alkaline affinity. Trace element characteristics reveal typical
subduction-related signatures for the Eocene to Miocene magmatic events.
Furthermore, the Oligocene rocks contain high-aluminum amphiboles (hastingsite)
whereas the Eocene and early Miocene rocks contain low-aluminum amphiboles
(hornblende to actinolite). Pressure and temperature calculations suggest that the
Oligocene rocks may have crystallized in the lower crust while the Eocene and Miocene
rocks have crystallized in the upper crust. Preliminary Nd and Sr isotopic compositions
from the magmatic rocks broadly indicate an increasing mantle-derived component
with progressively younger magmatic events, with decreasing 87Sr/86Sr ratios and
increasing 143Nd/144Nd ratios.
These differences make this composite Meghri-Ordubad pluton one of the best areas
to investigate the link between magmatism and ore-formation during subsequent
subduction, collision and/or post-collision events along the Tethys belt.
Keywords: Magmatism, Geochronolgy, Geochemistry, Porphyry, Caucasus, Armenia
108
Mineralization of the Gedabek Gold-Copper Deposit, (Lesser
Caucasus), Azerbaijan
Gamet Guseynov1, Anar Valiyev2, Sabuhi Mammadov2, Aydin Bayramov3
1Scientific
- Research Institute of Mineral Resources at the Ministry of Ecology and Natural
Resources of Azerbaijan Republic, Azerbaijan
2Azerbaijan
3Baku
International Mining Company, Azerbaijan
State University, Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan straddles the mountain ranges of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus, which
are part of the Alpine-Himalayan mountain chain that marks the collision of the African
and Indian continental plates with the Eurasian plate.
Gedabek deposit is located within the Shamkir raise of Lok-Karabakh metallogenic
zones of the Lesser Caucasus which is part of Tehyan Ore Belt. Lok-Karabakh zone
represents the boundary uplift of the Lesser Caucasus; Lok-Karabakh zone arc
encircles it from the north, north-east and east. In the north it is separated from the
Kura depression by near-Lesser Caucasus deflection and from the last-by the deep
regional foundation
The mineralogy texture, and ore formation of Gedabek was examined to determine the
geological conditions, time and spatial relations of the gold mineralization with
alteration mineral assemblages. Mineral composition of the ore is set in a result of
field documentation, microscopic study of polished sections, and interpreting the
chemical analytical data. The X-rays, measurements sectors of reflection, and X-ray
microanalysis laser had used to for the mineral diagnosis. The measurements were
performed on the "ПИОН" (portable pulsed nanosecond single block) in the laboratory
by L.N. Vyalsov “ИГЕМРАН” (Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography,
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences).
The results of the work on the mineralogical composition of ore deposits Gedabek
concluded the following conclusions:
1. Based on microscopic study of a Quite number of polished sections were examined
the samples were geochemically analyzed. The following minerals were first
discovered in the deposit by the authors: maghemite, linneite, minneite (mine),
molybdenite, and heulandite.
2. The main carrier of gold deposit is Gedabay early pyrite. Gold in this mineral is in a
thin dispersion condition. In chalcopyrite observed visible gold, which is probably due
to the second stage of ore deposition.
3. The results are of great practical importance in choosing the right technologydevelopment scheme to extract gold from sulfide ores of the deposit.
Keywords: Gedabek Gold-Copper, Azerbaijan
109
The Early-Middle Eocene Magmatism and Related Epithermal
Systems of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey
Mustafa Erde Bilir1, Ilkay Kuşcu1, Aleksandar Mišković2, Craig Hart2
1Muğla
Sıtkı Koçman University/Department of Geological Engineering, Turkey
2University
of British Columbia/Mineral Deposit Research Unit, Canada
Geochemical character of magmatic rocks hosting epithermal systems in
postsubduction and collisional/postcollisional tectonic settings is a key feature and can
be used as a prospective exploration tool for epithermal deposits. The eastern
Pontides are characterized by east-west trending tectono-magmatic domains
developed due to subduction of the Tethyan oceanic crust beneath Eurasian plate.
Diversity in age and composition of magmatism are likely related to transition from arc
via syn-collisional thickening to post-collisional extensional tectonism. The Eocene
magmatism, thought to be a favorable host for epithermal systems, appears to be
associated with postcollisional events.
High, intermediate, and low sulfidation (Eocene) epithermal systems of eastern
Pontides are hosted by porphyritic volcanic rocks with intermediate composition
(andesite, basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite), intermediate to felsic and alkali
to subalkalic plutonic rocks (diorite, syenodiorite, qranodiorite, granite) or
hydrothermal and volcanic breccia pipes. Geochemical studies suggest that host rocks
are formed in subduction inherited tectonic setting (enrichment in LILE and LREE and
depletion in Ta, Nb P and Ti), mostly high-K calc-alkaline and non-adakitic in
signature. Epithermal gold mineralization is dominantly associated with silicification
and brecciation. Zoned hydrothermal alteration envelopes are characterized by
silicification near deposit centers, quartz-clay and propylitic alteration along their
margins and late calcite and/or barite veins.
The aim is to characterize geochemical and geochronological features of the Eocene
magmatism in eastern Pontides and relate them to the regional variability of
epithermal mineralization.
Keywords: Early-middle Eocene magmatism, Geochemistry, Epithermal mineralization, Eastern
Pontides, Turkey
110
HALL – B [Ses14] - Muğla – Özlüce Turolian Park Project
Turolian Park Project of Muğla Province
Berna Alpagut1
1Ankara
University, Turkey
Three rich fosssil mammalian localities were found covering approximately 7000m 2
area on the northern slope of Kaklica Hill which one km.far from Özlüce Village is
located at the Yilanli site,about 35km NW of Muğla.The excavations were conducted in
1993 under the scientific consultation of Prof.Dr.B.Alpagut together with Muğla
Museum Directorate.Starting from 1994,the excavations had started with the financial
support and authorization of Ministry of Culture and Tourism. From 2000 till today,it
continued with the framework of the studies,entitled as"Turolian Park Project" which
aims to revive cultural tourism as having the valuable support of Muğla
Governership.Numerous fossils which have been on exhibition in the "Dr.Lale Aytaman
Natural History Section" which was opened on 19 thFebruary 1994 at the Muğla
Archaeological Museum and the remaning specimens at the archives are enlightening
extinct species,their habitats and paleoecological evaluations.This paper will be
present the cultural tourism point of view.
Keywords: Natural History, Museum/Open-air Museum, Cultural tourism
The Role of Education for the Historical Environment
Conservation of Muğla under the Turolian Park Project
Seda Deniz Kesici1,
1Muğla
-Bodrum Archeological Museum, Turkey
This paper will be present to introduce the role of education at every level of society
for conservation of historical enviroments in the Muğla province under the Turolian
Park Project.
Keywords: Natural history conservation, Historical environment, Education
Anatolian
Miocene
Rhinocerotidae
Paleoecological
Indicators
through
Gülşah Güler1, Berna Alpagut1
1Ankara
University, Turkey
Parameters such as the diet of Rhinocerotidae which lived in Anatoliawith Hominoidea
in Miocene period and their relations in food chain their chracteristics with regard to
climate and vegetation,their locomation,explanation of their migrations and their
phylogenetical
relationships,enlightening,geological,sedimentological
and
stratigraphical structure of the locality in which fossils are found determining MNI and
taphonomy constitute the subject of this paper. The aim is by using some of the
indicators in order
to explaine Anatolian Palaeoecology by supporting Anatolian
Rhinocerotidae fossil samples.
Keywords: Paleoecology, Rhinocerotidae, Diet
111
Late Miocene
Çorakyerler
Vertebrate
Fossil
Locality
Paleofauna
of
Ayla Sevim Erol1, Alper Yener Yavuz2
1Ankara
University Faculty of Language and History, Geography, Turkey
2Mehmet
Akif Ersoy University Faculty of Art and Science, Turkey
Çorakyerler vertebrate fossil locality, which is in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey,
is located in the boundaries of Çankiri province. This locality is on the road between
city center and Yaprakli district. The locality was first discovered by Mineral Research
and Exploration Institute and German Lignite Research team and the excavations in
this locality have been hold since 2001. Çorakyerler vertebrate fossil locality, whose
altitude is about 745 metres, is between MN11-12 zones (about 8-7 million years)
according to both faunal and magnetostratigrafic dating. The locality, which is
emerged with the low tide of Tetis Sea and located on Çankiri-Çorum basin, was first
covered with forestland but then turned to savannah with the effect of dry climate in
the late Miocene era.
The fossils of the animals, which are extinct in Çankiri today but were alive in
Çorakyerler in the late Miocene, are found in the excavations. As a result of the
excavations held in the locality for more than ten years time, there found more than
3000 remarkable fossils and all of their restorations and conservations are done.
Çorakyerler, where so many different species of Late Miocene Era from Artiodactyla
order to Perissodactyla order, from carnivora to primate order lived, is a very
significant locality all around the world especially in the illumination of Anatolia
paleoechology and paleofauna and the migration of mammals.
Keywords: Çorakyerler, Paleoechology, Late Miocene
112
HALL – B [ThS22] – Tectonics
Neotectonic Characteristics of the Gülbahçe
Surrounding Area, Western Anatolia-Turkey
(İzmir)
and
Taygun Uzelli1, R. Kadir Dirik1, Erman Özsayın1
1Hacettepe
University, Department of Geological Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
The Gülbahçe and Kuşçular-Urla Fault Zones are the most important structures in the
Karaburun Peninsula of the Western Anatolia and extending from Siğacik Bay in the
south to Gülbahçe Bay in the north. The main subject of this study is to research and
discuss stratigraphic and neotectonic characteristics of the Gülbahçe Fault Zone and
northwestern parts of the Kuşçular-Urla Fault Zone near Izmir Institute of Technology
(IYTE) and represent the seismic activity of the fault zones and surrounding region.
Rock units exposed in the study area are divided into two main groups: basement and
cover units. The Nohutalan Formation of the Karaburun Platform Carbonates and
sedimentary deposits of the Bornova Flysch Zone form the basement units which are
unconformably overlain by Lower-Middle Miocene Yağcilar Formation, Lower Miocene
Gülbahçe volcanics, Middle-Upper Miocene Urla volcanics and Pleistocene Ballikaya
conglomerate cover units. Alluvial fans, talus and alluvium form the recent deposits.
Morphological expressions of NW-SE to NE-SW trending faults and their relationships
to regional stress system indicate that these faults are mostly normal and strike-slip
faults. Field observations and paleostress analysis clearly indicate that the study area
and surrounding region experienced two-phase deformation. Former is represented by
radial extensive stress regime while latter corresponds to pure-shear stress regime,
compatible with the ongoing regional stress distribution. Distributions of the
earthquake epicenters show that these fault zones are seismically active.
Keywords: Western Anatolia, Neotectonic, Gülbahçe Fault Zone, Kuşçular-Urla Fault Zone,
Paleostress analysis, Gülbahçe, Urla,
Seismic Evidences of
Structural Evolution
Messinian
Salt
Deposition
and
Its
Mehmet Akif Sünnetçioğlu1, Rıza Özgür Temel1
1TPAO,
Turkey
Extensive fieldworks of the Messinian salt sequences have been carried out along the
the Eastern Mediterranean Basins, e.g. Adana, Mersin, Iskenderun, Hatay-Samandağ
and Cyprus island. Due to limited extension onshore Turkish sector, offshore seismic
data represents invaluable information about their existence and structural evolution.
This study examines the extension, geometry and post-depositional deformation of
Messinian evaporites offshore Antalya using seismic sections. Lower evaporites,
reflection free halite and upper evaporites are three distinct seismic facies, defined on
seismic sections. The distribution and major characteristics of each facies indicated us
nearshore Alanya along the eastern side of the Gulf and Cyprus island, where upper
evaporites are dominant, represents shallow marine and terresterial environment,
whereas western offshore Cyprus towards the Florence rise can be classified as deep
marine depositional environment.
Unlike Adana-Mersin, Nile Delta and Levantine Basins, where passive margin salt
tectonic models can be applicable, Messinian salts in the Antalya Basin were deformed
in compressional tectonic regime under the varying stress regime of the
Mediterranean. a wide compressional domain with fold and thrusts, are observed in
regional structural maps. The major triggering factor for compression might be related
to the transpressional movements between African and Eurasian plates along the
western sector of the Cyprus arc.
Keywords: Eastern Mediterranean, Antalya basin , Messinian, Salt tectonics
113
HALL – C [ThS25]-Geothermal
Structural Controls on Gülbahçe Geothermal System and Its
Hydrogeochemical Properties (Western Turkey)
Taygun Üzelli1, Gamze Gül Mungab2, Alper Baba2, Hasan Sözbilir3
1Hacettepe
2Izmir
Institute of Technology, Geothermal Energy Research and Application Center, Izmir,
Turkey
3Dokuz
Gülbahçe Geothermal Field (GGF) is located in eastern parts of the Karaburun
Peninsula and is about 45 km away from the city of Izmir, Turkey. The stratigraphy
around the GGF is represented by a Miocene volcano-sedimentary succession,
including several sedimentary and volcanic units. These units overlie the basement
rocks of the Karaburun Platform Carbonates and Bornova Flysch Zone which consists
of carbonate blocks embedded in sandstone and mudstone alternations. GGF is
located on the Gülbahçe Fault Zone, and are composed of series of NW-SE to NE-SW
trending faults, extending from Sığacık Bay to Gülbahçe Bay. While most of the
geothermal systems in western Turkey are controlled by normal faults, geothermal
systems at the Gülbahçe are controlled by NE/NW-trending strike-slip faults and
NE/NW-trending oblique-slip normal faults. An association of these active faults
accommodating deep circulation of hydrothermal fluids of sea water origin is the
primary control mechanisms of geothermal systems of Gülbahçe.
The hydrogeochemical properties of GGF show that surface temperature of fluid range
from 31 to 37°C. Geothermal fluids of GGF have high salinity (EC > 34 mS/cm) and
low enthalpy. Piper and Schoeller diagrams indicated that geothermal fluid is in NaCl
facies. The isotopic data (oxygen-18, deuterium and tritium) represent that
geothermal fluid are formed by local recharge and deep circulation of sea waters.
Keywords: Geothermal fluid, Gülbahçe Fault Zone, Isotope, High salinity, Western Turkey
Hydrothermal Alteration Studies in Balçova Geothermal Field
Mine Alacalı1
1Atatürk
University, Oltu Faculty of Earth Sciences, Dept. of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering
Balçova GeothermalField is located 10 km western part of Izmir city. The lithology in
the field, from oldest to youngest, are the Upper Cretaceous Izmir Flysch, Miocene
aged Yeniköy Formation consist of sandstone, claystone and limestone, Pliocene aged
Cumaovası Volcanites consist of agglomerates, tuff, andesites and rhyolites,
Quaternernary alluvium and debris flows. By examining the structural,
hydrogeological, geochemical properties of the Balçova Geothermal Field, the
relationship between these and geothermal potential of the field has been searched.
Hot water samples have been taken from the deep wells of the Balçova Geothermal
Field. The analysis of the samples have been run in the computer program named
“Aquachem 3.70” and classified by the diagrams obtained. Afterwards the examination
of the well-logs of the several deep wells; cutting samples and well-cores have been
taken from the appropriate levels and have been studied by the means of petrology
and hydrothermal alteration. As a result; 3 zones have been determined in the field.
These are; montmorillonite + kaolinite zone (100-200oC), transition zone (150-200oC)
and chlorite + illite zone (200-250oC).
Keywords: Balçova, Geothermal, Hydrothermal alteration
114
Investigation of a Shallow Geothermal Anomalies Using Multi
Electrode Resistivity Method: a Case from Turkey
Hatice Karakılçık1, Ali Karan
1Cukurova
University, Faculty of Engineering& Architecture, Department of Geology Engineering,
Adana, Turkey
In this study, in order to identify the geotermal potential of the study area, multielectrode resistivity studies were carried out to investigate of a shallow geothermal
anomalies in the study area where is located in about 90 km north of Aksaray, Turkey.
Multi-electrode resistivity studies was performed in five profiles with equipment the
AGI brand 8-channel and 84-electrode by taking electrode spacing of 20 meters at the
profiles in length of 1660 meters, dipole-gradient expansions are used. The obtained
measurements data from the field are evaluated in `Eartimag 2D and 3D` software
and upon them underground structure cross section are prepared. Low resistivity
values and shallow faults were observed at geoelectric section. These values were
attributed to hot fluid circulation. Obtaining low resistivity values in geoelectric
sections are evaluated positively for the presence of geothermal potential. At the
study area, Neogen aged surfaces with marns have the properties of cap rock since
they have low permeability. And also, from the limestone’s low permeability it can be
concluded that a conventional hydrothermal circulation system. Therefore, limestones
constitute the reservoir of the hot water supply in the study area. As a result of multielectrode resistivity studies, recommended in place at the study area have been drilled
artesian wells at 550 m in depth. The temperature of water in the reservoir was
measured about 65 °C. Flow rate was measured as around 200 lt/s. This study also
emphasizes the significance of low-temperature hydrothermal fields for the region.
Geothermal explorations in this part of the country are rare and this study may lead to
surveys and exploration programs for new fields.
Keywords: Geothermal
Hydrothermal fields
exploration,
Electrical
115
methods,
Multi-electrode
resistivity,
Discovery of a subaqueous hot spring by a new method in
Fethiye-Göcek Bay (SW Turkey)
Özgür Avşar1, Ulaş Avşar2, Şebnem Arslan3, Bedri Kurtuluş1,Orkun Türe1, Nilgün Güleç4
1Muğla
2King
SıtkıKoçman University, Engineering Faculty, Geological Engineering Department, Turkey
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3Ankara
4Middle
East Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
Fethiye-Göcek Bay is located in a geothermally active area namely Aegean region, SW
Turkey. As a new method, instead of measuring vertical CTD profiles, a multiprobe
sonde (YSI 6600) is lowered to the sea down to 1-2 meters above the water/sediment
interface, and water temperature was measured along profiles horizontal to the sea
bottom with a temporal resolution of one second. Accordingly, 6 km/h cruising speed
allowed water temperature measurements with 1.7 meters spatial resolution.
Following a dense cruising grid lead the detection of a temperature anomaly in İnlice
Bay. In addition to the water temperature measurements by the multiprobesonde,
enhanced temperature in the vicinity of the hot spring was confirmed by thermoprobe
measurements in the sediments around the hot spring. The discovered subaqueous
hot spring İnlice Bay was then sampled by the divers for hydrogeochemical analyses.
According to the water chemistry analyses results, the water is Na-Cl type. In order to
delineate the hydrogeochemistry of the geothermal system, along with the
subaqueous hot spring, samples were taken from on-land cold springs and sea water
as well. Comparison of the chemistry of on-land cold springs with the sea water
chemistry of İnlice subaqueous hot spring revealed that it is a mixture of sea water
and fresh water with more than 90% sea water contribution. Stable isotope analysis
results also support this phenomenon with 7.6 and 1.46 δD and δ18O values,
respectively. Discovery of this spring by this new method encourages new
investigations especially in the Aegean region.This work was supported by the
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) Research Project
Fund (Project No:112Y137).
Keywords: Geothermal, Mineral waters,Muğla,Stable isotopes
116
HALL – D [Ths12]-Geochemistry and Petrology
Geochemistry of the Katrangediği (Cenomanian) and Doğankuzu
(Senonian-Maestrihtian) Formations of the Geyikdağı Unit, and
Modern Terra-Rossa Occurrences, Central Taurides, Turkey
M.M. Karadağ1, Ş. Küpeli1, A. Turan1
1Department
of Geological Engineering, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
The Katrangediği and Doğankuzu Formations(KF and DF) were depleted in most major
and trace elements but the terra-rossa(TR) over the KF and DF was enriched relative
to the PAAS. The large variations are obserwed in ΣREE contents among the
KF(104.92 ppm), DF(7.95 ppm) and TR(302.04 ppm). The most samples of the KF
and DF have non-seawater-like REE patterns that can be interpreted as resulting from
the incorporation of near-shore colloids, possibly related to Fe-oxihydroxide
scavenging. The TR also has REE distribution that conforms to a typical shale
composition that may be due to the TR is consisting of terrigenous materials included
in the KF and DF. The KF and DF show strong negative and positive correlations
between REE and CaO(r=-0.90) and, REE and the other major oxides(r=0.98), high
ΣREE and Al2O3 contents, low Y/Ho and high(La/Yb)N ratios. The KF commonly shows
positive but the DF negative and TR positive or no Ce(Ce/Ce*) anomalies as well as
most of the limestone and TR samples show positive Eu(Eu/Eu*) anomalies. The REE
patterns and La/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co, Th/Cr, Cr/Th, and Th/Sc ratios of the KF and DF
indicate that the terrigenous materials of them were mainly derived from an
intermediate to felsic source and further from a nearby exposed siliciclastic rocks of
the Cambro-Ordovician Seydişehir Formation. This scenerio was also supported by the
perfect similarity between the REE patterns of the Seydişehir phyllite and the recent
terra-rossa that indicates a genetic relationship. On the other hand, the KF and DF
show REE patterns similar to those of the modern seawater, suggesting that modern
seawater conditions already developed in the southeastern Paleo-Tethys margin of
Turkey at the Upper Cretaceous time period.
Keywords: Geochemistry, Rare earth elements,
Katrangediği and Doğankuzu Formation , Turkey
117
Provenance,
Limestone,
Cretaceous,
C, O Isotope and REE+Y Geochemistry of the Middle Cambrian
Çaltepe Formation in the Bağbaşı-Hadim (Konya) Area, Central
Taurides, Southern Turkey
Ş. Küpeli1, A. Turan1, M.M. Karadağ1
1Department
of Geological Engineering, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
Lower Paleozoic units in the area consist of the Middle Cambrian Çaltepe and Upper
Cambrian-Lower Ordovician Seydişehir Formations. The Çaltepe Formation was divided
into four members from bottom to top as dolomite; black limestone; light-grey
limestone and red nodular limestone (Dean, 1976). The δ 13C ratios of the samples
from the all members of the Çaltepe Formation in the Bağbaşı-Hadim section show a
narrow range between -0,59‰ to 1,46‰, with an average of 0,61‰, and is
characterized by two previously undescribed minor
negative carbon isotopic
excursions peaking at-0,59‰ and-0,27‰. The δ18O values of the Çaltepe Formation
(ÇF) range from -5,98‰ to -13,92‰, with a mean value of -9,10‰. The low
strontium contents of the Lower (LD=79,10 ppm)
and upper dolomite levels
18
(UD=84,37 ppm) associated with depleted δ O values of dolomitizing fluids (-5,98‰
to -11,59‰ VSMOW) and mainly micritic grain size, points an early precipitation of
dolomites (LD and UD) at low temperatures of near-surface conditions from solutions
probably formed by mixing of Middle Cambrian sea and meteoric waters. ΣREE
contents of the sample groups are increased from bottom to top of the transgressive
ÇF with increasing of terrigenous material contents. The detrital input into the
carbonate members is evidenced by positive correlation between ΣREE and Al2O3,
negative correlation of ΣREE with (CaO+MgO) and differences in Y/Ho ratios. The
PAAS normalized LD show non-seawater-like REE+Y signatures, while the UD exhibit
seawater-like REE+Y patterns. The carbonate members of the ÇF show small and very
similar Ce anomalies. The non-seawater-like REE patterns, relativelly high ΣREE
contents, high (La/Yb)N values and low Y/Ho ratios indicate that the REE
characteristics of seawater was overprinted by those of the terrigenous materials
involved in the ÇF. The members of the ÇF show highly positive Mn* values, combined
with high V/(V+Ni) ratios and Ce anomalies, indicating that the ÇF have been
deposited under the oxidizing environmental conditions.
Keywords: C and O isotopes, REE+Y, Carbonate, Geochemistry, Dolomite, Çaltepe, Bağbaşı,
Hadim
118
POSTER SESSIONS
119
13 – 15 October 2014
Geological and Geochemical Features of Volcanic Rocks from
Yıldızeli Region (Sivas, NE Turkey)
Gönenç Göçmengil1, Zekiye Karacık, Ş. Can Genç
1Istanbul
Volcanic rocks in the Yıldızeli region exposed where Kırşehir Massif and Eastern
Pontides are juxtaposed. Post-Paleocene (Middle Eocene?) volcanic and sedimentary
units in the area collectively named as the Yıldızeli Group; unconformably overlie
and/or have fault bounded contacts with the basement units. in this study, we present
preliminary result of the field and geochemical data from the volcanic rocks of Yıldızeli
Group to make an approach to the Cenozoic tectono-magmatic evolution of the region.
The Yıldızeli Group consists of (i) trachyte-trachyandesite lavas, (ii) limestonesandstone-shales, (iii) basalt-basaltic andesite lavas with pyroclastic units. Trachytetrachyandesite lavas are porphyritic in texture and contain phenocrysts of sanidine,
plagioclase (An30-40), amphibole, clinopyroxene, biotite, ±quartz and opaque
minerals. Geochemical data of trachyte-trachyandesite show alkaline and shoshonitic
character together with negative Nb-Ta, P and Ti anomalies and enrichment in Rb, Ba,
Th, and Nd. No significant enrichments of LREE relative to HREE ((La/Lu)n =13.416.9) observed. Besides, basalt and basaltic andesites have intersertal, microlitic and
glomeroporphyric texture and contain phenocrysts of clinopyroxene and plagioclase
(An25-50), ±iddingsitized olivine, ±hornblend, ±biotite and opaque minerals.
Geochemical data indicating sub-alkaline to mildly alkaline character with negative NbTa, P, Ti and enrichment in Sr, Rb, Ba, Th. They show moderate enrichment of LREE
relative to HREE (La/Lu)n =4.5-10.2) with slight Eu anomalies. Considering the
geochemical data of Yıldızeli Group we may propose that subduction and/or crustal
contamination might play important role in the generation and evolution of the
magma.
Keywords: Eocene Magmatism, Whole rock geochemical data, Subduction, Crustal assimilation
120
Mineralogical Properties of Volcanic Units in the Kızılırmak
Formation around Kozaklı (Nevşehir)-Felahiye (Kayseri), Turkey
Zehra Karakaş1, Turhan Ayyildiz1, Adem Özdemir2
1Ankara
2Bülent
University, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
Ecevit University, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Zonguldak, Turkey
This study is about the mineralogy and depositional environment of Kızılırmak
formation (Late Miocene to Early Pliocene)’s volcanic unit with claystone facies within
the Kozaklı basin of central Anatolia, Turkey. The volcanic levels of the Kızılırmak
formation are described as Tahar member. It overlies siliciclastic of the Kızılırmak
formation and overlain by lacustrine deposits of Kozaklı member. Tahar member is
represented by volcanic and siliciclastic, and volcanic and lacustrine limestoneclaystone alternation. Volcanics are tuffitic properties according to mineralogic and
petrographic determination. It is composed of volcanic glass, rock fragment and
crystals, and called as vitric tuff and crystal tuff. Its texture is cryptocrystalline, and
carbonatization, argilization and ferroan oxide are also observed. Whole rock and clay
fraction XRD analysis about tuff and claystone facies indicate that the studied samples
have quartz, feldspar and opal-CT, and smectite, chlorite, kaolinite, palygorskite and
illite minerals, respectively. Smectite, chlorite, kaolinite, palygorskite and illite indicate
that these minerals were formed diagenetically by the reaction of volcanic glass and
feldspar with interstitial pore water and/or connate water trapped during deposition.
Keywords: Kozaklı, Ignimbirite, Volcanic glass, Palygorskite, Tahar member
121
Investigation of the Quaternary Geological Context of the
February 2011 Massive Failures at the Çöllolar Coalfield, Eastern
Turkey
Naki Akçar1, Vural Yavuz2, Susan Ivy-Ochs3
1University
2Istanbul
3ETH
Zurich, Switzerland
In February 2011, two landslides in which 10 workers were killed occurred in the
Çöllolar open pit mine in eastern Turkey. Based on field mapping and isotopic
techniques we aim to understand the geological and hydrological context of the
massive failures.
The Çöllolar coalfield is in the Elbistan basin an intramontane basin bound by the
Taurus and Antitaurus Mountains. The basin covers an area of 900 km² and has a
mean elevation of about 1200 m. The northwestern sector of this basin, the Çöllolar
coalfield, contains 90 km2 of mineable coal which has been excavated for many years.
The basement rock in this field is karstic limestone, which is overlain by a thick layer
of clay (>100 m), followed by 20-50 m thick Lignite series that is overlain by the 2050 m thick Gyttja sequence. These deposits are overlain by Quaternary deposits,
comprising the top surfaces of the terraces of the Hurman River, which drains the
surface and ground water from the surrounding hills to the northeast towards the
center of the Elbistan basin.
In this study, we focus on the geologic factors that led to instability and the trigger of
the landslides with respect to the ground and surface waters. We employ detailed
mapping in the field to build the Quaternary stratigraphy of the basin, with a main
focus on the terraces of the Hurman River. We use cosmogenic 36Cl to reconstruct the
chronology of these terraces. We also analyze meteoric 36Cl both in surface and
groundwater to detect the recharge areas, calculate the groundwater flow rates and
estimate the age of the groundwater. First results will be presented.
Keywords: Landslide, Terrace, Cosmogenic, 36Cl, Anatolia, Groundwater, Gyttja, Lignite, Flow
rate, Dating
122
Geomorphological and Chronological Evolution of the Akdağ
Rockslide (SW Turkey)
Cihan Bayrakdar1, Naki Akçar2, Tolga Görüm3, Susan Ivy-Ochs4, Christof Vockenhuber4
1Department
2Institute
3Natural
of Geography, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Sciences Research Center, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
4Laboratory
of Ion Beam Physics, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
Landslides triggered by bedrock failures are one of the main geohazards in the high
mountain areas. They constitute some of the largest landslide deposits on the Earth.
This study focuses on the geomorphological evolution of the Akdağ rockslide which is
located on the southern slope of the Mount Akdağ, SW Turkey. in this study, we
employed detailed mapping in the field, spatial and morphometric analysis using GIS
and remote sensing technologies, and surface exposure dating with cosmogenic 36Cl in
order to reconstruct the evolution and the chronology of the landslide. For the analysis
of the cosmogenic 36Cl, we collected 18 samples from the carbonaceous boulders from
the landslide.
Our field mapping showed that the Akdağ rockslide is a very large and active slope
failure developed between the carbonates and the flysch. Its deposit covers an area of
15 km2 and has a volume of about 7 km3. It is one of the largest (>106 m3) landslides
in Turkey. Settlements and their infrastructure have been severely damaged due to
this activity. At least, three distinct phases of evolution was distinguished in the field:
(1) collapse of the carbonates onto the flysch; (2) development successive slumps in
the flysch; and (3) planar sliding and disintegration of the latter. The activity of the
landslide is manifested by intensive denudation and numerous shallow secondary
landslides within its deposit. Based on the field evidence, we estimate that the
landslide occurred after the end of the Last Glacial period.
Keywords: Surface exposure dating, Cosmogenic,
123
36Cl,
Taurides, Taurus, Anatolia
Understanding the Intra-Plate Deformation of the Anatolia:
Insights from Preliminary Slip-Rates of the Malatya-Ovacık
Fault, Eastern Turkey, During the Last 16 Ka
Cengiz Zabcı1, Taylan Sançar2, Dimitry Tikhomirov3, Christof Vockenhuber4, Susan Ivy-Ochs5,
Naki Akçar6
1Istanbul
Teknik Üniversitesi Ayazağa Yerleşkesi Maden Fak. Jeoloji Müh. Bölümü Istanbul,
Turkey
2Tunceli
Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeoloji Müh. Bölümü Tunceli, Turkey
3Institute
of Geological Sciences University of Bern Baltzerstrasse 1+3 CH-3012 Bern,
Switzerland
4Laboratory
of Ion Beam Physics ETH Zürich CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
5Laboratory
of Ion Beam Physics ETH Zürich CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
6Institute
of Geological Sciences University of Bern Baltzerstrasse 1+3 CH-3012 Bern,
Switzerland
Morphochronologic studies particularly address the spatio-temporal behavior of faults
from few hundred to thousands of years by documenting the geometry, age, and
evolution of deformed landforms, while geodetic data provide detailed spatial coverage
but represent a short time interval of a single earthquake cycle. The deformation of
the Anatolian plate is mainly localized at its northern and eastern margins, along the
North Anatolian (NAF) and the East Anatolian (EAF) faults. The Malatya-Ovacık Fault
(MOF) is located parallel/sub-parallel to the EAF with same sense of motion. Geodetic
slip-rates of the MOF change from 1.2 to 1.6 mm/a, which are exceeded with almost
factor of 7 to 8 by the modeled velocities of the EAF (~10 mm/a).
In this study, we concentrated on the Ovacık Segment of the MOF, where faulting is
clearly observed along well-preserved fault scarps and offset fluvial landforms. in
order to construct the slip history, we performed rtk-GPS survey and collected
samples for surface exposure dating with cosmogenic 36Cl at the Köseler site
(39.364°N, 39.169°E). We measured two independent offsets 19±3 and 30±5 m of
the terrace riser bounding the fan surface and the lower terrace tread and the inner
boundary of the alluvial fan, respectively. Analyses of cosmogenic 36Cl yielded
exposure ages 12 ka for the inset terrace surface and 16 ka for the alluvial fan.
Measured offsets and exposure ages together provide slip rates of 1.5 and 1.9 mm/a,
which are slightly higher than the block model velocities. Our preliminary results are
important not only for understanding the temporal behavior of the MOF, but also for
the seismic assessment of the region. This study was supported by TUBITAK Project
114Y227.
Keywords: Earthquake, Cosmogenic,
dating
36Cl,
North Anatolian Fault, Anatolia, Surface exposure
124
Glaciations in the Western Balkans: Pleistocene To Present-Day
Philip Hughes1, Jamie Woodward1
1The
University of Manchester
Ice caps and large valley glaciers once covered extensive areas of the western
Balkans. The largest ice caps were >1000 km 2 and found in central Montenegro and
Albania, including the Durmitor and Prokletije massifs. a smaller ice cap, yet still
covering an area of 165 km2, covered Mount Orjen on the Adriatic coast. Further south
smaller ice caps, ice fields and valley glaciers formed in the Pindus Mountains of
Greece. More than 50 U-series dates from secondary carbonate cements in glacial
deposits indicate that the most extensive glaciation occurred during the Middle
Pleistocene, correlating with a major phase of glaciation during MIS 12 (c. 480-430
ka). Later, less extensive, glaciations are also recorded in the cirques and valleys and
correlate with glaciations during MIS 6 (190-130 ka) and MIS 5d-2 (110-11.7 ka).
During the last glacial cycle there is strong evidence that the largest glaciers reached
their maximum between 30 and 25 ka, a few thousand years before the global Last
Glacial Maximum. Glaciers were also present during the Younger Dryas (12.9-11.7 ka)
on many of the highest mountains and confirm the influence of North Atlantic Ocean
circulation on Pleistocene climate change in this part of the Mediterranean. In the
Durmitor and Prokletije Massifs, small cirque glaciers still survive today under
conditions strongly controlled by local topoclimate. Many more existed during the Little
Ice Age. These late Holocene glaciers provide a valuable source of comparison with
the major Pleistocene glaciations.
Keywords: Glaciers, Glaciation, Greece, Montenegro, Climate, Geochronology, Quaternary
125
Quaternary
Anatolia
Glaciations
of
Kavuşşahap
Mountains,
Eastern
Serdar Yeşilyurt1, Naki Akçar 2, Uğur Doğan 3, Vural Yavuz 4, Susan Ivy-Ochs 5, Christof
Vockenhuber 5, Christian Schlüchter 2
1
Çankırı Karatekin University, Department of Geography, Çankırı, Turkey
2
University of Bern, Institute of Geological Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
3
Ankara University, Department of Geography, Ankara, Turkey
4
Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Mines, Istanbul, Turkey
5
Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Glacier oscillations, especially during the Late Quaternary, have been widely studied
and their timing, amplitude and frequency are reconstructed by detailed field mapping
and dating techniques such as surface exposure dating. Late Quaternary advances of
Turkish glaciers have been exposure-dated in only ten sites in the northern and
western Anatolia: the Taurus and Eastern Black Sea Mountains, and at Mounts
Sandıras, Erciyes and Uludağ. Beside these sites, Quaternary glaciations in mountains
in Eastern Anatolia, such as Munzur, Keşiş, Bingöl, Kavuşşahap (Ihtiyarşahap), Cilo
and Sat Mountains and Mount Ararat, are still to be explored. in this study, we
investigate the paleoglaciations in Kavuşşahap Mountains, which is located to the
south of Lake Van. They are one of the extensively glaciated areas in Turkey. Glacial
activity is evidenced by 17 U-shaped valleys. The extent of glacial deposits is on the
order of several kilometers. For instance, one of the prominent and well-preserved
glacial landscapes of Turkey is situated in the Narlıca valley, where lateral and
terminal moraines recorded around 10 glacial advances, and we collected 39 samples
from erratic boulders for surface exposure dating with cosmogenic 36Cl. We will
reconstruct the chronology and extent of the glacier fluctuations in these mountains.
Based on this reconstruction, we will model, evaluate and interpret the Late
Quaternary paleoclimate in Eastern Anatolia. By this way, we will produce important
input data for our understanding of the paleoclimate evolution both in Anatolia and
surrounding Eastern Mediterranean Region.
Keywords: Geomorphology, Surface exposure dating, Late Pleistocene, Turkey, Paleoclimate
126
Late Pleistocene Glaciations at the Munzur Mountains, Turkey
Serdar Yeşilyurt1, Naki Akçar 2, Uğur Doğan
Vockenhuber 5, Christian Schlüchter 2
3,
Vural Yavuz
4,
Susan Ivy-Ochs
1
Çankırı Karatekin University, Department of Geography, Çankırı, Turkey
2
University of Bern, Institute of Geological Sciences, Bern, Switzerland,
3
Ankara University, Department of Geography, Ankara, Turkey,
4Istanbul
5
5,
Christof
Technical University, Faculty of Mines, Istanbul, Turkey,
Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
The evidence of paleoglaciers provides important information of past climate changes.
Especially, mountain glaciers are very sensitive indicators of changes of temperature
and precipitation. Our aim is to reconstruct a local chronology of paleoglacier
oscillations and to produce interrelationship with different terrestrial datasets of
paleoenvironmental change in eastern Anatolia. To do that, we focus, in this study, on
the Karagöl Valley in the Munzur Mountains, located in the eastern Anatolia, with
geomorphological records of paleoglaciers and surface exposure dating. The size and
magnitude of paleoglaciation in Munzur Mountains, which is the largest paleoglaciation
area of Anatolia after Eastern Black Sea Mountains. During the Last Glacial Maximum
(LGM), approximately 800 cirque and 40 main glacial valleys were covered by ice and
Munzur paleoglaciers reached a size of 730 km 2. Karagöl valley on the southern side of
the mountain opens to the Ovacık Plain. The Karagöl glacier reached 13,5 km in length
and descended to an altitude of 1350 m above sea level and left up to 160 m high
lateral and terminal moraine ridges. We present here on mapping and first dating
results from this valley. We collected 41 samples from erratic boulders deposited on
moraines for surface exposure dating with cosmogenic 36Cl. Cosmogenic exposure
ages from eight of these samples indicate glacier oscillations around 18 ka at the end
of LGM and ca. 14 ka during Lateglacial.
Keywords: Surface exposure dating, Geomorphology, Paleoclimate, Moraine, Eastern Anatolia
Tectonic Geomorphology of the Honaz Fault, Sw Turkey
Savaş Topal1
1Pamukkale
University, Turkey
This paper presents a method for evaluating relative tectonic activity based on
geomorphic indices which are useful in evaluating morphology and topography. The
indices that are used include: mountain front sinuosity (Smf), triangular facets, ratio
of valley-floor width to valley height (Vf), drainage basin asymmetry (AF),
hypsometric integral (HI), and drainage basin shape (Bs). The results from the indices
analysis are accumulated and are subsequently expressed as an index of relative
tectonic activity (Iat). Based on the different values of Iat, we divide the different
results in four classes from the relatively lowest to the relatively highest tectonic
activity. The study area located in the drainage basin between the Honaz Fault and the
Honaz Mountain, is an ideal location to test this concept of index analysis and to
predict the relative tectonic activity based on an entire area rather than on a single
valley or on a mountain front. The Honaz fault, which is northern boundary fault of the
Honaz Mountain, was separated into the Karateke and Honaz segments. Calculated
values of indices on these two segments are Smf (1.12-1.41), percentage faceting
(Lf/Ls: 0.3-0.46), Vf (0.08-0.7), AF (32-77), HI (0.1-0.6) and Bs (1.53-5.06). The
results of this study reveal the presence of very high and high tectonic activity
especially the central parts of the Honaz Fault. Our investigation thus shows that
neotectonism has played a key role in the geomorphic evolution of this part of the
Honaz Mountain range. Apart from the obtained results, also seismic activity in the
region, travertine deposition related to hot water springs and presence of alluvial fans
in front of the fault lines support the high tectonic activity in the region
Keywords: Honaz Fault, Tectonic geomorphology, Relative tectonic activity, Geomorphic
indices
127
Ground Water Calcretes from a Paleosol Section in Ankara,
Central Anatolia
Ceren Küçükuysal1
1Muğla
Sıtkı Koçman University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering,
Muğla, Turkey
Calcretes of non-pedogenic origin are common in present-day arid alluvial basins.
They form from carbonate-rich mobile groundwaters which become progressively
concentrated during down-dip flow. a 2.4 m thick paleosol-calcrete section from
Ankara, Central Anatolia is a good example of such calcretes. They are in powdery to
nodular forms within the Bk horizon of the paleosol having 5 YR 3/4 Munsell color.
Micromorphologically the calcretes studied are homogeneous, the cement is composed
of micritic calcite crystals with prismatic, needle-like and fibrous forms. Floating
grains, iron oxide coatings and also manganese dioxdide rimming are other evidences
of the paleosol. Quartz, calcite and feldspar are found in the bulk fraction. The
capillary action and dry seasons were so effectice to precipitate calcium carbonate
over Bk horizon during the Quaternary implying aridity.
Keywords: Groundwater calcretes, Quaternary, Central Anatolia, Ankara
Seismic Slip History of Normal Faults in Central Apennines
(Italy) Using in Situ 36Cl Cosmogenic Exposure Dating and Rare
Earth Elements Concentrations.
J. Tesson1, L. Benedetti1, J. Pace2, F. Visini3, M. Delli Rocioli 4, D. Bourlès5, G. Aumaître 5, M.
Arnold5, K. Keddadouche5,
1Aix-Marseille
Université, CNRS-IRD-Collège de France UMR 34 CEREGE, Aix en Provence,
France
2DiSPUTer,
3
Università « G. d’Annunzio » Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV, L’Aquila, Italy
4DiSPUTer,
Università « G. d’Annunzio » Chieti-Pescara, Chieti Scalo, Italy
5Aix-Marseille
Université, CNRS-IRD-Collège de France UMR 34 CEREGE, Aix en Provence,
France
Acquiring long records of past earthquakes on a large population of faults is important
to understand how strain release along those fault systems varies in space and time.
In central Italy, NE-SW extension (~4 mm/yr) is accommodated on a wide normal
fault system (50 x 100km). Benedetti et al. (2013) found that 7 of those faults,
belonging to the Fucino fault system, have their seismic activity synchronized during
short (less than 1 ka) paroxysmal phases of activity. 36Cl measurements and rare
earth elements (REE) concentrations were used to reconstruct the seismic slip history
of two major faults belonging to an adjacent fault system. The preliminary results
suggest that these two faults (the Pizzalto fault and the Roccapreturo fault), 30 km
apart, ruptured with a pattern similar to that of the Fucino faults. 4 to 6 seismic
events occurring on both faults 3.5 ka to 2 ka ago generate an associated cumulative
displacement of about 4m. This suggests that both faults ruptured simultaneously in
less than 1.5 ka. REE measurements support the 36Cl seismic history and the
processes that build REE patterns on a fault scarp are discussed.
Keywords: Paleosismology, Cosmonucleide, REE
128
Power-law for the Size-distribution of Scoria Cones within the
Eğrikuyu Monogenetic Field (Central Anatolia, Turkey)
Göksu Uslular1, Gonca Gençalioğlu-Kuşcu1, Arda Arcasoy2
1Muğla
SıtkıKoçman University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering,
Kötekli, Muğla-Türkiye(goksuuslular@mu.edu.tr)
2Arcasoy
Consulting & Engineering Inc., Ankara-Türkiye
The power-law frequency-size statistical method is a good approximation for many
natural hazards with respect to their magnitude and occurrence rate. A number of
authors have favored the applicability of power-law statistics to monogenetic
volcanoes from different countries.
Neogene-Quaternary Cappadocian Volcanic Province (CVP) in central Anatolia
comprises five clusters of monogenetic volcanoes from west to east, Karapınar,
Karacadağ-Hasandağ (hereafter Eğrikuyu), Keçiboyduran-Melendiz, Derinkuyu-Acıgöl
and Erciyes. Eğrikuyu Monogenetic Field (EMF) in the southwestern part of Hasandağ
stratovolcano contains 103 scoria cones and several maars. The studies on
monogenetic volcanoes of CVP mainly focus on the petrologic evolution, not statistical
analyses of their morphological features.
By using the dataset from Arcasoy (2001)'s PhD thesis including morphological
parameters of the scoria cones in the EMF, we perform a statistical analysis for the
size-distribution of the basal diameter of the scoria cones (Wco). In terms of their size
distribution, the monogenetic volcanoes obey the power-law, similar to the GutenbergRichter law for the earthquakes: ln(N≥Wco)=c–α ln(Wco), with α = 3.274 and c =
14.52. Hereby, the compatibility of a size distribution with empirical power-law
suggests that the occurrence of monogenetic volcanoes in EMF is self-organized critical
phenomena.
Keywords: Scoria cone, Basal diameter (Wco), Power-law, Self-organized critical, Cappadocian
Volcanic Province
129
Depositional History of the Yeniceoba-Cihanbeyli Tertiary basinfill Deposits
Baki Erdoğan Varol1, Erdoğan Tekin1, Muhittin Görmüş1, İbrahim Erdal Herece2, Koray Sözeri1,
İbrahim Gündoğan3, Muhammed Sami Us1, Yeşim İslamoğlu2, Funda Akgün3, Şevket Şen4, Bilge
Göksu1
1Ankara
University, Engineering Faculty, Geological Engineering Department,
MTA General Directorate of Mineral Research and Explortion, Çankaya/Ankara
3DokuzEylül University, Engineering Faculty, Geological Engineering Department, İzmir
4Paris, Museum, Batiment de Paleontologie
2
Yeniceoba-Cihanbeyli basin consists of distinct depositional units formed from marine
to terrestrial environments. The investigation particularly focuses on the description of
the different environmental depositions present significance of stratigraphy and
sedimentologic features in the Tertiary-basin fill sediments. For this purpose, five
sections were measured, and more than two hundreds samples were examined by
light microscopy and X-ray diffraction (clay-bearing sediments). The Tertiary basin–fill
deposits are unconformably floored by the Samsan Ophiolitic Melange, Cretaceous in
age. First deposition started with coarse basal clastics of the Kartal Formation
comprising alternations of mudstones, sandstones and conglomerates and limestones
deposited ranging from fluvial-alluvial fan to shoreline plain/shallow marine
paleoenvironments. The overlying Çaldağ Formation begins with clayey and sand
limestones and upward continuous with alternations of sandstone and marl and ends
with carbonates composed of rich faunal associations such as Nummulites cf.
millecaput, N. cf.globulus, Nummulites sp. Assilina sp., Discocyclina sp.,
Sphaerogypsina globulus, ? Gyroidinella cf. magna, Elazigina harabe kayisensis,
Alveolinasp., Quinqueloculina sp., Miliolidae, Textulariidae, Dictichoplax biserialis and
undefined corals. Miliolid and algal bearing sediments show a lagoonal or very shallow
marine environments while nummulitic limestones with coralls occurs in the
nummulitic banks or fore-reef paleoenvironments. The age of the formation is late
Palaeocene to early Eocene. The Oligo-Miocene sediments unconformably overlie the
Eocene sediments. Ophiolitic and limestone blocks are seen within the Eocene and
Oligocene sediments. It is known as Gökdağ Formation that is composed of
siliciclastics and gypsum levels. Massive gypsum, laminated-banded gypsum, gypsum
conglomerates (gypsum rudite) and sandy gypsums (gypsum arenite) are the main
evaporate deposits of the formation. It is thought that clastic gypsums (gypsum rudite
and gypsum arenite) were formed epigenetically, that is gypsums are reworked from
the sabkha paleoenvironments during configuration of the basinal morphology through
the Oligocene-late Miocene time, which were probably developed by fault-controlled
sedimentation during the ophiolite-settlement. Pliocene deposits unconformably
overlie the Oligocene-late Miocene deposits and starts with thick siliciclastics formed
by superimposed alluvial deposits and paleosoils (Cihanbeyli Fm.). The deposition
period reflects tectonic signals development of a new depositional basin under
extentional tectonics after a compressional tectonics of the Oligocene-Miocene time.
During the new tectonic regime, extentional fractures developed within the sheet flow
mud deposits were filled by satin spar gypsum which was precipitated by gypsumsaturated diagenetic fluids. Cihanbeyli Formation includes a mixing deposition of
siliciclastic and volcanoclastic in the middle part of the Pliocene succession, which were
periodically deposited in fluvial and lacustrine environments represented by
alternations of the channelized–cross-bedded conglomerate- sandstone, bedded tuff
and tuffite derived from andezitic-type local volcanic centers occupied the Pliocene
land. At the end of the Pliocene, Yeniceoba-Cihanbeyli Tertiary basin underwent a
drastic depositional change from siliciclastic to carbonate (İnsuyu Fm.). The
carbonate-precipitated alkaline fresh water lake were probably feeded by springs that
emanated from the fractured fault margin and by minor fluvial discharge from small
130
drainage basin. Plant-dominated limestones, rhizolites and soil carbonates (caliche)
were widely accumulated in the lake environment. Finally, the Pleistocene aged
Tuzgölü formation and the Quaternary sediments were formed as the youngest
terrestrialsediments in this area.
Keywords: Yeniceoba-Cihanbeyli, Tertiary, Terrestrial deposition, Gypsum
131
General Geological Properties of the Neogene Sequence of
Köyceğiz (Muğla-SW Turkey) Region
Guldemin Darbas1 , Murat Gül2
Kahramanmaraş Sutcu Imam University, Department of Geological Engineering, 46100, Avsar
Campus, Kahramanmaraş – Turkey
1
2Mugla
Sıtkı Kocman University, Department of Geological Engineering, 48000, Kotekli Campus,
Mugla – Turkey
The geologic units of Köyceğiz consist of allochthonous (Lycian Nappes),
autochthonous (Beydağları Autochthonous) and cover units. The nappes contain
Carboniferous-Lower Miocene sediments and Cretaceous ophiolite nappes. Lutetian
sandstone of the Elmalı Formation (Yeşilbarak Nappe) is studied Neogene unit. The
autochthonous units contain Jurassic-Cretaceous limestone of the Beydağları
Formation, Paleocene-Eocene limestone of the Dişitaştepe Formation, and Lower
Miocene limestone, marl and claystone of the Sinekçi Formation. The cover units are
Pliocene limestone, marl and claystone of the Çameli formation and Quaternary
clastics. The results of paleontological and petrographical studies show that the Elmalı
Formation contains fine to medium-grained quartz arenite without fossil. It thrusted
on the Early Miocene sediments of the autochthonous units. The compressional regime
in the region was replaced by tensional regime after Early Miocene. The algal
limestone of basement of Sinekçi Formation deposited in shallow, shelf environment,
while the marl and siltstones of upper part deposited in relatively deeper environment.
The Sinekçi Formation includes coral, red algae, pelecypod and gastropod shells
bearing dark gray colored mudstone-wackestone-packstone. The fossil content of
Sinekçi Formation is lower than the contemporaneous southern Turkey reef limestones
(Mut and Karaisalı Formations). There is no microfossil data has been found in the
clastic part of formation. The uplifting of study region after the nappes emplacement
led to the development of continental environment. The freshwater ostracod fossils
such as Candona, Pseudocandona and Ilyocypris were found in the packstones of the
Çameli Formation with bioturbation.
Keywords: Ostracods, Neogene, Allochthonous and autochthonous units, Köyceğiz, Muğla (SW
Turkey)
132
Sediment Characteristics of a Plio-Quaternary Polje-Infill in
South-Central Anatolia, Turkey
Zeynep Ataselim1, Nizamettin Kazancı1
1Ankara
University, Turkey
Lake Suğla is a semi-circular wetland between Beyşehir and Konya drainage basins. It
takes outlet of L. Beyşehir and discharges to the Konya plain via Çarşamba stream. It
abounds on the limestones of Mesozoic with a tectonic boundary, however north and
northeastern shores of it were formed by Neogene volcanics and Tertiary clastics,
respectively. Drilling cores performed by DSI showed that it was deep 150 m at least.
There is no such a deep lake in the region even in the present day. in order to get field
for farming and to collect water more, the natural the lake was bordered by a wall,
changing it to a dam. Presently, surface area of the lake is ca 40 km 2 since 1994,
however it was five times larger in original. Based on geological and morphological
setting, we suggest that Lake Suğla was initiated as a moderate-size polje in Late
Miocene and then enlarged by the tectonism asssociated with karstic processes. The
aim of this study is to search the lacustrine infill, as it has a potential to cover the
whole Quaternary sedimentation in the region. To achieve it, a 110 m long drilling was
performed in 2013. We found young lacustrine succession consistent wih alternations
of loose sand and mud layers, ca 3 to 5 m thick. Undisturbed cores could not be
provided from the sandy layers. Magnetic susceptibility, organic matter, carbonate
content and grain size of sediments were examined systematically along the cores.
Radiometric dating showed the Pleistocene age for deposition time. Results show that
L. Suğla played an important role on the drainage of the Beyşehir area; it was opened
in late Pliocene or early Quaternary time as a subbasin, just parallely to the formation
of Çarşamba gorge served as a outlet of the L. Suğla.
Keywords: Quaternary, Lacustrine sediments, Lake Suğla, Sedimentology
133
Physical Properties of the Lake Bafa Sediments: Implications for
the Depositional Conditions during the Last 150 Years
Burak Yalamaz1, Özlem Bulkan2, Namık Çağatay3
1EMCOL
Research Center, Department of Geologcical Engineering, ITU, Faculty of Mines,
Istanbul,Turkey
2Department
of Geological Engineering, EngineeringFaculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul,
Turkey
3EMCOL
Research Center, Department of Geologcical Engineering, ITU, Faculty of Mines,
Istanbul,Turkey
Lake Bafa was formed as a brackish residual lake, in the southern part of the former
Latmian Gulf, in the beginning of the Late Holocene. Contemporarily, lake has a
surface area of 60 km2 with the maximum water depth of 21m. The aim of the study is
to investigate the effect of the recent physical conditionson thelacustrine environment,
in terms of the energy level and the transporting mechanisms.
Within the aim of the study, multi sensor core logger, radiography and laser particle
size analyser were used. Furthermore, TOC Analyser was applied to determine the
total organic and the total inorganic carbon contents. This systematic multi-parameter
study was performed on the dated lake sediments (Baf36), which covers the
uppermost 107cm record of the lacustrine archive. High to moderate organic matter
content are investigated in the selected samples (TOC:4-2.5%). Basically, the
uppermost 1m of the core contain homogenous, thick mud layers. However, the
coarser sand layers and laminated silt-clay intercalation share observed in the lower
parts of the core. Such coarse sand layers were probably deposited in a high energy
environment producing the mass flow events. Simultaneous changes of the particle
size distributions, magnetic susceptibility values and density variations supports the
temporal changes of the initial and/or external physical conditions. Nevertheless, the
absence of the obvious lithological, organic/inorganic geochemical and paleontological
markers for the strong chaoticevents in terms of flood and the seismicity, suggest
slow ranged fluctuationsof the dynamic conditions, during the last 150 years.
(This study is supported by TUBITAK with the project number of 113Y070 and Istanbul
University research fund).
Keywords: Lake Bafa, Recent sediments, MSCL, X-RAY Radiography, Particle size analyses
134
Environmental Controls on the Organic Matter Enrichment
Processes in the Lake Bafa Sediments (Eastern Mediterranean
Region), During the Last 150 Years
Özlem Bulkan1, Bilgehan Toksoy2, Burak Yalamaz2, Sibel Acipinar1, M. Namık Çağatay2, Erol
Sari3, Cenk Gürevin4, Dursun Acar2, Halil Aydın2, Cansu Demirel2
1Istanbul
University, Geological Engineering Department, Istanbul, Turkey
2Istanbul
Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
3Istanbul
University, Marine Science and Management Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
4Istanbul
University, Fisheries Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
Lake Bafa which is located in Menderes basin is one of the largest inland lakes (water
depth of 20m) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Within the aim of the study a
short core (BAF36) was retrived and studied in 2cm resolution.
Lithostratigraphic definitions were performed according to the macro characteristics
such as color, water content and fossil contents. Basically, the total organic matter
contributions (TOC), grain size distributions and initial elemental enrichment signals,
such as inorganic carbon accumulations were investigated. Organic matter
preservation processes were also determinated by a function of grain size variations.
Sediments contain moderate to high organic matter content, within the TOC range of
3.4% to 2.2%. The uppermost 1m part of the core is charactirezed by the
homogenous clays. 1 to 1.2m interval composes of consolidated clays with low water
content. Furthermore, black, anoxic and high organic matter containing clays were
observed within the deeper parts of the core (1.2 to 1.3m). Enrichment of the
inorganic carbonate is obsereved along the deeper parts of the core. Accordingly,
organic matter enrichments were also investigated. However, the transported coarse
detrital inputs were relatively diminished during the deposition of such layers.
Consequentelly, it could be suggested that similar chemical conditions supported
either the enrichment processes of initial elements within the water column and also
organic matter production and preservation balance.
Acknowledgements: This study is supported by the TUBITAK (project number of
113Y070) and Istanbul University research fundations (project number of 28942 and
17828).
Keywords: Lake Bafa, Lacustrine sediments, Organic matter preservation, Water chemistry
135
Promontory Plate Geometry Effect on
Sedimentation (Kahramanmaraş, SE Turkey)
Foreland
Basin
Murat Gül1, Kemal Gürbüz2
1Mugla
Sıtkı Kocman University, Department of Geological Engineering, 48000, Kotekli Campus,
Mugla – Turkey
2Çukurova
University, Department of Geological Engineering, Balcalı Campus, Adana – Turkey
Continental convergence between the Arabian Plate and the Anatolide–Taurides
Platform led to development of the Miocene Kahramanmaraş Foreland Basin. An
irregular geometry of the Arabian Plate caused to oblique collision, thus the
continental collisions started from northeast of the foreland basin and prograde to
west. The promontory plate margin led to three partitioning of the northern basin
margin. The eastern section contains accretionary wedge including nappes, chaotic
mass wasting deposits, small submarine channel deposits and reef limestone and
inner foredeep including debris flow deposits and fine-grained sediments. The
promontory part located in the north of the basin contains accretionary wedge
including nappes, chaotic mass wasting deposits with mountain sized blocks, wedge
top basin with small confined turbidite system, inner foredeep containing small
retrogradational submarine fan deposits in small fault bounded basin and basin plain
deposits. The western part consists of narrow accretionary wedge comprising mass
wasting deposits with big blocks and narrow inner foredeep including debris flow
deposits.
Keywords: Foreland Basin, Miocene, Kahramanmaraş, SE Turkey
Weathering and Geomorphological Features of Metamorphosed
Granitoids (Çine Submassif-Menderes Metamorphic Massif, W
TURKEY)
Murat Gül1, Göksu Uslular1
1Muğla
Sıtkı Koçman University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering,
Kötekli, Muğla-Turkey
The weathering of metamorphosed granitoid rocks (orthogneiss and leucocratic
metagranite) of the Çine-submassif has produced spectacular landscape along the
Yatağan-Çine highway. This area is planned to use as a geo-park. The weathering and
geomorphologic features have been researched. The metamorphosed granitoids
macroscopically contain porphyroclasts of quartz and feldspar. Muscovite and biotite
are other primary minerals, whereas tourmaline is the accessory minerals. Uplifting of
the granitoids formed the exfoliation cracks at the upper parts. Moreover, the tectonic
history depending on the emplacement of the Lycian Nappes and compressionaltensional tectonic regime of W Anatolia may increase density and elongation of the
cracks. Highly weathered profiles of the granitoids are only observed along the road
cuts. Horizontal and vertical weathering profiles typically exceed 50-70 m and 3 m,
respectively. Corestone, tor and inselberg are small and big dome shaped structures
evolved after the selective weathering of granitoid masses. Weathering sheet, rounded
wedge, flared side of rocks and cleft are evolved depending on sharp corner
weathering of rock mass. Pseudobedding (exfoliation cracks) and tectonic alignments
are controlling the size of weathering. Weathering pits, tafoni and alveolar
(honeycomb) type structure are formed as a result of the decomposition of minerals
by surface water. Dominant wind direction and/or inclination of cracks are considered
led to formation of selective weathering generally inclined to east. The metamorphism
and tectonic history, mineral contents, exfoliation, raining and prevailing wind
direction are responsible from the weathering of these granitoids and spectacular
landscape development.
Keywords: Weathering, Geomorphology, Granitoids, Çine-Submassif, Menderes Metamorphic
Massif
136
Evaluation and Use of the Marble Muds in Desulphurization Plant
of Thermal Power Plant
Ihsan Kafadar1
1Mugla
Marble Association, Muğla Turkey
This research reveal that, the usage of the marble wastes in the Flue Gas Filter Plants
in Thermal Power Plant, which cause to environmental pollution, both can reduce the
environmental impact of them and supply additional economic contribution without
any environmental impact. An important part of Turkey electricity needs are met by
coal power plants. However, the remaining radioactive ash and about 140 pieces of
harmful chemical elements are released from coal combustion in power plants.
Efficiency increasing of flue gas filter plants, and sealing power plant ash and slag are
applied in order to reduce the harmful effects of coal power plants and reduce the
environmental impact of it.For this reason, “Flue Gas Desulphurization Plants” was
established and put into operation in the existing thermal power plants in Mugla
Province. The wet limestone is used in this process at least 95% efficiency. This
limestone is cleaning the sulphur oxides and ash together. It is supplied from the
quarries opened nearby the power plant. However, the residues especially marble mud
(marble cake) obtained from the "Marble Quarries and Marble Processing Plants of
Muğla-SW Turkey" have already required chemical and physical properties without any
additional crushing and grinding process.
Keywords: Marble, Marble mud, Desulphurization, Thermal power plant, Environmental impact
137
Cretan and Greek Palaeotsunamis
Klaus Reicherter1, Andreas Vött2, Peter Fischer3, Sascha Schneiderwind4, Jack Mason5, Ioannis
Papanikolaou6
1
RWTH Aachen University, Inst. of Neotectonics and Natural Hazards, 6 Aachen, Germany
2Natural
Hazard Research and Geoarchaeology, Institute for Geography, Johannes GutenbergUniversität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
3Natural
Hazard Research and Geoarchaeology, Institute for Geography, Johannes GutenbergUniversität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
4RWTH
5RWTH
6Laboratory
of Mineralogy and Geology, Department Department of Natural Resources
Management & Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
The southern, western and eastern coasts of Crete are directly exposed to the seismotectonically highly active Hellenic Trench, which is well known to have produced strong
earthquakes and tsunamis during history, for example the 365 AD event. Recent
studies have revealed traces of a corresponding 365 AD mega-tsunami as far away as
southern Italy and northwestern Greece. The northern coasts of Crete are suggested
to have been strongly affected by the tsunami associated with the 17 th century BC
volcanic eruption of Thera/Santorini. Thus, Crete seems to have been subject to
tsunamis of different origin approaching from different sides. Moreover, the island
offers a wide variety of tsunami sediment traps such as coastal plains, lagoons, river
valleys and colluvial wegdes as well as abundant traces of high-energy dislocated
boulders in the littoral zone. Many archaeological sites (harbours and villages) are
situated along the coastline and are known to have been affected by (pre-) historical
tsunami like Falarsana on the west coast and Palaikastro on the east coast. Such
sedimentary archives as coastal lagoons and coastal plains on the island of Crete and
its surroundings have been used to recover geomorphological, sedimentological,
geochemical and micropalaeontological data in order to understand the internal
sedimentary architecture and spatial variabilities of tsunamites as well as interface
geometries, for example towards the underlying bedrock or overlying autochthonous
deposits. Radiocarbon dating is applied to set up a geochronological frame. 3D
reconstructions of tsunami landfall are be accomplished by high-resolution geophysical
imaging of tsunamites using by GPR and ERT techniques.
Keywords: Tsunami, Tsunami deposits, Crete, Greece, Ancient harbours
138
Trenching Investigations on Active Normal Faults on Crete Combining Lidar and Geophysical Information
Sascha Schneiderwind1,Thomas Wiatr1,Jack Mason1,Klaus Reicherter1
1RWTH
Aachen University, Inst. of Neotectonics and Natural Hazards, Lochnerstraße 4-20,
52056 Aachen, Germany
Subsurface coseismic features like displaced strata or colluvial wedges, which primarily
occur within the unconsolidated sediments of the hanging-wall, form important
archives as they are used to identify paleoearthquakes and estimate the seismic
hazard potential for active fault zones. Traditionally, trenching investigations form a
major element of paleoseismic research. For decades now this has comprised manual
logging and photomosaic methods. Furthermore, the outcome from using these
established techniques is highly dependent on the experience of the trench logger to
define mappable units; discrete deposits that are composed of similar lithology need
to be distinguished from adjacent units.
In order to prove whether the aforementioned trench logging methods used to map
coseismic features in a paleoseismic trench walls can be enhanced with objective
methods, we combined routine logging with vertical ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
measurements and t-LiDAR scans at the Sfaka fault (Crete, Greece). Using the tLiDAR’s high-resolution surface DEM and backscatter signal data, we are able to
accurately define individual layers due to the changing reflection characteristics which
correlate with distinct boundaries in the trench log and photomosaic. Combining this
information with the GPR results leads to a 3-D model of coseismic features within the
hanging-wall with an expected error in the order of a few centimeters. Thus, GPR and
t-LiDAR have the potential to support the interpretation of paleoseismic trenches by
improving the objective identification of distinct layers and providing quantitative data
in 3-D to reconstruct historical earthquake events.
Keywords: GPR, Trenching, LiDAR, Normal faults, Crete
139
Late Pleistocene
Anatolia
-
Holocene
Climatic
Cycles
from
Eastern
Z. Bora Ön1, M. Sinan Özeren2, M. Namık Çağatay3, K. Kadir Eriş4, Sena Akçer-Ön1
1Muğla
SK Üniversitesi, Engineering Faculty, Geology Department, Turkey,
2Istanbul
Teknik Üniversitesi, Avrasya Earth Sciences Institute, Turkey,
3Istanbul
Teknik Üniversitesi, Mining Faculty, Geological Engineering Department, Turkey,
4Fırat
Üniversitesi, Engineering Faculty, Geological Engineering Department, Turkey,
To find a periodic behaviour in a dynamical system is the hope of the researcher, since
one can make the projection then. Therefore, in order to manifest the laws of the
system humanity has always searched for it either in natural or in social sciences.
Within this study we used the geochemical results of an undisturbed 145 m long
composite core, spanning the last 90 kyr, retrieved from Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia1650 m asl) and an undisturbed 3.48 m long core, spanning the last 18 kyr, recovered
from Lake Hazar (Eastern Anatolia-1240 m asl). Lake Van, which is the largest soda
and fourth largest terminal lake of the world, is surrounded by several semi-active
volcanoes and Nemrut volcano formed it by damming with its flows more than 500 kyr
ago. Lake Hazar (Eastern Anatolia-1240 m asl) is an alkaline tectonic lake.
The age model of Lake Van depends on carbon dating, 40Ar/39Ar ages, correlation of
tephra layers and correlation of the data with MIS. For Lake Hazar six 14C ages are
used. Since the data are unevenly spaced, we chose the Lomb Scargle periodogram
spectral technique to find the periodic behaviour of the geochemical results, such as
XRF, stable oxygen/carbon, total organic and inorganic carbon and magnetic
susceptibility data of Lake Van and Lake Hazar. Also we have compared the results
with the spectral analysis results of Sofular Cave stalagmite records.
The results of the analysis of Lake Van and Sofular Cave records show the presence of
precession of the equinoxes, harmonics of Milankovitch cycles and D/O cycles. The
spectral analyses of Holocene record of Lake Van, Sofular Cave and Lake Hazar
support the solar cycles and the so called Bond cycle.
Keywords: Lake Van, Lake Hazar, Eastern Anatolia, Paleoclimate, Periodicity, Climate cycles,
Milankovitch cycles, Subharmonic cycles
140
Environmental Records of Küçükçekmece Lagoon Sediments
(Istanbul) Based on Mineral-Magnetic and Geochemical Analyses
Özlem Makaroğlu1, Norbert R. Nowaczyk2, Namık Çağatay3, Sena Akçer Ön4, Umut Barış Ulgen3,
Dursun Acar3, Naci Orbay1
1Istanbul
University, Turkey
2Helmholtz
3Istanbul
4Muğla
Center Potsdam, GFZ, Germany
Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
We present the results of mineral magnetic measurements and geochemical µ-XRF
Core Scanner elemental profiles of four cores recovered in different depths in the
Kucukcekmece Lagoon, located on northern shoreline of the Sea of Marmara. Mineral
magnetic measurements include κLF (bulk magnetic susceptibility), isothermal
remanent magnetisation, anhysteretic remanent magnetisation and thermomagnetic
analysis. S-ratio and HIRM were calculated. µ-XRF Core Scanner analysis were made
at 1 mm resolution using an Itrax XRF Core scanner. Downcore variation of magnetic
properties and some geochemical elemental profiles (e.g., Ca/Ti, Sr, K/Ca) show good
correlation through the cores. According to the mineral magnetic properties, the cores
consist of three magnetic units. Unit a shows relatively moderate and stable values
through the core. It is composed of the grey to brown colored laminated sediment.
During the deposition of Unit a there was relatively humid period with high
terrigeneous input. Unit B consists of 0.5 m thick homogenous black mud having high
magnetic susceptibility, high S-ratio and high HIRM values. The SIRM/κLF values vary
between 20 and 100 kAm-1. The thermomagnetic and the mineral magnetic
parameters of Unit B indicate the presence of abundant greigite characterized by
distinctive picks. Unit B was therefore deposited under conditions of high sulphate
reduction and high sea water influence in the lagoon. Unit C is homogenous grey
sediment with low S-ratio values indicating increased amounts of high coercivity
magnetic minerals. HIRM, Sr and Ca/Ti profiles which have relatively high values
indicate there was a low terrigenous input and dry periods during the deposition of
Unit C sediments.
Keywords: Kucukcekmece lagoon, Mineral magnetic properties, Geochemical properties,
Holocene
141
Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period in Istanbul: Correlation
of Küçükçekmece Lagoon Sedimentary Records With Historical
Data
Sena Akçer-Ön1, Namık Çağatay2, Mehmet Sakınç3, Zeki Bora Ön1,3, Dursun Acar2
1Muğla
Sıtkı Koçman Ünivresitesi, Department of Geological Engineering, Turkey
2İTÜ
EMCOL, Turkey
3İTÜ
Avrasya Yer Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Turkey
Its unique geographical setting has made İstanbul the center of many civilizations
since ca. BC 6600 years. It has hosted important civilizations of Fikirtepe, Byzantium
and Ottoman Empires. It is only recently the historical climate records of İstanbul
have started being published.
In this study, 3 m long core from Küçükçekmece Lagoon recoverd at 16 m water
depth is analyzed by XRF (X-Ray Fluoresance) core scanner with a resolution of 200
µm. Stable oxygen isotope data were obtained from ostracoda and benthic
foraminifera shells at resolution of 50 mm along the core. We have used the AMS 14C
analysis from bivalvia shells and plant remains to reconstruct the age model, which
indicates that the core extends back to ca. AD 600 years. The XRF data is processed
as time series and Lomb-Scargle spectral method is applied to search for the climatic
periodicities.
The results of multi proxy and historical data suggest cold and relatively wet
conditions at 600-725 AD and cold, relatively dry conditions between 725-825 AD in
İstanbul. This spell correlates with the Dark Ages Cold period (450-950 AD) in Europe.
European Medieval Climate Anomaly (950-1250 AD) seems, started at 825 AD in
İstanbul and inturrepted by droughts and cold conditions at 1100 AD. Multiproxy data
suggests transition dry to wet conditions started ca 1000 AD and ended at 1560 AD.
Dry phase of Little Ice Age (1450-1850) has started at 1560 AD and continued until
1640 AD when the Celali revolts have occured in Ottoman. Dryer and cold conditions
continued until 1950 AD and interrupted by wet conditions by Late Maunder Minimum
(1640-1710) and a spell between 1830-1900 AD. Also Instrumental data shows;
between 1894 and 1997 temperature was almost 1°C colder than today.
The historical data is compiled and correlated with our high resolution geological data
for more accurate age model. XRF data used for the spectral analyses of which show
68 and 120, 190 -year periodicities for the İstanbul climate during the last 1400 years.
Keywords: Küçükçekmece lagoon, İstanbul, Little ice age, Medeival warm period, Sediment
records, Historical data
142
Late Holocene Climatic and Environmental Changes of Lake Bafa
(Muğla, Turkey)
Cannur Eroğlu1, Zeynep Ankut1, Sebahat Ercan1, Sena Akçer – Ön1, Dursun Acar2
1
Muğla Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Muğla, Türkiye
2İstanbul
Teknik Üniversitesi, Maden Fakültesi, EMCOL Araştırma Merkezi, İstanbul, Türkiye
cannur.eroglu@hotmail.com
Regional differentiation due to the high resolution of the records and the brevity of the
periods studied, debates still continue on Holocene climate changes. This study
focuses on investigation of climatic and environmental changes of Late Holocene from
Bafa Lake sediments on the Büyük Menderes River delta, western Anatolia. Bafa Lake
was formed by the closure of the entrance of the Latimian Gulf due to alluvial input of
Büyük Menderes River.
This study forms an undergraduate thesis work. For this purpose, we collected three
sediment cores from Bafa Lake, using a piston-gravity corer. The lengths of the cores
recovered from 14.2 m, 1.6 m, 14.0 m water depths, are are 28 cm, 58 cm and 40
cm, respectively. After making the lithological description 70 µm sieve is used for
micropaleontological sampling. We analyzed for physical properties of the cores such
as magnetic susceptibility at 5 mm resolution using Multi Sensor Core Logger (MSCL)
and for multi-element geochemical analysis at 2 mm resolution using XRF (X-Ray
Fluoresance) core scanner. After the identification process of ostrocoda and benthic
foraminifera under microscope, at 20 mm resolution, the stable oxygen-carbon isotope
results and 14C dating were gathered from ostrocoda species (Cyprideis torosa) and
from benthic foraminifera and ostracod shells, respectively.
As a result, we observe the major dry and wet periods and correlate these periods
with “Eurocentric” Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period. Also correlation of our
cores with previously drilled ones (Akçer-Ön, 2011-PhD Thesis) gives similarity and
this allows us to make better interpolation of the ages of the core.
Key Words: Paleoclimate, Late Holocene, Bafa lake, Muğla
143
Varved Lake Sediments from SW Anatolia (Köyceğiz Lake):
Paleoclimatic Reconstructions and Sedimentary Earthquake
Record for the Last 400 Years
Ulaş Avşar1, Özgür Avşar2, Sabine Schmidt3, Sigurjon Jonsson4
1King
2Muğla
Sıtkı Koçman University, Engineering Faculty, Geological Engineering Department,
Turkey
3University
4King
of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC OASU, Talence Cedex, France
High-resolution multi-proxy analyses along two sediment cores collected from
Köyceğiz Lake lead to the discovery of varved sediments in SW Anatolia. The
elemental profiles and RGB images obtained by ITRAX XRF scanner confirm that the
sequence is composed of couplets of dark organic/minerogenic-rich and white calciumrich laminae. Dark layers are enriched in elements like Ti, Fe, Rb, Cr and Ni, and are
probably deposited via runoff during fall/winter time. White layers, on the other hand,
are enriched in elements like Ca and Sr, implying calcite precipitation during summer.
In order to validate the annual formation of the couplets, the sediment chronology was
constructed by measuring the activities of short-lived radionuclides (i.e., 210Pb and
137
Cs) along one of the cores. Within the top 40 cm, varve counting is consistent with
the radionuclide chronology, which provides 0.35-0.40 cm/yr sedimentation rate.
-resolution ITRAX data also reveals distinct
cycles corresponding to 0.4-0.5 cm/yr sedimentation rate along the core. Further
validation is provided by comparing the varve thickness with the annual total
precipitation measurements at Köyceğiz hydrometeorological station between 1963
and 2011. In addition to annual total precipitation predicted by varve thickness,
multiple regression analysis is applied to obtain reconstructions of Jan-Feb
precipitation and Jun-Aug temperature. The produced paleoclimatic proxy record for
the last 400 years is in good agreement with the proxy records from Nar (Central
Anatolia) and Göllüköy (Central North Anatolia) lakes. Accordingly, Köyceğiz record
implies a gradual increase in aridity during the last 400 years in general; however a
shift to more arid conditions around 1800 AD is remarkable as well. In addition to
paleoclimatic information, Köyceğiz record contains sedimentary traces of past
earthquakes in the region. High-resolution radiographic images reveal two distinct
soft-sediment-deformation (SSD) horizons disturbing the varves in the sequence.
Based on the varve chronology, the SSDs are dated to 1950s and 1850s, probably
triggered by the 1957 (M=7.2) and 1851 Fethiye earthquakes, which caused
significant damage in the region. The completeness and continuity of the Köyceğiz
varves back in time will be investigated in the coming months along a 7.5 m-long
piston core.
Keywords: Köyceğiz Lake, Varve, Soft sediment deformation, Earthquake, Paleoseismology
144
Evaluation of Size Effect on Capillarity Water Absorption Test for
Selected Rocks
Ali Özvan1, Ismail Dinçer2, Mutluhan Akın3, Vural Oyan3, Mücip Tapan4
1Department
of Geological Engineering, Yuzuncu Yil University, Turkey.
2Department
of Geological Engineering, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Turkey
3Department
of Mining Engineering, Yuzuncu Yil University, Turkey.
4Department
of Civil Engineering, Yuzuncu Yil University, Turkey.
Porous dimension stones used as building or exterior facade tend to absorb water due
to capillary action when they are subjected to rain or surface water. This process may
commonly lead to degradation and it is very important to determine the capillary
water absorption potential of dimension stones. in this study, a preliminary
experimental research was carried out to observe the effect of sample size on capillary
water absorption test results in accordance with TS EN 1925 (2000) standards.
Ignimbrite, clayey limestone, basalt and dolomitic limestone cores in 50 mm diameter
as well as length to diameter (L/D) ratios 2 and 1 were tested which reveal varying
water absorption capacities. Initially, the variation of test results for different rock
types and the size effect on capillary water absorption tests were investigated. Then
calculated capillarity water absorption capacities were compared with the average
values of weight per unit volume (d), apparent porosity (n), water absorption by
weight, P-wave velocity and uniaxial compressive strength in order to evaluate the
accuracy of different length to diameter ratios (L/D=2 and L/D=1).
The size effect was significant for rocks with low capillary water absorption coefficient,
whereas a considerable influence was not observed in high degree water-absorbing
rocks for the evaluated sample sizes. The relationships between the capillary water
absorption values and the physico-mechanical properties of the rocks for each size as
well as the determination coefficients (R2) indicate that the R2 values are higher in
L/D=2 specimens than those of L/D=1.
Keywords: Capillary water absorption, Dimension stone, Size effect, Physico-mechanical
properties
145
The Geological Strength Index Evaluations and Classification of
Sandstone and Claystone Alternations
Ahmet Özbek1, Murat Gül2
Kahramanmaraş Sutcu Imam University, Department of Geological Engineering, 46100, Avsar
Campus, Kahramanmaraş – Turkey (ozbeka@ksu.edu.tr)
1
Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Department of Geological Engineering, 48000, Kotekli Campus,
Mugla – Turkey
2
Alternations different grain-sized clastics in discrete beds with various thickness and
variable ratio supply the heterogeneity of the clastic sedimentary rock mass.
Determinations of the geotechnical properties of this type of the clastic sedimentary
rock are one of the tackling subjects of the rock mechanics. Recently Geological
Strength Index (GSI; Marinos and Hoek; 2001) is using for the determinations of the
strength characteristics of these rock. Visual interpretation is widely used for the
determination of GSI. The sandstone and claystone ratio and internal deformation can
be used in classification of these sedimentary rocks and GSI value determination.
Kahramanmaraş Foreland Basin contains Miocene deep sea sediments including
sandstone and claystone alternation with varying ratio. Seven rock classes are
separated in this region based sandstone claystone ratio (S/C) and internal structures.
These are A: R10; B: 1<R≤10; C: R, 1/1; D:1/3≤R<1; E: 1/10≤R<1/3 and F:
tectonically deformed; G: R <1/10. Four different class are determined based on rock
classes and discontinuity surface conditions (A-B, GSI>40; C, 35≤GSI≤40; D-E,
25≤GSI<35; F-G, GSI<25). The high sand content of the A and B classes gives high
GSI value and strength parameters. The Block Punch Strength Index (BPI) is used for
the determination of strength of rock. These values vary between 4.72-12.09 MPa.
However, sandstone strength is higher than the sandstone and claystone ratios. Thus
decreasing ratio obtaining from the rock heterogeneity applied to ci values. The
revised ci values vary between 13.61 and 55.54 MPa.
Keywords: GSI, Heterogeneity, Sedimentary rock masses, Sandstone-Claystone alternation
Determination of Liquefaction Potential of the Tarsus Plain
(Mersin-Adana)
Can Akbulut1, Cüneyt Güler1, Murat Camuzcuoğlu1, Aydın Alptekin1
1Mersin
University, Turkey
In this study, it was aimed to determine soil liquefaction potential of the Tarsus Plain
(Mersin-Adana) which covers an area of about 625 km2. In August 2012, grain size
distribution analyses were made on soil samples collected from 33 different locations
in the region. Characteristic values (mean grain size, the amount of fines, uniformity
coefficient and plasticity index) that are used to evaluate liquefiable soils were
determined. Results of these analyses have shown that soils from the area are in SM
(silty sand) and SC (clayey sand) groups according to the Unified Soil Classification
System (USCS). In the study area, static groundwater levels range between 3.00-4.05
m. Furthermore, results of the grain size distribution analyses from the study area
were compared to the particle size ranges of soils from different areas that are known
to liquefied as a result of different earthquake events. The obtained results have
shown that the study area has a significant risk of liquefaction.
Keywords: Liquefaction potential, Grain size distribution analysis, Tarsus Plain, Adana
146
Geochemical
and
Engineering
Properties
Evaluation
of
Aggregates Used in Asphalt Production in Kahramanmaras (SE
Turkey)
Yusuf Uras1, Ahmet Özbek1, Hüseyin Semerci1
1Kahramanmaras
Sutcu Imam University, Department of Geological Engineering, TURKEY
Recently, the decline of the aggregate reserves from river bed, heterogeneous
characters of them and environmental damage due to materials extracting led to
increase of crushed stone aggregate demand in the world and in our country. Many
aggregate quarries have opened in lithologically different geologic unit in
Kahramanmaras to meet this demand. This study investigates the usability of basalt,
dolomitic limestone, limestone, clayey limestone and micritic limestone aggregate of
Kahramanmaras in terms of geochemical and physico-mechanical properties.
The main elements and trace elements of aggregates obtained from active quarry are
determined using ICP-MS method. The petrographic properties of aggregates are
evaluated as a result of the thin section and XRD analysis. For the determination of
the physico-mechanical properties of the aggregate, the specific gravity, Los-Angeles
abrasion, water absorption by weight, flatness and shape index, MgSO 4 frost loss,
organic matter content, sieve analysis, Marshall tests were performed.
The Rare Earth Elements and high content of clay minerals of the micritic limestone
can negatively affect the asphalt quality in terms of geochemistry. The Los Angeles
abrasion loss of 30 % of micritic limestone and clayey limestone and water absorption
by weight values higher than 2 % of basalt are negatively affect the asphalt quality in
terms of physico-mechanical properties. Consequently, the quality asphalt mixtures
including the dolomitic limestone aggregates are higher than other materials.
Keywords: Geochemistry, Physico-mechanical properties, Limestone, Basalt, Asphalt
Assessment of Carbonate Lithologies from Western Greecefor
Their Use as Road Construction Aggregates
Ioannis Mpalatsas1,Basilios Tsikouras2,Ioannis Rigopoulos3, Konstantin Hatzipanagiotou4
1University
BE1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam AND University of Patras, Department of
Geology, Section of Earth Materials, 265 00, Patras, Greece;,
3University of Patras, Department of Geology, Section of Earth Materials, 265 00, Patras, Greece
AND University of Cyprus,
4Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus;, University of
Patras, Department of Geology, Section of Earth Materials, 265 00, Patras, Greece
2Universiti
This paper focuses on the assessment of the petrographic, physicomechanical and
physicochemical properties of 12 representative carbonate rocks from the
Aitoloakarnania province (Western Greece), in order to evaluate their suitability as
road construction aggregates. Samples from the Upper Cretaceous limestones of the
Olonos-Pindos and Gavrovo-Tripolis geotectonic zones of Greece are comparatively
studied and special emphasis is given on the investigation of the influence of their
petrographic characteristics on their physicomechanical and physicochemical
properties. The results of the engineering tests are evaluated in accordance with
international suitability standards for road construction aggregates. The textural
features and the grain constituents (fossils, lithoclasts, endoclasts, etc.) determine the
engineering behaviour of the investigated limestones. Interrelationships among certain
physicomechanical and physicochemical properties are statistically significant and
provide well defined trends that can be interpreted from the petrographic
characteristics of the limestones. All petrographic and engineering features of these
carbonate rocks suggest their suitability as road construction aggregates.
Keywords: Limestone, Aggregates, Physicomechanical properties, Aitoloakarnania, Greece
147
Comparative Study of Ophiolitic and Carbonate Rocks for Their
Suitability as Concrete Aggregates
Petros Petrounias1, Peny Giannakopoulou1, Basilios Tsikouras2, Konstantin Hatzipanagiotou1
1University
2Universiti
Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Bandar Seri Begawan,
Brunei Darussalam And University of Patras, Department of Geology, Patras, Greece
The purpose of this paper is the study of ophiolitic and carbonate lithologies derived
from the Pelagonian and Axios zones (North Greece) and from the Pindos zone (NW
Peloponnese), respectively, for the assessment of their suitability as concrete
aggregates. Five cubic test pieces of concrete (category C12/15) were prepared using
mafic and ultramafic rocks whereas another five test pieces were prepared from
carbonate rocks of variable composition. The cement paste which was used for all
types of aggregates was prepared using carbonate sand. Uniaxial Compressive
Strength (UCS) results in ophiolitic test pieces showed lower values relative to
carbonate rocks, although ophiolitic aggregates yielded higher UCS values, than
carbonate aggregates. Detailed microscopic examination through optical polarized and
scanning electron microscopes took place before and after the UCS testing. Unlike the
carbonate grains, the ophiolitic grains commonly showed abruptions from the
surrounding cement paste after the UCS test in the concrete test pieces, likely
resulting in their observed lower performance. The relations of interaction between the
cement paste and the grains of all types of aggregates, as well as the formation of
new mineral phases were investigated.
Keywords: Concrete aggregates, Ophiolitic rocks, Carbonate rocks, Greece
A Combination of Fundamental Mode Dispersion Curves Obtained
from Remi and MASW Methods- Examples from Trabzon (Arsin)
Akin Özgenc 1, Nilgun Sayil1, Mustafa Senkaya1
1Karadeniz
Shear-wave velocity (VS) is an essential parameter for determining the dynamic
properties of soil, but it is quite difficult and expensive to derive by using conventional
geophysical techniques. That’s why Surface Wave Methods (SWM) have been
developed in last decades. Surface wave methods have been used extensively in
seismic site characterization studies for many years. However, Interpretation of
geophysical data needs to bring together different types of information to make the
proposed model geologically realistic and multiple data sets can reduce ambiguity and
non-uniqueness present in separate geophysical data inversions. Present study aims
combining two of the most recently developed surface wave acquisition techniques for
determining shallow shear-wave velocity, Refraction Microtremor(ReMi) and
Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW). The methods were applied on the 6
different profiles in Trabzon (Arsin)-Turkey. The data set have been evaluated by
SeisImager/Pickwin program. Outcomes from MASW measurements reveal both
fundamental and first higher mode while ReMi measurements reveal only fundamental
mode. The fundamental mode dispersion curves obtained from MASW and ReMi
methods have been combined to get more accurate information about shallow and
deep layers. Optimum frequency range of the MASW dispersion curves is 8-25 Hz,
while 3-15 Hz of the ReMi dispersion curves. After the combination, optimum
frequency range of the combined curve changes between 3-25 Hz. So, two methods
overlap their blind side and meaningless S-velocity contrasts at shallow or deep in
single inversions change with more reliable and comprehensible velocity propagation.
Keywords: MASW, Remi, Combined inversion,
148
A Case Study on the Mechanism and Remediation of Landslide in
Kale-Denizli Motorway
Deniz Ülgen1, Mehmet Rıfat Kahyaoğlu1, Altuğ Saygılı1, Onur Toygar1, Selda Durmaz1
1Muğla
Sitki Kocman University, Turkey
A case study on the mechanism of landslide in Kale-Denizli motorway is presented in
this paper. The excavation activities pursued during road construction, however,
disturbed the delicate balance and triggered a major landslide in the area. This study
aims to investigate the causative mechanism and to make a decision for remediation
measures of the landslide occurred immediately after the excavation of a hillside. In
order to elucidate the slope failure mechanism, a detailed site investigation including
site and laboratory tests, was carried out in the landslide region.
Inclinometers were installed to monitor and measure the subsurface deformations
induced by the landslide. Initial inclinometer readings were recorded immediately
following landslide. Subsequent readings were taken over a period of approximately 5
months. The sliding area is mapped with bore hole and inclinometer locations via
related topographic maps. The inclinometer data were then utilized for the estimation
of the critical failure surface.
Back analyses of the failed slope were performed in order to to evaluate the shear
strength parameters on the critical failure surface. The representative cross section
was modeled in software SLIDE 5.0 and analyzed using the limit equilibrium method.
Determined shear strength parameters were then used in post-failure analysis for
evaluating the feasible remediation alternatives.
Based on several analyses, the remediation project including the excavation of
700.000m3 soil over the failure surface has been evaluated to be the most suitable
method considering the locally available sources for supplying long-term stability.
Keywords : Landslide, Slope stability, Limit equilibrium method, Back analysis, Remediation
149
Examination of Gravity Data of Cyprus
Sinan Demirel1, Fatih Adatepe1
1İ.Ü.
Marine Secience and Management Institute
Cyprus, which has been of strategic importance throughout history, is still preserving
its significance. As a matter of fact, this significance has been further increased by the
manifestation of its petroleum and natural gas resources.
The Eastern Mediterranean region where Cyprus is also located resides in a
considerably geological active zone. Present day tectonic framework of the Eastern
Mediterranean is controlled by the collision of the African and Eurasian plates. The
boundary between the African and Eurasian plates is delineated by the Hellenic arc
and Pliny, Strabo trenches in the west and the Cyprus arc and diffuses Anatolian fault
systems in the east. Bathymetric contours give a first indication of the major features
of the Eastern Mediterranean. Most of these features are also shown in the gravity
anomaly maps.
Bouguer gravity profiles are similar in showing gravity low over the plate boundary
suture attributed to thick sediments, with Bouguer highs over oceanic or transitional
crust to the South and over ophiolites and thinner sediments, on thin continental curst
to the north. Gass and Mason-Smith (1963) and Gass (1968) give an explanation of
the large positive gravity anomalies on Cyprus as arising where part of the upper
mantle is carried up into the core of the over-thrust.
In this study, structural cross-sections have been obtained by applying 2D modeling
techniques on two cross-sections taken from the gravity map (Vine et al., 1973) of
Cyprus. Based on these evaluations, it can be reported that the layer depth of the
(AA’) cross-section over the Troodos Igneous Massif is approximately 40 kilometers,
formed as an intrusion. The layer depts of the other cross-sections (BB’) have been
measured.
Keywords: Cyprus, Gravity, Geological structure, 2d modeling techniques
Invesgation of Soil Dynamics Analysis Parameters At the
Northern Part of Izmir Gulf By Using Multi-Approach Geophysical
Methods
Özkan Cevdet Özdağ1, Mustafa Akgün2, Tolga Gönenç2
1Dokuz
2Dokuz
The damage caused by the earthquake in the structure is directly related to local soil
conditions. This affects mainly consisting of ground displacements influence the
liquefaction and transport power losses. Therefore, before the foundation of building
construction will form the basis of the layers would be necessary to know how to
behave during an earthquake. in this study, alluvial grounds located north of the Gulf
of Izmir microgravity, Modified Spatial Autocorrelation (MSPAC) and microtremor
modeled using methods together. Also in the aftermath of the earthquake that
occurred during the process modeling of stress and strain in dynamic conditions using
a computer-assisted analysis modeled and interpreted.
Keywords: MSPAC, Microgravity, Microtremor, Soil Dynamic analysis, Earthquake Resistance
structure
150
The Dynamic Amplification Factor Calculations by Using
Geophysical Methods: the Case Study at Izmir New City Centre
Area
Özkan Cevdet Özdağ1, Mustafa Akgün2, Çağlar Tuna3, Eren Pamuk
4
1Dokuz
2Dokuz
3Ege
University The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Turkey
4Dokuz
Earthquakes that directly involve our security of life and property as one of the most
important natural disasters are threatening all around the world. While designing
earthquake resistant buildings; construction will take place and the establishment of
relations with the floor structure which is one of the most important destructive effects
of peak horizontal acceleration (PGA) is inevitable that the calculation correctly.
Theoretical studies, the structure of the design earthquake forces likely to come in the
process of building area to be threatening the PGA different earthquake source and
designed for different earthquakes, the bill needs to be examined by earthquakes.
Available next to the station to do a strong ground motion results to be obtained in
theoretical studies of dynamic amplification factor (DAF) with PGE values in bedrock
using actual earthquake records can be made about the approach. Microtremor from
measurements obtained within the HVS specific assumptions and estimates of these
values may be used in front of amplification have been proposed. in addition, this
HVSR floor is identical with the view that the transfer function has been developed. in
this study, Izmir Metropolitan Areas threatening the most active earthquake source
history of earthquakes literature after selecting these potential sources of earthquakes
on the design earthquake created and applied 57 points microtremor measurements
obtained by ground transfer functions on bedrock metropolitan area. The quake
occurred on the ground surface showing that the rate at which changes the dynamic
amplification parameter (Dynamic Amplification Factor-DAF) was calculated.
Keywords: Dynamic amplification factor, Scenario earthquake, Soil Transfer function, Soilstructure interaction
151
Determination of Soil-Structure Interaction
(Hakkari, Turkey) By Using Microtremor Method
of
Yüksekova
Ismail Akkaya1, M. Alper Şengül1, Ali Özvan1, Mücip Tapan1
1Yüzüncü
Yıl University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
Yüksekova (Hakkari) and its surrounding area is one of the seismically active zone of
Eastern Anatolia. The possibility of a big magnitude earthquake that may result in
heavy damages to the structures is high since the construction quality is low and the
region is generally located on Quaternary aged terrestrial sediments composed of
loose-soft sediments which could amplify the earthquake ground motion to a
considerable level. The horizontal to vertical spectral ratios of microtremor (HVSR)
analysis of Yüksekova and its surroundings is carried out using the results of field
investigations, local soil conditions and seismotectonic features of the region in order
to determine the soil-structure interaction properties of the region that is directly
related to the extent of building damages after earthquakes.
In this research, data collection carried out for 30 minutes using three component
seismograph measurements at 40 points in the Yüksekova region. Yüksekova area are
settled on loose-soft sediments were verified with comparatively high HVSR peak
period values and HVSR peak amplitude values. The HVSR technique shows good
correlation with the variation of the sediment thickness of the area. From place to
place, the water level in the plain area is shallow. Because of the shallow underground
water level and the sandy soil layer the level of liquefaction has increased in
Yüksekova. Earthquake damages are expected to be high in the villages near to the
faults because of the widespread application of low quality unreinforced masonry and
adobe buildings. The results of this study show that, local soil conditions may play an
important role on the damage level of structures after an earthquake.
Keywords: Yüksekova-Hakkari , Earthquake, Ambient noise, HVSR, Soil-structure interaction,
Wavelet Transform Methods for Arrival Times of P and S Phases
Identification in Seismograms
Fikret Doğru1, Eren Pamuk1
1Dokuz
Eylul University, Turkey
Spectral analysis of geophysical systems gives computational ease to derive important
results by transforming the data into different domain. The development of wavelet
transform offered variable resolution characteristics to resolve the spectral component
and has various advantages over the conventional Fourier transform and windowed
Fourier transform. The wavelet transform is used commonly signal processing during
the last four decades. in addition, this transform has began utilization of seismic signal
processing recently. It is important that P and S wave arrival times and noise at
earthquake records and the distance between the epicenter of earthquake and station
for seismic signal processing. Phase separation of earthquake waves in all components
is the most significant in seismological studies and arrival times of P and S phases can
be determined using wavelet transform at seismograms. Furthermore, aim of this
study obtaining the phases at the noisy seismic signals whose P and S phases are too
difficult to determine. Seven earthquakes (M≥3.5) that occurred at the Bursa (Turkey)
and its surrounding on 1997-2000 were used as real data. In our study, the wavelet
transform gives very successful results at detecting the P and S seismic phases, thus
making the data more comprehensible.
Keywords: Wavelet transform, P and S waves, Signal processing
152
The Crust Structure of Denizli Graben and Its Relation with
Seismicity
F.Figen Altinoğlu1, Ali Aydin1
1Pamukkale
Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeofizik Mühendisliği Bölümü
Denizli graben is a part of Aegean extensional province and its one of the most
tectonically important structure of western Anatolia. Many earthquakes have been
occured in this region with high magnitudes. To interpret the seismicity and its relation
with crust structure in the Denizli graben, the earthquake data which occurred
between 1900-2012 years with the magnitude ≥3 and Bouguer gravity anomaly data
of study area have been used. Bouguer gravity anomalies of western Anatolia give
high negative values and rise from east to west direction. Two dimensional models of
the crust have been modeled using Bouguer gravity data of two vertical and two
horizontal profiles crossing the graben. Before the modeling process power spectrum
method has been useed to determine the depth of subsurfaces and three layers at 3
km, 9 km and 28 km have been defined. The picenters of earthquakes were added to
these crust models to clearly define the crystalline basement level. As a result we
defined the crystalline basement level at 10-12 km on the crust that earthquakes
mostly occurred in. And the lineaments like faults, fractures, etc. are located in these
levels. Earthquakes with high magnitude are mostly occurred below the basement,
rarely the earthquakes with magnitude smaller than 4 occurred above the basement.
The most of the earthquakes occurred between 5-10 km in the crust and this depth
level is in accordance with the crystalline basement topography.
Keynotes: Seismicity, Crust structure
153
Fossil Oceanic Core Complex in the Limassol Forest, Troodos
Ophiolite, Cyprus
Bar Elisha1,Yaron Katzir1, Meir Abelson2, Samuele Agostini3, John W. Valley4, Michael J.
Spicuzza4
1Ben
Gurion Univ. of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
2Geological
3IGG-CNR,
4Univ.
Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel
Pisa, Italy
of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
The fossil ridge-transform intersection preserved in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus,
exposes two dissimilar segments of a paleo-spreading center. North of the Arakapas
fossil transform fault an intact oceanic lithosphere is preserved. However, south of the
Arakapas transform, in the Limassol Forest, extensive talc-amphibole-chlorite
metasomatic zones and rodingitized gabbro boudins occur within a strongly foliated
serpentinite shear-zone separating ultramafics from sheeted dykes. δ 18O values of the
serpentine in the Limassol Forest are invariably lower than mantle values (0 to 5.7‰;
n=26), consistent with serpentinization during seafloor spreading. δ18Oserp decreases
from 4 to 0‰ towards the contact, suggesting that this shear zone was acting as a
conduit for seawater circulating at moderate to high temperatures (~150 to 250°C)
close to the spreading axis. Accordingly, the mantle sequence of the Limassol Forest is
suggested to have been exhumed at the footwall of an oceanic core complex, which
explains the complicated structure of oceanic lithosphere exposed in the Limassol
Forest. North of the Arakapas transform, the Mt. Olympus serpentinites comprise two
generations of serpentine. Early oceanic lizardite (δ18Oserp= 4 to 6‰) is heavily
overprinted by late chrysotile veins (δ18Oserp= 10 to 14‰; δ11Bserp= -6 to 13‰).
The new data suggest that chrysotile is related to the emplacement of the ophiolite on
the African margins. δ11Bserp gradually decreases away from the Cyprus Arc
subduction trench, resembling across arc trends recorded in magmas. This suggests
that fluids released from the subducting slab beneath Cyprus migrated upward and
overprinted the partially serpentinized mantle with thick chrysotile veins.
Keywords: Limassol Forest, Troodos, Oceanic Core Complex, Detachment, Serpentine, δ18O,
δ11B
Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the VeriaNaousa ophiolite (north Greece)
Aikaterini Rogkala1, Basilios Tsikouras2, Konstantin Hatzipanagiotou1
1University of Patras, Department of Geology, Section of Earth Materials, 265 00, Patras,
Greece;
2Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Department of Petroleum Geoscience, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong
A dismembered ophiolite unit occurs in the region between Veria and Naousa, which is
superimposed on a basement consisting of rocks belonging to the Pelagonian isopic
zone and partly to the Almopia subzone of the Axios zone in northern Greece. The
mantle peridotites are composed of variably serpentinized harzburgite and lherzolite
intruded by a sparse network of pyroxenitic dykes affected by melt-rock interaction
processes. The harzburgites are the most depleted mantle rocks. Although both
lherzolites and pyroxenites are the most fertile mantle rocks, they exhibit varying
degrees of partial melting. The petrogenetic development of the mafic ophiolitic rocks
is characterized by fractional crystallization in an open system, suggested by the
continuous plot of the rocks on differentiation diagrams and the presence of
subparrallel REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the coexisting peridotites
and mafic lithologies are compatible with ophiolitic rocks generated in a suprasubduction zone environment.
Keywords: Veria ophiolite, Peridotites, Partial melting
154
16 – 17 October 2014
The First Finding of Cambro-Ordovician Trace Fossils in the
Siliciclastic Deposits in the Eastern Taurides (Kozan-FekeSaimbeyli/ADANA)
Huriye Demircan1, Doğan Usta2, Şerafettin Ateş1, Özgür Deveci1
Department of Geological Research, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration
(MTA), 06520, Ankara, Turkey, asmin68@yahoo.com.tr
1
2
General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Adana, Turkey
In the western part of the Eastern Taurus Mountains to the northeast of Kozan-FekeMansurlu, a number of allochthonous tectono-stratigraphic units and their slices of
different ages and depositional features are observed. The Geyikdağ Unit including a
more or less complete Paleozoic-Mesozoic stratigraphic succession includes in its lower
part Late Cambrian - Early Ordovician wave-dominated shallow-marine siliciclastics,
rich in trace fossils.
No detailed studies done in the sequence within the trace fossils starts with late
Cambrian slightly metamorphic siliciclastic rocks, followed by early Ordovician
siltstone, shale and sandstones. The trace fossil bearing units at the base consist of
laminated mudstone and siltstone continued by green, brown, scaly mica, laminated,
fine-grained sandstone and shale.
The unit contains abundant, diverse, and well-preserved arthropod ichnofossil
assemblage. For example; including Aulichnites isp., Arenicolites isp., ?Circulichnis
isp., Cruziana isp., Cruziana furcifera, Cruziana imbricata, Cruziana rugosa, Cruziana
goldfussi,Didymaulichnus isp., Diplocraterion isp., Gordio isp., Kullingia cf.
Concentrica,Monocraterion isp., Monomorphichnus isp., Palaeophycus isp., Phycodes
isp., Phycodes palmatus, Planolites isp.,Rusophycus isp., Skolithos isp., Teichichnus
isp., Treptichnus isp., and Trichophycus isp. The stratigraphic ranges of these trace
fossils it is suggested that especially the rocks of the Cruziana species bearing localites
are Cambro-Ordovician in age.
Keywords: Trace fossils, Cambro-ordovician, Clastic deposits, Kozan-Feke, Adana, Turkey
155
Description of the Eocene Alveolina, Safranbolu Basin
Kübra Okur1
1Esogü,
Turkey
The purpose of this study is to define Alveolina species and discuss the age and
depositional environment of the marly limestone layers of the Eocene aged Safranbolu
Formation in the western Black Sea region. Safranbolu basin is located in the western
Pontides which is a continuation of the Eurasian continent and lays North of Karabük
basin. It is surrounded by Bolu in SW and Kastamonu in NE. The Safranbolu
formation is underlained by Ulus formation with an angular unconformity at the
southern part of the basin and conformably overlies the Kışlaköy Formation. The main
lithology of the Formation is limestone often showing a reefal characteristic and
constitues mainly Alveolina and Nummulites species.
Alveolins are known to live in warm sea waters.
5-6oC rise in sea temparature
occurred during the Paleocene-Eocene periods. The time period of the fossils of this
study are dated as 56-48 Ma which corresponds to ‘Early Eocene Climate Optimum’
(EECO), one of the warmest periods of the Cenozoic Era. Alveolins are known to live
dominantly at ‘Paleocene Eocene Termal Maksimum’ (PETM) at the peak level of this
warming.
Twenty-five outcrop samples were collected from an eight meters thick section in the
southwestern part of Safranbolu Formation. Thin sections were prepared from grain
and whole-rock specimens. Micropaleontological analyses of the samples which
belonged to deep, medium depth and shallow parts of the basin were carried out to
determine the age and depositional environments. The fossil specimens yielded well
preserved and prolific assemblages of Alveolina species of Cusian-early Lutetian age.
Besides twenty-two species of Alveolina, taxa belonging to five benthic genera are
defined.
Keywords: Western Pontides, Safranbolu Formation, Eocene Alveolin
156
Late Oligocene Climate and Vegetation in the Thrace Basin
(Turkey) Based on Pollen Data
Nurdan Yavuz1, Halil Yusufoğlu1, Ş. Sinan Demirer1, Alper Bozkurt1
1General
Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Department of Geological Research,
Ankara, Turkey
This study includes palynological analyses of organic-rich samples collected during
Tectonostratigraphy of Istranca Massif and Its Correlation with Bulgarian Sequences
Project of MTA. The Istranca Massif consists of two assemblages; the pre-Eocene
metamorphic basement and Tertiary cover units. The Tertiary units are represented by
Middle-Upper Eocene Poyralı Group (Akören, Islambeyli, Evrencik Formations) which is
overlain by Upper Eocene-Lower Oligocene Pınarhisar Formation. This unit is laterally
and vertically transitional to Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene Süloğlu Formation
including lignite-bearing sediments deposited in a backshore to lagoonal environment
which is the focus of this study. The Middle-Upper Miocene Ergene Formation
unconformably overlies the Süloğlu Formation.
Samples collected from two open pit mines (Kırklareli-Poyralı-Tozaklı and EdirneLalapaşa-Yağcılı) revealed palynomorph assemblages composed exclusively of
terrestrial elements, fresh water algae and aquatics. The presence of fresh water is
indicated by Zygnemataceae, Ovoidites, Sparganium and Typhea in the Yağcılı which
is surrounded by spore producing plants (Osmunda, Lygodium, and Polypodiaceae).
On the lake shores a coal swamp with Taxodiaceae and Nyssa, and a riparian plant
association with Alnus, Carya, Carpinus and Ulmus have been identified. Further inland
evergreen and deciduous mixed forests are composed mainly of Engelhardia,
Pterocarya, Fagus and Pinus. A similar assemblage from the Tozaklı section was also
obtained. The development of mesothermic floras in both sampling locations, with a
subtropical component (Dicolpopollis kalewensis), indicate that a warm-temperate
climate was present in the Thrace Basin during Late Oligocene.
Keywords: Thrace Basin, Late Oligocene, Pollen, Climate, Vegetation
Palynological and Isotopic Data from a Well-Known Early
Miocene Mammal Type Locality, Kılçak (MN 1), Central Anatolia,
Turkey
Nurdan Yavuz1, Ş. Sinan Demirer1
1Maden
Tetkik Arama Genel Müdürlüğü
The Kılçak locality is one of the well-known rodent type sections for the Early Miocene
in the Eastern Mediterranean. The deposits which yielded the Kılçak faunas have been
included in different formations by different researchers. Şen et al. (1998), for the
first time, proposed that the fossiliferous deposits at Kılçak must be distinguished as a
different stratigraphic unit. Kaymakçı (2000) made first formal definition of Kıçak
Formation afterward and gave its lithological characteristics along a reference section.
Palynological analysis are carried on samples collected from organic rich horizons
along this reference section from which rodent samples already were collected and
studied by Hans de Bruijn and fitted to MN-1 and lower part of MN-2 zones that
corresponds to the lower part of the Early Miocene (Aquitanian).
13
C analysis shows that vegetation was dominated by C3 plants. The continuous
occurence of freshwater algae (Botryococcus, Ovoidites, Spirogyra, Spicadinium)
reflects presence of a shallow, stagnant, open pond. The pond was surrounded by
riparian forests dominated by Alnus, Ulmus, Carya and relatively drier habitats were
vegetated by mixed forests composed of Pinus with an admixture of thermophilous
taxa (Castanea and Engelhardia). The mutually exclusive existence of Botryococcus
and Zygnemataceae indicates differences in depositional conditions.
Keywords: Palynology, Isotope analysis, Kılçak, Mn1, Anatolia
157
A Large Hyaenid of Western and Central Anatolia in Late
Miocene: Adcrocuta Eximia (Hyaenidae, Mammalia)
Arzu Gül Akçay1, Serdar Mayda2, Mehmet Özkul1
1Pamukkale
2Ege
University, Turkey
University, Turkey
Anatolia has an important position during the migration of hyaenids which is thought
to have originated from Europe to the East. In this study, some dental discoveries of
Adcrocuta eximia (Roth and Wagner, 1854) from Çeltek (MN 11-12) (Aksaray),
Çobanpınar (MN 13) (Ankara), Gülpınar (MN 11-12) (Çanakkale) and Gökeşme (MN
12) (Kırşehir) were examined. The findings have been determined in aspects of
biochronology, palaeogeography and palaeoecology using biometrical analysis
(multivariation); it was concluded that largehyaenid Adcrocuta eximia in late Miocene
of Western and Central Anatolia have been found to be consistent with congenerical
form in Greco-Iran bioprovinces and China. When this carnivorous species evaluated
with herbivorous remains in the same habitat, it shows that the late Miocene
environment in the Western and the Central Anatolia would be woodland, grassland
and open areas (savannah).
Keywords: Late Miocene, Hyaenidae, Adcrocuta eximia
158
Nature of Migmatites in Central Anatolia, TURKEY
Cumhur Özcan Kılıç1, Yusuf Kagan Kadıoğlu2
1Ankara
University Geological Engineering Department, Turkey
2Ankara
University, Geological Engineering Department-Ankara University, Earth Sciences
Application and Research Center, Turkey
Central Anatolia Crystalline Complex (CACC) is delimited by Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan
Suture Zone in the north,Ecemis Fault in the east and Tuz Golu Fault in the west.CACC
consist of metamorphic rocks in the basement,ophiolitic units overlay the basement,
felsic and mafic magmatic rocks intrude the metamorphic and ophiolitic rocks and
cover sedimentary units.Metamorphic rocks generally consist of marbles.Metamorphic
rocks such as migmatites,mica schists,sillimanite gneisses,quartzites and amphibolites
are less dispersive.Migmatites mostly give outcrops in the contacts of the felsic
intrusives as gradual contacts.Migmatites are heterogenous rocks formed in high
temperature metamorphic zones. They are characterized by light colored “leucosome”
which formed by the result of partial melting and dark colored “melanosome” which is
rich in remnant mafic minerals.Migmatites can be seen in termal metamorphic and
also in high temperature regional metamorphism zones.Migmatites spatially can be
seen nearby granitic,monzonitic and syenitic intrusions.Migmatites formed by the
partial melting of continental crust,may generate felsic magma as a result of
anatexis.In Central Anatolia,presence of migmatitic rocks are known near Kirsehir
(Kaman,Akpinar,Buzlukdagi) Aksaray-Ortakoy and Yozgat-Akdagmadeni.Previous
studies indicate that the metamorphic rocks within CACC are formed as the result of
regional metamorphism.Due to field, petrographic,geochemical and Confocal Raman
Spectroscopy studies,these metamorphic rocks are not the product of regional
metamorphism process.They are contact metasomatic,migmatitic textured,pelitic
origined metamorphic rocks formed by the effect of high temperature generated by
the magmatic units intrude into crust.
Keywords: Central Anatolia, Migmatites, Contact metamorphism
159
Nature of the Demirköy Intrusive Body: Geochemical and
Confocal Raman Spectrometry Characteristics, Strandja Massif,
NW TURKEY
Ezgi Ulusoy1, Yusuf Kağan Kadıoğlu2
1General
Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) Department of Geological
Research, TURKEY
2Ankara
University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering, TURKEY
Strandja Massif which is located on NW Turkey composed of a Paleozoic metamorphic
crystalline basement consisting of low grade metamophic rocks and cover units which
are Mesozoic age. Strandja Massif is generally cut in NW–SE directions by Upper
Cretaceous felsic and mafic intrusions. Demirköy intrusive body (DIB) is one of the
youngest magmatic bodies that outcrop around Demirköy town. It is generally
composed of granitic, granodioritic, dioritic and gabbric rocks. Felsic rocks have
faneritic texture and contain dioritic and quartz dioritic enclaves, size ranging from
1cm to 1m where as mafic rocks have faneritic eqiugranular texture and some of them
contain gabbroic orbicular microgranular enclaves whose size changing from 1 cm to
15 cm. DIB intruded to the metacarbonate, metaclastic rocks and Paleozoic crystalline
rocks. Andalusite fillite, andalusite graphite schist, garnet diopsite quartz schist and
garnet bearing calcschist are observed at the NW contact of DIB. At the NE contact
between intrusion and metacarbonate rocks are also observed contact metasomatic
Fe–Cu mineralization. Granite and granodiorite of DIB are calcalkalen, peraluminous
and intermediate K in character whereas rocks are tholeiitic. Mafic magmatic enclaves
have transition zone from calcalkalen to tholeiitic nature on AFM diagram. ORG
normalized trace elemental patterns show enrichment in large ion lithophile elements
and depletion in high field strengtht elements. The tectonic discrimination diagrams of
DIB plots on the volcanic arc granite region. According to these data, DIB is H-type
granite and derived from magma with crustal component due to the closure of
Srednogorie arc.
Keywords: Demirköy intrusive body (DIB), Petrography, Geochemistry, Confocal raman
spectroscopy, Enclave
The Geochemistry and Petrology of the Magmatic Complex from
the Namrun (Mersin) Region, Southern Turkey
Utku Bağcı1, Hayati Koç1, Murat Camuzcuoğlu1,Musa Alpaslan1
1Mersin
Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Mersin, Türkiye
The magmatic complex is located in south of Namrun (Mersin) and has limited outcrop
(~10 km2). This complex is composed of plutonic and subvolcanic rocks and
tectonically overlain by the Mersin ophiolite and underlain by the Demirkazık
formation. Petrographically the magmatic complex rocks are represented by granite,
granodiorite, monzonite, diorite, granophyre, granite porphyr and diabase. These
rocks present granular, microgranular porphyric, micrographic, and intersertal
textures, respectively. The whole rock major and trace element geochemistry of the
magmatic complex rocks indicate that they have peraluminous (Al 2O3=10.35-20.39
%), tholeiitic and calc-alkaline compositions. Chondrite-normalized rare earth
elements (REE) diagram display slightly depletion in light rare earth elements (LREE)
and negative Eu anomalies with nearly flat patterns (LaN/YbN =0.62-0.44). Ocean
ridge granites (ORG)-normalized spider diagram shows light large-ion lithophile (LIL)
element (Ba, Th) enrichment and depletion of high field strength (HFS) element (Hf,
Zr, Sm, Yb) with negative anamolies of Nb and Zr, suggesting subduction related
setting for these rocks. All the geochemical and petrographic evidence suggest that
the magmatic complex from the Namrun region were formed in volcanic arc setting
during the Late Cretaceous.
Keywords: Magmatic complex, Petrography, Geochemistry, Volcanic arc, Mersin
160
Petrogenesis of Syn-Collisional S- and I-Type Granitoids of the
Sanandaj-Sirjan Belt (Zagros Orogen)
Robab Hajialioghli1,
1Department
of Earth sciences, Faculty of Naturl Sciences, University of Tabriz, Iran
The Sanandaj-Sirjan Belt is part of a Neo-Tethys Orogen which has recorded the
metamorphic and magmatic affects in relation with opening, subduction and
subsequent closing of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Collisinal granitoids in the SanandajSirjan Zone are composite plutons composed of rocks with different mineralogical and
chemical composition (granite, granodiorite to tonalite). Chemically the rocks are
peraluminous and metaluminous and show S-and I-type characteristics. The S-Type
granitoids are formed from partial melting of pelitic and felsic crustal rocks and I-type
granitoids are formed by partial melting of the lower crustal metabasic rocks. YSiO2vs. Rb-SiO2 discrimination diagram show syn-collision and volcanic arc
characteristics for the granitoids. The collisional and volcanic arc settings correspond
to S and I-type granitoids, respectively. Oval shapes of the plutons with large axes
parallel to the Zagros main trend along with deformational textures and structures,
existence of aluminous minerals such as andalusite, garnet and sillimanite as well as
micaceous enclaves and geochemical features all support generation of these rocks by
partial melting of heterogeneous source materials in a continental collision setting
corresponding to the Zagros Orogen. The scenario for formation of the Sanandaj
Sirjan granitoids is as follows: The southern branch of Neo-tethys Ocean (Zagros
Ocean in Iran), which was formed between the Arabian plate and the Central Iranian
block during Palaeozoic to Triassic, was closed with subduction beneath the Central
Iran Zone during Cretaceous. Continental collision of the Arabian plate and the Central
Iranian plate formed the Sanandaj Sirjan I- and S-type granitoids during Tertiary.
Keywords: Collision, I- and S- type granitoids, Sanandaj-Sirjan, Zagros Orogen, Neo-Tethys
161
Novel Garnet-Orthopyroxene Thermometery:
Granulites and Diamondiferous Peridotites
Spiros Olivotos 1, Dimitrios Kostopoulos
1University
2Eldorado
Emphasis
on
2
of Athens, Greece
Gold Corporation, Greece
The Fe-Mg exchange reaction between garnet and orthopyroxene is a robust
geothermometer that has extensively been used to retrieve metamorphic
temperatures from granulitic and peridotitic/pyroxenitic lithologies with important
implications on the thermal state of the continental lithosphere. We gleaned more than
800 experimental mineral pairs available in the literature and recalibrated the above
reaction in the P-T range 0.5-15 GPa / 800-1800°C. Our new thermometer reproduces
the experimental data to within 50°C and is independent of P-T-X variations within the
bounds of the experimental data set. We subsequently applied our new calibration to
metamorphosed crustal and mantle rocks that occur both as massifs and xenoliths in
volcanics. The most significant results of our approach are summarized below:
Granulites from Norway display a spread from UHT conditions to subsolidus reequilibration (Rogaland: 972±21°C & 828±34°C; Bamble: 857±52°C; Arendal:
692±29°C). UHT granulites from Brazil (Anapolis) exhibit: 978±86°C [cores],
841±84°C [rims] and 777°C [symplectites]. Orthopyroxene-rich domains from the
South Harris granulites, Scotland, also demonstrate UHT conditions (990±27 @
1GPa). The same is true for Indian granulites from the Palni Hills (peak conditions:
1000-1100°C @ 1GPa). Mafic/ultramafic xenoliths from Qilin (SE China), Spitsbergen
and Deccan define continental geotherms between 65 and 70mW.m -2 signifying the
presence of thinned lithosphere. Mantle xenoliths from S. African and Lesotho
kimberlites demonstrate a remarkable 40mW.m-2 geotherm. UHP mantle peridotites
from China are characterized by the coldest geotherm identified so far (33mW.m -2)
implying significant removal of the lithospheric keel.
Keywords: Garnet, Orthopyroxene, Thermometry, Granulites, Diamondiferous, Peridotites
162
Geochemical Observations
Eskisehir, NW Turkey
on
the
Kaymaz
Gold
Deposit,
Özlem Toygar1, Hüseyin Sendir1, Mehmet Demirbilek2, Halim Mutlu3
1Eskisehir
Osmangazi University, Turkey
2Dumlupinar
3Ankara
University, Turkey
University, Turkey
The Kaymaz gold deposit in mid-west Anatolia, 65 km southeast of Eskisehir city, is
one of the unique gold deposits in Turkey. The Cretaceous HP-LT metamorphic rocks
of the Tavsanli Zone, an ophiolite mélange and the Kaymaz granite of Eocene age are
exposed in the region. The gold deposit occurs in intensely oxidized and silicified
serpentines called listwaenite. The pervasive hydrothermal alteration is represented by
extreme silicification with up to 95% SiO2 in the ore zone, hydrothermal brecciation,
vuggy quartz textures and local quartz veins. Gold content in the main zone (the
Topkaya Hill) samples exceed 12 ppm accompanied by an average silver concentration
of 11.4 ppm. The argillic alteration affects the granite in an increasing rate along the
silicified serpentinite contact. Kaolinite is observed as an argillization product both in
granite and host rock. Gold and silver behave differently in other locations around the
gold deposit. Regarding rare earth element concentrations in the mineralized zone,
light rare earth element are found to display different variations with respect to gold
contents. Rare earth elements in the Topkaya Hill are less enriched in gold-bearing
samples, although this is not the case for the whole mineralized zone. It is proposed
that these variations are due to the presence of more than one fluid in the system
and/or different phases which transport ore minerals at varying extent. Results of
sulfur isotope analysis on pyrite samples indicate that the source of sulfur in the
system is of magmatic origin. Our ongoing research will lead to a better understanding
of the source of fluid type as well as element mobility in regard to gold formation.
Keywords: Kaymaz, Eskisehir, Gold deposit, Geochemistry
163
Geology and Ore Mineralogy Features of Hayriye, Iclaliye
Mineralizations in (Inegöl-Bursa) Area
Hüseyin Sendir1, Kadir Sarıiz1, Duru Aral1, Hüseyin Kocatürk1, Özlem Toygar1
1Department
of Geology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
The study area is located at 30 km southeast of Inegöl (Bursa), includes Hayriye and
Iclaliye villages. The Paleozoic aged Devlez Metabasite is the oldest unit of the study
area. This unit
includes amphibolite, glaucophane-lawsonite schist, muscovite
schists. The unit has widely spread in area. These units are overlain unconformably by
the Geyiktepe Marbles. Paleocene aged Domaniç granitoidic intrusives cut other rock
series and located as a batholite.
Magmatic units present porphyric and
holocrystalline textures. Granitoidic intrusions are represented by tonalite, tonalite
porphyr, granodiorite, granodiorite porphyr, granite, diorite, diorite porphyries. The
Domaniç granitoid intruded in to the metamorphides during Paleocene and caused
formations of skarn zones and related Cu-Pb-Zn mineralizations along the contacts.
The mineralizations occur along the metamorphites - plutonics contact, in the pockets
and fractures extending towards marble. The thickness of the mineralized bodies can
reach up to 1 -2 m. Main ore minerals are galenite, magnetite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and
sphalerite in Hayriye mineralizations. Sphalerite, galenite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite
minerals are also Iclaliye mineralizations. The studies are ongoing in the area.
Keywords: Skarn deposits, Mineralization, Cu-Pb-Zn deposits, Inegöl-Bursa
Geochemistry of Ni-Laterites in Southern Part of the Şaphane
Dağı (Gediz/Kütahya, Western Turkey): a Preliminary Study
M. Selman Aydoğan1
1Balıkesir
Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 10145 Balikesir
Ni-laterites, formed by intense tropical weathering of ultramafic rocks, include
economically exploitable reserves of Ni and Co.
In western Anatolia, many ophiolitic bodies obducted onto the Tauride-Anatolide
platform from Izmir-Ankara Suture Zone have resulted in formation of Ni-bearing
laterites. Therefore, Ni-laterites in western Anatolia (e.g. Çaldağ, Gördes, Muratdağı
etc.) are common products of tropical weathering of ultramafic rocks. The Şaphane
Dağı (Gediz, Kütahya) in the western Anatolia is hosted by numerous mineral deposits
(alunite; Pb, Zn-skarn; porphyry Cu, Mo±Au and lateritic Ni-Co). in this reigon, Nilaterites are observed in the level over the serpentinitic ultramafic rocks of Dağardı
Melange. The lateritised ultramafic rocks are formed presumably under the intense
tropical weathering during the Oligocene time as similar to the Muratdağı (Uşak)
laterites.
In this study, 5 main zones are distinguished in a single profile in from bottom to top:
(1) serpentinitic ultramafic rock, (2) altered subrock, (3) saprolite, (4) Fe-oxide, (5)
ferruginous silica cap. Geochemically, sampled laterites have highest Ni (range from
0.319wt% to 5.63wt% with average 2.2wt%) and Co (range 277 ppm to 2927 ppm
with average 1238 ppm) concentrations. The garnierite-bearing Fe-oxide phases
observed in middle level of lateritic profile are significanlty characterized by high Ni-Co
contents. in lateritic profile, some high elemental values in samples suggest that
laterites can be affected from hydrothermal alteration in region.
Keywords: Ni-laterite, Dağardı melange, Serpentinite, Gediz, Western Anatolia
164
Geochemistry
of
Radiolarian
Chert-Hosted
Manganese
Mineralizations around Pabuçlu-Kavaklı in Kula (Manisa,
Western Turkey): A Preliminary Study
M. Selman Aydoğan1, Mustafa Kumral2
1Balıkesir
Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Balikesir
2Istanbul
Teknik Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Istanbul
The studied manganese mineralisations are located around Kavaklı and Pabuçlu
villages found at approximately 25 km NE of Kula (Manisa). In the study area,
manganese occurrences are hosted by radyolarian-chert block of Upper Cretaceous
Vezirler Melange which is obducted onto the Precambrian gneisses of Menderes Massif.
The Mn-mineralizations are originally associated with radiolarite-chert associations.
Manganese mineralizations have thicknesses ranging from 3 m to 30 cm. in studied
area, these occurrences are observed as irregular-shaped and intercalated with host
rock.
The X-ray diffraction and polished section determinations indicate that mineral
paragenesis of manganese mineralizations is represented by braunite, pyrolusite,
psilomelane, manjiroite, todorokite, and calcite, quartz as late stage. Geochemically,
manganese occurrences have average compositions of MnO (44.55wt%), SiO 2
(22.82wt%), CaO (6.12wt%) and Fe2O3 (0.74wt%), Ba (10855 ppm), Sr (4491 ppm),
Ni (195 ppm) and Co (101 ppm). According to the preliminary data, Mnmineralisations occurred via hydrothermal and hydrogenous-diagenetic processes.
Keywords: Manganese mineralisation, Radiolarite-chert, Vezirler melange, Kula, Western
Anatolia
165
Geochemistry of Ni-laterites in the Muratdağı Region (Uşak,
western Turkey)
M. Selman Aydoğan1, Selahattin Kadir2, Cahit Helvacı3, Ömer Elitok4
1Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 10145 Balikesir
2Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 26480 Eskişehir
3Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, 35160 İzmir
4Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Isparta
Supergene mineral deposits, formed by lateritic processes, have been a source of Al,
Fe, Ni, Co, and Au deposits, and this process has been known from earliest times.
Among the lateritic deposits, Ni-laterites are regolith materials formed by intense
tropical weathering of ultramafic rocks including economically exploitable reserves of
Ni and Co.
The Muratdağı Region (Uşak, western Anatolia) is hosted by numerous ore deposits
(Pb, Zn, Fe, Hg, Sb and Ni-Co). In this region, Ni-laterites are observed in the levels
over the peridotitic ultramafic rocks especially associated with serpentinized
harzburgite. These occurrences are breaked by normal faults. Ni-laterites in this
region are strongly affected by hydrothermal activities along block faulting because of
Miocene intrusives and extrusives. The lateritised ultramafic rocks of Muratdağı
Ophiolites are formed presumably under the intense tropical weathering during the
Oligocene time.
Geochemically, Ni and Co concentrations in total 18 profiles from 5 locations in region
are range from 2.536-0.003 (wt%) to 3084-1.2 (ppm), respectively. In some lateritic
profiles, highest U (49.9 ppm), Th (58.5 ppm), Sr (6066 ppm), Hg (>50 ppm) and As
(5361 ppm) concentrations suggest that laterites are significantly affected from
hydrothermal alteration resulting such as pyrite, gyppsium, jarosite, alunite and
natural sulphur minerals. These alteration episodes are derived probably from Miocene
syn-extensional intrusives and extrusives that are dominated in the region. Based on
mineralogical composition, Ni-laterites are fundamentally classified as: Type A, Type
B, and Type C. Here in the Muratdağı Region, Ni-laterites can be classified as
dominantly type B and locally type C.
Keywords: Muratdağı ophiolite, Peridotite, Ni-laterite, Hydrothermal alteration, Uşak, Western
Anatolia
166
Heavy Mineral Enrichment in Modern Beach Sediments along the
Datça
Peninsula
(SW
Turkey,
Eastern
Mediterranean):
Implication for Placer Exploration
Mustafa Ergin1, Barbaros Şimşek2, Zehra Karakaş1, Başak Eser1, Koray Sözeri1
1Ankara
University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Geological Engineering/Geological
Research Center for Fluvial, Lacustrine and Marine Environments-AGDEJAM Ankara, Turkey;
2General
Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration-MTA, Ankara, 06800 Turkey
The main objective of this study was to investigate possible occurrence and
distribution of chromite placers along the coasts of the Datça Peninsula, located in the
eastern Mediterranean Sea of southwestern Turkey. Within the framework of three
scientific research projects of the Ankara University-BAP (projects 20050745035,
09B4343019 and 13L4343008), large amounts of sediment samples were taken from
the surficial parts of modern coastal beaches of this peninsula at 138 sites. Grain size
(dry sieving) , total heavy mineral contents (separation by bromoform) and some
geochemical data (XRF) were obtained using standard analytical procedures. Available
data provided reveal that the sandy and gravelly beaches in varying lengths, widths
and slope gradients occur in different coastal types but in majority between the rocky
headlands as pocket beaches. Morphodynamic state and wave and current regime in
the studied regions exhibit the presence of both reflective and dissipative beaches.
Mean grain size values fell between +2 and -2 ϕ (medium sand to granule; avg. +1 ϕ)
and sorting values (0,5-2; avg. 1) displayed moderately well sorted to poorly sorted
sediments . Total heavy mineral contents of fraction with density greater than 2,9 in
bulk sediment samples ranged from less than 1% to 98 wt.%. Compared to the
average abundances of Earth’s crustal rocks, the measured concentrations of Fe 2O3
(8-12%), Cr2O3 (0,-2%), MgO (10-25 %), Ni (500-2000 ppm) were significantly high,
The presence of black sand, higher total heavy mineral and Cr concentrations together
with abundant chromites peaks on XRD graphs overall strongly indicate occurrence of
chromite placers along some coastal parts of the Datça Peninsula.
Keywords: Eastern mediterranean, Datça peninsula, sediments, Heavy Minerals , Placers,
Grain size, Geochemistry
167
Geological Setting of the Gedabek Gold-Copper Deposit and
Future Perspective (Azerbaijan)
Gamet Guseynov1, Anar Valiyev2, Guillermo Turner-Saad3, Sabuhi Mammadov4
1Scientific-Research
Institute of Mineral Resources at the Ministry of Ecology and Natural
Resources of Azerbaijan Republic, Azerbaijan.
2Azerbaijan
3Executive
National Academy of Science, Geology Institute, Azerbaijan.
Geometallurgical Consultant CAE Mining, Australia.
4Azerbaijan
International Mining Company, Azerbaijan.
Gedabek deposit is located within the Shamkir raise Lok-Karabakh metallogenic zones
of the Lesser Caucasus.
Lok-Karabakh zone represents the boundary uplift of the Lesser Caucasus; arch
encircles it from the north, north-east and east. Zone in the north separated from the
Kura depression by near-Lesser Caucasus deflection, and from the last regional-by the
deep foundation. This fault is fixed by tectonic contact of the Upper Jurassic and
Cretaceous, and the outputs of the intrusive bodies and ore occurrences. From the
South Lok-Karabakh zone bordered by Murovdagh thrust with seam-Geycha Akera
zone. in the geological structure of the Lok-Karabakh zone a significant role has
volcanic strata, age is determined in a wide range: from the Middle Jurassic to the
Paleogene inclusive.
In this research the mineralogy, texture, and formation of the Gedabek were studied
to determine its geological conditions, time and spatial relations with certain mineral
assemblages and associations. Based on this studies it is revealed that main carrier of
gold in Gedabek deposit is the early pyrite. Gold in this mineral is thin dispersion
condition. In chalcopyrite observed visible gold, which is probably related to the
second stage of ore deposition. And a microscopic study of the huge amount of
polished sections and interpretation chemical analytical data of the ore deposit was
first discovered in Gedabek deposit following minerals, maghemite, linneite, minneite,
molybdenite, and heulandite.
Keywords: Gedabek gold-Copper, Azerbaijan
168
Estimation of Hydraulic Properties of Liwa Aquifer from An
Unconfined Pumping Test Data and Evaluation of Data By Using
Boulton(1963) and Neuman(1975) Models
Bedri Kurtuluş1, Özgür Avşar1, Tolga Necati Yaylım1, Engin Günay1
1Muğla
Sıtkı Koçman University
This study considers the estimation of aquifer parameters for a special homogeneous
unconfined aquifer from pumping test data. Hydraulic properties to be determined
from pumping test are specific yield (Sy), transmissivity (T), hydraulic conductivity
(K), storativity(S). Step Drawdown Test, Constant-Rate Test and Recovery Test are
conducted during pumping test. Study area is the Liwa aquifer located at United Arab
Emirates.Determination of hydraulic properties are carried out from Boulton (1963)
and Neuman (1975) methods by using data from Constant-Rate Test and Recovery
Test. Gradual release of water from unsaturated zone by Boulton’s theory and
instantaneous release of Neuman’s theory application and through the results of these
tests, values of parameters can be expressed as; Transmissivity~ 730 m 2/day,
Horizontal Hydraulic Conductivity~ 10 m/day, Specific yield~ 0.12 and Storativity~
1.3x10-3. In conclusion, through the estimation of Transmmissivity result of ConstantRate test are found to be more reasonable than Recovery data, both method can be
applied as solution, yet Boulton’s method has relatively lower value. Storativity values
obtained from the Boulton’s method and the Neuman’s method yield similar
characteristics for the drawdown phase but Boulton’s solution underestimate values
for the recovery phase.
Keywords: Pumping test, Hydraulic properties, Unconfined aquifer, Liwa aquifer, United Arab
Emirates, Boulton, Neuman
The Water Stratification in Lake Salda
Iliya Bauchi Danladi1, Hüseyin Çaldırak1, Sena Akçer Ön1, Bedri Kurtuluş1
1Muğla
Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi, Department of Geological Engineering, Turkey
Lake Salda is located within the boundry of the district of Burdur in the Lake District.
It is one of the deepest lakes in Turkey (Altınsaçlı et. al., 2002).
In this study, conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) device was used to measure
temperature and electrical conductivity according to depth of pre-defined 15 locations.
The locations were determined acording to seismic study performed on the Lake.
The CTD device measurements for temperature and electrical conductivity have been
analysed according to depth for thermocline and lake stratification. The thermocline is
found to be between 7-25 m. In addition, the lake’s stratification is as follows:
1. Phase I: 0-7 m
2. Phase II: 7-25 m
3. Phase III 25-90 m
This study was supported by the project number 113Y408 of TUBITAK and still
continue.
Keywords: Lake Salda, Thermocline, Stratification
169
Recharge of Lake Salda
Hüseyin Çaldırak1, Iliya Bauchi Danladi1, Sena Akçer-Ön1, Bedri Kurtuluş1
1Muğla
Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi, Department of Geological Engineering, Turkey
Lakes are very important in nature to supply fresh water for human needs and the
maintenance of the natural environment and ecosystems with a continuous recycling
and renewal process of evaporation, precipitation and runoff. There are two types of
basins in which are endorheic and exorheic basins. Exorheic basins deliver their water
to the sea and oceans and this is their process of continuation. As of endorheic basin
type lakes, they cannot deliver water to open waters, for this reason, lake water level
rise or fall can be correlated with climate, local techtonic etc. In this study, in some
routes on Lake Salda, seismic study was carried out and some comments have been
made on the techtonic of the lake’s floor and a fault has been found on the East to
West direction. Also, some spring water points have been seen around the lake. In
addition, within some selected locations, measurements have been made with CTD
device and temperature, salinity and electrical conductivity informations have been
obtained according to depth. As a result, based on the research and work done on
Lake Salda, having in mind CTD, seismic and topographic datas, we will make our
firstly comments on the recharge of the Lake Salda.
This study was supported by the project number 113Y408 of TUBITAK and still
continue.
Keywords: Lake Salda, Recharge, CTD, Seismicity, Tectonic, Topography
Fault Delineation Research Based on Rn and CO2 Measurements
in the Soil: An Example for Eskisehir—Karabayir
Didem Yasin1, Ahmet Hilmi Gülbay1, Galip Yüce2,
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of
Geological Engineering, Meselik, Eskisehir, Turkey.
1
Hacettepe University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Geological
Engineering, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
2
Changes in noble gas concentrations of soil in relations to the earthquakes take
attention of many researchers.For this purpose,observations in radon and CO 2 changes
of soil and water have been increased in the last decades.Radon and CO 2
measurements are widely used as a tool for the delineation of buried active
faults.Eskisehir is located between the Aegean-Western Anatolian block where the
extensional regime is present and the sinistrial strike-slip fault zone, with a normal
component, belonging to the Central Anatolian Block.The study area is located in
Karabayir district where the tectonically contact between ophiolitic uplift and alluvium
can be traced.It is situated at the southwest of the Eskisehir city center.The aim of
this study was to measure Rn and CO2 in soil and to expose buried fractures in the
area.Additionally, possible relationship between microearthquake activities and shorttime variations in soil Rn/CO2 were also compared.Hence,CO2 and radon gases were
measured at 33 locations in May 2013.According to preliminary results,CO2 seems to
be a good carrier gas for radon since they have changed together(r>0.70).However,on
the grounds of having several sources,C-13 analysis of CO2 will be helpful to identify
its possible origin. Possible faults locations were obtained from the distribution maps
of CO2 and Rn concentrations that having a linearity. Furthermore, Rn and CO 2 gas
measurements were repeated at the highest location to observe a potential
relationship between gas anomalies and micro-seismic activity.After all, this study
presents primitive results and longtime observations with short interval measurements
as well asa detailed geochemical study should be implemented to get more reliable
results.
Keywords: Soil, CO2 and radon, Fault location, Eskisehir
170
The
Mineralogical-Petrographical
and
Gemological
Characteristics of Natural Black Carbon (Oltu Stone) and Green
Opal
A.M. Ay 1, H. Günel 1, S. Kılınçarslan 1, T. Velioğlu 1, M. Alan , M. Hatipoğlu
2
1Maden
Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Tabiat Tarihi Müze Müdürlüğü Ankara
2Dokuz
Eyül Üniversitesi Izmir Meslek Yüksekokulu, Kuyumculuk ve Takı Tasarımı Programı
Izmir
Oltu Stone (Natural Black Carbon), which is unique to Oltu region of Erzurum in
Turkey, is mined from three villages (Yolgözler, Dutlu and Güllüce) and approximately
600 mine galleries in these villages. Its chemical structure is C 10H160, succunic acid. It
is mined in highly amateur ways by villagers with hummers and chisels. Some
galleries are about 300-350 meters, and no job security conditions are taken when
Oltu Stone is mined. In addition, no mining licence is observed taken by neither public
nor private sector. After extraction of Oltu Stone from mines, impurities on the edge
of the rocks are immediately cleared and thrown into the tin which is about 1 kg in
weight.
In Oltu and Şenkaya region of Erzurum, 32 varieties and widespread reserves of opal
was found. Researchers pointed out that 99 kinds of opal mainly mined in Australia,
America, Mexico, Brazil and Peru are present all over the world, and 31 kinds of these
opals are seen Oltu and Şenkaya region. Scene and emerald green opals are very
unique to this region in the world. in Ottoman time, this opal was belonged to
“Emerald Village”. That is why it was called then “Ottoman Emerald” and its name
came from this village. Transparent ones of this opal are very valuable and used in
jewellery. In determination of this opal which lies in ophiolitic rocks with ore
microscope; chromite, goethite, hematite, limonite assemblage is observed. First
opaque mineral (ore mineral) to be formed in Turnalı opals is chromite its chemical
structure is SiO2.nH2O and crystal structure is amorphous.
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) investigation of Oltu-stone (natural carbon black)
and jet revealed several differences between these carbonaceous materials. The band
peaking at ab.
Keywords: FT-IR, Jet, Natural turkish carbon black, Oltu-stone, Turbostratic carbon, Green
opal
171
The Geological and Geochemical Properties of the Quaternary
Travertines in the Emet Basin (Kütahya-Turkey)
Yaşar Kibici1, Gürsel Yanık1, Cafer Özkul1, Hüseyin Karakuş1, Mehmet Demirbilek1
1Dumlupınar
University, Geological Eng. Dept., Kütahya, Turkey
The Emet basin is aligned in the north–south direction forming a graben type
structure. Quaternary units consisting of terrace materials, travertine and alluvium
discordantly cover the Neogene sediments. In the Emet area, the travertine sequences
are formed mostly of horizontally bedded travertine. Travertine deposits in these
locations, with thickness from 25 to 60 m. dark (red, yellow and brown) and lightcoloured travertines occur as horizontally bedded and inclined layers and range from
centimetres to several metres in thickness. The layers are composed mostly of fine
crystalline to cryptocrystalline calcite.
Some samples contain detrital minerals, including quartz, sericite, biotite, rutile,
magnetite, hematite, montmorillonite, illite, and albite in very small amounts. Ca
concentrations in the travertines range from 45,31% to 55,98% whereas the Mg
varies from 0.10% to 0.79%. Magnetite and hematite are present in some of the ironrich samples. The Fe (4.09%- 27.07%) is high in the reddish-brown calcite from the
Beştaş and Boyut travertine quarry faces. The minimum and maximum Sr values in
travertine are from Beştaş quarry faces (137.4 ppm) and Yenice hidrorhermal
alteration area (1840.6 ppm). The travertine layers with high Sr content (up to 1800
ppm), are typically found closest to linear spring discharges along the fissures. Some
Sr may also have come from the Neogene strata in the Emet Basin that includes
gypsum intercalations in the areas around Emet - Hisarcık main road.
Travertines contain less Sr than the travertines found in the south localities. The
elevated concentration of Sr is probably caused by the interaction of the circulating
groundwater with the gypsum layers in the Emet Neogene basin.
Keywords: Travertine, Emet Basin, Quaternary, Geochemical analysis
172
A Numerical Modeling Approach on the Heat Sources of the
Western Anatolian Geothermal Systems
Hüseyin Karakuş1, Şakir Şimşek2, Harun Aydın3
1Dumlupınar
2Hacettepe
3Yüzüncüyıl
University Geological Eng. Dept. Kütahya, Turkey
University Geological Eng. Dept. Ankara, Turkey
University Environmental Eng. Dept. Van, Turkey
Western Anatolia hosts a sequence of E to W trending large scale horst and graben
structures developed under mainly N to S extensional tectonic regime. The majority of
the highest temperature (>150 C) geothermal reservoirs in Turkey are hosted in these
graben systems. Driving mechanism or origin of the heat-source of the geothermal
systems existing in the region is still a matter of debate. Young Quaternary volcanism
associated with extensional regime is quite limited in extent. Moreover the highest
temperature geothermal reservoirs such as Kızıldere, Germencik and Salavatlı, are
located far from Miocene or younger volcanic provinces. Since the lack of any recent
volcanism in the region, crustal heat production may provide considerable portion of
heat flux in the entire region.
In this study, we made 2-D steady-state heat transfer model to evaluate major heat
sources which contributing to surface heat flow of Western Anatolia. This model was
setup and run for the three crustal profiles of the Büyük Menderes Graben (BMG). The
BMG was selected due to its two unique properties; (1) it hosts the highest
temperature geothermal fields of Turkey at its ends
eastern segment and Germencik field (239 C) at the western segment (2) with
contrast helium isotope ratios. Calibration was made by using Curie point isotherms of
the region. Heat transfer modeling revealed that surface heat flow of the region is in
the range of 85-116 mW/m2. While reduced heat flow (qr) was estimated as 50
mW/m2, Moho temperatures were modeled between 1050 °C to 1100 °C. Regarding
down hole temperatures, circulation depths of thermal fluids have been estimated
between 3 and 4 km from modeled crustal temperatures.
Keywords: Geothermal, Surface heat flow modeling, Western Anatolia
Hydrogeochemical
(Denizli, Turkey)
Studies
of
Yenicekent
Geothermal
Field
Tuğbanur Özen1, Gültekin Tarcan1, Ünsal Gemici1, Mümtaz Çolak1, Ismail Hakkı Karamanderesi1
1Atatürk
University, Turkey
Yenicekent geothermal field is located on the Yenice Horst, in the northwest of Gediz
Graben. In the study area the basement rock is Paleozoic Menderes Massive
metamorphic. Neogene Kızılburun, Sazak, and Kolonkaya formations overlie the
basement rocks. Alluvium and travertine cover all the units. In the study area, Sazak
Formation and Menderes Massive Metamorphic rocks are the reservoir of the
geothermal system alluvium is the shallow aquifer of the cold waters. The schist of
Menderes Massive rocks and Neogene Kolonkaya and Tosunlar formations are the cap
rock of the geothermal system.
Thermal waters are generally Na-Ca-HCO3-SO4 water type. Thermal waters in the
study area have been plotted in to the immature fields on the Na-K-Mg ternary
diagrams. According to geothermometer results, reservoir temperatures are between
58 and 290oC. Mineral saturations at measured sampling temperature of thermal
waters generally indicate carbonte scaling.
Keywords: Yenicekent, Geothermal system, Geothermometer, Scaling
173
Comparison of Wet and Arid Season Stable Isotope
Characteristics of Thermal and Mineral Waters in Muğla (SW
Turkey)
Özgür Avşar1, Bedri Kurtuluş1, Fikret Kaçaroğlu1
1Muğla
Sıtkı Koçman University, Engineering Faculty, Geological Engineering Department,
Turkey,
In order to delineate the arid season stable isotope (D and 18O) characteristics of the
thermal and mineral waters in Muğla region (SW Turkey), sampling was done at 52
locations (wells, hot and cold mineral springs) in September 2013. According to
the arid season results, inland waters of Muğla are meteoric in origin. The coastal
waters are under the effect of sea water mixing. Enrichments in light isotopes in
Fethiye-Girmeler, Kavaklıdere-Menteşe and Yatağan-Hisarardı indicate that they are
fed by meteoric water from high inland areas. Heavy isotope enrichments are seen in
Datça-Ilıca and Bodrum-Karaada samples is probably due to the recharge by nearcoast rains. Different levels of contribution of sea water to the coastal natural waters
are also remarkable. When the arid season analyses results are compared to the rainy
season results of previous studies, it is seen that the differences range between -4.18
and 1.48 with an arithmetic mean of -0.14 for 18O, while D results differs with a
range between -18.9 and 7.46 with an arithmetic mean of -0.53. The plot
of difference between arid and
rainy
season
measurements
reveals
that
the difference is increasing with increasing stable isotope ratios. Moreover, rainy
season results are generally less than arid season results, which may indicate dilution
due to high precipitation.
Keywords: Stable isotope, Arid, Rainy, Thermal water, Mineral water, Muğla
Integration of Thermal Energy Storage Systems With Existing
Architectural and Heating-Cooling Systems
Burak Hozatli1, Nilay Özeler Kanan1
1Ministry
of Environment and Urbanization, Turkey
The energy consumption for heating and cooling of non-residential buildings has a
large share of total energy consumption in that building. The efficient supply of
heating and cooling energy hence plays an important role in reducing the energy
consumption in buildings. Developing efficient and inexpensive energy storage devices
is as important as developing new sources of energy. Energy storage can reduce the
time or rate mismatch between energy supply and energy demand, and it plays an
important role in energy conservation. In this context, aquifer thermal energy
storages (ATES) can make a significant contribution since they provide the possibility
to use low ambient temperatures in winter for the cooling in the summer and use high
ambient temperatures in summer for heating of buildings in the winter. Within this
paper, the brief information of ATES will be given and the characteristics of aquifer
thermal energy storage (ATES) for building heating and cooling are discussed. Also
investigation of system solutions towards ATES integration with heating-cooling
systems which are available in the existing buildings is aimed.
Keywords: Ates, Heating-cooling systems, Existing building, Integration
174
Structural Evolution of Istanbul Zone:
Sazlıbosna-Kayabaşı Area, West of Istanbul
a
Case
Study
in
Mert Balamir1, Serdar Akyüz1
1
Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Lithological, stratigraphical and structural properties of formations in the area have
been investigated in the Sazlibosna-Kayabasi vicinity, west of Istanbul, to understand
geological and structural evolution of a part of Istanbul Zone. The area is mapped in
1/25.000 scale.
The Lower Carboniferous aged Trakya Formation is an intercalation of sandstone and
shale and forms the base of the field. Middle Eocene to Oligocene formations
unconformably lie over Trakya Formation and show lateral and vertical transitions with
each other. The Hamamdere Formation starts with mudstone deposition in a marineshelf environment. Sogucak Formation consists of reefal limestones. It is observed as
thin layers through the shelf and the basin. Ceylan Formation is composed of marls
and mudstones deposited in the deeper marine-basin environment. Cukurcesme
Formation of the Upper Miocene is made up of coarse detritic sediments and covers all
other lithologies.
Four different deformation periods were determined from the bedding, fold and fault
analyses. First deformation period, which affected the Trakya Formation, is E-W
compression related to Hercynian Orogeny after Carboniferous; whereas the second
deformation period reflects N20W-directed compressional structures caused by the
Cimmerian Orogeny after Triassic, according to present geographic position. Third
deformation period that affected the Trakya Formation is caused by the Alpine
Orogeny in the N15E direction between Lower and Middle Eocene. The fourth
deformation period in the area of investigation was mainly observed on the Eocene
sediments. This deformation was not intensive as much as others and occurred
between Oligocene and Upper Miocene with the N45W compression.
Keywords: Istanbul zone, Structural evolution, Folding, Faulting
175
A Palaeoecological Evaluation from Muğla-Özlüce and BursaPaşalar Probosidean Fossils
Gizem Didem Akçay1, Berna Alpagut1, Serdar Mayda2
1
Ankara University, TURKEY
2Ege
University, TURKEY
This paper will be given in order to compare Anatoian paleoenviroment which found
probosidean remains which lived in Miocene and Turolianperiods.The main purpose is
to understand the changing enviroments and its faunas. The fossils of extinct
probosidean species had been excavated at these two sites and displaying at the
MuğlaArchelogical Museum, under the Turolian Park Project. Through this Project the
natural history of Muğla willbe exhibited both in the museum and at the site.
Keywords: Miocene, Turolian, Probosidean, Paleoecology
The Updated Late Miocene Mammalian Faunas of Özlüce,
Şerefköy and Salihpaşalar from Yatağan Basin, Muğla, SW
Turkey
Serdar Mayda1, Berna Alpagut2, T.Tanju Kaya1
1Natural
History Museum, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
2Ankara
University, DTCF AnthropologyDepartment, Ankara, Turkey
Anatolia has yielded more than 200 Neogene micro- and macro- mammalian faunas
with almost complete taxonomic records. Within these numerous localities, SE
trending Yatağan Basin, which is located near the town of Muğla on the southern flank
of the Menderes Massif has been hosted more than 20 fossil mammal localities and
preserves the richest taxonomic record for western Anatolia. At the basin, localities
referred to as Salihpasalar-Kemikalan, Salihpasalar-Karaağaç, Şerefköy and Madenler,
all of which were found in the redbed unit of the lower member of the Upper Miocene
Yatağan Formation, (Atalay, 1980) are characterized by a large diversity of
mammalian faunas dated as Middle Turolian (Kaya et al., 2012) of these, Şerefköy
locality, situated near the Şerefköy village 9 km east of Yatağan town is one of the
richest Turolian faunas from Anatolia in terms of both diversity and abundance and
could be well comparable to Akkasdagi (Karadenizli et al., 2005) and Kemiklitepe
(Sen et al., 1994). Apart from all these Middle Turolian localities of the Basin, Özlüce
fauna which is deposited in a small and isolated basin which was formed during Late
Miocene between NW-SE trending Muğla-Yatağan and Kale-Bozdoğan basins, includes
representatives of most of the common mammal taxa from earliest Turolian. This
study will give the updated faunal list of the aforementioned faunas of Yatağan Basin.
Keywords: Muğla, Yatağan Basin, Late Miocene, Mammalian faunas
176
Late Miocene Sub-Paratethyan Biogeographic Province: the
Bovid Perspective
Dimitris S. Kostopoulos1, Seval Karakütük2, Tanju Kaya2,
1Aristotle
2Natural
University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, Greece
History Museum, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Anatolia, Turkey, plays a crucial role in the reconstruction of late NeogeneEurasian
palaeozoogeography and palaeoenvironments as it represents the natural link between
the western and eastern extremes of the so-called Late Miocene sub-Paratethyan
biogeographic province. Hipparionine horses and bovids constitute the bulk of the
large mammal faunas of this area during Late Miocene times. An analysis of the
taxonomic structure, size and diet spectra of several Turolian bovid assemblages from
Greece, Turkey, and Irano-Afghani region allows recognizing a latitudinal habitat
fragmentation along this province, resulted from geodynamic and physiogeographic
factors. Our result show that the faunal composition of herbivores at various points of
a supposedly homogeneous biogeographic province (such as the Late Miocene subParatethyan province) may depend more on historical (i.e., phylo-geographic)
relationships and limitations than the type of vegetation cover. Local bovid
communities adjust their dietary requirements in order to exploit the available habitat,
rather than (or prior to) being re-organized by migratory movements and
replacements of taxa.
Keywords: Late Miocene, Zoogeography, Bovidae
177
Author Index
Aykut Tunçel, 71
Ayla Sevim Erol, 112
Ayşegül Yıldız, 53, 89
Ayten Koç, 54
Ayten Öztüfekçi Önal, 30
A
A. Arda Özacar, 57, 58
A. M. Celâl Şengör, 23
A. Moravcová, 40
A. Turan, 117, 118
A. Ulianov, 108
A.H.F. Robertson, 35, 36, 37
A.L. Develle, 40
A.M. Ay, 171
A.M. Korjenkov, 96
A.N. Simakova, 81
A.S. Tesakov, 81
A.V. Latyshev, 81
Abitter Günay, 32
Adem Özdemir, 121
Ahmet Can Akıncı, 37
Ahmet Hilmi Gülbay, 170
Ahmet Ihsan Aytek, 93
Ahmet Özbek, 146, 147
Aikaterini Rogkala, 154
Akin Özgenc, 148
Aleksandar Mišković, 110
Alex Whittaker, 44
Alexey Ulianov, 107
Ali Aluç, 32, 103
Ali Aydin, 153
Ali Gürel, 48, 82, 89
Ali Karan, 115
Ali Özvan, 145, 152
Alper Baba, 50, 51, 114
Alper Bozkurt, 157
Alper Yener Yavuz, 112
Altuğ Saygılı, 149
Amit Segev, 64
Anar Valiyev, 109, 168
Andreas Dehnert, 25
Andreas Mulch, 55
Andreas Vött, 138
Anna Arcudi, 73
Anna Koutrouli, 46
Anne Claude, 25
Arda Arcasoy, 129
Arzu F.Demirel, 92
Arzu Gül Akçay, 158
Aslı Özmaral, 67
Attila Çiner, 26, 44
Aydın Alptekin, 146
Aydin Bayramov, 109
B
B. Rojay, 56
B. Tank, 56
B. Tsikouras, 84
Baki Erdoğan Varol, 130
Bar Elisha, 154
Barbaros Şimşek, 167
Basilios Tsikouras, 147, 148, 154
Başak Eser, 167
Bedri Kurtuluş, 116, 169, 170, 174
Berihu Abadi Berhe, 98
Berna Alpagut, 91, 111, 176
Betül Batir, 66
Bilal Sarı, 86
Bilge Göksu, 130
Bilgehan Toksoy, 135
Bizhan Abgarmi, 57, 58
Bora Uzel, 27, 28, 54
Boulton, 169
Burak Hozatli, 174
Burak Yalamaz, 75, 134, 135
Bülent Arıkan, 42
C
C. Kabukcu, 40
C. Lefebvre, 56
C. Rambeau, 40
C. Serdar Bayarı, 99
C. Teyssier, 56
C. Vasilopanagos, 95
Cafer Özkul, 172
Cahit Helvacı, 166
Can Akbulut, 146
Cannur Eroğlu, 143
Cansu Demirel, 135
Carsten Münker, 31
Cemile Solak, 79
Cengiz Okuyucu, 34
Cengiz Yildirim, 44
Cengiz Zabcı, 124
Cenk Gürevin, 135
178
Ceren Küçükuysal, 38, 128
Christian Schlüchter, 25, 26, 126, 127
Christian Teyssier, 63
Christof Vockenhuber, 28, 123, 124, 126,
127
Christoph Grützner, 77
Cihan Bayrakdar, 123
Claudia Pelosi, 73
Côme Lefebvre, 55, 63
Conradin Zahno, 26
Cor Langereis, 54
Cornelis G. Langereis, 60
Craig Hart, 110
Cristina Persano, 61
Cumhur Özcan Kılıç, 159
Cüneyt Güler, 146
E.V. Belyaeva, 81
Emiko Kent, 44
Emin Demirbağ, 75
Emin Güngör, 75
Emmanouil Markakis, 32
Emre Damci, 68
Engin Günay, 169
Erdoğan Tekin, 130
Eren Pamuk, 71, 72, 151, 152
Erhan Gülyüz, 54, 60, 61
Eric Sandvol, 57, 58
Erman Özsayın, 113
Erol Sari, 135
Ersen Aksoy, 45
Evrim Çoban, 74
Ezgi Ulusoy, 160
Ezher Toker, 39
Ç
F
Çağlar Özkaymak, 27, 28
Çağlar Tuna, 151
F. Visini, 128
F.Figen Altinoğlu, 153
Fatih Adatepe, 150
Fatma Gülmez, 94
Fikret Doğru, 152
Fikret Kaçaroğlu, 174
Finlay M. Stuart, 61
Foutrakis Panagiotis, 29
François Guichard, 67
Fritz Schlunegger, 25
Funda Akgün, 130
D
D. Bourlès, 128
D.L. Whitney, 56
D.M. Bachmanov, 81
D.V. Ozhereliev, 81
David A. Banks, 100, 101
David J.W. Piper, 32, 46
Deckenschotter, 25
Dejan Prelevic, 94
Demet Biltekin, 68
Deniz Göç, 107
Deniz Ibilioğlu, 87
Deniz Şanliyüksel Yücel, 51
Deniz Ülgen, 149
Derya Kanık, 91
Didem Yasin, 170
Dimitrios Kostopoulos, 162
Dimitris S. Kostopoulos, 177
Dimitry Tikhomirov, 124
Doğan Kalafat, 57, 58
Doğan Usta, 155
Donna L. Whitney, 55, 62, 63
Dursun Acar, 68, 75, 135, 141, 142, 143
Duru Aral, 164
G
G. Aumaître, 128
G. Brocard, 56
Galip Yüce, 170
Gamet Guseynov, 109, 168
Gamze Gül Mungab, 114
Gary Rollefson, 41
Gasham Zeynalov, 47
George Anastasakis, 29, 32, 46
Georgia Pe-Piper, 46
Gilles Brocard, 62
Gino Mirocle Crisci, 73
Gizem Didem Akçay, 176
Gizem Erkan, 70
Gonca Gençalioğlu-Kuşcu, 63, 129
Göksu Uslular, 32, 63, 129, 136
Gönenç Göçmengil, 120
Graham M. Kent, 78
Gregor Schweppe, 76
Guillermo Turner-Saad, 168
Guldemin Darbas, 132
Gülcan Bozkaya, 101
E
E.
E.
E.
E.
E.
Asouti, 40
Gobet, 40
Ifandi, 84
Moulas, 95
Sandvol, 56
179
Gülsen Uçarkuş, 78
Gülşah Güler, 111
Gültekin Tarcan, 173
Gülten Polat, 58
Gürsel Yanık, 172
Janne Blichert-Toft, 64
Jennifer Huggett, 49
Jessie Woodbridge, 69
John W. Valley, 64, 154
Jonathan Dean, 69
Jonathan Delph, 57, 58
Jonathan Kaminchik, 64
H
K
H. Günel, 171
H. Rezeau, 108
Hakan Yiğitbaşioğlu, 69
Halikarnassos, 66
Halil Aydın, 135
Halil Yusufoğlu, 157
Halim Mutlu, 163
Harun Aydın, 173
Hasan Sözbilir, 27, 28, 54, 114
Hatice Karakılçık, 115
Hayati Koç, 160
Huriye Demircan, 90, 155
Hülya Erkoyun, 52
Hüseyin Çaldırak, 169, 170
Hüseyin Karakuş, 172, 173
Hüseyin Kocatürk, 164
Hüseyin Semerci, 147
Hüseyin Sendir, 163, 164
K. Hatzipanagiotou, 84
K. Kadir Eriş, 140
K. Keddadouche, 128
K. Tasli, 35
Kaan Sayit, 34
Kadir Sarıiz, 164
Katerine Harvati-Papatheodorou, 93
Kemal Gürbüz, 136
Kemal Tasli, 79
Kh. Meliksetian, 81
Kh.M. Omar, 96
Klaus Reicherter, 77, 138, 139
Klaus-G. Hinzen, 76
Konstantin Hatzipanagiotou, 147, 148, 154
Koray Sözeri, 130, 167
Kübra Okur, 156
Kürşad Kadir Eriş, 68
I
L
Iain S. Stewart, 24
Ihsan Kafadar, 137
Iliya Bauchi Danladi, 169, 170
Ilkay Kuşcu, 103, 110
Ioannis Mpalatsas, 147
Ioannis Papanikolaou, 77, 138
Ioannis Rigopoulos, 147
Irena Peytcheva, 31
Ismail Akkaya, 152
Ismail Dinçer, 145
Ismail Hakkı Karamanderesi, 173
Ismail Işıntek, 86
L. Benedetti, 128
L. Nurdan. Güngör, 75
L. Schoenbohm, 56
Lauren Idleman, 63
Laurence Vidal, 67
Levent Gülen, 75
Luca Gasperini, 67
M
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
İ
İbrahim Erdal Herece, 130
İbrahim Gündoğan, 130
J
J. Pace, 128
J. Tesson, 128
J. van Leeuwen, 40
Jack Mason, 77, 138, 139
Jamie Woodward, 125
Jane Willenbring, 62
180
Alan, 171
Alper Şengül, 152
Arnold, 128
Cemal Göncüoğlu, 34
Chiaradia, 108
Cihat Alçiçek, 44
Cosca, 56
Delli Rocioli, 128
Hatipoğlu, 171
Korhan Erturaç, 92
Meijers, 55, 56
Namık Çağatay, 67, 135, 140
Ovtcharova, 108
Reid, 56
Selman Aydoğan, 103, 164, 165, 166
M. Sinan Özeren, 140
M. Tokçaer, 33
M. Yalçin Koca, 83
M.M. Karadağ, 117, 118
M.Y. Savaşçın, 33
Maria Andaloro, 73
Maria Kirchenbaur, 31
Markus Leuenberger, 26
Mary R. Reid, 63
Massimo Chiaradia, 107
Matthew A. Coble, 65
Matthew Jones, 69
Matthieu Ferry, 45
Maud J. M. Meijers, 63
Maud Meijers, 62
Mauro Francesco La Russa, 73
Mehmet Akif Sarikaya, 26, 44
Mehmet Akif Sünnetçioğlu, 113
Mehmet Ali Yücel, 51
Mehmet Çelik, 98
Mehmet Demirbilek, 163, 172
Mehmet Önal, 87
Mehmet Özkul, 158
Mehmet Rıfat Kahyaoğlu, 149
Mehmet Sakınç, 142
Mehmet Utku, 71
Mehmet Yilmaz Savaşçin, 30
Meinert Rahn, 25
Meir Abelson, 154
Meral Kaya, 87
Mert Balamir, 175
Meryem Yeşilot Kaplan, 49
Metin Kahraman, 57, 58, 59
Michael A. Cosca, 63
Michael J. Spicuzza, 64, 154
Michele Lustrino, 30
Mine Alacalı, 114
Mohssen Moazzen, 85
Muhammed Sami Us, 130
Muhittin Görmüş, 130
Muhsin Eren, 48, 49
Murat Camuzcuoğlu, 146, 160
Murat Gül, 80, 132, 136, 146
Murat Hatipoğlu, 74
Murat Özkaptan, 54, 55, 60, 61
Musa Alpaslan, 160
Mustafa Akgün, 71, 72, 150, 151
Mustafa Avcıoğlu, 90
Mustafa Erde Bilir, 110
Mustafa Ergin, 167
Mustafa Kumral, 165
Mustafa Özkan, 107
Mustafa Senkaya, 148
Mustapha Meghraoui, 45, 76
Mutluhan Akın, 145
Mücip Tapan, 145, 152
Mümtaz Çolak, 173
N
N. Kaymakci, 56
N. Nur Özyurt, 99
N. Türkelli, 56
N. Yildirim, 35
Naci Orbay, 141
Nail Yıldırım, 53
Naki Akçar, 25, 26, 27, 28, 122, 123, 124,
126, 127
Namık Çağatay, 67, 134, 135, 140, 141,
142
Nasim Mozafari Amiri, 27, 28
Natalia Rovella, 73
Neal W. Driscoll, 78
Neil Roberts, 69
Nergis Önalgil, 48
Nevzat Özgür, 98
Nicola Capuano, 81
Nilay Özeler Kanan, 174
Nilgun Sayil, 148
Nilgün Güleç, 116
Niyazi Türkelli, 57, 58, 59
Nizamettin Kazancı, 133
Noah Keller, 55
Norbert R. Nowaczyk, 141
Nurdan Inan, 53
Nurdan Yavuz, 38, 157
Nuretdin Kaymakci, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62
O
O. Gökçen Uğurcan, 102
O. Parlak, 35, 36
Okan Delibaş, 107
Okay Çimen, 34
Onur Toygar, 149
Orkun Türe, 116
Osman Parlak, 53
Oya Pamukçu, 71
Ozan Erdal, 91, 92
Ö
Ö. Karaoğlu, 33
Ökmen Sümer, 28
Ömer Elitok, 166
Özcan Yiğit, 106
Özer Akdemir, 71
Özgür Avşar, 144, 169, 174
Özgür Deveci, 155
Özgür Karaoğlu, 30
181
Özkan
Özlem
Özlem
Özlem
Cevdet Özdağ, 71, 72, 150, 151
Bulkan, 134, 135
Makaroğlu, 141
Toygar, 163, 164
S.M. Lyapunov, 81
Sabina Wulf, 67
Sabine Schmidt, 144
Sabuhi Mammadov, 109, 168
Sacit Özer, 79
Samantha Allcock, 69
Samuele Agostini, 30, 154
Sarah J. Boulton, 44, 53
Sascha Schneiderwind, 77, 138, 139
Savaş Topal, 127
Sebahat Ercan, 143
Seda Deniz Kesici, 111
Selahattin Kadir, 48, 49, 52, 166
Selda Durmaz, 149
Selim Kapur, 49
Selver Şentürk, 97
Sena Akçer-Ön, 67, 140, 142, 170
Serdar Akyüz, 175
Serdar Mayda, 92, 158, 176
Serdar Yeşilyurt, 126, 127
Seval Karakütük, 177
Sevcan Kürüm, 30
Shmuel Marco, 76
Sibel Acipinar, 135
Sigurjon Jonsson, 144
Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, 73
Sinan Demirel, 150
Spiros Olivotos, 162
Stephe Kuehn, 46
Stuart N. Thomson, 63
Susan Ivy-Ochs, 25, 27, 28, 122, 123, 124,
126, 127
Susan L. Beck, 57, 58
P
P. Dumitrica, 35
P. Tsitsanis,, 84
P. Umhoefer, 56
P. van der Knaap, 40
Paola Pogliani, 73
Paolo Di Giuseppe, 30
Paul J. Umhoefer, 63
Peny Giannakopoulou, 148
Peter Fischer, 138
Peter Kubik, 25, 26
Peter Marchev, 31
Petros Petrounias, 148
Petyo Filipov, 31
Philip Hughes, 125
Pınar Avcı, 99
Piero Manetti, 30
Pierre Henry, 67
Pierre-Olivier Antoine, 91
R
R. Kadir Dirik, 113
R. Melkonyan, 108
R. Moritz, 108
R. Tayan, 108
R.V. Veselovsky, 81
Rahmi Pinar, 71
Recep Yavuz Turan, 51
Recharge, 170
Regina Reber, 26
Rıza Özgür Temel, 113
Robab Hajialioghli, 85, 161
Robert Moritz, 104, 107
Roksana Askerova, 47
Rolando Armijo, 78
Roman Kovalev, 76
Ş
Ş. Küpeli, 117, 118
Ş. Sinan Demirer, 157
Şakir Şimşek, 173
Şebnem Arslan, 98, 116
Şenol Özyalin, 71, 72
Şerafettin Ateş, 155
Şevket Şen, 91, 92, 130
Şeyda Parlar, 88
S
T
S. Beck, 56
S. Can Genç, 94
S. Hovakimyan, 108
S. J. Boulton, 43
S. Karipi, 84
S. Kılınçarslan, 171
S. Thomson, 56
S.E. Artyushkov, 81
S.L. Presnyakov, 81
T. Levent Erel, 66
T. Ustaömer, 36
T. Velioğlu, 171
T.P. Ivanova, 81
Tacit Külah, 48
Tamás Mikes, 55
Taner Korkmaz, 80
Tanju Kaya, 176, 177
182
Taygun Uzelli, 113
Taylan Sançar, 124
Thomas Frühwirt, 83
Thomas Wiatr, 77, 139
Tolga Gönenç, 71, 150
Tolga Görüm, 123
Tolga Necati Yaylım, 169
Tolga Oyman, 102
Tuğba Arife Çalişkan, 98
Tuğbanur Özen, 173
Tuğçe Nagihan Arslan, 68
Turhan Ayyildiz, 121
Tümay Kadakci Koca, 83
Tzahi Golan, 65
V.G. Trifonov, 81
V.P. Lyubin, 81
Vasily Alfimov, 27
Vural Oyan, 145
Vural Yavuz, 26, 122, 126, 127
W
Warren Eastwood, 69
Y
Ya.I. Trikhunkov, 81
Yaprak Ipek, 71
Yaron Katzir, 64, 65, 154
Yaşar Kibici, 172
Yeşim İslamoğlu, 130
Yusuf Kağan Kadıoğlu, 160
Yusuf Uras, 147
U
Uğur Doğan, 126, 127
Uğur Erdem Dokuz, 98
Uğur Teoman, 57, 58
Ulaş Avşar, 116, 144
Ulvi Can Ünlügenç, 37
Umut Barış Ulgen, 141
Utku Bağcı, 160
Z
Z. Bora Ön, 66, 140
Zafer Akçiğ, 71
Zafer Gürler, 103
Zagros Orogen, 161
Zehra Karakaş, 121, 167
Zekiye Karacık, 120
Zeynep Ankut, 143
Zeynep Ataselim, 133
Ziyadin Çakır, 78, 97
Ü
Ünsal Gemici, 173
V
V.A. Lebedev, 81
183
Keyword Index
Archaeoseismology, 76
Arid, 40, 174
Armenia, 81, 108
Arna lherzolites, 95
Arsenic, 50
Asbestos, 52
Asphalt, 147
Ateret, 76
Ates, 174
Authigenesis, 49
Autochthonous, 39, 132
Axios ocean, 84
Ayyubids, 23
Azerbaijan, 47, 109, 168
1
10Be,
25
2
26Al,
25
2d modeling techniques, 150
3
36Cl,
27, 28, 44, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127,
128
B
A
BAB, 34
Back analysis, 149
Backarc, 84
Bafa lake, 143
Bağbaşı, 118
Balçıkhisar, 86
Balçova, 114
Balikesir, 103, 164, 165, 166
Basal diameter, 129
Basalt, 147
Base-metal, 101
Basin evolution, 78
Bedrock, 71
Bedrock, 72
Biga peninsula, 101
Bio-diversity, 91
Bioerosion, 90
Biostratigraphy, 86, 87, 92
Biostratigraphy, 86
Black desert, 41
Block rotations, 60
Blue flag, 98
Blueschist, 95
Bodrum museum, 74
Bodrum-Datça, 66
Borings, 90
Bovidae, 92, 177
Bronze age, 42
Bulgaria, 31, 104
Burdur basin, 92
Burhaniye, 103
Burial, 63
Büyük Menderes graben, 28
Acid mine lake, 51
Actinolite, 52
Active strike-slip fault and deformation, 96
Active tectonics, 78, 97
Adana, 35, 36, 37, 49, 53, 113, 115, 136,
146, 155
Adcrocuta eximia, 158
Aegean Sea, 32
Aggregates, 147, 148
Aitoloakarnania, 147
Aladağlar, 26, 44
Allochthonous, 132
Alluvial aquifer, 99
Alluvial fan, 44, 113
Aluminium, 50
Alveolin, 156
Ambient noise, 58, 152
Amphibole, 52
Anatolia, 26, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 48,
53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,
63, 68, 69, 75, 82, 86, 87, 92, 111, 112,
113, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128,
129, 133, 136, 140, 143, 144, 152, 153,
157, 158, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166, 173,
176, 177
Ancient harbours, 138
Ankara, 36, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,
62, 90, 107, 113, 114, 116, 121, 126,
127, 128, 129, 130, 155, 157, 158, 159,
164, 167, 170, 171, 173, 176
Antalya basin, 113
Anthropogenic impacts, 42
Arabian foreland, 35, 37
Arabian plate, 64, 85, 97, 161
Archaeological, 74, 111
184
C
Cretaceous, 23, 35, 36, 37, 53, 60, 61, 63,
64, 79, 80, 85, 86, 94, 104, 114, 117,
130, 132, 147, 160, 161, 163, 165, 168
Crete, 138, 139
Cristina Persano, 61
Cr-spinel, 95
Crust structure, 153
Crustal assimilation, 31, 120
Crustal structures, 106
Crustal thickness, 57
CTD, 170
Cultural tourism, 111
Cu-Pb-Zn deposits, 164
Cyprus, 23, 36, 58, 65, 76, 113, 147, 150,
154
Cyprus slab, 58
Cyprus Trench, 23
C and O isotopes, 118
Calcrete, 49
Calc-silicate, 102
Calvaria, 93
Cambro-ordovician, 155
Capillary water absorption, 145
Cappadocia, 48, 69, 73
Cappadocian Volcanic Province, 63, 129
Carbonate, 118, 147, 148
Carcinogene, 52
Carian civilization, 74
CAT, 57
Caucasus, 104, 108, 109, 168
Central Anatolia, 38, 44, 48, 55, 56, 57, 58,
61, 62, 63, 82, 112, 128, 129, 133, 144,
157, 158, 159, 170
Central Anatolian Fault Zone, 57
Central Pirin Batholith, 31
Central Turkey, 60
Chalkidiki ophiolite, 84
Changing coastlines, 66
Chlorite, 95, 103
Chlorite, 95
Chrysotile, 52
Clastic deposits, 39, 155
Clay minerals, 82
Climate, 38, 55, 68, 69, 125, 140, 142,
156, 157
Climate change, 69
Climate cycles, 140
Climatic fluctuations, 45
Clinochlore magnetite, 95
Clinopyroxene, 95
CO2 and radon, 170
Collision, 23, 53, 56, 63, 161
Combined inversion, 148
Concrete aggregates, 148
Confocal raman spectroscopy, 160
Consolidation, 73
Contact metamorphism, 159
Contamination factor, 88
Continental collision, 23, 161
Continental dynamics, 58
Continental margin, 35
Convergent margin, 37
Copper, 106, 109, 168
Core sediment, 68
Correlations, 26
Cosmogenic, 25, 27, 44, 122, 123, 124,
127, 128
Cosmogenic, 28
Cosmogenic dating, 44
Cosmonucleide, 128
Ç
Çağlayancerit, 37
Çaltepe, 118
Çankiri basin, 60
Çankiri basin, 60
Çine-submassif, 136
Çorakyerler, 112
D
Dağardı melange, 164
Datça peninsula, 66, 167
Dating, 27, 44, 65, 122, 128
DE model, 76
Dead Sea fault, 76
Deckenschotter, 25
Degradation, 73
Delta-facies, 81
Demirköy intrusive body (DIB), 160
Demre plain, 99
Denizli, 39, 59, 74, 93, 101, 149, 153, 173
Desulphurization, 137
Detachment, 154
Develi-Kayseri, 34
Diamondiferous, 162
Diatomite, 89
Diet, 111
Dimension stone, 145
Displacement rate, 44
Doğankuzu Formation, 117
Dolomite, 118
Dynamic amplification factor, 151
Dynamic shear box test, 83
Dynamic triaxial compression test, 83
Dynamic uniaxial compression test, 83
185
E
Fault parameters, 97
Fault scarps, 77
Faulting, 76, 175
Ferritchromite, 95
Fethiye Burdur Fault Zone, 54
Flow rate, 115, 122
Fluid inclusion, 101, 102
Fluid inclusions, 100
Focal mechanisms, 96
Folding, 175
Foraminifera, 87, 88
FT-IR, 171
Earthquake, 27, 57, 58, 59, 71, 75, 76, 97,
124, 144, 150, 151, 152
Earthquake, 28
Earthquake chronology, 27
Earthquake geology, 76
Earthquake parameters, 75
Earthquake records, 75
Earthquake Resistance Structure Stable, 71
East Anatolian Fault, 56, 57, 68, 97
Eastern Anatolia, 30, 33, 62, 68, 87, 126,
127, 140, 152
Eastern Mediterranean, 23, 25, 26, 28, 43,
45, 65, 66, 96, 113, 126, 135, 150, 157,
167
Eastern Pontides, 104, 107, 110, 120
Ecemis Fault, 44, 159
Education, 111
Eğrigöz Pluton, 102
Eğrikuyu Monogenetic Field, 63
Electrical methods, 115
Embrithopoda, 91
Emet basin, 172
Enclave, 160
Engineering, 26, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58,
59, 60, 61, 63, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77,
79, 82, 83, 86, 89, 90, 98, 99, 101, 102,
110, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121,
128, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138,
140, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 151,
152, 159, 160, 167, 169, 170, 174
Enrichment factor, 88, 98
Environment, 95, 98, 100, 101, 111, 174
Environmental impact, 137
Eocene, 36, 37, 53, 60, 61, 86, 104, 105,
108, 110, 120, 130, 132, 156, 157, 163,
175
Eocene magmatism, 110, 120
Epithermal, 101, 103, 110
Epithermal mineralization, 110
Equidae, 92
ERT, 77
Escape, 56, 62
Eskisehir, 48, 49, 163, 170
Eskişehir, 52, 70, 164, 166
Exhumation, 63
Existing building, 174
External hellenides, 95
Extinct species, 91
G
Garnet, 64, 162
Garnet clinopyroxenite, 64
Gediz, 27, 28, 44, 83, 164, 173
Gediz Graben, 44
Gemologic materials, 74
Gemological research, 74
Genesis, 48, 52
Geoaccumulation Index, 88, 98
Geochemical analysis, 172
Geochemical properties, 141
Geochemistry, 30, 48, 49, 63, 108, 109,
110, 117, 118, 147, 160, 163, 164, 165,
166, 167
Geochronology, 108
Geodynamic, 33, 34
Geographic Information System, 51
Geohazard, 78
Geological structure, 150
Geomorphic indices, 128
Geomorphology, 45, 126, 127, 136
Geothermal, 33, 114, 115, 116, 173
Geothermal exploration, 115
Geothermal fluid, 114
Geothermal system, 173
Geothermometer, 173
Geyik Daği Unit, 86
GIS, 106
Glaciation, 125
Glacier, 26, 126
Gold, 95, 103, 106, 109, 162, 163, 168
Gold deposit, 163
Gondwana, 95, 104
GPR, 77, 138, 139
Grain size, 88, 146, 167
Grain size distribution analysis, 146
Granitoids, 136, 161
Granulites, 162
Gravity, 150
Greece, 23, 29, 32, 46, 77, 84, 95, 104,
125, 138, 139, 147, 148, 154, 162, 177
F
Fault location, 170
186
Green opal, 171
Greenland, 26, 67
Groundwater, 99, 122, 128
Groundwater budget, 99
Groundwater calcretes, 128
GSI, 146
Gulf of Güllük, 88
Gülbahçe, 113, 114
Gülbahçe, 113
Gülbahçe Fault Zone, 113, 114
Gypsum, 82, 131
Gyttja, 122
Istanbul zone, 175
Iti ophiolite, 84
İ
İstanbul, 42, 142, 143
J
Jet, 171
Jordan, 40, 41, 45, 76
K
H
Kahramanmaraş, 132, 136, 146
Karacaören-Ürgüp, 89
Karadere, 103
Katrangediği, 117
Kaymaz, 163
Kılçak, 157
Knidos, 66
Kocabaş, 93
Kos Plateau tuff, 32
Kozaklı, 121
Kozan-Feke, 155
Köyceğiz, 132, 144
Köyceğiz Lake, 144
Kucukcekmece lagoon, 141
Kula, 165
Kuşçular-Urla Fault Zone, 113
Küçükçekmece lagoon, 142
Kütahya, 87, 98, 102, 164, 172, 173
Hadim, 118
Halikarnassos, 66
Hanging wall architecture, 77
Harbors, 66
Haymana basin, 60, 61
Health, 98
Heat flow, 106
Heating-cooling systems, 174
Heavy Minerals, 167
Hellenic Trench, 23
Heterogeneity, 146
High salinity, 114
Historical data, 142
Historical environment, 111
Holocene, 26, 27, 28, 32, 38, 40, 41, 43,
45, 46, 67, 68, 69, 96, 125, 134, 140,
141, 143
Homo erectus, 93
Honaz fault, 127
HVSR, 152
Hyaenidae, 158
Hydraulic properties, 169
Hydrocarbons, 100
Hydrogeochemistry, 50, 51
Hydrothermal alteration, 114, 166
Hydrothermal fields, 115
L
Lacustrine deposits, 89
Lacustrine sediments, 55, 133, 135
LA-ICP-MS, 101
Lake Bafa, 134, 135, 143
Lake Hazar, 68, 140
Lake Salda, 169, 170
Lake Sapanca, 75
Lake sediments, 69, 143
Lake Suğla, 133
Lake Van, 126, 140
Land use, 42, 99
Land use change, 99
Landslide, 122, 149
Lapseki-Çanakkale, 90
Large mammal, 92
Late Cretaceous, 35, 36, 53, 60, 61, 63, 85,
86, 94, 104, 160
Late Glacial, 69
Late Holocene, 26, 69, 96, 134, 143
I
I- and S- type granitoids, 161
Ignimbirite, 121
Ignimbrite, 73
Inegöl-Bursa, 164
InSAR, 97
Integration, 174
Iran, 85, 104, 158, 161
Iron, 50, 69, 76, 102
Isotope, 30, 67, 69, 70, 114, 118, 157, 174
Isotope analysis, 157
Israel, 64, 65, 76, 154
187
Late Miocene, 37, 53, 82, 112, 121, 133,
158, 176, 177
Late Miocene/Pliocene, 82
Late Neolithic, 41
Late Oligocene, 62, 157
Late Pleistocene, 38, 40, 67, 68, 126, 127,
140
Late Pleistocene-Holocene, 38, 68
Late Triassic, 35
Latest Paleogene-Neogene, 55
Levant, 40, 42, 64, 65
Lidar, 139
Lignite, 112, 122
Limassol Forest, 154
Limestone, 117, 147
Limit equilibrium method, 149
Liquefaction potential, 146
Little ice age, 142
Liwa aquifer, 169
Low velocity zone, 57
Lower Kura basin, 47
Low-Sulfidation, 103
Metallogeny, 100, 106
Metals, 100
Methana, 29
Microcontinents, 36
Microfacies, 79, 80
Microgravity, 150
Microtremor, 71, 148, 150, 151, 152
Mid-Late Paleozoic, 34
Migmatites, 159
Milankovitch cycles, 140
Milas museum, 74
Mineral exploration, 106
Mineral magnetic properties, 141
Mineral prospectivity mapping, 106
Mineral water, 116, 174
Mineralization, 101, 103, 106, 109, 164
Mineralogy, 48, 49, 77, 95, 102, 109, 138,
164
Miocene, 23, 37, 47, 48, 53, 54, 55, 62, 73,
82, 85, 87, 91, 92, 104, 105, 106, 108,
111, 112, 113, 114, 121, 130, 132, 133,
136, 146, 157, 158, 166, 173, 175, 176,
177
Mn1, 157
Modeling, 42, 47, 97, 173
Moho offset, 59
Monogenetic volcano, 63
Montenegro, 125
MOR, 85
MSCL, 75, 134, 143
MSPAC, 72, 150
Mt. Carmel, 64
Mudstone, 48
Muğla, 32, 38, 63, 66, 74, 88, 111, 116,
128, 129, 132, 136, 137, 143, 174, 176
Muğla (SW Turkey), 132, 174
Multi-electrode resistivity, 115
Multiproxy, 40, 142
Muratdağı ophiolite, 166
Museum/Open-air Museum, 111
MVT, 100
M
Maastrichtian, 35, 37, 53, 79, 80, 86
Magma, 33
Magmatic complex, 160
Magmatism, 30, 31, 64, 65, 107, 108, 110,
120
Magnetostratigraphy, 55
Malatya Basin, 80
Mammal Biostratigraphy, 92
Mammalian faunas, 176
Manganese mineralisation, 165
Manisa Fault Zone, 27
Mantle peridotites, 95
Marble, 137
Marble mud, 137
Marine notch, 43
Marl, 83
Marmara Sea, 78
Mass flow unit, 75
Massimo Chiaradia, 107
MASW, 72, 148
Medeival warm period, 142
Mediterranean, 23, 25, 26, 28, 43, 45, 46,
62, 65, 66, 67, 77, 85, 92, 96, 113, 125,
126, 135, 150, 157, 167
Melts impregnation, 84
Menderes Metamorphic Massif, 136
Mersin, 35, 48, 49, 53, 113, 146, 160
Mesothelioma, 52
Messinian, 49, 62, 113
Mesta Volcanic Complex, 31
N
Natural History, 111
Natural history conservation, 111
Natural turkish carbon black, 171
Neogene, 30, 49, 56, 57, 58, 61, 83, 92,
129, 132, 133, 172, 173, 176, 177
Neogene volcanism, 57, 58
Neotectonic, 39, 113
Neo-tethys, 161
Neo-Tethys, 161
Neuman, 169
Ni-laterite, 164, 166
188
Normal fault, 28, 77, 139
Normal fault scarp, 27
Normal faulting, 44
North Anatolian Fault, 23, 45, 75, 78, 92,
124
North Anatolian Ophiolitic Melange, 94
Phylogeny, 91
Physicomechanical properties, 147
Pindos Ocean, 84
Piranshahr, 85
Placers, 167
Planktonic foraminifera, 86
Plateau formation, 55
Plateau uplift, 62
Pleistocene, 28, 38, 40, 41, 49, 67, 68, 69,
81, 92, 93, 113, 125, 126, 127, 131,
133, 140
Pleistocene-Holocene, 28, 38, 40, 68
Pollen, 40, 157
Pollution, 98
Pontides, 61, 104, 107, 110, 120, 156
Porphyry, 104, 107, 108
Power-law, 129
Precipitation, 41, 45
Probosidean, 176
Provenance, 117
Pumping test, 169
O
Ocean water serpentinization, 95
Oceanic Core Complex, 154
Oil and gas, 47
Oltu-stone, 171
Ophiolite, 36, 48, 84, 85, 154
Ophiolitic rocks, 35, 37, 148
Organic matter preservation, 135
Orthopyroxene, 162
Ostracods, 132
Oysters, 90
P
Q
P and S waves, 152
Palaeobiogeography, 91
Palaeoclimatology, 87
Palaeoecology, 91, 111
Palaeotethys, 95
Paleocirculation, 26
Paleoclimate, 26, 42, 66, 67, 70, 126, 127,
140, 143
Paleo-climate, 68
Paleoecology, 93, 111, 176
Paleoenvironment, 40, 55, 79, 89
Paleomagnetism, 54, 60
Paleontology, 86
Paleoseismology, 144
Paleoseismology, 77
Paleosol, 38, 82, 128
Paleosol-dolocrete, 82
Paleostress analysis, 113
Paleostress inversion, 54
Palygorskite, 49, 82, 121
Palynology, 157
Partial melting, 154
Particle size analyses, 134
Passive seismic deployment, 58
Pastoralism, 41
Pedogenesis, 49
Peloponnesus ultramafic, 95
Peri-adriatic basin, 81
Peridotite, 166
Peridotites, 84
Periodicity, 140
Petrography, 63, 109, 160
Petrology, 30, 94, 95, 117, 160
Quaternary, 25, 26, 29, 32, 38, 39, 44, 47,
49, 77, 81, 92, 93, 96, 122, 125, 126,
128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 152, 172, 173
R
Radiolarite-chert, 165
Radiolarites, 35
Rainy, 174
Rare earth elements, 117, 163
Receiver function, 57, 59
Recent sediments, 134
Recharge, 170
REE, 34, 64, 95, 117, 118, 128, 154, 160
REE+Y, 118
Relative tectonic activity, 128
Remediation, 149
Remi, 148
Replication, 69
Rhinocerotidae, 111
Rifting, 35, 65
River drainage, 62
River long profiles, 44
Rodentia, 92
S
Safranbolu formation, 156
Salt tectonics, 113
Sanandaj-Sirjan, 161
Sandstone, 83, 146
189
Scaling, 173
Scenario earthquake, 151
Scoria cone, 129
Scoria cone volcano, 63
SE Aegean Sea, 46
SE Anatolia, 37
SE Turkey, 30, 35, 36, 53, 97, 136, 147
Sea of Marmara, 67, 78, 141
Sea water, 98
Seafloor, 29, 32
Sea-floor sediments, 88
Sediment parameters, 75
Sediment records, 142
Sedimentary rock masses, 146
Sedimentology, 46, 79, 133
Sediments, 35, 38, 82, 88, 134, 135, 141,
144, 167
Seismic deployment, 57
Seismic gap, 76
Seismicity, 28, 96, 153, 170
Self-organized critical, 129
Serpentine, 52, 154
Signal processing, 152
Silver, 98, 103
Silver mine, 98
Sivrice earthquake, 97
Size effect, 145
Skarn, 102, 164
Skarn deposits, 164
Slip deficit, 76
Slip rate, 44, 45, 77
Slip velocity, 76
Slope stability, 149
Smectite, 48, 121
Social organization, 42
Soft sediment deformation, 144
Soil, 49, 71, 72, 98, 146, 150, 151, 152,
170
Soil pollution, 98
Soil response spectrum, 71
Soil Transfer Function, 72
Soil-structure interaction, 152
Southern Levant, 40
Spil Mountain, 79
Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes, 31
SSZ, 36, 84, 85
Stable, 70, 87, 116, 142, 174
Stable isotope, 70, 116, 174
Stable isotope geochemistry, 55
Stadia, 66
Strain partitioning, 78
Stratification, 169
Stratigraphy, 46, 79, 80, 81
Strike-slip fault, 54, 96
Strobilos, 66
Structural evolution, 175
Structural-geologic modelling, 47
Subcontinental, 95
Subduction, 36, 56, 85, 94, 120
Subharmonic cycles, 140
Surface exposure dating, 28, 123, 124,
126, 127
Surface heat flow modeling, 173
Surface water, 98
Surface water contamination, 98
Suture zones, 36
Suturing, 53
SW Turkey, 39, 54, 116, 123, 132, 137,
167, 174, 176
Systematics, 91
T
Tahar member, 121
Tarsus Plain, 146
Taurides, 34, 44, 55, 62, 98, 107, 117,
118, 123, 136, 155
Taurus, 26, 122, 123, 126, 155
Taylan Sançar, 124
Tectonic, 30, 33, 43, 45, 53, 76, 127, 128,
170
Tectonic evolution, 58
Tectonic geomorphology, 43, 76, 128
Tectonic-sedimentary development, 53
Tephra, 32, 46, 67
Terrace, 122
Terrestrial deposition, 131
Tertiary, 25, 30, 104, 108, 130, 131, 133,
157, 161
Tethyan Metallogenic Belt, 106
Tethyan-Eurasian Metallogenic Belt, 107
Thermal power plant, 137
Thermal water, 173, 174
Thermo-chronometric, 61
Thermocline, 169
Thermometry, 162
Thrace Basin, 157
Thrust belt, 37
Thrust system, 63
Topography, 170
Topsoil, 41
Trace fossils, 90, 155
Transitional-mildly-alkaline, 63
Travertine, 172
Tremolite, 52
Trenching, 139
Troodos, 36, 150, 154
Tsunami, 138
Tsunami deposits, 138
Tufa, 39
190
Turbostratic carbon, 171
Turkey, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50,
51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,
61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83,
85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94,
97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107,
110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117,
118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127,
128, 129, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137,
140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147,
148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 157,
158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167,
169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176,
177
Turolian, 111, 176, 177
Tuzgölü basin, 60, 82
Vs30, 71
Vulnerability, 71
W
Water chemistry, 135
Water quality, 50
Wavelet transform, 152
Weathering, 48, 82, 136
West Kos Basin, 32
Western Anatolia, 28, 33, 59, 86, 113, 164,
165, 166, 170, 173
Western Pontides, 156
Western Turkey, 27, 44, 52, 105, 114, 164,
165
Wetlands, 40
Whole rock geochemical data, 120
X
U
Xenoliths, 64
X-RAY Radiography, 134
Ultrapotassic, 94
Unconfined aquifer, 169
United Arab Emirates, 169
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, 51
Urla, 113
Uşak, 164, 166
Y
Yatağan Basin, 176
Yelini Cave, 70
Yenicekent, 173
Yeniceoba-Cihanbeyli, 131
Yüksekova-Hakkari, 152
V
Variations of historical seismicity and
paleoseismicity, 96
Varve, 144
Vegetation, 157
Veria ophiolite, 154
Vezirler melange, 165
Volcanic activity, 29
Volcanic arc, 160
Volcanic glass, 121
Volcanism, 30, 34, 66
Volkaniclastic, 32
Vp/Vs ratio, 57
Z
Zagros Orogen, 161
Zircon, 65
Zoogeography, 177
Δ
δ11B, 154
δ18O, 154
191
ATMs

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