A Vida de Darwin

A Vida de
Darwin
1818
1844
1854
1868
1871
1874
Nascimento
12 de Fevereiro de 1809
Shrewsbury - Inglaterra
1796
Robert Waring Darwin
(1766-1848)
Susannah Wedgwood
1765 – 1817
Charles Darwin nasceu na casa
chamada ―The Mount‖
próximo de Shrewsbury em Shropshire,
Inglaterra
Obs.: Shrewsbury é capital do Condado de Shropshire
15 de novembro de 1908
Igreja Anglicana St. Chad
Trabalho até 1817
Capela Unitariana
Charles darwin,
aos 9 anos
com a irmã Catherine
•Marianne 1798 -1858
•Caroline Sarah 1800 -1888
•Susan Elizabeth 1803 -1866
•Erasmus Alvey 1804 -1881
•Charles Robert 1809 - 1882
•Emily Catherine 1810 -1866
De 1818 a 1825, Darwin
frequentou a Escola
Shrewsbury.
Universidade de Edinburgo,
onde Darwin estudou
medicina de 1825 -1827.
Faculdade Cristã de Cambridge.
Onde Darwin viveu
de 1828 -1831.
Foi candidato ao grau de Bacharel
em Artes, o qual recebeu em 1831
Catalogus Studiosorum qui admissi sunt in Collegium Christi
Lista de estudantes que são admitidos
à faculdade Critã
Outubro 15 de 1828
Charles Darwin foi admitido como um
―pensionista menor‖ sob os cuidados
do ―Mestre‖ Joseph Shaw.
Obs.: Joseph Shaw foi tutor de Darwin até
1829, sendo sucedido por John Graham.
Quarto de Darwin
Coleção de Besouros, coletados em
Cambridge.
Espécimes encontrados
ainda hoje no Museu de Zoologia em
Cambridge
“One day, on tearing off some old bark, I saw two rare beetles, and seized
one in each hand; then I saw a third and new kind, which I could not bear to
lose, so that I popped the one which I held in my right hand into my mouth.
Alas! it ejected some intensely acrid fluid, which burnt my tongue so that I
was forced to spit the beetle out, which was lost, as was the third one.”
1831
―A Preparação para Paróquia Rural‖
Decepção com as amizades e a identificação com o Tutor John Henslow
10º entre 178 – Bacharel em Artes ―Não sei por que o grau deve fazer alguém
sentir-se tão miserável‖ (reclamação de Darwin ao amigo Fox)
―Em um meio-dia de primavera, ou em uma noite de verão, para qualquer lado
que eu volte meus olhos miríades de seres felizes acumulam-se em minha
visão‖ (Paley 1802 – Natural Theology)
Leituras decisivas
Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy (Hershel J 1830)
―O que, então, não podemos prever...., o que não podemos esperar dos esforços
de mentes poderosas....‖
Personal Narrative (von Humboldt A 1814 – 1829)
―Eu coletarei...eu tentarei descobrir como as
forças da natureza interagem....eu preciso
descobrir sobre a unidade da natureza.‖
Necessidade em aprender sobre Geologia
John Henslow apresenta formalmente Darwin a Adam Sedgwick em 1831
1796–1861
―...mais parceiro do que um simples coletor...‖
1785 - 1873
My dear Darwin,
Obs.: carta lida na noite do
dia 29 de agosto de 1831
Cambridge, 24 Aug 1831
Before I enter upon the immediate business of this
letter, let us condole together upon the loss of our
inestimable friend poor Ramsay of whose death
you have undoubtedly heard long before this. I will
not now dwell upon this painful subject as I shall
hope to see you shortly fully expecting that you will
eagerly catch at the offer which is likely to be made
you of a trip to Terra del Fuego & home by the East
Indies— I have been asked by Peacock who will
read & forward this to you from London to
recommend him a naturalist as companion to Capt
Fitzroy employed by Government to survey the
S. extremity of America— I have stated that I
consider you to be the best qualified person I
know of who is likely to undertake such a
situation— I state this not on the supposition of
yr. being a finished Naturalist, but as amply
qualified for collecting, observing, & noting any
thing worthy to be noted in Natural History.
...
Don't put on any modest doubts or fears about your
disqualifications for I assure you I think you are the
very man they are in search of—so conceive
yourself to be tapped on the Shoulder by your BumBailiff & affecte friend |
J. S. Henslow
Partida do H. M. S. Beagle
Data: 27 de dezembro de 1831
Localidade: Devenport
Porto: Barnpool
Hora: 11h
Representação do HMS Beagelde por John Clements Wickham, publicada em 1901
1831-1836: rota de viagem
Retorno
Após retornar da Viagem no
Beagle, de 1836 -1837,
moradia na rua Fitzwilliam,
em Cambridge.
Após 1837
Viveu seis anos com
o irmão Erasmus
Thomas Macaulay
1800 - 1859
Charles Lyell
1797-1875
John Stuart Mill
1806-1873
Fanny Owen
Jane Carlyle
1801 - 1866
Charles Babbage
1791 - 1871
Harriet Martineau
1802 - 1876
Ao final de setembro de 1838, indicado por
Harriet Martineau, Darwin lê, por
divertimento, o ―Ensaio sobre o princípio
da população‖ de Thomas Robert Malthus
de 1798
Quando cita que, até enfim, tem uma teoria
com a qual pode trabalhar
MALTHUS, Thomas Robert
1766 - 1834
―Here, then, I had at last got a theory by
which to work‖
julho de 1838 – Prós e contras em relação ao casamento
Tradução Cynthia Azevedo
“MY OWN DEAR FUTURE WIFE”
Carta de Charles Darwin para Emma Wedgwood
20 de Janeiro de 1839
“I think you will humanize me, & soon teach me there is greater happiness,
than building theories, & accumulating facts in silence & solitude. ............
my own dear future wife, God bless you.”
―Eu imagino que você irá me humanizar, & ensinar-me logo que há uma
maior felicidade, do que construir teorias, & acumulando fatos no silêncio &
na solidão..................minha cara futura esposa, deus te abençoe.‖
11 de Novembro de 1838: proposta de casamento
Casamento a 29 de Janeiro de 1839
Emma Darwin
1808 - 1896
William Erasmus
(Doddy)
Anne Elizabeth
1839 - 1914
(Annie)
1841 - 1851
Elizabeth
(Lizzie, Betty, Bessy)
1847 - 1926
Francis
(Frank)
1848 - 1925
Mary Eleonor
N e M 1842
Henrietta Emma
(Etty)
1843 - 1830
Leonard
1850 - 1943.
Horace
1851 - 1928
George Howard
1845 - 1912
Charles Waring
1856 - 1858
Após o casamento:
mudança para
Gower Street,
Londres
Na época um local
sujo, barulhento e
movimentado, mas
próximo de
Richard Owen
no British Museum
Em maio de 1842
Darwin, Emma
William e Annie
Se mudam para
Maer
Mudança para Down House em setembro 1842
Vila de Downe. 1900.
Cartão Postal
Caminho de areia
Publicações
Sobre Geologia
Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the
first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of
Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and
Co.
Darwin, C. R. 1844. Geological observations on the volcanic islands visited
during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, together with some brief notices of the
geology of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope. Being the second part of
the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy,
R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the
third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of
Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and
Co.
―Our poor child, Annie, was born in Gower St on
March 2d. 1841 & expired at Malvern at Midday on
the 23d of April 1851.
I write these few pages, as I think in after years, if
we live, the impressions now put down will recall
more vividly her chief characteristics. From
whatever point I look back at her, the main feature in
her disposition which at once rises before me is her
buoyant joyousness tempered by two other
characteristics, namely her sensitiveness, which
might easily have been overlooked by a stranger &
her strong affection. Her joyousness and animal...‖
30 de abril de 1851
Charles Darwin (aos 43 anos) com
seu filho mais velho
William Erasmus Darwin
(Fotografia de 1852)
Correspondências
―A meu pedido, o Dr. Hooker, na Nova Zelândia, e o Dr. Asa Gray,
nos Estados Unidos, fizeram o mesmo levantamento em seus países...‖
Passagem do capítulo IV: Seleção Natural, sobre propósito do cruzamento
dos indivíduos
Objetivo da correspondência
“Espero encontrar a separação de sexos nas árvores porque acredito que
em todos os seres vivos ocorre um cruzamento ocasional, e em nenhuma a
auto fertilização é perpétua. A grande quantidade de flores de uma árvore
seria um obstáculo à fertilização cruzada, a menos que os sexos
tendessem a ser separados.”
Asa Gray
Defensor de Darwin na
América do Norte, em função,
principalmente, do reconhecimento
do grande esforço de Darwin em tornar
mais profissional a pesquisa biológica
1810 - 1888
www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01MilesFig1.jpg
Darwin, C R para Gray, A
carta 2060
15 de março de 1857
―My dear Dr. Gray
......
You ask about my doctrine which led me to expect that Trees would tend to have
separate sexes. I am inclined to believe that no organic being exists which
perpetually self-fertilises itself. This will appear very wild, but I can venture to say
that if you were to read all my observations on this subject, you would agree it is
not so wild as it will at first appear to you, from flowers said to be always fertilised
in bud &c &c &c.— It is a long subject to which I have attended to for 18 years!
Now it occurred to me that in a large tree with hermaphrodite flowers, we will say it
wd be ten to one that it would be fertilised by the pollen of its own flower, & a
thousand or ten-thousand to one that if crossed, it would be crossed only with
pollen from another flower of same tree, which would be opposed to my doctrine.
Therefore on the great principle of ―Nature not lying‖. I fully expected that trees
would be apt to be dioicous or monoicous (which as pollen has to be carried from
flower to flower everytime, would favour a cross from another individual of the
same species) & so it seems to be in Britain & N. Zealand. Nor can the fact be
explained by certain families having this structure & chancing to be trees, for the
rule seems to hold both in genera & families, as well as in species...‖
Joseph Dalton Hooker
1817–1911
Carta 2361
Darwin, C R para Hooker, J D
14 de novembro de 1858
My dear Hooker
I am heartily glad to hear that my Lyellian notes have been of slightest
use to you; I do not think the view is exaggerated. I am also very glad to hear
about Mr R. How kind you have been about it.
Your letter & lists have most deeply interested me. First for less
important point, about hermaphrodite trees. It is enough to knock me down, yet I
can hardly think that Britain, N. America & N. Zealand should all have been
theoretically right by chance. Have you at Kew any Eucalyptus or Australian
mimosa, which sets its seeds; if so would it be very troublesome to observe when
pollen is mature, & whether the pollen-tube, enters stigma readily immediately that
pollen is mature or some little time afterwards; though if pollen is not mature for
some little time after flower opens, the stigma might be ready first, though
according to C. C. Sprengel this is a rarer case. I wrote to Müller for chance of his
being able & willing to observe this....
“…origem das espécies…”
1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of
favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. [1st ed.]
1860. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of
favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. [2d ed.]
1861. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of
favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 3d ed
1866. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of
favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 4th ed.
1869. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of
favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 5th ed.
1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of
favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.
1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of
favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed, with additions
and corrections.
24 de Novembro: 1ª Ed. - esgotada no primeiro dia
Publicações
Sobre Geologia
Darwin, C. R. 1874. The structure and distribution of coral reefs.
2d ed. London: Smith Elder and Co.
Darwin, C. R. 1876. Geological observations on the volcanic
islands and parts of South America visited during the voyage of
H.M.S. 'Beagle'. 2d edition. London: Smith Elder and Co.
1880
Darwin e a Religião
Em 1837 retorna mudado: a Bíblia é falsa e mentirosa
Deísmo X Seleção Natural
•Os traumas das mortes prematuras e trágicas dos tios
•Assistir ao sofrimento e tortura dos escravos
•Assistir ao sofrimento e morte de Pai
•A morte de Annie
•Observação de comportamento animista em animais
Autobiografia. 1876 – ―...fui lentamente dominado pela
incredulidade, que acabou sendo completa...‖
19 de abril de 1882, aos 73 anos
Testamento
On the 6th day of June 1882 the Will with Codicil
thereto of
Charles Robert Darwin
formerly of but late of Down near Beckenham in the
County of Kent Esquire deceased, who died on the
19th day of April 1882 at Down aforesaid was proved
in the Principal Registry of the Probate Division of the
High Court of Justice, by the Oaths of William
Erasmus Darwin of Southampton in the County of
Southampton Banker and George Howard Darwin of
Trinity College Cambridge in the County of Cambridge
Esquire the Sons
the sole one of the Executors named in the said Will
they having been first duly sworn to administer, power
being reserved of granting Probate of the said Will and
to the other Execut named in the
the other Executor having renounced the Probate and
Execution of the said Will
Gross value of the Personal Estate of £146,911-7-10
Net value ................ £
Referências Bibliográficas
Michael, B O 2009. Jardim de Darwin. Serapicos, São Paulo.
Moore J & Desmond A 2009. Darwin: A vida de um evolucionista
atormentado. 6ª ed. Geração Editorial, São Paulo.
Tort, P 2004. Darwin: a ciências da evolução. Objetiva, Rio de Janeiro.
Referêcias eletrônicas
http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk
http://darwin-online.org.uk/contents.html
http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk
http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/exhibitions/Darwin/anotherworld.html