and some applications

Transcription

and some applications
Molecular
Gastronomy
and some applications
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Des voies séparées
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Interests have no conflicts, but we
should have no hidden interests;-)
Marie UNIQ
Yoplait
Le Cordon bleu
L'Oréal
L'Air liquide
Mars
Diana Naturals
Louis François
Arc international
Danone
SYMPA
Mane et fils
Bruker
HZPC
Electrolux
Givaudan
Microsoft
Dow Chemicals
FEDIMA
Bols
Fagorbrandt
Kremer SA
Rhodia
Grand Marnier
...
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And many young friends contributed
Valérie Michaut, Raphaël Haumont, Syvie Verrier, Vincent Pajot, Matthieu Maesani, Laurent Vincent, Camille Grémillet, Aurélie
Morgen, Violaine Pistre, Rachel Edwards-Stuart, Anne Cazor, Johannie Martin, Anne Matignon, Anne Bouysse, Juan Valverde,
Christine Liénard, Cécile Daniel, Fabien Hennion, Antoine Mathurin, Marie Geoffroy, Pierre Coeurdeuil, David Trinh, Lise Le
Berre, Audrey Tardieu, Laure-Armandine Gomot, François Boyer, Jérôme Klingenfus, Coppélia Marincovic, Laure Menville,
Gabrielle Petit de Leudeville, Quentin Bellier, Delphine Bayon, Chloé Lesage, Jérôme Klingenfus, Ondine Suavet, Agnès
Portejoie, Guillaume Cheviron, Jérôme Bosano, Quentin Dudebout, Emma Lefevre, Clotilde Farah-Moussa, Vianney Delplace,
Grégoire Seizilles de Mazancourt, Julie Faucher, Emilie Hsieh, Clémence Wable, Céline Tabary, Grégoire Lebrun-Taugourdeau,
Nicolas Laurent, Mireille Bramant, Mélissa Boultadakis-Arapinis, Anne-Laure Bequet, Ioulia Gorokhovik, Eloise Giraud, Marie
Jarousse, Agathe Souffrin, Sara Bessin, Sidarin Phana, Elisa Chiquet, Alice Guerez, Elisa Chiquet,. Jean-Baptiste Sauvet,
Meihing Chhan, Vianney Delplace, Blanca Escudero Lopez, Vérane Chardonnet, Bastien Néel, Thomas Delaunay, Elise
Bouthenet, Hélène Duval, Vanessa Robert, Charlotte Poplawskyj, Gaëlle Sicaud, Pauline Dominé, Jill Pardini, Lucie Bedon,
Delphine Rossi, Marion Plassais, Loïc Raban, Fanny Jacot-Blais, Alan Luna, Clément Feyt, Meihing Chhan, Linda Weberskirch,
Romain Bouteille, Agathe His, Sara Skoglund, Stéphanie Calafat, Célia Daix, Cécile Chauvière, Elise Yang, Arslane Kchkar,
Mingmin Fan, Emmanuelle Baron-Louise Alexandrine, Sylvain Loye, Tiphaine Bourgeteau, Jeanne Perez, Arianna Lugani,
Ludivine Ferey, Julius Henne, Lucie Legros-Audenaert, Elsa Bauchard, Marcia France, Joris Autran, Guillaume Pichot, Farid
Khifer, Anne Cécile Buis, Manon Dassy, Marion Gaudet, Jérôme Lançon, Claire Fior, Marion Gaudet, Jérôme Lançon, Indira
Fabre, Laetitia Bisiaux, Arthur Bricq, Emilie Carpentier, Julie Cheong, Charly Carrière, Marie Antony, Mathilde Sayegh,
Guillaume Duc, Mathias Pietance, , Romain Brulard, Isabel Barbosa, Ricardo Cardoso,Alberto Gonzalez Jordan, René
Enderlein, Heikki Aisala, Alice Meignié, Juliette Deweirdt, Valérie Ory, Audrey Delissey, Julie Mathon, Lena Coutrot, Marie
Pothier, Hélène Pasco, Patricia Bolle, Aurélie Meunier, Manuela de Buhan, Marine Migné, Marie Prim, Elham Tehrani, Morgane
Bussy, Maxime Boutier, Yuqi Wu, Ebe-Tiya Edinguélé
International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy
The strange organisation of this
lecture
1. sciences of nature, why it is so particular
2. Applications of molecular gastroonomy
(molecular cooking, note à note cuisine)
3. Scientific works
4. What shall you eat tomorrow ?
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There is much confusion
between two different
activities:
1. Molecular Gastronomy (a science of
nature)
2. Cuisine (technique+ art+social)
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1.
Sciences of nature
(quantitative sciences)
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Science means looking for the
mechanisms of phenomena
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Looking for mechanisms... in any field
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A first pillar:
experiment !


"Un bon moyen pour atteindre la vérité, c'est
de préférer l'expérience à n'importe quel
raisonnement, puisque nous sommes sûrs que
lorsqu'un raisonnement est en désaccord avec
l'expérience il contient une erreur, au moins
sous une forme dissimulée. Il n'est pas
possible, en effet, qu'une expérience sensible
soit contraire à la vérité. Et c'est vraiment là
un précepte qu'Aristote plaçait très haut et
dont la force et la valeur dépassent de
beaucoup celles qu'il faut accorder à l'autorité
de n'importe quel homme au monde«
Galilée (1564-1642)
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A second pillar : calculation
"La philosophie est écrite dans ce
livre immense perpétuellement ouvert
devant nos yeux (je veux dire
l'univers), mais on ne peut le
comprendre si l'on n'apprend pas
d'abord à connaître la langue et les
caractères dans lesquels il est écrit.
Il est écrit en langue mathématique et
ses caractères sont des triangles, des
cercles, et d'autres figures
géométriques, sans l'intermédiaire
desquels il est humainement
impossible d'en comprendre un seul
mot".

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Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
« Nous ne saurions trop recommander de ne rien
avancer en matière d'histoire naturelle, qu'il
s'agisse des corps ou des vertus, qui ne soit
(autant que faire se peut) nombré, pesé, mesuré,
déterminé ; car ce sont les oeuvres que nous
avons en vue, et non les spéculations. »
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The
method
of
sciences
of nature
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We rely
on a
METHOD
1. Observation of a phenomenon
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We rely
on a
METHOD
2. Quantitative determination,
characterization
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We rely
on a
METHOD
3. Data, results of measurement
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We rely
on a
METHOD
4. Looking for laws
(synthetic expression of data)
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We rely
on a
METHOD
5. Looking for mechanisms
(compatible with the laws)
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We rely
on a
METHOD
Si... Alors
6. Looking for consequences
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We rely
on a
METHOD
7. Trying to refute the theory
(in order to improve it)
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For all phenomena ( ;-) )
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With all this, what can we get ?
(see later)
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2.
Applications of
Molecular
Gastronomy
(molecular cooking;-(,
note à note cooking;-) )
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Science is not to be
confused with
technology
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Science is not technology
« Non, mille fois non, il n’existe pas une catégorie
de sciences auxquelles on puisse donner le nom de
sciences appliquées. Il y a la science et les
applications de la science, liées entre elles comme
le fruit à l’arbre qui l’a porté ».
P. 215, article Pourquoi la France n’a pas trouvé d’homme supérieur au moment
du péril, paru dans le Salut public, Lyon, mars 1871, et dans la Revue
Scientifique, 22 juillet 1872, 2 e série, in Œuvres complètes tome 7.
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Technique, technology, science
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« Expliquer du visible compliqué par de
l'invisible simple »
(Jean Perrin, Les atomes, 1913)
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Audrey
Tardieu,
Bastien
Néel,
Lauriane
Juge,
Marie
Noelle
Rager,
BichThu
y Duan
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In 1980 : Molecular Cooking
(labs are full of tools which can be usefully
used for cooking)
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Molecular
Cooking =
using
new tools
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Liebig
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Priestley
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Abstrait
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Wurtz
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Le jaune à 67 °C
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Salade à la Nollet
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Cristaux de vent
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Gibbs
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All this is OVER !
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Let's move toward the future:
NOTE A NOTE
COOKING
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10 billions in 2050
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45 % spoiled food !
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There are many reasons
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Note by note Project :
how to reduce spoilage
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Note by note Project :
how to enrich farmers
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Note by note project :
let's avoid energy spoiling
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Because an energy crisis will be there
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Techniques are known :
fractionation and cracking
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The proposal is to do this at the farm
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Note by note cooking : the sole new
art proposal for cooking
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A short story, in order to be more
familiar with the idea
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Why wood ?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7ieTKICpwg&feature=related
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Wonderful lignin...
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… and its degradation products
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In particular this one!
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Interesting and unknown effects
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This one also is wonderful (3 ppm)
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And it is why, in 1994...
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An obvious conclusion
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The goal
is to
COOK
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For a very
long time
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Fruits and vegetables (are not natural)
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NH2
All food ingredients are made of
compounds (obvious, isn't it ?)
HO
ethanol
O
O
O
valine
HO
HO
HO
OH HO
NH 2
HO
O
HO
NH2
COOH
O
OH
leucine
OH
OH
glucose
acetic acid
(Z
)
O
H
O
(E
)
-O
(E
)
(E
)
(Z
)
(E
)
(E
)
(E
)
(E
)
alanine
NH2
OH
HO
succinate
NH 2
(E
)
(E
)
O- H
O
O
O
H 2N
HO
NH 2
OH
O
O
HO
glutamine
O
OH
OH
HO
isoleucine
O
OH
f ructose
O
O
O
O
OH HO
OH
O
HO
OH
NH2
O
aspartic acid
O
HO
OH
NH 2
HO
HO
O
HO
OH
H2N
O
threonine
OH
sucrose
OH
gamma aminobutyric acid
NH 2
alanine
NH2
O
asparagine
HO
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OH
Hence the obvious idea of
note by note cooking
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A infinite number of possibilities
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It's true that we have to build

shapes

consistencies

coulors

tastes

odors

trigeminal sensations

Nnutritional properties
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There are already pleny of
« Note by Note Ingredients »
And here is the first note by note dish
served in a restaurant : 2009
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Later...
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2011 : Official banquet for the
International Year of chemistry
(UNESCO)
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Le Corbon Bleu Paris,
11 October 2011
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Montreal (April 2012)
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Behind all this, there is the question of
Art
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Building
consistencies
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From macroscopic scale
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Down to microscopic
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Nanoscopic
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And molecular
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An important tool: DSF
Four symbols :

/ : dispersed into

+ : coexistence of phases, mixture

@ : inclusion

σ : superposition (according to x,y,z)

x : interdispersion
Four kind of phases : Four kind of object:

G : gas
D0

W : solution
D1

O : oil
D2

S1, S2, … : solids
D3
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Mayonnaise = D0(O)/D3(W)
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Meat : D1(W)/D3(S)
Cliché J. Lacour, INRA Theix
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Chocolate : D3(O)xD3(S)
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Foam on coffee : D0(G)/D3(W)
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Gelatine gel : D3(W)xD3(S)
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Plant tissues : D0(W)/D3(S)
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Conglomeles: artificial plant tissues
D0(W)/D3(S)
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Potato : [D0(S)/D0(W)]/D3(S)
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Until today, all food systems could be
described
(D1,1(W1/S1)@D1,2(W2/S2))/D3
D0(W1)@D0(W2/S1)/D
2(W3/S2)
D1(S)/D3
Hervé This, Formal description for formulation, in International Journal for Pharmaceutics, 2007, 344 (12), 4-8. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.07.046.
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Let's explore this « colloidal world »
rationally
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Using the « / » operator
/
D0
D1
D2
D3
D0
D1
D2
D3
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And using @
@
D0
D1
D2
D3
D0
D1
D2
D3
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Or σ
σ
D0
D1
D2
D3
D0
D1
D2
D3
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And also x
x
D0
D1
D2
D3
D0
D1
D2
D3
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New systems !
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And the main issue of bioactivity
{formula}
{Physical systems}
{Chemical and physical
properties: odorant release,
taste molecule release,
optical properties…}
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The « pianocktail » can be used
(G + O + S ) / W
May 2003, Franckfurt :
computer driven pianocktail
Cocktails « sur mesure »
November 2003 :
a « pianocktail» for homes
500 billions of different systems!
3.
Scientific results
(sciences of nature, wow!)
What is food?
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Even simple mechanic modifications
can have chemical consequences
Audrey Tardieu, Bastien Néel, Lauriane Juge, Marie Noelle Rager, BichThuy
Duan
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The flavour is changed
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And this is why Molecular
Gastronomy is so important
Definition :
Molecular gastronomy is the science of nature which is looking for
the mechanisms of phenomena occuring during dish preparation
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Bioactivity : the main question
f(G, O, S, W)
g(G, O, S, W)
Culinary
transformation
Release
of
Bioactive
compounds
Differences
as a function
of the differences
between f and g ?
Release
of
Bioactive
compounds
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Of course, we need analytical tools
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Preparing samples: 5 days!
Sampling at different
times
1.0 mL
Lyophilization
Lyophilization
1.00 mL of brew in D2O
500.0 μL of sample
RMN
Sugars, amino acids et organics acids
quantification
One spectrum
Intern Reference
Anne Cazor, H This
1. Saccharides
Anne Cazor, H This
2. Amino acids, organic acids
Intern
reference
But remember that plant tissues are gels
D0(W)/D3(S)...
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Hence quantitative in situ
NMR
Fast (10 min), no solvant, no
preparation, small samples,
precision ‰, etc.
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Why does drying improve spectra?
Linda Weberskirch, H. This
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Extraction : a poor method
Linda Weberskirch, H. This
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Calculation is needed (happiness!)
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Wonderful performances !
Elsa Bauchaurd, H. This
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There are millions of interesting
questions : which one should we
choose ?
Photosynthetic pigments as being transformed during the thermal treatment of plant
tissues
Release of proteins during animal tissue thermal heating in aqueous solutions
Green chemistry : thermal treatment at 100°C in aqueous solution of organic
compounds from « food »
Modification of the color of saffron processed in aqueous solution, with or without light
Distribution of estragole in the various compartments (water, oil, gas, animal tissues)
during a culinary recipe
Extraction nutriments from plant tissues
Why apricots appear sourer after thermal treatment (31P NMR spectroscopy)
Differences between wines thermally processed at low or high heating power
« Freshness » of yogurts : an influence of the microstructure ?
Exchange between plant tissue and aqueous solution during thermal treatment
...
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The very complex issue of scientific
strategy
Behind us
In front of us
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This is not so bad
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Because new « bioactivities »
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4.
What are you going
to eat tomorrow?
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What will remain
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What you can eat
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What does « good » mean?
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Remember the issue of energy
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Let's not forget that we are social
primates
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Which mean animals
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Do we want to change our food?
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0
20
100
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At this time...
Françoise Labalette, "Les terribles ravages du "grand hyver", Historia, mars 2009, no 759, p.47.
Miller, G. H. et al, « Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean
feedbacks », Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 2012,L02708.
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There were new possibilities
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Toxic tubers?
Seroit-il donc probable que cette multitude d’hommes qui ſe nourrit continuellement de ce végétal, s’accordât à
avancer qu’il n’y a pas d’aliment plus ſain & plus agréable que celui des Pommes de terre, ſi elles étoient auſſi
nuiſibles que quelques perſonnes l’ont prétendu ?
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Physical chemistry was the key of
success
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But food means cooking
J’ai fait un gâteau qui a très-bien levé, avec parties égales de
pulpe de Pommes de terre & de farine de froment, en y ajoutant
du beurre, des œufs, du ſel & un peu de levure ; il étoit même ſi
délicat & ſi bon, qu’il eût été difficile au plus habile gourmet d’y
diſtinguer la ſaveur des Pommes de terre : cette ſaveur eſt
cependant notable dans tous les pains où les Pommes de terre
ſe trouvent, quelle qu’en ſoit la doſe : elle me paroît ſemblable, ſi
je ne me trompe, à celle du ſeigle. Je n’ai garde de paſſer ſous
ſilence cette remarque, dans la crainte qu’un jour des gens
intéreſſés, ou de mauvaiſe foi, ne commettent quelques fraudes.
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Efficient communication was needed
La facilité avec laquelle nos Pommes de terre ſe prêtent à toutes ſortes de ragoût m’a fait naître l’idée d’en
composer un repas, auquel j’invitai pluſieurs Amateurs ; & au riſque de paſſer pour être atteint de la manie des
Pommes de terre, je vais terminer cet Examen par en faire la deſcription : c’étoit un dîné. On nous ſervit d’abord
deux potages, l’un de purée de nos racines, l’autre d’un bouillon gras, dans lequel le pain de Pommes de terre
mitonnoit aſſez bien ſans s’ émietter ; il vint après une matelote ſuivie d’un plat à la ſauce blanche, puis d’un
autre à la maître-d’hôtel, & enfin un cinquieme au roux. Le ſecond ſervice conſiſtoit en cinq autres plats non
moins bons que les premiers ; d’abord un pâté, une friture, une ſalade, des beignets, & le gâteau économique
dont j’ai donné la recette ; le reſte du repas n’étoit pas fort étendu, mais délicat & bon ; un fromage, un pot de
confiture, une aſſiette de biſcuit, une autre de tartes, & enfin une brioche auſſi de Pommes de terre, compoſoient
le déſert ; nous primes après cela le caffé, auſſi décrit plus haut.
Il y avait deux ſortes de pain ; celui mêlé de pulpe de Pommes de terre & farine de froment, repréſentoit aſſez bien le
pain mollet ; le ſecond, fait de pulpe de Pommes de terre, avec leur amidon, portoit le nom de pain de pâte
ferme ; j’aurois deſiré que la fermentation m’eut mis à même de faire une boiſſon de nos racines, pour contenter
pleinement mes convives, & dire avec fondement : aimez-vous les Pommes de terre, on en a mis partout.
Chacun fut gai ; & ſi les pommes de terre ſont aſſoupiſſantes, elles produiſirent ſur nous un effet tout contraire.
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The « authority argument »
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More than 40 L of whipped egg white
from only one egg white
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Let's not forget the goal
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Vive la chimie physique
gourmande !
herve.this@paris.inra.fr
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