and some applications
Transcription
and some applications
Molecular Gastronomy and some applications International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Des voies séparées International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Interests have no conflicts, but we should have no hidden interests;-) Marie UNIQ Yoplait Le Cordon bleu L'Oréal L'Air liquide Mars Diana Naturals Louis François Arc international Danone SYMPA Mane et fils Bruker HZPC Electrolux Givaudan Microsoft Dow Chemicals FEDIMA Bols Fagorbrandt Kremer SA Rhodia Grand Marnier ... International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy And many young friends contributed Valérie Michaut, Raphaël Haumont, Syvie Verrier, Vincent Pajot, Matthieu Maesani, Laurent Vincent, Camille Grémillet, Aurélie Morgen, Violaine Pistre, Rachel Edwards-Stuart, Anne Cazor, Johannie Martin, Anne Matignon, Anne Bouysse, Juan Valverde, Christine Liénard, Cécile Daniel, Fabien Hennion, Antoine Mathurin, Marie Geoffroy, Pierre Coeurdeuil, David Trinh, Lise Le Berre, Audrey Tardieu, Laure-Armandine Gomot, François Boyer, Jérôme Klingenfus, Coppélia Marincovic, Laure Menville, Gabrielle Petit de Leudeville, Quentin Bellier, Delphine Bayon, Chloé Lesage, Jérôme Klingenfus, Ondine Suavet, Agnès Portejoie, Guillaume Cheviron, Jérôme Bosano, Quentin Dudebout, Emma Lefevre, Clotilde Farah-Moussa, Vianney Delplace, Grégoire Seizilles de Mazancourt, Julie Faucher, Emilie Hsieh, Clémence Wable, Céline Tabary, Grégoire Lebrun-Taugourdeau, Nicolas Laurent, Mireille Bramant, Mélissa Boultadakis-Arapinis, Anne-Laure Bequet, Ioulia Gorokhovik, Eloise Giraud, Marie Jarousse, Agathe Souffrin, Sara Bessin, Sidarin Phana, Elisa Chiquet, Alice Guerez, Elisa Chiquet,. Jean-Baptiste Sauvet, Meihing Chhan, Vianney Delplace, Blanca Escudero Lopez, Vérane Chardonnet, Bastien Néel, Thomas Delaunay, Elise Bouthenet, Hélène Duval, Vanessa Robert, Charlotte Poplawskyj, Gaëlle Sicaud, Pauline Dominé, Jill Pardini, Lucie Bedon, Delphine Rossi, Marion Plassais, Loïc Raban, Fanny Jacot-Blais, Alan Luna, Clément Feyt, Meihing Chhan, Linda Weberskirch, Romain Bouteille, Agathe His, Sara Skoglund, Stéphanie Calafat, Célia Daix, Cécile Chauvière, Elise Yang, Arslane Kchkar, Mingmin Fan, Emmanuelle Baron-Louise Alexandrine, Sylvain Loye, Tiphaine Bourgeteau, Jeanne Perez, Arianna Lugani, Ludivine Ferey, Julius Henne, Lucie Legros-Audenaert, Elsa Bauchard, Marcia France, Joris Autran, Guillaume Pichot, Farid Khifer, Anne Cécile Buis, Manon Dassy, Marion Gaudet, Jérôme Lançon, Claire Fior, Marion Gaudet, Jérôme Lançon, Indira Fabre, Laetitia Bisiaux, Arthur Bricq, Emilie Carpentier, Julie Cheong, Charly Carrière, Marie Antony, Mathilde Sayegh, Guillaume Duc, Mathias Pietance, , Romain Brulard, Isabel Barbosa, Ricardo Cardoso,Alberto Gonzalez Jordan, René Enderlein, Heikki Aisala, Alice Meignié, Juliette Deweirdt, Valérie Ory, Audrey Delissey, Julie Mathon, Lena Coutrot, Marie Pothier, Hélène Pasco, Patricia Bolle, Aurélie Meunier, Manuela de Buhan, Marine Migné, Marie Prim, Elham Tehrani, Morgane Bussy, Maxime Boutier, Yuqi Wu, Ebe-Tiya Edinguélé International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy The strange organisation of this lecture 1. sciences of nature, why it is so particular 2. Applications of molecular gastroonomy (molecular cooking, note à note cuisine) 3. Scientific works 4. What shall you eat tomorrow ? International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy There is much confusion between two different activities: 1. Molecular Gastronomy (a science of nature) 2. Cuisine (technique+ art+social) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy 1. Sciences of nature (quantitative sciences) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Science means looking for the mechanisms of phenomena International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Looking for mechanisms... in any field International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy A first pillar: experiment ! "Un bon moyen pour atteindre la vérité, c'est de préférer l'expérience à n'importe quel raisonnement, puisque nous sommes sûrs que lorsqu'un raisonnement est en désaccord avec l'expérience il contient une erreur, au moins sous une forme dissimulée. Il n'est pas possible, en effet, qu'une expérience sensible soit contraire à la vérité. Et c'est vraiment là un précepte qu'Aristote plaçait très haut et dont la force et la valeur dépassent de beaucoup celles qu'il faut accorder à l'autorité de n'importe quel homme au monde« Galilée (1564-1642) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy A second pillar : calculation "La philosophie est écrite dans ce livre immense perpétuellement ouvert devant nos yeux (je veux dire l'univers), mais on ne peut le comprendre si l'on n'apprend pas d'abord à connaître la langue et les caractères dans lesquels il est écrit. Il est écrit en langue mathématique et ses caractères sont des triangles, des cercles, et d'autres figures géométriques, sans l'intermédiaire desquels il est humainement impossible d'en comprendre un seul mot". International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Francis Bacon (1561-1626) « Nous ne saurions trop recommander de ne rien avancer en matière d'histoire naturelle, qu'il s'agisse des corps ou des vertus, qui ne soit (autant que faire se peut) nombré, pesé, mesuré, déterminé ; car ce sont les oeuvres que nous avons en vue, et non les spéculations. » International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy The method of sciences of nature International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy We rely on a METHOD 1. Observation of a phenomenon International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy We rely on a METHOD 2. Quantitative determination, characterization International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy We rely on a METHOD 3. Data, results of measurement International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy We rely on a METHOD 4. Looking for laws (synthetic expression of data) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy We rely on a METHOD 5. Looking for mechanisms (compatible with the laws) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy We rely on a METHOD Si... Alors 6. Looking for consequences International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy We rely on a METHOD 7. Trying to refute the theory (in order to improve it) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy For all phenomena ( ;-) ) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy With all this, what can we get ? (see later) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy 2. Applications of Molecular Gastronomy (molecular cooking;-(, note à note cooking;-) ) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Science is not to be confused with technology International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Science is not technology « Non, mille fois non, il n’existe pas une catégorie de sciences auxquelles on puisse donner le nom de sciences appliquées. Il y a la science et les applications de la science, liées entre elles comme le fruit à l’arbre qui l’a porté ». P. 215, article Pourquoi la France n’a pas trouvé d’homme supérieur au moment du péril, paru dans le Salut public, Lyon, mars 1871, et dans la Revue Scientifique, 22 juillet 1872, 2 e série, in Œuvres complètes tome 7. International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Technique, technology, science International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy « Expliquer du visible compliqué par de l'invisible simple » (Jean Perrin, Les atomes, 1913) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Audrey Tardieu, Bastien Néel, Lauriane Juge, Marie Noelle Rager, BichThu y Duan International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy In 1980 : Molecular Cooking (labs are full of tools which can be usefully used for cooking) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Molecular Cooking = using new tools International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Liebig International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Priestley International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Abstrait International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Wurtz International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Le jaune à 67 °C International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Salade à la Nollet International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Cristaux de vent International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Gibbs International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy All this is OVER ! International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Let's move toward the future: NOTE A NOTE COOKING International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy 10 billions in 2050 International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy 45 % spoiled food ! International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy There are many reasons International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Note by note Project : how to reduce spoilage International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Note by note Project : how to enrich farmers International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Note by note project : let's avoid energy spoiling International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Because an energy crisis will be there International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Techniques are known : fractionation and cracking International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy The proposal is to do this at the farm International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Note by note cooking : the sole new art proposal for cooking International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy A short story, in order to be more familiar with the idea International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Why wood ? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7ieTKICpwg&feature=related International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Wonderful lignin... International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy … and its degradation products International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy In particular this one! International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Interesting and unknown effects International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy This one also is wonderful (3 ppm) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy And it is why, in 1994... International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy An obvious conclusion International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy The goal is to COOK International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy For a very long time International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Fruits and vegetables (are not natural) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy NH2 All food ingredients are made of compounds (obvious, isn't it ?) HO ethanol O O O valine HO HO HO OH HO NH 2 HO O HO NH2 COOH O OH leucine OH OH glucose acetic acid (Z ) O H O (E ) -O (E ) (E ) (Z ) (E ) (E ) (E ) (E ) alanine NH2 OH HO succinate NH 2 (E ) (E ) O- H O O O H 2N HO NH 2 OH O O HO glutamine O OH OH HO isoleucine O OH f ructose O O O O OH HO OH O HO OH NH2 O aspartic acid O HO OH NH 2 HO HO O HO OH H2N O threonine OH sucrose OH gamma aminobutyric acid NH 2 alanine NH2 O asparagine HO International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy OH Hence the obvious idea of note by note cooking International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy A infinite number of possibilities International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy It's true that we have to build shapes consistencies coulors tastes odors trigeminal sensations Nnutritional properties International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy There are already pleny of « Note by Note Ingredients » And here is the first note by note dish served in a restaurant : 2009 International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Later... International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy 2011 : Official banquet for the International Year of chemistry (UNESCO) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Le Corbon Bleu Paris, 11 October 2011 International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Montreal (April 2012) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Behind all this, there is the question of Art International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Building consistencies International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy From macroscopic scale International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Down to microscopic International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Nanoscopic International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy And molecular International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy An important tool: DSF Four symbols : / : dispersed into + : coexistence of phases, mixture @ : inclusion σ : superposition (according to x,y,z) x : interdispersion Four kind of phases : Four kind of object: G : gas D0 W : solution D1 O : oil D2 S1, S2, … : solids D3 International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Mayonnaise = D0(O)/D3(W) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Meat : D1(W)/D3(S) Cliché J. Lacour, INRA Theix International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Chocolate : D3(O)xD3(S) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Foam on coffee : D0(G)/D3(W) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Gelatine gel : D3(W)xD3(S) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Plant tissues : D0(W)/D3(S) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Conglomeles: artificial plant tissues D0(W)/D3(S) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Potato : [D0(S)/D0(W)]/D3(S) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Until today, all food systems could be described (D1,1(W1/S1)@D1,2(W2/S2))/D3 D0(W1)@D0(W2/S1)/D 2(W3/S2) D1(S)/D3 Hervé This, Formal description for formulation, in International Journal for Pharmaceutics, 2007, 344 (12), 4-8. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.07.046. International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Let's explore this « colloidal world » rationally International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Using the « / » operator / D0 D1 D2 D3 D0 D1 D2 D3 International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy And using @ @ D0 D1 D2 D3 D0 D1 D2 D3 International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Or σ σ D0 D1 D2 D3 D0 D1 D2 D3 International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy And also x x D0 D1 D2 D3 D0 D1 D2 D3 International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy New systems ! International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy And the main issue of bioactivity {formula} {Physical systems} {Chemical and physical properties: odorant release, taste molecule release, optical properties…} International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy The « pianocktail » can be used (G + O + S ) / W May 2003, Franckfurt : computer driven pianocktail Cocktails « sur mesure » November 2003 : a « pianocktail» for homes 500 billions of different systems! 3. Scientific results (sciences of nature, wow!) What is food? International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Even simple mechanic modifications can have chemical consequences Audrey Tardieu, Bastien Néel, Lauriane Juge, Marie Noelle Rager, BichThuy Duan International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy The flavour is changed International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy And this is why Molecular Gastronomy is so important Definition : Molecular gastronomy is the science of nature which is looking for the mechanisms of phenomena occuring during dish preparation International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Bioactivity : the main question f(G, O, S, W) g(G, O, S, W) Culinary transformation Release of Bioactive compounds Differences as a function of the differences between f and g ? Release of Bioactive compounds International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Of course, we need analytical tools International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Preparing samples: 5 days! Sampling at different times 1.0 mL Lyophilization Lyophilization 1.00 mL of brew in D2O 500.0 μL of sample RMN Sugars, amino acids et organics acids quantification One spectrum Intern Reference Anne Cazor, H This 1. Saccharides Anne Cazor, H This 2. Amino acids, organic acids Intern reference But remember that plant tissues are gels D0(W)/D3(S)... International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Hence quantitative in situ NMR Fast (10 min), no solvant, no preparation, small samples, precision ‰, etc. International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Why does drying improve spectra? Linda Weberskirch, H. This International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Extraction : a poor method Linda Weberskirch, H. This International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Calculation is needed (happiness!) International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Wonderful performances ! Elsa Bauchaurd, H. This International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy There are millions of interesting questions : which one should we choose ? Photosynthetic pigments as being transformed during the thermal treatment of plant tissues Release of proteins during animal tissue thermal heating in aqueous solutions Green chemistry : thermal treatment at 100°C in aqueous solution of organic compounds from « food » Modification of the color of saffron processed in aqueous solution, with or without light Distribution of estragole in the various compartments (water, oil, gas, animal tissues) during a culinary recipe Extraction nutriments from plant tissues Why apricots appear sourer after thermal treatment (31P NMR spectroscopy) Differences between wines thermally processed at low or high heating power « Freshness » of yogurts : an influence of the microstructure ? Exchange between plant tissue and aqueous solution during thermal treatment ... International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy The very complex issue of scientific strategy Behind us In front of us International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy This is not so bad International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Because new « bioactivities » International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy 4. What are you going to eat tomorrow? International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy What will remain International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy What you can eat International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy What does « good » mean? International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Remember the issue of energy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Let's not forget that we are social primates International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Which mean animals International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Do we want to change our food? International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy 0 20 100 International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy At this time... Françoise Labalette, "Les terribles ravages du "grand hyver", Historia, mars 2009, no 759, p.47. Miller, G. H. et al, « Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks », Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 2012,L02708. International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy There were new possibilities International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Toxic tubers? Seroit-il donc probable que cette multitude d’hommes qui ſe nourrit continuellement de ce végétal, s’accordât à avancer qu’il n’y a pas d’aliment plus ſain & plus agréable que celui des Pommes de terre, ſi elles étoient auſſi nuiſibles que quelques perſonnes l’ont prétendu ? International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Physical chemistry was the key of success International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy But food means cooking J’ai fait un gâteau qui a très-bien levé, avec parties égales de pulpe de Pommes de terre & de farine de froment, en y ajoutant du beurre, des œufs, du ſel & un peu de levure ; il étoit même ſi délicat & ſi bon, qu’il eût été difficile au plus habile gourmet d’y diſtinguer la ſaveur des Pommes de terre : cette ſaveur eſt cependant notable dans tous les pains où les Pommes de terre ſe trouvent, quelle qu’en ſoit la doſe : elle me paroît ſemblable, ſi je ne me trompe, à celle du ſeigle. Je n’ai garde de paſſer ſous ſilence cette remarque, dans la crainte qu’un jour des gens intéreſſés, ou de mauvaiſe foi, ne commettent quelques fraudes. International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Efficient communication was needed La facilité avec laquelle nos Pommes de terre ſe prêtent à toutes ſortes de ragoût m’a fait naître l’idée d’en composer un repas, auquel j’invitai pluſieurs Amateurs ; & au riſque de paſſer pour être atteint de la manie des Pommes de terre, je vais terminer cet Examen par en faire la deſcription : c’étoit un dîné. On nous ſervit d’abord deux potages, l’un de purée de nos racines, l’autre d’un bouillon gras, dans lequel le pain de Pommes de terre mitonnoit aſſez bien ſans s’ émietter ; il vint après une matelote ſuivie d’un plat à la ſauce blanche, puis d’un autre à la maître-d’hôtel, & enfin un cinquieme au roux. Le ſecond ſervice conſiſtoit en cinq autres plats non moins bons que les premiers ; d’abord un pâté, une friture, une ſalade, des beignets, & le gâteau économique dont j’ai donné la recette ; le reſte du repas n’étoit pas fort étendu, mais délicat & bon ; un fromage, un pot de confiture, une aſſiette de biſcuit, une autre de tartes, & enfin une brioche auſſi de Pommes de terre, compoſoient le déſert ; nous primes après cela le caffé, auſſi décrit plus haut. Il y avait deux ſortes de pain ; celui mêlé de pulpe de Pommes de terre & farine de froment, repréſentoit aſſez bien le pain mollet ; le ſecond, fait de pulpe de Pommes de terre, avec leur amidon, portoit le nom de pain de pâte ferme ; j’aurois deſiré que la fermentation m’eut mis à même de faire une boiſſon de nos racines, pour contenter pleinement mes convives, & dire avec fondement : aimez-vous les Pommes de terre, on en a mis partout. Chacun fut gai ; & ſi les pommes de terre ſont aſſoupiſſantes, elles produiſirent ſur nous un effet tout contraire. International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy The « authority argument » International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy More than 40 L of whipped egg white from only one egg white International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Let's not forget the goal International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy Vive la chimie physique gourmande ! herve.this@paris.inra.fr International Centre for Molecular Gastronomy