Delason - Nizar Habash

An Introduction to
Delason
Ñ
Nizar Habash, Ph.D.
Ñ
DELTA
EL
DELASON
An Introduction to Delason
The Complete Guide to the Artificial Language
Second Edition
Nizar Habash, Ph.D.
© 1990-2012 Nizar Habash. All Rights Reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced, published,
distributed, displayed, performed, copied or
transmitted in any form by any
mechanical, photographic
or electronic process
without written
permission of
the author.
ii
For my siblings,
Ahmad, the leader of the rebel movement to overthrow me,
Princess Nowar of Salamon, and
Prince Kamal of Salamon.
Thank you for the wonderful memories
of our imaginary homeland.
te
tetone,
iii
dako.
na
to
oben.
Introduction
It has been over 20 years since I first imagined Delason and 14
years since I wrote the first edition of this book documenting it.
My love for languages has since led me to earn a doctorate in
computational linguistics in 2003 from the University of
Maryland College Park. I have been working as a researcher at
Columbia University since then, specializing in machine
translation and Arabic natural language processing. What started
as a fun summer project over two decades ago evolved into a
hobby that had a lasting effect on my life and career in interesting
ways. Working on Delason’s grammar, dictionary and fonts
helped me develop skills and awareness of both linguistic and
computational issues that are relevant to my research in
computational linguistics. I am currently working on a new
project creating a second constructed language called Semiti, an
Arabic-Hebrew esperanto. Semiti is part of an imaginary Middle
Eastern country called Palisra that is my answer to the IsraeliPalestinian conflict.
As far as Delason news since the first edition, I am quite proud to
report that one of Delason’s ideograms was added to the shield
of the Honors College at my Alma Mater, Old Dominion
University. Professor Lou Henry, who was Dean of the college,
had found out about Delason and asked if I could create a
Delason graduation diploma to give to my graduating class. I was
so excited of course and even created a special symbol for the
concept of Knowledge: (Ñ) to use in the certificate.
The year after I left, Dean Henry added the symbol to
the college’s shield and every student graduating since
then have received a medal with the symbol inscribed
on it. See the shield on the right.
On a more personal note, my sister, Nowar, first told me about
the man she fell in love with and eventually married in an email in
Delason. As a wedding gift, I created a Delasoni marriage
certificate to honor the occasion. And after the Muslim cleric
iv
who married them left, we conducted a second ceremony in
which Nowar and her husband Salah said their I dos in Delason.
Since then, about a dozen people received Delasoni wedding
certificates. All are still married, except for one couple who did
not sign the certificate (tsk tsk tsk). I like to imagine that signing
the Delasoni certificate has something to do (or it simply
correlates) with successful marriages.
Finally, about two years ago, I opened a Zazzle online store to
sell products with Delasoni symbols on them, among other
artistic creations. Visit us at http://www.zazzle.com/nizware.
For this edition, I updated some of the grammar discussions and
dictionary, and added a few texts including some new translated
songs, the Delasoni wedding certificate and the Old Dominion
University Honors College graduation diploma. I hope you enjoy
the book and I thank you for your interest.
Nizar Habash, Ph.D.
nizar@nizarhabash.com
New York, New York
Summer 2012
v
Introduction to the First Edition
In the summer of 1990, I realized that the artificial country I have
been designing for two years lacked an essential element: its own
language. The Mediterranean country was an island named
Salamon after the Canaanite tribe that migrated to it. By that
summer, I had created several maps of Salamon, had written an
account of its history that was integrated in the history of the
Middle East and the Mediterranean, and had even printed stamps
and money notes. The official languages of the island nation were
Arabic and English until I designed Salamonese, the ancestor of
Delason.
Looking back at that summer, I am not surprised that I thought
of constructing an artificial language. By that time, I had lived in
or visited more than 12 countries in four continents and had
studied, formally or informally, about five different languages and
came in touch with several modern Arabic dialects (Palestinian,
Egyptian, Tunisian). But creating my "own" language seemed like
the most fascinating challenge I ever attempted. Seven years
later, I was still working on it. The language has metamorphisized
several times especially as I went to college and majored in
linguistics. So as I learned more about human languages and
realized how diverse they are, I modified my language.
During my college years, Delason lost its connections with its
fictitious origins and became a linguistic "test-tube." I toyed with
the possibility of combining dissimilar syntactic properties such
as having both pre- and post-positions, or optional case markers
that can increase the freedom of Delason’s word order.
Phonologically and morphologically, however, Delason remained
quite simple since I was never interested in experimenting with
these aspects of language. Delason’s phonology is simply a
regularized marriage of Spanish and Modern Hebrew. And all
morphological derivations are done using prefixes and suffixes
only.
vi
On the other hand, Delasoni vocabulary is quite remarkable in
that its roots come from a set of about 20 languages with the
main contributors being from the Indo-European and the Semitic
families. Some of the roots are borrowed with no modifications
such as telefon (Latin telephone) or on (Turkish ten). I created other
roots by scrambling elements from different languages. For
example, olan (hello / peace) is constructed from hola (Spanish
hello) and ahlan (Arabic hello) with the semantic component peace
from shalom (Hebrew hello / peace). In addition, I used names of
famous real and fictitious characters associated with particular
meanings, e.g., makbeta (guilt) from Macbeth and hickoka (fear),
pronounced hish-ko-ka, from Hitchcock.
In addition to its syntax and vocabulary, Delason is special among
other constructed languages in that it is one of the few with their
own script. I designed it by integrating elements from different
scripts, with the main contributors being Japanese Kana and
Kanji. I have created several fonts for this script and have
experimented with calligraphy.
The goal of this book is to document my work on Delason and
share it with other conlangers (language constructors or as I
prefer to call us linguartists - pronounced ling-gwar-tists). The book
contains an introduction to the Delasoni writing system, a
complete grammar reference, a phrase book, selected texts, and
an English-Delason dictionary. I hope you enjoy this humble
work of linguart and thank you very much for your interest.
Nizar Habash
Ramallah, Palestine
Summer 1997
vii
Table of Contents
Chapter One The Delasoni Writing System
1 1.1 DELASONI SCRIPTS
1 1.2 THE DELASONI ALPHABET
1 1.3 DELASONI PRONUNCIATION
3 1.4 DIGITS AND PUNCTUATION
5 1.5 DELASONI IDEOGRAMS
6 Chapter Two Essentials of Delasoni Grammar
10 2.1 NOUNS
10 2.2 VERBS
12 2.3 ADJECTIVES
14 2.4 ADVERBS
15 2.5 QUALIFIERS
16 2.6 PRONOUNS
20 2.7 NUMBERS
24 2.8 PREPOSITIONS
25 2.9 RELATIVE CLAUSES
27 2.10 QUESTIONS
29 2.11 CONJUNCTIONS
32 2.12 SENTENTIAL WORD ORDER
33 Chapter Three A Phrasebook of Delason
36 3.1 BASIC EXPRESSIONS
36 3.2 HELLO EVERYBODY!
37 3.3 ONE, TWO, THREE, GO!
39 3.4 WHAT DAY IS IT?
44 3.5 WHAT, WHO, WHERE?
48 3.6 THIS IS IT!
50 3.7 I AM LOST. CAN YOU HELP ME?
51 3.8 THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY
54 3.9 FOOD
57 3.10 BODY PARTS
60 3.11 CLOTHING
62 3.12 THE WEATHER
65 3.13 USEFUL WORDS
66 3.14 VERBS, VERBS, VERBS!
70 Chapter Four Selected Texts
74 4.1 THE OLD TESTAMENT: FIRST LIGHT
74 4.2 THE OLD TESTAMENT: THE TOWER OF BABEL
75 4.3 THE NEW TESTAMENT: JOHN 3:16
77 4.4 THE QURAN: ALFATIHA
78 4.5 TAO TEH CHING: BOOK 1
79 4.6 THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
80 4.7 OMAR KHAYYAM: RUBAIYA 24
81 4.8 LE NOZZE DI FIGARO: NO. 11 CANZONE
82 4.9 A HUNDRED VERSES FROM OLD JAPAN: UKON
83 4.10 A FAIRUZ SONG: KIFAK INTA
84 4.11 A KATY PERRY SONG: FIREWORK
85 4.12 AN EMILY DICKINSON POEM: A WORD
86 4.13 DELASONI NURSERY RHYMES
87 4.14 DELASONI LOVE POEMS
88 4.15 FROM THE DELASONI EPIC OF KIRMIZ-KAZU
89 4.16 DELASONI WEDDING CERTIFICATE
91 4.18 DELASONI GRADUATION DIPLOMA
95 4.19 DELASONI GREETING CARD CAPTIONS
97 Chapter Five An English-Delason Dictionary
100 Chapter Six A Delason-English Dictionary
128 Chapter One
The Delasoni Writing System
1.1 Delasoni Scripts
Delason is written using two scripts: the Delasoni alphabet and
Delasoni ideograms. The former is a phonemic system in which a
direct correspondence exists between writing and speech. The
latter is a set of ideographic symbols that accessorize the written
alphabet. In terms of their history, ideograms were the only form
of Delasoni writing. The alphabetical letters were actually
simplified ideogram forms that came to dominate the writing
system over the millennia.
1.2 The Delasoni Alphabet
The Delasoni alphabet alefbeta delasoni alefbeta
delasoni has 20 consonants and five vowels. There are two
Delasoni styles of writing: the traditional engraved style
PONTA
MARCINI ponta marcini and the modern style
ponta navoni ponta navoni. The ponta marcini was used in
ancient times as the only form of the alphabet. It is the link
between the Delasoni ideograms and the cursive ponta navoni,
which is currently the default Delasoni script style. The Delasoni
alphabet does not have capital/small letter distinction. It is
written from left to right.
A. Consonants
Delason
Transliteration
Pronunciation
P
p
p
pen
B
b
b
big
T
t
t
ten
D
d
d
door
C
c
c
show
J
j
j
measure
F
f
f
foot
V
v
v
very
K
k
k
kiss
G
g
g
gas
S
s
s
so
Z
z
z
zoo
H
h
h
hello
X
x
x
Scottish loch
M
m
m
more
N
n
n
no
L
l
l
low
R
r
r
root
W
w
w
will
Y
y
y
yes
The circle diacritic (cirita cirita) appears after some letters to
indicate that the letter represents the voiced version of another
voiceless consonant letter, e.g., p-b p-b. In the case of w w and
2
y y, the cirita marks them as the glide forms of the related vowels
u u and i i, respectively.
B. Vowels
Delason
Transliteration
Pronunciation
A
a
a
father
I
i
i
feet
E
e
e
fate
U
u
u
root
O
o
o
road
Sequences of two vowels are allowed in Delason: havua
havua ‘spirit’. The second vowel forms a separate syllable, e.g.,
ha-vu-a, not ha-vua.
C. Alphabetical Order
The order used above to present the consonants and vowels is
intended to highlight the similarity between different letters. The
actual order of letters is as follows:
a
n
b
o
c
p
d
r
e
s
f
g
t
h
u
v
i
j
w
k
x
l
y
m
z
abcdefghijklmnoprstuvwxyz
1.3 Delasoni Pronunciation
1. It is important to remember the following when using
transliteration as a guide for pronunciation:
a. The symbol c (for c) stands for the sound sh as in ‘shop’
not s as in ‘mercy’ or k as in ‘cat’.
3
b. The symbol x (for x) stands for ch as in the Scottish
pronunciation of ‘loch’ not ch as in ‘check’ or ks as in
‘exercise’.
2. Word stress in Delason falls on the last syllable of the word if
it ends with a consonant or with the vowels e e or o o.
Otherwise, the stress falls on the next to last syllable.
Hyphenated postpositions are optionally considered part of
the word, which may lead to two possible valid stress
pronunciations. Stress in Delason is not distinctive. As such,
poetic license may violate the abovemenioned rules.
cta
cta
city
only syllable
sotin
sotin
song
last syllable
ceco
ceco
houses
last syllable vowel o
latfe
latfe
beautifully
last syllable vowel e
ceca
ceca
house
next to last syllable
latfi
latfi
beautiful
next to last syllable
havua
havua
spirit
next to last syllable
cta-bi
cta-bi
in the city
with postposition
sotin-bi
sotin-bi
in the song
with postposition
ceco-bi
ceco-bi
in the houses
with postposition
ceca-bi
ceca-bi
ceca-bi
In the house
with postposition
(two possibilities)
3. As for intonation, a falling pitch denotes the completeness of
the thought being uttered. Wh-questions have a falling pitch,
too. A rising pitch, on the other hand, denotes
4
incompleteness. A rising pitch is also used with exclamations
and yes/no questions.
aruma di te kuti en.
aruma di te kuti en (falling, complete utterance).
This is a good person.
ize boden, ta sa alen na-vi.
ize ta boden (rising, incomplete), ta sa alen na-vi (falling, complete).
If you want, you will go with me.
et ceca-si ta aven?
et ceca-si ta aven (falling, wh-question)?
Which house is yours?
hu miru en!
hu miru en (rising, exclamation)!
She is Miru!
es ta kucu en?
es ta kucu en (rising, yes/no question)?
Are you Kushu?
1.4 Digits and Punctuation
Numbers in Delason are represented using a decimal digit system
similar to Arabic numerals.
0
5
æ
0
ë
5
ç
1
1
í
6
6
è
2
2
í
7
7
é
3
3
î
8
8
ê
4
4
ï
9
9
Examples:
365
365
98.7
40,000
40,000
1/2
=
98.7
.5
1/2 = .5
5
The following are some of the common punctuation marks used
in Delason. They look similar to those used in English.
?
Question mark ( ? )
.
Period ( . )
!
Exclamation mark ( ! )
-
Hyphen ( - )
,
Comma ( , )
()
Parentheses ( )
1.5 Delasoni Ideograms
Delasoni ideograms are a small set of symbols that are used in
addition to the alphabet. These symbols are used mainly for
ornamental purposes. For example, the symbol for knowledge is
displayed at the top of diplomas, and the symbol for health is
displayed on get-well cards. One practical usage of these symbols
is to mark public facilities on maps. For example, the ideogram
for money marks banks and that for knowledge marks schools.
Chapter Four of this book includes several examples utilizing
Delasoni ideograms.
Each ideogram is a unit that stands for a specific concept or
object. Some ideograms are constructed from the combination of
two or more ideograms. For example, the ideogram for
Happiness and that for Body are combined to create the
ideogram for Health.
Ê+Â=Î
Happiness
Body
Health
The following is a list of some of the most common ideograms in
Delason.
6
Ideogram
Meaning
Symbol
Â
Body, Physiology
"Face and Arm"
Æ
Heart, Emotion
"Big Heart"
Å
Mind, Intellect
"The Eye"
Í
Soul, Spirituality, Light
"Holy Fire"
Ë
Conscience
"Eye to Eye"
É
Money, Possessions
"Money Jar"
À
Beginning, Birth
"One"
Ä
End, Death
"Two"
Ê
Happiness, Satisfaction
"Three Lucky
Feathers"
Ø
Universal Unity
"Circle of Life"
Õ
Ambition
"Fly High"
Ã
Stability, Peace
"Tight Loop"
7
8
Á
Beauty, Elegance,
Refinement
"Bird of Paradise"
È
Positive Change, Success
"Broken Loop"
Ç
Activity, Motion,
Exercise, Sports
"Body in Motion"
Ì
Physical Beauty
 + Á+ Á
Î
Health, Happy Body
Ê+Â
Ó
Love, Happy Heart
Ê+Æ
Ï
Prosperity,
Happy Money Jar
Ê+É
Ò
Wisdom, Happy Mind
Ê+Å
Ñ
Knowledge, Light of Mind
Í+Å
Ö
Peace of Mind,
Good Conscience
Ê+Ë
9
Chapter Two
Essentials of Delasoni Grammar
This chapter presents essentials of Delasoni grammar. It discusses
various aspects of the morphology and syntax of different partsof-speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, qualifiers, pronouns,
numbers, prepositions and conjunctions. Additional sections
discuss sentential and phrasal word order including relative
clauses and questions.
2.1 Nouns
In Delason, nouns are the only part-of-speech without a unique
marked ending. While verbs, adjectives and other parts-of-speech
have specific endings, nouns can end with any vowel or
consonant that is not reserved for other parts-of-speech. Most
Delasoni nouns end with the vowel -a -a such as ceca ceca
‘house’ or ora ora ‘happiness’. Names of countries and
individuals usually end with the vowel -u -u such as
fransu fransu ‘France’ or janu janu ‘John’. Other
endings have some semantic significance. For example, the suffix
-on -on refers to the doer of an action as in soton soton
‘singer’ from sota sota ‘singing’ or fordon fordon ‘driver’
from forda forda ‘car’. Another example, the suffix -in -in,
refers to the object of an action as in sotin sotin ‘song’ or
fordin fordin ‘vehicle’ from the same roots in the last
example.
In addition to simple nouns, Delason has compound nouns that
are created by hyphenating two or more words. At least one of
these words must be a noun. Other words can be particles or
adverbs. In some cases, nouns drop their final vowel or their last
syllable.
For example,
ceca
ceca
house
+ manja
+ manja
+ meal
kora + ce + racca
kora
+ ce
+ racca
bow
+ of + rain
cec-manja
cec-manja
restaurant
kor-ce-rac
kor-ce-rac
rainbow
Plurals are formed by dropping any final vowels and adding the
suffix -o -o. If the noun ends with two vowels, only the second
vowel is dropped.
For example,
cta
cta
city
cto
cto
cities
fordon
fordon
driver
fordono
fordono
drivers
havua
havua
spirit
havuo
havuo
spirits
amerikia
amerikia
an American
amerikio
amerikio
Americans
11
Nouns ending with the vowel -a -a, have an alternate form that
is equivalent in meaning but drops the vocalic ending. For
example, torita torita ‘bird’ and torit torit have the same
meaning.
2.2 Verbs
There are three forms of verbs in Delason: indicative verbs,
infinitive verbs, and imperative verbs. Indicative verbs end with
-en -en and by default refer to the present tense. The past tense
is obtained using the tense particle ha ha which precedes the
verb. Similarly, the future tense is obtained by using the tense
particle sa sa . Delasoni verbs do not change with number or
person.
For example,
na
et
kocu
telefonen.
na
et
kocu
telefonen.
I call Koshu by phone (often, everyday, ...)
na
et
kocu
na
et
kocu
I called Koshu by phone.
ha
ha
telefonen.
telefonen.
na
et
kocu sa
na
et
kocu
sa
I will call Koshu by phone.
telefonen.
telefonen.
The second Delasoni verb form is the infinitive form. It is similar
to English infinitives and gerunds in that it refers to the action
with no reference to time (past, present, or future). All infinitive
verbs end with -ir -ir.
12
For example,
na
oben
cofir
na
oben
cofir
I like to see (seeing) Koshu.
et
et
cofir et kocu gien
cofir
et
kocu
gien
Seeing Koshu makes me happy.
kocu.
kocu.
na ori.
na
ori.
The last Delasoni verb form is the imperative form. Commands
are created by replacing the -en -en suffix with -ay -ay.
For example,
darcay
et
darcay
et
Tell me your name!
asine,
asine,
First, go right!
alay
alay
nama
nama
taci!
taci!
mine!
mine!
To negate a verb, the negative qualifier le le is placed before that
verb. Note that le le also precedes the tense particles sa sa and
ha ha.
For example,
na
le
sa
na
le
sa
I will not go with you.
alen ev
alen
ev
le cpilay ev
manjina
le
cpilay
ev
manjina
Do not play with your food!
ta.
ta.
taci!
taci!
13
Delasoni verbs do not have a passive voice inflection. However,
the derivational prefix bi bi evokes a passive or unaccusative
reading of the base verb. Similarly, the derivational prefix gi gi
evokes an accusative reading of the base verb.
For example,
Unaccusative
Base
Accusative
bicofen
bicofen
appear, look
cofen
cofen
see, look
gicofen
gicofen
show, guide
bicimen
bicimen
smell
[intransitive]
cimen
cimen
smell
[transitive]
gicimen
gicimen
make smell
bicomen
bicomen
be heard
comen
comen
hear
gicomen
gicomen
listen
2.3 Adjectives
Delasoni adjectives end with the suffix -i -i. Adjectives follow
the nouns they modify. They have one form only that does not
change whether the nouns are plural or singular.
For example,
oma
latfi
oma
latfi
a handsome man
14
ima
intelgi
ima
intelgi
an intelligent woman
fordo
fordo
new cars
navoni
navoni
Two commonly used Delasoni adjectives correspond to the
English demonstrative articles this, these, that and those. The two
adjectives are di di ‘this or these’ and zi zi ‘that or those’.
These demonstrative adjectives immediately follow the nouns and
precede other adjectives.
For example,
ceca di
gdoli
ceca
di
gdoli
This house is big.
en.
en.
cecot zi
cmoli
ceco
zi
cmoli
Those houses are small.
en.
en.
na boden ceca
na
boden
ceca
I want this big house.
di
di
gdoli.
gdoli.
2.4 Adverbs
Delasoni adverbs end with the suffix -e -e. They come after the
verbs they modify. Note that not all Delasoni adverbs correspond
to adverbs in English.
For example,
hu honen latfe.
hu
honen
latfe.
He writes beautifully.
15
alay ope
el itaha
alay
ope
el
itaha
Go up to the third floor.
torini.
torini.
2.5 Qualifiers
Qualifiers are words that precede nouns, adjectives, adverbs and
verbs. Qualifiers can be grouped into four types based on their
relative position to each other and to the word they modify. The
following is a list of the qualifiers and their relative positions.
Pos. 1
Pos. 2
Pos. 3
Pos. 4
te te ‘all’
de de ‘the’
Number
me me ‘most’
ke ke ‘such’
Qualifiers lece lece ‘less’
se se ‘some’ ine ine ‘any’
pe pe ‘few’
Word
mere mere ‘more’ Nouns
Adjectives
otre otre ‘other’ Adverbs
ixe ixe ‘each’
Verbs
le le ‘no’
The first five qualifiers, te te, me me, se se, pe pe and le le, are
degree qualifiers. The specific meaning of these qualifiers
depends on the part-of-speech of the word they qualify:
(Degree)
16
Nouns
Adjectives & Adverbs
te te
100%
all
extremely
me me
75%
most
very
se se
50%
some
kind of
pe pe
25%
few
not very
le le
0%
none
not at all
For example,
me
ceca
latfi
me
ceca
latfi
Most of the house is good.
en.
en.
se arumo le
intelgi
se
arumo
le
intelgi
Some people are not intelligent at all.
en.
en.
me
ceco
te latfi
en.
me
ceco
te
latfi
en.
Most of the houses are extremely beautiful.
hu darken et fransi me
hu
darcen
et
fransi
me
He speaks French very well.
kute.
kute.
Verbs are qualified in terms of frequency or degree.
For example,
na
te
oben ta.
na
te
oben
ta.
I love you so much.
hu
se
alen sinema-li.
hu
se
alen
sinema-li.
They go to the movies from time to time.
no
le
boden
no
le
boden
We do not want to go.
alir.
alir.
The qualifier de de corresponds to the definite article the in
English. It is not used with adverbs or verbs. There are no
indefinite articles that correspond to the English a, an or some.
17
For example,
na boden et
na
boden
et
I want a big house.
ceca
ceca
gdoli.
gdoli.
na boden et
na
boden
et
I want the big house.
de
de
ceca gdoli.
ceca
gdoli.
na boden et
na
boden
et
I want the big one.
de
de
gdoli.
gdoli.
The qualifier ke ke corresponds to the English word such. It is
used with nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
For example,
hu
arumo
ke
hu
arumo
ke
They are such good people.
latfi
latfi
en.
en.
The qualifiers ine ine and ixe ixe correspond to the English
indefinite articles any and each or every respectively. They are only
used with nouns.
For example,
ine
forda
doradori
ine
forda
doradori
Any car is O.K. (with me).
na ta ken ixe
na
ta
ken
ixe
I think of you every day.
en.
en.
moma.
moma.
The comparative qualifiers lece lece and mere mere correspond
to the English less and more, respectively. When used in
conjunction with these qualifiers, the particle ki ki refers to the
18
English than. If the definite qualifier de de is used with lece lece
or mere mere, they would correspond to the least and the most.
For example,
na
boden
na
boden
I want more money.
mere
mere
dinga.
dinga.
kucu lece
latfi ki
kocu
lece
latfi
ki
Koshu is less beautiful than Miru.
miru
miru
ceca di de mere gdoli
ceca
di
de
mere
gdoli
This is the biggest house in the city.
en.
en.
cta-bi
cta-bi
en.
en.
The qualifier otre otre refers to the English other or another.
For example,
lezen na
otre
lezen
na
otre
I need another car.
forda.
forda.
Number qualifiers are explained in Section 2.7. The following are
some examples where different qualifiers are used together:
For example,
pe
de
dadino en
pe
de
dadino
en
Only few of the guests are here.
dayna.
dayna.
le
pase
telgito
le
pase
telgito
No two snowflakes are similar.
mteli
mteli
en.
en.
19
2.6 Pronouns
The following is a list of most of pronouns in Delason.
a. Personal Pronouns
na
na
I
no
no
we
ta
ta
you (singular)
to
to
you (plural)
hu
hu
he, she, it, they
b. Possessive Pronominal Adjectives
There are no possessive pronouns in Delason. However, there
are possessive pronominal adjectives.
20
naci
naci
my
noci
noci
our
taci
taci
your (singular)
toci
toci
your (plural)
huci
huci
his, her, its, their
de
naci
de naci
mine
de
noci
de noci
ours
de
taci
de taci
yours (singular)
de
toci
de toci
yours (plural)
de
huci
de huci
his, hers, its, theirs
For example,
na oden ceca huci ve hu oben
de naci.
na oben
ceca
huci
ve
de naci.
I like his house and he likes mine.
hu
oben
c. Impersonal Pronoun
o
o
impersonal it or unknown subject
This pronoun can also be used to create a passive sentence when
used as the subject.
For example,
o raccen.
o
raccen.
It’s raining.
o miru ha cofen.
o
miru
ha
cofen.
Miru was seen [some subject saw Miru].
This last example can also be expressed using the bi bi prefix
discussed above.
miru
ha
miru
ha
Miru was seen.
bicofen.
bicofen.
d. Relative Pronouns
o
o
redundant subject in relative clauses
eto
eto
redundant object in relative clauses
For more information on relative pronouns’ usage, see Section
2.9.
21
For example,
de
aruma ki
na eto
ha cofen
de
aruma
ki
na
eto
ha
cofen
The man whom I saw [lit. the man who I him saw]
e. Reflexive Pronoun
so
so
myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
ourselves, themselves, one’s self
For example,
hu so
tasten.
hu
so
tasten.
He hates himself.
f. Indefinite Pronouns
tu
tu
all (things or people), everything, everybody
mu
mu
most (things or people)
su
su
some (things or people)
pu
pu
few (things or people)
lu
lu
none (things or people), nothing, nobody
inu
inu
anything, anybody
ixu
ixu
each
otru
otru
other (things or people) others
For example,
inu
doradori
inu
doradori
Anything is O.K.
22
en.
en.
g. Temporal Pronouns
ton-di
ton-di
now
ton-zi
ton-zi
then (past or future)
For example,
ton-di, no
ton-di,
no
Now we can go.
pen
pen
alir.
alir.
h. Spatial Pronouns
dayna
dayna
here
zayna
zayna
there
For example,
bakakay
bakakay
Stay here!
dayna!
dayna!
i. Demonstrative Pronouns
da
da
this (thing or person)
do
do
these (things or people)
za
za
that (thing or person)
zo
zo
those (things or people)
For example,
na
oben
na
oben
I like that.
za.
za.
23
2.7 Numbers
There are three types of numbers in Delason: counting numbers,
cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. Counting numbers are
used for counting only (one, two, three ...). They have no vocalic
endings and are the roots used to form the other two types of
numbers.
For example,
as,
pas, tor, alay!
as,
pas,
tor,
alay!
one, two, three, GO!
Cardinal numbers are similar in meaning to counting numbers
except that they are not used in counting. There are three forms
of cardinal numbers all of which are constructed by adding some
vocalic ending to the counting numbers. First, cardinal numbers
can be qualifiers (ending with -e -e) that come before the noun.
Second, cardinal numbers can be adjectives (ending with -i -i)
that come after the noun. With adjectives and qualifiers, the
nouns agree with the number: they are plural except with number
‘one’. Finally, cardinal numbers can be nouns (ending with -u
-u).
For example,
one house
ase
ceca
or ceca
two houses
pase
or ceco
ase ceca
asi
ceca asi
ceco
pase ceco
pasi
fourteen houses kat-v-one
ceco
or cecotkat-v-oni
24
ceco pasi
kat-v-one ceco
ceco kat-v-oni
ta
komse
ceca
aven?
ta
komse
ceca
aven?
How many houses do you have?
na
aven
na
aven
I have two.
pasu.
pasu.
As for ordinal numbers (first, second, third ... ), they are formed
by adding the suffix -ini -ini to the counting number. They can
only be used as adjectives.
For example,
first house
ceca
asini
ceca asini
second house
ceca
pasini
ceca pasini
fourteenth house ceca
kat-v-onini ceca kat-v-onini
For more information on numbers, see the list of counting
numbers in Section 3.3.
2.8 Prepositions
There are three types of prepositions in Delason: simple
prepositions, postpositions, and compound prepositions.
Preposition phrases can modify nouns or complement verbs just
as in English. There are only five simple prepositions, which have
pre-position and a post-position forms.
Preposition
Postposition
em em
-mi -mi
from
el el
-li -li
to
eb eb
-bi -bi
in, at
ev ev
-vi -vi
with
ce ce
-ci -ci
of
25
The following are examples of prepositions:
de ceco eb cta di
latfi en.
de
ceco
eb cta
di
latfi
en.
The houses in this city are beautiful.
na boden alir el cta
na
boden
alir
el cta
I want to go to New York city.
ce
ce
nyuyork.
nyuyork.
Postpositions in Delason are hyphenated particles that follow
their nominal objects. The hyphen is optional only if the
postpositions are used with pronouns.
For example,
hu
ceca-bi
hu
ceca-bi
They are in the house.
en.
en.
de aruma kocu-vi zmelin naci
de
aruma
kocu-vi
zmelin
naci
The man with Koshu is my friend.
en.
en.
Compound prepositions are made of adverbs hyphenated with
the particle et et. All of these prepositions can also be used
without the hyphenated particle.
26
ope-et
ope-et
over, up, on top of
ote-et
ote-et
under
sare-et
sare-et
to the left of
mine-et
mine-et
to the right of
adame-et
adame-et
in front of
ware-et
ware-et
behind
sake-et
sake-et
for
evle-et
evle-et
without
For example,
yen fruga ope-et de tabyula.
yen
fruga
ope-et
de tabyula.
There is a frog on the table.
fruga ha gren ware
fruga
ha
gren
ware
A frog ran behind the TV.
de
de
televiza.
televiza.
2.9 Relative Clauses
Delason has one relative particle and several relative pronouns.
The Delasoni relative particle ki ki is used in combination with
other prepositions and pronouns to give a specific meaning such
as who, which, that, whom, when, where, etc.
If the noun modified by the relative clause is the subject of that
clause, ki ki is followed by the pronoun o o, which is used as
the subject of the relative clause. This corresponds to the English
relative pronouns who, which and that. It does not make any
difference whether the subject is a person or a thing.
For example,
de
ima ki o no iden te
de
ima
ki o no
iden
te
The woman who helped us is very kind.
mnixi
mnixi
en.
en.
If the noun modified by the relative clause is the object of that
clause, ki ki is followed by the pronoun eto eto, which is used
as the object of the relative clause. This corresponds to the
English relative pronouns whom, which and that.
For example,
de aruma ki eto miru oben
de
aruma
ki eto
miru oben
The person whom Miru loves
27
If the noun modified by the relative clause is the possessor of
another noun in that clause, then the possessed noun is followed
by ce o ce o or oci oci. This corresponds to the English
relative pronoun whose.
For example,
de aruma ki na forda oci oben
de
aruma
ki
na
forda
oci
oben
The person whose car I like
Similar to the last example where the noun modified by the
relative clause is referred to in the clause as the object of the
preposition ce ce, other prepositions can be used in relative
clause. This can correspond to where, when, with whom, from where, to
where, etc.
For example
de ceca ki na eb o abiten gdoli en.
de
ceca
ki na eb o abiten
gdoli
en.
The house where I live is big.
Lit. the house which I in it live big is.
de va
ki na em o aten latfi en.
de
va
ki
na
em
o aten
latfi
en.
It is beautiful where I come from.
Lit. the place which I from it come beautiful is.
Relative pronouns in Delason provide an alternative to using the
relative particle ki ki. They are much closer in usage to their
English counterparts. The following is a list of these pronouns:
28
ki
ki
who, which, that
etki
etki
whom, which, that
evki
evki
with whom
elki
elki
to whom
emki
emki
from whom
vaki
vaki
where
tonki
tonki
when
Note the similarity between the relative pronoun ki ki and the
relative particle ki ki. The only difference is that the pronoun
o o is not used with the relative pronoun ki ki since it is itself a
pronoun.
For example,
de
ima
ki
no iden me
de
ima
ki
no
iden
me
The woman who helped us is very kind.
de
asu etki na oben
de
asu
etki
na
oben
The one whom I love does not love me.
de
ceca vaki na abiten
de
ceca
vaki
na
abiten
The house where I live is big.
mnixi
mnixi
oben
oben
gdoli
gdoli
en.
en.
na.
na.
en.
en.
2.10 Questions
Most interrogative words in Delason are interrogative pronouns.
However, there are one interrogative particle, one interrogative
qualifier, one interrogative adjective, and one interrogative
postposition. Interrogative pronouns are usually placed at the
beginning of the sentence without changing its word order. For
more information on word order see Section 2.12. The following
is a list of Delasoni interrogative pronouns:
osi
osi
(subject) who, what
etsi
etsi
(object) whom, what
evsi
evsi
with whom
elsi
elsi
to whom
29
emsi
emsi
from whom
komsi
komsi
how
ersi
ersi
why
vasi
vasi
where
em
vasi
em vasi
from where
el
vasi
el vasi
to where
tonsi
tonsi
when
el
tonsi
el tonsi
until when
em
tonsi
em tonsi
since when
For example,
vasi
kocu
vasi
kocu
Where is Koshu?
en?
en?
tonsi
ta
sa
tonsi
ta
sa
When will you come back?
raten?
raten?
ersi
ta
ersi
ta
Why did you go?
ha
ha
alen?
alen?
komsi
ta
komsi
ta
How are you?
en?
en?
The only interrogative particle in Delason is es es which changes
any sentence to a question when placed at the beginning or end
of that sentence. The type of question resulting from using es es
is a yes/no question.
30
For example,
es de
forda
es
de
forda
Is this your car?
di
di
taci en?
taci
en?
no sa
alen moma di,
no
sa
alen
moma
di,
We are going today, aren’t we?
es?
es?
The interrogative qualifier komse komse corresponds with the
English interrogative articles how many and how much. It precedes
the noun it qualifies.
For example,
ta aven komse
ta
aven
komse
How many cars do you have?
forda?
forda?
The interrogative adjective cesi cesi ‘whose’ follows the noun
whose possessor is demanded.
For example,
ceca di
cesi
ceca
di
cesi
Whose house is this?
en?
en?
The last interrogative word is the interrogative postposition -si
-si, which corresponds to the English interrogative articles what or
which. This postposition is hyphenated to the noun in question.
For example,
ta boden
et
ta
boden
et
Which car do you want?
forda-si?
forda-si?
31
2.11 Conjunctions
Delasoni conjunctions are used to combine different phrases or
clauses together. The following are some of these conjunctions:
ve
ve
and
u
u
or
pas
pas
but
pas
le
pas le
but not
u
.
u
u ... u
either ... or
le
.
le
le ... le
neither ... nor
gamgam
gamgam
also, in addition
olte
olte
done
done
ere
ere
although, despite
so as to, in order to,
so that
because
dore
erge
therefore
ize
ize
if
dize
dize
then
eltone
eltone
until
emtone
emtone
since
evtone
evtone
while, as long as
ware
ware
before
adame
adame
after, then
For example,
na
ken.
erge,
na
ken.
erge,
I think. Therefore, I am.
32
na
na
en.
en.
na
na
sa
sa
aten
aten
ere
ere
na
na
boden
boden
cofir
et
ta.
cofir
et
ta.
I am coming because I want to see you.
ware
ware
na
na
ranvizitir
ranvizitir
alen,
alen,
et
et
na lezen
na
lezen
banka.
banka.
Before I go, I have to stop by the bank.
mari,
mari,
janu,
janu,
ve
ve
kocu
kocu
sa
sa
aten
aten
moma
moma
di.
di.
Mary, John and Koshu are coming today.
2.12 Sentential Word Order
The Delasoni sentence word order is quite free except for the
following constraints. The word order in every phrase (noun
phrase, verb phrase, etc.) is not free. For example, adjectives
always follow nouns and qualifiers precede them. The rules for
word order of nouns, adjectives, etc. are described above in their
different sections. On the clause level, although the verb can
occur anywhere, the subject must always precede the object. If
the object is to precede the subject, it must be marked with the
accusative case marker et et. This marker is optional otherwise.
For example, all of the following sentences have the same
meaning: ‘I love Koshu.’
33
na
na
kocu
kocu
oben.
oben.
na
na
oben
oben
kocu.
kocu.
oben
oben
na
na
kocu.
kocu.
et
et
kocu
kocu
na
na
oben.
oben.
et
et
kocu
kocu
oben
oben
na.
na.
oben
oben
et
et
kocu
kocu
na.
na.
Questions and declarative statements share the same word order.
This freedom in word order provides great flexibility for poemwriting. See Chapter 4 for some examples of poetic usage.
However, the general tendencies for word order in Delason are as
follows:
1. The basic word order is SVO (subject-verb-object) with
the accusative case marker being optional. For example,
na boden
(et)
forda
di.
na
(et)
forda
di.
boden
I want this car.
2. If the object is a pronoun, then the word order is SOV
(subject-object-verb). For example,
na
hu
oben.
na
hu
oben.
I love him.
3. If the verb is a linking verb such as the verb en en ‘to
be’, then the word order is SCV (subject-complementverb). For example,
34
miru
ori
en.
Miru
ori
en.
Miru is happy.
hu
me intelgi en.
hu
me intelgi
en.
She is very intelligent.
35
Chapter Three
A Phrasebook of Delason
3.1 Basic Expressions
Hello
olan
olan
Goodbye
ev
ev olan
Please
ize
Thank you
daka
daka
Thanks a lot
te
dako
te dako
You’re welcome
ev
ora
ev ora
How are you?
komsi
Fine, thank you.
kuti
O.K.
doradori
doradori
Who are you?
ta-si
ta-si en?
I am Koshu.
na
What is your name?
My name is Miru.
olan
oren
ta
en,
en? komsi ta en?
daka. kuti en, daka.
en?
kocu
komsi
ize oren
en.
ta
binamen?
miru
binamen.
na kocu en.
komsi ta binamen?
miru binamen.
Are you Koshu?
es
ta
kocu
en?
Yes, I am.
vi,
en.
Yes, I am Koshu.
vi,
kocu
No, I am not.
le,
le
le,
kocu
No, I am not Koshu.
es ta kocu en?
vi, en.
en.
en.
vi, kocu en.
le, le en.
le
en.
le, kocu le en.
3.2 Hello Everybody!
Good morning
Good evening
Good afternoon
moma
latfi
moma latfi
Good night
cena
latfi
cena latfi
Hello
olan
Hello everybody!
olan
Congratulations
te
Happy season
(Christmas, Eid,
Pesach)
ora
Happy birthday
mom-nu
Happy new year
cebcona
Goodbye
ev
olan
ev olan
See you later
el
cofir
el cofir
This is Mr./Ms. ...
da
olan
el
tu!
barko
ev
am
te barko
olan
ori
ori
...
olan el tu!
en.
ora ev olan
mom-nu ori
cebcona ori
da am ... en.
37
How do you do?
komsi
ta
en? komsi ta en?
Very well, thank you. me kuti, daka,
me kuti, daka, ve ta?
and you?
ve ta?
Fine, thank you.
kuti
Excuse me
ize
Sorry
tsutsu
tsutsu
No problem
le
le tapca
I beg your pardon.
pardonay
I would like you to
meet Miru
en,
daka. kuti en, daka.
oren
ize oren
tapca
na
ta
na. pardonay na.
boden
goblir
et
miru.
gicani
na ta boden goblir et
miru.
Mr. / Ms. Gishani
am
my parents
vavo
naci
vavo naci
my father/mother
vavu
naci
vavu naci
brother/sister
ahu
ahu
son/daughter
sunu
sunu
aunt/uncle
antu
antu
grandfather/grandmot
saftu
her
spouse
pasan
am gicani
saftu
pasan
brother-in-law/sisterpasan-ahu
in-law
pasan-ahu
son-in-law/daughterpasan-sunu
in-law
pasan-sunu
38
family
msiva
msiva
woman
ima
ima
feminine
imi
imi
man
oma
oma
masculine
omi
omi
This is my mother
and that is my father
da
vavu
imi
en,
ve
omi
za
vavu
en.
da vavu imi en,
ve za vavu omi en.
3.3 One, Two, Three, GO!
number
numbers
dzua,
dzua,
dzu
dzu
dzuo
dzuo
0
0
fec
fec
1
1
as
as
2
2
pas
pas
3
3
tor
tor
4
4
kat
kat
5
5
faf
faf
6
6
ses
ses
7
7
sat
sat
39
8
8
mon
mon
9
9
nov
nov
10
10
on
on
11
11
as-v-on
as-v-on
12
12
pas-v-on
pas-v-on
13
13
tor-v-on
tor-v-on
19
19
nov-v-on
nov-v-on
20
20
pason
pason
21
21
pason
as pason as
22
22
pason
pas
30
30
toron
31
31
toron
40
40
katon
katon
50
50
fafon
fafon
90
90
novon
novon
100
100
om
om
101
101
om
200
200
pasom
pasom
300
300
torom
torom
1,000
1000
doza
doza
40
pason pas
as
toron
as toron as
om as
2,000
2000
20,000
20000
200,000
200000
1 million
1000000
2 million
2000000
365
365
pase
doza
pase doza
pasone
pasone doza
pasome
3276
doza
pasome doza
milyon
pase
milyon
milyon
pase milyon
torom
seson
faf
torom seson faf
tore
3276
doza
doza
saton
pasom
ses
tore doza pasom saton ses
33,477,261
toron
tore
milyon
katom
saton
sat
33477261 pasom
seson
as
toron tore milyon katom saton sat
pasom seson as
one half
1/2
pasod
pasod
one third
1/3
torod
torod
one fourth
1/4
katod
katod
.33
.33
pez
toron
tor
pez toron tor
41
.61
.61
1%
1
5%
5%
90%
90 %
99.99%
%
99.99 %
pez
seson
as
pez seson as
as
emom
faf
emom
novon
as emom
faf emom
emom
novon emom
novon
nov
pez
novon
nov
emom
novon nov pez novon nov emom
plus
ve
ve
minus
vile
vile
times
tote
tote
divided by
pope
pope
equal
galen
galen
20 + 4 = 24
pason
ve
kat
pason
kat
galen.
pason ve kat pason kat galen.
pason
20 - 4 = 16
vile
ses-v-on
kat
galen.
pason vile-et kat ses-v-on galen.
first
asini
asini
second
pasini
pasini
third
torini
torini
42
last
pahini
pahini
beginning
asina
asina
end
paha
paha
one house
ase
ceca
ase ceca
one house
ceca
asi
ceca asi
twelve houses
twelve houses
the first house
the tenth house
the last house
How much does this cost?
as-v-one
ceco
as-v-one ceco
ceco
as-v-oni
ceco as-v-oni
de
ceca
asini
de ceca asini
de
ceca
onini
de ceca onini
de
ceca
pahini
de ceca pahini
komse
da
koten?
komse da koten?
It costs 35 dimas.
da
toron
dima
fafe
koten.
da toron fafe dima koten.
72 dollars
She is number one.
saton
pase
dolar
saton pase dolar
hu
dzu
as
en.
hu dzu as en.
43
hu
He is number ten.
dzu
on
en.
hu dzu on en.
na
I want number 65.
boden
seson
dzu
faf.
na boden dzu seson faf.
3.4 What Day is it?
day
moma
moma
night
cena
cena
today
moma
di
moma di
yesterday
mama
ali
moma ali
tomorrow
moma
ati
moma ati
tonight
cena
di
cena di
last night
cena
ali
cena ali
tomorrow night
cena
ati
cena ati
every day
te
momo
te momo
all day
te
moma
te moma
every night
te
ceno
te ceno
week
satun
What day is it?
moma-si
It is Sunday.
mom-asin
Monday
mom-pasin
44
satun
en?
en.
moma-si en?
mom-asin en.
mom-pasin
Tuesday
mom-torin
mom-torin
Wednesday
mom-katin
mom-katin
Thursday
mom-fafin
mom-fafin
Friday
mom-sesin
mom-sesin
Saturday
mom-satin
mom-satin
Moon
lela
lela
Sun
cebca
cebca
month
lelon
lelon
every month
te
te lelono
this month
lelon
di
lelon di
last month
lelon
ali
lelon ali
next month
lelon
ati
lelon ati
January
lelon-asin
lelon-asin
February
lelon-pasin
lelon-pasin
March
lelon-torin
lelon-torin
April
lelon-katin
lelon-katin
May
lelon-fafin
lelon-fafin
June
lelon-sesin
lelon-sesin
July
lelon-satin
lelon-satin
August
lelon-monin
lelon-monin
September
lelon-novin
lelon-novin
lelono
45
October
November
December
year
What year is it?
It is 2004.
lelon-onin
lelon-onin
lelon-as-v-onin
lelon-as-v-onin
lelon-pas-v-onin
lelon-pas-v-onin
cebcona
cebcona
cebcona-si
en?
cebcona-si en?
pase
doza
kat
en.
pase doza kat en.
season
ton-cebon
ton-cebcon
Summer
ton-heron
ton-herron
Winter
ton-beron
ton-berron
Spring
ton-icbon
ton-icbon
Autumn
ton-ladon
ton-ladon
How old are you?
I am 18 years old.
oga-si
ta
aven?
oga-si ta aven?
na
aven
kat-v-one
na aven kat-v-one cebcono.
time
ton
this time
ton
di
ton di
next time
ton
ati
ton ati
last time
ton
ali
ton ali
46
ton
cebcono.
never
letone,
leton
letone, leton
rarely
petone,
peton
petone, peton
sometimes
setone,
often
metone,
meton
metone, meton
always
tetone,
teton
tetone, teton
What time is it?
tonsi
seton
ton
di
setone, seton
en?
tonsi ton di en?
hour
saya
saya
minute
mima
mima
seconds
kika
kika
watch
sayona
sayona
It is one o’clock.
ase
two o’clock
pase
saya
tore
saya
half past three
quarter past four.
twenty to five.
10:45
asya
en.
ase saya en.
pase saya
ve
pasod
ve
katod
tore saya ve pasod
kate
saya
kate saya ve katod
fafe
saya
vile-et
torod
fafe saya vile-et torod
on
katon
faf
on katon faf
47
3.5 What, who, where?
Where?
vasi?
vasi?
When?
tonsi?
tonsi?
Who / what?
osi?
osi?
Whom / what?
etsi?
etsi?
How?
komsi?
komsi?
Why?
ersi?
ersi?
How much /How
many?
komse?
komse?
Where am I?
vasi
na
Where is/are ...?
vasi
...
Are you from here?
Yes, I am.
No, I am a foreigner.
Where are you from?
I am from ...
The United States of
America
es
ta
em
en? vasi na en?
en?
vasi ... en?
dayna?
es ta em dayna?
vi,
en.
le,
na
vi, en.
oslanti
en.
le, na oslanti en.
em
vasi
ta
aten?
em vasi ta aten?
na
em
dolo
...
en.
asuni
na em ... en.
ameriku-ci
dolo asuni ameriku-ci
France
fransu
fransu
England
inglu
inglu
48
Japan
niponu
niponu
Germany
doytclant
doytclant
China
cinu
cinu
Russia
rucu
rucu
Palestine
falestinu
falestinu
Where are you going?
Where can I find ...?
When can I see you?
Where is the meeting?
When is the meeting?
el
vasi
ta
alen?
el vasi ta alen?
vasi
na
pen
fontir
et ... ?
vasi na pen fontir et ... ?
tonsi
na
pen
cofir
et
ta?
tonsi na pen cofir et ta?
vasi
de
gobla
en?
vasi de gobla en?
tonsi
de
gobla
en?
tonsi de gobla en?
How much does this komse da koten?
cost?
komse da koten?
Can you speak
Delason?
es
ta
pen
darcir
et
delason?
es ta pen darcir et delason?
osi
da
binamen
What is this called in
delason?
Delason?
osi da binamen eb delason?
eb
49
komsi
...
bidarcen
eb
How do you say ... in
delason?
Delason?
komsi ... bidarcen eb delason?
What does this mean?
What do you mean?
Who am I???
etsi
da
vodiren?
etsi da vodiren?
etsi
ta
vodiren?
etsi ta vodiren?
na-si
en???
na-si en???
3.6 This is it!
What is this?
da-si
en?
da-si en?
This is ...
da
...
en.
da ... en.
This is a car.
da
forda
This is a house.
da
ceca
This is a bird.
da
torita
Is it ... ?
es
hu
...
Yes, it is.
vi,
hu
en.
No, it isn’t.
le,
hu
le
So, what is it?
dize,
It’s a bird. It’s a
plane. No, it’s
Superman.
Where is/are ...?
50
en. da forda en.
en.
osi
da ceca en.
en.
da torita en.
en?
es hu ... en?
vi, hu en.
en.
le, hu le en.
en? dize, osi en?
hu
torita
en.
en.
le,
superman
hu
hu
plena
en.
hu torita en. hu plena en. le, hu superman en.
vasi
...
en?
vasi ... en?
Where is it?
vasi
hu
en?
vasi hu en?
Where are they?
vasi
hu
en?
vasi hu en?
Here it is.
hu
dayna
en.
There they are.
hu
zayna
en. hu zayna en.
Where are the
Pyramids?
Are they in Egypt?
Yes, they are in
Egypt.
What does he/she
do?
vasi
de
hu dayna en.
mazigo
en?
vasi de mazigo en?
es
hu
igeptu-bi
en?
es hu igeptu-bi en?
vi,
hu
igeptu-bi
en.
vi, hu igeptu-bi en.
osi
hu
fen?
osi hu fen?
He/She is a doctor. hu doktor en. hu doktor en.
professor
profesor
profesor
politician
politikon
politikon
musician
muzikon
muzikon
painter
banton
banton
engineer
jenyon
jenyon
3.7 I am lost. Can you help me?
Hello. Can you help olan. es ta pen na idir?
me?
olan. es ta pen na idir?
I think I am lost?
na
ken
et
ki
na
lecti
en.
na ken et ki na lecti en.
51
I am looking for ...
Where can I find ... ?
Where can I find a
good hotel?
na
cercen
et
...
na cercen et ...
vasi
na
pen
fontir
...
?
fontir
otel
vasi na pen fontir ... ?
vasi
na
pen
kuti?
vasi na pen fontir otel kuti?
Where can I rent a
car?
vasi
na
pen
gerdir
forda?
vasi na pen gerdir forda?
vasi
Where is the
restroom (men)?
cecita
omo-ci
en?
vasi cecita omo-ci en?
Note: restrooms for men are marked with O
vasi
cecita
imo-ci
en?
Where is the
vasi cecita imo-ci en?
restroom (women)?
Note: restrooms for women are marked with I
Where can I find a
good restaurant?
vasi
manja
na
pen
fontir
cec-
kuti?
vasi na pen fontir cec-manja kuti?
How can I get to ... ?
komsi
na
pen
veslir
el ... ?
veslir
el
komsi na pen veslir el ... ?
komsi
na
pen
How can I get to the
otel maryot?
Mariott hotel?
komsi na pen veslir el otel maryot?
52
How can I get to
New York city?
komsi
cta
na
pen
veslir
el
nyuyork?
komsi na pen veslir el cta nyuyork?
komsi
na
pen
veslir
How can I get there? zayna?
komsi na pen veslir zayna?
komsi
na
pen
veslir
How can I get there
zayna?
quickly?
komsi na pen veslir vite zayna?
Where is ...?
vasi
It is right here.
dayna
en.
dayna en.
It is over there.
zayna
en.
zayna en.
It is far from here.
hu
Go to the left.
alay
sare.
alay sare.
Go to the right.
alay
mine.
alay mine.
Go up to ...
alay
ope
el
...
alay ope el ...
Go down to ...
alay
ote
el
...
alay ote el ...
alay
adame
Go forward to ...
Go backward to ...
Go in the same
direction.
...
en?
badi
vite
vasi ... en?
en.
hu badi en.
el
...
alay adame el ...
alay
ware
el
...
alay ware el ...
alay
eb
otte
derison.
alay eb otte derison.
53
ta
lezen
alir
You need to go in a
different direction. derison.
ta lezen alir eb otre derison.
First, go forward
until you get to the
traffic lights.
asine,
ta
alay
veslen
eb
otre
adame
et
dwo
eltone
ce
trafika.
asine, alay adame eltone ta veslen et dwo ce trafika.
Then, turn to the
right.
Then, turn to the left.
The Mariott Hotel
will be to your left.
adame,
alay
mine.
adame, alay mine.
adame,
alay
sare.
adame, alay sare.
de
otel
taci
mariot
sa
eb
sara
en.
de otel maryot eb sara taci sa en.
Hopefully, you will
get there.
ize
ir,
ta
sa
veslen.
ize ir, ta sa veslen.
3.8 The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
I am strong.
na
xaski
I was weak.
na
viki
ha
na
mere
xazki
I will be stronger.
na xaski en.
en. na viki ha en.
sa
en.
na mere xazki sa en.
You (sing.) are
intelligent.
ta
intelgi
He/She is stupid.
hu
tefci
54
en.
en.
en.
ta intelgi en.
hu tefci en.
This is good.
da
kuti
en.
This is not good.
da
kuti
le
en.
da kuti le en.
da
le
kuti
en.
da le kuti en.
do
le
gdoli
These are not big,
This man was young.
oma
di
da kuti en.
en. do le gdoli en.
yani
ha
en.
oma di yani ha en.
ceca
di
latfi
This beautiful house
gdoli en.
is not big enough.
ceca di latfi le kife gdoli en.
le
kife
He is happy.
hu
ori
en.
hu ori en.
He feels happy.
hu
ori
pilen.
hu ori pilen.
He seems happy.
hu
ori
zimen.
hu ori zimen.
hu
ori
ha
He became happy.
vonen.
hu ori ha vonen.
wide
aridi
aridi
narrow
dakki
dakki
quick
viti
viti
slow
clobi
clobi
bright
cebci
cebci
dark
leli
leli
big
gdoli
gdoli
small
cmoli
cmoli
55
beautiful
latfi
latfi
ugly
galfi
galfi
new
navoni
navoni
young
yani
yani
old
olti
olti
strong
xazki
xazki
weak
viki
viki
tall
toli
toli
short
kasi
kasi
happy
ori
ori
sad
zoli
zoli
intelligent
intelgi
intelgi
stupid
tefci
tefci
heavy / fat
vesxi
vesxi
light / thin
xissi
xissi
easy
isi
isi
hard
sobi
sobi
complete
kompi
kompi
incomplete
nakci
nakci
good
kuti
kuti
bad
rayi
rayi
56
expensive
ceri
ceri
cheap
bomrci
bomarci
clean
nakvi
nakvi
dirty
mezi
mezi
3.9 Food
bread
zobxa
zobxa
meat
bacra
bacra
water
yam
yam
fish
daga
daga
cheese
gota
gota
cake
gata
gata
eggs
lego
lego
oil
wil
wil
food
manjina
manjina
drinks
catino
catino
wine
van
van
tea
tay
tay
coffee
kafa
kafa
milk
lixta
lixta
sugar
sokar
sokar
57
salt
clet
clet
pepper
pret
pret
vegetables
icbo
icbo
fruit
otricbo
otricbo
plate
pla
pla
spoon
yarita
yarita
fork
towita
towita
knife
danita
danita
cup / glass
susa
susa
table
tabyula
tabyula
table cloth
kercifa
tabyula-ci
kercifa tabyula-ci
napkin
kercifa
kercifa
restaurant
cec-manja
cec-manja
apple
tapwa
tapwa
lemon
limon
limon
banana
banana
banana
orange
orenca
orenca
potato
potata
potata
tomato
tomata
tomata
carrots
karota
karota
58
orange juice
tomato juice
catina
orenca-ci
catina orenca-ci
catina
tomata-ci
catina tomata-ci
a cup of tea
susa
ce
tay susa ce tay
a glass of wine
susa
ce
van susa ce van
a piece of cake
pya
meal
manja
manja
breakfast
arca
arca
lunch
logma
logma
dinner
mila
mila
Can we see the
menu?
es
ce
no
gata
pen
pya ce gata
cofir
et
manyu?
es no pen cofir et manyu?
I like to drink wine.
I like to eat carrots.
I want some wine.
I want a carrot.
na
oben
catir
van.
na oben catir van.
na
oben
manjir
karoto.
na oben manjir karoto.
na
boden
se
van.
na boden se van.
na
boden
ase
karota.
na boden ase karota.
59
I would like some
more tea.
na
boden
tay.
na boden mere tay.
I am hungry.
na
gohi
I am full.
na
fuli
es
ta
Have you had
breakfast?
mere
en.
en.
ha
na gohi en.
na fuli en.
manjen
arca?
es ta ha manjen arca?
etsi
ta
ken
regade
Would you like to
have dinner with me? manjir mila ev na?
etsi ta ken rigade manjir mila ev na?
3.10 Body Parts
head
bricta
bricta
hair
cro
cro
eye
cofa
cofa
ear
coma
coma
nose
cima
cima
mouth
motta
motta
lip
bla
bla
moustache
cra-motta
cra-motta
tongue
lason
lason
tooth
dan
dan
face
fissa
fissa
60
beard
cra-fissa
cra-fissa
back
dara
dara
chest
sboba
sboba
hand
yara
yara
finger
towa
towa
foot
jyara
jyara
toe
towa
towa
belly
billa
billa
behind
anusa
anusa
knee
nila
nila
blood
ada
ada
voice
soat
sota
smell
cmila
cmila
body
zika
zika
heart
gora
gora
mind
kala
kala
soul
hava
hava
What happened?
osi
osi vehen?
vehen?
I hurt my self while na bixatsen evtone grir.
running.
na bixatsen evtone grir.
while walking
evtone
mcir
evtone mcir
61
while playing
evtone
playing tennis
tenisir
tenisir
playing football
fotbolir
fotbolir
injury
xatsa
xatsa
jyara
bixatsen.
I hurt my foot.
My eyes hurt.
I hurt all over.
cpilir evtone cpilir
jyara bixatsen.
cofo
bixatsen.
cofo bixatsen.
te
zika
bixatsen.
te zika bixatsen.
He has such beautiful hu aven ke cofo latfi!
eyes!
hu aven ke cofo latfi!
She has such an ugly hu aven ke cima galfi!
nose!
hu aven ke cima galfi!
This smells good.
This looks beautiful.
This tastes delicious.
da
kuti
bicimen.
da kuti bicimen.
da
latfi
bicofen.
da latfi bicofen.
da
lezzi
biguten.
da lezzi biguten.
3.11 Clothing
clothing
klota
klota
suit
rsima
rsima
62
jacket
jaketa
jaketa
pants
pantalona
pantalona
hat
kopa
kopa
shirt
kamisata
kamisata
tie
karavatta
karavatta
handkerchief
kercifa
kercifa
dress
druga
druga
shoes
bato
bato
socks
klot-jyaro
klot-jyaro
pocket
cec-yara
cec-yara
glasses
cofita
cofita
buttons
zaro
zaro
underwear
ote-klota
ote-klota
How can I help you?
komsi
na
pen
ta
idir?
komsi na pen ta idir?
I would like to buy a na boden cirir pantalona.
pair of pants.
na boden cirir pantalona.
Do you sell wedding es silen drugo pasodo-ci?
dresses?
es silen drugo pasodo-ci?
What size?
psa-si?
psa-si?
Which color do you ta oben sba-si?
like?
ta oben sba-si?
63
I like the color white.
I want the black suit.
Can I try the red one.
na
oben
et
lavon.
na oben et lavon.
na
boden
de
rsima
cadoni.
na boden de rsima cadoni.
es
na
pen
trir
de
adoni.
es na pen trir de adoni.
red
adoni
adoni
blue
yamoni
yamoni
yellow
limoni
limoni
orange
orenconi
orenconi
green
icboni
icboni
black
cadoni
cadoni
white
lavoni
lavoni
gray
ladoni
ladoni
brown
arboni
arboni
purple
idoni
idoni
pink
rosoni
rosoni
dark red
adon
adoni leli
light blue
yamon
transparent
havoni
multicolored
kor-ce-raconi kor-ce-raconi
64
leli
cebci
yamoni cebci
havoni
3.12 The Weather
weather
vetra
vetra
sun
cebca
cebca
rain
racca
racca
clouds
inno
inno
sky
ola
ola
wind
havo
havo
snow
cna
cna
rainbow
kor-ce-rac
kor-ce-rac
air
hava
hava
soil
erta
erta
water
yam
yam
fire
cuca
cuca
Planet Earth
kokav
ert
kokav ert
komsi
vetra
en?
How is the weather?
komsi vetra en?
It is good.
kuti
It is ...
...
sunny
cebci
cebci
rainy
racci
racci
cloudy
inni
inni
en.
en.
kuti en.
... en.
65
snowy
cni
cni
windy
havoi
havoi
hot
herri
herri
cold
berri
berri
warm
verri
verri
dry
havani
havani
humid
yamani
yamani
The rain is falling.
I feel cold.
I feel hot.
I hate the wind.
I like warm weather.
de
racca
flegen.
de racca flegen.
na
berri
pilen.
na berri pilen.
na
herri
pilen.
na herri pilen.
na
tasten
et
havo.
na tasten et havo.
na
oben
vetra
verri.
na oben vetra verri.
3.13 Useful Words
here
dayna
dayna
there
zayna
zayna
now
ton-di
ton-di
then
ton-zi
ton-zi
66
also
gamgam
gamgam
may be
pen
pen ir
certainly
ev
good
kuti
kuti
very good
me
kuti
me kuti
excellent
te
kuti
te kuti
bad
rayi
rayi
very bad
me
rayi
me rayi
terrible
te
rayi
te rayi
ir
serta
ev serta
It is necessary that ... lezen et ki ... lezen et ki ...
It is important that ... heten et ki ... heten et ki ...
It is necessary that
you stay.
o
lezen
et
ki
ta
bakaken.
lezen et ki ta bakaken.
too
gamgam
gamgam
except ...
pasle
pasle ...
including ...
game
regarding ...
rigade
In order to ...
done
In addition
gamgam
In addition to ...
gamgame
a lot
memu
...
...
game ...
...
...
rigade ...
done ...
gamgam
...
gamgame...
memu
67
a little
pepu
pepu
enough
kefe
kefe
more
mere
mere
less
lece
lece
I am inside.
na
eb
gowa
en.
na eb gowa en.
outside
eb
barra
eb barra
on top
eb
opa
eb opa
down under
eb
ota
eb ota
to the left
eb
sara
eb sara
to the right
eb
mina
eb mina
in front
eb
adama
eb adama
behind
eb
wara
eb wara
around
eb
cira
eb cira
na
gowe
I am inside the house
de
ceca
en.
na gowe de ceca en.
outside ...
bare
on top of ...
ope
...
ope ...
under ...
ote
...
ote ...
to the left of ...
sare
to the right of ...
mine
in front of ...
adame
68
...
...
...
bare ...
sare ...
mine ...
...
adame ...
behind ...
ware
...
around ...
cirri
quickly
vite
vite
slowly
clobe
clobe
passionately
ev
oba
ev oba
hopefully
ize
ir
ize ir
Be careful!
siama!
I have ...
na
aven
I need ...
na
lezen
I want ...
na
boden
I would like ...
na
oben
Here I am!
yen
na!
yen na!
Here you are!
yen
ta!
yen ta!
Show me!
gicofay
Give me!
donay
na!
donay na!
Take this!
latcay
da!
latcay da!
Listen!
gicomay!
gicomay!
Silence!
zgita!
zgita!
Attention!
gicomay!
gicomay!
first
asine
asine
then
adame
adame
ware ...
...
cirri ...
simay!
...
...
...
...
na!
na aven ...
na lezen ...
na boden ...
na oben ...
gicofay na!
69
before
ware
ware
after
adame
adame
while
evtone
evtone
If
ize
ize
then
dize
dize
therefore
erge
erge
even
ivne
ivne
even if
ivnize
ivnize
although
olte
olte
in order to
done
done
O.K.
doradori
doradori
3.14 Verbs, Verbs, Verbs!
I speak Delason.
I spoke Delason.
I will speak
Delason.
I can speak
Delason.
I like to speak
Delason.
70
na
darcen
delason.
na darcen delason.
na
ha
darcen
delason.
na ha darcen delason.
na
sa
darcen
delason.
na sa darcen delason.
na
pen
darcir
delason.
na pen darcir delason.
na
oben
darcir
na oben darcir delason.
delason.
I want to speak
Delason.
I don’t want to
speak English.
I used to speak
Delason.
Speak Delason!
I tried to speak
French.
na
boden
darcir
delason.
na boden darcir delason.
na
le
boden
darcir
inglia.
na le boden darcir inglia.
na
oden
darcir
delason.
na oden darcir delason.
darcay
delason!
darcay delason!
na
ha
tren
darcir
fransia.
na ha tren darcir fransia.
Do you speak
Arabic?
es
ta
darcen
arabia?
es ta darcen arabia?
na
ha
decen
darcir
I see.
na
cofen.
to see / seeing
cofir
cofir
See!
cofay!
cofay
drink
caten
caten
hear
comen
comen
listen
gicomen
gicomen
eat
manjen
manjen
I decided to speak
delason.
Delason.
na ha decen darcir delason.
na cofen.
71
try
tren
tren
come
aten
aten
become
enaten
enaten
go
alen
alen
show
gicofen
gicofen
say
kolen
kolen
tell
gikolen
gikolen
smell
cmilen
cmilen
give
donen
donen
want
boden
boden
be
en
en
be used to
oden
oden
shut up
zgiten
zgiten
sing
soten
soten
jump
noten
noten
walk
mcen
mcen
run
gren
gren
dance
desen
desen
help
iden
iden
invite
daden
daden
love/like
oben
oben
72
hate
tasten
tasten
start
asinen
asinen
end
pahen
pahen
repeat
reren
reren
do
fen
fen
respect
reten
reten
play
cpilen
cpilen
be happy
oren
oren
beautify
latfen
latfen
73
Chapter Four
Selected Texts
4.1 The Old Testament: First Light1
In the begining God created the heavens and the earth. Now the
earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of
the deep, and the spirit of God was hovering over the waters.
And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. God saw
that the light was good, and he separated the light from the
darkness. God called the light "day," and the darkness he called
"night." And there was evening, and there was morning - the first
day. (The Holy Bible, Genesis 1:1 - 1:5)
asina-bi,
elua
ert
tohivohi
ha
en.
ve
adame
dua
yen.
ha
en.
ha
namen
ha
yen
asini.
hu
baren
et
ha
en
lelina
havua
yatoren.
ha
ha
elua
ha
et
elua
elua-ci
ha
ha
dua
et
"moma"
ve
gadsi
ha
-
et
yen
asina
et
et
ope
ki
wamaka
ha
yay!"
ve
dua
kuti
lelina-mi.
elua
lelina
ton-cebca
1.1
ert.
yamo
"dua
dua
ve
ve
ope
kolen
cofen
fsilen
ton-lela,
(biblu
ve
olo
-
"cena".
-
mom
1.5)
asina-bi, elua ha baren et olo ve et ert. ert tohivohi ha en ve lelina ope
wamaka ha en. ve havua elua-ci ope yamo ha yatoren. adame elua ha kolen
"dua yay!" ve dua ha yen. elua ha cofen et ki dua kuti ha en. hu ha fsilen et
dua lelina-mi. elua ha namen et dua "moma" ve et lelina "cena". ha yen tonlela, ve ha yen ton-cebca - mom asini. (biblu gadsi - asina 1.1 - 1.5)
Holy Bible, New International Version®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by
International Bible Society.
1
4.2 The Old Testament: The Tower of Babel
Now the whole world had one language and a common speech.
As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and
settled there. They said to each other, “Come, let’s make bricks
and bake them thoroughly.” They used brick instead of stone,
and tar for mortar. Then they said, “Come, let us build ourselves
a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may
make a name for ourselves; otherwise we will be scattered over
the face of the whole earth.” But the Lord came down to see the
city and the tower the people were building. The Lord said, “If
as one people speaking the same language they have begun to do
this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them.
Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not
understand each other.” So the Lord scattered them from there
over all the earth, and they stopped building the city. That is why
it was called Babel — because there the Lord confused the
language of the whole world. From there the Lord scattered
them over the face of the whole earth. (The Holy Bible, Genesis
11:1 - 11:9, The Tower of Babel)
ton-di,
te
asi
darca
ve
fonten
hu
ev
hu
otru,
marbora
atay
ve
no
le
folen
etki
no
sake-et
arumo
ki
asinen
fir
da,
fir
gamgame
ki
eb
done
hu
elua
le
yen
et
otru
hu
saxor,
ve
hu
ev
no
cta
kolen,
lason
ve
cucin.
erta.
darcen
en
cta
baren
uda-li,
darcen
ce
no,
lason
cinar,
ve
cofir
done
alen
batin-vi
va
ope
baten.
asi
hu
et
binamen
ve
sake-et
done
arumo
aven
lazun.
bimetnacren
olo-mi
ki
baten
cucin
olo-li
ha
tonki
blad
baten,
veslen
erta
zayna-bi.
atay
batin
ce
asi.
de
bakaken
usen
ki
arumo
kolen,
tur
toli
nama
no-li
pas,
elua
ve
tur
et
ize
mtile
asi,
hu
lu
ki
hu
boden
posibili
ev
hu.
atay
75
na
folen
done
le
fehmen
metnacren
hu
cta
sizen
et
ce
hu
te
asina,
babelen
ev
et
done,
elua
te
erta,
ve
cta.
da
en
erki
de
ere
elua
babelen
de
hu
11.1-11.9,
hu-ci
ope
arumo
et
lason
otru.
zayna-mi
babelu,
metnacren
gadsi,
ve
otru
batir
binamen
lason
elua
olo-mi
erta-ci.
ope
tur
te
ve
zayna-mi,
erta.
(biblu
babelu-ci)
ton-di, te arumo ce erta ha aven et lason asi ve darca asi. tonki hu alen udali, fonten hu de blad ki binamen cinar, ve hu bakaken zayna-bi. ve hu
darcen otru ev otru, atay no baten batin-vi cucin. hu usen batin cucin eb va ce
saxor, ve marbora sake-et lazun. ve hu kolen, atay no baten, sake-et no, cta
ev tur toli ki veslen olo-li done baren no nama no-li ve le bimetnacren ope
erta. pas, elua folen olo-mi done cofir et cta ve et tur etki arumo baten. elua
kolen, ize mtile arumo asi ki darcen lason asi, hu asinen fir da, done yen lu
ki hu boden fir ki gamgame en le posibili ev hu. atay na folen olo-mi ve
babelen lason hu-ci done le fehmen otru ev otru. done, elua metnacren et hu
zayna-mi ope te erta, ve hu sizen batir et cta. da en erki de cta binamen
babelu, ere elua babelen de lason ce te arumo erta-ci. ve zayna-mi, elua
metnacren et hu ope te erta. (biblu gadsi, asina, 11.1-11.9, tur babelu-ci)
76
4.3 The New Testament: John 3:16
For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son,
that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.
(NIV John 3:16)
ere
elua
et
sonu
le
sa
atuli.
te
oben
huci
saciken,
(bibla
et
asi,
olanta,
done
eppase,
gadsi
-
hu
hu
oki
sa
janu
ha
yamnen
aven
et
donen
et
hu
abita
3.16)
ere elua te oben et olanta, hu ha donen et sonu huci asi, done oki yamnen et
hu le sa saciken, eppase, hu sa aven et abita atuli. (bibla gadsi - janu 3.16)
77
4.4 The Quran: Alfatiha2
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Ever Merciful.
All types of perfect praise belong to Allah alone, the Lord of all
the worlds * Most Gracious, Ever Merciful * Master of the Day
of Judgement * Thee alone do we worship and thee alone do we
implore for help * Guide us along the straight path * The path
of those on whom Thou hast bestowed Thy favors, those who
have not incurred Thy displeasure, and those who have not gone
astray. (Holy Quran, Alfatiha)
nama-bi
elua-ci
te
kamli
pru
meryami
Ø
et
ta
donay
eto
en.
te
ha
en
meryami
elua-li,
atufi
no
etno
te
Ø
via
blisen,
(koranu
ve
ki
et
komini
le
gadsi,
atufi.
amu
ovon
aboden
et
te
olanto-ci
ce
ta
Ø
maxini,
de
moma
no
te
dinya-ci
soliden
via
ve
Ø
ce
le
ki
Ø
ta
daloni
fatiha)
nama-bi elua-ci te meryami te atufi.
te pru kamli en elua-li, amu olanto-ci * te meryami te atufi * ovon ce moma
dinya-ci * et ta no aboden ve et ta no soliden * donay etno et via komini *
via ce ki ta eto ha blisen, ki le maxini, ve le daloni en. (koranu gadsi, de
fatiha)
2
The Quran. Trans. Muhammad Zafrulla Khan. Curzon Press: Sussex, 1981.
78
4.5 Tao Teh Ching: Book 13
Tao can be talked about, but not the Eternal Tao.
Names can be named, but not the Eternal Name.
As the origin of heaven-and-earth, it is nameless:
As "the Mother" of all things, it is nameable.
So, as ever hidden, we should look at its inner essence.
As always manifest, we should look at its outer aspects.
These two flow from the same source, though differently named;
And both are called mysteries.
The mystery of mysteries is the Door of all essence.
kolir
ce
taw
namir
et
namo
mtile
orga
mtile
"vavu"
erge,
mtile
kohola
no
kullo
pase
ce
te
so
huci
do
pas
pen,
olo
le
pas
ve
tu-ci,
huci
lezen
pen,
no
gowi.
le
taw
atuli
hu
le
binamen.
et
hu
pen.
lezen
so
gicofir
erto,
mtile
te
de
atuli
nama
namir
edi,
ce
cofini,
gicofir
bari.
orga-mi
mteli
aten,
olte
hu
otri
binamen
ve
do
bazla
pasi
bazlo
bazlo-ci
en.
delta
ce
te
kohola
en.
kolir ce taw pen, pas le ce taw atuli
namir et namo pen, pas le de nama atuli
mtile orga ce olo ve erto, hu le binamen.
mtile "vavu" tu-ci, namir et hu pen
erge, mtile te edi, no lezen so gicofir kohola huci gowi.
mtile te cofini, no lezen so gicofir kullo huci barri.
pase do orga-mi mteli aten, olte hu otri binamen
ve do pasi bazlo en.
bazla bazlo-ci delta ce te kohola en.
3
Tzu, Lao. Tao Teh Ching. Trans. John C.H. Wu. Shambhala: Boston, 1990.
79
4.6 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act
towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1)
te
arumo
krato.
kala,
hu
ve
ahuha-ci.
nuen
grati
en
blisini
hu
lezen
(yahona
ve
ev
so-li
gali
eb
use-kala
fenfir
karama
ve
ev
ve
latfehavua
1)
te arumo nuen grati ve gali eb karama ve krato. hu en blisini ev use-kala ve
latfe-kala, ve hu lezen so-li fenfir ev havua ahuha-ci. (yahona 1)
80
4.7 Omar Khayyam: Rubaiya 24
Ah, make the most of what we yet may spend,
Before we too into the Dust descend;
Dust into Dust, and under Dust, to lie,
Sans Wine, sans Song, sans Singer, and - sans End!
Omar Khayyam, Rubaiya 24
Translation by Edward Fitzgerald4
fay
et
ware
no
erta-mi
evle
tu
ki
no
gamgam
erta-li
van,
evle
pen
juir
erta-li
ve
ote
sotin,
alen
erta
evle
modir
soton,
evle
pahir.
omaru
xayamu,
rubaiya
24
fay et tu ki no pen juir
ware no gamgam erta-li alen
erta-mi erta-li ve ote erta modir
evle van, evle sotin, evle soton, evle pahir.
omaru xayamu, rubaiya 24
4 Khayyam, Omar. The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Trans. Edward Fitzgerald.
The Peter Pauper Press: Mount Vernon, 1940.
81
4.8 Le Nozze di Figaro: No. 11 Canzone5
CHERUBINO
Sento un affetto
Pien di desir
Ch’ora è diletto,
Ch’ora è martir.
Gelo, e poi sento
L’alma avvampar,
E in un momento
Torno a gelar.
Lorenzo da Ponte
CHERUBINO
I feel a longing
I can’t explain.
Sometimes a pleasure,
Sometimes a pain.
One moment frozen,
Then all aflame,
Then sudden shivering
All through my frame.
Translation by Edward Dent
cerubino
cerubino
na
pilen
fuli
et
pila
yaleza-vi
seton
et
na
ve
eb
kika
et
cna
na
na pilen et pila
fuli yaleza-vi
yoren
seton et na yoren
seton hu en pyani. seton hu en pyani.
bicnen ve ware
bicnen ve ware
hava naci cucen
hava naci cucen
ati
enaten.
ve eb kika ati
et cna na enaten
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. The Marriage of Figaro: Le Nozze di Figaro.
John Nicholas, ed. Riverrun Press: New York, 1983.
5
82
4.9 A Hundred Verses From Old Japan: UKON
My broken heart I don’t lament,
To destiny I bow;
But thou hast broken solemn oaths,
I pray the Gods may now
Absolve thee from thy vow.
(Translation by William Porter)6
et
gora
naci
kadera-li
pas,
et
elo-li
ki
hu
na
vedo
na
ta
bixatsi
ha
veda-mi
le
mernen
boven
taci,
salen,
na
ta
ve
le
eto
taci
giyen
solen,
gigraten.
et gora naci bixatsi na le mernen
kadera-li na ha boven
pas, et vedo taci, ta le giyen
elo-li na salen, ve eto solen,
ki hu ta veda-mi taci gigraten.
6 Porter, N. William. A Hundred Verses from Old Japan. Charles E. Tuttle
Company: Vermont, 1984.
83
4.10 A Fairuz Song: Kifak Inta
Do you remember the last time I
saw you? Do you remember the
last thing you said? I haven’t seen
you since. And now here you are.
How are you? You… Do you
remember the last time you visited
with us? Do you remember a
women who bothred you? That
was my mother. She worried
about me because of you. You…
Kifak Inta (Excerpt), Fairuz, Kifak Inta, 1991.
es
kala-cofen
ta
de
ton
na
cofen
es
kolen
ton-zi,
na
le
na
cofen
komsi
es
ta
vetona
pahini
ha
yen
etki
le
hu,
vavu
ta
…
ta.
ta
es kala-cofen ta
no-vi
ima
ta
naci,
hickoken
ta.
em ton-zi, na le ha cofen ta.
ta…
zayna
oben
etki na-li ha kolen ta?
ev ton-di, na cofen ta.
komsi ta en? ta...
ta
ha
84
en?
kala-cofen
en
ta?
ta.
ton-di,
de ton pahini na ha cofen ta?
es kala-cofen ta
ha
ev
em
ta
na-li
cofen
ha
ha
ta?
kala-cofen
etki
em
pahini
es kala-cofen ta
na-li
ha
vetona pahini no-vi ha en ta
ha yen zayna ima
etki le oben ta
hu, vavu naci,
ha hickoken na-li
em ta. ta …
4.11 A Katy Perry Song: Firework
You don’t have to feel like a waste of space
You’re original, cannot be replaced
If you only knew what the future holds
After a hurricane comes a rainbow
Baby, you’re a firework
Come on, let your colors burst
Make ‘em go "Oh, Oh, Oh"
You’re gonna leave ‘em all in awe, awe, awe
Firework (Excerpt) Katy Perry, Teenage Dream, 2010.
mtile
ta
lu
lu
orgi
ize
ta
adame
en
,
kalen
le
le
ta!
giay
et
sa
pir
sbo
hu
yalen
pilir!
gegrayir.
yatona
aven,
kor-ce-rac
cpil-cuca
atay
lezay
etki
katrina,
bubulu,
ta
lu,
ta
ta-ci
kolir
et
tu
aten.
en.
yacucen!
ah,
ah,
eb
wala,
ah!
-la
–la.
mtile lu lu lu, le lezay pilir!
ta orgi en , le pir gegrayir.
ize ta kalen etki yatona aven,
adame katrina, kor-ce-rac aten.
bubulu, cpil-cuca ta en.
atay ta! sbo ta-ci yacucen!
giay et hu kolir ah, ah, ah!
ta sa yalen et tu eb wala, -la -la.
85
4.12 An Emily Dickinson Poem: A Word
A word is dead
When it is said,
Some say.
I say it just
Begins to live
That day.
Emily Dickinson
darcita
tonki
mafti
eto
en
kolen
darcita mafti en
tonki eto kolen
su
fen
kolir.
su fen kolir.
ken
na
ki
ken na ki
eb
moma
hu
imili
86
zi
asinen
eb moma zi
abitir.
dikinsonu
hu asinen abitir.
imili dikinsonu
4.13 Delasoni Nursery Rhymes
A. fruga kocu
ha
yen
tonki
de
fruga
ki
kocu
te
moma
em
ponda
te
moma
te
fruga kocu
ha
ha yen tonki ha yen
yen
kurusi
de fruga te kurusi
binamen.
hu
hu
ki kucu binamen.
cpilen
di
el
Koshu the Frog
te moma hu cpilen
ponda
naten.
zi
em ponda di el ponda zi
te moma hu naten.
Once upon a time,
There was a curious frog
Whose name was Koshu.
All day he played
From one pond to another
All day he jumped around.
B. as, pas, tor, kat!
One, two, three, four!
as
pas
latcen
faf
eto
tor
kocu
as pas tor kat
kat
et
ses
sat
vonen
eb
de
as, pas, tor, kat!
cpat
mon
ballon!
latcen kocu et de cpat
faf ses sat mon
eto vonen eb ballon!
One, two, three, four,
Koshu caught a lizard.
Five, six, seven, eight,
He put it in a balloon.
87
4.14 Delasoni Love Poems
A. aruma ki
aruma
ki
kala-li
hu-li
na
aruma ki
gora
naci
abita
hu
naci
gamgam
naci
donen
otre
hu
hu
ev
The One I Love
ha
latcen,
mtele
oba
abita
na
fen.
donen.
ize
na
pen.
aruma ki gora naci hu ha latcen,
kala-li naci gamgam hu mtele fen.
hu-li abita naci ev oba na donen.
na hu donen otre abita ize na pen.
The one who stole my heart,
Took over my mind too.
I gave him my life lovingly.
And if I could, I would do it again.
B. torit oba-ci
torit
ta
oba-ci
ceca
atay,
basay
aven
atay
eb
bakakay,
et
hu
torit oba-ci
da-li.
gora
adame
oba
alay,
naci.
torit oba-ci atay da-li.
ta ceca aven eb gora di.
atay, bakakay, adame alay,
basay et hu oba naci.
Love bird come here to me.
In my heart, you have a home.
Come, stay, and then go,
Deliver my kisses to my love.
88
di.
Love Bird
4.15 From the Delasoni Epic of Kirmiz-Kazu
The epic of Kirmiz-Kazu tells the story of prince Kirmiz-Amu
(Lord Kirmiz), who falls in love with his mother’s slave, Kazu.
When the Queen finds out, she decides to put an end to the
scandalous affair. She orders Kazu to be murdered. When Kirmiz
discovers what his mother has done, not believing that it
happened, he decides to abandon his future kingdom in search of
his love or whatever remains of her. He drops the royal affix in
his name and calls himself Kirmiz-Kazu (Kazu’s Kirmiz). And he
starts his unending journey looking for his love’s ghost. The
following are three pieces from the libretto of this epic.
A. Kazu Describing Kirmiz
cra-cofo
veba
ki
huci
treda-ci
et
na
latcen.
hu-mi
na
gien
cofin-nemso
ki
na
eb
lelona
oba-ci
herri
fen
berri
cra-cofo huci
veba treda-ci
ki et na latcen.
hu-mi na gien
cofin-nemso oba-ci
ki herri fen
eb lelona berri ria-ci
ria-ci
His eyelashes
Are a web of threads
That captures me.
From them I make
Dreams of love
That keeps me warm
In the cold darkness of reality.
89
B. Kirmiz Waiting for Kazu
(not knowing that she is dead)
lela
ev
ase
lela
pas
adame,
ve
na,
na
no
et
asi
merno
lela
asi
sohi,
naci
eb
pen
comir.
enaten
bori.
fen
bakakir.
sohi
lela ev na, no asi sohi, eb lelona di.
ase lela et merno naci pen comir.
pas adame, lela enaten bori.
ve na asi sohi fen bakakir.
Only the moon and I are up this late.
Only the moon can hear my crying as I wait.
Soon, the moon will be bored and leaves.
And I, alone, will stay.
C. Kirmiz Searching for Kazu
kazu,
vasi
kirmiz,
na
oba
lelono
eltone
na
ta
en?
taci
cercen.
sa
namsen,
le
ta
fonten.
kazu, vasi ta en?
kirmiz, oba taci cercen.
na lelono le sa namsen,
eltone na ta fonten.
Kazu, where are you?
Its Kirmiz, your love, looking for you.
Nights I will never sleep,
Until I find you.
90
lelona
di.
4.16 Delasoni Wedding Certificate
ÎÓÏÒ
Ø
PASODA
GADSI
CE
<First Name 1> VE <First Name 2>
<Full Name 1> ve <Full Name 2>
moma
1
blisen
ki
ki
et
elua
baren
et
baren
amu
di
et
tu
tu
<day> ce <month> ce <year>
ev
em
ke
te
pru
lu
otri
olanta-ci
2
cebca
moma
ve
ve
lela
cena
yam
ve
ixe
aruma
cuca
91
oba
gien
kife
tu
3
no
et
tu
ha
asa
en
ware
doradoren
abita
ce
oba,
so
bara
pasir
zmeloda
done
ve
ir
msiva
asi
el
diama.
4
no
veden
sua, eb
raya.
5
bakakir
mitaktika
ev
oba
msiva
ve
eb
na
veden,
na
ta
gien
azira
no
ve
na
gien
cec-azira
asi
eb
murmura,
sua
eb
ve
eb
kuta
le
ve
abiten.
naci
taci.
<Full Name 1>
<Full Name 2>
Signature
Signature
6
elua
et
elua
sizen
et
raya
gowi
elua
sizen
et
raya
barri
elua
blisen
et
elua
bodir,
ize
havua
hu
proten
elua-ci
ope
hu
te
momo
yatoren
huci
ir.
aziron
nizar
xabac
Signature
hona
92
di
doradorin
lui
protini
ce
pasoda
en.
eb
Î
Ó
Ï
Ò
[Health] [Love] [Prosperity] [Wisdom]
Ø
[Eternity]
PASODA GADSI CE
Holy Union of
<First Name 1> VE <First Name 2>
<Full Name 1> ve <Full Name 2>
<Full Name 1> and <Full Name 2>
moma di <day> ce <month> ce <year>
this day <day> of <month> of <year>
1
blisen et elua ev te pru
ki baren et tu em lu
ki baren et tu ke otri
amu olanta-ci
Praised is God with all praise
Who created all from none
Who created all so different
Lord of the world
2
cebca ve lela
moma ve cena
yam ve cuca
ixe aruma
oba gien et tu asa
kife tu ha en ware bara
Sun and moon
Day and night
Water and fire
Each human being
Love makes all one
As all was before creation
93
3
no doradoren so pasir done
ir msiva asi el abita ce oba,
zmeloda ve diama.
We agree to join in marriage
to become one family for a life
of love, friendship and trust.
4
no veden bakakir msiva asi
We vow to remain one family
eb sua ve eb le sua, eb mitaktika in health and in illness, in
ve eb murmura, eb kuta ve eb raya. sweetness and in bitterness,
in good and in bad.
5
na veden, ev oba no abiten.
na ta gien azira naci
ve na gien cec-azira taci.
I promise, in love we live.
I make you my king/queen
and I become your kingdom.
<Full Name 1>
<Full Name 2>
Signature
Signature
6
elua et hu proten
elua sizen et raya gowi
elua sizen et raya barri
havua elua-ci ope hu yatoren
elua blisen et te momo huci
elua bodir, ize ir.
May God protect them
May God stop all inside evil
May God stop all outside evil
May God’s spirit hover over them
May God bless all their days
If God wishes it, so it will be.
aziron nizar xabac
Judge Nizar Habash
Signature
hona di doradorin lui protini ce pasoda en.
This is a legal protected contract of marriage.
94
4.18 Delasoni Graduation Diploma
The following is the text used in the Delasoni graduation
deploma that was given to the full graduating class of the Honors
College at Old Dominion University in April 1997.
Ñ
DE
CE
KULYA
CURA-CI
UNIVERSITA
AZIRA
gicuren
OLTI
et
<Full Name>
ere
hu
ha
kompen
bakalor-ci
ve
et
ce
hu
kulya
donen
aruma
EB
MOMA
DI
27
karnega-vi
grate
CE
ve
et
et
lezo
universita,
dola
ce
lehini
LELON-KATIN
CE
1997
S i g n a t u r e
________________________________
aziron
ce
kulya
cura-ci
95
Ñ
[Knoweledge]
DE KULYA CURA-CI
THE HONORS COLLEGE
CE UNIVERSITA AZIRA OLTI
OF OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY
gicuren et
praises
<Full Name>
ere hu ha kompen karnega-vi et lezo bakalor-ci ce kulya ve universita,
ve et hu donen et dola ce
for having completed with excellence the requirements of the
bachelor degree of the college and the university,
and awards him/her the title of
aruma grate lehini
liberally educated person
EB MOMA DI 27 CE LELON-KATIN CE 1997
IN THIS DAY 27 OF APRIL 1997
S i g n a t u r e
________________________________
aziron ce kulya cura-ci
Dean of the Honors College
96
4.19 Delasoni Greeting Card Captions
A. Happy Birthday
Ê
mom-nu
ori!
(Happiness)
mom-nu ori!
Happy Birthday!
B. Happy New Year
Ø
ora
ev
olan
cebcona
ori!
(Point One)
ora ev olan
cebcona ori!
Happiness and Peace
97
Happy New Year!
C. I Love You!
ÓÓÓ
oben
ta,
oben
ta,
oben
(Love) (Love) (Love)
oben ta, oben ta, oben ta!
I love you, I love you, I love you!
D. Congratulations!
È
te
barko!
(Success)
te barko!
Congratulations!
98
ta!
99
Chapter Five
An English-Delason Dictionary
A
acting [theater] n attora
attora
ability n pa pa
add v evven evven
able adj pi pi
absolve v gigraten gigraten
Abyssinia n habacu habacu
Abyssinian adj habaci
habaci
actualize v giyen giyen
addiction n ctoka ctoka
addictive adj ctoki ctoki
addition n evva evva
additionally adv gamgame
gamgame
accident n xatsa xatsa
adhesion n ctoka ctoka
account n galgolina
galgolina
adjust v fiten fiten
accountant n galgolon
galgolon
adjustment n fita fita
adult n leyani leyani
Achilles n axilisu axilisu
acid n limon limon
acidic adj limoni limoni
acidity n limonia limonia
acknowledge v giken giken
act [do] v fenfen fenfen
act [theater] n attorina
attorina
act [theater] v attoren
attoren
adulthood n leyana leyana
advertise v ilanen ilanen
advertisement n ilan ilan
aflame adj cuci cuci
afraid adj hickoki hickoki
after conj adame adame
age n oga oga
agree v doradoren
doradoren
agreement n doradora
doradora
air n hava hava
any adj ine ine
airplane n plena plena
appetite n ceha ceha
alcohol n kahola kahola
apple n tapwa tapwa
all adj te te
approval n kocra kocra
all n tu tu
approve v kocren kocren
Allah n allahu allahu
approved adj kocri kocri
alligator n timsax timsax
apricot n uruk uruk
almonds n badam badam
April n lelon-katin lelonkatin
alphabet n alefbeta alefbeta
also adv gamgam gamgam
although conj olte olte
always adv teton teton,
tetone tetone
America n ameriku ameriku
American adj ameriki
ameriki
American n amerikia
amerikia
Arab n arabia arabia
Arabia n arabu arabu
Arabian adj arabi arabi
Arabic adj arabi arabi
Arabic n arabia arabia
arch n yacira yacira
arm n anda anda
Armageddon n
harmageddu harmageddu
among prep binune binune
Armenia n armenu armenu
amount n komsa komsa
Armenian adj armeni armeni
amuse v klen klen
army n yeca yeca
amusement n kla kla
around prep cire cire
and conj ev ev, ve ve
arrival n visla visla
anger adj maxa maxa
arrive v veslen veslen
angry adj maxi maxi
art n arsa arsa
animal n kreta kreta
article n yahona yahona
answer n riponta riponta
artist n arson arson
answer v riponten riponten
artistic adj arsi arsi
ant n namla namla
as for prep rigade rigade
antelope n bokan bokan
as long as conj evtone evtone
antiques n antiko antiko
as prep mtile mtile
101
Asia n asyau asyau
Asian adj asyai asyai
Asiatic adj asyai asyai
ask v solen solen
asleep adj nomsi nomsi
ass n anusa anusa
at prep -mi -mi, em em
autumn n ton-ladon tonladon
awake adj sohi sohi
awakening n soha soha
award v donen donen
awe n wala wala
attack v yesren yesren
B
attempt n tra tra
Babel n babelu babelu
attack n yesra yesra
attempt v tren tren
attention n noba noba
attentive adj nobi nobi
attract v yazben yazben
attraction n yazba yazba
attractive adj yazbi yazbi
August n lelon-monin
lelon-monin
aunt n antu
imi antu imi
aurora n orora orora
Austin n ostenu ostenu
Australia n ostralu
ostralu
Australian adj ostrali
ostrali
authoritative adj solti solti
authority n solta solta
automate v otomaten
otomaten
baby n bubula bubula
bachelor n bakalor bakalor
back n dara dara
backward adv ware ware
bad adj rayi rayi
badness n raya raya
Baghdad n bagdadu
bagdadu
Baha'i adj bahai bahai
Baha'i n bahaia bahaia
ballerina n balerina
balerina
ballet n bale bale
banana n banana banana
bank n banka banka
bark v awen awen
base n asasa asasa
basic n asasi asasi
automatic adj otomati
otomati
be bored v biboren biboren
automation n otomata
otomata
be careful exp simay simay
102
be born v nuen nuen
be guilty v makbeten
makbeten
be pleased v oren oren
be truthful v troden troden
be used to v oden oden
be v en en
bear n orsa orsa
beard n cra-fissa crafissa
beautiful adj latfi latfi
beautifully adv latfe latfe
Bible n biblu biblu
big n gdoli gdoli
bird n torita torita
birth n nua nua
birthday n mom-nu mom-nu
bit n kika kika
black adj cadoni cadoni
blackness n cadona cadona
blame n gimakbeta
gimakbeta
beautify v latfen latfen
blame v gimakbeten
gimakbeten
beauty n latfa latfa
bless v blisen blisen
because conj ere ere
blessed adj blisini blisini
become v enaten enaten,
blessing n blisa blisa
vonen vonen
blue adj yamoni yamoni
bedouin adj badawi badawi
body n zika zika
bedouin n badawa badawa
bon appetit exp ev
ceha
beetle n tazik tazik
before conj ware ware
befriend v zmelen zmelen
begin v asinen asinen
begining n asina asina
behind n wara wara
behind prep ware-et ware-et
Beirut n bayrutu bayrutu
belief n yamna yamna
believe v yamnen yamnen
belt n mawac mawac
Bethlehem n betlahmu
betlahmu
between prep binune binune
ceha ev
book n hona hona
bore v boren boren
bored adj borini borini
boredom n bora bora
boring adj bori bori
bottom n ota ota
bout n masuba masuba
bow n bova bova
bow v boven boven
boxing ring n dohya dohya
Brazil n brazilu brazilu
Brazilian adj brazili
brazili
103
bread n zobxa zobxa
car n forda forda
breakfast n arca arca
careful adj simi simi
bright adj cebci cebci
carrots n karota karota
brightness n cebcina cebcina
cat n mia mia
Britain n britanu britanu
catch n lota lota
British adj britani britani
catch v loten loten
brother-in-law n pasan-
cause n era era
ahu
cause v eren eren
omi pasan-ahu omi
brother n ahu
omi ahu omi
brotherhood n ahuha ahuha
brown adj arboni arboni
Buddha n budau budau
Buddhism n budia budia
Buddhist n budi budi
build v baten baten
building n bata bata, batin
batin
burn v cucen cucen
burst v yacucen yacucen
busy adj bizbi bizbi
but conj eppase eppase, pas
pas
button n zara zara
C
Cairo n masru masru
cake n gata gata
camel n jamal jamal
can aux pen pen
canary n kanarka kanarka
104
celebrate v ton-oren tonoren
certainly adv ev
serta
serta ev
certainty n serta serta
chair n assa assa
change n graya graya
change v grayen grayen
Chanukah n hanukau
hanukau
cheap adj bomarci bomarci
cheapness n bomarca
bomarca
cheese n gota gota
cherry n kiraz kiraz
chest n sboba sboba
chick n peklik peklik
chicken n keklik keklik
chief n tata tata
China n cinu cinu
Chinese adj cini cini
Chinese n cinia cinia
Chirstian adj msihi msihi
chocolate n cokolada
cokolada
Christ n msihu msihu
Christendom n cec-msiha
cec-msiha
Christmas n noelu noelu
cinema n sinema sinema
circle diacritic n cirita cirita
circle n cira cira
circular adj ciri ciri
city n cta cta
clean adj nakvi nakvi
cleanness n nakva nakva
clothing n klot klot
clouds n inno inno
cloudy adj inni inni
clown n klon klon
cock n ular ular
cockroach n kapkup kapkup
coffee n kafa kafa
cold adj berri berri
college n kulya kulya
color n sba sba
come v atir atir
comedian n kirkiron
kirkiron
comedy n kirkirona
kirkirona
comparable adj pazi pazi
compare v pazen pazen
comparison n paza paza
complete adj kompi kompi
complete v kompen kompen
completeness n kompa kompa
compose v honen honen
computer n kompyuter
kompyuter
Confucian adj konfusi
konfusi
Confucius n konfusu
konfusu
confuse v babelen babelen
confused adj babelini
babelini
confusing adj babeli babeli
confusion n babela babela
congratulations exp te
barko te barko
conscience n latfe-kala
latfe-kala
control n solta solta
control v solten solten
correct adj tami tami
correct v gitamen gitamen
cost n kota kota
cost v koten koten
cough n tcua tcua
cough v tcuen tcuen
couple n pasa pasa
craziness n nuta nuta
crazy adj nuti nuti
create v baren baren
creation n bara bara
cross n krusa krusa
cross v yaviyen yaviyen
105
crow n kagwa kagwa
deep adj wamaki wamaki
cry v mernen mernen
define v yanamen yanamen
cuckoo n kakuk kakuk
definition n yanamita
yanamita
cumin n kamun kamun
cup n susa susa
curiosity n kurusa kurusa
curious adj kurusi kurusi
curse n momya momya
Delason n delason delason
delicious adj lezzi lezzi
delight n yora yora
delight v yoren yoren
delightful adj yori yori
D
deliver v giyen giyen
dance n desa desa
demotion n kaswaja
kaswaja
demote v kaswajen
kaswajen
dance v desen desen
dark adj leli leli
darkness n lelina lelina
Darwin n darwinu darwinu
dates n tamra tamra
daughter-in-law n pasansunu
imi pasan-sunu imi
daughter n sunu
imi
imi sunu
day n moma moma
dead adj mafti mafti
dean n aziron aziron
dear adj duda duda
death n mafta mafta
December n lelon-pas-vonin lelon-pas-v-onin
decide v decen decen
decimal point n pez pez
decision n deca deca
106
depth n wamaka wamaka
descend v folen folen
desire n yaleza yaleza
desire v yalezen yalezen
despite conj olte olte
destiny n kadera kadera
destroy v sociken sociken
destruction n socika socika
die v maften maften
different adj otre otre
dignity n karama karama
dinner n mila mila
direction n derison derison
dirtiness n meza meza
dirty adj mezi mezi
divide v popen popen
divided by prep pope-et popeet
do v fen fen
Easter n fusuhu fusuhu
doctor n doktor doktor
eastern adj udi udi
document n yahona yahona
easy adj isi isi
dog n awa awa
eat v manjen manjen
dollar n dolar dolar
eduacted adj lehini lehini
dominion n azira azira
egg n lega lega
donkey n balam balam
Egypt n igeptu igeptu
door n delta delta
eight num okt okt
down adv ote ote
Einstein n aynctaynu
aynctaynu
Dr. title dok dok
dress n druga druga
drink n catina catina
drink v caten caten
drive v forden forden
driver n fordon fordon
drunk adj satulini satulini
dry adj havani havani
duck n donalda donalda
dust n erton erton
E
electricity n elektra elektra
elephant n filfil filfil
eleven num as-v-on as-v-on
elixir n nizar nizar
Emacs n imaksu imaksu
email n imel imel
email v imelen imelen
end n paha paha
end v pahen pahen
engineer n jenyon jenyon
engineering n jenya jenya
ertu
earth n erta erta
earthworm n dundunerta
dundunerta
east n uda uda
u u .. u
enflame v gicucen gicucen
ear n coma coma
easiness n isa isa
..
endowed adj blisini blisini
each adj ixe ixe
Earth n kokav
kokav ertu
either .. or conj u
England n inglu inglu
English adj ingli ingli
English n inglia inglia
enjoy v bioren bioren,
juen juen
enjoyment n biora biora,
jua jua
107
enlighten v giduen giduen
false adj letami letami
enough adj kefe kefe
family n msiva msiva
equal adj gali gali
far adj badi badi
equal v galen galen
fat adj vesxi vesxi
even if conj ivnize ivnize
fat n tseta tseta
even adv ivne ivne
father n vavu
evening n ton-lela ton-lela
fatherhood n vavuha
vavuha omi
everlasting adj atuli atuli
every adj te te
evil n raya raya
excellence n karnega
karnega
excellent adj karnegi
kuti te kuti
except conj pasle-et pasle-et
excuse me exp ize
oren
fear n hickoka hickoka
oren ize
February n lelon-pasin
lelon-pasin
feel v pilen pilen
feeling n pila pila
female n ima ima
feminine adj imi imi
festivity n ton-ora ton-ora
few adj pe pe
exist v yen yen
few n pu pu
existence n a a, ya ya
fifty num fafon fafon
expensive adj ceri ceri
fight v yecinen yecinen
explode v yacucen yacucen
find v fonten fonten
extremely adv te te
fine adj kuti kuti
eye lashes n cra-cofo cracofo
finger n towa towa
eye n cofa cofa
F
face n fissa fissa
fall v folen folen
108
omi
fear v hickoken hickoken
evil adj rayi rayi
karnegi, te
omi vavu omi
fire n cuca cuca
firework n cpil-cuca cpilcuca
first adj asini asini
fish n daga daga
five num faf faf
flight n tora tora
floor n itaha itaha
fly n muc muc
friendship n zmela zmela
fly v toren toren
frog n fruga fruga
font n ponta ponta
from whom inter emsi emsi
food n manjina manjina
from whom rel emki emki
foot n jyara jyara
from prep -mi -mi, em em
for prep sake-et sake-et
from rel emki emki
foreigner n oslanti oslanti
front n adama adama
fork n towita towita
fruit n otricba otricba
formless adj tohivohi
tohivohi
full adj fuli fuli
fortune scrolls n heno
yerci heno yerci
forty num katon katon
forward adv adame adame
found adj fontini fontini
four num kat kat
fox n dilul dilul
future n yatona yatona
G
gadfly n kokmuc kokmuc
gallery n cec-arsa cecarsa, galeria galeria
France n fransu fransu
gazelle n gazal gazal
free [liberated] adj grati
grati
gift n donina donina
free [liberated] v graten
graten
giraffe n zirap zirap
give v donen donen
free [no price] adj evli evli
freedom n grata grata
freeze v bicnen bicnen
freeze v gicnen gicnen
French adj fransi fransi
French n fransia fransia
Freud n froydu froydu
Friday n mom-cecin momcecin
friend n zmelin zmelin
glass n susa susa
glasses n cofito cofito
glue n ctokon ctokon
go v alen alen
god n elua elua
God n eluau eluau
good adj kuti kuti
goodbye exp ev
olan
olan ev
goodness n kuta kuta
goose n guz guz
109
govern v goven goven
kercifa
government n gova gova
grace n meryama meryama
gracious adj meryami
meryami
happen v vehen vehen
happiness n ora ora
graduate v hargen hargen
graduation n harga harga
grandfather n saftu
saftu omi
Hanukkah n hanukau
hanukau
omi
grandmother n saftu
saftu imi
imi
grapes n uzum uzum
grasshopper n kikik kikik
gray adj ladoni ladoni
green adj icboni icboni
grief n merna merna
grieve v mernen mernen
grow v gdolen gdolen
guest n dadin dadin
guide v gicofen gicofen
guilt n makbeta makbeta
guilty adj makbeti makbeti
gull n kayka kayka
happy adj ori ori
hard adj sobi sobi
hardness n soba soba
hat n kopa kopa
hate v tasten tasten
hated adj tastini tastini
hateful adj tasti tasti
he pro hu
omi hu omi
head n bricta bricta
health n sua sua
healthy adj sui sui
hear v comen comen
heart n gora gora
Heavens n olo olo
heaviness n vesxa vesxa
heavy adj vesxi vesxi
hedgehog n kirpa kirpa
height n tola tola
H
hello exp olan olan
hair n cro cro
her pro et
half n pasod pasod
Halloween n halowinu
halowinu
hand n yara yara
handkerchief n kercifa
110
help n ida ida
help v iden iden
imi, huci
hu
imi et hu
imi huci imi
here adv dayna dayna
hers pro de
huci imi
huci
hidden adj edi edi
imi de
hide v eden eden
him pro et
omi
hu
his pro de
huci omi
huci
ice n cna cna
omi et hu
omi de
holiness n gadsa gadsa
holy adj gadsi gadsi
honor n cura cura
hopefully adv ize
ir ize ir
horse n baytul baytul
if conj ize ize
implore v soliden soliden
importance n heta heta
important adj heti heti
in addition to prep gamgameet gamgame-et
in addition conj gamgam
gamgam
hot adj herri herri
in front of prep adame-et
adame-et
hotel n otel otel
in order to conj done done
hour n saya saya
in prep -bi -bi, eb eb
house n ceca ceca
include v gamgamen
gamgamen
hover v yatoren yatoren
how many inter komse komse
how much inter komse komse
how inter komsi komsi
humid adj yamani yamani
hundred num om om
hungry adj gohi gohi
hurricane n katrina katrina
hurt adj bixatsi bixatsi
hurt v bixatsen bixatsen
hurt v xatsen xatsen
husband n pasan
pasan omi
I
I pro na na
omi
including prep game-et gameet
inclusion n gamgama
gamgama
incomplete adj nakci nakci
incompleteness n nakca
nakca
incorrect adj letami letami
injure v xatsen xatsen
injury n xatsa xatsa
inner adj gowi gowi
inside n gowa gowa
inside prep gowe-et gowe-et
intelligence n intelga intelga
intelligent adj intelgi intelgi
internet n internet internet
intoxicate v satulen satulen
introduction n delta delta
111
invitation n dada dada
invite v daden daden
Iraq n iraku iraku
island n ertyama ertyama
Israel n israelu israelu
Israeli adj israeli israeli
it pro et
hu et hu, eto eto,
hu hu, o o
July n lelon-satin lelonsatin
jump v naten naten
June n lelon-sesin lelonsesin
K
its pro huci huci, oci oci
kill v tiren tiren
J
king n azira azira
jacket n jaketa jaketa
January n lelon-asin
lelon-asin
Japan n niponu niponu
Japanese adj niponi niponi
Japanese n niponia niponia
Java n javau javau
jealous adj iyagi iyagi
jealousy n iyaga iyaga
Jehovah n yahwehu
yahwehu
Jesus n esusu esusu
joke n kirkirita kirkirita
joy n jua jua
joyful adj jui jui
judge n kodon kodon
judge v koden koden
judgement n koda koda
juice n catina catina
112
kind adj mnixi mnixi
kitten n mimic mimic
knee n nila nila
knife n danita danita
know v kalen kalen
knowledge n kala kala
known adj kalini kalini
Koran n koranu koranu
Krishna n kricnau kricnau
L
language n lason lason
large adj gdoli gdoli
largeness n gdola gdola
Las-Vegas n lasvegasu
lasvegasu
last adj ali ali, pahini
pahini
laugh n kirkira kirkira
laugh v kirkiren kirkiren
law n lua lua
lip n bla bla
lawyer n luon luon
Lisp n lispu lispu
learn v lehen lehen
listen v gicomen gicomen
learning n leha leha
little n pepu pepu
leave v yalen yalen
live v abiten abiten
leech n zuluk zuluk
lizard n abubres abubres
left of prep sare-et sare-et
look v bicofen bicofen
left adj sari sari
look v cofen cofen
left n sara sara
lord n ama ama
legal adj lui lui
Lord n amu amu
legalization n gilua gilua
lots n memu memu
legalize v giluen giluen
lottery n lotto lotto
lemon n limon limon
love n oba oba
leopard n yalpuz yalpuz
love v oben oben
less adj lece lece
luck n yerca yerca
letter n honin honin
lucky adj yerci yerci
liberally adv grate grate
lunch n logma logma
lie n lixa lixa
lust n yaleza yaleza
lie [deceive] v lixen lixen
lie [recline] v moden moden
life n abita abita
light [color] adj cebci cebci
light [weight] adj xessi
xessi
light n dua dua
lightness n xissa xissa
like prep mtile mtile
M
machine n makina makina
Macintosh n makentocu
makentocu
magnification n gigdola
gigdola
like v oben oben
magnify v gigdolen
gigdolen
linguistics n lason-leha
lason-leha
majority n katca katca
lion n arselan arselan
make v gien gien
man n oma oma
113
manage v galgolen
galgolen
management n galgola
galgola
manager n galgolon
galgolon
manifest adj cofini cofini
March n lelon-torin
lelon-torin
mark v alumen alumen
masculine adj omi omi
may be exp pen
ir pen ir
May n lelon-fafin lelonfafin
me pro et
na et na
meal n manja manja
mean v vodiren vodiren
meat n bacra bacra
meet v goblen goblen
meeting n gobla gobla
melon n camam camam
memory n kala-cofa kalacofa
menu n manyu manyu
meow v mien mien
merciful adj atufi atufi
mercy n atufa atufa
mess n tohivoha tohivoha
messy adj tohivohi
tohivohi
Middle East n uda
binuni uda binuni
middle adj binuni binuni
114
milk n lixta lixta
million num milyon milyon
mind n kala kala
mine pro de
naci de naci
mink n munuk munuk
minus prep vile-et vile-et
minute n mima mima
Miss title am am
Mohammed n mohamadu
mohamadu
Monday n mom-pasin mompasin
money n dinga dinga
monkey n mamun mamun
month n lelon lelon
moon n lela lela
more adv mere mere
morning n ton-cebca toncebca
Moroccan adj magrebi
magrebi
Morocco n magrebu
magrebu
most adj me me
most n mu mu
mother n vavu
imi vavu imi
motherhood n vavuha
imi vavuha imi
mouse n mikya mikya
moustache n cra-motta
cra-motta
mouth n motta motta
move v harken harken
movement n harka harka
Mr. title am am
.. le
never adv leton leton,
letone letone
Mrs. title am am
Ms. title am am
multicolored adj kor-ceraconi kor-ce-raconi
multiplied by prep tote-et
tote-et
mummy n mamia mamia
New York n nyuyorku
nyuyorku
new adj navoni navoni
Newton n nyutonu nyutonu
next adj ati ati
night n cena cena
nine num nov nov
murder n tira tira
no exp le le
murder v tiren tiren
museum n cec-antika cecantika
none n lu lu
north n nuda nuda
mushrooms n curum curum
northern adj nudi nudi
musician n muzikon
muzikon
nose n cima cima
must aux heten heten, lezen
lezen
my pro naci naci
not adv le le
notice n aluma aluma
notice v noben noben
November n lelon-as-v-
mystery n bazla bazla
onin lelon-as-v-onin
N
now adv ton-di ton-di
number n dzua dzua
name n nama nama
name v binamen binamen
napkin n kercifa kercifa
narrow adj dakki dakki
narrowness n dakka dakka
O
O.K. exp doradori
doradori
Nazi n natzi natzi
October n lelon-onin
lelon-onin
Nazism n natzia natzia
of prep ce ce
necessity n leza leza
often adv meton meton,
neither .. nor conj le
..
le le
metone metone
115
oil n wil wil
P
old adj olti olti
olive n zetun zetun
on prep ope-et ope-et
once upon a time exp ha
yen tonki ha
yen tonki ha yen
yen ha
one-fourth num katod katod
one-third num torod torod
one num as as
only adj ase ase, asi asi
open adj upi upi
open v upen upen
operate v maken maken
or conj u u
orange n orenca orenca
origin n orga orga
originial adj orgi orgi
ostrich n osrux osrux
otter n kemket kemket
our pro noci noci
ours pro de
noci de noci
outer adj barri barri
outside n bara bara
outside prep bare-et bare-et
over prep ope-et ope-et
owl n baykuc baykuc
own v oven oven
owner n ovon ovon
ownership n ova ova
ox n argun argun
116
pain n pyana pyana
painful adj pyani pyani
painter n banton banton
Palestine n falestinu
falestinu
Palestinian adj falestini
falestini
Palestinian n falestinia
falestinia
Palisra n palisrau palisrau
pants n pantalona
pantalona
pardon exp pardonay
na pardonay na
parent n vavu vavu
parenthood n vavuha
vavuha
party n ton-ora ton-ora
pass v vien vien
passionately adv ev
oba
oba ev
Passover n pesaxu pesaxu
past n yavona yavona
peace n olan olan
peach n xaptul xaptul
peacock n tavtuz tavtuz
pear n armut armut
pepper n pret pret
percent n emom emom
perfect adj kamli kamli
plum n kuruk kuruk
perfection n kamla kamla
plus prep ve ve
perish v sociken sociken
pocket n cec-yara cec-yara
person n aruma aruma
poem n yasotin yasotin
phoenix n finik finik
poet n yasoton yasoton
phone v telefonen telefonen
poetry n yasota yasota
piece n pya pya
politician n politikon
politikon
pig n haluf haluf
pigeon n kepter kepter
pineapple n ananas ananas
pink adj rosoni rosoni
place n va va
pond n ponda ponda
possible adj posibili posibili
potato n potata potata
place v ven ven
plan v warehonen
warehonen
planet n kokav kokav
plate n pla pla
Plato n eplatonu eplatonu
Platonic adj eplatoni
eplatoni
Platonism n eplatonia
eplatonia
Platonist n eplatoni eplatoni
play football v fotbolen
fotbolen
play tennis v tenisen tenisen
play n attorina attorina
play v cpilen cpilen
please exp ize
oren
pomegranate n rumman
rumman
oren ize
please v yoren yoren
pleasure n yora yora
practice n tadrib tadrib
praise [a person] n gicura
gicura
praise [a person] v gicuren
gicuren
praise [the Lord] n prua prua
praise [the Lord] v pruen
pruen
pray v salen salen
prayer n sala sala
problem n tapca tapca
professor n profesor
profesor
promise n veda veda
promise v veden veden
promote v kakwajen
kakwajen
promotion n kakwaja
kakwaja
Purim n purimu purimu
purple adj idoni idoni
117
put v vonen vonen
rarely adv peton peton,
puzzle n bazla bazla
petone petone
pyramid n maziga maziga
rat n jardon jardon
Q
quality n kulla kulla
quarter n katod katod
queen n azira azira
question n sola sola
question v solen solen
quick adj viti viti
quickly adv vite vite
quickness n vita vita
quota n kota kota
Qur'An n koranu koranu
R
rabbit n zajik zajik
rain n racca racca
rain v raccen raccen
rainbow n kor-ce-rac
kor-ce-rac
rainy adj racci racci
ray n cea cea
read v karen karen
real adj rii rii
reality n ria ria
really adv rie rie
reason [cause] n era era
reason [logic] n use-kala
use-kala
red adj adoni adoni
referee n gyoja gyoja
religion n dinya dinya
religious adj dinyi dinyi
remember v kala-cofen
kala-cofen
rent v gerden gerden
repeat v reren reren
replace v gegrayen
gegrayen
requirement n leza leza
respect v reten reten
restaurant n cec-manja
cec-manja
resurrect v giabiten giabiten
return n rata rata
raison n kicmic kicmic
return v raten raten
Ramadan n ramadanu
ramadanu
revenge n krista krista
random adj lotti lotti
randomness n lotta lotta
118
right [direction] n mina mina
right [entitelement] n krata
krata
right of prep mine-et mine-et
satisfying adj giori giori
rise v sohen sohen
Saturday n mom-satin
mom-satin
road n via via
roof n yakata yakata
room n cecita cecita
Rosh-Hashanah n
rochacanau rochacanau
rule n azira azira
rule v aziren aziren
ruler n aziron aziron
run v gren gren
Runner-up n junyuca
junyuca
Russia n rucu rucu
Russian adj ruci ruci
Russian n rucia rucia
S
sad adj zoli zoli
sadness n zola zola
Salamite n salami salami
salt n clet clet
same adj otte otte
Santa-Claus n baba-noelu
baba-noelu
Satan n citanu citanu
satisfaction n giora giora,
yora yora
satisfy v gioren gioren,
yoren yoren
say v kolen kolen
sea n tyama tyama
search v cercen cercen
season n ton-cebon toncebon
second adj pasini pasini
second n kika kika
see you later exp el
el cofir
cofir
see v cofen cofen
seem v zimen zimen
separate adj fsili fsili
separate v fsilen fsilen
separation n fsila fsila
September n lelon-novin
lelon-novin
Serb adj serbi serbi
Serbia n serbia serbia
seven num sat sat
Shakespeare n cekspiru
cekspiru
shark n joz joz
she pro hu
imi asi
imi
asi hu
sheep n abram abram
shirt n kamisata kamisata
shoe n bata bata
short adj kasi kasi
shortness n kasa kasa
should aux lezen lezen
119
show v gicofen gicofen
sleep n nomsa nomsa
shut up v zgiten zgiten
sleep v nomsen nomsen
shut v zagen zagen
slow adj clobi clobi
sign n aluma aluma
slowly adv clobe clobe
sign v alumen alumen
slowness n cloba cloba
signal v alumen alumen
small adj cmoli cmoli
signature n alumina alumina
smallness n cmola cmola
silence n zgita zgita
smell n cmila cmila
silence v zgiten zgiten
smell v cimen cimen,
similar adj mteli mteli
bicimen bicimen
similarly adv mtele mtele
snake n hanac hanac
sin n dala dala
snow flake n telgita telgita
sin v dalen dalen
snow n cna cna
since conj emtone emtone
snow v cnen cnen
sincere adj sisiri sisiri
snowy adj cni cni
sincerity n sisira sisira
so as to conj done done
sing v soten soten
so conj dize dize
singer n soton soton
socks n klot-jyaro klotjyaro
sinner n dalon dalon
sister-in-law n pasan-ahu
imi pasan-ahu imi
sister n ahu
imi ahu imi
sisterhood n ahuha ahuha
sit n assen assen
six num ses ses
size n psa psa
sky n ola ola
skylark n torga torga
Slav n slavi slavi
slave n ovin ovin
Slavic n slavi slavi
120
soil n erta erta
soldier n yecon yecon
some adj se se
some pro su su
sometime n seton seton
sometimes adv seton seton,
setone setone
son-in-law n pasan-sunu
omi pasan-sunu omi
son n sunu
omi sunu omi
song n sotin sotin
sorry exp tsutsu tsutsu
soul n havua havua
stop v sizen sizen
sound n sota sota
stork n lelek lelek
source n orga orga
straight adj komini komini
south n suda suda
strawberry n kilek kilek
southern adj sudi sudi
street n via via
space n vakoma vakoma
strength n xazka xazka
Spain n espanu espanu
strong adj xazki xazki
Spaniard n espani espani
student n lehon lehon
Spanish adj espani espani
study n leha leha
speak v darcen darcen
study v lehen lehen
speaker n darcon darcon
stuff n cuo cuo
speech n darca darca
stupid adj tefci tefci
spend v serfen serfen
stupidity n tefca tefca
spider n ankub ankub
subject n azirin azirin
spirit n havua havua
such adj ke ke
spoon n yarita yarita
sugar n sokar sokar
spouse n pasan pasan
suit n rsima rsima
spring n ton-icbon tonicbon
summer n ton-heron tonheron
squirrel n sankur sankur
sumo n ozuma ozuma
stand up v komen komen
sun n cebca cebca
star n serina serina
Sunday n mom-asin momasin
star v seren seren
starhood n sera sera
start n asina asina
start v asinen asinen
state n dola dola
status n dola dola
sunny adj cebci cebci
swan n cvanna cvanna
Syria n suriau suriau
Syrian adj suri suri
stick v ctoken ctoken
T
sticky adj ctoki ctoki
table n tabyula tabyula
stay v bakaken bakaken
121
take v latcen latcen
the art de de
tall adj toli toli
theater n sinema sinema
Talmud n talmudu talmudu
their pro huci huci
tangarine n tangarin
tangarin
theirs pro de
taste n guta guta
taste v biguten biguten
tea n tay tay
tear n yam-merna yammerna
Tehran n tehranu tehranu
television n televiza televiza
tell v gikolen gikolen
Ten Thousand Day celebration
n onedoza onedoza
Ten Thousand Day n mom
onedozi mom onedozi
ten num on on
terrible adj ivani ivani
Texan adj taksasi taksasi
Texas n taksasu taksasu
Thai n taylanti taylanti
Thailand n taylantu
taylantu
thank you very much exp te
dako te dako
thank you exp daka daka
thank v daken daken
Thanksgiving n mom-dakoci mom-dako-ci
that dem za za, zi zi
that rel etki etki, ki ki
122
them pro et
huci de huci
hu et hu
then adv ton-zi ton-zi
then conj adame adame,
dize dize
there adv zayna zayna
therefore conj erge erge
these dem di di, do do
they pro hu hu
thin adj xissi xissi
thing n cua cua
think v ken ken
third adj torini torini
thirteen num tor-v-on torv-on
thirty num toron toron
this dem da da, di di
those dem zi zi, zo zo
thought n kina kina
thousand num doza doza
thread n terda terda
three num tor tor
Thursday n mom-fafin
mom-fafin
Tibet n tebatu tebatu
Tibetan adj tebati tebati
tie n karavatta karavatta
tiger n golpar golpar
Tigris n dijlau dijlau
Trojan adj troadi troadi
time n ton ton
Troy n troadu troadu
tiny adj kiki kiki
true adj trodi trodi
title n dola dola
truth n troda troda
to whom inter elsi elsi
try n tra tra
to whom rel elki elki
try v tren tren
to prep -li -li, el el
Tuesday n mom-torin momtorin
to rel elki elki
today n moma
di moma di
toe n towa towa
turn off v zagen zagen
tomato juice n catina
tomata-ci catina tomata-ci
tomato n tomata tomata
tomorrow n moma
ati
ati
ati moma
tongue n lason lason
tonight n cena
turkey n kurka kurka
Turkish n turki turki
Tokyo n tokyu tokyu
tomorrow night n cena
cena ati
Turkey n turkiau turkiau
di cena di
too adv gamgam gamgam
tooth n dan dan
top n opa opa
Torah n torau torau
tournament n honbaca
honbaca
tradition n tradisyona
tradisyona
turn on v gazen gazen
turtle n tastud tastud
twelve num pas-v-on pas-von
twenty num pason pason
two num pas pas
U
ugliness n galfa galfa
ugly adj galfi galfi
uncle n antu
omi antu omi
under n ota ota
under prep ote-et ote-et
traffic n trafika trafika
underwear n ote-klota oteklota
transparent adj havoni
havoni
union n asuna asuna
trip n ton-via ton-via
unite v asunen asunen
university n universita
universita
123
Unix n uniksu uniksu
wake v sohen sohen
until conj eltone eltone
walk n mca mca
up adv ope ope
walk v mcen mcen
us pro et
walnut n yangak yangak
no et no
use n usa usa
want v boden boden
use v usen usen
war n yecina yecina
utility n usa usa
warm adj verri verri
utilize v usen usen
warra n company company
V
vacuum n vakoma vakoma
Vatican n vatikanu
vatikanu
vegetables n icbo icbo
Venice n venicu venicu
very adv me me
victory n nasra nasra
warren v accompany
accompany
warron n companion
companion
warwara n enchanting
song enchanting song
Washington n wacingtonu
wacingtonu
wasteful n serfi serfi
watch n sayona sayona
watch v cofen cofen
Virginia n virjinu virjinu
water n yam yam
Virginian adj virjini
virjini
watermelon n batix batix
visit n vetona vetona
wawa n heartfelt
laugh heartfelt laugh
visit v vetonen vetonen
voice n sota sota
vulture n xaritaz xaritaz
W
wait n atona atona
wait v atonen atonen
124
way n via via
we pro no no
weak adj viki viki
weakness n vika vika
weasel n agmigan agmigan
weather n vetra vetra
wedding n pasoda pasoda
Wednesday n mom-katin
mom-katin
week n satun satun
wine n van van
well adv kute kute
Winter n ton-berron tonberron
west n vuda vuda
western adj vudi vudi
whale n dagyon dagyon
what inter -si -si, etsi etsi,
osi osi
what rel etki etki, ki ki, oki
oki
wish n yarita yarita
wish v yariten yariten
with whom inter evsi evsi
with whom rel evki evki
with conj -vi -vi, ev ev
with rel evki evki
when inter tonsi tonsi
without prep evle evle
when rel tonki tonki
wolf n volva volva
where inter vasi vasi
woman n ima ima
where rel vaki vaki
word n darcita darcita
which rel etki etki, ki ki
work n bizba bizba
while conj evtone evtone
work v bizben bizben
white adj lavoni lavoni
world n olanta olanta
who inter etsi etsi, osi osi
worm n dundun dundun
who rel ki ki, oki oki
worship n aboda aboda
whom inter etsi etsi
worship v aboden aboden
whom rel etki etki
wrestle n rikicen rikicen
whose inter cesi cesi
wrestler n rikicon rikicon
why inter ersi ersi
write v honen honen
wide adj aridi aridi
writing n yahona yahona
width n arida arida
wife n pasan
imi pasan imi
wild n barri barri
will aux sa sa
win n koca koca
win v kocen kocen
X
X-mas n noelu noelu
X-ray n cea
gzi cea gzi
wind n havo havo
windy adj havoi havoi
125
Y
to, ta ta, to to
yak n gyaga gyaga
yours pro de
young adj yani yani
your pro taci taci, toci toci
year n cebcona cebcona
yellow adj limoni limoni
Yemen n yamanu yamanu
yes exp vi vi
yesterday n moma
ali
ali moma
de
taci de taci,
toci de toci
youth n yana yana
Z
you are welcome exp ev
zero num fec fec
ora ev ora
zoo n cec-kreto cec-kreto
you pro et
126
ta et ta, et
to et
127
Chapter Six
A Delason-English Dictionary
A
a a n existence
abita abita n life
abiten abiten v live
aboda aboda n worship
aboden aboden v worship
abram abram n sheep
abubres abubres n lizard
accompany accompany v
warren
sisterhood
alefbeta alefbeta n alphabet
alen alen v go
ali ali adj last
allahu allahu n Allah
aluma aluma n notice, sign
alumen alumen v mark, sign,
signal
alumina alumina n signature
am am title Miss, Mr., Mrs., Ms.
ama ama n lord
ameriki ameriki adj American
amerikia amerikia n
American
adama adama n front
ameriku ameriku n America
adame-et adame-et prep in
front of
amu amu n Lord
adame adame adv forward
ananas ananas n pineapple
anda anda n arm
adame adame conj after, then
adoni adoni adj red
agmigan agmigan n weasel
ahu
imi ahu imi n sister
ahu
omi ahu omi n brother
ahuha ahuha n brotherhood,
ankub ankub n spider
antiko antiko n antiques
antu
imi antu imi n aunt
antu
omi antu omi n uncle
anusa anusa n ass
arabi arabi adj Arabian,
Arabic
arabia arabia n Arab,
Arabic
arabu arabu n Arabia
arboni arboni adj brown
arca arca n breakfast
argun argun n ox
arida arida n width
aridi aridi adj wide
armut armut n pear
arsa arsa n art
arselan arselan n lion
arsi arsi adj artistic
arson arson n artist
aruma aruma n person
as-v-on as-v-on num eleven
as as num one
asasa asasa n base
asasi asasi n basic
ase ase adj only
asi asi adj only
asina asina n begining, start
asinen asinen v begin, start
asini asini adj first
assa assa n chair
assen assen n sit
asuna asuna n union
asunen asunen v unite
asyai asyai adj Asian, Asiatic
asyau asyau n Asia
ati ati adj next
atir atir v come
atona atona n wait
atonen atonen v wait
attora attora n acting
[theater]
attoren attoren v act
[theater]
attorina attorina n act
[theater], play
atufa atufa n mercy
atufi atufi adj merciful
atuli atuli adj everlasting
awa awa n dog
awen awen v bark
axilisu axilisu n Achilles
aynctaynu aynctaynu n
Einstein
azira azira n dominion,
king, queen, rule
aziren aziren v rule
azirin azirin n subject
aziron aziron n dean, ruler
B
-bi -bi prep in
baba-noelu baba-noelu n
Santa-Claus
babela babela n confusion
babelen babelen v confuse
babeli babeli adj confusing
129
babelini babelini adj
confused
babelu babelu n Babel
bacra bacra n meat
baykuc baykuc n owl
bayrutu bayrutu n Beirut
baytul baytul n horse
badam badam n almonds
bazla bazla n mystery,
puzzle
badawa badawa n bedouin
berri berri adj cold
badawi badawi adj bedouin
betlahmu betlahmu n
Bethlehem
badi badi adj far
bagdadu bagdadu n
Baghdad
biblu biblu n Bible
biboren biboren v be bored
bahai bahai adj Baha'i
bicimen bicimen v smell
bahaia bahaia n Baha'i
bicnen bicnen v freeze
bakaken bakaken v stay
bicofen bicofen v look
bakalor bakalor n bachelor
biguten biguten v taste
balam balam n donkey
binamen binamen v name
bale bale n ballet
binune binune prep among,
between
balerina balerina n
ballerina
binuni binuni adj middle
banana banana n banana
biora biora n enjoyment
banka banka n bank
bioren bioren v enjoy
banton banton n painter
bixatsen bixatsen v hurt
bara bara n creation, outside
bixatsi bixatsi adj hurt
bare-et bare-et prep outside
bizba bizba n work
baren baren v create
bizben bizben v work
barri barri adj outer
bizbi bizbi adj busy
barri barri n wild
bla bla n lip
baski baski adj Basque
blisa blisa n blessing
basku basku n Basque
blisen blisen v bless
bata bata n building, shoe
blisini blisini adj blessed,
endowed
baten baten v build
batin batin n building
batix batix n watermelon
130
boden boden v want
bokan bokan n antelope
bomarca bomarca n
cheapness
bomarci bomarci adj cheap
bora bora n boredom
cea
gzi cea gzi n X-ray
cea cea n ray
cebca cebca n sun
boren boren v bore
cebci cebci adj bright, light
[color], sunny
bori bori adj boring
cebcina cebcina n brightness
borini borini adj bored
cebcona cebcona n year
bova bova n bow
cec-antika cec-antika n
museum
boven boven v bow
brasilia brasilia n Brasilia
brazili brazili adj Brazilian
brazilu brazilu n Brazil
bricta bricta n head
britani britani adj British
britanu britanu n Britain
bubula bubula n baby
budau budau n Buddha
budi budi n Buddhist
budia budia n Buddhism
C
cadona cadona n blackness
cadoni cadoni adj black
camam camam n melon
cec-arsa cec-arsa n gallery
cec-kreto cec-kreto n zoo
cec-manja cec-manja n
restaurant
cec-msiha cec-msiha n
Christendom
cec-yara cec-yara n pocket
ceca ceca n house
cecita cecita n room
ceha ceha n appetite
cekspiru cekspiru n
Shakespeare
cena ati cena ati n
tomorrow night
cena
di cena di n tonight
cena cena n night
cercen cercen v search
ceri ceri adj expensive
cesi cesi inter whose
caten caten v drink
cima cima n nose
catina tomata-ci catina
tomata-ci n tomato juice
cimen cimen v smell
catina catina n drink, juice
cini cini adj Chinese
cinia cinia n Chinese
ce ce prep of
cinu cinu n China
131
cira cira n circle
cire cire prep around
ciri ciri adj circular
cirita cirita n circle diacritic
citanu citanu n Satan
clet clet n salt
cloba cloba n slowness
clobe clobe adv slowly
clobi clobi adj slow
cmila cmila n smell
cmola cmola n smallness
cmoli cmoli adj small
cna cna n ice, snow
cnen cnen v snow
cni cni adj snowy
cofa cofa n eye
cofen cofen v look, see, watch
cofini cofini adj manifest
cofito cofito n glasses
cokolada cokolada n
chocolate
coma coma n ear
comen comen v hear
companion companion n
warron
company company n warra
cpil-cuca cpil-cuca n
firework
cpilen cpilen v play
cra-cofo cra-cofo n eye
lashes
cra-fissa cra-fissa n
132
beard
cra-motta cra-motta n
moustache
cro cro n hair
cta cta n city
ctoka ctoka n addiction,
adhesion
ctoken ctoken v stick
ctoki ctoki adj addictive,
sticky
ctokon ctokon n glue
cua cua n thing
cuca cuca n fire
cucen cucen v burn
cuci cuci adj aflame
cuo cuo n stuff
cura cura n honor
curum curum n mushrooms
cvanna cvanna n swan
D
da da dem this
dada dada n invitation
daden daden v invite
dadin dadin n guest
daga daga n fish
dagyon dagyon n whale
daka daka exp thank you
daken daken v thank
dakka dakka n narrowness
dakki dakki adj narrow
dijlau dijlau n Tigris
dala dala n sin
dilul dilul n fox
dalen dalen v sin
dimacku dimacku n
Damascus
dalon dalon n sinner
dan dan n tooth
danita danita n knife
dara dara n back
darca darca n speech
darcen darcen v speak
darcita darcita n word
darcon darcon n speaker
darwinu darwinu n Darwin
dayna dayna adv here
de huci
pro hers
imi de huci imi
de huci
pro his
omi de huci omi
dinga dinga n money
dinya dinya n religion
dinyi dinyi adj religious
dize dize conj so, then
do do dem these
dohya dohya n boxing ring
dok dok title Dr.
doktor doktor n doctor
dola dola n state, status, title
dolar dolar n dollar
donalda donalda n duck
done done conj in order to, so
as to
de
huci de huci pro theirs
donen donen v award, give
de
naci de naci pro mine
donina donina n gift
de
noci de noci pro ours
de
taci de taci pro yours
doradora doradora n
agreement
de
toci de toci pro yours
de de art the
deca deca n decision
decen decen v decide
delason delason n Delason
delta delta n door,
introduction
derison derison n direction
desa desa n dance
desen desen v dance
di di dem these, this
doradoren doradoren v
agree
doradori doradori exp
O.K.
doza doza num thousand
druga druga n dress
dua dua n light
duda duda adj dear
dundun dundun n worm
dundunerta dundunerta n
earthworm
dzua dzua n number
133
E
eb eb prep in
eden eden v hide
edi edi adj hidden
el cofir el cofir exp see
you later
el el prep to
elektra elektra n electricity
era era n cause, reason [cause]
ere ere conj because
eren eren v cause
erge erge conj therefore
ersi ersi inter why
erta erta n earth, soil
erton erton n dust
ertyama ertyama n island
espani espani adj Spanish
espani espani n Spaniard
espanu espanu n Spain
elki elki rel to, to whom
esusu esusu n Jesus
elsi elsi inter to whom
et
eltone eltone conj until
elua elua n god
eluau eluau n God
em em prep at, from
emki emki rel from, from whom
emom emom n percent
emsi emsi inter from whom
emtone emtone conj since
en en v be
enaten enaten v become
enchanting song
enchanting song n warwara
eplatoni eplatoni adj Platonic
eplatoni eplatoni n Platonist
eplatonia eplatonia n
Platonism
eplatonu eplatonu n Plato
eppase eppase conj but
134
hu
et hu
him
imi et hu imi pro her
omi et hu omi pro
et
hu et hu pro it, them
et
na et na pro me
et
no et no pro us
et
ta et ta pro you
et
to et to pro you
etki etki rel that, what, which,
whom
eto eto pro it
etsi etsi inter what, who,
whom
ev ceha ev ceha exp bon
appetit
ev oba ev oba adv
passionately
ev olan ev olan exp
goodbye
ev ora ev ora exp you are
welcome
ev serta ev serta adv
certainly
ev ev conj and, with
evki evki rel with, with whom
evle evle prep without
evli evli adj free [no price]
evsi evsi inter with whom
evtone evtone conj as long as,
while
evva evva n addition
evven evven v add
F
faf faf num five
fafon fafon num fifty
falestini falestini adj
Palestinian
falestinia falestinia n
Palestinian
falestinu falestinu n
Palestine
fec fec num zero
fen fen v do
fenfen fenfen v act [do]
filfil filfil n elephant
finik finik n phoenix
fissa fissa n face
fita fita n adjustment
fitagorosi fitagorosi adj
Pythagorean
fiten fiten v adjust
folen folen v descend, fall
fonten fonten v find
fontini fontini adj found
forda forda n car
forden forden v drive
fordon fordon n driver
fotbolen fotbolen v play
football
fransi fransi adj French
fransia fransia n French
fransu fransu n France
froydu froydu n Freud
fruga fruga n frog
fsila fsila n separation
fsilen fsilen v separate
fsili fsili adj separate
fuli fuli adj full
fusuhu fusuhu n Easter
G
gadsa gadsa n holiness
gadsi gadsi adj holy
galen galen v equal
galeria galeria n gallery
galfa galfa n ugliness
galfi galfi adj ugly
galgola galgola n
management
135
galgolen galgolen v manage
gicucen gicucen v enflame
galgolina galgolina n
account
gicura gicura n praise [a
person]
galgolon galgolon n
accountant, manager
gicuren gicuren v praise [a
person]
gali gali adj equal
giduen giduen v enlighten
game-et game-et prep
including
gien gien v make
gamgam gamgam adv also, too
gigdola gigdola n
magnification
gamgam gamgam conj in
addition
gigdolen gigdolen v
magnify
gamgama gamgama n
inclusion
gigraten gigraten v absolve
gamgame-et gamgame-et
prep in addition to
gamgame gamgame adv
additionally
gamgamen gamgamen v
include
gata gata n cake
gazal gazal n gazelle
gazen gazen v turn on
gdola gdola n largeness
gdolen gdolen v grow
gdoli gdoli adj large
gdoli gdoli n big
gegrayen gegrayen v
replace
gerden gerden v rent
giabiten giabiten v resurrect
gicnen gicnen v freeze
gicofen gicofen v guide,
show
gicomen gicomen v listen
136
giken giken v acknowledge
gikolen gikolen v tell
gilua gilua n legalization
giluen giluen v legalize
gimakbeta gimakbeta n
blame
gimakbeten gimakbeten v
blame
giora giora n satisfaction
gioren gioren v satisfy
giori giori adj satisfying
gitamen gitamen v correct
giyen giyen v actualize, deliver
gobla gobla n meeting
goblen goblen v meet
gohi gohi adj hungry
golpar golpar n tiger
gora gora n heart
gota gota n cheese
gova gova n government
goven goven v govern
gowa gowa n inside
hargen hargen v graduate
gowe-et gowe-et prep inside
harka harka n movement
gowi gowi adj inner
harken harken v move
grata grata n freedom
harmageddu harmageddu
n Armageddon
grate grate adv liberally
graten graten v free
[liberated]
hava hava n air
havani havani adj dry
grati grati adj free [liberated]
havo havo n wind
graya graya n change
havoi havoi adj windy
grayen grayen v change
havoni havoni adj
transparent
gren gren v run
havua havua n soul, spirit
guta guta n taste
heartfelt laugh
heartfelt laugh n wawa
guz guz n goose
gyaga gyaga n yak
gyoja gyoja n referee
H
ha
yen
heno yerci heno yerci n
fortune scrolls
herri herri adj hot
heta heta n importance
heten heten aux must
heti heti adj important
tonki
ha
yen ha yen tonki ha yen exp
once upon a time
habaci habaci adj
Abyssinian
habacu habacu n Abyssinia
halowinu halowinu n
Halloween
haluf haluf n pig
hanac hanac n snake
hanukau hanukau n
Chanukah, Hanukkah
harga harga n graduation
hickoka hickoka n fear
hickoken hickoken v fear
hickoki hickoki adj afraid
hona hona n book
honbaca honbaca n
tournament
honen honen v compose,
write
honin honin n letter
hu
she
imi
asi hu imi asi pro
hu
omi hu omi pro he
hu hu pro it, they
137
huci
imi huci imi pro her
isi isi adj easy
huci huci pro its, their
israeli israeli adj Israeli
I
israelu israelu n Israel
icbo icbo n vegetables
icboni icboni adj green
ida ida n help
iden iden v help
idoni idoni adj purple
igeptu igeptu n Egypt
ilan ilan n advertisement
ilanen ilanen v advertise
ima ima n female, woman
imaksu imaksu n Emacs
imel imel n email
imelen imelen v email
imi imi adj feminine
ine ine adj any
ingli ingli adj English
inglia inglia n English
inglu inglu n England
inni inni adj cloudy
inno inno n clouds
intelga intelga n intelligence
intelgi intelgi adj intelligent
internet internet n internet
iraku iraku n Iraq
isa isa n easiness
138
itaha itaha n floor
ivani ivani adj terrible
ivne ivne adv even
ivnize ivnize conj even if
ixe ixe adj each
iyaga iyaga n jealousy
iyagi iyagi adj jealous
ize
ir ize ir adv hopefully
ize oren ize oren exp
excuse me, please
ize ize conj if
J
jaketa jaketa n jacket
jamal jamal n camel
jardon jardon n rat
javau javau n Java
jenya jenya n engineering
jenyon jenyon n engineer
joz joz n shark
jua jua n enjoyment, joy
juen juen v enjoy
jui jui adj joyful
junyuca junyuca n Runnerup
jyara jyara n foot
K
kadera kadera n destiny
kafa kafa n coffee
kagwa kagwa n crow
kahola kahola n alcohol
kakuk kakuk n cuckoo
kakwaja kakwaja n
promotion
excellent
karota karota n carrots
kasa kasa n shortness
kasi kasi adj short
kaswaja kaswaja n
demotion
kaswajen kaswajen v
demote
kat kat num four
katca katca n majority
katod katod n quarter
katod katod num one-fourth
kakwajen kakwajen v
promote
katon katon num forty
kala-cofa kala-cofa n
memory
kayka kayka n gull
kala-cofen kala-cofen v
remember
katrina katrina n hurricane
ke ke adj such
kefe kefe adj enough
kala kala n knowledge, mind
keklik keklik n chicken
kalen kalen v know
kemket kemket n otter
kalini kalini adj known
ken ken v think
kamisata kamisata n shirt
kepter kepter n pigeon
kamla kamla n perfection
kercifa kercifa n
handkerchief, napkin
kamli kamli adj perfect
kamun kamun n cumin
kanarka kanarka n canary
kapkup kapkup n cockroach
karama karama n dignity
karavatta karavatta n tie
karen karen v read
karnega karnega n
excellence
karnegi karnegi adj
ki ki rel that, what, which, who
kicmic kicmic n raison
kika kika n bit, second
kiki kiki adj tiny
kikik kikik n grasshopper
kilek kilek n strawberry
kina kina n thought
kiraz kiraz n cherry
kirkira kirkira n laugh
139
kirkiren kirkiren v laugh
kirkirita kirkirita n joke
kirkiron kirkiron n
comedian
kirkirona kirkirona n
comedy
kirpa kirpa n hedgehog
kla kla n amusement
klen klen v amuse
klon klon n clown
klot-jyaro klot-jyaro n
socks
klot klot n clothing
koca koca n win
kocen kocen v win
kocra kocra n approval
kocren kocren v approve
kocri kocri adj approved
koda koda n judgement
koden koden v judge
kodon kodon n judge
kokav
Earth
ertu kokav ertu n
kokav kokav n planet
kokmuc kokmuc n gadfly
kolen kolen v say
komen komen v stand up
komini komini adj straight
kompa kompa n completeness
kompen kompen v complete
kompi kompi adj complete
kompyuter kompyuter n
140
computer
komsa komsa n amount
komse komse inter how many,
how much
komsi komsi inter how
konfusi konfusi adj
Confucian
konfusu konfusu n
Confucius
kopa kopa n hat
kor-ce-rac kor-ce-rac n
rainbow
kor-ce-raconi kor-ceraconi adj multicolored
koranu koranu n Koran,
Qur'An
kota kota n cost, quota
koten koten v cost
krata krata n right
[entitelement]
kreta kreta n animal
kricnau kricnau n Krishna
krista krista n revenge
krusa krusa n cross
kulla kulla n quality
kulya kulya n college
kurka kurka n turkey
kuruk kuruk n plum
kurusa kurusa n curiosity
kurusi kurusi adj curious
kuta kuta n goodness
kute kute adv well
kuti kuti adj fine, good
L
leli leli adj dark
lelina lelina n darkness
lelon-as-v-onin lelonas-v-onin n November
-li -li prep to
ladoni ladoni adj gray
lason-leha lason-leha n
linguistics
lason lason n language,
tongue
lasvegasu lasvegasu n
Las-Vegas
latcen latcen v take
latfa latfa n beauty
latfe-kala latfe-kala n
conscience
latfe latfe adv beautifully
latfen latfen v beautify
latfi latfi adj beautiful
lavoni lavoni adj white
le ..
nor
le le .. le conj neither ..
le le adv not
le le exp no
lece lece adj less
lega lega n egg
leha leha n learning, study
lehen lehen v learn, study
lehini lehini adj eduacted
lehon lehon n student
lela lela n moon
lelek lelek n stork
lelon-asin lelon-asin n
January
lelon-fafin lelon-fafin n
May
lelon-katin lelon-katin n
April
lelon-monin lelon-monin n
August
lelon-novin lelon-novin n
September
lelon-onin lelon-onin n
October
lelon-pas-v-onin lelonpas-v-onin n December
lelon-pasin lelon-pasin n
February
lelon-satin lelon-satin n
July
lelon-sesin lelon-sesin n
June
lelon-torin lelon-torin n
March
lelon lelon n month
letami letami adj false,
incorrect
leton leton adv never
letone letone adv never
leyana leyana n adulthood
leyani leyani n adult
leza leza n necessity,
requirement
lezen lezen aux must, should
141
lezzi lezzi adj delicious
makbeta makbeta n guilt
limon limon n acid, lemon
makbeten makbeten v be
guilty
limoni limoni adj acidic,
yellow
makbeti makbeti adj guilty
limonia limonia n acidity
maken maken v operate
lispu lispu n Lisp
makentocu makentocu n
Macintosh
lixa lixa n lie
lixen lixen v lie [deceive]
lixta lixta n milk
logma logma n lunch
lota lota n catch
loten loten v catch
lotta lotta n randomness
lotti lotti adj random
lotto lotto n lottery
lu lu n none
lua lua n law
lui lui adj legal
luon luon n lawyer
M
-mi -mi prep at, from
mafta mafta n death
maften maften v die
mafti mafti adj dead
magrebi magrebi adj
Moroccan
magrebu magrebu n
Morocco
142
makina makina n machine
mamia mamia n mummy
mamun mamun n monkey
manja manja n meal
manjen manjen v eat
manjina manjina n food
manyu manyu n menu
masru masru n Cairo
masuba masuba n bout
mawac mawac n belt
maxa maxa adj anger
maxi maxi adj angry
maziga maziga n pyramid
mca mca n walk
mcen mcen v walk
me me adj most
me me adv very
memu memu n lots
mere mere adv more
merna merna n grief
mernen mernen v cry, grieve
meryama meryama n grace
meryami meryami adj
gracious
meton meton adv often
metone metone adv often
meza meza n dirtiness
mezi mezi adj dirty
mia mia n cat
mien mien v meow
mikya mikya n mouse
mila mila n dinner
milyon milyon num million
mima mima n minute
mimic mimic n kitten
mina mina n right [direction]
mine-et mine-et prep right of
mnixi mnixi adj kind
moden moden v lie [recline]
mohamadu mohamadu n
Mohammed
mom onedozi mom
onedozi n Ten Thousand Day
mom-asin mom-asin n
Sunday
mom-cecin mom-cecin n
Friday
mom-dako-ci mom-dako-ci
n Thanksgiving
Tuesday
moma ali moma ali n
yesterday
moma ati moma ati n
tomorrow
moma
di moma di n today
moma moma n day
momya momya n curse
motta motta n mouth
msihi msihi adj Chirstian
msihu msihu n Christ
msiva msiva n family
mtele mtele adv similarly
mteli mteli adj similar
mtile mtile prep as, like
mu mu n most
muc muc n fly
munuk munuk n mink
muzikon muzikon n musician
N
mom-fafin mom-fafin n
Thursday
na na pro I
mom-katin mom-katin n
Wednesday
nakca nakca n incompleteness
naci naci pro my
mom-nu mom-nu n birthday
nakci nakci adj incomplete
mom-pasin mom-pasin n
Monday
nakva nakva n cleanness
mom-satin mom-satin n
Saturday
nakvi nakvi adj clean
nama nama n name
mom-torin mom-torin n
namla namla n ant
143
nasra nasra n victory
naten naten v jump
natzi natzi n Nazi
natzia natzia n Nazism
navoni navoni adj new
nila nila n knee
niponi niponi adj Japanese
niponia niponia n Japanese
niponu niponu n Japan
nizar nizar n elixir
no no pro we
noba noba n attention
noben noben v notice
nobi nobi adj attentive
noci noci pro our
noelu noelu n Christmas, Xmas
nomsa nomsa n sleep
nomsen nomsen v sleep
nomsi nomsi adj asleep
nov nov num nine
nua nua n birth
nuda nuda n north
nudi nudi adj northern
nuen nuen v be born
nuta nuta n craziness
nuti nuti adj crazy
nyutonu nyutonu n Newton
nyuyorku nyuyorku n New
York
O
o o pro it
oba oba n love
oben oben v like, love
oci oci pro its
oden oden v be used to
oga oga n age
oki oki rel what, who
okt okt num eight
ola ola n sky
olan olan exp hello
olan olan n peace
olanta olanta n world
olo olo n Heavens
olte olte conj although, despite
olti olti adj old
om om num hundred
oma oma n man
omi omi adj masculine
on on num ten
onedoza onedoza n Ten
Thousand Day celebration
opa opa n top
ope-et ope-et prep on, over
ope ope adv up
ora ora n happiness
oren oren n be pleased
orenca orenca n orange
144
orga orga n origin, source
orgi orgi adj originial
ori ori adj happy
orora orora n aurora
orsa orsa n bear
osi osi inter what, who
oslanti oslanti n foreigner
osrux osrux n ostrich
ostenu ostenu n Austin
ostrali ostrali adj
Australian
ostralu ostralu n Australia
ota ota n bottom, under
ote-et ote-et prep under
ote-klota ote-klota n
underwear
ote ote adv down
otel otel n hotel
otomata otomata n
automation
otomaten otomaten v
automate
otomati otomati adj automatic
otre otre adj different
otricba otricba n fruit
otte otte adj same
ova ova n ownership
oven oven v own
ovin ovin n slave
ovon ovon n owner
ozuma ozuma n sumo
P
pa pa n ability
paha paha n end
pahen pahen v end
pahini pahini adj last
palisrau palisrau n Palisra
pantalona pantalona n
pants
pardonay
na exp pardon
na pardonay
pas-v-on pas-v-on num
twelve
pas pas conj but
pas pas num two
pasa pasa n couple
pasan
imi pasan imi n wife
pasan
husband
omi pasan omi n
pasan-ahu imi pasanahu imi n sister-in-law
pasan-ahu omi pasanahu omi n brother-in-law
pasan-sunu imi pasansunu imi n daughter-in-law
pasan-sunu omi
pasan-sunu omi n son-in-law
pasan pasan n spouse
pasini pasini adj second
pasle-et pasle-et conj except
pasod pasod n half
145
pasoda pasoda n wedding
pason pason num twenty
paza paza n comparison
pazen pazen v compare
pazi pazi adj comparable
pe pe adj few
peklik peklik n chick
pen
ir pen ir exp may be
pen pen aux can
pepu pepu n little
pesaxu pesaxu n Passover
peton peton adv rarely
petone petone adv rarely
pez pez n decimal point
pi pi adj able
pila pila n feeling
pilen pilen v feel
pla pla n plate
plena plena n airplane
politikon politikon n
politician
ponda ponda n pond
ponta ponta n font
pope-et pope-et prep divided
by
popen popen v divide
posibili posibili adj possible
potata potata n potato
pret pret n pepper
profesor profesor n
professor
prua prua n praise [the Lord]
146
pruen pruen v praise [the
Lord]
psa psa n size
pu pu n few
purimu purimu n Purim
pya pya n piece
pyana pyana n pain
pyani pyani adj painful
R
racca racca n rain
raccen raccen v rain
racci racci adj rainy
ramadanu ramadanu n
Ramadan
rata rata n return
raten raten v return
raya raya n badness, evil
rayi rayi adj bad, evil
reren reren v repeat
reten reten v respect
ria ria n reality
rie rie adv really
rigade rigade prep as for
rii rii adj real
rikicen rikicen n wrestle
rikicon rikicon n wrestler
riponta riponta n answer
riponten riponten v answer
rochacanau rochacanau
n Rosh-Hashanah
rosoni rosoni adj pink
rsima rsima n suit
ruci ruci adj Russian
rucia rucia n Russian
rucu rucu n Russia
rumman rumman n
pomegranate
S
-si -si inter what
sa sa aux will
saftu imi saftu imi n
grandmother
saftu omi saftu omi n
grandfather
sake-et sake-et prep for
sala sala n prayer
salami salami n Salamite
salen salen v pray
sankur sankur n squirrel
sara sara n left
sare-et sare-et prep left of
sari sari adj left
sat sat num seven
satulen satulen v intoxicate
satulini satulini adj drunk
satun satun n week
saya saya n hour
sayona sayona n watch
sba sba n color
sboba sboba n chest
se se adj some
sera sera n starhood
serbi serbi adj Serb
serbia serbia n Serbia
seren seren v star
serfen serfen v spend
serfi serfi n wasteful
serina serina n star
serta serta n certainty
ses ses num six
seton seton adv sometimes
seton seton n sometime
setone setone adv sometimes
simay simay exp be careful
simi simi adj careful
sinema sinema n cinema,
theater
sisira sisira n sincerity
sisiri sisiri adj sincere
sizen sizen v stop
slavi slavi n Slav, Slavic
soba soba n hardness
sobi sobi adj hard
socika socika n destruction
sociken sociken v destroy,
perish
soha soha n awakening
sohen sohen v rise, wake
147
sohi sohi adj awake
tadrib tadrib n practice
sokar sokar n sugar
taksasi taksasi adj Texan
sola sola n question
taksasu taksasu n Texas
solen solen v ask, question
talmudu talmudu n Talmud
soliden soliden v implore
tami tami adj correct
solta solta n authority,
control
tamra tamra n dates
solten solten v control
tangarin tangarin n
tangarine
solti solti adj authoritative
tapca tapca n problem
sota sota n sound, voice
tapwa tapwa n apple
soten soten v sing
tasten tasten v hate
sotin sotin n song
tasti tasti adj hateful
soton soton n singer
tastini tastini adj hated
su su pro some
tastud tastud n turtle
sua sua n health
tata tata n chief
suda suda n south
tavtuz tavtuz n peacock
sudi sudi adj southern
tay tay n tea
sui sui adj healthy
taylanti taylanti n Thai
sunu imi sunu imi n
daughter
taylantu taylantu n
Thailand
sunu
tazik tazik n beetle
omi sunu omi n son
suri suri adj Syrian
tcua tcua n cough
suriau suriau n Syria
tcuen tcuen v cough
susa susa n cup, glass
te barko te barko exp
congratulations
T
ta ta pro you
tabyula tabyula n table
taci taci pro your
148
te dako te dako exp thank
you very much
te
kuti te kuti adj excellent
te te adj all, every
te te adv extremely
tebati tebati adj Tibetan
tebatu tebatu n Tibet
tefca tefca n stupidity
tefci tefci adj stupid
tehranu tehranu n Tehran
telefonen telefonen v phone
televiza televiza n television
telgita telgita n snow flake
tenisen tenisen v play tennis
terda terda n thread
teton teton adv always
tetone tetone adv always
timsax timsax n alligator
tira tira n murder
tiren tiren v kill, murder
to to pro you
toci toci pro your
tohivoha tohivoha n mess
tohivohi tohivohi adj
formless, messy
tokyu tokyu n Tokyo
tola tola n height
toli toli adj tall
tomata tomata n tomato
ton-berron ton-berron n
Winter
ton-cebca ton-cebca n
morning
ton-cebon ton-cebon n
season
ton-di ton-di adv now
ton-heron ton-heron n
summer
ton-icbon ton-icbon n
spring
ton-ladon ton-ladon n
autumn
ton-lela ton-lela n evening
ton-ora ton-ora n festivity,
party
ton-oren ton-oren v
celebrate
ton-via ton-via n trip
ton-zi ton-zi adv then
ton ton n time
tonki tonki rel when
tonsi tonsi inter when
tor-v-on tor-v-on num
thirteen
tor tor num three
tora tora n flight
torau torau n Torah
toren toren v fly
torga torga n skylark
torini torini adj third
torita torita n bird
torod torod num one-third
toron toron num thirty
tote-et tote-et prep multiplied
by
towa towa n finger, toe
towita towita n fork
tra tra n attempt, try
tradisyona tradisyona n
tradition
trafika trafika n traffic
tren tren v attempt, try
troadi troadi adj Trojan
149
troadu troadu n Troy
usen usen v use, utilize
troda troda n truth
uzum uzum n grapes
troden troden v be truthful
V
trodi trodi adj true
tseta tseta n fat
tsutsu tsutsu exp sorry
tu tu n all
tunisu tunisu n Tunis,
Tunisia
turki turki n Turkish
turkiau turkiau n Turkey
tyama tyama n sea
U
u
..
-vi -vi conj with
va va n place
vaki vaki rel where
vakoma vakoma n space,
vacuum
van van n wine
vasi vasi inter where
vatikanu vatikanu n Vatican
u u .. u conj either .. or
u u conj or
uda binuni uda binuni n
Middle East
uda uda n east
udi udi adj eastern
ular ular n cock
uniksu uniksu n Unix
universita universita n
university
vavu
imi vavu imi n mother
vavu
omi vavu omi n father
vavu vavu n parent
vavuha
motherhood
imi vavuha imi n
vavuha
fatherhood
omi vavuha omi n
vavuha vavuha n parenthood
ve ve conj and
ve ve prep plus
veda veda n promise
veden veden v promise
upen upen v open
vehen vehen v happen
upi upi adj open
ven ven v place
uruk uruk n apricot
venicu venicu n Venice
usa usa n use, utility
verri verri adj warm
use-kala use-kala n reason
[logic]
veslen veslen v arrive
150
vesxa vesxa n heaviness
wara wara n behind
vesxi vesxi adj fat, heavy
ware-et ware-et prep behind
vetona vetona n visit
ware ware adv backward
vetonen vetonen v visit
ware ware conj before
vetra vetra n weather
warehonen warehonen v
plan
vi vi exp yes
via via n road, street, way
vien vien v pass
vika vika n weakness
viki viki adj weak
vile-et vile-et prep minus
wil wil n oil
X
virjini virjini adj Virginian
xaptul xaptul n peach
virjinu virjinu n Virginia
xaritaz xaritaz n vulture
visla visla n arrival
vita vita n quickness
vite vite adv quickly
viti viti adj quick
vodiren vodiren v mean
volva volva n wolf
vonen vonen v become, put
vuda vuda n west
vudi vudi adj western
W
wacingtonu wacingtonu n
Washington
wala wala n awe
wamaka wamaka n depth
wamaki wamaki adj deep
xatsa xatsa n accident,
injury
xatsen xatsen v hurt, injure
xazka xazka n strength
xazki xazki adj strong
xessi xessi adj light [weight]
xissa xissa n lightness
xissi xissi adj thin
Y
ya ya n existence
yacira yacira n arch
yacucen yacucen v burst,
explode
yahona yahona n article,
document, writing
151
yahwehu yahwehu n
Jehovah
yakata yakata n roof
yalen yalen v leave
yaleza yaleza n desire, lust
yalezen yalezen v desire
yalpuz yalpuz n leopard
yam-merna yam-merna n
tear
yam yam n water
yamani yamani adj humid
yamanu yamanu n Yemen
yamna yamna n belief
yamnen yamnen v believe
yazben yazben v attract
yazbi yazbi adj attractive
yeca yeca n army
yecina yecina n war
yecinen yecinen v fight
yecon yecon n soldier
yen yen v exist
yerca yerca n luck
yerci yerci adj lucky
yesra yesra n attack
yesren yesren v attack
yora yora n delight, pleasure,
satisfaction
yamoni yamoni adj blue
yoren yoren v delight, please,
satisfy
yana yana n youth
yori yori adj delightful
yanamen yanamen v define
Z
yanamita yanamita n
definition
yangak yangak n walnut
yani yani adj young
yara yara n hand
yarita yarita n spoon, wish
yariten yariten v wish
yasota yasota n poetry
yasotin yasotin n poem
yasoton yasoton n poet
yatona yatona n future
yatoren yatoren v hover
yaviyen yaviyen v cross
yavona yavona n past
yazba yazba n attraction
152
za za dem that
zagen zagen v shut, turn off
zajik zajik n rabbit
zara zara n button
zayna zayna adv there
zetun zetun n olive
zgita zgita n silence
zgiten zgiten v shut up,
silence
zi zi dem that, those
zika zika n body
zimen zimen v seem
zobxa zobxa n bread
zirap zirap n giraffe
zola zola n sadness
zmela zmela n friendship
zoli zoli adj sad
zmelen zmelen v befriend
zuluk zuluk n leech
zmelin zmelin n friend
zo zo dem those
153
DE PAHA
DE PAHA
THE END
154
© 1990-2012 Nizar Habash. All Rights Reserved.
155