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Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)
Micro-satellites (50 KG)
for the fundamental and applied
sciences.
Capacity building for
Russian Academy of Sciences.
L.M.Zelenyi, S.I. Klimov. A.V.Gurevich
1) Lebedev’s
2)
Physical Instituteof RAS , Moscow, RF
Space Research Institute of RAS (IKI), Moscow, RF
1
THE PUBLIC FACE OF SPACE – STRASBOURG -17-02-2010
MICROSATELLITES
•
•
•
•
MOTIVATION ::EDUCATION+GOOD SCIENCE
VISIBLE RESULT
HIGH EFFECT /COST RATIO
PIGGY BACK LAUNCH OPPORTUNITIES
(USING ISS INFRASTRUCTURE)
• EARLY LINKS BETWEEN PROJECT
SCIENTISTS AND PROJECT ENGINEERS
• ATTRACTION FOR YOUNG SCIENTISTS
2
OUR EXPERIENCE
•
•
•
•
COLIBRI (2002)
CHIBIS #1 (2010)
CHIBIS#2 (2012?)
CHIBIS#3 ?
CHIBIS=LAPWING3
Russian Academy of Sciences
At present IKI studies three types of the payload
for micro-satellite platform «Chibis" for the
solution of the problems:
• 1. Study of the new physical mechanisms of
the electrical discharges in the atmosphere “Chibis- M".
• 2. Monitoring greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere of the Earth - “Chibis- K.
• 3. Regional studies. Project “BalkanSat".
4
LAUNCHED FROM
ISS CARGO SHIP
”PROGRESS”
Launched
2002
Operation
4 months
“Colibri-2000”
Total mass – 20.5 kg
5
TESTING OF THE
TRANSPORT
_LAUNCH
CONTAINER
SCHOOLBOYS
FROM
KALUGA AND
OBNINSK
COLIBRI TESTING
IN SPACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE VACUUM CHAMBER (~100 м3)
INSERTING COLIBRI MICROSATELLITE INTO TRANSPORT
CONTAINER FOR ISS DELIVERY
COLIBRI DATA ANALYSIS
SCHOOLS FROM RUSSIA AND AUSTRALIA
10
LIGHTNINGS
11
1. Study of the new physical mechanisms of
the electrical discharges in the
atmosphere - “Chibis- M
CLOUD TO CLOUD DISCHARGES
CLOUD _EARTH DISCHARGES
• SPACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE RAS
•LEBEDEV’s PHYSICAL INSTITUTE RAS
•Scientific Research Institute
of Nuclear Physics MSU,
•LC IKD of NANU-NKAU (Lviv, Ukraine),
•Etvosh University (Budapest, Hungary)
12
NEW PHYSICS
•
COMPTON (BATSE) –
FI RST OBSEERVATI ONS OF
TERRESTRI AL GAM M A FLASHES
• FORTE – narrowband (NBP) radiopulses
(26 – 48 MГц) + optical emissions
• RHESSI – OUTWARD GAMMA RAY BIRSTS
(TGF)
17
Study of the new physical mechanisms of the
electrical discharges in the atmosphere
Breakdown of the runaway electrons
[Gurevich A.V., K.P. Zybin, UFN 2001].
The electrons of relativistic energies play
the critical role in this process.
The
avalanche
of the runaway electrons
being been born in the
course of the development of the breakdown
provides the source of gamma emission.
18
GAMMA
NEW
PHYSICS
Diagram of the formation of the runaway electrons and
gamma emission from the lightning discharge. 19
The novelty of the proposed approach to a study the new
physical mechanisms of the electrical discharges in the atmosphere
consists in the requirement of the
sub-microsecond time resolution of the measuring equipment
21
REQUIRED INSTRUMENTAYION (12.5 kg)
•
•
Roentgen –
gamma detector (range of X-ray
and gamma emissions - 50-500 keV);
Ultraviolet detector
(range of ultraviolet radiations - 300-450 nm);
• Radio-frequency analyzer (20-50 MHz);
• Camera of optical range (spatial resolution 300 m)
• Plasma- wave complex (0.1-40 kHz).
• Energetic electron analyser- Absent
22
Microsatellite
«Chibis“
total mass
40 kg
Scientific instruments - 12.5 kg.
Service system - 18.2 kg.
Construction and temperature
control system - 9.3 kg.
Circular Orbit -480 km
23
DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING OF THE UNIVERSAL
24
CONTAINER FOR PIGGY BACK ISS LAUNCHES
2. Monitoring OF greenhouse gases (CH4 CO2)
in the atmosphere of the Earth – “Chibis-K”
with the use of a compact echelle gratingspectrometer of high resolution
with the acoustic-optic filtration of orders THE HERITAGE
OF THE
VENUS_EXPRESS
MISSION
25
“Chibis-K”
26
Monitoring greenhouse gases (CO2)
and catastrophic phenomena on the surface,
in atmosphere and ionosphere of the Earth.
Atmospheric carbonic acid, as basic greenhouse gas,
plays the most important role in the climate of the Earth,
absorbing the thermal radiation of the earth's surface, and
preventing its emission into the space. Circulation CO2 and
generally carbon in the atmosphere, the ocean and the
biosphere to the high degree is checked by natural factors,
but it is known in also the time that 30% an increase of the
concentration of this gas in the atmosphere occurred in the
last 100 years (Cicerone et al, 2001).
27
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
MANMADE OR NATURAL ??
Measurements of reflected and scattered solar radiation
in the UV- the neighbor IR ranges give the possibility
of the remote sensing of basic greenhouse
gases, such as CO2 and CH4,
and also
numerous atmospheric admixtures. In the case of
catastrophic phenomena this method makes it
possible to judge the course of the process, proceeding
in the center of event, from the sufficiently large
distances.
28
New method of the satellite monitoring of low gas
components of the earth's atmosphere on the
basis of spectroscopic measurements in the
neighboring IR range (0,7… 1,7 microns)
with high spectral resolution
(~20000… of 30000 λ/Δλ),
which makes it possible to distinguish the individual
lines of the molecular absorption of the presenting
gases and to determine their concentration on the
basis of the integral magnitude of absorption of
the solar radiation, reflected (scattered) by the
30
Earth's surface.
3. Regional studies.
Project “BalkanSat".
MONITORING
•SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS
FOR THE IONOSPHERE, ATMOSPHERE ,
HUMANS AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS
•DISTURBANVES COMING FROM THE EARTH
Earthquake volcanic eruption, typhoons, tsunamis
•ANTROPOGENIC DISTURBANCES
(industrial electromagnetic radiations and gases,
technogenic catastrophes, etc.
32
ACADEMICIAN SABOTINOV
President BAS
33
The flight control and the reception of information,
is accomplished by the
Centre of Reception and Transmission of Information
of the IKI, located in Tarusa.
35
UNESCO MICROSATELLITES WORKSHOP
Forty-five people from the following countries and the Office for Outer Space Affairs attended the
Workshop: Argentina, Bulgaria, Colombia, Hungary, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, Russian
Federation, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Uzbekistan. 36
THANKS FOR YOUR
KIND ATTENTION
37
Launch opportunities of the MS
in other orbits are studied by
following load,
including solar-synchronous and
circumpolar orbits.
38
39
The development of the new methods
Examination from the united positions
of entire complex of preparation and
conducting of basic space research leads to
the need of the association of the efforts of
scientists, who carry out the study of each of
the directions enumerated above. In this
case it is necessary to carry out an integral
approach to the solution of the problems
presented by the way:
40
6th IAA Symposium on Small Satellites for Earth Observation April 25, 2007 Berlin, Germany
* the development of the new methods of experimental
studies of the Earth and near-earth outer space with the use
of achievements of physical instrument manufacture,
microelectronics and micromechanics for their realization on
the micro-satellite platforms (MP);
** the development of the methods of introducing the
contemporary technological-design solutions in the process
of creating of constructions and systems MP;
41
*** theoretical analysis method of control onboard
system micro- and nano- space platform for purposes
guarantee high demand on their orientation and
stabilization, presented from experiment;
42
*** theoretical analysis method of control onboard
system micro- and nano- space platform for purposes
guarantee high demand on their orientation and
stabilization, presented from experiment;
**** conducting the laboratory and numerical
simulation of control processes by onboard systems of
microplatform for the purpose of the determination of the
critical elements of models.
43
Promising trends in development of experimental
physics require of ever more precise and more highly
informative scientific instruments. Moreover, situation is
complicated by a constant reduction of financing scientific
studies, even in the developed countries.
This specifies the need for development and creating
the new generation of scientific instruments with the light
weight and the required power, the high level of the
metrological parameters.
44
The development of the new methods of experimental
studies
At present micro-satellite sufficiently widely are used in
the practice, including for warning and liquidation of
extraordinary situations. In this case in practice is used the
relatively narrow range of the electromagnetic radiations of
the visible region - visible light (Fig. 1).
45
studies
Using a large experience of basic space research, SRI
RAS in last 2 years studies the scientific programs with the
use of micro-satellite, oriented to the study of
infrared, ultraviolet - UV and X -ray ranges
not only for basic space research, but also oriented to the
tasks the study of some aspects of hazard situations.
46
studies
The long-wave electromagnetic radiations
(in Fig. 1 they must be represented on the left side of lower
than the radio-frequency band overlap three orders in the
frequency, from the portions mHz to first Hz),
utilized for studies of plasma processes in space – “Space
Weather”, they have the same value as seismic waves for
studying the structure of the Earth.
47
Monitoring greenhouse gases (CO2) and
catastrophic phenomena on the surface, in
atmosphere and ionosphere of the Earth.
At the present moment in the world there are no
satellites, which make it possible to solve this problem both
globally, and it is regional (Dufour and Breon, 2000).
Measurements with high spectral resolution in the
broad spectral band in combination with the theoretical
examination of the processes of the transfer of harmful
substances will make it possible to make a serious
contribution to the solution of this problem.
48
It was shown that methane CH4 is one of the most
important greenhouse gases of the Earth's atmosphere, in
the essential measure which determines radiation balance
and the climate of planet.
The effectiveness of absorption by methane of the
thermal radiation of the earth's surface is 60 times higher
than in CO2. Ejections CH4 into the atmosphere, according
to the estimations of the reaching at present 500 megatons
per year, and observing increase in its atmospheric content,
can lead to a considerable increase in its temperature in the
next decades.
49
The preparation of the compact spectrometer of high
resolution for the Project Venus Express (Korablev et al,
2202, 2004) makes it possible to propose for the
microsatellite the practically finished development of
spectrometer with resolving power of λ/∆λ≈20000 in the
range 1.58 mkm. In the instrument the diffraction grating of
the echelle grating, which works in the high orders of
diffraction, is used.
50
In the process of works according to the Program of
basic research of the Presidium RAS "Changes in the
environment and climate: natural catastrophes" we showed
that measurements of reflected and scattered solar radiation
in the UV- the neighbor IR ranges give the possibility of the
remote sensing of basic greenhouse gases, such as CO2 and
CH4, and also numerous atmospheric admixtures. In the
case of catastrophic phenomena this method makes it
possible to judge the course of the process, proceeding in
the center of event, from the sufficiently large distances.
51
Are most promising the spectroscopic observations in the neighbor
IR range, which make it possible to conduct the precise measurements
of the complete content CO2 in the atmosphere with satisfaction of two
conditions: high spectral resolution, which makes it possible to
distinguish the separate unsaturated spectral lines in the weak strips
CO2 and a good knowledge of the optical path, which passes entire
thickness of the atmosphere. Small overall sizes and mass of equipment
play important role.
The preparation of the compact spectrometer of high resolution for
the Project Venus Express (Korablev et al, 2202, 2004, Nevejans et al,
submitted) makes it possible to propose for the micro-satellite "Chibis"
the practically finished development of spectrometer with resolving
power of λ/∆λ≈20000 in the range 1.58 mkm. In the instrument the
diffraction grating of the echelle grating, which works in the high
orders of diffraction, is used.
52
The Scientific & Technical Subcommittee of the COPUOS, 44th session, Vienna 12 - 23 February 2007
The tendency of a microsatellite use
Since 2004 in the Space Research Institute of RAS is
conducted the work on the theme
"Creation of the onboard platform of the micro-satellite
of applied and scientific designation on the basis of
contemporary technologies and developments",
included in
The Program of basic research of Presidium RAS
“Changes in the environment
climate: natural catastrophes ".
and
53
Micro-satellite platform "Chibis".
The development of the complex of scientific
instruments proposed within the framework of project
practically does not have an analog. For the first time is
developed the complex of measuring equipment, oriented to
the study of the lightning discharges, which entire
overlapping practically spectrum of electromagnetic
radiations and precisely under this task is created the design
of small spacecraft, its systems of the collection of
information and service systems.
54
Micro-satellite platform "Chibis".
55
The complex of scientific instruments #1:
- spectrometer for measuring the
complete content CO2,
- the camera of optical range,
- low-frequency flux-gate magnetometer,
- high-frequency search-coil
magnetometer,
- the analyzer of the electromagnetic
emissions,
- the detector of ionospheric plasma.
56
The complex of scientific instruments #2:
X-ray - gamma detector
range of X-ray and gamma emission - 50-500 keV
mass ~ of 2 kg
UV detector
-range UV - emission - 300-450 nm
mass - 0.7 kg
Radiofrequency analyzer
- frequency range - 20 - 50 MHz
- total mass - 4.35 kg
57
The results of space studies are used in many
applications, including the education. Work with
the schools is a natural method to inform the
general public about the role of space studies for
humanity.
For this we utilized radio amateur's
communication channels for the transmission of
scientific information from the micros-satellite
directly to the schools.
58
In the last decade because of the reduction of
financing the entire space industry, presence of the
conversion launch systems, qualitatively new
achievements
of
microelectronics
and
micromechanics, accessibility of the elements of the
space systems much attention began to be given to the
use of small spacecraft:
-
micro-satellite - MS (100 - 10 kg)
-
nano-satellite - NS (10 - 1 kg)
59
Table 1. Statistics of the launch of
low-orbital small SC (mass to 300 kg)
1986-1999 1986-1999 1986-1999
Military
82%
68%
21%
Civil
17%
27%
41%
Commercial
1%
5%
38%
129
132
123
Total SC:
60
The comparison of the periods of 1986-1990 and 19962000 demonstrates the clearly expressed tendency:
a considerable increase in the portion of the launch of
civil (2,5 times) and especially commercial (from 1 to 38 %)
SC occurred due to the sharp (four times) reduction of the
share of the launch SC of military designation.
The distribution of the number small SC on the weight
groups shows that almost 50% of them are SC with mass to 50
kg, moreover in Russia are achieved so many the launch of
such SC as in the remaining countries, about 100 during the
period of 1985-2000.
61

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