Compassion - Bangor University
Transcription
Compassion - Bangor University
Compassion Philippe Goldin University of California Davis Just See Others Compassion "I feel the capacity to care is the thing which gives life its deepest significance." – Pablo Casals Context • Latin root com- + pati (to bear, suffer) • One of the "four immeasurables" (brahmavihāras) – Equanimity – Love – Compassion (free from suffering and its causes) – Sympathetic joy • Mental state or emotion? (Jazaieri et al., under review, Goldin & Jazaieri, under review; Goetz, Keltner, & Simon-Thomas, 2010) Definitions • “sympathetic consciousness of others’ distress together with a desire to alleviate it” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2015) • "mental state - endowed with a sense of concern - that focuses on another being and wishes for that being to be relieved of suffering" (Jinpa, 2010) • 3 interdependent experiential modes“ – attentional and affective – cognitive (intention and insight) – physical (embodied and engaged) (Halifax, 2012) Multidimensional perspective Cognitive: an awareness of suffering (cognitive/attentional component) Affective: sympathetic concern related to being emotionally moved by suffering Intention: a wish to see the relief of that suffering Motivation: a readiness to help relieve that suffering (Jinpa, 2010) Neural Bases of Understanding Others’ Pain • Cognitive perspective taking - mental representation of other; social cognition • Empathy - in responses to pain, disgust, taste, and touch - emotion, sensation Hein, Singer, Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2008 Imitation in Infants Meltzoff, AN, Moore MK. Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 1977;198. Frontoparietal “Mirror” Neuron System for Imitation Observation of an action automatically triggers simulation of that action Premotor cortical neurons fire during goal-directed actions as well as during observation of similar actions Neural bases of imitation and empathy (inner imitation) Iacoboni, Dapretto, 2006, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 942-951. Gallese V, The manifold nature of interpersonal relations; the quest for a common mechanisms. In Frith C, ed, The Neuroscience of Social Interaction, Oxford Univ. Press, 2003 Just Like Me Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT) • Stabilizing the mind • Compassion • Shared Humanity Manual written by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, PhD With contributions from: Erika Rosenberg, Ph.D. • Active compassion Kelly McGonigal, Ph.D. – giving and taking (tong-len) Margaret Cullen, M.F.T. • Integrated Practice Philippe Goldin, Ph.D. Wiveka Ramel, Ph.D. Class structure: practice, pedagogy, experiential exercise, moistening the heart RCT of Compassion Training • 100 community adults randomized to CCT (n=60) and WL (n=40) • Completers CCT (n=50) and WL (n=30) • Age: CCT: 42 ± 11 WL: 45 ± 13 • Females: CCT: 65% WL: 83% • Instructors: – 16.5 ± 7.8 years personal meditation experience – 9.0 ± 2.8 years meditation teaching – PhD in psychology Offer to other, receive from other, give to self Three orientations of compassion relative to Person A (Self) For Other From Other to Self For Self Improvement Pre-to-Post-CCT: Fear of Compassion Scale (FCS) & Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) Paul Gilbert Kristin Neff * * * * * p<.001 (minutes) Daily Experience Sampling • Two assessments per day – 1x morning, 1x evening – 11 weeks • 1 week baseline • 9-weeks Compassion Training • 1 week post • Up to 144 measurements in total per person • Multilevel modeling (MLM) approach to examine change over time Emotional Experience 5.5 p<.01 5.0 4.5 4.0 Anxious Calm Fatigued 3.5 Alert 3.0 p<.01 2.5 Caring Behaviors Towards Self Caring for Self 0.775 Probability 0.77 0.765 0.76 0.755 0.75 0.745 0.74 0.735 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Week > Overall, no sig. change from week-to-week (p>.05) > But sig. slope variance: People vary in their week-to-week caring for self (p<.01) Caring Behaviors Towards Others Caring for Others 0.76 Probability 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Week > Slightly more likely to care for others over time (1.03 times as likely). Odds increase by 3% each week. (p=.058) > Sig. slope variance: People vary in their week-to-week caring for others (p<.01) Probability of Caring Behaviors as a Function of Meditation Practice Frequency 1 p(Care for Others) p(Care for Self) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Frequency of Practice Self-care behavior is 6.5 times more likely with greater meditation practice frequency (p<.01) 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Frequency of Practice Other-care behavior is 3.5 times more likely with greater meditation practice frequency (p<.01) 1 Daily anxiety mediated effect of meditation on caring behaviors Feel anxious yes / no Meditation practice yes / no Caring behavior for self / other Yes / no Compassion Meditation Modifies Mind Wandering 0.4 p(Post-Training Mind Wandering) 0.35 Pleasant 0.3 0.25 Unpleasant 0.2 Neutral 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Hours of Compassion Meditation Practice Self-caring behavior is 6.5 times more likely if a person meditated (p<.01) p(Care for Self) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 p(Meditation Practice) 0.8 0.9 1 Other-caring behavior is 3.5 times more likely if a person meditated (p<.01) p(Care for Others) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 p(Meditation Practice) 0.8 0.9 1 Weekly Experiencing Sampling Ba se lin e Se ss io n 1 Se ss io n 2 Se ss io n 3 Se ss io n 4 Se ss io n 5 Se ss io n 6 Se ss io n 7 Se ss io n 8 Se ss io n9 Po st Cl as s 3 Mo FU Anticipatory Anxiety RCT of CCT, n=92 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 Anxiety During Social Interactions RCT of CCT, n=92 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 Baseline Session Session Session Session Session Session Session Session Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Post 3 Mo FU Class Stress Disrupts Functioning RCT of CCT 9-sessions, n=92 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 Baseline Session Session Session Session Session Session Session Session Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Post Class 3 Mo FU Suppress Showing Emotions RCT of CCT, n=92 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 Baseline Session Session Session Session Session Session Session Session Session 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Post Class 3 Mo FU Summary of CCT Effects • Compassion – ↑ self, other, receiving from others – ↑ practice --> ↑ self & other caring behaviors • Clinical – ↓ anxiety & stress • Emotion Regulation – ↓ maladaptive emotion expression suppression – ↑ care, help, giving time to others Thank you for your attention Contact: pgoldin@ucdavis.edu YouTube talks: Neuroscience of Mindfulness Meditation Neuroscience of Emotion Wisdom 2.0 Science Café SF NerdNite SF