Marine and coastal engineering

Transcription

Services for terminals, ports, harbours, coastal development and special marine structures
Anton Petersen
Senior Vice President
Bridge, Tunnel and Marine
Structures
+45 56 40 28 88
ape@cowi.com
Ole Juul Jensen
Director
Marine and Coastal
Engineering
+45 56 40 29 06
ojj@cowi.com
Thomas Dahlgren
Vice President
Marine and Foundation
Engineering
+45 56 40 26 69
thda@cowi.com
Sanjeev Dhar
Marketing, Marine
India
+91 124 409 2500
svd@cowi.in
Stanley M. White, P.E.
President
Managing Engineer
Ocean and Coastal
Consultants, Inc.
+1 203 268 5007
stwh@ocean-coastal.com
Dale E. Berner, P.E.
President
Ben C. Gerwick, Inc.
+1 510 839 8972
deb@gerwick.com
Jesper S. Damgaard,
Managing Director
Gulf Marine
+9714 339 7075
jeda@cowi.com
Mogens A. Hviid
Senior Project Director
+974 55 879 246 (Qatar)
+961 70 580 800 (Lebanon)
mah@cowi.com
COWI’s services
COWI currently provides services
within 33 areas of engineering, environmental science and economics.
• Development assistance
• Urban and regional development
• Environmental and social due diligence
• Geographical information systems and IT
•Mapping
• Energy planning and systems
• Welfare economics and services
• Public administration
• Social development and HRD
Economics
• Environmental policy and regulation
• Natural resources management
• Environmental protection
Environmental science
• Health, safety and
environment
Engineering
Picture on front page:
Snøhvit terminal, Norway.
Photo: Allan Klo
• Transport planning and management
• Cadastre and land administration
•Bridges
•Tunnels
• Ports and marine structures
•Roads
•Airports
• Railways and metros
•Telecommunications
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Residential buildings
Educational buildings
Hospitals and health buildings
Cultural and sports buildings
Industrial buildings
Commercial buildings
•
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Municipal and hazardous waste
Water and wastewater
Production and process plants
Oil and gas
Coastal engineering
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COWI group
COWI A/S is a leading international consultancy firm founded in 1930.
The COWIfonden (the COWI foundation)
is the majority shareholder and is totally independent of any third parties. The foundation supports research and development in
various fields of consultancy activities. COWI’s head office is in Kongens Lyngby, 12
km north of Copenhagen, Denmark.
COWI is a multidisciplinary firm providing services of the highest quality in the
fields of engineering, environmental science
and social economics.
COWI employs more than 6,100 staff of
which 3,200 are based outside Denmark in
subsidiaries, branch offices or projects offices. A high percentage of the employees
are professionals holding PhD, MSc or BSc
degrees in civil, structural, geotechnical, mechanical or electrical engineering and other
academic areas such as geology, hydrology,
chemistry, biology, agronomy, sociology,
economics and planning.
The annual turnover is at present (2011)
EUR 575 million (USD 825 million). About
2/3 of the company’s turnover is generated
outside Denmark in more than 100 countries around the world.
Transportation
COWI has more than 80 years experience
in transportation consultancy covering all
phases of infrastructure projects from initial
planning and feasibility studies over design,
construction and commissioning to maintenance management and rehabilitation.
The COWI group provides consultancy and
design services within the field of marine,
geotechnical and coastal engineering from
five centres of excellence with a total of 18
offices for marine staffs and works. The
total staff in this field of engineering is presently about 330 and increasing. The total
annual turnover on international marine
and coastal projects is approximately USD
60 million which makes COWI a leading international company in this specialised field.
Marine and coastal centres
COWI’s marine and coastal engineering centres reside in COWI’s head office, Copenha-
gen, Denmark; Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. (BCG),
Oakland, California, USA; Ocean and
Coastal Consultants, Inc. (OCC), Trumbull,
Connecticut, USA; COWI India, New Delhi
and Chennai and in COWI’s offices in UAE
and Qatar.
COWIs marine and coastal teams are thus
collaborating in a very integrated fashion to
develop and deliver the services for our clients. For many projects this means that we,
by use of today’s ways of communication,
are able to ensure that we can call upon our
best expertice in the company irrespectively
of the country of the project, the client and
the COWI office responsible for specific
project.
Key staff and contact information:
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Marine and coastal consultancy services
and expertise covering all project phases
Investigation phase
• Geotechnical investigations
• Bathymetry & topography
• Underwater engineer diver inspections
• Condition surveys
Feasibility phase
• Generation and development of ideas
• Feasibility studies
• Studies of infrastructure needs
• Layout studies
• Assessment of design data
• Remediation concept development
• Cost estimation
• Construction and procurement scheduling
• Environmental impact assessment
Jørgen S. Steenfelt
jos@cowi.com
Jes Bojsen Abild
jba@cowi.com
Jørgen Juhl
jju@cowi.com
Jan Rønberg
jkro@cowi.com
Camilla Odgaard
cmn@cowi.com
Brian Foged
bfo@cowi.com
Lars Hansson
lrh@cowi.com
Design phase
• Establishment of design basis
• Study of oceanographically conditions
• Design data studies
• Geotechnical assessments
• Durability design
• Civil and structural design
• Mechanical and electrical installations
• Operational risk assessment
Torben Bang
tba@cowi.com
Kaj Nykjær Jensen
knj@cowi.com
Stig Balduin Andersen
sia@cowi.com
Thomas Gierlevsen
thgi@cowi.com
Jørn H. Thomsen
jot@cowi.com
Karsten N. Madsen
kom@cowi.com
Henrik Hostrup-Pedersen
hhp@cowi.com
Hanne L. Svendsen
hsv@cowi.com
Christoffer Truelsen
chtr@cowi.com
Daniel James Kennedy
dake@cowi.com
Mads Jørgensen
mpj@cowi.com
Christoffer Brodbaek
cxb@gerwick.com
Sam Yao, Dr.
sy@gerwick.com
Ted Trenkwalder
twt@gerwick.com
Henrik Dahl
hkd@gerwick.com
John E. Chapman
Bryan N. Jones
joch@ocean-coastal.com brjo@ocean-coastal.com
Douglas A. Gaffney
Abdelaziz Abdalla Rabie
doga@ocean-coastal.com asar@cowi.com
Stephen A. Famularo
safa@cowi.com
Usama M. Saied
usax@cowi.com
Carsten Sørensen
cns@cowi.com
P. N. Ananth
pnan@cowi.com
Bradley Allen Syler
brsy@cowi.com
Hossam Abdella
hoal@cowi.com
Nigel Pickering
nipi@cowi.com
Tender phase
• Development of tender design
• Management of tender procedures
• Value engineering
• Preparation of contract for construction
Construction phase
• Construction management
• Quality, environmental and safety management
• Construction risk management
• Interface coordination
• Programme and budget control
• Site supervision
• Contract and claims management
Operation and maintenance (O&M)
• O&M management systems
• Inspection of structures and installations
• Ranking of maintenance and reinvestment
needs
• Repair and strengthening design
Ashish Lamba
ahl@cowi.in
Bushra Hussain
buhu@cowi.com
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Marine and coastal
consultancy
The COWI Group
has, over the past
years, strengthened
and developed its
capabilities in marine and coastal engineering
both by organic growth and acquisitions.
The organic growth has taken place both by
hiring staff with international experience and
many new graduates. The staff in the six centres of excellence and sixteen offices is truly international with a multicultural background in
education, language and nationality.
Experience
The COWI Group possesses extensive international experience in all aspects of port, marine
and coastal engineering. This experience is
documented by the many successful, completed
projects on six continents of the world, from
California in the west to Korea and Australia
in the east and from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina in the south to Greenland in the north.
Focus has been on developing the relationship with our clients with the aim of providing
added value to the clients’ projects.
The very diverse, multidisciplinary and multicultural background and professional experience
have been brought to bear for the benefit of
our clients and the projects we work on.
Quality management
COWI’s marine and coastal services are ISO
9001 certified. All design activities are carried
Quality management system
certificate and certification
conditions, ISO 9001
out in accordance with the individual project
quality plan tailored to meet the specific requirements of each project.
Services and expertises
COWI’s services cover the whole life cycle of
a project from the early ideas over studies and
design to the operation phase and rehabilitation or decommissioning.
Our services range from professional advice
on a specific problem to comprehensive planning and total engineering design and implementation of large scale projects.
Our involvement in complex and demanding
marine projects over the years has led to the
development of particular in-house knowledge.
Marine terminals, ports, waterfronts, manmade islands, breakwaters can be mentioned as
special fields of experience.
Clients
COWI works for public and private infrastructure owners as well as for contractors. We
advocate a close dialogue with the contractor
(BOT and design-build projects) in order to
take all data into account and to optimise the
design and construction.
Understanding our client’s needs and combining this with our knowledge and experience to
successful project completion is our goal.
Main types of marine and coastal structures
Ports and harbours
• Container terminals
• General cargo
• Ferry and roll-on-roll-of berths
• Access channels and waterways
• Navy
• Small craft harbours
• Fishing harbours
• Supply bases
• Marinas and pleasure craft
harbours
Marine terminals
• Oil and gas (LNG) terminals
• Bulk terminals
• Cruise terminals
Coastal/waterfront development
• Land reclamation
• Coastal flood mapping
• Coastal protection
• Man-made islands
• Dredging
• Breakwaters
• Beaches
Special marine structures
• Foundations for offshore wind
turbines
• Water intake and outfall structures
• Confined disposal facilities
• Locks and dams
• Dry docks
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Marine terminals
Oil and gas
COWI offers completely integrated services relating to oil and gas marine terminals.
This includes layout planning, operational and
maintenance philosophy, marine construction,
electrical systems and mechanical installations.
We plan and manage site investigations, undertake the assessment of geophysical data and
define design parameters. We analyse meteorological and oceanographic data and use numerical wave and hydrodynamic modelling software
to define design water levels and wave conditions and to calculate wave disturbance at the
terminal. COWI uses selected sub-consultants
for vessel manoeuvring studies to define dimensions for approach channels and turning basins.
Planning of the berthing head arrangement is
based on the project specific vessel range together with loading/unloading requirements.
We perform in-house dynamic mooring analyses including vessel downtime assessment.
Facilities design includes berth and loading
facilities, breakwaters, access trestle and pipe
racks/conveyors. Physical model tests are made
by subconsultants, who have worked with
COWI for ages.
In addition, facilities design includes tug
berths, construction docks, buildings, electrical
and mechanical installations, including security
features and emergency shutdowns.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
project, Idku, Egypt
Contractor's designer,
Shoaiba new tanker terminal,
Saudi Arabia
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, Idku, Egypt
Services
• Offshore geotechnical
investigations
• Bathymetric and topographic
investigations
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• Mooring and berthing analysis
and layout
• Dredging plans
• Design of pipe racks and
bridges
• Design of buildings, road/
drainage and associated
infrastructure
Project period
2003 - 2009
• Materials specifications
Clients
• Design of block wall structures
Technip, Chiyoda, Snamprogetti,
Archirodon Construction, Qatar
Petroleum, Fluor Corporation,
Exxon Mobil
• Design of pile-supported
structures
• Design of up to 11 arm loading
structure and associated
structures
Ras Laffan Marine Terminals, Qatar
Ras Laffan Port, Qatar was built in the early
1990s and is now becoming the world’s largest liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporting port.
The port was designed as an export facility for
LNG, Condensate and Sulphur derived from
the processing of gas landed from the North
Field Gas Reservoir situated 67 km NNE of
the Port. Ras Laffan is currently expanding the
original port facilities and has identified the
Expansion of port of Ras Laffan
need for both new LNG berths as well as new
multi-user liquid product berths from which
gas-to-liquids (GTL) products can be exported.
COWI has, so far, been involved in the planning, design and construction of the following
marine terminals:
• Liquid product berths 1A and 1B
• Liquid product berths 3A and 3B
• LNG berth 3
• LNG berth 4
• LNG berth 5
• LNG berth 6
The liquid product berths were designed to
enable simultaneous berthing, mooring and
loading of two vessels from 20,000 to 300,000
DWT. The berths have a common approach
jetty with approach road and have pipe racks
on either side leading from the lee breakwater to the loading platform area. The loading
platform accommodates 11 loading arms for
each berth. The berths are constructed using
mass concrete blocks and consist of breasting
and mooring dolphins, quick release hooks,
catwalks for access to the mooring dolphins,
navigation lights, fenders, fire fighting facilities,
ship-to-shore gangway and lighting amongst
other topside facilities. The buildings consist of
a common control building, an electrical substation and a firewater pump house as well as
pipe racks and other piping structures.
The LNG berths were designed to enable
berthing of LNG carriers up to 267,000 m3.
LNG berths 3, 4 and 6 were constructed using
mass concrete blocks some of which weigh up
to 700 t. The berths consist of a loading platform with topside structures and equipment,
mooring and breasting dolphins, catwalks,
berth furniture as well as an access causeway.
LNG berth 5 was also designed for LNG
tankers up to 267,000 m3 but by using pile
supported structures and constructed outside
the existing main breakwater before the new
main breakwater was in place. Due to the
rough seas during construction, pile supported
structures were selected for this berth.
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Ruwais third NGL train jetty project, Abu
Dhabi, UAE
The GASCO plant is expanding the export facilities at their Ruwais plant in Abu Dhabi, UAE
with a third train export line and the construction of two new berths for export of natural gas
liquid (NGL). The berths shall accommodate LPG
carriers with a capacity of up to 125,000 m3.
The work included design of jacket structures to
be installed in 10-17 m water depth, design of
module support frames to accommodate topside
facilities and design of a 700 m long access trestle to the new loading berths.
Services
• Review of project basis including berth layout study and
the geotechnical investigations
• Execution of dynamic mooring analysis
• Preliminary and detailed design of steel structures
• Construction support
• Design of jacket structures to be placed on 10 - 17 m
water depth
• Design of module support frames to be supported by the
jacket structures
• Design of 0.7 km E-W trestle and access platforms
Project period
2006 - 2010
Client
Archirodon Construction
(Overseas) Co. S.A.
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Large liquid terminal port,
New York Harbour, USA
Consulting engineering services for a large multipurpose liquid terminal facility in the New York
Harbour area have been provided since 1994,
including marine engineering, dredging, permitting, and program management services. The
facility has six recently dredged deepwater tanker
berths and twelve barge berths. The services
include underwater investigation with registered
professional engineer (PE) divers. In the last 5
years we have been responsible for rehabilitation
of piers and wharfs, emergency repairs, dredging,
and environmental remediation.
Services
• Underwater investigation with PEdivers
• Moored vessel analysis
• Hydrographic survey
• Maintenance dredging
Project period
Ongoing
Client
Large Liquid Terminal Operator
New York Harbour liquid terminal facility
Gabbro berth Mesaieed, Qatar
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Bulk terminals
Like other ports and port terminals the study
and design of bulk terminals rely on general
marine engineering and special expertise on the
systems for handling of bulk. The latter is normally tailored to the actual type of bulk material to be loaded or unloaded at the terminal.
Otherwise bulk handling terminals can be
made at long quays like general cargo or container berths or at jetty structures quite similar
to the ones used for oil and gas terminals.
The design thus requires knowledge of the
requirements associated with the specific type
of bulk material and the various types of handling systems, ranging from traditional grab
handling to various types of conveyor belts to
systems using pipes for pumping of the material in question.
The designer works with suppliers of such
special systems to develop optimum solutions.
COWI undertakes all types of services for
bulk terminals ranging from planning, layout
studies, hydraulic studies, surveys, environmental assessments, feasibility studies, conceptual
and detailed design, tender documents, contracting and contract supervision and management.
TAKREER Sulphur Plant
in Ruwais, UAE
Olivine terminal, Greenland
Ruwais sulphur expansion, Abu Dhabi,
UAE
TAKREER has been expanding the production
and berth facilities at their plant in Ruwais
with a new berth for the export of granulated
sulphur. The new berth accommodates vessels
up to 65,000 DWT. The project involved construction of berthing and mooring dolphins,
quadrant beam and support trestle, landreclamation and pivot foundation for shiploader.
Also met-ocean study, dynamic mooring
analysis, detailed design of marine facility, tendering and construction support are included.
Services
• Met-ocean study
• Dynamic mooring analysis
• Detailed design of marine facility
• Tendering and construction support
Project period
2006 - 2009
Client
Pegasus TSI Inc.
Photo: Mogens Bech
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Ports and harbours
The services for
ports and harbours
are thus multidisciplinary in nature and include, in principle,
the same studies and design tasks and types
of civil engineering structures as other marine
structures. However, of special importance is
the specific use of the ports and harbours and
which boats or ships they shall accommodate.
Each type of vessel and operation and type of
loading or unloading equipment has its specific
requirements. Such requirements come from
experience and are defined in the International
Navigation Association (PIANC) guides, such
as “Criteria for Movements of Moored Ships
is Harbours”, the preparation of which was
headed by COWI staff.
Port of Copenhagen
The Port of Copenhagen A/S undertook a large
port development project that includes a new
ferry terminal in Søndre Frihavn (Southern
Free Port) and planned for construction of
commercial and residential buildings on the
former DANLINK sites. The development includes relocation of ferries operated by DFDS
Seaways away from the congested Copenhagen
City.
As the client’s representative COWI provided
multidisciplinary services and project management, which included the following components:
• Planning and design of quay structures and
piers in 9 m water depths
• Dredging plans
• Traffic analysis on the terminal area
• Testing of the proposed layout using 3D real
time ship navigation simulation at the Danish
Maritime Institute (FORCE)
• EIA (environmental impact assessment) and
environmental screening
• Estimate of construction costs including
maintenance using successive calculation
• Soil logistics (recycling of polluted soil as
landfill within the project area).
COWI, together with the client, have implemented a commercial document control
program. Through the internet, this gives all
project participants full accessibility and control of digital documents and drawings from
the planning phase to the final phase.
Services
• EIA
• Project management
• Cost estimate
• Conceptual design
• Digital document
management
• Prequalification of
contractors
• Tender documents
• Contracting and supervision
• Review of contractor’s
design
• Traffic analysis
Project period
2000 - 2003
Client
Port of Copenhagen A/S
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Container terminals
Container terminals are normally made in connection with a long straight quay as the terminal requires quite a width perpendicular to the
quay to make room for container cranes at the
quay front and for transport laterally along the
quay and finally for storing/stacking of containers in the container yard.
Container vessels are becoming larger and
larger and the latest development in vessel size
implies vessels up to 400 m in length and a
draft fully loaded in the order of 16 m, thus requiring depth at the quay front of about 17 m.
The quay structures for a container terminal
are thus quite similar to the ones used for other
types of port terminals with the exception that,
most often, the crane rails require piles as
foundation. These piles can be an integrated
part of the quay structure. Otherwise the designer of a container terminal works closely
with the operator to develop a tailored optimal
system for the specific terminal including the
requirements to container cranes and the special type of equipment required for moving and
stacking of containers such as straddle carriers.
A container yard has very heavy traffic and the
design of the heavy duty pavement requires
special attention.
Services
• Planning of the terminal operational
concept
• Site surveys
• Environmental assessment
• Design of marine works
• Specification of container handling
equipment. Preparation of tender
documents and tender assistance
• Design of onshore works including
pavement, roads, mechanical,
electrical and buildings
Project period
2007 - 2010
Client
Mesaieed Industrial City
Detailed design of container terminal, Qatar
Berths 7A and 7B container terminal,
phase 1 and 2, Mesaieed, Qatar
QP/MIC has expanded the berth 7 at Mesaieed
Port (located 40 km southeast of Doha, Qatar)
into a dedicated container terminal.The berth is
for 4,000 TEU Panamax vessels. The new quay
wall is a block wall designed with un-reinforced
precast blocks for a water depth 13.5 m. The
quay wall is supporting rail for STS-cranes. The
landside rail is supported by a reinforced crane
beam on bored concrete piles.
New container terminal, Port Atonome de Cotonou, Benin
Services
• Construction document design
• Existing structure condition
survey and assessment
• Construction assistance
• Bollard and fender systems
improvements
Completed
• Crane girder and piling
strengthening
• Wharf embankment bulkhead
design
2007
Client
Port of Oakland
• Operational and seismic
analyses
Wharf embankment
strengthening berths
35-37, Port of Oakland,
CA, USA
As part of the Port of Oakland “15 m channel deepening project,” the port has
strengthened the Evergreen
Terminal (berths 35/37) with the construction
of a new waterside crane girder and sheet pile
bulkhead wall. As the prime consultant for
the structural analysis and design of wharf improvements we performed: new concrete crane
girder, concrete piling, steel sheet pile bulkhead
wall, fenders, bollards, crane rail, crane anchors, crane stops, seismic monitoring, cable
trench and utility vaults and trenches.
The work included development of design
criteria for future crane loads, vessel moorings,
seismic and geotechnical analyses, electrical design of crane and communication requirements, mechanical design of potable and fire
water, drafting, construction phasing, cost estimates, and specification writing.
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Marinas and small craft harbours
The planning, development and design of marinas and small craft harbours utilises COWI's
experience in geotechnics, hydraulics and marine/coastal structures.
For marina design COWI has experience in
developing the project from the initial surveys
and studies through preliminary and detailed
design to tendering and construction completion.
COWI has in-house experience covering the
core competencies required for marina planning and design which are:
• Demand studies consisting of transport trend
analyses, traffic forecasting, financial evaluation and boat mix assessments
• Layout planning and studies including terrestrial and bathymetric surveys, geotechnical investigations, environmental impact
assessments, numerical modelling of various
hydraulic aspects such as sedimentation and
wave disturbance assessment, definition of
spatial requirements, optimisation of berth
layouts and protection measures such as
breakwaters and slope protection
• Infrastructure design being the design and
specification of pontoons, walkways, access
ramps, moorings, navigation aids, slipways,
shiplifts, maintenance and service areas, utilities and security, buildings and roads and
fuel and pump-out facilities
Services
• Numerical modelling of wave disturbance and
current conditions for optimisation of new
foreharbour
• Analysis of expected down time due to wave
disturbance
• Assessment of sedimentation conditions
• Full bridge navigation simulations with new
foreharbour
• Numerical modelling of sediment spill and
spreading during dredging operations
Improvement of navigation conditions
and future expansion of the Port of
Frederikshavn, Denmark
The Port of Frederikshavn is among the 10
largest ports in Denmark and has plans for further expansion.
The improve navigation condition and to
meet the future demands, COWI has developed
concept designs for a new foreharbour and a
furture expansion of the northern part of the
Port.
• Conceptual design of new foreharbour, incl.design
of two new breakwaters and breakwater head
caissons
• Conceptual design of future expansion
• Investigation of legal bindings, regional and local
planning aspects and requirements to an EIA for
the port expansion
Project period
2006 - 2008
Client
Port of Frederikshavn, Denmark
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Wave disturbance modelling in harbour
Wave height coefficients
Halul Harbour refurbishment, Qatar
Halul Harbour is located on the southern side of
Halul island 80 km east of Qatar. The refurbishment of the harbour commenced with a review
of hydraulic design conditions and numerical
wave disturbance modelling to determine the
environmental parameters for the breakwater
design.
The wave disturbance modelling was undertaken using MIKE 21 BW. Several different arrangements of the western breakwater were
modelled to minimise the wave disturbance
within the harbour. Based on these findings and
with consideration to navigation, optimisation of
the breakwater layout was then completed.
Following the agreement of the layout detailed
design of the western breakwater was completed
using CORE-LOC units as the primary armour.
Further, 3D physical modelling was used to confirm the breakwater design. Technical and material specifications were also produced.
Services
• Numerical wave
modelling
• Physical modelling
• Engineering design of
marine structures
• Technical specifications
and drawings
Project period
2001 - 2002
Client
Archirodon Construction
(overseas) Co. S.A. Dubai
Tuborg Syd waterfront
development, Denmark
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Coastal engineering and
waterfront development
Coastal engineering
Coastal engineering is a
special field within civil
engineering. It includes
the physical processes of
the sea and coastal regions and the movements
of sediments due to the water in motion. It
further includes the interaction between interventions and man-made structures and the
physical environment.
It is this complexity that makes coastal engineering such a special field compared to many
other civil engineering disciplines and what fascinates coastal engineers. The engineer or designer often has to be imaginative and exercise
personal judgement in calculations in order to
arrive at correct and yet still acceptable structural solutions.
Palace Seawall, Muscat, Oman
The structures are founded on the sea bed or
on the shoreline and exposed to water level
changes, currents and wave impacts. Further,
the site and the area around the structures are,
in many cases, subject to morphological changes which have to be analysed and understood
prior to construction. It is our strong aim “to
work with nature rather than against it”. This
may be taken as our mission statement within
coastal engineering.
It is, therefore, natural for us to try and minimise the use of man-made structures on a
shoreline and attempt to use beach nourishment wherever possible. In line with this mission we will, when working on marine projects,
seek solutions attempting to minimise human
intervention, i.e. placing a port or similar installation where it requires the least movement
of materials, by, for example, selecting the site
and distance from the shoreline such that the
quantities in breakwaters and other structures
as well as dredging and filling volumes are minimised. Further, it is our aim to seek solutions
that involve the smallest possible changes in
the natural, physical as well as flora and fauna
environment.
Numerical models are more and more used
as a tool and COWI has strong in-house capabilities in this field as described elsewhere.
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Irish Rail sea defence works
A significant section of the Irish rail network
lies close to the shoreline and is subject to
ongoing coastal erosion, instability of coastal
defence structures and wave overtopping, especially along the east coast between Dublin and
Wicklow.
Iarnród Éireann (The National Irish Rail
Company) is currently implementing a longterm plan for protection of the coastal railways, as part of the Cuttings and
Embankments programme.
Since 2000, COWI has carried out a feasibility study for coastal defence works as part of
this Cuttings and Embankments Programme.
The study produced a 10-year strategy, in
which geotechnical and coastal defence works
were planned and prioritised. The project programme included the following coastal projects:
• Malahide Causeway
• Sorrento Point
• Bray Head
• Ballygannon (south of Greystones)
• Kilcoole
• The Breaches
• Six Mile Point (Newcastle)
• Five Mile Point
• Rogerstown Causeway
• Merrion Gates to Blackrock
• Rosslare Strand
A variety of geotechnical and coastal defence
works are adopted in order to suit the local site
conditions.
Heavy rock berm structures have been applied
to the coastal defences in areas of steep rocky
headland where the railway line runs in a series
of embankments and rock cuttings supported
at their base by masonry retaining structures.
At several locations, the railway runs on top
of what is thought to be ancient littoral berm
formations. These are fronted by sandy beach
and with low hinterland. At these locations,
the coastline is subject to rapid coastal erosion.
Therefore, new revetments have been established. In order to preserve the amenity of the
beaches, the new revetments have been partially
burried into the beach and the reconstructed
dunes have been planted with marram grass.
At other locations, rock and concrete block revetments behind the beach protect the track.
Services
• Feasibility study
• Design of protection works
• Tendering and contracting
of work
• Construction supervision
Project period
2000 - 2009
Client
Iarnród Éireann
21
Breakwater projects
COWI is an international name in the design
of breakwaters. Our experience reaches from
fundamental scientific research to numerical
model studies and physical model testing to design and supervision of construction.
COWI’s staff has more than 35 years experience from over 150 international breakwater
projects in 5 continents. The experience includes all types of breakwaters from rubble
mound to caisson. In addition, the experience
includes an extensive variety of armour units
such as quarry rock, cubes, grooved cubes, dolos, tetrapods, accropodes, and CORE-LOC.
COWI uses its in-house capabilities in numerical modelling of wave propagation as the
basis for defining design waves and then for
the configuration of breakwaters and to perform conceptual analyse and design. We specify and supervise 2D flume tests and 3D
physical model tests.
If ground conditions are poor, state-of-theart soil structure interaction analysis software
is used to analyse the breakwater foundation
and define soil improvement works as necessary.
We also study and design caisson breakwaters including numerical and physical modelling, soil-structure interaction modelling and
design of the caissons using IBDAS, COWI’s
own integrated design and analysis software
tool.
Main breakwater armoured with CORE-LOC.
LNG project at Idku, Egypt
Rock breakwaters for coastal protection
Placing of CORE-LOC
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Waterfront developments
Waterfront developments include both the development of existing ports and harbours for
residential purpose and the study and design of
large-scale dredging and reclamation works.
We specialise in developing projects from
master planning, surveys, environmental impact assessments, design of edge structures and
reclamation, preparation of tender documents
to supervision and construction management.
Block work quay wall built in the dry for The Lagoons.
Services
• Several kilometers of
concrete block work quay
wall and revetments
• Navigational locks
providing access to the
impounded lagoons
• Navigable canals and
waterways
• Excavation, dredging and
reclamation
• Hydraulic studies
• Mechanical water quality
system
• Navigational locks
• 8 marinas scattered
around the site with a total
capacity of more than 800
boats
Project period 2008 2010
Client Sama Dubai LLC
The Lagoons, Dubai, UAE
The Lagoons was a landmark project, and
situated at the end of Dubai Creek, north east
of the Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary. It comprised of seven man-made landscaped islands
representing the seven Emirates of the UAE,
which, together, provide extensive navigable
waterfront. It is a mixed use waterfront development to accommodate both high-rise and
low-rise residential and commercial buildings,
five star hotels, resorts, marinas, a planetarium,
a theatre and art centre as well as the iconic
Opera House on the existing island.
Positioned adjacent to Dubai Festival City,
with the Ras Al Khor Wildlife Sanctuary to the
south-west and the sixth crossing to the north,
the development holds a prime location along
the Dubai Creek.
Transportation around the islands is to be
supported by a series of bridges and causeways
as well as public transport facilities. The development has approximately 40 km of waterfront land.
Rendered image or “vision” for The Lagoons.
Dellis Cay development, British West Indies
The developer ‘O Property Collection’ is currently
developing a multiple facility tourist complex with
low-level hotels and condos on the island of Dellis
Cay, part of the Turks & Caicos Islands.
In 2006 COWI was
appointed as marine
consultant, utilizing our
services to review all
existing documentation
of the project, interview
associated parties and
prepare a preliminary
assessment of the existing Master Plan. Assessment & Design of
marine works associated with Dellis Cay Development, Turks & Caicos,
British Virgin Islands. MIKE21 numerical modelling of the hydraulic environment including the impact of hurricanes, resulting in the development of
a protection strategy and definition of design flood
elevations for the island. Preparation of alternative
concepts, cost estimation and production for a master plan for marina cay reclamation (70 acres) and
detailed design and tender documents for 1.5 km of
beaches including beach nourishment, detached
rubble mound breakwaters and timber groynes, a
cargo handling jetty & ro-ro berth and a 50,000 m3
saline lake with tidally driven flushing system.
23
The Pearl – Qatar
The Pearl, a project in Qatar, involved detailed
design of the reclamation works for the 400
hectares new island requiring approximately
13.5 million m3 of fill and the associated sea
defence structures for the 40 km of new shoreline.
Numerical hydrodynamic model studies were
carried out to determine the hydrodynamic design basis.
The development includes private beaches
along most of the perimeter which adds to the
aesthetics and exclusiveness of the development.
Various concepts have been developed to create
a variety of beach environments that are optimised to suit the local conditions and requirements.
Along the shores facing north and east relatively long pocket beaches have been created.
The sand is retained between groyne structures.
Private open beaches have been separated by
beach breakwaters at one of the shorelines facing southwest. Generally, terraced beaches have
been used where the wave impact is oblique
and an open beach would be eroding. The terraced type consists of a low crested revetment
behind which a sand beach is constructed.
Concrete block gravity quay walls are used
in the western cove (Porto Arabia) and along
the channels in the Venice type development
(Qanat Quartier) at the north-west shore to facilitate mooring of boats and to create the confined channel system.
Each of the Isola Dana islands feature a private
beach, harbour and terraced beach fringed by a
low crested revetment.
COWI has, subsequently to the island design, rendered technical assistance during construction and made design of the marinas.
Services
• Conceptual design
• Bathymetric survey
• Detailed design
• Geotechnical site investigations
• Tender and contract documents
• Environmental management
plan
• Technical assistance
• Design assistance during
construction
Project period
• Design of marinas
• Design of culverts
• Design basis
2003 - 2008
Client
United Development Company (UDC)
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Master plan
Lusail Development, Qatar
The waterfront development is located along
the shoreline north of Doha. It will cover an
area of about 21 km2 which is about the same
size as the entire Midtown and Lower Manhattan in New York.
The project will transform the present shoreline through dredging and reclamation, creating
new islands, access channels and beaches. The
new development will include low- and highrise residential housing for about 200,000 inhabitants. Further, the development will include
business, corporate and mixed use areas as well
as quality beaches with top class hotels, two
golf courses and an entertainment district.
From August 2004 to January 2006, COWI
completed planning and design activities of the
marine and earthworks for the Lusail Development as sub-consultant to Bechtel Overseas
Corporation. In February 2006, the owner entered a 2½ year contract with the Chinese contractor Sinohydro for the construction of the
marine works.
In early 2006 COWI, in cooperation with
Halcrow, Hyder and David Adamson, were selected by Qatari Diar to design and supervise
all infrastructure for this multi-billion dollar
development project. The construction of the
infrastructure works is scheduled to be completed in 2011.
Marine components
• Dredging/excavation of 24 million m3
• Reclamation/landfilling of 17 million m3
• Block walls, 10 km
• Rock revetments, 21 km
• Beaches, 19 locations, 4 km
Services for marine and earthworks
• Bathymetric and topographic surveys
• Master planning
• Conceptual and detailed design
• Preparation of tender documents
• Assistance in tendering and contracting
phase
Services for infrastructure
• Supervision of the marine works
• Design and supervision of nine marine
bridges
• Design and supervision of marinas
• Supervision of part of the infrastructure
construction works
Project period
2004 - 2011
Clients
Bechtel Overseas Corporation and
Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company
25
26
Construction of the up to 44 meter heigh
gravity base foundations. Thornton
construction site, Belgium.
27
we provide the client with a basis for optimising his installation requirements.
COWI has experience in detailed design of
offshore wind turbine foundation structures in
both steel and in concrete and is therefore the
preferred consultant for feasibility studies for
many developers and EPC contractors. COWI
has recently carried out concept studies in Denmark, Norway, Germany, Belgium, France,
England and USA. Beyond conceptual, basic
and detailed foundation design COWI also carry
out metocean studies and plan, supervise and
interpret geophycical og geotechnical surveys.
3D visualisation of
planned wind farm.
Nysted Offshore Wind Farm,
Denmark.
Photo: Petri & Betz
Over the years
COWI has developed innovative
off-shore foundation concepts for
offshore wind turbines that are today regarded
as proven and accepted. Our foundation design
expertise also includes monopiles, four-legged
jackets as well as jack-up installed STAR tripods.
The Nysted and Thornton Bank gravity base
foundations were innovative designs developed
together with the contractors to meet site specific challenges set by foundation conditions as
well as fabrication and installation requirements. COWI’s project approach, combining
hydraulics, geotechnics, structural engineering
and fabrication/installation procedures into integral solutions, provides the client with optimal solutions for his specific project needs.
The London Array transition piece and
monopile foundation COWI has improved the
design methods for the soil structure interaction to allow for an optimized design. The
project is one of the first to introduce a new
design of grouted connections.
The verification of structural strength and
the stability in the construction phase are coherent in the design activities. This includes impacts during transport and installation such as
loads induced from lifts, dynamic impact during transportation, and impact during installation. We conduct installation studies taking the
permissible weather windows into account and
Drawing: COWI
Offshore wind turbine
foundations
28
Services
• Desktop studies to assist
planning and providing risk
assessment for surveys
• Assessment of requested
geotechnical and geophysical
investigation tailored for the
actual project
• Preparation of tender
documents: Assessment of
what is needed, techniques and
equipment to use, selection of
best contractors to approach.
• Assessment of suitability
of equipment, vessels and
personnel.
• Selection of contractor
and assistance on contract
negotiation.
• Consultancy on marine and
offshore survey practices.
• Representation on any kind of
offshore survey from seabed
mapping (bathymetry, acoustic
imaging of the seafloor and
seabed profiling, coring and
ground truthing (any kind of grab
sampling or visual inspection).
• Supervision of site investigations
• Interpretation of provided
geotechnical data and
assessment of geotechnical
design basis
• Preparing geological models in
2D or 3D.
Prerequisite for successful offshore projects
are proper and appropriate geotechnical and
geophysical site investigations. COWI has the
appropriate expertise in all kind of offshore
geotechnical and geophysical engineering and
the necessary skills to undertake the planning,
supervision and interpretation of any kind of
marine survey assignments.
COWI has more than 150 geosciences staff
with a solid educational background and an
extensive experience with geotechnical engineering worldwide. 15 of the employees have
valid safety and survival certificates and participate in offshore supervision around the world.
The supervision comprises CPT and boreholes carried out from jack-up by traditional
drilling in overburden and wireline core drilling in rock. It also comprises PS-logging, drill
out CPT and pressuremeter testing. In shallow
water we have supervised CPT and vibrocoring
from smaller ships.
COWI can assist in planning, optimisation,
supervision and interpretation of marine geophysical surveys such as bathymetry with
multi- and single beam echosounder, seabed
characterisation with side-scan sonar or multibeam methods, and vertical distribution of marine sediments with e.g. sub-bottom profilers.
COWI´s approach is based on close communication lines with the client, ensuring that all
information is efficiently distributed.
Photo: Ian_Cormack
Offshore geotechnical and geophysical investigations
Jack-up risk assignments
COWI has carried out risk evaluation regarding the seabed conditions for jacking up on a number of offshore wind turbine sites.
The risk assignment is focusing on: The sea bed conditions, bearing capacities and penetrations of footings, risk of punch through
of softer layer below footings, other ground related risks in conjunction with jacking up operations.
The investigations covered among others the following sites:
Denmark Baltic Sea (Kattegat), Rødsand I and II (Nysted),
Djursland/Anholt, Sprogoe, Horns Rev I and II and Great Belt.
Germany Arkona-Becken Südost, Baltic I, Kriegers Flak, Sky
2000, North Sea, Oersund, Borkum Riffgrund, Bokum West II,
Butendiek, Meerwind and Nordsee Ost.
Sweden Lillegrund.
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London Array, world's largest offshore
wind farm, UK
With 175 monopiles, designed to carry the
Siemens 3.6 MW turbines, London Array will
be the largest offshore wind farm in the world
when completed in 2012. Monopiles of 4.7 m
and 5.7 m in diameter will be installed in water
depths between 0 m and 25 m. With a total
length of up to 85 m, these foundations will
range among the largest ever built.
A consortium of DONG, E.ON and Masdar
has commissioned Aarsleff | Bilfinger Berger
Joint Venture (ABJV) as contractor to undertake fabrication and installation of the steel
foundations. To carry out the detailed design
of the steel foundations, ABJV has engaged
COWI as lead in a joint venture with IMS
GmbH, COWI-IMS JV.
The offshore wind farm will be located on
and between the sandbanks of Kentish Knock
and Long Sand representing depth variations
of up to 25 m. The soil includes both sand profiles, stiff London Clay profiles and mixtures
including also gravel layers. With layers potentially prone to liquefaction, also the soil represents a challenge to the design.
The project will be one of the first to introduce a new design of grouted connections and
improvements in the geotechnical calculations
of soil structure interaction to allow for an optimized design.
The present project constitutes phase 1 of a 2
phased setup and is planned to deliver 1,000 MW
in total and will cover the electricity needs of
750,000 homes in the UK.
Services
• Structural design
• Geotechnical design
• Hydraulic calculations.
Project period
2009-2011
Client
Aarsleff | Bilfinger Berger
Joint Venture
www.cowi.com/offshorewind
Photo: Petri & Betz
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Services
• Structural design
• Design of scour protection
• Project follow-up
• Detailed design, site supervisions
Project period
2001 - 2002, 2008 - 2010
Clients
Aarsleff - Ballast Nedam International Joint
Venture
Aarsleff - Bilfinger-Berger Joint Venture
Foundation production site, Poland
Nysted offshore wind farm at Rødsand,
Denmark
Denmark has formulated an energy policy giving
high priority to sustainable energy, where wind
turbines are very important elements. Several
offshore wind farms are planned and COWI
served as consultant for the two at Rødsand.
COWI has carried out detailed design for 72
wind turbine gravity foundations located in the
Baltic Sea some 9 to 10 km off the southern
coast of the Danish island of Lolland. They are
2.2 MW Siemens wind turbines.
The wind turbines are founded at 7.5 to
12.75 m depth on stiff clay till. The gravity
foundations are open reinforced concrete structures that are subsequently filled with ballast
and covered with armour stones. The foundation is provided with an ice cone. The design is
based on an optimal utilisation of the subjacent
soil conditions versus load conditions when defining the foundation level of each position.
The foundations are designed to sustain cyclic
loads from wind, wave and ice forces during
their 25 year lifetime.
The detailed design included geotechnical,
structural and scour protection design, the latter validated by hydraulic model tests. The geotechnical and structural designs were carried
out using state-of-the-art numerical tools, e.g.
PLAXIS and IBDAS.
Rødsand 2, Denmark
COWI in a joint venture with Aarsleff and Bilfinger-Berger is carrying out basic and detailed
design of 90 wind turbine foundations, located
off the southern coast of the Danish island of
Lolland. The wind turbines are 2.3 MW Siemens
to be founded at 6 to 12 m water depth. The
services comprise installation loads, hydraulic
load assessments, structural design and geotechnical design.
31
Thornton Bank offshore wind farm,
Belgium
The Thornton Bank is located in the North Sea
some 30 km off the Belgian coast. When fully
developed, the Thornton Bank offshore wind
farm will comprise approximately 54 wind
turbines. The first phase completed in 2008
comprised 6 wind turbines.
The wind turbines for the first phase are
REpower 5 MW turbines. The turbine hubs are
94 m above sea level. The gravity base foundations for the wind turbines are founded in sand
of medium grain size.
In 2003-2004 COWI carried out a concept
study for alternative foundation solutions including the innovative conical shell structure
eventually adopted by the project owner.
The prestressed concrete foundation structure is composed of a cylindrical shaft on top
of a conical base transferring the loads from
the wind turbine directly to the base slab.
The post-tensioned structure provides favourable strength and stiffness properties as well as
fatigue and crack resistance.
At the deepest location, the gravity base
foundation structure extends from -27 m TAW to
+17 m TAW. The base diameter is 23.5 m and
the shaft diameter is 6.5 m, matching the diameter of the turbine tower.
The foundation gravity base structures are
prefabricated on land, and installed at sea by a
heavy lift crane, on a pre-installed gravel bed.
The weight of the concrete foundation structure is about 2,700 t. After placing, the foundation is ballasted by a combination of sand
and heavy fill, sufficient to ensure the stability
against overturning moments. The total dry
weight may of the ballasted gravity base foundation be up to 7,000 t, depending on quantity
and type of infill.
Services
• Structural design of foundation
• Project follow-up during construction
stage
Project period
• Hydraulic design of installation stages
2006-2008
• Numerical and physical hydraulic
modelling of installation stages,
including dynamic loads and scour
Client
• Appurtenances design including boat
landing and J-tubes
Dredging International n.v., Belgium
Photo: Shaw E&I
32
33
Locks, dams
and barriers
We have a proven
track record of providing cost-effective
solutions to lock
and dam projects
using off-site prefabrication, float-in and inthe-wet construction technology. Our unique
solutions minimize risks and reduce the time
for construction through the use of innovative
design and construction methods that avoid
long lead times. Our expertise includes pump
stations, cofferdams, marine skidways, precast
yards, bulkheads, dewatering, underwater
repair, levees, floodwalls, canal lining, flexible
revetments and articulated concrete mats.
Our services include soil-structure-interaction and foundation analyses, FE modelling,
waterway traffic and navigation studies, dredging design, cofferdams, float-in and in-the-wet
construction methods, heavy lift and transportation technology, seismic analyses, hydraulic
modelling, fish-bypass structures, coastal engineering and geotechnical engineering.
Steel cofferdam associated with
construction of CDF and 305 m
heavy duty wharf.
New Orleans flood protection barrier, USA
Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. is responsible for the detailed design of the flood barrier and the monoliths and foundations, for the main sector gate
structure which will be used both to regulate
navigation, tidal flows, and storm surge into the
inner harbour navigation canal (IHNC) in New
Orleans.
The federally funded contract is for construction of a stormsurge barrier to keep surges from
entering New Orleans’ inner harbour navigation canal. Failures of floodwalls overwhelmed
by storm surge during Hurricane Katrina in
2005 along IHNC contributed greatly to the
flooding of the city.
The IHNC barrier is to be built by the end of
2011 near the confluence of the Gulf intracoastal
waterway and the Mississippi River Gulf outlet, a natural funnel identified as an area of
critical vulnerability. Depending upon the design and site chosen, the final structure could
be longer than 2.7 km. It is to include a combination of static and gated
barriers that are to remain
Services
open for shipping, except
Detailed design
during storm-surge emergencies. The contract,
Project period
which began on Septem2008 - 2009
ber 2008, included “adClients
vanced measures” to
reduce the storm surge
The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
and Louisiana’s Coastal Protection
flood risk for residents
and Restoration Authority
around IHNC until the
barrier is finished.
34
Precast concrete dam segment floats to
the project site on the Monongahela
River
Services
• Detailed design
• River navigation structures
• Precast concrete construction
Braddock Dam lock 2, Monongahela
River, USA
Gerwick was retained by the USACE Pittsburgh District to design and assist with construction supervision of the New Braddock
Dam. As the Engineer-of-Record for all final
structural design drawings, we designed the
float-in precast dam segments and developed
in-the-wet construction methods and procedures.
The Braddock Dam was constructed using a
new and innovative float-in method, a first
within the USACE. The application of this innovative in-the-wet approach is a landmark
event, and one that could revolutionize the future construction of navigation projects. As a
key consultant on the Braddock Dam, we successfully completed a major portion of the
detailed design following an aggressive sevenmonth schedule.
The challenges presented by this project and
subsequently solved included: developing a cast
and launch facility for two, 11,000-ton dam
segments; developing a 102 m long precast
• Construction sequencing and scheduling
• Construction means and methods
• Tremie concrete mix design
• Construction engineering
Completed
2003
Client
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Pittsburgh District
Float-in of dam segment
Dam segment float-in and set-down sequence
shell with sufficient strength for launch, transport, and immersion while maintaining a 3.1 m
maximum draft; and developing a transport,
positioning, immersion, and dam completion
plan that would safely accommodate a 500year flood at anytime with 48-hour notice.
Problems faced during construction centered
around construction of the dam without adverse impact to the heavy traffic on the river.
The problems were solved using the float-in
method of construction, utilizing very short
construction windows, and by closely coordinating vessel traffic on the river.
The key to the success of this project is that
the design and construction utilized precast
concrete modules as the in-situ form into
which tremie concrete was placed directly
without use of a cofferdam.
This project proves that the innovative construction method can provide substantial benefits in cost, construction time, risk reduction,
and facility utilization while minimizing disruption to river traffic, and reducing environmental impact.
35
Olmsted, Ohio River
between Illinois and
Kentucky
Olmsted locks and dam, USA
After construction, the precast shell segments
will be lifted by a 5,100 t gantry crane to a
skidway where they will be lowered down into
the water on a cradle using push-pull units.
Once they are in the water they will be lifted by
a catamaran barge and positioned in the river.
As part of the detailed design and construction of the Olmsted Dam, we provided the detailed design for the new dam and also
construction design support of the precast yard
including the marine skidway for load-out of
the pre-cast shell segments. The construction
design encompassed concrete and steel retaining
walls, gantry crane beams, skidway rail including beam and foundation system both above
and below water, precast shell cradle, steel
frame tremie mat templates, lifting/mating details for the precast shells, mooring anchors and
dolphins. We also completed the shell design for
the navigable pass precast segments, paving
blocks and the lifting frame for the navigable
pass segments and supported the design of the
tainter gates.
Aerial view of Olmsted Dam
precast yard showing the
five 46 m × 38 m concrete
slabs where the precast
concrete shells will be cast.
Services
• Liquefaction
• Casting yards/launch system
• Mooring and berthing
• Diving activities
• Seismic analysis
• Dredging
• Seismic non-linear soil pile
Interaction
• Heavy lift systems
• Off site prefabrication
• Positioning control systems
• Screeding/subgrade preparation
• Concrete durability
• Headed reinforcement
• Constructability studies
• Cost estimating
• Scheduling preparation/review
• Specification preparation/review
• Value engineering
• Pre-cast concrete
Project period
• Precast shells (hulls)
2005 - ongoing
• Tremie concrete
• Non-linear soil pile interaction
• Ice loading/abrasion resistance
Client
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Louisville Distric
36
37
Seawater
cooling
systems
Many industrial plants
around the world use
once-through systems
for their process cooling. The design of a
seawater cooling system is a multidisciplinary task and it requires
coordination of the hydraulic, coastal, structural and electromechanical aspects. Furthermore, the environmental impacts have to be
addressed due to the heat load discharged back
to the marine or fluvial environment.
COWI has the specialist resources required
for all aspects of the design. It includes hydraulic design of entire cooling water string and design of surge protection, intake and outfall
systems and structural design of pumping stations and seal weirs. Design of mechanical
equipment such as pumps, racks, screens is also
included as well as design of automation and
instrumentation, and design of coastal structures such as breakwaters, revetments, intake
basins, outfall structures, thermal dispersion
and recirculation.
In addition we conduct studies to optimise locations of intakes and outfalls, establish metocean design parameters using advanced
numerical models, and assess the impact on
longshore sediment transport, coastal morphology, and the environment.
Typically the design is done in close collaboration with a contractor and COWI is therefore also used to consider scheduling and
constructability issues during the design phase.
We have in-house experience in the modelling
tools used to support the design process: surge
protection analysis packages, hydraulic modelling packages for waves, thermal dispersion
and steady-state pipe flow, structural design
tools and 3D modelling systems such as PDS,
PDMS or SmartPlant.
Model test of marine outfall structures.
Shoaiba steam power plant, Saudi
Arabia
The plant located on the Red Sea Coast south
of Jeddah is a major power and desalination
plant with water intake and outfall structures
at the shoreline.
Services
Design of large intake structures consisting of glass reinforced plastic
pipes and accropode breakwater intake basin and outfall weir, canal and
guiding structures.
Completed 2001
Client Saudi Archirodon Limited
Services
• Hydraulic design of cooling water system
• Foundation design
38
• Design of coastal structures
• Structural design of risers, pumping station,
discharge structure, seal weir and outfall
• Piping design
• Mechanical design
• Electrical & instrumentation design
• SmartPlant 3D modelling.
Project period
2010-2011
Client
TARGET Engineering Construction Co.
Fourth NGL train, UAE
In relation to the substantial Integrated Gas Development (IGD), aiming at increasing the gas production in the United Arab Emirates, the ADNOC
company GASCO constructed a 4th NGL train at
its site in Ruwais. An integral part of this project
was the seawater cooling system.
COWI carried out the full detailed design of the
once-through cooling water
system with a design flow
close to 60,000 m3/hr. The
elements comprised offshore
intake risers, three offshore
supply pipes, pumping station, manifold, two large
supply pipelines, discharge
header structure, sealing
weir and an outfall structure.
COWI´s scope of work covered marine and
coastal, structural, geotechnical, hydraulic, mechanical, piping, electrical and instrumentation systems.
The advanced 3D modelling plant design system,
SmartPlant, was used to integrate the design.
Rabigh power plant no. 2 project, Saudi
Arabia
The project is located in Rabigh, on the Red
Sea coast, north of Jeddah in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia. As part of the expansion programme for Rabigh power station, an additional four power generation units of 700 MW
capacity each will be installed. The design flow
is close to 300 m3/s.
Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction
has been awarded the EPC contract by Saudi
Electricity Company (SEC) to deliver the Rab-
igh power plant no. 2. Huta Marine Works Ltd.
is sub-contractor to Doosan regarding the marine works that forms part of the overall EPC
scope of work.
COWI carries out the studies and design of
the marine and coastal elements of the seawater cooling system for the power plant covering
the following items: Seawater intake pipes, intake basin surrounded by revetments, pumping
station, outfall channel, outfall structure and
breakwaters, and shore protection.
39
Yanbu 2 power and water project,
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Archirodon Ltd has appointed COWI
the detailed design of the marine facilities for
phase 1 of the Yanbu 2 power and water project on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. The
end client is MARAFIQ , the power and water
utility company for Jubail and Yanbu, who
intends to construct a new power and water
plant for Yanbu 2 Industrial City in order to
satisfy a growing demand for power, process/
potable water as well as seawater cooling.
The Yanbu 2 power and water project is split
into four different contracts:
• Power and water production
facilities
• Marine facilities
(Archirodon’s package)
• Fuel facilities
• Seawater cooling pipeline network.
Services
• Met-ocean study and numerical modelling of wave
and hydrodynamics
• Recirculation modelling for confirmation of the
location of seawater intake and outfall
• Numerical flow modelling for optimisation of seawater
intake channel
• Layout and design of seawater outfall transition
structure and GRP pipelines covered by rock
protection
• Design of seawater intake channel and breakwaters
• Design of dredging, reclamation and foundation of
structures
• Structural design of pumping station, thrust block
and culverts
Services
• Numerical hydraulic modelling
of waves, currents, and thermal
dispersion
• Conceptual and detailed design
of marine and coastal engineering
works (intake GRP pipes,
breakwaters, revetments, shore
protection, outfall weir)
• Management of physical
modelling of breakwater and
revetment stability
• Review and check of structural
design of pumping station.
• Management of physical
modelling of pump station
Project period
• Hydraulic engineering of intake
pipes and basin
• Specifications for and analyses of
pumping tests
• Geotechnical interpretative report
2010-2011
Client
Huta Marine Works Ltd.
• Design of buildings and infrastructure.
Project period 2011-2012
Client Saudi Archirodon Ltd.
40
41
Structure investigation
and maintenance
The aging port
infrastructure provides significant
opportunities for
marine structure
underwater and topside investigation, remediation and maintenance. Much of the existing
waterfront infrastructure was constructed in
the early to mid-1900s.
Underwater inspection
The below water structures, not visible during
routine inspections, can be overlooked and are
the most vulnerable to environmental attack
and deterioration.
Solutions that include remediation design to
extend the existing structure service life, restore
load ratings, and design of replacement and
new structures are provided. The repaired and
new structures are designed to meet today’s
codes, including seismic requirements.
Our services include underwater investigations using surface supplied air with one of the
largest contingencies of 20 professional engineer and engineer divers in the United States,
half of which are registreted professional engineers. The services live up to safety standards
and regulations including the US Occupational
and Health Administration (OSHA), US Coast
Guard, Association of Diving Contractors
guidelines, and our own Dive Safety Manual.
The engineers who perform the inspections
also write the investigation reports, develop
recommendations, repair schemes, alternatives
and prepare the designs. We strongly believe
that this approach provides clients with the
most cost effective and constructible designs.
Furthermore, we operate highly portable but
powerful mini remotely operated vehicles
(ROV) that has a range of 230 metres. This
gives the dive team the ability to assess safety
concerns about a potential dive, view areas
that may be considered hazardous for manned
dives and provide rapid deployment because of
its portability.
ROV safety assesses damaged navigation
structure in deep water
42
Port of Salalah inspection, Sultanate
of Oman
We performed an above and underwater
inspection of berths 21-24 and the liquid
handling berth (LHB) at the Port of Salalah.
The Port of Salalah retained us to perform
a feasibility study to dredge an additional 2.5
m at these facilities and an investigation was
required. We mobilized a full surface supplied
dive station, an engineer-diver, and a dive supervisor.
Berths 21-24 are constructed of precast concrete caisson bulkhead that supports a cast-in-
place concrete cap. It measures approximately
730 m and is currently dredged to approximately 12 m depth. The LHB consists of four
precast concrete caissons that comprise the
mooring and breasting structures and support
the catwalks and manifold platform. This berth
is also currently dredged to approximately 12
m depth.
The diving operation was conducted by a
three-person inspection team consisting of
professional engineer-divers and a diver-technician. Diving inspections were conducted using
surface-supplied diving equipment with full-
time hardwire communication between the
diver and topside personnel.
The primary objective of the investigation
was to assess the existing condition of the
structure to determine the improvements required to accommodate the additional dredge
depth. The underwater investigation included a
level I inspection effort on 100% of the structure and a level II inspection effort on approximately 10% of the structure.
43
Service life and
risk assessment
Service life design
Internationally, COWI
provides the only available
reliability-based service life
design methodology against
chloride- and carbonation-induced corrosion of
reinforcement in concrete.
Marine structures are usually now designed
for 100, 120 or even 200 years of service life.
This surpasses by far the assumed design life
on which most codes and standards are based.
COWI’s recognised leading position within
durability design and concrete technology is
based on more than 40 years worldwide experience within the design, operation and maintenance of exposed reinforced concrete
structures.
COWI has been spearheading the international research and technical development of
the rational service life design of concrete
structures, i.e. in European research projects
such as: DuraCrete, DuraNet and DARTS, and
chairing all durability-related activities within
the international organisations of CEB (Comité
Euro-international du Béton) and now fib
(Fédération Internationale du Béton).
Risk and decision support
COWI offers all types of risk assessments for
projects. Risk is inherent in any activity. All
decisions or actions may result in unwanted
consequences. Thus, the proper procedure is
always to consider risk and to make use of the
information gained in the decision process.
Project risks include development risks, construction risks, operational risks, financial risks
and revenue risks.
Risk management
Risk management is basically a managerial tool
to support the decision maker.
Experience shows that implementation of
risk management will result in profitable decisions and improved allocation of resources.
Risk management can lead to decisions supporting the decision maker’s goals.
Risk management ensures consistence and
transparency in the decision process and provides a basis for risk communication.
Risk assessment
In many cases, risk management requires detailed quantitative input.
To this purpose, risk assessment makes use
of probability calculus and statistics, which are
applied to the underlying physical or economic
models.The quantitative output can easily be expressed in economic terms, which is especially
useful in cost-benefit analyses.
Environmental risk from oil and chemical spillage in Danish waters
44
Design
tools
COWI uses stateof-the-art numerical models and
tools in all phases
of projects.
SESAM
Sesam is a finite element program
used for analysis and design of steel
jackets structures.
PLAXIS
PLAXIS is a finite elements
program specifically developed for numerical analysis
of geotechnical and underground structures and soilstructure interaction.
LITPACK
LITPACK is a state-of-the-art numerical
model for the simulation of shoreline
developments including erosion and accretion.
HOLEBASE
HOLEBASE is a
database system for
geotechnical data.
It allows for proper
storing and analyse
of data and presentations in AutoCAD.
IBDAS
IBDAS is COWI’s own integrated design and analysis software tool. It allows
for geometrical modelling,
structural analysis and
verification of engineering
structures and generation
of construction drawings.
OPTIMOOR
OPTIMOOR is a computer program for the analysis of vessel
moorings.
ROBOT
ROBOT is a finite element program for analysis and design of beam,
truss, slab, shell and 3D
structures.
ABAQUS
ABAQUS is one of the leading
multi-purpose finite elements
programs for a wide spectrum of
numerical analyses in engineering
and natural science with special
focus on FEM and soil-structure
interaction.
45
Dredging spill modelling - Pearl
of The Pearl – Qatar
Hydrodynamic flow modelling - design flow velocities
at The Pearl – Qatar
Flushing - concentration of artificial tracer after 104 hours
simulation for the Development situation
Numerical modelling using MIKE 21
COWI has acquired the professional engineering software package MIKE 21. It is applicable
to the simulation of hydraulic and related phenomena in lakes, estuaries, bays, coastal areas
and seas, and consists of more than twenty
modules covering coastal and environmental hydraulics, sediment and wave processes.
MIKE 21 provides the design engineer with a
unique and flexible modelling environment using techniques, which have set the standard in
2D modelling.
MIKE 21 NSW and SW are spectral wave
models, which are capable of calculating the
growth and decline of wind waves in the neareshore region. The models include the effect of
wind, refraction and wave breaking.
Nearshore wave modelling - modelled wave
height and direction for wind from north north
east. The figure show the modelled wave field in
the sea between Bahrain and Qatar. The
colours illustrate the wave height and the arrows
show the wave direction. The length of the
arrows is proportional to the wave height
SimFlex, the in-house navigational software
SimFlex simulations are based on numerical models of
the physics of ship response to hydrodynamic conditions
and wind.
The simulations are run from the artificial bridge in
our office. The virtual environment allows simulations to
test different design options as well as different ships.
A numerical navigator can be used for fast time simulations. The numerical navigator controls rudder and
engine and can be applied for navigational simulations
until tugs or thrusters are used. Typically fast time simulations are applied for studies of navigational channels or
routes.
The simulation studies comprise:
• Time required for approach and berth and departure
• Complexity of manoeuvring
• The need for tug assistance
• Optimisation of port layouts
• Optimisation of access channel dimensions using real
or fast time simulations
• Safety margin in respect of e.g. necessary use of engine
power from both own ship and tugs and safe space
around ship when manoeuvring
• Arrival and departure process
• Mooring systems
• Emergency scenarios such as engine failure, failed rudder and/or extreme environmental conditions
• Efficiency when loading or unloading vessels.
46
47
Selected references
Al Zorah Development, Ajman, UAE
Description: A parcel of land, approximately 12 square
kilometres, is going to be developed along the coast of
Ajman by the Al Zorah Development (Private) Company
Limited. One of the features of the development will be
an existing mangrove area. The mixed-use development
will stretch along 3 km of coastline and include
commercial, residential, recreational, educational and
healthcare facilities as well as a golf course, marinas
and hotels. COWI’s part of the project concerns
environmental and engineering services related to the
marine works. The environmental impact assessment
considers both terrestrial and marine aspects and
includes studies of air pollution, noise and cooling water
from a nearby power plant.
Client: Al Zorah Development (Private) Company
Limited
Project period: Ongoing
Services: Numerical modelling of waves,
currents and water levels, assessment of beach
stability, wave disturbance in marinas, flushing
characteristics of the channels and water bodies,
eutrophication modelling study, environmental
impact assessment, power station impact study,
dredging and reclamation, marina design, design
of marine structures, cost estimate, assistance
during tendering and construction supervision.
Analyses for Aframax tankers, Alaska
Description: Mooring analyses completed for Aframax
tankers to assess limits for transfer of oil products. The
berth has a tidal range of 6 m between mean lower low
water and mean higher high water, and currents running
parallel to the berth can reach 4-7 knots. In the winter
months, the berth is exposed to ice formation and ice floes.
Part of the study was to determine the capacities of existing
mooring hardware and assess the affects of ice floes on
vessels moored at the berth.
Client: Tesoro Maritime Company
Completed: 2008
Services: A probabilistic analysis was employed to
determine the frequency of ice floes, and their distribution in
terms of size, thickness, speed, and proximity to the berth
during passage. Dynamic mooring analysis simulations
were utilized to determine the excursion of moored vessels,
the tension in mooring lines, thrust on fenders, and loads
incurred to mooring hardware.
Conoco Phillips, Rodeo terminal
upgrade, Richmond, CA, USA
Description: Develop options for upgrading the
Rodeo terminal facility to accommodate 200,000
DWT tankers. The main purpose of the study
was to investigate the possibility of berthing
a 200,000 DWT Polar tanker at the Conoco
Phillips Rodeo facility, and secondly, determine
what structural upgrades would be required
according to Marine Oil Terminal Engineering and
Maintenance Standards.
Client: Conoco Phillips
Completed: 2003
Services: Mooring analyses, structural analyses,
cost estimates, quantities and MOTEMS
compliance.
Shoaiba new tanker terminal,
Saudi Arabia
48
Description: New marine terminal for
unloading of 100,000 DWT tankers.
The terminal consisted of 500 m access
causeway, 180 m access trestle and piled
jetty structures, steel piles and concrete
deck.
Client: Archirodon (Overseas) CO.
Completed: 2002
Services: Assessment and design of the
terminal structures.
Stockholm Nynässhamn Norvikudden container
and ro-ro terminal, Sweden
Description: A phased green-field port development of a 60
ha site located about 65 km south of Stockholm. The project
includes 4 berths for container carriers and 2 berths with
movable end ramps for ro-ro traffic. The planned depth at
quays ranges from 10 to 16 m.
Client: NCC-Aarsleff Consortium
Project period: 2011
Services: COWI’s services comprise the fully developed
container and ro-ro terminal with about 1.4 km quay front
length.
Caleta La Mision Port, Tierra del Fuego,
Argentina
Description: Review and redesign of the project
and all structures for this port consisting of
a 1.6 km trestle on piles, a berth for 25,000
DWT vessels and a main island breakwater for
protection of the berth.
Client: UTE (JV) Andrade Gutierrez-Ormas
Completed: 2002
Services: Studies of waves and tides in numerical
modelling, design basis, master plan, navigation
study, quarry assessment, detailed design of
CORE-LOC breakwater, 2D and 3D model tests
by DHI, design of quay and deck structures,
specifications and cost estimates.
Al Dana Island and RAK Canal project, UAE
Description: COWI is rendering design services to
develop an offshore island complex and a canal
through existing land located along the coast of Ras
Al Khaimah. This project includes development of a
cluster of man-made islands covering 5 million square
metres to accommodate commercial and residential
complexes and hotels as well as a canal of 18
kilometre 'snaking' through the adjacent existing land
area. The concept design for the RAK Canal will focus
on the feasibility of this part of the project, i.e. flushing
of the canal and the need and cost for installing a
mechanical flushing system and/or sluices and locks,
costs of excavation and marine structures, etc.
Client: Dredging International, who has signed a
contract with Rakeen, a company representing the
Government of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, UAE,
Completed: 2011
Services: Numerical modelling of waves and currents,
numerical environmental modelling, concept design,
preliminary design, detailed design.
Mesaieed small craft berth, Qatar
Description: The small craft harbour is for mooring
of tugs and pilot boats. It consists primarily of
gravity block structures.
Client: Grandi Lavouri Fincosit
(Middle East W.L.L)
Completed: 2002
Services: Definition of design basis, specification
and interpretation of marine investigations,
specifications of ground improvement, detailed
structural design of berth, detailed design of
slipway and coastal protection, construction report
and drawings, construction support.
49
Dune restoration and stabilization,
Bahamas
Description: In August and September of 2004,
back to back hurricanes, Hurricane Frances
and Hurricane Jeanne, followed almost identical
paths over the Bahamas, resulting in extensive
wind damage and erosion. While many of the
homes were severely damaged, others were left
teetering on the brink of scarped dunes only a
few feet from collapse. A site visit was performed
to assess the current conditions followed by
an evaluation of different options for restoring
the dunes, and for providing protection against
future storms.
Client: Scotland Cay, Bahamas
Completed: 2005
Services: The chosen design consists of sand fill
in front of homes and placement of geosynthetic
sand-filled bags on the lower dune face.
Egyptian (LNG) project, Idku, Egypt
Description: Idku is located on the Mediterranean
coast 50 km east of Alexandria. An export terminal
for LNG was needed due to the finding of sizeable
gas fields. The terminal caters for 140,000 m³ LNG
vessels. It consists of a construction harbour on the
side of which a 2.4 km long access trestle extends
out to the berth for the gas tankers. The mooring
and turning area is protected by a 850 m long island
breakwater located in an area with up to 15 m of soft
clay. The trestle is supported on steel piles and the
composite superstructure modules are 40 m long.
The site is very exposed with offshore design waves of
Hs = 11 m
reduced to approximately 6.8 m at the breakwater by
wave breaking as the water depth is 12 to 13 m.
Completed: 2004
Client: Archirodon Construction/Bechtel International
Services: Assessment of geotechnical investigations,
hydrographical analyses, breakwater design, dynamic
mooring analyses, design of access channel and
navigational lights, vessel downtime assessment,
design of jetty structure, seismic analyses, building
design, electrical and mechanical design.
New York City cruise terminal dredging,
USA
Client: New York City Economic
Development Corporation (NYCEDC)
Description: The New York City cruise terminal
in Manhattan serviced over 1 million passengers
from most of the major cruise lines in 2006 and
the economic impact of the cruise industry to
the City was over USD 1 billion. Since these
official numbers were reported for 2006, a
steady growth in passengers and economic
benefit for the City has occurred. Situated on
the west side of Manhattan on the east bank of
the Hudson River, up to 275,000 cubic meters
of maintenance dredging is required every year.
Completed: 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008
Services: Hydrographic surveys, sampling
and analysis plans, sampling and testing
of dredge materials, dredge plans and
specifications, cost estimates, and volume
calculations and performed resident
engineer services.
Qasr Al Alam New Seawall, Oman
Description: New blockwork seawall for
protection of the Royal Palace in Muscat plus
small craft landing platform.
Client: Tarmac Alawi L.L.C.
Completed: 2002
Services: Assessment of geotechnical
condition as well as seismic design, design
of layout and cross-sections of wall, design
of wall sections and outfall structures for
storm water run-off, drawings and material
specifications.
50
Description: A comprehensive coastal survey was
undertaken by COWI, in which topographic and
bathymetric surveys were conducted along with geological
and morphological studies and assessment of the littoral
transport. Gradual removal of sediments and breakdown
of the existing groynes resulted in shoreline retreat, leaving
a beach consisting mainly of gravel and pebbles. Using
a hopper dredge approximately 113,000 m3 of sand was
placed along a 2.2 kilometre stretch of coastline resulting
in an initial advance of the coastline by approximately
40 m. The result of the beach nourishment is an immediate
advance of the beach and a long term supply of sediment
to the adjacent coastal areas in the downstream direction.
Future development of the coastline is monitored by
periodic bathymetric surveys and land surveys, which will
form the basis for future maintenance of the beach.
Photo: winther airphoto
Beach nourishment on Funen, Denmark
Development plan for Kronborg Castle and
Elsinore Harbour, Denmark
Description: Kronborg Castle is on UNESCO’s World
Heritage list. Restoration of Kronborg’s fortification and the
marine development of the abandoned shipyard.
Project cost: USD 60 million
Client: Det Nordfynske Kystsikrings-, Dige- og Pumpelag
Client: Slots- og Ejendomsstyrelsen, Denmark
Project period: 2005-ongoing
Service: Beach nourishment, protection, breakwater and
groyne.
Services: COWI is the client’s consultant and provides
multidisciplinary services within project management, risk
assessment and successive calculation of costs, traffic
analysis, geo- and environmental investigations, marine
biology, numerical wave modelling, condition surveys,
authority contact, architectural coordination, archaeology,
conceptual design, tender, contracting and supervision.
Shoreline storm damage reduction,
Chicago, IL, USA
Description: Shore protection for 530 m of
shoreline avenues along Lake Michigan, between
Diversey and Fullerton, consisting of revetment,
concrete promenade and stepped slabs, steel
sheet pile, and rock fill.
Client: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Chicago District
Completed: 2004
Gorgon LNG project, Australia
Services: Detailed design.
Description: The Chevron-lead liquefied
natural gas project on Barrow Island will
bring on stream a three-train 15 m t/y plant
by 2013, exploiting offshore gas fields off
Australia's western coast (130-200 km
from Barrow Island). It is the largest of
more than a dozen planned LNG projects
in Australia. A connecting trestle is made of
steel trusses spanning 70-80 m between
caissons. The jetty is roughly 2 km off the
shore.
Beach at Al Sharq Resort, Doha, Qatar
Description: Al-Sharq Resort is located in Doha. The previous
shoreline was characterised by a shallow foreshore and the
bay towards east was severely affected by siltation. The
previous beach quality was not acceptable for the luxurious
resort. COWI was therefore contracted. The resort beach
is sheltered by Doha Port but is orientated towards the
dominant northerly and north-westerly winds.The shallow bay
at the eastern half of the site has been reclaimed to provide a
continuous beach. Additionally, a blue water basin has been
dredged along the new beach to provide deeper water. The
land formed by the headlands has been utilised as park with
grass and palm trees.
Client: Qatar National Hotels Company
Completed: 2005
Services: Geotechnical investigations, design of beach,
coastal protection and environmental impact assessment (EIA).
Client: Saipem-Leighton Consortium
Project period: ongoing
Services: COWI carries out Independent
Design Verification (IDV) for the marine
facility design which includes more
than 1000 documents. The IDV include
preparation of independent calculations
(Contre Calculs) for documentation of the
structural integrity.
Dubai Maritime City development,
Dubai, UAE
Inner harbour turning basin,
Port of Oakland, CA, USA
Description: The project included new large
reclaimed area in front of Port Rashid adjacent
to the Dubai Dry Dock. The new area required
the relocation of the main breakwater protecting
as well as additional perimeter protection and
marine structures.
Description: Design of a 12 m tall bulkhead
required for widening of inner harbour turning
basin (ITHB), phase 1B bulkhead, dredging,
and demolition of piers 2 and 5.
Client: DUTRA Construction
Completed: 2006
Client: Archirodon Construction
Services: Geotechnical analysis and
design, numerical modelling, structural
design, seismic design, value engineering,
construction staging, construction support
and supervision, pile load test evaluation.
Services: Design basis, change of basic layout,
numerical wave disturbance study, design
of all breakwaters and revetments, vessel
manoeuvring study and technical services for
construction support.
Cooper River Bridge, Charleston, SC,
USA
Description: Design of drilled sharft
foundations for the in-water piers. Drilled
shafts were 3 m diameters. Design of
artificial islands for protection of main span
bridge piers against ship collision. The
islands are 20 m high, built from 346,000 m3
of rock comprising an outer layer of primary
and secondary rock armor placed on a filter
and quarry run core. Construction included
340,000 m3 dredging for foundation of the
islands.
Client: South Carolina Department of
Transportation
Completed: 2005
Services: Detailed design and ship collision
risk analysis.
Casting basin Costa Azul,
Baja California, Mexico
Description: Detailed design of a 105 m wide by 155
m long and 8 m deep casting basin facility. The basin
served for manufacturing of concrete caissons that were
floated out and sunk to form a breakwater that protected
an LNG terminal approximately 20 km north of the basin.
Client: Costain - China Harbour JV
Completed: 2005
Services: Feasibility studies, oceanographic studies,
detailed design, structural design, geotechnical analyses
and design, hydraulic and dewatering design, coastal
engineering, downtime assessment.
51
Tuborg Syd, marine works, Denmark
52
Description: Tuborg Syd (south) is a
development of the former Tuborg Brewery
Port. The port basin is transformed into
housing and recreational areas including
210,000 m2 of buildings. The development
is given a maritime environment with marina
and canals in between the buildings.
Client: Carlsberg Properties
Completed: 2009
Services: Master planning of marina in
collaboration with the architect, assessment
of geotechnical conditions, numerical
modelling and hydraulic studies, coastal
stability analysis, design of new protecting
rubble mound breakwater, design of all
works/structures, tendering, contracting
and supervision of marine works
construction.
Saranda Gateway, Albania
Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar
Coastal engineering study
Description: The museum was located in
the water off the shoreline in the Doha Bay.
The museum and the surroundings required
costal protection works.
Client: Ministry of Municipal Affairs and
Agriculture, Qatar
Completed: 2002
Services: Surveys, numerical modelling of
waves and current and water quality, design
basis, detailed design of edge treatment
slopes, structures, sea walls, construction
supervision.
Description: COWI has completed a
multidisciplinary project involving port planning,
engineering and environmental impact studies.
The overall objective of the Saranda Gateway
project is to support the transformation of
Saranda’s downtown port into a dedicated
ferryboat and passenger terminal to facilitate
the access of passengers and vehicles to
Albania’s valued southern coastal zone. The
transformation into a tourist and commercial
gateway involves the following elements:
Relocation of the existing cargo berth in
Saranda Bay to a refurbished all-cargo berth
facility in the nearby Limioni Bay, conversion of
the existing cargo berth in Saranda Bay to a
180 m long cruise liner berth and construction
of a yacht marina.
Client: Ministry of Public Works, Transport
and Telecommunication, Albania
Completed: 2007
Services: Port planning and engineering,
environmental impact study, bathymetric and
topographic surveys, magnetometer and side
scan sonar survey, geotechnical investigations
and geological studies, archaeological survey,
benthic flora and fauna survey, water and
sediment quality sampling and analysis,
numerical modelling of current and waves,
traffic studies and socio-economic studies.
Batumi terminal, Georgia
Description: Upgrading and
development of existing container
terminal in Batumi.
Client: ICTSI
Completed: 2007
Services: Planning for civil works,
building and infrastructure works.
53
Sutong Bridge, scour protection,
P.R. China
Description: The Sutong Bridge over the
Yangtze River is the world’s longest cablestay bridge with a span of 1088 m between
the main pylons. These are founded in the
river bed in a water depth reaching about 30 m.
Client: Jiangsu Province SuTong Bridge
Construction Commanding Department
Completed: 2005
Services: Expert engineering services
and construction management for the
bridge and its scour protection. For the
scour, COWI prepared assessments of the
hydraulic design data, desk study of scour
and conceptual and recommendations
on detailed design of the scour protection
consisting of temporary protection of sand
bags and permanent protection using quarry
stones with falling apron at the edges to
cope with potential large scour depths.
Qatar-Bahrain causeway
Services 2008-2013
Description: This road-link will connect
the west coast of Qatar near the Zubarah
fortress with the east coast of Bahrain south
of the capital Manamah. Being exactly 40
km coast-to-coast, it will be the longest
man-made road-link in the world. The
road-link will be of motorway standard with
traffic lanes and emergency lane in each
direction. The 40 km is made up of 18 km
embankments and 22 km marine bridges
including two navigation span cable-stayed
bridges, one close to the coastline of
Bahrain, one on the Qatar side close to the
international border.
In May 2008 an agreement was signed
between the Qatar-Bahrain Causeway
Foundation (representing the two
governments) and the QBC Consortium
to design and build the causeway. At the
same time, COWI signed an agreement
with the QBC Consortium to act as design
consultant for the causeway project.
Services 2001-2002
Confined disposal facility (CDF) and
commercial wharf, Everett, MA, USA
Description: Remediation of a 2.5 hectare site
requiring containment and stabilization of in-situ and
dredged sediments. The CDF structure consisted
of nine continuous 12 meter wide by 34 meter long
cells consisting of HZ king piles and AZ sheet piles.
The structure was designed to withstand a variety of
intermediate loading conditions during construction,
including a 3 meter tide variation. The CDF and
concrete deck structure was designed with a
capacity of 57 kilopascals to accommodate the crane
loads expected for the industrial use of the facility.
Client: ARCADIS BBL
Completed: 2007
Services: Provided waterfront structural engineering
for the CDF design from concept design through final
design. During construction reviewed contractor’s
submittals and performed full time resident engineer
services, including underwater investigations.
COWI was appointed to undertake the
preliminary engineering and environmental
investigations and studies for the causeway
and completed the studies in only 10
months. The marine modelling studies
for the Qatar-Bahrain causeway project
included modelling of current, sediment
dispersion from dredging activities and
waves using MIKE 21. By compensation
dredging the final solution had zero impact
on the water exchange.
Studies: Planning, traffic, topography
and bathymetry, geology and geophysics,
geotechnique, hydrography, meteorology,
marine modelling, environment and ecology,
risk assessment, design basis
Conceptual design: Alignment, roads and
plazas, embankment and fill depots, bridges
tolling & border facilities, mechanical and
electrical installations
Client: Ministry of Municipal Affairs and
Agriculture, Qatar
COWI's services will be undertaken in three
phases:
Phase 1 over five months: update and
amend the conceptual design carried
out in 2002 including re-assessing the
environmental conditions and conduct an
update of the EIA studies made during
2002. Included in this phase is a study of
optional provision to be implemented to
facilitate the later addition of a rail-link along
the causeway alignment.
Phase 2 over the next three months: a
basic design to enable a firm lump sum to
be established.
Phase 3 over the next 51 months:
construction of the causeway. COWI
undertakes detailed design and provides
on-site follow-up services during this
period.
Client: QBC Consortium (Vinci, Hochtief,
CCC, QDVC and Dredging International/
MEDCO)
Qatalum project, Mesaieed, Qatar
54
Description: Qatar Petroleum and Hydro Aluminium AS
are developing an aluminium production plant at Mesaieed
Industrial City, Qatar. The project involves construction of a
jetty with mooring dolphin to handle import of raw materials
(bulk alumina, coke and liquid pitch) for the production
of aluminium at the plant. The jetty shall accommodate
bulk carriers up to 70.000 DWT. An access trestle shall be
constructed to connect the jetty to land.
Double dry-dock at Ras Laffan, Qatar
Description: Eight kilometres offshore, Qatar
Petroleum is building a giant double dry-dock
due for completion in 2010. The dry-dock –
Nakilat Ship Repair Yard – lies off the port of
Ras Laffan and will be capable of receiving the
very largest vessels sailing with LNG, liquefied
natural gas. The project has a total value of
USD 450 million.
Client: Archirodon Construction (Overseas) CO. S.A.
Completed: 2008
Services: Met-ocean study, mooring analysis, detailed
design of access trestle, jetty and mooring dolphin.
Client: Main client is QP/Nakilat
Completed: 2008
Services: Responsible for the offshore design
– including quays, foundation piles and block
walls for the dry-dock – and the design of
onshore buildings, project coordination and
supervision.
Al Reem Island Plot 4, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Description: Al Reem Island is a multi-billion
dollar man-made island and residential,
recreational and commercial development on
reclaimed land in the shallows off the coast
of Abu Dhabi. Plot 4 is being developed into
a mixed, residential and commercial zone.
The basis for the Al Reem Island Plot 4 is in
providing high-class facilities, restaurants,
shopping, business facilities and residential
units resulting in a unique lifestyle for residents
and visitors alike.
Client: Private investor
Beirut Central District, marine works, Lebanon
Completed: 2008
Phase 1.
Phase 2
Services: Conceptual design of edge treatment
structures, breakwaters and navigational canals,
establishing marina operational basis and
marina concept design and modelling of water
flushing to validate master plan from a marine
point of view and assessment of waves and
wave disturbance in marinas.
Description: Marina and Seafront
Structures. Marina protected by major
Accropode breakwater. Seafront, 1.3
km long consisting of large concrete
caissons with wave-absorbing chamber
and wide submerged reef in front.
Description: Eastern Marina designed for
200 yachts with all marina facilities. Eastern
Breakwater, 500 m long rubble mound
breakwater. Beach Club with high class
recreational facilities.
Client : Solidere
Project period : 2010 - ongoing
Completed: 2000
An architectural concept impression of the Plot 4
development
Services: Construction management
and special marine, geotechnical,
coastal and materials engineering expert
services.
Client: Solidere
Services: Preliminary and detailed design of
all marine structures, facilities and services.
Organisation and supervision of 3D physical
model tests. Tender documentation and
construction supervision.
55
Study of transport corridor from Umm Qasr via
Basrah to Baghdad, Iraq
Description: The recovery of the Iraqi economy is
dependent on a fast revival of the Iraqi transport
infrastructure. The commercial ports in the south of Iraq
play an important role in the transport infrastructure. The
study of the transport corridor from Umm Qasr via Basrah
to Baghdad has involved: Procurement and training of
Iraqi authority staff in the use of state-of-the-art surveying
equipment (ports, waterways and roads), condition
surveying of the main infrastructure in the corridor (ports,
waterways and roads), transportation forecasting, project
identification and planning for two pilot projects (Umm Qasr
and Road 26).
Sulphur pier, Kuwait
Description: The Client KNPC has launched a revamping of
their solid sulphur handling and loading facilities at the Mina
Al Ahmadi (MAA) Refinery, Kuwait. The project involves
upgrade of the onshore sulphur plant, the conveyor system
and the establishment of a new ship loading facility in the
MAA area. The new ship loading facility involves a Sulphur
Pier (SP), which consists of marine structures that facilitate
safe and reliable mooring and loading of ocean going bulk
carriers in the range from 16.000 - 60.000 DWT.
Client: Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Danida)
Completed: 2010
Services: Port planning, transport economy, GIS, hydraulic
and sediment modelling, environmental impact assessment,
marine and road surveying, tender design.
Client: Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC)
Services: COWI services comprised: site location study
and navigation simulations, metocean, berthing and
mooring studies, topographic and bathymetric suveys,
onshore and offshore geotechnical investigation, QRA for
onshore and offshore works, preparation of FEED design
and specifications and carrying out environmental impact
assessment for the marine facility. COWI further assisted
in the preparation of the invitation to bidders for EPC
contractor and prepared cost estimate and programme for
the EPC contract.
Shtokman LNG terminal, Russia
Description: The Client intends to establish a gascondensate facility in the Teriberka Bay on the north
coast of the Kola Peninsula. Two locations are being
considered for the marine terminal and have been
studied during the Pre-FEED. They are now subject
to more detailed assessments during the FEED
phase.
Client: Shtokman Development AG
Completed: 2010
Halul Harbour upgrade, Qatar
Description: Halul harbour is a supply
base located on Halul Island 80 km off
the coast of Qatar. The harbour is on the
south side of the island and is protected
by two CORE-LOC breakwaters.
Client: Consolidated Engineering
Construction Ltd.
Completed: 2004
Services: Port planning, definition of
site investigations, detailed design of
breakwater and concrete quay and sheet
pile quay and access road, design report
and construction drawings.
Services COWI services comprised review of
Pre-FEED study documents and the FEED study
documents. Provision of an integrated assessment of
the design basis data and the numerical and physical
models applied in the studies. Evaluation of the wave
model results. Provision of an integrated assessment
of the completeness and robustness of the studies
carried out and a comparative assessment of the
two proposed locations for the marine facility with
respect to: safety, operability, product deliverability
and constructability.
@
@
@
www.cowi.com
www.gerwick.com
www.ocean-coastal.com
Photo: Shaw E&I
COWI offices
Centres for marine and coastal engineering
Selected marine and coastal projects
Confluence of Gulf
intercoastal waterway
and Mississippi River
Gulf outlet.
COWI Qatar
Al Mana Tower, 8th floor
Suhaim Bin Hamad St.
C-ring road, Bin Mahmoud Area
P.O. Box 23800, Doha – Qatar
Tel. +974 442 3827/43/45
www.cowi.com
Ben C. Gerwick, Inc.
1300 Clay Street
7th Floor
Oakland, CA94612
United States
Tel. +1 510 839 8972
www.gerwick.com
Ocean and Coastal
Consultants, Inc.
35 Corporate Drive
Trumbull, CT 06611
United States
Tel. +1 203 268 5007
www.ocean-coastal.com
COWI India Private Ltd.
121, Phase I
Udyog Vihar
Gurgaon, Harnyana
India
Tel. +91 124 409 2500
www.cowi.in
COWI Consulting(Beijing) Co.,Ltd.
Suite 2010 Sunflower Tower
37 MaiZiDian Street,
ChaoYang District
Beijing 100125 P.R. China
Tel.+86 10 8527 6970
www.cowi.cn
Printed in Denmark by Kailow
COWI UAE
Office MF-10
Reemas Building
Al Quoz 1
PO Box 52978, Dubai, UAE
Tel. +971 (0)4 339 7076
www.cowi.com
021-1700-023e-11e
COWI A/S
Parallelvej 2
DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby
Denmark
Tel. +45 56 40 22 11
www.cowi.com
Editors:
Susanne Johansen,
Ole Juul Jensen,
Hanne Aagaard Jensen et al.,
2011
COWI group marine and coastal offices

Marine and coastal engineering

Transcription

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