Autocad Mechanical 2000

Transcription

AUTOCAD Mechanical 2000

Tutorials
17320-010000-5080
June 28, 1999
This is a blank page
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Content
Introduction...................................................................................................... 1
Prerequisites...........................................................................................................2
How the Tutorials Are Organized..........................................................................2
Methods for Accessing AutoCAD Mechanical Commands ..................................2
Styles for Different Input Actions .........................................................................3
Chapter 1: Working with Templates ............................................................... 5
Key Terms ..............................................................................................................6
Working with Templates .......................................................................................7
Getting Started ...................................................................................................7
Setting Up the Starting Layer.............................................................................8
Setting the Mechanical Options ........................................................................9
Specifying the Drawing Limits.........................................................................10
Saving a Template ............................................................................................10
Using a Template .............................................................................................11
Chapter 2: Extending the Design of a Lever ................................................. 13
Key Terms ............................................................................................................14
Extending the Design ..........................................................................................15
Getting Started .................................................................................................15
Preliminary Settings: Snap Configuration .......................................................16
Creating Construction Lines (C-Lines) ............................................................17
Creating additional C-Lines.............................................................................19
Creating a Contour and Applying a Fillet .......................................................22
Creating a Contour and Trimming Projecting Edges ......................................24
Cross-Hatching the Lever.................................................................................26
Dimensioning the Lever ..................................................................................27
Creating a Detail and Additional Dimensions ................................................29
Chapter 3: Dimensioning and Annotations.................................................. 33
Key Terms ............................................................................................................34
Dimensioning ......................................................................................................36
Automatic Dimensioning ................................................................................36
Editing Dimensions with Power Commands ..................................................39
Inserting Annotations ......................................................................................43
Inserting a Drawing Border..............................................................................46
Contents
|
v
Chapter 4: Working with Layers and Layer Groups..................................... 49
Key Terms ............................................................................................................50
Working with Layers and Layer Groups .............................................................51
Understanding Layer Management .................................................................51
Getting Started .................................................................................................51
Changing a Layer By Selecting Objects ...........................................................52
Creating Layer Groups .....................................................................................53
Using a Layer Group to Copy Objects .............................................................58
Chapter 5: Working with a Bill of Material and a Parts List ....................... 61
Key Terms ............................................................................................................62
Inserting a Part Reference ................................................................................63
Placing Balloons ...............................................................................................66
Creating a Parts List .........................................................................................71
Merging and Splitting Items in a Parts List .....................................................75
Collecting Balloons ..........................................................................................77
Sorting and Renumbering Items on a Parts List ..............................................79
Using Filters......................................................................................................81
Chapter 6: Working with Model Space and Layouts.................................... 85
Key Terms ............................................................................................................86
Working with Model Space and Layouts ............................................................87
Getting Started .................................................................................................87
Creating a Scale Area........................................................................................88
Creating a Detail ..............................................................................................90
Generating a New Viewport.............................................................................91
Inserting an User Through Hole ......................................................................93
Creating a Subassembly in a New Layout........................................................97
Chapter 7: Designing a Cam ........................................................................ 103
Key Terms ..........................................................................................................104
Cam Design .......................................................................................................105
Getting Started ...............................................................................................105
Configuring the Cam Plate Calculations.......................................................106
Creating Movement Sections.........................................................................108
Creating Velocity and Acceleration Curves...................................................110
Creating Cam Geometry from the Graph .....................................................111
Creating NC Data...........................................................................................112
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Contents
Chapter 8: Calculating Moment of Inertia and Deflection Line ............... 115
Key Terms ..........................................................................................................116
Calculating Moment of Inertia and Deflection Line ..........................................117
Getting Started ...............................................................................................117
Calculating the Moment of Inertia................................................................118
Calculating the Deflection Line.....................................................................119
Chapter 9: Creating a Shaft With Standard Parts....................................... 125
Key Terms ..........................................................................................................126
Creating a Shaft with Standard Parts ................................................................127
Configuring the Snap Options ......................................................................127
Starting and Configuring the Shaft Generator ..............................................127
Creating Cylindrical Shaft Sections and Gears..............................................129
Inserting a Spline Profile................................................................................130
Inserting a Chamfer and a Fillet ....................................................................131
Inserting a Shaft Break ...................................................................................132
Creating a Side View of the Shaft ..................................................................133
Inserting a Thread ..........................................................................................134
Editing and Inserting a Shaft Section ............................................................134
Replacing a Shaft Section ...............................................................................136
Inserting a Bearing .........................................................................................137
Chapter 10: Performing a Shaft Calculation............................................... 139
Key Terms ..........................................................................................................140
Performing a Shaft Calculation .........................................................................141
Getting Started ...............................................................................................141
Creating the Contour of a Shaft ....................................................................142
Specifying the Material ..................................................................................143
Placing the Supports ......................................................................................143
Specifying the Loads ......................................................................................144
Calculating the Shaft and Inserting the Results ............................................147
Chapter 11: Working with Standard Parts.................................................. 149
Key Terms ..........................................................................................................150
Working with Standard Parts ............................................................................151
Getting Started ...............................................................................................151
Inserting a Screw Connection........................................................................152
Copying a Screw Connection with Power Copy ...........................................157
Using Power Recall and Performing a Screw Calculation .............................158
Editing a Screw Connection with Power Edit................................................164
Working with Power View .............................................................................166
Deleting with Power Erase .............................................................................168
Contents
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vii
Inserting a Hole..............................................................................................169
Inserting a Pin ................................................................................................171
Hiding C-Lines ...............................................................................................172
Simplifying the Representation of Standard Parts.........................................173
Chapter 12: Chain Calculation .................................................................... 175
Key Terms ..........................................................................................................176
Chain Calculation .............................................................................................177
Getting Started ...............................................................................................177
Performing a Length Calculation ..................................................................178
Optimizing the Chain Length .......................................................................180
Inserting Sprockets.........................................................................................181
Inserting a Chain ...........................................................................................184
Chapter 13: Calculating a Spring ................................................................ 187
Key Terms ..........................................................................................................188
Calculating a Spring ..........................................................................................189
Getting Started ...............................................................................................189
Starting the Spring Calculation .....................................................................190
Specifying the Spring Layout .........................................................................192
Calculating and Selecting the Spring.............................................................196
Inserting the Spring .......................................................................................196
Copying the Spring with Power Copy ...........................................................197
Editing the Spring with Power Edit ...............................................................198
Chapter 14: Using FEA to Calculate Stress .................................................. 201
Key Terms ..........................................................................................................202
2D FEA ...............................................................................................................203
Getting Started ...............................................................................................203
Calculating the Stress in a Lever ....................................................................203
Defining Loads and Supports.........................................................................205
Calculating the Results ..................................................................................207
Evaluating and Refining the Mesh ................................................................208
Improving the Design ....................................................................................210
Recalculating the Stress..................................................................................211
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Contents
Introduction
In This Chapter
Learning how to use AutoCAD Mechanical

Prerequisites
2000 for all your mechanical design needs is

How the tutorials are
organized

Methods for accessing
AutoCAD Mechanical
2000 commands

Styles for different input
actions
exciting. This book contains a series of tutorials
to teach you how to use AutoCAD Mechanical
2000. The tutorials provide a comprehensive
overview of the mechanical design process as
well.
Drawing files have been included with the
program specifically for the tutorials. These
drawing files provide the initial state for
starting the tutorial exercises.
1
Prerequisites
Installing AutoCAD Mechanical 2000 with typical or full
installation, the tutorial drawings will automatically be installed.
Selecting the compact installation, the tutorial drawings will not be
installed.
If you select the custom installation, be sure that you have selected
the online help files to install the tutorial drawings as well.
Because of the fact that the tutorial is completely based on ISO
standard, please be sure to have the ISO standards selected during
installation. If you have already installed AutoCAD Mechanical
2000 without the ISO standard part standard, please install the
ISO standard part standard now.
How the Tutorials Are Organized
The tutorials are organized so that each of the tutorial exercises
deals with a special function or group of function in
AutoCAD Mechanical 2000.
The tutorial exercises 9 to 14 deal with AutoCAD Mechanical 2000
Power Pack functions and can only be worked through if you have
installed the Power Pack.
At the beginning of each tutorial, there is a list of Key Terms. These
terms contain pertinent mechanical design terminology and
definitions. Understanding the terms before you begin the lessons
will help you in the tutorials.
Methods for Accessing AutoCAD
Mechanical Commands
AutoCAD Mechanical 2000 provides several methods for accessing
the commands. You can choose the method you prefer. In the
tutorial, all the methods are included in the step-by-step
procedures. You decide which method to use. Here is an example
of a step that includes the command access options:
2
|
Introduction
1 Open the file tut_ex01 in the acadm\tutorial folder.
Toolbutton
Open
Menu
File > Open
Command
OPEN
Styles for Different Input Actions
The tutorials contain different styles for different user input actions
for more clarity. These styles are:
User Actions:
This style is represented in italics. It is used for all
actions the user has to make, for example
selections.
KEYSTROKES:
This style is represented in All Caps. It is used for
keystrokes the user has to make, for example
confirmations.
User Entries:
This style is represented bold. It is used for entries
the user has to make using the keyboard, for
example length or diameter specifications.
Here is an example that contains the different input styles:
2 Choose the Edit icon and respond to the prompts as follows:
Select object: Select the first cylindrical section, P1
Specify length <12>: Press ENTER
Specify diameter <20>: Enter 18
Getting Started
|
3
4
Working with Templates
In This Chapter
In this tutorial, you learn about the AutoCAD
Mechanical predefined templates and how to
create your own user-defined templates.
1

Setting up the starting
layer

Setting the mechanical
options

Specifying the drawing
limits

Saving a template

Using a template
5
Key Terms
Term
Definition
base layer
A layer made up of working layers and standard parts layers. Base layers are
repeated in every layer group.
layer group
A group of associated or related items in a drawing. A major advantage of
working with layer groups is that you can deactivate a specific layer group and a
complete component. The drawing and its overview are enhanced with a
reduction in regeneration time.
part layers
A layer where the standard parts are put. All standard parts layers have the suffix
AM_*N.
template
A file with predefined settings to use for new drawings; however, any drawing
can be used as a template.
working layer
The layer where you are currently working.
6
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Chapter 1 Working with Templates
Working with Templates
Getting Started
In AutoCAD Mechanical, you can use templates (*.dwt files) to
create drawings.
You can use the predefined templates, which contain settings for
various drawings, such as acad.dwt or acadiso.dwt, and are supplied
with AutoCAD Mechanical or you can create your own templates.
Any drawing can serve as a template. When you use a drawing as a
template, the settings in that drawing are used in the new drawing.
Although you can save any drawing as a template, you should
prepare templates to include settings and drawing elements that
are consistent with your office or project standards such as the
following
• unit type and precision
• drawing limits
• snap, grid, and ortho settings
• layer organization
• title blocks, borders, and logos
• dimension and text styles
• linetypes and lineweights
If you start a drawing from scratch, AutoCAD Mechanical reads the
system defaults, which have a predefined standard, from the
registry.
If you create a new drawing, based on an existing template, and
make changes to the drawing, those changes do not affect the
template.
To begin working with templates immediately, you can use the
predefined template files stored in the acadm\template folder.
However, for this tutorial you will create your own template.
Getting Started
|
7
Setting Up the Starting Layer
Each time you start AutoCAD Mechanical, layer 0 is active. Since
layer 0 does not belong to the Mechanical layers, it is not displayed
in the Layer Control dialog box of AutoCAD Mechanical, if you
select Mechanical Layer in the Show field.
Therefore, you need to specify the mechanical layer AM_0 as the
default starting layer.
1 Start the Layer Control command.
Toolbutton
Layer Control
Menu
Assist > Layer / Layer Group > Layer / Layer Group
Control
Command
AMLAY
2 In the Layer Control dialog box, choose the Layer Control tab, and
specify:
Name: AM_0
3 Choose Current.
4 Choose OK.
The toolbar shows that the active layer is AM_0.
8
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Setting the Mechanical Options
In the Mechanical Options dialog box, you can specify general
settings for AutoCAD Mechanical.
1 Start the Mechanical Options command.
Menu
Assist > Mechanical Options
Command
AMCONFIG
2 In the Mechanical Options dialog box, choose the General tab,
and specify:
Standard: ISO
Measurement: Metric
Scale: 1:1
3 Choose OK.
NOTE When you change the settings in the Standard field, all
standard-related settings are changed (Dimensioning, BOM,
Symbols, ) and saved in the template file.
Setting the Mechanical Options
|
9
Specifying the Drawing Limits
Now, specify the drawing limits according to size A0
(841 x 1189 mm). This limits your drawing space to the specified
size.
1 Start the Drawing Limits command.
Menu
Assist > Format > Drawing Limits
Command
LIMITS
2 Respond to the prompts as follows:
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF] <0.00,0.00>: Press ENTER
Specify upper right corner <420.00,297.00>: Enter 840,1188
Now, the limits are expanded to A0 format.
Saving a Template
Now, save the previously changed drawing as a template.
1 Start the Save As command.
Menu
File > Save As
Command
SAVEAS
2 In the Save Drawing As dialog box, specify:
File name: my_own_template
Save as type: AutoCAD Drawing Template File (*.dwt)
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3 In the Template Description dialog box, specify:
Description: Tutorial Template
Measurement: Metric
4 Choose OK.
Using a Template
Next, you start a new drawing and select a starting template.
1 Start the New command.
Toolbutton
New
Menu
File > New
Command
NEW
2 In the Create New Drawing dialog box, select the Use a Template
icon, and specify:
Select a Template: My_own_template
3 Choose OK.
Now, you start the new drawing, using the settings in the
previously saved template.
In the next step, you specify your template as the default template.
4 Start the Mechanical Options command.
Using a Template
|
11
Menu
Assist > Mechanical Options
Command
AMCONFIG
5 In the Mechanical Options dialog box, choose the General tab,
choose Browse, and select my_own_template.
6 Choose OK
Now, the my_own_template file will be used when you start
AutoCAD Mechanical.
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Extending the Design of a Lever
In This Chapter
In this tutorial, you extend the design of an
existing lever using various possibilities. You also
create a drawing detail and some dimensioning
options.
2

Using the library to
insert a part

Preliminary settings:
snap configuration

Creating construction
lines

Creating additional
construction lines

Creating a contour
and applying a fillet

Creating a contour
and trimming
projecting edges

Cross-hatching the
lever

Dimensioning the
lever

Creating a detail and
additional dimensions
13
Key Terms
Term
Definition
(C-lines)
construction lines
Lines, which are infinite in both directions or rays, which are infinite starting at a
point that can be inserted into the drawing area. You use C-lines to transfer
important points (for example, center points of bores) into other views or
drawing areas.
construction
geometry
A line or an arc created with construction lines. Using construction geometry in
2D drawings helps define the shape of a contour.
detail
A portion of a design drawing that cannot be clearly displayed or dimensioned in
the overall representation (surface texture symbols) but can be enlarged to show
the details.
distance snap
To give the dimensions in a drawing a uniform appearance, Power Dimensioning
and Automatic Dimensioning enable automatic insertion of the dimension line at
a defined distance from the object being dimensioned. While dragging the
dimension line dynamically, you will find that it remains "fixed" and is highlighted
in red as soon as the required distance to the object being dimensioned is
reached.
Library
A feature that makes it possible to store parts such as blocks and drawings in a
library. For every inserted part, an icon can be created. The icon is put in the
display section on the right side of the dialog box along with an assigned name.
Power Command
A collective term for the Power Copy, Power Recall, Power Edit, Power
Dimensioning, Power Erase, and Power View commands.
Power
Dimensioning
Power Dimensioning is a very useful tool for generating linear, radial and
diameter dimensions, which minimizes the number of the individual actions
required while generating a dimension. Power Dimensioning selects the type of
linear dimension (horizontal, vertical, or aligned), based on the selected point,
and the dimensions of the drawing can have a uniform style using the distance
snap.
14
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Chapter 2 Extending the Design of a Lever
Extending the Design
Getting Started
First, you load the initial drawing. Here, you use the Library to do
this.
1 Start the Library.
Toolbutton
Library
Menu
Insert > Library
Command
AMLIBRARY
2 Double-click the tut_ex02 file in the Library, or select Insert from
the context menu.
3 Respond to the prompt as follows:
Insertion point: Specify any point in the drawing
4 Start the Zoom Window command.
Toolbutton
Zoom Window
Menu
View > Zoom > Window
Command
ZOOM
Getting Started
| 15
5 Zoom in to the part of the drawing shown in the following figure.
Preliminary Settings: Snap Configuration
In addition to the AutoCAD snap, Mechanical snap options, like
arc radial, arc tangent, and so forth are available. You also have
four different snap settings, which can be configured separately for
a quick switch to a different snap setting. For example, you can use
different snap settings for detailing or general design.
Before starting the design, you should define the object snaps,
which you will use in later operations.
1 Start the Power Snap settings.
Toolbutton
Power Snap Settings 1 - 4
Menu
Assist > Draft Settings > Power Snap Settings 1 - 4
Command
AMPOWERSNAP
2 In the Power Snap Settings dialog box, specify:
Setting 1: Endpoint, Intersection
Setting 2: Endpoint, Center, Quadrant, Intersection, Parallel
Setting 3: Perpendicular
16
|
3 After configuring the settings, activate Setting 1, and choose OK.
TIP The object snap functions are also accessible: hold down the
SHIFT key, and click the right mouse button.
Creating Construction Lines (C-Lines)
Construction lines are very useful when you start your design
process. With their help, you draw some kind of a design grid with
your defined values for distance and angles. After generating the
design grid, you simply trace your contour with the contour layer.
Now insert the construction lines, which will help with the
drawing of contour lines.
1 Start the Draw C-Lines command.
Toolbutton
Cross
Menu
Design > Construction Lines > Draw C-Lines
Command
AMCONSTLINES
2 In the Construction Lines dialog box, choose the Cross icon.
Creating Construction Lines (C-Lines)
| 17
Insertion point: Specify the intersection of line b and line c
Next, draw two lines parallel to the vertical and horizontal lines of
the construction line cross.
Toolbutton
Parallel with Full Distance
Menu
Command
AMCONSTLINES
5 In the Construction Lines dialog box, choose the Parallel with Full
Distance icon.
Select XLINE, RAY or LINE: Select line c
Distance(xx|xx|xx..) or Insertion point: Enter 3|9
Side to offset: Specify a point to the left of line c
18
|
7 Insert the second set of parallel lines, and respond to the prompts
as follows:
Select XLINE, RAY or LINE: Select line b.
Distance(xx|xx|xx..) or Insertion point: Enter 4.5|9.5
Side to offset: Specify a point below line b
8 Press ENTER.
Creating additional C-Lines
AutoCAD Mechanical offers a choice of C-line options.
1 Activate snap setting 2.
Toolbutton
Power Snap Settings 2
Menu
Assist > Draft Settings > Power Snap Settings 2
Command
AMPSNAP2
Toolbutton
Two Points or Angle
Menu
Command
AMCONSTLINES
3 In the Construction Lines dialog box, choose the Two Points or
Angle icon.
| 19
First point: Select intersection at point 3
Second point or Angle (xx|xx|xx..): Move the cursor over line a and
then back to the rectangle. When the Parallel symbol appears, click.
5 Press ENTER to finish the command.
Now, you draw tangential circles between the diagonal C-line and
the right vertical line and lower horizontal line of the rectangle.
Toolbutton
Circle Tangent to 2 Lines
Menu
Command
AMCONSTLINES
7 In the Construction Lines dialog box, choose the Circle Tangent to
2 Lines icon.
20
|
8 Draw the two circles by responding to the prompts as follows:
Select point for tangent:
Diameter: Enter 2
Diameter: Enter 2
Select point P1
Select point P2
Select point P3
Select point P1
9 Press ENTER to end the command.
All construction lines have been inserted, and the contour can be
generated.
| 21
Creating a Contour and Applying a Fillet
Now, you connect the two tangential circles with the right part of
the rectangle, to build a filleted triangle.
1 Start the Polyline command.
Toolbutton
Polyline
Menu
Design > Polyline
Command
PLINE
2 Create the contour by responding to the prompts as follows:
Specify start point: Specify the intersection at P1
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]:
Specify P2
Enter A
Specify endpoint of arc or
[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/ Radius/Second
pt/Undo/Width]: Specify P3
pt/Undo/Width]: Enter L
Specify P4
Enter A
pt/Undo/Width]: Specify P5
pt/Undo/Width]: Enter CL
22
|
Now, erase the C-Lines. You can erase all C-lines by calling one
command.
3 Erase C-Lines.
Toolbutton
Erase All C-Lines
Menu
Modify > Erase > Erase All C-Lines
Command
AMERASEALLCL
TIP You can switch C-lines on and off temporarily by choosing
Assist > Layer/Layergroup > C-Line On/Off.
4 Apply a fillet to the corner of the triangle.
Toolbutton
Fillet
Menu
Modify > Fillet
Command
AMFILLET2D
(Dimension mode:OFF)(Trim mode) Current fillet radius = 2.5
Select first object or [Polyline/Setup/Dimension]: Press ENTER
6 In the Fillet radius dialog box, specify:
Input: 1
Trim Mode: On
7 Choose OK.
(Dimension mode:OFF)(Trim mode) Current fillet radius = 1
Select first object or [Polyline/Setup/Dimension]: Enter P
Poly Select 2D polyline: Select a point on the polyline near the corner
9 Press ESC to cancel the command.
The triangular contour is complete.
Creating a Contour and Applying a Fillet
| 23
Creating a Contour and Trimming Projecting
Edges
Now, you create another part of the contour and trim projecting
edges.
1 Activate Power Snap Setting 3 command.
Toolbutton
Menu
Command
AMPSNAP3
Next, insert the next contour.
2 Start the Line command.
Toolbutton
Line
Menu
Design > Line
Command
LINE
Specify first point: Hold down the SHIFT key, right-click, and choose
Intersection
_int of: Select line a, P1
and: Select intersection on line b, P2
Specify next point: : Hold down the SHIFT key, right-click, and choose
Perpendicular. Then trace over line e, and click the perpendic. point, P3
Specify next point: Drag the cursor to the right, crossing over line c,
and select the Extended Intersection point, P4
Specify next point: Press ENTER
Now, trim the projecting edges at the upper edge of the lever.
24
|
4 Start the Trim command.
Toolbutton
Trim
Menu
Modify > Trim
Command
TRIM
Projection = UCS, Edge = None
Select cutting edges:
Select Objects: Select line 1
Select Objects: Select line 2
Select Objects: Press ENTER
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: Select line 3
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: Select line 4
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: Press ENTER
6 Zoom to the extents of the lever.
Toolbutton
Zoom Extents
Menu
View > Zoom > Extents
Command
ZOOM
The contour is complete and looks like this:
Creating a Contour and Trimming Projecting Edges
| 25
Cross-Hatching the Lever
Cross-hatching is easy with AutoCAD Mechanical. Just choose one
of the predefined cross-hatching styles, and click a point within
the contour to be hatched.
1 Start the Hatch command, using an angle of 45 degrees and 2.5
mm / 0.1 inch spacing.
Toolbutton
Hatch 45 deg.,2.5mm/0.1 inch
Menu
Design > Hatch > Hatch 45 deg.,2.5mm/0.1 inch
Command
AMHATCH_45_2
Select additional boundary or point in area to be hatched or [Select
objects]: Click a point inside the contour (outside the cutouts)
The lever is hatched. It looks like this:
26
|
Dimensioning the Lever
Now, dimension the lever, using the Power Dimensioning
command.
1 Start the Power Snap Setting 1 command.
Toolbutton
Menu
Command
AMPSNAP1
2 Start the Power Dimensioning command.
Toolbutton
Power Dimensioning
Menu
Annotate > Power Dimensioning
Command
AMPOWERDIM
(SINGLE) First extension line origin or
[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/ Update] <Select>: Select the first
corner point of the lever opening, P1
Second extension line origin: Select the second corner point, P2
Place dimension line [Options/Pickobj] <Options>: Drag the
dimension line to the left until it is highlighted, and click at P3
Dimensioning the Lever
| 27
4 In the Power Dimensioning dialog box, specify:
Upper deviation: +0.1
5 Choose OK.
6 Press ESC to cancel the command.
The lever looks like this:
28
|
Creating a Detail and Additional Dimensions
Now, define a detail of the upper part of the lever.
1 Start the Detail command.
Toolbutton
Detail
Menu
Design > Detail
Command
AMDETAIL
Center of circle or [Rectangle/Object]: Click a point in the center of
the area to be detailed
Specify radius or [Diameter]: Drag the radius to the appropriate size
3 Choose OK.
Move the title (<Return> for current position): Press ENTER to select
the default position
Place the detail view: Select a location to the right of the lever
Select next point of connection line\<Return> for none: Press ENTER
for no connection line
| 29
NOTE Some entities such as dimensions and symbols are
automatically filtered out in the detail function.
Now, add a dimension to the detail.
5 Start the Power Dimensioning command.
Toolbutton
Power Dimensioning
Menu
Command
AMPOWERDIM
[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/ Update] <Select>: Press ENTER
[Picking arc/circle yields radius/diameter dimension or pick dimension
to edit]: Select the radius, as indicated by the arrow in the following
drawing
30
|
7 In the Power Dimensioning dialog box, under Radius Dimensions,
select the fourth icon from the left. Choose OK.
8 Select an appropriate position for the dimension.
9 Deactivate the tolerances or fits in the Power Dimension dialog
box, if necessary, and choose OK.
10 Press ESC.
Now, the lever looks like this:
| 31
NOTE The Power Dimensioning command recognizes the different
scale area. If you dimensioned the radius in the original drawing, the
dimension value would be the same. The text height is also the same,
as related to the standard.
32
|
Dimensioning and Annotations
In This Chapter
In this tutorial, you learn how to add dimensions
to your drawing with automatic dimensioning.
Then you change the dimensions with Power
Commands. You also learn how to add
annotations to your drawing and insert a drawing
border.
3

Automatic
dimensioning

Editing dimensions
with Power
Commands

Inserting annotations

Inserting a drawing
border
33
Key Terms
Term
Definition
annotation
An object, such as text or geometry, that is attached to a drawing to describe a
design. Examples are surface finish symbols, callout balloons, and BOMs (bills of
materials).
baseline dimension
A dimension that is aligned to extension lines and read from the bottom or right
side of the drawing.
centerline
Line in the center of a symmetrical object. When you create centerlines, you
specify the start and end points.
datum identifier
A symbol consisting of a frame with a reference letter.
drawing border
A standardized frame that is used for technical drawings.
drawing title
The drawing title is drawn in the lower right corner of the drawing and provides
information about your drawing. Some title attributes are pre-assigned. You can
modify or add attributes.
feature control
frame symbol
Symbol that gives an accurate and concise meaning to specifying geometric
characteristics and tolerances. Notes can supplement symbols where appropriate.
feature identifier
symbol
Specifies individual features for tolerancing.
fit
Range of tightness or looseness in mating parts (for example shafts or holes).
Tolerances in these dimensions are expressed in standard form.
fit name
Name of the selected fit (for example H7).
geometric
tolerance
The general term applied to the category of tolerances used to control form,
profile, orientation, location, and run out.
multi edit
An option where you determine a selection set of dimensions and edit them
together.
Power
Dimensioning
A command useful for generating linear, radial, and diameter dimensions while
minimizing the number of the individual actions for generating a dimension.
Power Dimensioning automatically selects the type of the linear dimension
(horizontal, vertical, aligned) based on the selected point.
34
|
Chapter 3
Power Erase
Command for deleting. Use Power Erase when you delete part reference numbers
or dimensions that were created with Power Dimensioning.
surface texture
symbol
Symbol that specifies surface texture finish. The symbols conform, in terms of
their geometry and annotations (which includes text and other symbols), to
international drafting standards.
title block
A title block contains a series of attributes some already have values. The preassigned values can be modified, and the vacant attributes can be completed
with new values.
tolerance
The total amount by which a given dimension (nominal size) may vary (for
example, 20 ± 0.1).
| 35
Dimensioning
AutoCAD Mechanical offers various dimensioning tools. Here you
will learn to use automatic dimensioning to add dimensions to a
bush. You also learn how to change these dimensions
Toolbutton
Open
Menu
File > Open
Command
OPEN
The file contains a drawing of a bushing.
Automatic Dimensioning
First you dimension the shaft of the bushing using automatic
dimensioning.
1 Start Automatic Dimensioning.
Toolbutton
Menu
Annotate > Automatic Dimensioning
Command
AMAUTODIM
2 In the Automatic Dimensioning dialog box, choose the Parallel tab
and specify:
Type: Baseline
36
|
Chapter 3
3 Choose OK.
Select objects: Select the complete shaft
Select objects: Press ENTER
First extension line origin: Select the lower leftmost corner of the shaft,
P1
dimensioning downwards until it snaps in (highlighted), and click
Starting point for next extension line: Press ENTER to end the command
In the next step, you generate the shaft dimensioning.
| 37
5 Start Automatic Dimensioning.
Toolbutton
Menu
Annotate > Automatic Dimensioning
Command
AMAUTODIM
6 In the Automatic Dimensioning dialog box, choose the Shaft /
Symmetric tab, and specify:
Type: Full Shaft
7 Choose OK.
Select Centerline or new starting point: Select the shaft centerline
dimensioning to the right until it snaps in (highlighted), and click
Starting point for next extension line: Press ENTER to end the
command
38
|
Chapter 3
Editing Dimensions with Power Commands
Some dimensions in the drawing are not necessary. In the next
step, you delete the dimensions that you dont need.
1 Start Power Erase.
Toolbutton
Power Erase
Menu
Modify > Power Commands > Power Erase
Command
AMPOWERERASE
Select objects: Select the baseline dimensions 2 and 61 and the shaft
dimensions 12, 14 and 36, and press ENTER
The dimensions are deleted, and the other dimensions are
rearranged. Your drawing should now look like this:
| 39
Now, add a single dimension with a fit using Power Dimensioning.
3 Start Power Dimensioning.
Toolbutton
Power Dimensioning
Menu
Command
AMPOWERDIM
[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/ Update] <Select> : Select point P1
as shown in the following figure
Second extension line origin: Select point P2
dimensioning to the left until it is highlighted, and click
40
|
Chapter 3
5 In the Power Dimensioning dialog box, check the Enable field,
choose the Fits tab, and specify:
Fit symbol: H7
6 Choose OK.
Now continue to apply an angular dimensioning.
[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/ Update] <Select> : Enter A
Select arc, circle, line or RETURN: Select the line at point P1
Second line: Select the line at point P2
Dimension arc line location (Angle): Drag the dimension to a suitable
position, and click
Dimension text (Click=Options) <45>: Press ENTER
8 Press ENTER to end the command.
Next, you add a fit to the shaft dimensions using Multi Edit.
| 41
9 Start Multi Edit.
Toolbutton
Multi Edit
Menu
Modify > Modify Dimension > Multi Edit
Command
AMDIMMEDIT
Select objects: Select the dimensions 18 and 30
11 In the Power Dimensioning dialog box, check the Enable field,
chose the Fits tab, and specify:
Fit symbol: h7
12 Choose OK.
The fit description h7 is added to the dimensions.
42
|
Chapter 3
Inserting Annotations
Annotations are objects used to describe the design, like surface or
weld symbols. In this exercise, you will insert a surface texture
symbol, a datum identifier, and a feature control frame.
First, you add a surface texture symbol. A surface texture symbol is
a symbol that describes the roughness of a face. It can also provide
information about the finishing method.
1 Start the Surface Texture command.
Toolbutton
Surface Texture
Menu
Annotate > Symbols > Surface Texture
Command
AMSURFSYM
2 To locate the symbol respond to the prompts as follows:
Start Point: Specify the leader line start point at P1
Next Point <Symbol>: Specify the second leader line point at P2
Next Point <Symbol>: Press ENTER
3 In the Surface Texture dialog box, choose the Symbol tab, and
specify:
Surface Type: Select the middle icon
A : 6.3
| 43
4 Choose OK.
Next, you add a datum identifier and a feature control frame. The
datum identifier marks a reference face for a geometric tolerance,
and the feature control frame provides information about the
toleranced face, allowed deviation, and the type of tolerance.
5 Start the Datum Identifier command.
Toolbutton
Datum Identifier
Menu
Annotate > Symbols > Datum Identifier
Command
AMDATUMID
7 In the Datum Identifier dialog box, enter A, and choose OK.
44
|
Chapter 3
8 Start the Feature Control Frame command.
Toolbutton
Feature Control Frame
Menu
Annotate > Symbols > Feature Control Frame
Command
AMFCFRAME
9 To locate the symbol, respond to the prompts as follows:
10 In the Feature Control Frame dialog box, choose the Frame tab,
and specify:
Sym: Select the symbol for the geometric tolerance circular run-out
Tolerance: 0.01
Datum 1: A
| 45
11 Choose OK.
Now, your complete bushing looks like this:
Inserting a Drawing Border
Finally, you insert a drawing border.
1 Start the Drawing Title/Borders command.
Toolbutton
Drawing Title/Borders
46
|
Menu
Annotate > Drawing Title/Revisions > Drawing
Title/Borders
Command
AMTITLE
Chapter 3
2 In the Drawing Borders with Title Block dialog box, specify:
Paper Format: AM_A4
3 Choose OK.
Insertion point: Specify an insertion point in the lower left corner
5 In the Change Title Block Entry dialog box, specify:
Description, max. 20: Bushing
Inserting a Drawing Border
| 47
6 Choose OK.
Select Objects: Select the complete shaft
Select Objects: Press ENTER
New location for objects: Place the bush in the middle of the drawing
border
Finally, your drawing looks like this:
48
|
Chapter 3
Working with Layers and Layer
Groups
In This Chapter
In this tutorial, you learn more about the various
commands used for working with layers and layer
groups.
4

Changing a layer by
selecting objects

Creating layer groups

Using a layer group to
copy objects
49
Key Terms
Term
Definition
base layer
layer group
complete component. The drawing and its overview is enhanced with a
reduction in regeneration time.
part layers
The layer where the standard parts are put. All standard parts layers have the
suffix AM_*N.
working layer
The layer where you are working.
50
| Chapter 4
Working with Layers and Layer Groups
Understanding Layer Management
Layers can be customized and renamed according to your needs
using:

Mechanical Options dialog box > Layer / Object Settings

Layer 0 is a default layer and not a mechanical layer, because this
layer has special properties (by block). If you want to have this
special property available, just rename e.g. layer AM_0 to 0 in the
Mechanical Options.

Because AutoCAD 2000 always starts with Layer 0, we
recommend using template files, where layer AM_0 is always the
starting layer.

If you move elements on layer 0 to other layer groups, you are
asked if you always want to move the elements on layer group
layergroupname-AM_0.
Getting Started
Open the initial drawing.
Toolbutton
Open
Menu
File > Open
Command
OPEN
2 Zoom to the extents of the drawing.
Toolbutton
Zoom Extents
Menu
Command
ZOOM
3 Zoom in to the area marked with W1 and W2.
Toolbutton
Zoom Window
Menu
Command
ZOOM
Understanding Layer Management
|
51
Specify first corner: Specify W1
Specify opposite corner: Specify W2
Changing a Layer By Selecting Objects
First, you move the layer (and layer group) containing two objects
to another layer (and layer group) by selecting an object in the
aforementioned layer (and layer group).
1 Start the Move to Another Layer command.
Toolbutton
Move to Another Layer
Menu
Modify > Properties > Move to Another Layer
Command
AMLAYMOVE
Select objects: Specify the centerlines of the differential gear, P1 and P2
Specify new layer using object, layer field or keyboard (RETURN for
dialog): Specify the engine centerline, P3
52
| Chapter 4
The centerlines of the differential gear are moved to the layer and
layer group of the engine centerline.
Creating Layer Groups
Layer groups provide an easy and intelligent way to structure
assembly drawings. Using layer groups enable you to highlight
single parts and lock and freeze whole parts. This gives you a better
overview of your assembly drawing.
First, you move a block to a layer group.
1 Start the Move to Another Group command.
Toolbutton
Move to Another Group
Menu
Group
Command
AMLGMOVE
Select objects: Specify the gear, P1
|
53
3 In the Layer Control dialog box, choose the Create button, and
create a new layer group called Gear. Choose OK.
4 In the Named Block dialog box, choose Yes All.
The complete block is moved to the layer group Gear.
NOTE You can also perform the task with single elements. Using
the Named Block dialog box, you can specify whether to move only
the block or to move the block and all parts and lines to the new layer
group.
54
| Chapter 4
Now, you create two new layer groups and move the parts (blocks)
to those groups.
5 Start the Layer Group Control command.
Toolbutton
Layer Group Control
Menu
Control
Command
AMLG
6 In the Layer Control dialog box, choose the Layer Group Control
tab, and choose Create. Enter Coverplate for the layer group name.
7 Choose Create again, and create a layer group called Bushing.
Choose OK.
Toolbutton
Menu
Group
Command
AMLGMOVE
Select objects: Specify the coverplate, P1
|
55
10 In the Layer Control dialog box, select the layer group Coverplate,
and choose OK.
Now, move the bushing to the new Bushing layer group.
56
Toolbutton
Menu
Group
Command
AMLGMOVE
| Chapter 4
Select objects: Specify the bushing, P1
14 In the Layer Control dialog box, select the layer group Bushing,
and choose OK.
|
57
The coverplate and the bushing have now been moved to their
respective layer groups.
Using a Layer Group to Copy Objects
Now, copy the objects of the layer group Shaft to a new drawing
border.
Toolbutton
Zoom Extents
Menu
Command
ZOOM
2 Start the Visibility Enhancement command.
Toolbutton
Visibility Enhancement
Menu
Assist > Layer / Layer Group > Visibility
Enhancement
Command
AMLAYVISENH
3 In the Visibility Enhancement dialog box, specify:
Focus Enhancer: Special coloring for non-current Layer Groups
4 Choose OK.
58
| Chapter 4
5 Start the Layer Group Control command.
Toolbutton
Layer Group Control
Menu
Control
Command
AMLG
tab, and select the layer group Shaft. Choose the Current button,
and then choose OK.
In the following drawing, you can see which elements belong to
the current layer.
Using a Layer Group to Copy Objects
|
59
7 Start the Copy command.
Toolbutton
Copy
Menu
Modify > Copy > Copy
Command
COPY
Select objects: Select Layer Group Control
Toolbutton
Layer Group Control
Menu
Control
tab, and select the layer group Shaft. Choose the Selection Set
button. In the AutoCAD dialog box, choose OK.
Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: Specify a point on
the shaft
Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: Specify another point in the drawing border on the
right
60
| Chapter 4
Working with a Bill of Material
and a Parts List
In This Chapter
In this tutorial, you learn how to create and
modify part references and balloons, insert and
edit a parts list, and work with the bill of material
(BOM) database.
5

Creating part
references

Inserting and
modifying balloons

Inserting and
modifying parts lists
61
Key Terms
Term
Definition
balloon
Circular annotation tag that identifies a bill of material item in a drawing. The
number in the balloon corresponds with the number of the part in the bill of
material.
bill of material
A dynamic database containing a list of all the parts in an assembly. Used to
generate parts lists that contain associated attributes such as part number,
manufacturer, and quantity.
BOM attribute
An entity that contains attributes by default (the attribute is invisible) that can
add information to and describe details of a part in the drawing. The values of
these attributes are transformed into the parts list attributes when converting
BOM attributes and creating a parts list.
part reference
Part information for a bill of material, which is attached to the part in the
drawing.
parts list
A dynamic list of parts and associated attributes generated from a bill of material
database. The parts list automatically reflects additions and subtractions of parts
from an assembly.
62
|
Chapter 5 Working with a Bill of Material and a Parts List
Inserting a Part Reference
The part reference the part information required for the bill of
material. The information of the part reference is available in the
parts database for creating a parts list.
Here, you use the part reference command to enter part
information for your part.
First, load the initial drawing.
1 Open the file tut_ex05 from the acadm\tutorial folder.
Toolbutton
Open
Menu
File > Open
Command
OPEN
2 Zoom in to the area of interest, marked with W1 and W2.
Toolbutton
Zoom Window
Menu
Command
ZOOM
| 63
4 Start the Part Reference command.
Toolbutton
Place Reference
Menu
Annotate > Parts List > Create BOM Attribute
Command
AMPARTREF
Select point or [Block/Copy/Reference]: Specify P1
6 In the Part Ref Attributes dialog box, enter the settings shown
below.
7 Choose OK.
The Part Reference is inserted into the drawing.
8 Start the Part Reference command again.
Toolbutton
Place Reference
64
|
Menu
Annotate > Parts List > Create BOM Attribute
Command
AMPARTREF
9 Right click to display the context menu and select Reference, or
enter R at the Command prompt.
10 Select the first part reference (P1) in the drawing to create a
reference. This means that the same part shows a quantity of 2 in
the BOM database.
NOTE You can use the option Copy to create a new part with
similar text information.
11 Select the insertion point (P2).
The Part Ref Attribute dialog box is displayed.
12 Choose OK.
13 Start the Edit Part Reference command.
Toolbutton
Edit Part Ref Data
Menu
Annotate > Parts List > Edit BOM Attribute
Command
AMPARTREFEDIT
14 Pick the part reference at P3.
| 65
The Part Ref Attributes dialog box is displayed.
15 For Reference Quantity, enter 3, and choose OK.
NOTE For the related nut and the screw connection on the right
side the reference quantity is already changed in the drawing.
16 Zoom extents to display the entire drawing.
Placing Balloons
1 Start the Balloon command.
Toolbutton
Place Balloon
Menu
Assist > Parts List > Place Balloon
Command
AMBALLOON
Select part/assembly or [Auto/Collect/Manual/One/Renumber]:
Enter A
66
|
The command line options include:
Auto Creates balloons for selected part references and aligns them
horizontally or vertically.
Collect Creates a multiple balloon or attaches new balloons to an
existing balloon.
Manual Creates a new part reference with a balloon.
One Creates a single balloon.
Renumber Renumbers selected balloons in the drawing and
changes item numbers in the BOM.
TIP If you use one of the commands AMBALLOON or AMPARTLIST
the BOM-database will be created automatically. This means all part
references will be added to the database and item numbers will be
created inside the database.
To create and edit a database manually, you can also use the AMBOM
command .
3 Use a window to select all objects from W3 to W4.
TIP Use right-click to switch between the horizontal or vertical
orientation of the balloons.
4 Place the balloons horizontally, above the assembly.
Because the balloons are numbered automatically, depending on
where you have located the part references, the appearance of your
drawing can be different.
Placing Balloons
| 67
5 Start the Balloon command again.
Toolbutton
Place Balloon
Menu
Annotate > Parts List > Place Balloon
Command
AMBALLOON
6 On the command line, enter Renumber.
Enter starting item number: <1>: Press ENTER
Enter increment: <1>: Press ENTER
Select balloon: Select the balloons from 1 to 7, in the order shown
above and press ENTER
Your drawing needs to look like the following in order for you to
to continue:
NOTE Since balloon 7 has a reference, you do not have to select
balloon 8. It will get the number 7 automatically.
8 Use a window to select the 6 balloons on the right. This turns on
the grips.
68
|
9 Right-click to activate the context menu. Choose Reorganize.
10 Move the cursor through the center of balloon 1 to get the
horizontal tracking line.
NOTE Make sure that the OTRACK function is active.
11 Move the cursor to the right, along the line, and select a insertion
point.
The result needs to look like the following:
TIP You can reorganize one balloon by selecting and using grip
point editing.
Create a part reference and a balloon in one step with the manual
option.
12 Start the AMBALLOON command again, and choose Manual.
13 Click a point inside the shaft.
Placing Balloons
| 69
TIP Instead of selecting a point to create a part reference, you can
use Copy or Reference from the Manual option, to get the information
from an existing balloon or part reference.
14 In the Part Ref Attribute dialog box, enter the following settings,
and choose OK.
15 Press ENTER to start the leader line of the balloon in the center of
the part reference.
16 Move the cursor through the center of balloon 1 to get the
tracking line, and enter the insertion point.
TIP Instead of entering the insertion point, you can select another
point to create an extended leader line.
70
|
17 Press ENTER.
Creating a Parts List
1 Start the Parts List command.
Toolbutton
Place Parts List
Menu
Annotate > Parts List > Parts List
Command
AMPARTSLIST
Select border: Move the cursor over the border until the tooltip AM_A2
is displayed, and pick the border
Parts List name <Parts List>. Press ENTER
Select type of Parts List: [All/Parts/Range] <All>: Press ENTER
The parts list appears dynamically on the cursor.
4 Move the cursor to the top of the title block. Click to insert the
parts list.
The parts list should look like the following:
| 71
TIP If you are working with more than one drawing border, you can
create border-specific parts lists. In this case, a BOM database is
created for each border automatically when the AMBALLOON or
AMPARTLIST commands are used.
You can use the AMBOM command to create or edit a BOM manually.
An example of a BOM database that contains more than one border is
shown below. Selecting BORDER1 or BORDER2 displays the contents
for each BOM database.
5 Start the Edit Part List/Balloon command.
Toolbutton
Edit Part List/Balloon
Command
AMEDIT
6 Select balloon 2.
The Balloon dialog box is displayed.
7 Enter 8.8 in the Material column, as shown above.
72
|
8 Choose OK. Notice the changes in your parts list.
TIP Choose Apply to see the results in the drawing immediately
without leaving the dialog box. All changes made in the dialog box are
associative and change the data in the drawing immediately.
9 Double-click the parts list.
The Parts List dialog box is displayed.
You can edit your data in this dialog box. Some examples are
shown next.
10 Select 8.8 in the Material column, and move the cursor down three
cells to copy the data into these rows.
11 Select the Set Value
displayed.
button. The Set Value dialog box is
| 73
12 Choose OK. The result should look like the following.
13 For the two nuts (ISO 4034 M6), from 8.8 to 8, change the material
by double-clicking the field.
The result should look like the following:
TIP Using the context menu inside a field provides additional
functions such as cut, copy, and paste.
74
|
Merging and Splitting Items in a Parts List
1 In the Parts List dialog box, select the field to the left of row 1,
hold down CTRL, and select row 6, as shown below.
2 Select the active Merge button
together.
to merge these two items
Item 1 now has a quantity of 2, and Item 6 is missing.
Selecting several rows allows you to merge or split items. The selected
rows need to have the same entries.
3 Choose Apply to display the changes in the drawing.
Balloon 1 is displayed twice.
Merging and Splitting Items in a Parts List
| 75
TIP Select the gray field to the left of row 1, and the active split icon
is displayed.
In this case, if you choose split, you can select one of the two part
references in the drawing to split them.
Selecting the gray field in the upper left corner near Item allows you to
select all rows at once, as shown in the following.
In this case, the merge and split icons are active.
Selecting one of the icons allows you to merge or split all items at
once. All data will be compared, and if it is the same, they are merged
together. Otherwise, if they are merged items they are split at once.
Now that you have merged the bearing, you can delete one of the
balloons and add an additional leader.
4 Use Power Erase, and select the left balloon with the item
number 1.
76
|
5 Press ENTER to delete the balloon.
NOTE Deleting a balloon in the drawing, doesnt delete any data.
Data is only lost if you delete a part reference. You can add more than
one balloon to a part reference, for example, to create a balloon with
the same item number, for the same part in another view.
6 Select the remaining balloon 1.
7 Right-click to display the context menu. Select Add Leader.
8 Select the start point in the center of the bearing, and move the
cursor near the number 1 in the balloon.
9 Select that point. Your drawing should look like the following:
Collecting Balloons
Collecting balloons enables you to place balloons of related parts
to one leader line. For example, you can place the balloons of a
screw and a nut to one common leader line.
1 Use a window to zoom in the top view of the drawing.
Toolbutton
Zoom Window
Menu
Command
ZOOM
Collecting Balloons
| 77
2 Start the AMBALLOON command.
Toolbutton
Place Balloon
Menu
Annotate > Parts List > Place Balloon
Command
AMBALLOON
Select part/assembly or [Auto/Collect/Manual/One/Renumber]:
Enter C
4 Select the part reference of the left nut, and press ENTER.
5 Select balloon 2. The collected balloon is displayed.
6 Move the cursor to switch between the horizontal or vertical
orientation of the balloons. Select the point for vertical
orientation.
78
|
7 Repeat the collect balloon command for the screw and nut on the
right side.
8 Use Power Erase to delete balloons 4 and 5.
The result should look like this:
Sorting and Renumbering Items on a Parts List
You can sort a parts list for manufacturing and sort standard parts
with updated item numbers.
Toolbutton
Zoom Extents
Menu
Command
ZOOM
2 Double-click the parts list to display the Parts List dialog box.
Sorting and Renumbering Items on a Parts List
| 79
3 Select the Sort button
to display the Sort dialog box.
TIP You can sort within a selection set, otherwise you are sorting all
items.
4 Enter the settings in the dialog box, as shown below.
5 Choose OK to see the following results.
6 Click the Item cell to select the Item column.
7 In the Set Value dialog box, select the Set Value icon
change the Start value
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|
, and
8 Choose OK to return to the Parts List dialog box. Choose Apply to
see the results in the drawing (also the balloons).
The result should look like the following.
9 Choose OK to return to the drawing.
Using Filters
You can create and use one or more filters for every parts list you
have inserted in the drawing.
1 Double-click the parts list to display the Parts List dialog box.
2 Move the cursor over the white Filters field, and right-click.
3 Select Add Filter to display the List of Filters dialog box.
Using Filters
| 81
4 Select Custom and choose OK. The details for this filter are
displayed.
5 Set the following values to define the filter.
6 Activate the filter with the Custom check box.
7 Choose Apply in the Parts List dialog box. The Standards that
contain ISO are displayed.
8 Choose OK. The filtered parts list is displayed in the drawing. The
defined filters are saved with the parts list and can be used again
later.
If you only want to print the filtered list, choose the Print icon
.
82
|
9 Choose Cancel to close the dialog box. The filter will not be used
in this drawing again.
The result looks like the following:
Using Filters
| 83
84
Working with Model Space and
Layouts
In This Chapter
6
In this tutorial, you learn to create scale areas and

Creating a scale area
viewports as well as detail views in model space

Creating a detail
and in the layout.

Generating a new
viewport

Inserting an user
through hole

Creating a
subassembly in a new
layout
85
Key Terms
Term
Definition
base layer
detail
A portion of the design drawing that cannot be clearly displayed or dimensioned.
The overall representation (surface texture symbols) can be enlarged.
drawing
A layout of drawing views in model space or layout.
drawing mode
Establishes the settings for paper space so that you can create a drawing of your
model. When Drawing mode is off, you are in model space.
layer group
complete component. The drawing and its overview are enhanced by reduction
in regeneration time.
layout
The tabbed environment in which you create and design paper space floating
viewports to be plotted. Multiple layouts can be created for each drawing.
Power
Dimensioning
A command useful for generating linear, radial, and diameter dimensions, which
minimizes the number of the individual actions while generating a dimension.
Power Dimensioning automatically selects the type of the linear dimension
(horizontal, vertical, aligned), based on the selected point.
scale area
Displays a particular scale area (corresponds to zoom viewport). The respective
scales can be viewed before zooming.
scale monitor
A function where you can control the scale for each viewport.
viewport
In Drawing mode, a bounded area that displays a drawing view.
view scale
The scale of a base drawing relative to the model scale. Also, the scale of
dependent views relative to the base view.
working layer
The layer where you are currently working.
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|
Chapter 6 Working with Model Space and Layouts
Working with Model Space and Layouts
Using model space and layouts, you can create different views with
different scales from the same model. The main advantage to
working with layouts is that you always have associated views; that
is, if you make changes in one viewport, those changes are made in
all other viewports as well, since each viewport is just another view
of the same model.
Getting Started
In this tutorial, you work with viewports. You generate an
associative detail and create a subassembly drawing.
Toolbutton
Open
Menu
File > Open
Command
OPEN
The drawing contains parts of a four-stroke engine.
Getting Started
| 87
Creating a Scale Area
To generate correct views with correct zoom factors in a layout,
you must define a scale area in model space.
First, create the scale area.
1 Start the Viewport/Scale Area command.
Toolbutton
Viewport/Scale Area
Menu
View > Viewports > Viewport/Scale Area
Command
AMSCAREA
Define the border ...
First point or [Circle/Object]: Select the drawing point 1
Second point: Select the drawing point 2
3 In the Scale Area dialog box, specify:
Scale: 1:1
88
|
4 Choose OK.
In the next step, you use Viewport Auto Create to create a viewport
automatically.
Here, the viewport will be created, because of the defined scale
area.
5 Start the Viewport Auto Create command.
Toolbutton
Viewport Auto Create
Menu
View > Viewports > Viewport Auto Create
Command
AMVPORTAUTO
Enter layout name (<Return> for "Layout1"): Press ENTER
Select target position (<Return> for current position): Zoom to the
extents of the drawing
Toolbutton
Zoom Extents
Menu
Command
ZOOM
Select target position (<Return> for current position): Place the viewport on
the left, inside the drawing border
Creating a Scale Area
| 89
Creating a Detail
There are two types of details, associative and non-associative. In
this exercise, you create an associative detail, because you use a
viewport.
Create an associative detail of the valve.
1 Start the Detail command.
Toolbutton
Detail
Menu
Design > Detail
Command
AMDETAIL
The viewport is activated automatically. You will recognize it by its
thick (highlighted) frame.
Define the enlargement area for the detail ...
Center of circle or [Rectangle/Object]: Select drawing point 3
Specify radius or [Diameter]: Drag the radius to drawing point 4
3 In the Detail dialog box, specify the settings shown in the
following figure..
90
|
4 Choose OK.
Move the title (<Return> for current position): Press ENTER
Select target position (<Return> for current position): Place the detail
to the right of the current viewport
Generating a New Viewport
Now, you create a viewport inside a layout.
Toolbutton
Viewport/Scale Area
Menu
Command
AMVPORT
Generating a New Viewport
| 91
First point or [Circle/Object]: Select drawing point 5
Second point: Select drawing point 6
3 In the View dialog box, specify:
Scale: 5:1
4 Choose Midpoint <.
The drawing is changed to model space so that you can define the
midpoint.
5 Select the endpoint of the centerline, as shown in the following
figure.
6 In the View dialog box, choose OK.
Now, your drawing looks like this:
92
|
Inserting an User Through Hole
To demonstrate the main advantage of working with layouts, you
will insert a user through hole in the housing. Notice that this
change is immediately displayed in every view.
Now, insert a user through hole in the previously created viewport.
1 Activate the previously created viewport.
Toolbutton
Paper/Model Space
Command
MSPACE
The viewport has a thick (highlighted) frame.
2 Start the Through Hole command.
Toolbutton
Through Hole
Menu
Content > Holes > Through Holes
Command
AMTHOLE
| 93
3 In the Browser, choose User Through Holes Front View.
Specify insertion point: Hold down the shift key and press the right
mouse button. Choose Midpoint from the context menu.
Specify insertion point:_mid of Select the midpoint of the housing, P1
Specify the hole length: Select the perpendicular point, P2
5 In the User Through Holes Nominal Diameter dialog box,
specify:
Nominal Diameter: 8
6 Choose Finish.
The user through hole is inserted into your drawing. Now, the
drawing looks like this:
94
|
Because of the associativity, the through hole created in the detail
view appears in the original view.
In the next step, you dimension the through hole diameter in the
detail view. Since the dimension is to appear only in the detail
view, you generate the dimension directly in the layout without
having a viewport active.
7 Change to the layout.
Toolbutton
Paper/Model Space
Menu
Command
PSPACE
8 Start the Power Dimensioning command
Toolbutton
Power Dimensioning
Menu
Command
AMPOWERDIM
[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/ Update] <Select>: Select the first
edge of the hole
Second extension line origin: Select the second edge of the hole
Place dimension line [Options/Pickobj]: Drag the dimension line to the
right until it is highlighted, and click
[Angular/Options/Baseline/Chain/ Update] <Select>: Press ENTER
| 95
10 In the Power Dimensioning dialog box, choose OK.
Now, the viewport looks like this:
NOTE You can also dimension the hole in model space and turn off
the layer of one specific viewport. But the dimension text will only be
correct in the 1:1 viewport and not in the detail view. Therefore, you
can dimension directly on the layout.
96
|
Creating a Subassembly in a New Layout
If you use layer groups in your assembly drawing, you can easily
create detail and subassembly drawings in layouts. You can switch
off selected layer groups in the viewports, so that only the detail or
subassembly is visible.
Now, create an associative view of a subassembly in layout 2.
1 Change to layout 2, by selecting the Layout 2 tab on the bottom of
your drawing area, as shown below.
Toolbutton
Viewport/Scale Area
Menu
Command
AMVPORT
First point or [Circle/Object]: Select drawing point 7
Second point: Select drawing point 8
4 In the View dialog box, specify:
Scale: 5:1
| 97
5 Choose Midpoint <.
The drawing is changed to model space.
6 Specify the point, as shown in the following drawing:
7 In the View dialog box, choose OK.
The viewport is created. It looks like this:
98
|
Other objects are still visible around the subassembly. You use the
Layer Control command to hide them.
8 Start the Layer Group Control.
Toolbutton
Layer Group Control
Menu
Assist > Layer / Layergroup > Layer/Layer Group
Control
Command
AMLG
tab, mark SUBASSEMBLY1, and choose Current.
10 Move the cursor to the icon in the column Viewport Control, and
right-click.
11 In the context menu, choose Select Viewport.
| 99
Select viewports: Select the viewport frame
Select viewports: Press ENTER
The Layer Control dialog box is displayed.
13 In the Layer Control dialog box, move the cursor to the icon in the
Freeze column and the Base Layer Group row, and click.
14 Choose OK.
AutoCAD Mechanical freezes the Base Layer Group, and the
subassembly remains visible. Your drawing looks like this:
100
|
Now, you can finish your detail drawing with text, remarks,
annotations, and so on.
NOTE When you plot the drawing, the red viewport frame is
turned off automatically. If you have a plotter or printer driver
installed, use the plot command, and preview the drawing.
| 101
102
Designing a Cam
In This Chapter
In this exercise, you perform a cam calculation.
The cam contour is calculated based on existing
boundary conditions. Data for NC production is
also created.
7

Configuring the cam
plate calculation

Creating movement
sections

Creating velocity and
acceleration curves

Creating a cam
geometry from the
graph

Creating NC data
103
Key Terms
Term
Definition
acceleration
Graph of acceleration of the straight driven element of the rotation angle
acceleration of a rocker and the cam plate angle of rotation.
cam
Types of gears for obtaining unusual and irregular motions that would be difficult
to produce otherwise.
curve path
Geometric shape of the cam.
movement
diagram
The representation of the cam as a graph of the lift and the angle of rotation of
the cam plate (straight driven element). If the driven element is a rocker, the lift
corresponds to an angle of rotation of the rocker.
movement section
Part of the movement diagram. Some sections are defined by design. For
example, the maximum lift of 15 mm is reached at an angle of 90°.
NC
Numerical Control. Used in the manufacturing industry to represent the control
on machine tool movement through numeric data for 2 to 5 axis machining.
resolution
Controls the precision of curves. A low value increases computing time. Use a
higher value for initial design.
step width
Specifies the distance between the points used for the NC records
velocity
Graph of the speed of the straight driven element, or the rotation angle of a
rocker and the cam plate angle of rotation.
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| Chapter 7
Designing a Cam
Cam Design
With cam plates, you can implement all movements required in
the scope of process control with a minimum number of gear
elements. The basis for systematic design procedures is offered
using standardized laws of movement in the development of new
cam gears.
With AutoCAD Mechanical create cams (cam plates and cylindrical
cams) based on sections drawn in a movement diagram. You can
also calculate velocity and acceleration of an existing section of the
movement diagram. The cam curve path can be determined via the
calculated cam sections. An existing curve path can be scanned
and transferred in the movement diagram. A driven element can
be coupled to the cam. NC data can be created via the curve path.
Getting Started
With cam design, you can generate a flat or cylindrical cam. In this
example, you create a flat cam from a diagram.
Insert the initial drawing.
Toolbutton
Open
Menu
File -> Open
Command
OPEN
Toolbutton
Zoom Extents
Menu
View -> Zoom -> Extents
Command
ZOOM
3 Zoom in to the area marked with W1 and W2.
Toolbutton
Zoom Window
Menu
View -> Zoom -> Window
Command
ZOOM
Getting Started
|
105
Now you can start designing the cam plate.
Configuring the Cam Plate Calculations
The first task is to specify the settings for the cam plate
calculations.
Here you define the resolution, the base diameter, the revolution
of the cam, and the scale for velocity and acceleration.
1 Start the cam configuration.
Toolbutton
Cam Configuration
Menu
Content -> Cam Plates and Cylinders -> Cam
Configuration
Command
AMCAMCONF
2 In the Configuration dialog box, specify:
Resolution: 2
Base Diameter for CAM: 0
Revolutions of cam: 1000
Scale for velocity v: 0.01
Scale for acceleration a: 0.0001
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| Chapter 7
Designing a Cam
3 Choose OK.
Two icons in the Configuration dialog box show the two cam
calculating options: flat cams and cylindrical cams (in case of
parallel lift). Note that in our example, the velocity is inscribed in
color 1 (red), and the acceleration in color 3 (green).
Next you specify the baseline and cam position.
NOTE The base cam diameter with stroke 0 can have the value 0 or
a positive value. The following figure explains the meaning of the base
diameter. The cam radius with stroke 0 is composed of the half base
diameter and the distance (X), calculated from the diagram. In case,
the base diameter is 0, only the distance calculated from the diagram
will be
effective.
Specify 0° point on baseline: Select the left end of line a at point 1
Specify 360° point on baseline: Select the right end of line a at point 2
Specify center of cam: Select the centerline cross midpoint at point 3
Specify 0° direction of cam <0>: Press ENTER
Select baseline for diagram to store the configuration: Select line a
Configuring the Cam Plate Calculations
|
107
Next you create the movement sections.
Creating Movement Sections
In this section, you create two movement sections.
The gap between the defined movements in the diagram (b, c, d)
needs to be connected by a polynom of 5 degrees. In 80 percent of
all cases, you need a polynom of 5 degrees to get a smooth
transition between two movements (for example, between b and
c).
The program only supports a polynom of 5 degrees.
The movement sections are created by the transition command
using the start point and the end point of the section, as well as
the first and second derivations at these points.
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| Chapter 7
Designing a Cam
1 Start the Transition command.
Toolbutton
Transition
Menu
Content -> Cam Plates and Cylinders ->
Transition
Command
AMCAMTRANS
Specify start point: Select the right end of line b
Specify ending point: Select the left end of line c
Specify slope at start point or velocity[mm/s] or [Read from vdiagram]: Select a point on line b
Specify slope at the end point or velocity[mm/s] or [Read from vdiagram]: Select a point on line c
Enter acceleration at start point a[mm/s^2] or [Read from a-diagram]
<0.00>: Press ENTER
Enter acceleration at end point a[mm/s^2] or [Read from a-diagram]
<0.00>: Press ENTER
The movement section is automatically drawn.
3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 to define the second movement section
between lines c and d.
The resulting movement sections should look like the following:
Creating Movement Sections
|
109
Creating Velocity and Acceleration Curves
The Calculate Vel/Acc command determines the velocity and
acceleration of an existing section of the movement diagram. The
calculation uses the graphical commands and is based on the
gradient of the movement diagram. Consequently, the beginning
and the end of these curves may not coincide precisely with the
ends of the movement section. For this purpose, you simply select
the existing movement sections.
In order to complete the velocity and acceleration curves, you need
to generate the velocity and acceleration curves for sections b, c,
and d. The previous section only resulted in the respective curves
for sections b c and c d.
1 Start the velocity and acceleration calculation.
Toolbutton
CalculateVel/Acc Graphs
Menu
Content -> Cam Plates and Cylinders ->
CalculateVel/Acc Graphs
Command
AMCAMGRAPH
Select movement diagram for cam:
Select objects: Select lines b, c and d
NOTE In this case, the movement sections b, c, and d appear
horizontal in the movement graph. Thus, velocity and acceleration are
equal to 0 (the lines overlap on line a).
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| Chapter 7
Designing a Cam
Creating Cam Geometry from the Graph
In this section, you generate the cam geometry from the previously
created movement graph.
Creating the curve path is easy; you select the sections in the
movement diagram. The colors of the sections correspond to the
colors of the curve path sections. The curve path is developed in
counter-clockwise direction.
1 Start the command Create Cam from Graph.
Toolbutton
Create Cam from Graph
Menu
Content -> Cam Plates and Cylinders -> Create
Cam from Graph
Command
AMCAMCRCAM
Select objects: Select the lines b, c, d and the previously created
movement (sections b c and c d)
AutoCAD draws the cam geometry from the movement diagram as
represented in the following figure:
Creating Cam Geometry from the Graph
|
111
Creating NC Data
Now, you generate the NC data for a milling machine to produce
the part.
1 Start the NC Data calculation.
Toolbutton
Calculate NC Data
Menu
Content -> Cam Plates and Cylinders -> Calculate
NC Data
Command
AMCAMNC
2 In the Create NC-Data dialog box, specify:
New Origin for Milling Machine: On
Enter the step width: 0.5
3 Choose OK.
4 In the Enter filename dialog box, enter Cam.nc as the filename,
and choose Save.
Select cam polyline (offset may be needed for cylinder cam): Select
the 5 path sections around point 3
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| Chapter 7
Designing a Cam
6 Continue to respond to the prompts as follows:
Specify coordinate origin for milling machine: Select the intersection at
point 4
Reverse direction due to milling tool [Y/N] <N>: Press ENTER
The NC data is created from the geometry and stored in the
specified file. Next, you need to define the run-out and run-in
points of the milling cutter.
Specify run-out from end point: Select the intersection at point 5
Specify run-in to starting point: Select the intersection at point 5
The generation of the NC data is completed. The NC data can be
displayed with any text editor as represented in the following
figure:
Creating NC Data
|
113
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| Chapter 7
Designing a Cam
Calculating Moment of Inertia
and Deflection Line
In This Chapter
In this tutorial, you calculate the moment of
inertia for a profile section, and calculate the
deflection line on a beam, based on the profile
8

Calculating the
moment of inertia

Calculating the
deflection line
calculation.
115
Key Terms
Term
Definition
deflection line
Deflection lines are calculated based on the predefined force direction (F) or to
radial direction (s).
deflection moment
Deflection moment is calculated based on the predefined force direction (F) or to
distributed force
A force that is spread over a certain area.
fixed support
A support that is fixed to the part and cannot be moved.
load
Forces and moments, which act on a part.
moment of inertia
An important property of areas and solid bodies. Standard formulas are derived
by multiplying elementary particles of area and mass by the squares of their
distances from reference axes. Moments of inertia, therefore, depend on the
location of reference axes.
movable support
Support that is not fixed.
point force
A force that is concentrated on a point.
116
|
Chapter 8 Calculating Moment of Inertia and Deflection Line
Calculating Moment of Inertia and Deflection Line
4
4
The measurement unit for the moment of inertia is mm or inches .
These are geometrical values, which appear at deflection, torsion,
and buckling calculation. AutoCAD Mechanical uses the result of
the moment of inertia calculation for the deflection line
calculation.
Moment of inertia calculations are performed on cross sections of
beams or on other objects that can be represented as closed
contours. Calculations can be performed on a cross section of any
shape, as long as the geometry of the cross section forms a closed
contour.
AutoCAD Mechanical determines the center of gravity for a cross
section, draws the main axes, and calculates the moment of inertia
for each of those axes. You can also select a load direction for a
cross section; AutoCAD Mechanical calculates the moment of
inertia and angle of deflection for that load.
NOTE The ISO standard part standard has to be installed for this
tutorial exercise.
Getting Started
First, you load the drawing.
Toolbutton
Open
Menu
File > Open
Command
OPEN
The drawing contains this profile:
|
117
Calculating the Moment of Inertia
Before you can perform any calculations on a profile, you need to
know its moment of inertia.
1 Start the calculation for the moment of inertia.
Toolbutton
Moment of Inertia
Menu
Content > Calculations > Moment of Inertia
Command
AMINERTIA
Select objects: Select the entire profile section
Is the area filled correctly? (Y/N)? <Y>: Press ENTER
The coordinates of the centroid and the moment of inertia along
the principle axes are displayed on the command line, as follows:
Coordinates of centroid (in user coordinates):
X coordinate: 228.071933 Y coordinate: 150.027674
Moments of inertia along principal axes:
I1: 2.359e+004 I2: 1.4095e+004
Axis angle for major moment (I1): 5.3
Now, define the direction of the loads: they must be in one plane.
Specify direction of load forces (must all lie in one plane): Enter 270
The data for this load direction is displayed on the command line,
as follows:
Effective moment of inertia for this load direction: 2.341e+004
Angle of deflection: 266.5
Maximum distances neutral line - border:
Extension side: 16.690
Compression side: 14.444
Now, you have to enter a description for the calculated profile and
locate the block with the calculation data in the drawing.
Enter description: Enter Frame Profile
Insertion point: Place the calculation block next to the profile
118
|
Your drawing looks like this:
NOTE The main axes, 1 and 2, are the axes with the most and least
deflection. The F arrow displays the direction of the force, the s arrow
displays the resultant deflection. The moment of inertia block shows
the moments related to the main axis, the maximum distances from
the edges, and the calculated area. For more detailed information, see
the online help.
A side view of the profile has been created for the deflection line.
Toolbutton
Zoom Extents
Menu
Command
ZOOM
Calculating the Deflection Line
The calculation of the deflection line requires the calculation result
from the moment of inertia calculation.
Now, you calculate the deflection line under a specific load
situation.
|
119
1 Start the deflection line calculation.
Toolbutton
Deflection line
Menu
Content > Calculations > Deflection Line
Command
AMDEFLINE
Select Moment of Inertia block: Select the previously generated
calculation block, P1
Specify start point or [Existing beam]: Select the left end of the beam,
P2
Specify end point: Select the right end of the beam, P3
3 In the Beam Calculation dialog box, choose Table.
4 In the Material dialog box, select ANSI standard and the material
Al. bronze cast.
NOTE If ANSI standard is not installed at your system, selecting a
different standard according to your preference is also possible, but
the results will differ from the results in this tutorial exercise (if you
select DIN for example, you can select a similar material like
AlMgSi0.5F22 to achieve similar results).
120
|
Next, you define the supports and the loads.
5 Choose the Fixed Support icon, and respond to the prompt as
follows:
Insertion point: Select the left edge of the beam
6 Choose the Movable Support icon, and respond to the prompt as
follows:
Insertion point: Select the right edge of the beam
7 Choose the Uniform Load icon, and respond to the prompts as
follows:
Insertion point: Select the left edge of the beam
Endpoint: Select the midpoint of the beam using the midpoint snap
Uniform Load [N/mm] <50.00> : Enter 10
8 Choose the Moment icon, and respond to the prompts as follows:
Insertion point: Select a point approximately in the middle of the
uniform load
Bending Moment (Nm) <10.00> : Enter 3
9 In the Beam Calculation dialog box, choose Moments and
Deflection.
10 In the Select Graph dialog box, select the options as shown in the
figure below, and choose OK.
|
121
Enter scale for bending moment line (drawing unit:[Nm] <1:1>:
Press ENTER
Enter scale for deflection line (drawing unit:mm) <20:1>: Press ENTER
Insertion point: Select an appropriate position in the drawing
The result looks like this:
The calculation result block displays all important data on your
calculation:
122
|
|
123
124
Creating a Shaft With Standard
Parts
In This Chapter
In this tutorial, you learn how to use the shaft
generator. You create and edit shaft sections. You
also insert a bearing and perform a bearing
calculation.
9

Configuring the snap
options

Starting and
configuring the shaft
generator

Creating shaft
sections

Inserting a profile

Inserting a chamfer
and a fillet

Inserting a shaft break

Creating a side view

Inserting a thread

Editing and inserting a
shaft section

Replacing a shaft
section

Inserting a bearing
125
Key Terms
Term
Definition
bearing calculation
Calculates limiting value, dynamic and static load rating, dynamic and static
equivalent load, and fatigue life in revolutions and hours.
chamfer
A beveled surface between two faces or surfaces.
dynamic
calculation
Calculation required for a revolving bearing. The result is the Adjusted Rating Life.
This is the life associated with 90% reliability with contemporary, commonly used
material, and under conventional operating conditions. With the number of
revolutions you get the life in working hours.
dynamic dragging
The act of determining the size of a standard part with the cursor while inserting
it into a side view. The standard part is displayed dynamically on the screen and
can be dragged to the next possible size and length. The values (sizes) are taken
from the Standard parts database.
fillet
A curved transition from one part face or surface to another. The transition cuts
off the outside edge or fills in the inside edge.
gear
Any several arrangements, especially of toothed wheels in a machine, which allow
power to be passed from one part to another to control the power, speed, or
direction of movement.
radius reflection
line
Thin line that represents the radius in the side or top view.
shaft break
Interruption of a shaft. A shaft can be interrupted at a point, and the shaft break
symbols are inserted in a suitable size.
shaft generator
Tool to draw rotationally symmetric parts. A shaft is usually created from left to
right using different sections. These sections are positioned automatically one
after the other. Additionally, any shaft section can be inserted, deleted, or edited.
126
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Chapter 9 Creating a Shaft With Standard Parts
Creating a Shaft with Standard Parts
In this section you generate a shaft with standard parts with the
shaft generator. You also perform a bearing calculation.
tutorial exercise.
Configuring the Snap Options
First, you configure the snap options.
1 Start the Power Snap Settings.
Toolbutton
Power Snap Settings 1-4
Menu
Assist > Draft Settings > Power Snap Settings 1-4
Command
AMPOWERSNAP
2 In the Power Snap Settings dialog box, activate the tab Setting 4
and configure the snap settings as shown in the following:
3 Choose OK.
Starting and Configuring the Shaft Generator
In the next steps, you start and configure the shaft generator.
1 Start the Shaft Generator command.
Toolbutton
Shaft Generator
Menu
Content > Shaft Generator
Command
AMSHAFT2D
Configuring the Snap Options
|
127
Specify start point or select centerline [New shaft]: Enter 150,150
Centerline ending point: Enter 240,150
NOTE The start and end points of the centerline are only important
in determining the direction. The length of the centerline is
automatically adapted to the length of the shaft.
3 In the Shaft Generator dialog box, press the appropriate button,
and enter the values as indicated in the following:
4 Choose the Config button to start the Shaft Generator
Configuration, and configure the shaft generator as shown in the
following figure:
5 Choose OK. You return to the Shaft Generator dialog box.
128
_
Creating Cylindrical Shaft Sections and Gears
The shaft generator is configured. Now you want to generate the
first shaft segments.
1 Choose the lower cylinder button to define a cylinder section, and
respond to the prompts as follows:
Specify length <50>: Enter 12
2 Choose the gear button, and enter the values for module, number
of teeth, and length as shown in the following figure:
NOTE Here, the DIN standard requires that you give the module.
The ANSI standard requires the reciprocal 1/module. You can switch
between these two representations using the DIN and ANSI toggle.
3 Choose the lower cylinder button to define a further cylinder
section, and respond to the prompts as follows:
4 Choose the gear button, and enter the values for module, number
of teeth, and length as shown in the following figure:
Creating Cylindrical Shaft Sections and Gears
|
129
5 Choose the lower cylinder button to define another cylinder
6 Choose the lower cylinder button to define another cylinder
Now, you have created the first five sections of the shaft as
represented in the following figure:
Inserting a Spline Profile
Now, you add a spline profile to the shaft.
1 Choose the Profile button.
2 Choose ISO 14 in the database browser.
3 In the Splined Shaft ISO 14 dialog box, select the nominal size
6 x 13 x 16 and define a length of 26. Choose OK.
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_
Now, you have created another section of the shaft as represented
in the following figure:
Inserting a Chamfer and a Fillet
In this step, you apply a chamfer and a fillet to the shaft.
1 Choose the Chamfer icon to apply a chamfer to a shaft section,
and respond to the prompts as follows:
Select object: Select the leftmost cylinder section as shown in the
following figure, P1
Specify length (max. 12) <2.5>: Enter 2
Specify angle (079) <45>: Enter 45
Inserting a Chamfer and a Fillet
|
131
2 Choose the Fillet icon to apply a fillet to a shaft section, and
respond to the prompts as follows:
Select object: Select the cylinder section between the two gears as
shown in the following figure, P1
Enter radius (max. 5.00) <2.50>: Enter 2
After applying the chamfer and the fillet, the shaft looks like the
following figure:
Inserting a Shaft Break
Here, you insert a shaft break in the drawing.
1 Choose the Break icon to insert shaft break, and respond to the
prompts as follows:
Specify point: Select the midpoint of the cylindrical section as shown in
the following figure
The shaft break is inserted.
132
_
Creating a Side View of the Shaft
Next, you insert a side view of the shaft.
1 Choose the Side view icon.
2 In the Side view from dialog box, select right. Choose OK.
Specify insertion point: Press ENTER
The right side view is inserted at the proposed position as shown in
the following figure:
Creating a Side View of the Shaft
|
133
Inserting a Thread
Now, you add a thread to the shaft.
1 Choose the Thread button to insert a thread, and select ISO 261
M in the browser.
2 In the Thread ISO 261 M dialog box, select M10 and enter a
length of 20. Choose OK.
The thread is added to the shaft, which looks like this now:
Editing and Inserting a Shaft Section
In this section, you edit an existing shaft section and insert a new
section.
1 Choose the Edit button, and respond to the prompts as follows:
Select object: Select the first cylindrical section, P1
Specify length <12>: Press ENTER
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_
The diameter is changed to 18 while the length remains 12.
2 Choose the Insert button, and respond to the prompt as follows:
Specify point: Select a point after the second gear, P1
3 Choose the Slope icon, and respond to the prompts as follows:
Specify length or [Dialog] <20>: Enter 4
Specify diameter at start point <24>: Enter 28
Specify diameter at end point or [Slope/Angle] <20>: Enter 22
A slope is inserted at the specified point.
Editing and Inserting a Shaft Section
|
135
Replacing a Shaft Section
The previously inserted slope needs to be deleted again.
1 Choose the Undo button.
The previous slope insertion is undone.
Now, replace an existing shaft section. To do this, you change the
settings in the configuration.
2 Choose the Config button to start the shaft generator
configuration, and change the setting For Segment inserted to
Overdraw. Choose OK.
3 Choose the Slope icon, and respond to the prompt as follows:
Specify length or [Dialog] <20>: Enter D
4 In the Shaft Generator Cone dialog box, make the following
settings and choose OK.
The slope replaces the cylindrical shaft section.
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_
Inserting a Bearing
Here, you insert a bearing and perform a bearing calculation.
1 Choose the Standard Parts button, and select a radial bearing ISO
355 in the browser. Respond to the prompts as follows:
Specify insertion point on shaft contour: Specify point P1
Direction to Left/Right: Select a point to the right
2 In the ISO 355 dialog box, choose Next >.
Inserting a Bearing
|
137
3 In the ISO 355 dialog box, specify the loads as shown, and choose
Next >.
4 In the ISO 355 dialog box, select the bearing 2BD 20 x 37 x 12,
and choose Finish.
The bearing is inserted, and you can select the available sizes by
dragging.
5 Choose 2BD 20 x 37 x 12 and press ENTER.
The bearing is inserted.
6 Choose Close to leave the Shaft Generator.
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_
Performing a Shaft
Calculation
In This Chapter
In this tutorial, you perform a calculation on an
existing shaft. You apply various loads to a
supported shaft, perform the calculation, and
insert results into a drawing.
10

Creating the contour of a
shaft

Specifying the material

Defining the supports

Specifying the loads

Calculating and inserting
the results
139
Key Terms
Term
Definition
deflection line
Deflection line calculations are based on the predefined force direction (F) or the
deflection moment
Deflection moment calculations are based on the predefined force direction (F) or
the radial direction (s).
fixed support
A support that is fixed to a part and cannot be moved.
load
The forces and moments that act on a part.
gear
Any several arrangements, especially of toothed wheels in a machine which
allows power to be passed from one part to another so as to control the power
speed or the direction of movement.
movable support
A support that is not fixed.
point force
A force that is concentrated on a point.
stress
Force or pressure on a part. Stress is the force per area.
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| Chapter 10
Performing a Shaft Calculation
With AutoCAD Mechanical, you can perform a shaft calculation
using a contour created with the Shaft Generator or any other
symmetric shaft contour. The function provides a static
calculation, which is important for the design of the shaft and the
bearing load.
tutorial exercise.
Getting Started
In this tutorial, you calculate a gear box shaft. The general way to
calculate an existing shaft is to define the contour and insert forces
and supports. The routine calculates all necessary values and draws
the respective graphs for moment and deflection.
First, you insert the initial drawing.
Toolbutton
Open
Menu
File -> Open
Command
OPEN
Toolbutton
Zoom Extents
Menu
View -> Zoom -> Extents
Command
ZOOM
3 Zoom in to the shaft using Zoom Window.
Toolbutton
Zoom Window
Menu
View -> Zoom -> Window
Command
ZOOM
Specify first corner: Specify point P1
Specify opposite corner: Specify point P2
Getting Started
|
141
Creating the Contour of a Shaft
First, you create the contour of the shaft.
1 Start the Shaft Calculation.
Toolbutton
Shaft Calculator
Menu
Content -> Calculations -> Shaft Calculation
Command
AMSHAFTCALC
Select contour or [Create contour] <Create>: Enter C
Select objects for outer contour
Select shaft centerline: Select the centerline of the shaft
After you have created the contour of the shaft, the Shaft
Calculation dialog box is displayed so that you can select the
boundary conditions, the material, and the representation of the
calculation results.
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| Chapter 10
Specifying the Material
You specify the material by entering its characteristics in the
respective fields or by selecting it from a table containing the most
commonly used materials.
1 Choose Table, select the ANSI standard, and select the material
SAE 1045 from the table.
NOTE If the ANSI standard is not installed on your system, you can
select a different standard, but the results may differ from the results in
this tutorial (if you select DIN for example, you can select a similar
material like, E335, to achieve similar results).
Placing the Supports
Now, you specify the positions where the shaft is to be supported.
1 In the Shaft Calculation dialog box, select the Fixed Support icon,
and respond to the prompt as follows:
Fixed Support
Insertion point: Select the midpoint of the leftmost shaft section
2 Select the Fixed Support icon again, and respond to the prompt as
follows:
Fixed Support
Insertion point: Select the midpoint of the third cylindrical shaft
section, as shown in the following drawing
Specifying the Material
|
143
Specifying the Loads
After specifying the positions of the supports, you specify the
effective loads.
1 In the Shaft Calculation dialog box, select the Gear icon and
respond to the prompt as follows:
Gear
Insertion point: Select the midpoint of the second gear, as shown in the
following figure
2 In the Gear dialog box, specify:
Torsion Moment: 15
Pitch Diameter d1: 38
144
| Chapter 10
3 Choose OK.
4 Select the Point Load icon, and respond to the prompts as follows:
Point Load
Insertion point: Select the midpoint of the profile section, as shown in
Specify an rotation angle: Press ENTER
5 In the Point Load dialog box, specify:
Point Load: 2500
Specifying the Loads
|
145
6 Choose OK.
7 Select the Torque icon, and respond to the prompt as follows:
Torsion Moment
Insertion point: Select the midpoint of the profile section as shown in
8 In the dialog box, specify:
Torsion Moment: 15
9 Choose OK.
You have finished specifying the boundary conditions, and you are
returned to the Shaft Calculation dialog box.
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| Chapter 10
Calculating the Shaft and Inserting the Results
Now, you calculate the shaft and insert the results in your drawing
in three graphs.
1 Choose Moments and Deformations to start the calculation.
2 In the Select Graph dialog box, select options as shown in the
following figures and choose OK.
Specify first corner point: Press ENTER
Enter scale for deflection line dy (drawing unit : mm) <200:1>: Press
ENTER
Enter scale for deflection line dz (drawing unit : mm) <20000:1>:
Press ENTER
Enter scale for torsion moment line (drawing unit : Nm) <2:1>: Press
ENTER
Insertion Point: Select an appropriate point to the right of the shaft
The deflection and torsion moment lines are inserted
automatically.
Calculating the Shaft and Inserting the Results
|
147
The result table gives you the most important information for your
calculated shaft such as safety factor, maximum deflection,
maximum stress, etc.
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| Chapter 10
Working with Standard Parts
In This Chapter
In this tutorial, you learn to work with standard
parts. You insert a screw connection, a hole,

Inserting a screw
connection

Copying a screw
connection with Power
Copy

Inserting a screw
Recall and performing a
screw calculation

Editing a screw
Edit

Working with Power
View

Deleting with Power
Erase

Inserting a hole

Inserting a pin

Hiding C-lines

Simplifying the
representation of
standard parts
and a pin. You also edit the standard parts with
Power Commands.
11
149
Key Terms
Term
Definition
background
A contour that is covered by another contour or by objects that are lying behind
another contour, in the 3D sense. A background may be a foreground for an
additional contour.
C-line (construction
line)
A line that is infinite in both directions or infinite starting at a point which can be
inserted into the drawing area. You use C-lines to transfer important points (for
example, center points of bore holes) into other views or drawing areas.
countersink
A chamfered hole that allows bolt and screw heads to be flush or below the part
surface.
dynamic dragging
it into a side view. The standard part is displayed dynamically on the screen and
can be dragged to the next possible size and length. The values (sizes) are taken
from the Standard parts database.
Power Command
Summary term for Power Copy, Power Recall, Power Edit, Power Dimensioning,
Power Erase and Power View.
Power Copy
A command that copies a drawing object to another position in the drawing.
Power Copy produces an identical copy of the copied object.
Power Edit
A edit command for all objects in your drawing.
Power Erase
Command for deleting. Use Power Erase when you delete part reference numbers
or when you delete dimensions that were created with Power Dimensioning.
Power Recall
A command that lets you click an existing drawing object and places you in the
correct command for creating that object.
Power View
A tool where you can quickly and easily create a standard part top view from a
side view.
representation
Standard parts representation in a drawing in normal, simplified, and symbolic
mode.
150
|
Chapter 11 Working with Standard Parts
Working with Standard Parts
AutoCAD Mechanical Power Pack provides a large selection of
standard parts to work with, including regular and fine threads and
many types of holes. With the AutoCAD Mechanical Power Pack,
you can insert complete screw connections (screws with holes and
nuts) in one step. Some intelligence has been built into this
process. For example, if you select a screw with a metric thread,
you get only metric threads when you add any additional parts
such as threaded holes or nuts.
tutorial exercise.
Getting Started
First, insert the initial drawing.
Toolbutton
Open
Menu
File > Open
Command
OPEN
The gearbox is not completed yet. We want to add standard
components and show, how easy it is to edit standard parts with
an automatic update of the background objects.
2 Zoom in to the differential gear, using the Zoom Window
command.
Toolbutton
Zoom Window
Menu
Command
ZOOM
Getting Started
|
151
Inserting a Screw Connection
Now, you insert a screw connection at the differential gear
housing.
1 Start the Screw Connection command.
Toolbutton
Screw Connection
Menu
Content > Screw Connection
Command
AMSCREWCON
2 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the Screw button.
152
|
3 In the Please select a Screw dialog box, select Socket Head Types.
4 Then select ISO 4762 and Front View.
|
153
5 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the upper Hole
button. Then select Holes, Through Cylindrical, and ISO 273
normal.
6 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the lower Hole
button. Then select Inner Threads, Blind, and ISO 262.
7 In the Screw Connection dialog box, specify the size M4, and
choose Next >.
154
|
8 In the Screw Assembly Grip Representation - Front View dialog
box, select Normal, and choose the Finish button.
Specify insertion point of first hole: Specify point P1
Specify endpoint of first hole [Gap between holes]: Specify point P2
Drag Size: Drag the screw connection dynamically to the size M4 x 16,
and click
Drag Size: Enter 12
|
155
Now, you have inserted the screw connection, specified a screw
length of 16 mm, and specified a blind hole depth of 12 mm.
NOTE During dragging, the size of the screw is shown in the status
bar, where the coordinates are usually displayed.
The background is automatically hidden, and your drawing should
look like this:
156
|
Copying a Screw Connection with Power Copy
With Power Copy, you can copy complete objects, including the
information attached to those objects. In the case of a screw
connection, you copy the whole screw connection to another
location. The background is automatically updated.
Now, copy the previously inserted screw connection with the
Power Copy command.
1 Start the Power Copy command.
Toolbutton
Power Copy
Menu
Modify > Power Commands > Power Copy
Command
AMPOWERCOPY
Select object: Select the previously inserted screw
Specify insertion point: Specify the point as shown in the following
figure
Specify rotation angle: Enter 0
The screw is copied to the specified location. Your drawing should
look like this:
Copying a Screw Connection with Power Copy
|
157
Using Power Recall and Performing a Screw
Calculation
With Power Recall, you can call a function just by clicking an
object in a drawing. In this exercise, you click a screw connection,
so the Screw Connection command will start.
Use Power Recall to recall the screw connection. Edit the screw
connection, calculate it, and insert it into the drawing at the cover
plate.
Toolbutton
Zoom Extents
Menu
Command
ZOOM
2 Zoom in to the cover plate using Zoom Window.
Toolbutton
Zoom Window
Menu
Command
ZOOM
158
|
4 Start the Power Recall command.
Toolbutton
Power Recall
Menu
Modify > Power Commands > Power Recall
Command
AMPOWERRECALL
Select object: Select the screw, P1
Using Power Recall and Performing a Screw Calculation
|
159
6 In the Screw Connection - Front View dialog box, delete the ISO
273 normal hole by clicking the Delete (X) button to the right of
the ISO 273 normal field.
NOTE You have to delete the ISO 273 hole from the screw
connection, because otherwise, the built-in intelligence would prevent
the selection of a countersink screw since it doesn t match with the
ISO 273 through hole.
160
|
Then Countersink Head Type, ISO 10642, and Front View.
button. Then select Holes, Countersinks, and ISO 7721.
9 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the lower Hole button.
Then select Inner Threads, Through, and ISO 262 (Regular Thread).
Now, use the Precalculation function of the Screw Connection
dialog box to calculate the screw connection.
10 In the Screw Connection dialog box, choose the Precalculation
button.
11 In the Screw Diameter Estimation VDI2230 dialog box, specify:
Material Class: 10.9
Applied Force: 1500 N
Nature of Load: Static and Centric applied Axial Force (upper-left icon)
Method for Tightening Screw: Mechanical Screw Driver
The Result field displays a sufficient diameter of M4.
|
161
12 Choose OK.
13 In the Screw Connection dialog box, the calculation has marked
M4. Choose the Finish button.
Specify insertion point of first hole: Specify point P1
Drag Size: Drag the screw connection dynamically to the size M4 x 12
and click
Drag Size: Enter 8
162
|
Now, you have inserted the specified screw connection with a
screw length of 12 mm and a blind hole depth of 8 mm. Your
drawing should look like this:
|
163
Editing a Screw Connection with Power Edit
Instead of having to use different editing commands for different
objects, you can use just one command, Power Edit, for editing all
objects in a drawing with built-in intelligence. Using Power Edit on
a screw connection, the whole assembly can be edited and will be
updated in your drawing with an automatic background update.
Now, edit the second screw at the cover plate to get the same
countersink screw.
1 Start the Power Edit command.
Toolbutton
Power Edit
Menu
Modify > Power Commands > Power Edit
Command
AMPOWEREDIT
Select object: Select the lower screw at the cover plate, P1
3 In the Screw Connection dialog box, delete the ISO 273 normal
hole by clicking the delete (X) button to the right of the ISO 273
normal field.
Then Countersink Head Type, ISO 10642, and Front View.
button. Then Holes, Countersinks, ISO 7721.
6 Select M4 and choose the Finish button.
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|
Specify insertion point of first hole [Gap before hole]: Specify point P1
Drag Size: Drag the screw connection dynamically to the size M4 x 12
and click
Drag Size: Enter 8
The edited screw connection is inserted. Your drawing should look
like this:
Editing a Screw Connection with Power Edit
|
165
Working with Power View
With Power View, you can quickly generate a top or bottom view
of a side view of a standard part and vice versa.
Now, use Power View to insert the screws into the top view of the
coverplate.
Toolbutton
Zoom Extents
Menu
Command
ZOOM
2 Zoom in to the coverplate, using Zoom Window.
Toolbutton
Zoom Window
Menu
Command
ZOOM
166
|
4 Start the Power View command.
Toolbutton
Power View
Menu
Modify > Power Commands > Power View
Command
AMPOWERVIEW
Select object: Select the screw at the cover plate, P1
Specify insertion point: Specify the centerline cross at the top view of
the cover plate, P2
Working with Power View
|
167
The top view of the screw connection is inserted into the top view
of the coverplate. Your drawing should look like this:
NOTE Since you made the Power View to a screw connection, you
can insert a top view of the screw connection. If you select a screw
that is not part of a screw assembly, you can insert a top view or a
bottom view.
6 Repeat steps 4 and 5 to insert the top view of the screw at the
other three centerline crosses of the top view of the coverplate.
The coverplate should look like this:
Deleting with Power Erase
Power Erase is an intelligent erase command. It detects the object
information of a part. If you delete a screw connection with Power
Erase, the representation of the background is automatically
corrected.
Now, delete a screw using the Power Erase command.
168
|
1 Start the Power Erase command.
Toolbutton
Power Erase
Menu
Modify > Power Commands > Power Erase
Command
AMPOWERERASE
Select objects: Select the screw, P1, as shown in the following drawing
The screw connection is deleted and the lines and hatch are
restored. Your drawing should look like this:
Inserting a Hole
Now, you replace the previously deleted screw connection with a
pin. Insert a blind hole for the pin.
1 Start the Blind Hole command.
Toolbutton
Blind Holes
Menu
Content > Holes > Blind Holes
Command
AMBHOLE
Inserting a Hole
|
169
2 In the Select a Blind Hole dialog box, select acc. to ISO 273 and
Front View.
Specify insertion point: Specify point P1
Specify rotation angle: Specify point P2
4 In the acc. to ISO 273 - Nominal Diameter dialog box, select a size
of 5, and choose the Finish button.
5 Continue to respond to the prompt as follows:
Drag Size Enter 20
The blind hole is inserted. Your drawing should look like this:
170
|
Inserting a Pin
Now, insert a pin into the blind hole.
1 Start the Cylindrical Pins command.
Toolbutton
Cylindrical Pins
Menu
Content > Fasteners > Cylindrical Pins
Command
AMCYLPIN
2 In the Select a Cylindrical Pin dialog box, select ISO 2338 and
Front View.
Specify insertion point: Specify point P1
Specify rotation angle: Specify point P2
4 In the ISO 2338 - Nominal Diameter dialog box, select a size of 5,
and choose the Finish button.
5 Continue to respond to the prompt as follows:
Drag Size Drag the pin to size 5 h8 x 18 and click the left mouse
button
6 In the Select Part Size dialog box, select 5 h8 x 18, and choose OK.
Inserting a Pin
|
171
The pin is inserted. Your drawing should look like this:
Hiding C-Lines
For a better overview, you can hide the C-lines by turning them off
temporarily.
Toolbutton
Zoom Extents
Menu
Command
ZOOM
2 Start the C-Line On/Off command.
Toolbutton
C-Line On/Off
Menu
Assist > Layer / Layergroup > C-Line On/Off
Command
AMCLINEO
All C-lines are turned off temporarily.
172
|
Simplifying the Representation of Standard
Parts
In some cases, for example in complex assemblies, it is helpful to
have a simplified representation of the standard parts for a better
overview. With AutoCAD Mechanical Power Pack, you can switch
between different representation types without losing object or
part information.
Now, you change the representation of the differential gear screws.
1 Start the Change Representation command.
Toolbutton
Change Representation
Menu
Content > Change Representation
Command
AMSTDPREP
Select objects: Select the differential gear with a window
Simplifying the Representation of Standard Parts
|
173
3 In the Switch Representation of Standard Parts dialog box, select
Symbolic, and choose OK.
The representation of the selected standard parts is simplified. Your
drawing should look like this:
The standard parts library of AutoCAD Mechanical 2000 is not
only a simple block library, but also an intelligent library, that
helps you design with standard parts in a very effective way.
174
|
Chain Calculation
In This Chapter
In this tutorial, you calculate a chain length
and insert sprockets and chain links into a
drawing.
12

Performing a length
calculation

Optimizing the chain
length

Inserting Sprockets

Inserting a Chain
175
Key Terms
Term
Definition
partition
Distance in mm or inches between centers of adjacent joint members. Other
dimensions are proportional to the pitch. Also known as pitch.
pitch diameter
The diameter of the pitch circle that passes through the centers of the link pins as
the chain is wrapped on the sprocket.
roller chain
A roller chain is made up of two kinds of links: roller links and pin links alternately
and evenly spaced throughout the length of the chain.
sprocket
A toothed wheel that transfers the power from the chain to the shaft or the other
way round.
176
|
Chapter 12 Chain Calculation
Chain Calculation
tutorial exercise.
Getting Started
First, load the initial drawing.
Toolbutton
Open
Menu
File > Open
Command
OPEN
2 Zoom in to the area of interest, marked with W1 and W2.
Toolbutton
Zoom Window
Menu
Command
ZOOM
The drawing contains a chain housing, sprocket positions, and
Getting Started
| 177
points.
Performing a Length Calculation
1 Start the Length Calculation command.
Toolbutton
Length Calculation
Menu
Content > Chains / Belts > Length Calculation
Command
AMCHAINLENGTHCAL
2 In the Belt and Chain Length Calculation dialog box, choose the
Library button.
3 In the Library, select ISO 606 metric.
4 In the Select Part Size dialog box, specify:
Standard: ISO 606 05B 1
5 Choose OK.
178
|
6 In the Belt and Chain Length Calculation dialog box, choose OK,
and respond to the prompts as follows:
Specify 1st point for tangent or [Undo] <exit>: Select circle a at
point 1
Specify 2nd point for tangent: Select circle c at point 2
Specify 1st point for tangent or [Undo] <exit>: Select circle c at
point 3
Specify 2nd point for tangent: Select circle b at point 4
Specify 1st point for tangent or [Undo] <exit>: Select circle b at
point 5
Specify 2nd point for tangent: Select circle a at point 6
Specify 1st point for tangent or [Undo] <exit>: Press ENTER
Select circle to store tangents: Select circle a
The tangent definition is finished, and the length of the chain is
calculated. Because the length is divided into whole numbers of
links, one sprocket has to be moved to achieve such a length.
7 Continue responding to the prompts as follows:
Select pulleys or sprockets to be moved.
Select objects: Select circle b
Specify base point or displacement: Select the center of circle b
Specify second point of displacement: Select the center of the cross at
point 8
Performing a Length Calculation
| 179
AutoCAD has calculated the new length, which is still not a
multiple of the chain division. Therefore, the chain arrangement
has to be optimized:
Number of links in chain:121 Distance to next link: 6.88567 mm
Optimizing the Chain Length
Now, optimize the chain length.
1 Start the Length Calculation command.
Toolbutton
Length Calculation
Menu
Content > Chains / Belts > Length Calculation
Command
AMCHAINLENGTHCAL
2 In the Belt and Chain Length Calculation dialog box, check
Optimization, Translation, and Direction >>, and specify:
Required number of links: 122
3 Choose OK.
Select objects: Select the relocated circle b
Specify direction angle to move: Enter 90
Sprocket b is moved until a chain length of 122 links is achieved.
180
|
5 In the Belt and Chain Length Calculation dialog box, choose
Cancel, to cancel the optimization.
Inserting Sprockets
Now, insert the sprockets.
1 Start the Draw Sprocket/Pulley command.
Toolbutton
Draw Sprocket/Pulley
Menu
Content > Chains / Belts > Draw Sprocket/Pulley
Command
AMSPROCKET
2 In the Pulleys and Sprockets dialog box, specify:
Number of teeth: 19
Number of Teeth to Draw: 19
3 Choose OK.
Inserting Sprockets
| 181
Specify center of wheel: Select the center of circle a
With Centerlines <Yes>: Press ENTER
Insert part reference: Press ENTER
The sprocket is isnerted into the drawing.
Now, insert the next two sprockets.
5 Start the Draw Sprocket/Pulley command again.
Toolbutton
Menu
Command
AMSPROCKET
Number of teeth: 13
7 Choose OK.
Specify center of wheel: Select the center of circle b
9 Start the Draw Sprocket/Pulley command again.
Toolbutton
182
|
Menu
Command
AMSPROCKET
Number of teeth: 51
Insertion Angle for Sprocket/Pulley: 180
11 Choose OK.
Specify center of wheel: Select the center of circle a
The last sprocket is inserted as a simplified representation with
only three teeth, as specified in the dialog box.
Inserting Sprockets
| 183
Inserting a Chain
Finally, insert a chain.
1 Start the Draw Chain/Belt Links command.
Toolbutton
Draw Chain / Belt Links
Menu
Content > Chains / Belts > Draw Chain/Belt Links
Command
AMCHAINDRAW
2 In the Draw Chain dialog box, specify:
Number of Links to Draw: 122
3 Choose OK.
Select polyline and starting point: Select the polyline near point 9
Please wait ... calculating chains
Number of links in chain:122 Distance to next link: 0 mm
Please wait ... calculating chains
Is position of link correct [Y/N=Rotation] <Yes>: Press ENTER
The chain is inserted.
184
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Inserting a Chain
| 185
186
Calculating a Spring
In This Chapter
In this tutorial, you calculate a spring for
existing boundary conditions and insert the
spring into a drawing. You also copy and edit
the spring, using the Power Copy and Power
Edit commands.
13

Starting the spring
calculation

Specifying the spring
layout

Calculating and selecting
the spring

Inserting the spring

Copying the spring with
Power Copy

Editing the spring with
Power Edit
187
Key Terms
Term
Definition
belleville spring
washer
A washer-type spring that can sustain relatively large loads with small deflections.
The loads and deflections can be increased by stacking the springs.
compression spring
A spring type that can be compressed and can absorb pressure forces.
dynamic dragging
the part into a side view. The standard part is displayed dynamically on the
screen and can be dragged to the next possible size and length. The values (sizes)
are taken from the Standard parts database.
extension spring
A spring type that can absorb tension forces.
Power Copy
A command that copies a drawing object to another position in the drawing.
Power Copy produces an identical copy of the copied object.
Power Edit
A single edit command for all objects in a drawing.
torsion spring
A spring type that can absorb torque forces.
188
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Chapter 13 Calculating a Spring
Calculating a Spring
With the AutoCAD Mechanical Power Pack spring function, you
can insert compression, extension, torsion, and Belleville washer
springs. The calculation is carried out in accordance with DIN 2098
or ANSI. The standard sizes of the springs can be selected from DIN
®
2098/Gutekunst/SPEC catalogs. To make the operation as simple
and as clear as possible, the same methods are used to insert all the
spring types.
tutorial exercise.
Getting Started
In this tutorial, you create a compression spring in two different
compression situations. You calculate and insert the spring in an
existing drawing.
First, you insert the initial drawing.
Toolbutton
Open
Menu
File > Open
Command
OPEN
Zoom in to the area with the springs.
Toolbutton
Zoom Window
Menu
Command
ZOOM
Specify first corner: Specify first corner
Specify opposite corner: Specify opposite corner
Getting Started
| 189
The drawing shows two views (A and B) of the lever and spring
housing, to reflect two different states of compression.
Starting the Spring Calculation
First, you specify the spring to calculate.
1 Start the Springs command.
Toolbutton
Springs
Menu
Content > Springs
Command
AMSPRING
2 In the Select Springs dialog box, specify:
Compression Springs: On
Select from Table: On
190
|
3 Choose OK.
Specify starting point or [Existing Spring]: Specify point P1, as shown
in the following figure
Specify direction: Specify point P2
®
5 In the Browser, choose SPEC Catalog B.
The Compression Springs dialog box is displayed.
Starting the Spring Calculation
| 191
Specifying the Spring Layout
Now, you specify the spring layout.
1 In the Compression Springs dialog box, specify:
Standard Cases: Select the icon on the right in the first row
Exact Match for: Lengths
2 Choose Next.
Now, you specify the geometric boundary conditions.
3 In the Compression Springs - Select dialog box, select the options
as shown below, and click the < button to the right of the Da <=
field.
192
|
Specify contour for outside diameter Da: Select one of the upper
corners of the spring housing
Now, define the initial spring length.
5 Click the < button to the right of the L1= field, and specify the
spring length.
Specify spring length L1 (L2 = 80): Select a point, as shown in the
following figure
| 193
Use view B of the lever and spring housing to define the
compressed spring length.
7 Click the < button to the right of the L2= field, and specify the
spring length.
Specify spring length L2 (L1 = 32): Select a point, as shown in the
following figure
194
|
Now, you have defined the geometric boundary conditions, and
you can proceed with the calculation.
9 Select the Calculation and Dynamic Stress options, as shown
below, and choose Next.
| 195
Calculating and Selecting the Spring
Now, you choose the applicable buckling case. For this tutorial, the
first buckling case can be applied.
1 Select the leftmost icon, and choose OK.
AutoCAD starts to calculate the possible springs. The previously set
boundaries limit the selection to three different springs. The
selection takes place when you drag the spring dynamically. The
selected spring is displayed on the command line.
®
2 Drag the cursor until the spring SPEC 0.059 x 0.480 x 1.5
appears on the command line. Select the spring.
The Compression Spring - Drawing dialog box is displayed.
Inserting the Spring
Now, specify the spring representation.
1 Select the leftmost icon, and choose Next.
196
|
In this tutorial exercise, no rod is required.
Select rod (only closed contours) <Enter=continue>:
The spring is inserted as shown below.
Copying the Spring with Power Copy
Now, copy the previously inserted spring from view A to view B,
using the Power Copy command.
1 Start the Power Copy command
Toolbutton
Power Copy
Menu
Modify > Power Commands > Power Copy
Command
AMPOWERCOPY
Select objects: Select the spring in view A
<Base point or displacement>/Multiple: Select the upper-right corner of
the spring housing in view A
Second point of displacement: Select the upper-right corner of the
spring housing in view B
Copying the Spring with Power Copy
| 197
3 Continue responding to the prompts as follows:
The spring is copied into view B. However, you need to adjust the
length of the spring in view B.
Editing the Spring with Power Edit
TIP You can also start Power Edit by double-clicking the object you
want to edit - in this case the spring.
1 Start the Power Edit command.
Toolbutton
Power Edit
198
|
Menu
Command
AMPOWEREDIT
Select object: Select the spring in view B
The Compression Spring - Drawing dialog box is displayed.
3 Choose the < button to the right of the Lx= field, and specify the
spring length.
Specify spring length Lx (L1 = 32): Select a point, as shown in the
following picture
5 Choose Next, to insert the spring.
Editing the Spring with Power Edit
| 199
AutoCAD Mechanical reinserts the spring in its new compressed
length into the housing.
TIP If there is a rod in the center of the compression spring, you
have to select the rod so that the representation of the background
will be displayed correctly.
The Spring command provides a very useful tool for generating
complex springs in your design.
200
|
Using FEA to Calculate
Stress
In This Chapter
In this tutorial, you calculate stresses in a lever,
using the finite element analysis, and use the
results to improve the design of the lever.
14

Calculating the stress in a
lever

Defining loads and
supports

Evaluating and refining the
mesh

Improving the design

Recalculating the stress
201
Key Terms
Term
Definition
distributed force
A force that is spread over an area.
FEA
Finite Element Analysis. A calculation routine, or method. Calculates stress and
deformation in a plane for plates with a specified thickness, or in a cross section
with individual forces, stretching loads, and fixed and/or movable supports. The
FEA routine uses its own layer group for input and output.
fixed support
A support that is fixed to a part and is fixed in axial direction.
load
Forces and moments that act on a part.
movable support
A support that is not fixed in axial direction.
Power Edit
A single edit command for the objects in your drawing.
stress
Force or pressure on a part. Stress is force per area.
202
|
Chapter 14 Using FEA to Calculate Stress
2D FEA
Getting Started
Design sophistication in the area of mechanical engineering and
construction is increasing. Therefore, the calculations relating to
these designs have to be performed using more advanced tools in
order to assure reliability.
To determine the stability and durability of a given structure under
various loading situations, you need to observe the stress and
deformation in the components while they are being loaded. A
structure is considered to be durable if the maximum stress is less
than what the material permits.
Various computational methods have been developed for
calculating deformation and stress conditions. One of these
methods is called the Finite Element Analysis.
The knowledge gained from this stress rating may lead to changing
the structure in certain areas, which in turn necessitates changes to
the design.
The FEA routine uses its own layer group for input and output.
Note that FEA is not designed for solving all special FEA tasks. Its
purpose is to provide you with a quick idea of the stress and
deformation distributions.
tutorial exercise.
Calculating the Stress in a Lever
Toolbutton
Open
Menu
File > Open
Command
OPEN
The drawing contains a lever, which is the basis for your
calculations.
2 Zoom in so that the lever fits on your screen.
Toolbutton
Zoom Window
Menu
Command
ZOOM
Getting Started
| 203
3 Activate the FEA calculation.
Toolbutton
FEA
Menu
Content > Calculations > FEA
Command
AMFEA2D
Specify interior point: Specify a point inside the contour
The FEA 2D Calculation dialog box opens so that you can define
border conditions and perform calculations.
Select the thickness and the material of the lever.
5 In the Default section, enter a thickness of 10.
204
|
6 Choose Table, and select the material from your preferred standard
table:
Select Al. alloys die-cast if you prefer to use ANSI materials.
Select AlMg5F25 if you prefer to use DIN materials.
NOTE The results will differ slightly from the tutorial, depending on
the selected material.
Defining Loads and Supports
To perform calculations, you need to define the loads and
supports.
1 Choose the moveable line support button, and respond to the
prompts as follows:
Specify insertion point <Enter=Dialogbox> : Specify point 1
Specify endpoint: Specify point 2
Specify side from endpoint: Specify a point above the contour
2 Choose the moveable line support button again, and respond to
the prompts as follows:
Specify endpoint: Press ENTER to define the starting point as the endpoint
Defining Loads and Supports
| 205
3 Choose the line force button, and respond to the prompts as
follows:
Specify side from endpoint: Specify a point to the right of the specified
points
Enter a new value <1000 N/mm>: Enter 500
4 Choose the line force button, and respond to the prompts as
follows:
Specify side from endpoint: Specify a point to the right of the specified
points
Enter a new value <1000 N/mm>: Enter 500
206
|
Calculating the Results
To calculate the results, you need to generate a mesh.
TIP If you calculate results without creating a mesh in advance, the
mesh will be created automatically.
1 Choose the mesh button.
2 Choose the isolines (isoareas) button.
3 In the FEA 2D Isolines (Isoareas) dialog box, select the Graphic
Representation button on the right, and choose OK.
Specify base point <Return = in boundary>: Press ENTER to place the
isoareas in the boundary
Insertion point: To the left of the part, select a suitable location for the
table
<Return>: Press ENTER to return to the dialog box
Calculating the Results
| 207
After calculation, the support forces are displayed near the support
symbol.
Evaluating and Refining the Mesh
The stress table allocation relative to the lever shows heavy
concentration of local stress near drawing points 8 and 9. Refine
the mesh near these points to obtain more exact calculation results
for the points of interest.
1 Choose the refining around point button, and respond to the
prompts as follows:
Specify center point 1 <Return=Continue>: Specify several points near
points 8 and 9
Specify center point 1 <Return=Continue>: Press ENTER to continue
meshing
208
|
After this step, you get a refined mesh at the specified points.
Recalculate the stress representation.
2 Choose the isolines (isoareas) button.
3 In the FEA 2D Isolines (Isoareas) dialog box, choose the Graphic
iso-areas in the boundary
table
Evaluating and Refining the Mesh
| 209
Improving the Design
The results show a critical area around point 8 that can be
improved by applying a larger radius. Before changing the
geometry, the results and solutions have to be deleted.
1 Choose the Delete Solution button.
2 In the AutoCAD Question dialog box, choose Yes to delete the
solutions and results.
3 In the AutoCAD Question dialog box, choose No to keep the loads
and supports.
4 Start Power Edit to change the radius, and respond to the prompt
as follows:
Toolbutton
Power Edit
Menu
Command
AMPOWEREDIT
Select objects: Select the radius at point 8
5 In the Fillet Radius dialog box, specify:
Input: 10
210
|
6 Choose OK.
Select objects: Press ENTER to cancel the command
The radius of the fillet is changed to 10.
Recalculating the Stress
Before recalculating the stress division of the lever, calculate and
display the deformation.
1 Restart the FEA routine.
Toolbutton
FEA
Menu
Content > Calculations > FEA
Command
AMFEA2D
Specify interior point: Specify a point inside the contour
3 In the FEA 2D Calculation dialog box, select material and the
thickness as described earlier in this chapter (see steps 5 and 6 on
page 4).
4 Choose the deformation button.
5 In the FEA 2D - Deformed Mesh dialog box, choose OK.
deformed mesh in the boundary
| 211
Insertion point: To the right of the part, select a suitable location for
the table
Recalculate the stress division of the lever.
7 Choose the isolines (iso-areas) button.
8 In the FEA 2D Isolines (Iso-areas) dialog box, choose the Graphic
iso-areas in the boundary
table
The final result looks like this:
212
|
| 213
214
Index
A
C
acceleration................................. 104, 107
angular dimensioning ........................... 41
annotations...................................... 34, 43
associative detail................................... 87
automatic dimensioning.................. 36, 38
calculate results...................................207
calculation result block .......................122
cam......................................................104
cam configuration ...............................106
cam geometry......................................111
cam plate calculations.........................106
cam plates and cylindrical cams .........105
centerline...............................................34
chain....................................................184
chamfer .......................................126, 131
change representation .........................173
C-line ............................................14, 150
C-line options........................................19
collect balloon.......................................79
compression spring .....................188, 190
construction geometry...........................14
construction lines ....................14, 17, 150
contour ..................................................21
copy objects ..........................................58
countersink..........................................150
countersunk .................................161, 164
B
background ................................. 150, 156
balloon ............................................ 62, 67
base layer .................................... 6, 50, 86
base layer group.................................. 100
baseline dimension ............................... 34
bearing calculation...................... 126, 127
belleville spring washer ...................... 188
bill of material ...................................... 62
blind hole ............................................ 156
BOM attribute....................................... 62
BOM database ...................................... 65
215
cross-hatching....................................... 26
current layer.......................................... 59
curve path ................................... 104, 111
cylindrical pins ................................... 171
cylindrical shaft section ...................... 129
fit description ........................................42
fit name .................................................34
fixed support .......116, 121, 140, 143, 202
D
gear..............................................126, 140
geometric tolerance...............................34
graphic representation.........................207
datum identifier............................... 34, 44
define border conditions ..................... 204
deflection ............................................ 147
deflection line ............. 116, 119, 120, 140
deflection moment ...................... 116, 140
deformation......................................... 211
delete solution..................................... 210
detail ................................... 14, 29, 86, 90
dimensioning tools................................ 36
direction of the loads .......................... 118
distance snap......................................... 14
distributed force.......................... 116, 202
drawing ................................................. 86
drawing border................................ 34, 46
drawing limits ....................................... 10
drawing mode ....................................... 86
drawing title.......................................... 34
dynamic calculation............................ 126
dynamic dragging ............... 126, 150, 188
dynamic stress..................................... 195
E
edit balloon ........................................... 72
edit part list ........................................... 72
edit part reference ................................. 65
editing dimensions................................ 39
effective loads..................................... 144
exact match ......................................... 192
extension spring.................................. 188
F
FEA............................................. 202, 203
FEA calculation .................................. 204
feature control frame ...................... 44, 45
feature control frame symbol................ 34
feature identifier symbol....................... 34
fillet....................................... 23, 126, 131
filters..................................................... 81
fit .......................................................... 34
216
|
Index
G
H
hiding c-lines.......................................172
I
initial spring length .............................193
inserting a pin......................................171
L
layer group ..................................6, 50, 86
layer groups...........................................53
layout ..............................................86, 87
library............................................14, 178
load......................116, 121, 140, 202, 205
M
material ...............................................120
mechanical options .................................9
merge ....................................................75
model space...........................................87
moment of inertia........116, 117, 140, 202
movable line support...........................205
movable support..................................121
move to another group ..........................55
move to another layer ...........................52
movement diagram .............................104
movement sections......................104, 108
multi edit .........................................34, 41
multiple balloon ....................................67
N
NC data .......................................104, 112
O
optimization ........................................180
optimize chain length..........................180
P
part layers ......................................... 6, 50
part reference .................................. 62, 64
parts list........................................... 62, 71
perform calculations ........................... 204
point force................................... 116, 140
point load ............................................ 145
Power Commands................... 14, 39, 150
Power Copy ................ 150, 157, 188, 197
Power Dimensioning .... 14, 27, 34, 86, 95
Power Edit ..150, 164, 188, 198, 202, 210
Power Erase .............. 35, 39, 76, 150, 168
Power Pack ............................................. 2
Power Recall............................... 150, 158
power snap settings............................. 127
Power View ................................ 150, 166
precalculation...................................... 161
projecting edges.................................... 24
R
radius reflection line ........................... 126
recalculate stress representation ......... 209
recalculating stress division................ 211
refined mesh ....................................... 209
representation...................................... 150
resolution ............................................ 104
S
scale area......................................... 86, 88
scale monitor......................................... 86
screw assembly grip representation.... 155
screw connection ................................ 152
screw diameter estimation .................. 161
Selection Set ......................................... 60
set value ................................................ 73
shaft break................................... 126, 132
shaft calculation.......................... 141, 142
shaft contour ....................................... 141
shaft generator .................... 126, 127, 141
shaft generator configuration.............. 128
shaft section ........................................ 134
side view ............................................. 166
side view of the shaft .......................... 133
simplified representation .................... 173
snap settings..........................................16
sort parts list..........................................80
specifying material..............................143
spline profile .......................................130
split........................................................75
spring ..................................................189
spring layout .......................................192
spring representation...........................196
standard parts ......................................151
standard parts library ..........................174
starting layer ...........................................8
step width ............................................104
stress............................................140, 202
support forces......................................208
supports .......................................121, 205
surface texture symbol ....................35, 43
symbolic..............................................174
T
template.........................................6, 7, 10
thread ..................................................134
title block ........................................35, 47
tolerance................................................35
top view...............................................166
torque ..................................................146
torsion moment ...................................146
torsion spring ......................................188
transition .............................................108
translation............................................180
U
uniform load........................................121
user through hole ..................................93
V
velocity........................................104, 107
velocity and acceleration calculation..110
view scale..............................................86
viewport ....................................86, 87, 91
viewport auto create..............................89
visibility enhancement ..........................58
W
working layer ..............................6, 50, 86
Index
| 217