LNG Technology. - Linde Engineering

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LNG Technology.
2
Contents.
3 Introduction
4 Pretreatment and separation of natural gas
5 LNG plant block scheme
6 Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process: LIMUM®1
7 References
LNG plant in Kollsnes, Norway
LNG plant in Kwinana, Australia
8 Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process: LIMUM®3
9 References
MFC® and LIMUM®
are registered trademarks of Linde AG
LNG plants in China
LNG plant in Stavanger, Norway
LNG plant in Bintulu, Malaysia
10 MFC® process (mixed-fluid cascade)
11 LNG plant in Hammerfest, Norway
12 Coil-wound heat exchanger
14 Plate-fin heat exchanger
16 Contact
3
Introduction.
Natural gas is a mixture of gases containing primarily hydrocarbon gases. It is colorless and odorless in its pure form.
It is the cleanest fossil fuel with the lowest carbon dioxide
emissions. Natural gas is an important fuel source as well as
a major feedstock for fertilizers and petrochemicals.
For economic transportation over great distances natural gas
can be cooled and liquefied occupying only 1/600th of its
normal volume in gaseous form at a temperature of around
-162°C. Linde Engineering has a strong history in the LNG
industry having developed, built and started-up over 20 LNG
plants world-wide since 1967.
Linde Engineering´s natural gas liquefaction processes can
cover LNG plants ranging from 40 thousand to more than
10 million tons per year.
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4
Pretreatment and separation
of natural gas.
Pretreatment of natural gas
Prior to liquefaction natural gas often has to be
pretreated. Such pretreatment typically consists
of mercury removal, gas sweetening and drying.
Depending on the downstream processing steps
and the concentration of the sour gas components, it may be necessary to remove H2S and
CO2 from the natural gas. Scrubbing processes
such as MDEA, are offered for this application.
Should only minor amounts of sour gas be present, they can be removed by adsorption along
with the removal of water. Mercury guard beds
are recommended to protect people and equipment.
Separation of natural gas
Cryogenic processes represent the most economical solutions to reject or to recover natural gas
components.
NGL, LPG, condensate or the pure components
methane, ethane, propane and butane often
have higher sales value compared to the pipeline gas itself. Therefore they are frequently extracted and fractionated in tailor made processing plants according to the specific requirements
of the regional market. NGL and LPG are ideal
feedstocks for steam crackers producing olefins.
Removal of nitrogen leads to reduced transportation volumes and an increased heating value.
Furthermore it is sometimes required for the
usage as fuel gas feeding gas turbines. The gas
turbines are installed to provide the required
electrical or mechanical power of the LNG plants.
C3+ recovery plant in Kollsnes, Norway
(Photo courtesy of STATOIL)
Helium recovery is often combined with nitrogen removal. High purity helium is produced by
the combination of cryogenic and pressure
swing adsorption process steps.
All manner of processes for the pretreatment
and separation of natural gas as well as the
extraction of NGL, LPG, nitrogen and helium
are offered by the Engineering Division.
5
LNG plant block scheme.
A typical LNG plant is comprised of the
following units:
–LNG metering stations
Sometimes in addition the following units
are required:
–Feed gas compression, in case the natural
gas pressure is low
–CO2 removal, mostly by a wash process and
drying H2O removal by an adsorber (CO2 and
H2O would otherwise freeze and cause clogging in the downstream liquefaction equipment)
–Natural gas liquefaction
–Refrigeration system and
refrigerant make-up unit
–LNG storage
–LNG loading stations
Sour
gas
Exhaust
gas
hot
oil
Feed gas
compression
Refrigerant
make-up unit
flue
gas
Gas turbine
NG purification
CO2 removal
Fire fighting
NG purification
dryer
Utilities
liquid refr.
dry
NG
vap. refr.
fuel gas
fuel gas
hot oil
purified
NG
Boil-off gas
(fuel gas)
compression
Refrigeration
system
lean
solvent
rich
NG
solvent
Solvent
regeneration
Natural gas
Waste heat
recovery
hot oil
hot oil
Hot oil
system
hot oil
Waste
water
–Condensate stabilisation
–Fractionation
–N2 removal
NG
liquefaction
Flare
LNG
LNG
storage
LNG
LNG loading
station
container
LNG loading
jetty
LNG loading
station truck
LNG
LNG meters
LNG
LNG
LNG meters
6
Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process:
LIMUM®1
LIMUM®1 (Linde multi-stage mixed refrigerant process applying platefin heat exchanger)
–The LP MR (mixed refrigerant) is compressed in a two stage centrifugal
compressor and partially condensed against cooling water or air
–Both phases of the compressed MR are jointly fed to a brazed aluminium
plate-fin heat exchanger, are fully liquefied and subcooled
–After expansion in a J-T valve the MR if fully vaporized under low pressure providing refrigeration for natural gas liquefaction and fractionation, if required.
Basic single flow LNG process
for less than 0.5 mtpa LNG
NG
Fractionator
N2
NGL
LNG
LP MR
HP MR
7
References.
LNG plant in Kollsnes, Norway
Capacity
Customer
Start-up
40,000 tpa
Naturgass Vest, now Gasnor
2003
LNG is distributed by trucks and by small LNG
transport ships to satellite stations. One innovative feature of this project is the use of LNG as
fuel in ferry boats along the Norwegian coast.
There are many advantages replacing diesel
with LNG. The exhaust gas of the engines is
clean and free of solid particles. NOx and CO2
emissions are reduced. The engines and therefore the ferries have a reduced noise level.
LNG plant in Kwinana, Australia
Capacity
Customer
Start-up
62,500 tpa
Westfarmers Gas Limited
2008
LNG is produced from pipeline gas and is then
distributed by truck to various customers, such
as peak shaving power stations. Here the LNG
replaces diesel and other fuels, which are less
environmentally acceptable.
8
Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process:
LIMUM®3
LIMUM®3 (Linde multi-stage mixed refrigerant process applying coilwound heat exchanger)
–The LP MR (mixed refrigerant) is compressed in a two stage centrifugal
compressor and partially condensed against cooling water or air
–The heavy, liquid MR fraction os used in a coil-wound heat exchanger
to pre-cool natural gas and to condense the light, gaseous MR fraction
partially
–The resulting, intermediately boiling MR fraction serves as liquefaction
refrigerant, while the remaining light ends MR fraction sub-cools the
liquefied natural gas
Advanced single flow LNG process
for 0.2 to 1.0 mtpa LNG
LNG
Fractionator
N2
NGL
NG
LP MR
HP MR
9
References.
LNG plants in China
Capacity
Customer
Start-up
430,000 tpa
Xin Jiang Guanghui
2004
Capacity
Customer
Start-up
430,000 tpa
Xin Jiang Ji Munai Guanghui
2013
Capacity
Customer
Start-up
300,000 tpa
Huineng Coal Chemical Co. Ltd.
2013
Capacity
Customer
Start-up
350,000 tpa
Siehuang Tonghei Engery & Technology Dev. Co. Ltd.
2014
All of these LNG plants are highly flexible and
excel due to their robustness. As special feature
the plant in Jimunai has a nitrogen removal column integrated into the liquefaction process.
This is an economically attractive concept for
nitrogen rich feed gases. LNG is transported by
trucks to a large number of satellite stations.
This LNG scheme creates new gas markets and
provides a great improvement in the tight energy supply situation in China.
LNG plant in Stavanger, Norway
Capacity
Customer
Start-up
300,000 tpa
Lyse Gass AS
2010
Due to the high feed gas pressure and based
on the Linde proprietary LIMUM® process this
LNG plant achieves an outstanding energy efficiency. The plant supplies LNG to both the local
industry and AGA, an affiliate of the Linde Gas
division. The AGA quota of the produced LNG
is first shipped to an import terminal in Nynäshamn, Sweden, which was built as well by Linde
Engineering.
LNG plant in Bintulu, Malaysia
Capacity
Customer
Start-up
650,000 tpa
MLNG
2014
The plant is the world´s largest re-liquefaction
plant for N2 rich boil-off gases from MLNG´s LNG
complex in Bintulu, Malaysia.
10
MFC® process (mixed-fluid cascade).
The MFC® process is highly efficient due to the use of the three mixed
refrigerant cycles.
The process is comprised of:
–Plate-fin heat exchangers for natural gas precooling
–CWHEs (coil-wound heat exchangers) for natural gas liquefaction and
LNG subcooling
–Three separate mixed refrigerant cycles, each with different compositions, which result in minimum compressor shaft power requirement
–Three cold suction centrifugal compressors
> 10 mtpa LNG can be produced in a single train.
MFC® (mixed-fluid cascade) process
for 3 to 12 mtpa LNG
NG
LNG
SMR
E
LMR
LMR
SMR
E
E
11
LNG plant in Hammerfest, Norway.
Capacity
Customer
Start-up
4.3 mtpa
(million tons per annum)
Statoil
2007
This is Europe‘s first and the world´s northernmost LNG baseload plant. The MFC® (mixed fluid
cascade) process together with the low cooling
water temperature at the site are the basis for
the extremely low specific power consumption
of the plant (less than 250 kWh/t).
This LNG project has another distinguishing feature: the entire LNG baseload plant was preassembled in various shipyards in Europe and
transported to its operating location on HLVs
(heavy lift vessels). The process plant itself was
installed on a barge in a shipyard, transported
by HLV and finally grounded in a prepared dock
at the site.
12
Coil-wound heat exchanger.
The ample choice of usable alloys including aluminium and stainless
steel allow coil-wound heat exchangers to be used for a wide range of
applications in cold as well as warm applications. The coil-wound heat
exchanger is the core equipment in large base-load LNG plants.
The Engineering Division has numerous references for coil-wound heat
exchangers designed and manufactured in its own workshops.
Benefits
–Providing a large heating surface per shell
–Tolerant against thermal shocks due to its robust design
Manufacturing of coil-wound heat exchanger
in Linde workshop
13
Refrigerant inlet
Manhole
Baffle plate
Pre-distributor
Tube bundle pigtail
Mandrel
Distributor
Lifting trunnion
Hand hole
Bonnet
Transition joint
Bundle outlet nozzle
Drain
Vent
Shroud
Tube bundle with alternating winding direction
Platform stubs
Insulation support ring
Vessel shell
Vacuum ring
2” multi nozzle
Temperature detector junction box
Bundle inlet nozzle
Tube sheet
Refrigerant outlet
Skirt
The coil-wound heat exchanger
is the core equipment in large baseload
LNG plants.
14
Plate-fin heat exchanger.
The vacuum brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers are key components in many cryogenic process plants. They are the preferred heat exchangers in small LNG plants.
Benefits
–Compactness, saving installation space and investment costs
–Many process streams can be handled in a single unit, thus avoiding
expensive interconnecting piping of different units
–Low equipment weight
Aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers assembled
in Linde workshop
15
↓D
↓
A
C
↓
Stub pipe
Distributor fin
Header tank
Heat transfer fin
↓
B
Partition plate
Side bar
Cover plate
Scheme of an aluminium plate-fin
heat exchanger
↓
B
↓
A
↓
↓C
D
The vacuum brazed aluminium plate-fin
heat exchangers are key components in many
cryogenic process plants. They are the preferred heat exchangers in small LNG plants.
Designing processes – constructing plants.
Linde´s Engineering Division continuously develops extensive process engineering know-how for the planning,
project management and construction of turnkey industrial plants.
The range of products comprises:
− Petrochemical plants
− LNG and natural gas processing plants
− Synthesis gas plants
− Hydrogen plants
− Gas processing plants
− Adsorption plants
− Air separation plants
− Cryogenic plants
− Biotechnology plants
− Furnaces for petrochemical plants and refineries
The Engineering Division
and its subsidiaries manufacture:
− Packaged units, coldboxes
− Coil-wound heat exchangers
− Plate-fin heat exchangers
− Cryogenic standard tanks
− Air-heated vaporizers
− Spiral-welded aluminium pipes
More than 4,000 plants worldwide document the leading position of the Engineering Division in international
plant construction.
Linde Impianti Italia S.L.R.
Rome, Italy
Phone +39.066.5613-1
Fax
+39.066.5613-200
impiantiitalia@linde-le.com
Linde Engineering Dresden GmbH
Dresden, Germany
Phone +49.351.250-30
Fax
+49.351.250-4800
ledd@linde-le.com
Linde Kryotechnik AG
Pfungen, Switzerland
Phone +41.52.3040-555
Fax
+41.52.3040-550
kryotechnik@linde-le.com
SELAS-LINDE GmbH
Pullach, Germany
Phone +49.89.7447-470
Fax
+49.89.7447-4717
selaslinde@linde-le.com
Bertrams Heatec AG
Pratteln, Switzerland
Phone +41.61.467-7525
Fax
+41.61.467-7500
bertramsheatec@linde-le.com
Cryostar SAS
Hésingue, France
Phone +33.389.70-2727
Fax
+33.389.70-2777
info@cryostar.com
CRYO AB
Gothenburg, Sweden
Phone +46.3164-6800
Fax
+46.3164-2220
cryo@linde-le.com
Linde CryoPlants, Ltd.
Aldershot, United Kingdom
Phone +44.1252.3313-51
Fax
+44.1252.3430-62
lindecryoplants@linde-le.com
Linde Process Plants, Inc.
Tulsa, OK, U.S.A.
Phone +1.918.4771-200
Fax
+1.918.4771-100
lpp@linde-le.com
Linde Engineering
North America, Inc.
Blue Bell, PA, U.S.A.
Phone +1.610.834-0300
Fax
+1.610.834-0473
lena@linde-le.com
Hydro-Chem
Holly Springs, GA, U.S.A.
Phone +1.770.345-2222
Fax
+1.770.345-2778
hydrochem@linde-le.com
Linde Engenharia do Brasil Ltda.
São Paulo, Brazil
Phone +55.21.3545-2255
Fax
+55.21.3545-2257
braziloffice@linde-le.com
Linde Process Plants (Pty), Ltd.
Johannesburg, South Africa
Phone +27.11.490-0513
Fax
+27.11.490-0412
southafrica@linde-le.com
Moscow Rep. Office
Moscow, Russia
Phone +7.495.642-6242
Fax
+7.495.642-6243
moscowoffice@linde-le.com
Linde Engineering RUS, OOO
Samara, Russia
Phone +7.846.331-3355
lerus@linde-le.com
Linde Arabian Contracting Co., Ltd.
Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Phone +966.3.887-1191
Fax
+966.3.887-0133
lac@linde-le.com
Linde Arabian Contracting Co., Ltd.
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Phone +966.1.419-1193
Fax
+966.1.419-1384
lac@linde-le.com
Linde Engineering Middle East LLC
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Phone +971.2.6981-400
Fax
+971.2.6981-499
leme@linde-le.com
Linde Engineering India Pvt., Ltd.
Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Phone +91.265.3056-789
Fax
+91.265.2461-757
india@linde-le.com
Linde AG
Engineering Division, Head office, Dr.-Carl-von-Linde-Strasse 6-14, 82049 Pullach, Germany
Phone +49.89.7445-0, Fax +49.89.7445-4908, E-Mail: info@linde-le.com, www.linde-engineering.com
Linde Engineering Far East, Ltd.
Seoul, South Korea
Phone +82.2780-0954
Fax
+82.2780-0958
fareast@linde-le.com
Linde Engineering (Dalian)
Co., Ltd.
Dalian, P.R. of China
Phone +86.411.3953-8819
Fax
+86.411.3953-8899
led@linde-le.com
Linde Engineering (Hangzhou)
Co., Ltd.
Hangzhou, P.R. of China
Phone +86.571.8501-9222
Fax
+86.571.8501-9200
leh@linde-le.com
Beijing Rep. Office
Beijing, P.R. of China
Phone +86.10.6437-7014
Fax
+86.10.6437-6718
beijingoffice@linde-le.com
Linde Engineering Taiwan Branch
Taipei, Taiwan
Phone +886.2.2786-3131
Fax
+886.2.2652-5871
taiwanoffice@linde-le.com
LNG/1.1.e/13
Linde Engineering Schalchen Plant
Tacherting, Germany
Phone +49.8621.85-0
Fax
+49.8621.85-6620
schalchenplant@linde-le.com