Chapter 31: Expansion Into the Americas, 1500 A.D.

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Equator
The Changing
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UNIT
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Early microscope,
which revolutionized
science
Model of the Rocket, one of England’s first
steam locomotives 1500
Cabral claims
Brazil for
Portugal
484
1607
First permanent
English
settlement at
Jamestown
1619
Virginia House of
Burgesses meets
1688
Glorious Revolution
in England
™
Organizing Information Study Foldable Make this foldable to help you
organize what you learn about the changes that occurred in western Europe
and the Americas during the 1800s.
Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper into
fourths from top to bottom.
This forms
four columns.
Step 3 Unfold, turn the paper,
and draw lines along the folds.
Reading and
Writing Complete
Step 2 Open the paper and
refold it into fourths from
side to side.
Fold it in half,
then in half
again.
This
forms four
rows.
your table foldable as
you read the unit. Your
foldable should contain
main ideas about the
political and economic
developments of the
1800s.
Step 4 Label as shown.
Unit 10
Terms
People
Places
Expansion
Revolution
Industry
PRIMARY SOURCES
Library
See pages 692–693 for other primary source
readings to accompany Unit 10.
Read “Life at the Mill: Memoirs
of a Child Laborer” from the
World History Primary Source
Document Library CD-ROM.
es
Journal Not
the
s took place in
e
g
n
a
ch
t
a
h
W
nd the
n the 1500s a
world betwee
these
details about
te
o
N
s?
0
0
8
1
u read.
changes as yo
1769
James Watt perfects
steam engine
1776
U.S. Declaration
of Independence
1847
Samuel Colt
develops the
assembly line
485
CHAPTER
31
Expansion Into
the Americas
1500 A.D. –1700 A.D.
Mural from the
University of Mexico
Rosary beads from
a Spanish mission in
New Spain
1500
Cabral claims
Brazil for Portugal
486
1607
English settle at
Jamestown
UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD
1608
French
found
Quebec
1619
First enslaved Africans
brought to Jamestown
1624
Dutch found
New
Amsterdam
Chapter Focus
Read to Discover
•
•
•
•
Why Europeans colonized the Americas.
What European empires were established in the Americas.
Why many colonial empires declined.
How empires in the Americas influenced Europe.
Terms to Learn
People to Know
Places to Locate
colonize
viceroy
peninsulares
mestizos
indentured
servants
Cabral
Sir Francis Drake
Sir Walter Raleigh
John Smith
John Rolfe
William Penn
Brazil
Peru
Roanoke Island
Jamestown
Plymouth
New France
Chapter Overview
Visit the Human Heritage Web site
at humanheritage.glencoe.com
and click on Chapter 31—
Chapter Overviews to preview
this chapter.
Why It’s Important From the early 1500s to the 1700s, several
western European countries set out to colonize, or build permanent settlements in, the Americas. Europeans wanted the
riches of the Americas, which they thought would bring them
power. They also wanted to spread Christianity.
Reading Check
How did western
Europeans colonize
the Americas?
SECTION 1 Portugal
By 1512, the Portuguese had claimed all of Brazil. They had
also established trading posts in Africa, India, Southeast Asia,
and the Moluccas (muh luhk’ uhz), or Spice Islands. They took
most of the Asian coastal cities by force.
Portugal found it difficult to rule its new territories. One
reason was that it did not have a large enough population to
send settlers to all its territories. Also, most of Portugal’s
territories already had large populations. Then, too, the hot, wet
climate of the trading posts was too uncomfortable for most
Portuguese. As a result, Portugal had to depend on sea power
and the cooperation of defeated leaders to protect its interests.
Brazil
In 1500, the Portuguese explorer Pedro Alváres Cabral
(pā’ dr ō al vah’ rez kah brahl’) claimed Brazil for Portugal. Since
no precious metals were found, Portugal paid little attention to
the discovery. Then, other countries started to take brazilwood, or a
red wood used to make dyes. When the Portuguese realized the
value of the wood, they became more interested in Brazil.
CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS
487
Reading Check
How did the
Portuguese use
captaincies to
colonize Brazil?
Reading Check
Who were the
bandeirantes, and
how did they increase
Portuguese land
claims?
Early Map of Brazil
In 1532, the Portuguese established their first permanent
settlement in Brazil. The king of Portugal divided the area into 15
territorial strips called captaincies (kap’ tuhn sēz). Each strip was
given to a different Portuguese family who could establish
towns, give out land, and raise armies. In return, they promised
to colonize and protect their captaincies.
Portugal sent large numbers of settlers to Brazil. Portuguese
sailors landed there and decided to stay. Criminals were sent to
work off their sentences. Soldiers and officials came to protect
royal interests. Ranchers arrived with herds of cattle. Missionaries came looking for converts to Christianity.
The Portuguese set up plantations in Brazil. Most plantations
grew sugarcane, which was used to make sugar, molasses, and
rum. About 2 million Native Americans were living in Brazil
when Portugal claimed the land. The Portuguese settlers
enslaved them to work the land. Most of the Native Americans,
however, either ran away or died from diseases brought by the
Europeans.
Before long, the Portuguese settlers began bringing over
enslaved Africans. The number of Africans grew until, in some
places, there were at least 20 enslaved Africans for each Portuguese settler. The Africans brought their religions with them.
They also brought African music and dance to Brazil. They told
folktales about their African history and carved wooden figures
for churches. They also added many new words to the Portuguese language.
By the end of the 1600s, there was less demand for sugar.
Bandeirantes (ban duh ran’ tās), or fortune-hunters, looking for
precious stones and escaped enslaved people began to appear.
Bandeirantes were the frontiersmen of Brazil. Traveling in bands
of fifty to several thousand men, they followed the rivers into the
jungle. They established Portugal’s claim to the far western and
southern areas of Brazil.
Royal interest in Brazil grew when gold was discovered in the
1690s. The king sent government clerks to check the mineral
resources and make sure the monarchy received one fifth of each
miner’s gold. Gold brought still more people to Brazil and more
wealth to Portugal. The growing of coffee, which was introduced
in the early 1700s, made Portugal richer.
In many ways, Brazil was a tolerant society. It welcomed
people of different countries and religions. Many men of
part-African ancestry rose to high positions in the Church and the
government. Women, however, were allowed little freedom or
power, and hardly anyone knew how to read and write.
The Loss of Empire
By the middle of the 1500s, Portugal
began losing its empire. The colonial government was not well
488
UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD
organized and the economy was in poor shape. Another reason
was that the conquered peoples disliked the Portuguese for forcing Christianity on them. By the time the Portuguese king died
in 1580, Portugal was very weak. The king left no heirs, and the
throne was claimed by Philip II of Spain. Portugal was ruled by
Spain until 1640. Then, Portugal regained its independence. During that time, the English and the Dutch took over most of the
Portuguese trading centers, including those in Southeast Asia.
Section 1 Assessment
Graphic Organizer Activity
1. Define: colonize, captaincies, bandeirantes.
2. What kept Portugal from colonizing settlements?
3. What happened to the Native Americans who lived in Brazil when the Portuguese claimed the land?
5. Draw this diagram, and use it to show
the causes of the decline of the Portuguese empire.
es
4. Making Inferences How do you
think the Native Americans felt about
the Portuguese settlement of Brazil?
Caus
Critical Thinking
1.
2.
3.
Decline of Empire
BRAZILIAN PLANTATION
Early Portuguese settlers established plantations
in Brazil. At first, Native American populations were enslaved to provide the needed
labor. Most of the Native Americans, however, proved too rebellious or too sickly to
perform the hard work required. Enslaved Africans were then brought to work on the
plantations. For what was the sugarcane grown on plantations used?
Carnival The Brazilian
capital of Rio de Janeiro is
known for its annual
Carnival. Celebrated just
before the beginning of
Lent, the Christian holy
season that comes before
Easter, Carnival runs for
four days.
CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS
489
SECTION 2 Spain
By 1535, Spain had established the largest colonial empire in
the Americas. Spain’s colonies reached from southern North
America through Central America and the West Indies to South
America. Spain also had trade interests in the Philippines.
Unlike Portugal, Spain had a fairly large population. This
allowed it to send thousands of people to its colonies in the Americas. Spain also had a strong, centralized colonial government.
Mexico and Peru
Colonial Vase
Reading Check
What were the
viceroyalties? What
was the role of the
viceroy?
Reading Check
How did the
peninsulares and
mestizos differ from
each other?
490
In the early 1500s, Spain conquered the
Native American empires of Mexico and Peru. They set the example for other Spanish colonies. They were governed by the Council
of the Indies, which met at the Spanish court. This council made
laws, acted as a court of final appeal, and chose officials to send to
the Americas. It even took charge of religious matters.
The colonies were divided into two viceroyalties (vı̄s’ roi
uhl tēz), or districts—New Spain, or Mexico, and New Castile, or
Peru. Each viceroyalty was ruled by a viceroy (vı̄s’ roi), or
person who represented the king.
The colonists in the viceroyalties sent large amounts of gold
and silver back to Spain. They also ran plantations that produced
cocoa, coffee, tobacco, tea, and sugar. They forced Native
Americans to do all of the heavy work in mines and on plantations.
Most of the Native Americans were badly treated. Many died of
overwork, starvation, or such diseases as measles and smallpox.
After a time, the Spanish, like the Portuguese, brought
enslaved Africans to the Americas. Most of these enslaved people
worked on sugar plantations located on the islands of the
Caribbean. There were still far more Portuguese-owned enslaved
people in Brazil, however, than Spanish-owned enslaved people
in the Caribbean.
By the middle 1500s, colonists in the Americas were divided
into clear-cut social groups. At the top were peninsulares (puh
nin sū la’ rās), or Spaniards born in Spain. Then came Creoles
(krē’ ōlz), or those of Spanish descent born in the Americas. Next
were mestizos (me stē’ zōz), or people of mixed European and
Native American ancestry. They were followed by Native Americans. At the lowest level were blacks. Each group held certain
jobs. Peninsulares served as viceroys or important church leaders. Mestizos were mostly artisans and merchants.
The way in which colonial cities developed also reflected
this social structure. Most cities centered on a square. On one side
of the square was the cathedral. On the other three sides stood
the government headquarters and the houses of peninsulares.
Farther out were the houses of Creoles and mestizos.
UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD
The Roman Catholic Church played a large role in Spanish
colonization. It controlled most of the best land in the Spanish
colonies. Although the Church itself did not pay taxes, it charged
the people who rented or farmed its land a 10 percent income tax.
The Church worked to improve conditions in the colonies.
Leaders, such as Bartholomé de Las Casas (bar tol uh mā’ dā lahs
kah’ sahs), tried to improve life for the Native Americans. The
Church built schools, hospitals, and asylums (uh sı̄ ’ luhms), or
places for the mentally ill, and staffed them mostly with nuns. It
established the first two universities in the Americas. One was the
University of Mexico. The other was San Marcos (mar’ kuhs)
University at Lima.
Laziness In Inca times,
anyone entering the city of
Cuzco was greeted by the
phrase Ama Sua, Ama
Quella, Ama Lulla—Don’t
Lie, Don’t Steal, Don’t Be
Lazy. To the Incas, laziness
was such a serious offense
that it was punishable by
death.
The Decline of an Empire
Spain received a great deal of
wealth from the colonies, but it did not hold on to that wealth.
The Spanish Inquisition had driven out most of the Jews and
Muslims who had been the backbone of Spanish industry. As a
result, much of the gold and silver sent to Spain ended up going
to northern Europe to pay for goods made there.
Music The enslaved Africans brought to the
Americas contributed to the development of
the region’s culture. They crafted drums
(below) and other instruments similar to those
in their homeland and shaped our musical
heritage. Today the rhythms of Africa can be
heard in the music of the steel drummers in
the Caribbean (right) and in the sounds of reggae, calypso, salsa, rap, and other types of
music. What cultural contributions
did Spanish settlers make?
CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS
491
The Spanish also had trouble getting gold and silver from
their colonies to Spain. Ships loaded with the precious metals
were robbed at sea by English, French, and Dutch pirates. English sea dogs attacked Spanish treasure ships with the blessing of
their queen, Elizabeth I. One of the most successful sea dogs was
Sir Francis Drake. When the Spanish Armada was defeated by
the English in 1588, Spain lost its power in the Atlantic. This
opened the Americas to colonization by England, the Netherlands, and France.
Section 2 Assessment
1. Define: viceroyalties, viceroy, peninsulares, mestizos.
2. What role did the Roman Catholic
Church play in the Spanish colonies?
3. Why did the Spanish have trouble
transporting gold and silver from the
Americas to Spain?
Spain had used the gold and silver to
develop industries in the Americas?
Graphic Organizer Activity
5. Draw this diagram, and use it to show
the structure of Spanish society from
the most powerful to the least powerful groups.
Most
Po
4. Predicting Consequences What do
you think might have happened if
we
r
Critical Thinking
Least
SECTION 3 England
Reading Check
How did the
English try to establish a favorable
balance of trade?
492
Like Portugal and Spain, England looked to the Americas
for wealth. English nobles and merchants saw it as a place to get
raw materials as well as gold and silver. With enough gold, silver, and raw materials, the English could establish a favorable
balance of trade. This meant England would be able to sell more
products to other countries than it would have to buy from them.
The English would no longer have to depend on other countries
for their needs.
The English had other reasons for wanting colonies in the
Americas. England had such a large population that jobs were
becoming hard to find. New colonies meant more jobs. Then, too,
the Anglican (ang’ gluh kuhn) Church had become England’s
official church and the English people were expected to follow
Anglican beliefs. Because of this, Catholics and groups of Protestants called Separatists (sep’ uhr uh tists) were looking for a
place where they could have religious freedom. They believed
that in the Americas they would be able to worship freely.
UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD
In 1585, a group of colonists financed by Sir Walter Raleigh
(rahl’ ē) sailed for North America. There, they founded a colony
on Roanoke (rō’ uh nōk) Island off the coast of North Carolina.
After six years, however, the colonists disappeared. No one
knows for certain what happened to them. For this reason,
Roanoke Island became known as the “Lost Colony.”
The English did not try again to found colonies in the
Americas for more than 20 years. However, in 1600, English
merchants formed the East India Company to trade with the East
Indies. The company set up trading posts in India, Malaya (muh
lā’ uh), and some islands in both the East and West Indies.
Jamestown
In 1607, a group of English nobles and
merchants formed the Virginia Company of London. The
following year the company sent about 100 settlers to the
Americas to search for gold and silver. They founded the first
permanent English settlement in America. It was located near
the mouth of Chesapeake (ches’ uh pēk) Bay. The settlers named
it Jamestown after their king, James I.
The area in which the colony was founded had long been
home to Native Americans. By the time Christopher Columbus
arrived in the Americas, there were more than 1 million Native
Americans scattered across the North American continent. They
were divided into some 500 different groups.
Each group of Native Americans had its own language, religion, and way of life. Some, like the Pima (pē ’ muh), Papago
(pap’ uh gō), Creeks, and Cherokee (cher’ uh kē), were farmers.
Others, like the Comanche (kuh man’ chē), Blackfoot, Sioux (sū),
Apache (uh pach’ ē ), and Navaho (nav’ uh hō ), were hunters
and warriors who traveled in bands.
The Native Americans who lived in the area near Jamestown
were the Powhatan (pau uh tan’). Their chief, whom the settlers
called Powhatan, controlled 128 Native American villages.
Life in Jamestown was hard. The land was swampy and
filled with mosquitoes that carried disease. Winters were colder
in Jamestown than in England. The colonists burned parts of
their houses as fuel. Many became sick and died.
Captain John Smith kept the settlement from total failure.
He made it clear that those who did not work would not eat. He
also convinced the Powhatan to supply the colonists with corn
and beans. When Smith returned to England in 1609, however,
many of the colonists starved to death. Those still alive a year
later were ready to go back to England. When an English fleet
arrived with supplies, the colonists decided to stay.
The settlers worked the land, but they did not own it. It
belonged to the Virginia Company. Then, in 1618, the company
began granting land to individuals. All colonists who paid their
own way to America were given 50 acres, or about 20 hectares, of
Student Web Activity
Visit the Human Heritage Web site at
humanheritage.glencoe.com
and click on Chapter 31—
Student Web Activities to find
out more about Jamestown.
John Smith
CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS
493
NATIVE AMERICANS
REGION
494
WAY OF LIFE
Arctic
fished and hunted whales, seals, walruses, and
caribou; lived in wood and stone houses or igloos in
winter and animal skin tents in summer
Subarctic
hunted and gathered food; built wood-frame houses; traveled by snowshoes, canoe, and toboggan
Northwest Coast
fished and hunted; built cedar wood houses and
sea-going canoes; carved totem poles to honor
ancestors; held potlatches, or ceremonial feasts
Plateau
hunted bison, fished, and gathered food; lived in
multifamily lodges; bred the Appaloosa horse
Great Basin
hunted and gathered food; traveled over territory;
wove reed baskets decorated with beads, feathers,
and shells
California
hunted, fished, and gathered food; settled in communities; used acorns to make bread
Southwest
farmed corn, beans, and squash; built pueblos of
stone and adobe; wove straw and reed baskets and
cotton cloth
Great Plains
farmed and hunted; lived in log houses or coneshaped tepees; communicated with other tribes by
hand signals
Eastern Woodlands
fished and hunted; lived in longhouses and birch
lodges; women owned property, chose chief, and
passed on family name
Southeast
farmed and hunted; built towns with open squares;
women owned houses and land; counted descent
through mothers
UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD
land. In order to attract more colonists, the company began giving each settler an additional 50 acres, or 20 hectares, for each
person that settler brought to the Americas. Soon, the number of
people coming to the Americas increased tremendously.
Most of the newcomers were indentured (in den’ chuhrd)
servants. These were people who agreed to work for four to
seven years after their arrival to pay for their passage. At the end
of that time, they were free and could obtain land of their own.
The settlers saw the Native Americans using tobacco and
began to use it themselves. People in Europe also started using
tobacco. At first, they used it as a medicine. Later, they smoked it
in clay pipes. About 1612, a settler named John Rolfe (rahlf)
began planting tobacco. It soon became Virginia’s most important
crop. Most of the tobacco grown was exported to England
because people there were willing to pay a good price for it.
The settlers brought English laws and government with
them to the Americas. They were far from England, however, and
travel was slow. Soon, it became necessary for them to make their
own laws. In 1619, they elected 22 burgesses (ber’ jis ez), or representatives, from among landowning males over 17 years old.
The burgesses met to decide laws for the colony. This House of
Burgesses set an important example of self-government.
Plymouth
Another company, the Virginia Company of
Plymouth (plim’ uhth), was formed in England in 1606. In
1620, it was reorganized as the Council for New England. It
gained the right to grant land to settlers for colonies in New
England.
That same year, a group of Separatists called Pilgrims sailed
for Virginia on the Mayflower. They had received grants of land
from the Virginia Company. Strong winds blew the Mayflower off
course, causing the Pilgrims to land in New England just north of
Cape Cod in present-day Massachusetts.
The lands in New England belonged to the Council for New
England, and the Pilgrims had not been given the right to govern
in them. Therefore, they signed an agreement to set up a civil
government. This agreement was called the Mayflower Compact.
The majority of free men would govern. Neither women nor
indentured servants could vote.
The Pilgrims named their settlement Plymouth after the
English town from which they had sailed. Their first winter in the
Americas was hard. About one half of the settlers died. In the
spring, those who remained cleared the fields for farming. The
Native Americans taught them how to fertilize their crops and
how to hunt and fish in the wilderness.
The people of Plymouth governed themselves for 70 years
with almost no outside control. Then, in 1691, Plymouth became
part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Reading Check
How did
indentured servants
pay for their passage
to the Americas?
Reading Check
Who were the
burgesses, and how
did they encourage
self-government?
Baptized Indentured
Servants The first
Africans in Virginia, who
arrived at Jamestown in
1619, were indentured servants. Among them were a
couple named Antoney
and Isabella, who had
probably been baptized by
Spanish traders. In 1623 or
1624, Isabella gave birth to
a son, the first African
American born in the English colonies. The baby was
named William and was
baptized in the Church of
England.
CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS
495
The Growth of an Empire
Painting of Lord Baltimore
Jamestown and Plymouth
were not the only English settlements in the Americas. In fact, by
1733 Great Britain had 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast of
America. One of these colonies was founded in 1630, when a
group of Puritans seeking religious freedom sailed to New England. There, they formed several settlements of the Massachusetts
Bay Colony in the area around present-day Boston.
In 1634, the English settled in Maryland. King Charles I had
granted the land to his friend Cecilius Calvert (se sēl’ yuhs kal’
vuhrt), the second Lord Baltimore. Calvert wanted a place in
America where English Catholics could live in peace.
In 1681, William Penn, the leader of a religious group called
the Quakers (kwā’ kuhrz), founded a colony in Pennsylvania.
King Charles II had granted Penn the land in payment for a debt
he owed Penn’s father.
Section 3 Assessment
Graphic Organizer Activity
1. Define: balance of trade, indentured
servants, burgesses.
2. Why did colonists set up the House of
Burgesses?
3. What group founded the Massachusetts
Bay Colony? Why did they establish it?
5. Draw this diagram, and use it to compare the English colonies at Jamestown
and Plymouth.
Jamestown Both
Plymouth
Critical Thinking
4. Making Inferences Why would the
Americas be a likely place for people to
settle who were unhappy in their own
countries?
SECTION 4 The Netherlands
The Dutch also established colonies in the Americas. In
1602, Dutch merchants founded the Dutch East India Company
to trade in Africa and the East Indies. The Dutch had a fleet of
more than 10,000 merchant ships. One by one, they seized Portuguese trading posts in the East Indies and soon controlled
most of the East Indies. In addition, they became the first Europeans to reach Australia and New Zealand. They also founded a
496
UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD
colony named Capetown at the southern tip of Africa. Many
Dutch colonists, called Boers (borz), settled there.
In 1621, the Dutch formed another company called the Dutch
West India Company to establish colonies in the Americas.
Colonists were sent first to islands in the West Indies and along
the coast of South America. In 1624, the Dutch founded the city of
New Amsterdam (am’ stuhr dam) on the island of Manhattan
(man hat’ n). They bought the island from the Native Americans
for goods worth about $24. The Dutch called the colonies
they established in North America “New Netherlands.” New
Amsterdam was the capital.
Later in the 1600s, rivalry between the Dutch and the English
led to a series of wars, which the Dutch lost. The English took over
most of the Dutch colonies, including New Amsterdam, which
they renamed New York.
Section 4 Assessment
Graphic Organizer Activity
1. Why were the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company
formed?
2. To what nation did the Dutch lose most
of their colonies?
4. Draw this diagram, and use it to show
some of the areas that the Dutch
explored or colonized.
Critical Thinking
3. Drawing Conclusions Do you think
the Dutch purchase of Manhattan was
fair or unfair to the Native Americans?
Explain.
Dutch
Exploration and
Colonization
SECTION 5 France
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain (sham pl ān’), a French
explorer, founded the first permanent French colony in the
Americas at Quebec (kwi bek’). Soon after, the French established
other settlements around the Great Lakes. They also established
settlements at the northern end of the Mississippi River and
along the rivers and streams that flowed into it.
Most of these settlements resembled villages in France.
Houses stood side by side along a lake or river bank. Behind
each house stretched a long, narrow farm. The settlements were
small, because few people wanted to leave France.
Most of the French in the Americas were fur traders. On foot
or by canoe, they visited various Native American tribes. They
gave the Native Americans blankets, guns, knives, and wine in
Painting of Robert de La Salle
CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS
497
European Colonies in the Americas
MAP STUDY
PLACES AND
REGIONS By the
mid-1700s, France,
England, Portugal,
and the Netherlands
had extended their
American claims. In
what parts of the
Americas were the
British claims
located?
498
UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD
exchange for beaver and other animal skins. Beaver hats for
gentlemen became very fashionable in Europe, and the fur trade
brought France much wealth.
In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier (ka ve lyā’), Sieur de La Salle
(sjoer dā la sal), claimed the Mississippi River valley for France.
He named the area Louisiana in honor of the French king, Louis
XIV. The French called Louisiana and their other lands in the
Americas “New France.”
The French also established settlements in the West Indies
and in India. In time, the French and the English became great
rivals. They clashed in Europe, the Americas, and India. After a
series of four wars, the French finally were defeated. In 1763, they
signed the Treaty of Paris. Under the treaty, the French lost their
North American colonial empire and almost all of their settlements in India.
Section 5 Assessment
1. What was the first permanent French
colony founded in the Americas?
2. Why did France’s established settlements in the Americas remain small?
3. How did the French lose their lands in
North America?
Critical Thinking
4. Making Inferences Why do you
Robert de La Salle
1643–1687
French Explorer
Robert de La Salle
moved in 1666 to what
is now Canada. His
explorations in the
Mississippi River valley
led to French claims in
North America.
think so few French people wanted to
settle in the Americas?
Graphic Organizer Activity
5. Draw this diagram, and use it to write
at least three facts about French settlements in North America.
Fact 1
French
Fact 2
Settlements
Fact 3
SECTION 6 The Influence of Empires
Empires in the Americas helped make the nations of western Europe richer and more powerful. These empires also introduced western Europeans to many new foods. Among them
were avocados, lima beans, peanuts, pineapples, tomatoes, and
turkeys. Farmers in Spain, Portugal, and Italy began to grow
corn, while farmers in Germany and Ireland started to specialize
in potatoes. Both corn and potatoes were nourishing and easy to
grow. As a result, fewer western Europeans died because of
famine, and Europe’s population increased.
Another popular product from the Americas was a drink
made by roasting dry cocoa beans over a fire and pounding them
into a paste. The chocolate paste was then mixed with water,
Chocolate Hernando
Cortés may have been the
first European to taste
chocolate. At Montezuma’s
court in Mexico, he had
sampled a bitter drink made
from cocoa beans. He then
brought the drink back to
Spain. There people drank it
hot, sweetened, and flavored with vanilla or cinnamon.
CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS
499
sugar, vanilla, and cinnamon, and shaken up and down until it bubbled. The people in London, Paris, and other cities in western Europe
became so fond of the chocolate drink that they opened cafes where
they could sip the drink and talk about events of the day.
Section 6 Assessment
Graphic Organizer Activity
1. What did the empires in the Americas
do for the nations of western Europe?
2. What were some of the new foods the
empires introduced to western
Europeans?
3. What crop did Germany and Ireland
specialize in raising?
5. Draw this diagram, and use it to support this generalization: Contact with
the Americas improved life for western
Europeans.
1.
ortin
2.
tails
g De
4. Synthesizing Information Which of
the foods introduced to western Europeans from the Americas are part of
your diet today?
Supp
Critical Thinking
Generalization
3.
4.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
1. By 1532, Portugal had a colony in
Brazil and trading posts in Africa,
India, and Southeast Asia.
2. A poorly organized government and a
weak economy allowed Spain and
other nations to take over many Portuguese lands.
3. English defeat of the Spanish Armada
in 1588 weakened Spain’s grip on the
Americas and opened the door to colonization by other nations.
4. In 1607, the English founded their first
successful settlement in the Americas
at Jamestown.
5. Settlers at Jamestown established the
House of Burgesses, which set the
example of self-government in the
English colonies.
500
UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD
6. In 1620, the Pilgrims established England’s second permanent settlement
at Plymouth in New England.
7. The Dutch and French also established settlements in North America,
but the English seized most Dutch
holdings.
8. Empires in the Americas gave western
European nations wealth and power
and introduced people to many new
foods.
Self-Check Quiz
Visit the Human Heritage Web site at humanheritage.
glencoe.com and click on Chapter 31—Self-Check Quiz
to assess your understanding of this chapter.
CHAPTER
31 Assessment
Using Key Terms
Write a paragraph as if you were a
Spanish person of the 1500s who has
decided to go to the Americas. Explain
what you have heard that has influenced
your decision. Use the following words in
your paragraph.
colonize
bandeirantes
viceroy
mestizos
indentured servants
captaincies
viceroyalties
peninsulares
balance of trade
burgesses
4. What would you have liked about
being a Jamestown settler? What
would you have disliked?
Graphic Organizer Activity
Culture Create a chart like the one
below, and use it to compare the colonies
established by Portugal, Spain, England,
the Netherlands, and France.
Colonies
Portugal
Spain
England
Netherlands
France
Understanding Main Ideas
1. Why did western European nations
want to colonize the Americas?
2. Why did the Portuguese settlers in
Brazil bring over enslaved Africans?
3. What happened to most of the gold
and silver Spain received from its
colonies?
4. In what ways did Native Americans
help the settlers at Jamestown? At Plymouth?
5. What kind of trade did the French
establish with the Native Americans?
Critical Thinking
1. What changes did European colonization cause in the lives of Native Americans? Explain.
2. “Working as an indentured servant for
several years to pay for a trip to the
Americas was fair.” What is your opinion of this statement? Explain.
3. What was the most difficult problem
Europeans faced in the Americas?
Geography in History
Human Systems Refer to the map
on page 498. The European colonies
stretched from Hudson Bay in the north to
the Strait of Magellan in the south. What is
similar about the places where most colonial cities were established? Write a paragraph explaining the reasons for this
similarity.
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501