The languages of Typeface Design in Portugal

Strategic Design Research Journal, 4(2): 84-92 May-August 2011
©2011 by Unisinos - doi: 10.4013/sdrj.2011.42.07
The languages of Typeface Design in Portugal
As linguagens do Design Tipográfico em Portugal
Vítor Quelhas
vquelhas@gmail.com
ID+ / Porto Polytechnic Institute, Department of Image Arts. Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 712. 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
Vasco Branco
vasco.branco@ua.pt
ID+ / University of Aveiro. Department of Communication and the Arts. Campus universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
Paulo Heitlinger
pheitlinger@gmail.com
University Lusófona Porto. Department of Science of Communications. Rua Augusto Rosa, 24. 4000-098, Porto, Portugal
Abstract
Resumo
This paper addresses the evolution of Letter and Typeface
Design in Portugal, walking through the genesis of letter
painters and graphic artists up to the contemporary typeface designers, tracing influences and characteristics that may
contribute to a better understanding and lead to the further
development of an emerging Typographic Culture in Portugal. Morphological, stylistic, as well as cultural and social
relationships are investigated, in an attempt to obtain core
indicators that will allow to understand the influences that
ancient visual vocabulary, material and techniques had on
the innovation of contemporary digital Typography. Since Typography is a structural component within Communication
Design, this research aims to understand better the Typeface Design in Portugal, its roots and extensions, looking for
variables that may explain the idiosyncrasies and reputation
of their creations. This study is being developed as part of a
PhD thesis in the Research Institute for Design, Media and
Culture (ID+) of the University of Aveiro in Portugal (UA) and
is supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)
and Porto Polytechnic Institute (IPP).
Este artigo aborda a evolução do Design Tipográfico em
Portugal, passando pela gênese do manifesto dos pintores
e artistas gráficos até design tipográfico contemporâneo,
traçando influências e características que podem contribuir
para um melhor entendimento e levar ao desenvolvimento
de uma emergente cultura tipográfica em Portugal. Relações
morfológicas, estilísticas, bem como cultural e social são investigados, em uma tentativa de obter indicadores de base que
permitirão compreender as influências que os antigos vocabulários visuais, materiais e técnicas tiveram sobre a inovação
da Tipografia digital contemporânea. Partindo da Tipografia como um componente estrutural dentro de Design de
Comunicação, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender
melhor o design tipográfico de Portugal, as suas raízes e extensões, olhando para as variáveis que podem explicar as idiossincrasias e a reputação de suas criações. Este estudo está
sendo desenvolvido como parte de uma tese de doutoramento no Instituto de Investigação em Design, Media e Cultura
(ID+) da Universidade de Aveiro em Portugal (UA) e é apoiado
pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) e Instituto
Politécnico do Porto (IPP).
Key words: calligraphy, typography, typeface design, Portugal.
Palavras-chave: caligrafia, tipografia, design tipográfico, Portugal.
Vítor Quelhas, Vasco Branco, Paulo Heitlinger
Before print
Before the invention of moveable typefaces and the
printing press, literacy, scholar wisdom, religious beliefs, jurisprudence, and in a general sense, any written communication, were based on manuscripts. Medieval monks working in many clerical centres took care of the arduous task of
copying, and sometimes translating, texts. For quite a long
period, monks were also in charge of writing down significant documents related to state issues such as sovereignty,
feudal rights, donations, peace treaties, among others.
In the early Middle Ages, some manuscripts were profusely decorated and illuminated, often embellished with
initial letters used to mark the beginning of chapters. The
production of such books required several artistic and technical skills, from the preparation of the parchment to the
choice and usage of the adequate pens, the preparation of
inks, binding and finishing, tasks usually split among several craftsman. Regional calligraphic skills were transmitted
from monk to monk – or imposed by a monarch, such as
Charlemagne, who imposed the Caroline Minuscule.
In the Middle Ages, Portugal had scriptoria in monasteries such as Mosteiro do Lorvão (9th century), the Cistercian Abbey of Alcobaça (1248 or 1251) and the Monastery
of Santa Cruz de Coimbra (1131). The surviving manuscripts from the Abbey of Alcobaça are preserved today in
the National Library and also in the National Archives Torre
do Tombo in Lisbon. The surviving manuscripts of Santa
Cruz de Coimbra are kept in the Biblioteca Municipal do
Porto. A copy of Vetus Testamentum Liber quaestionum, authored by Isidore of Seville, in the 12th century is one of the
oldest manuscripts kept in Portugal. It was written in Visigothic Script (an Iberian calligraphic script used between
the 7th and 12th centuries), has the last folio written with
Carolingian letters. According to Duarte (2008) and Heitlinger (2010), the elimination of Visigothic Script was due
to the increasing scope of the Carolingian calligraphy and
with the forced abandonment of the Mozarabic liturgy in
the emergent kingdom of Portugal.
Beyond manuscript production related to religion
and clerical matters, other significant calligraphic activities were developed in the royal chancery. In Portugal, as in many other European kingdoms, we had also
a continuous production of secular documents, notarial
and commercial records, foral documents (declaration
of feudal rights), among others, which were executed by
tabeliões (notaries) and scribes hired for this purpose. The
king, for example, had a Scribe of Purity, title given in the
13th century to a scribe responsible for the public documents issued in the king’s name.
Between the 12th and 15th centuries we can find many
examples of professional calligraphy in Portugal. However,
the first treatise where the rules of calligraphy are presented and exemplified appears quite late: Exemplares de
Diversas Sortes de Letras, published by the hands of Manuel
Barata, in 1572. For the first time the intent of establishing
a Portuguese calligraphic style appears which, according
to Duarte (2008, p. 103), expresses “the desire (of Barata)
to provide a calligraphic style that reveals the personality
of his country.”
Nova Escola para Aprender a Ler, Escrever e Contar, printed in 1722, a treatise written by Manoel de Andrade FiguereStrategic Design Research Journal, volume 4, number 2, May-August 2011
Figure 1. Vetus Testamentum Liber quaestionum (12th century) by Isidore of Seville.
do, establishes again a Portuguese calligraphic letter and
demonstrates the author’s analytical mind and pedagogical intentions. It was the first manual that provided a systematic way of teaching and learning. Duarte (2008) gave
his definition of Andrade’s Portuguese calligraphy:
“French and English calligraphies, which were also
used in Portugal, did not carry our linguistic dimension
as the (script called) Cursiva Liberal, where the generous counters shows a light tonality, open and broad as
the Portuguese phonetic. Thus, it is a practical and accessible calligraphy like the direct phonetic, consistent
and without ambiguity that characterizes the Portuguese language.”
In his treatise, Andrade showed other examples of
letters – Roman, Gothic and Antique, proving that he was
(as all his colleagues in Spain, Germany and other countries were) aware of many national scripts. We question
ourselves if these treatises were just teaching manuals or
also fine examples to promote their authors as professional calligraphers. We also verify that Calligraphy as a
professional activity brought foreigners scribes to Portugal, such as the Spanish calligrapher Marcos Paz y de las
Ruelas, who was active in the second decade of the 18th
century in the royal court of Lisbon where he taught Calligraphy to the infants of king João V.
The treatise Nova Arte de Escrever, 1794, by Jacinto
de Araújo, shows the abandonment of Figueiredo’s Portuguese calligraphy and the implementation of the English
Roundhand calligraphy in Portugal. In his book he created
a terminology for Calligraphy. For him, French calligraphy
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The languages of Typeface Design in Portugal
Figure 2. Letra Portuguesa in Exemplares de Diversas Sortes de Letras (1572) by Manuel Barata.
was more virtuous (but also more exaggerated) than the
English calligraphy – the one which had became a kind of
general standard in Europe.
In the next century, Joaquim José Ventura da Silva,
was inspired by the work of Andrade de Figueiredo and
followed his methods, although introducing an original
touch. He published Regras methodicas para se aprender a
escrever os caracteres das letras ingleza, portugueza, aldina,
romana, gótica-itálica e gótica-germanica acompanhadas
de hum tratado complecto de arithmética, in 1819.
Eventually, Calligraphy began to loose the tradition
of being a virtuous practice to become a more mechanic,
operational and functional style. Calligraphy continued
active in Portugal until the introduction of the typewriter
machines that, slowly, contributed to forget the manual
methods of registry and became the standard of writing
for administrative usage.
Printing until the 18th century
With the invention of movable type, Typography replaced the scribe’s manual art. In Europe, Johannes Gutenberg invented printing with movable metal types, around
1450. At that time, the period of incunabula, printing and
publishing books was done under the same roof, and the
punchcutter was often the designer as well. Jewish and
German printers introduced Typography in Portugal by
the end of the 15th century. Currently, 1487 is thought to
be the year when the first book was printed in Portugal –
Pentateuco (Pentateuch) – set with Hebrew characters, by
Samuel Gacon, a Jew established in Faro.
The printed book was an object of art and culture.
But it was also an ideological tool, definitely raising the
interest of the dominant class in Portugal. As revealed in
Pacheco (2005), the overseas expansionist determination
of monarchs João II and Manuel I, meant a shift in strategy
towards modernity and contributed in a decisive way to
create a new framework of political, social and cultural relations. A new framework with an increasing importance
Strategic Design Research Journal, volume 4, number 2, May-August 2011
in the development of State Capitalism, and a growing
interest in humanistic culture, understood to be the best
opportunity for an approach to European art and culture.
Commercial, cultural and artistic relations were
established with Italy, with northern Europe, Germany,
Flanders, France and Spain. Despite those relationships,
Portugal was unable to generate a stable printing industry. The weakness of the printing industry was due
to high illiteracy levels, preventing the introduction of
economically profiting printers and authors. The production was limited to clerical needs or to royal demands. All typographic material, typefaces, ornamental
and decorative elements, but also the printing presses
and paper, were imported.
Until the end of the 15th century, two typographical
cultures dominated. Hebrew Typography was important,
but was totally dismantled when Jews were forced to
leave the country or convert to Catholicism. The typographers of German origin, who dominated the flourishing
printing business in both Portugal and Spain, used Gothic Rotunda typefaces. We have to wait until 1550 to see
Roman Renaissance typefaces being used in Portugal.
Konrad Haebler (1905), researcher of incunabula
(1450-1500), found that 79% of the incunabula printed in
all European countries were done with Gothic typefaces,
while Roman typefaces had a share of just 19%.
The leading printers of the incunabula period in Portugal were the Jews Samuel Gacon and Elieser Toledano
and (the mostly German) João Gherlinc, Nicolau da Saxónia and Valentim Fernandes. Fernandes was not only the
printer of a Portuguese translation of the bestselling Vita
Christi (1495), one of the most remarkable incunabula
printed in Portugal, but also the printer who printed the
new Laws of King Manuel I.
In the 16th century, arriving from Antwerp, Peter
Craesbeeck (1572–1632), a disciple of Christophe Plantin and Balthasar Moretus, stands out as a composer and
printer active in Lisbon. Due to his merits, he is appointed
as Royal Printer. The French Miguel Deslandes (?–1703),
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Vítor Quelhas, Vasco Branco, Paulo Heitlinger
The printing shops active in the 18th century, especially in Lisbon and Porto, began to show a considerable
dimension: more than one hundred (Pacheco, 2006).
Between the 18th and 19th centuries, some private
printing shops should be highlighted: Typographia Rollandiana, Nevesiana, Nunesiana, Louisiana, Silviana, António Alvares Ribeiro in Porto, among others. João Francisco Rolland was one of the few influential printers and
booksellers in Lisbon. Some other efforts have emerged
in the field of typography, during the following centuries, but were insufficient to respond to the needs
(Anselmo, 1997).
Between the 15th and early 18th centuries, printing
was done using foreign resources, printing presses and
typographers (Anselmo, 1997). A lot was imported, but
very little was adopted and assimilated, and therefore we
stayed without a typographical identity.
The 19th century and the mechanization
of type
Figure 3. Pentateuch (1487) by Samuel Gacon.
also established in Lisbon, was famous for his vignettes
and flourishes carved in copper.
The 17th and 18th centuries were marked by a decline
of Typography in Portugal. The first metal typefaces produced in Portugal appeared only in 1732 by the French
Jean Villeneuve, who had immigrated to Lisbon. He was
the first to cast metal typefaces in Portugal, but we do
not know if he cut punches in France or Portugal, or if
he just brought them with him. Jean Villeneuve, and also
Francisco Bartolozzi, arrived in Portugal, in 1732 and 1802
respectively. Bartolozzi was hired to foster the development of engraving, and to teach this technique. Motivation was stimulated by offering interesting sums to each
student that graduated.
Until Villeneuve, typefaces as well as decorative vignettes used in books were im ported from abroad. He was
the first to argue that the import of typefaces to Portugal
was not desirable. Villeneuve was so convincing that king
João V decided to support typeface founding in Portugal
and forbade importing typefaces from abroad.
In 1768, king José I disposed the creation of what
would be the Impressão Régia (Royal Print) or Régia Officina Typographica, integrating the type founding workshop that Villeneuve had created. In 1802, Rodrigo de
Sousa Coutinho, who had been commissioned to reform
the Royal Press, hired the Italian Francisco Bartolozzi to
reactivate the engraving class. National specialists tried to
gather knowledge in foreign countries to expand the national production. As an example, in the late 18th century,
Joaquim Carneiro da Silva joined the Royal Press coming
from Italy where he learned engraving with Ludovico Sterni. To him we owe the engravings used for printing, as well
as conducting the first school of engraving in Portugal. He
taught engraving, geometric and typometric skills.
Strategic Design Research Journal, volume 4, number 2, May-August 2011
During the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century the medieval printing presses
are replaced by printing machines. But cutting punches
remains unchanged for centuries. A new energy source,
steam power, completely modifies the traditional print
medium. The introduction of colour, lithography and the
mechanization gave a new life to visual communication.
People are overwhelmed by the impact and the speed
of the new printing techniques. There was less interest in
aesthetic quality and in the traditional typographical skills
of typesetters and printers, based on manual processes
(Satué, 2002).
Parallel to book production, advertising begins to
emerge with a more outspoken graphic language, leaving behind the formal rules of manual composition.
Stimulated by new lithographic processes characters began to appear in gigantic sizes to produce a new visual
impact. The large format poster was the principal medium for new typographical experiences. The presses had
major technical improvements, allowing the expansion
of print formats. Commercial artists who worked for the
emerging advertising market drew the letters manually.
These letters combined visual and decorative elements
in a new kind of Typography, heavily influenced by the
aesthetics of Victorian Art and Art Nouveau.
From the 19th century on, typefaces were created
for advertising purposes, or displays. Egyptian typefaces
appear, with geometric thick serifs; the first Grotesque,
first only available in upper case, condensed and totally
devoid of serifs; Fat Face typefaces, expanded, round and
heavy; and Ornamental with shaded and arabesques
with zoomorphic and floral characters. Alongside this exploding development of new typefaces, the newspaper
industry appears, using a more classical approach to typography, searching for better legibility, readability and
acceptance.
From the invention of Typography to Industrial Revolution, the working methods have little evolved because
at that time all composing and printing work was manually done. Typography was a very reserved craft, which
absorbed groups of artisans from various specialities, from
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The languages of Typeface Design in Portugal
Figure 4. Vita Christi (1495) by Valentim Fernandes.
the punchcutter, through the composer, printer, bookbinder, and later photoengravers, etc.
Portugal, like most industrialized countries, despite
a late and limited introduction, actually felt the technical
developments and the current typographic aesthetics.
The book market continues to enforce its rules, the new
typefaces come among us with the relevance that advertising imposes, print media starts to evolve and to shape
a public opinion that starts to get out of illiteracy and
becomes more informed. Portugal, like most westernized
countries, adopted the new typefaces.
In 1838, under Liberato Freire direction, the National Press (formerly Royal Press) showed their first type
catalogue Provas dos diversos typos, vinhetas e ornatos
typographicos da Imprensa Nacional. His successor, José
Frederico Pereira Marecos had an important role in the
modernization of the National Press. His several trips
abroad to Paris, London, Brussels, and contact with the
best printing houses gave a new impetus to the production of the National Press. Frederico Marecos, reported by
Pacheco (2005), held a real diplomatic trip, which put Portugal on the map of the countries concerned and open to
the printing industry. Proof of this are the awards that the
National Press won in national and international exhibitions: London 1862, Porto 1865, Paris 1867, Vienna 1873,
Philadelphia 1876, and under the direction of Venancio
Deslandes (1878-1909), Paris 1878, Rio de Janeiro 1879,
Paris in 1889 and 1900.
The National Press continued its work in the second
half of the 19th century, but the craft of the printer began
to give place to the industrial labour. At the end of the 19th
century new technological developments emerged: Linotype and Monotype machinery came to revolutionize the
speed of typesetting and typeface reuse. The need to conceive a machine that allowed an extraordinary increase
of speed in composing type was motivated by the needs
Strategic Design Research Journal, volume 4, number 2, May-August 2011
of the newspaper industry. Typographers who saw their
professional existence threatened by automatic machines
protested against such developments.
From phototypesetting to the digital era
Portugal Futurista (1917) and later Presença (19271940) emerged as avant-garde publications. The typographical attitudes revealed a taste for mixing several
typefaces, and the visual manifestations of text to be read
and seen. In Portugal, the first decades of the 20th century
witnessed strong social and political protest that led to the
implantation of the Republic in 1910. The first half of the
20th century was marked by the rise of oppressive ideologies of the dictatorship and the censorship adopted by
the Estado Novo, a political regime that sent into exile
many intellectuals, politicians and artists. The Linotype
and Monotype typesetting machines came to Portugal
with the advent of the Republican regime, although
many printers kept the traditional manual composition,
until the arrival of phototypesetting. Lithography was
well developed at this time changing the ways advertising could be done. The first advertising agencies came
up, starting to produce posters to advertise movies, theatre and other cultural events. Graphic artists such as Stuart Carvalhais, Maria Keil, among many others, started to
draw letters that sometimes are tangled with the figurative representations.
An influential person at that time was the Swiss Fred
Kradolfer who introduced the taste of New Typography –
sans serif, defined as Grotesque in Portugal. He revolutionized the visual language and pushed the development of
graphic arts and advertising, in Portugal.
In 1944, after the Second World War, new communication requirements led to phototypesetting (Mandel, 2006).
The metal used to cast traditional characters were re-
88
Vítor Quelhas, Vasco Branco, Paulo Heitlinger
placed with transparent films resulting from photographic
processes. Phototypesetting, obtained by projection of
light through letters on a transparent disk; a lens system
regulated the letter size, the result was fixed on paper or
other photosensitive material.
The first two phototypesetters were the French
“Photon” and the “Fotosetter” of Intertype. In a few years,
phototypesetting machines replaced the Linotype and
Monotype machines. In Portugal, phototypesetting gained
importance only in the 1950s.
In the second half of the 20th century Portugal lived
on the margins of avant-garde movements. The involvement in colonial wars limited the dissemination of new
cultural expressions and conditioned the influence of new
aesthetic concepts that were developing in Europe. Due to
the restrictions of Portuguese social and cultural life, the
International Style slowly established itself in Portugal. The
legibility provided by the New Typography stimulated the
development of visual identities and branding for large
companies.
In the 60s, several advertising agencies begin to flourish. The graphic designer Sebastião Rodrigues gains reputation, because of the structured way that he applied all
typefaces that were useful in his artwork, which made him
a researcher and a perfectionist. He was responsible for
the graphic design of Almanaque magazine, from 1959 to
1961, and designed the visual identity, posters, books and
catalogues for Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
The social and cultural awareness for graphic arts and
design begins to take shape among us. The teaching of
graphic design in Portugal begins in the late 60s, and in the
mid 70s was also established into public education. The
Portuguese Association of Designers was founded in 1976.
On April 25, 1974, the world watches the fall of
the longest dictatorship in Europe. Political messages
in huge letters were painted on walls, sometimes using stencil techniques, and the use of photocopy was
popular, being an inexpensive method to disseminate
revolutionary messages.
In the 80s Portugal joined the European Economic
Community (now European Union) and a new economic
and social paradigms began. This period consolidated a
democratic political system and reconnected the Portuguese culture to other European cultures. Another key
factor was the opening of new markets and technological developments. Portuguese companies expand their
business onto the international markets, while the domestic market was flooded with new products. Portugal
sees a new wave of advertising and design agencies driven by the developments that digital technologies had
brought. The Macintosh computer was available by that
time, bringing a revolution to the world of graphic design
and, in particular, to typeface design.
Original type designs in Portugal were, so far, little
explored or non-existent. The specialized knowledge in
typeface design never went beyond experiences with a
limited set of characters used in titles or corporate identities, never resulting in a complete typeface technically
and commercially viable. Probably the awareness of typeface design as an commercial activity would never had
been considered, in part, because of some instability in
technological products and processes that have changed
Strategic Design Research Journal, volume 4, number 2, May-August 2011
frequently, especially throughout the 20th century, but
also because the effort needed to produce useful typefaces required technical knowledge and aesthetic maturation. Until then, little or nothing had been developed
in Portugal.
The design of digital typefaces in Portugal
In the early 90s the teaching of typography in schools
was promoted, specific subjects were created in universities, and a promising generation of type designers in Portugal first appeared.
Digital technology, computers and, later, the development of Internet has increased the access to information.
The international New Wave, the experimental aesthetics
of designers such as David Carson or Neville Brody influenced the development of fonts in Portugal. The first fonts
of Mário Feliciano do not hide the influences and the first
digital experiences reveal a taste for formal freedom enabled by technological developments. Launched his first
font in 1994, but only in 2001 founded his own company
Feliciano Type Foundry.
“I was affected strongly by David Carson, whom I was
aware of since his early days at Surfer magazine. For
years, Surfer was my favorite magazine. When Carson
was hired to do RayGun magazine that was the thing!
He was my biggest influence — even more so than
Emigre, which also influenced me a lot. I was lucky to
be able to experiment a lot at Surf Portugal magazine.
Maybe I was able to do in a surf magazine what David
Carson was doing in a rock magazine!
My work was influenced by worlds outside surfing as
well: art, rock, and pop culture. This was when “fonts”
came into my life. At the time, the only way to make any
graphic design work that remotely looked like David
Carson’s was to design my own fonts — that’s how it all
started. Curiously I came to know Carson’s work before I
knew Neville Brody, let alone Erik Spiekermann or other
famous typeface designers. This was the early 1990s
[...]” (Feliciano, 2008).
Similar experimentations were part of the initial
work of Dino dos Santos, another of our prestigious type
designers who founded DSType, in 1994. Santos (2007)
said in an interview to MyFonts how he began his adventure in type design:
“I’m a self-taught type designer; my education is in
graphic design. I began designing typefaces in the early ’90s because there weren’t many typefaces available
to us in those days, just the Macintosh system fonts and
dry transfer sheets from Letraset and Mecanorma.”
The extensive work of these designers associated
with some media exposure and international recognition,
influenced a new generation of type designers.
The digital typefaces can be subdivided into two
broad functional categories: display fonts and text fonts. A
display font favours presence and text fonts transparency.
Initially, the national creations don’t deny the influence
for more simplified typefaces, geometric, monolinear dis-
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The languages of Typeface Design in Portugal
play fonts. The difficulty in finding information on methodologies for designing type took designers on a slow learning but fruitful curve. Specialized information on books was
rare and the Internet was, perhaps, the best way to find the
nonexistent methodological and technical information.
In a second phase, now with more information and
practice, a devotion to the historical roots is noticed in the
production of historical typefaces and revivals. Personalities
like Manuel Pereira da Silva (1930-2008), typographer and
researcher in type and typography, influenced some of our
type designers to learn more from historical creations.
In the third stage, notwithstanding the market trend
for custom fonts, for corporate identities and public and
private institutions, new typographical creations have
emerged, reflecting the development of type families or
super-families for editorial purposes.
The Latin market has been one of the main consumers.
In Portugal and Spain, for example, the demand for typefaces designed by Mário Feliciano and Dino dos Santos has
been remarkable, in particular, for editorial typefaces.
As a result, for the first time, Portuguese newspapers
(O Jogo, Diário de Notícias, Expresso, A Bola; Diário Económico) and abroad (El Pais, Politiken; Adressenvisen; Manchester
Evening News, The Lawyer, Estado de São Paulo, Libération,
Le Figaro; Diário de S. Paulo), bought fonts and ordered custom fonts for exclusive projects, publications and for corporate identities to Portuguese type designers.
Institutions acquired fonts for the design of documents such as Portuguese Passport, or to use them at
public events, such as the “Expo ‘98” in Lisbon, “OFFF Oeiras” in 2009 or “Centenário da República” in 2010. These
initiatives reflect the role of typography as a key differentiation element in communications.
Besides Mário Feliciano and Dino dos Santos, a new
generation of type designers have started to appear such
as Ricardo Santos (Vanarchiv), Hugo d’Alte, Susana Carvalho, Rúben Dias, Miguel Sousa, Rui Abreu (RType), Pedro
Leal (DSType), Joel Santos, among others.
Various international awards recognize the quality and
diversity of digital typefaces developed by Portuguese designers. Morgan (2003) a family of fonts designed by Mário
Feliciano, won the TDC2 prize in 2003. Garda (2005), also
by Feliciano, was included in the best typefaces of 2005 at
Typographica.com. Calouste (2005), by Miguel Sousa, won
the Certificate of Typographic Excellence by TDC2, in 2006
in the category of text families. It was developed as his final
master project in Type Design at the University of Reading.
Andrade Pro (2006) by Dino dos Santos won the Creative
Review Type Design Awards as best revival. It is based on
the work of Manoel Andrade de Figueiredo, a calligrapher
from the 18th century. Ventura (2007) also designed by Dino
dos Santos was awarded the Certificate of Typographic Excellence by TDC2 in 2008. It was designed has an homage
to the work of Portuguese calligrapher Joaquim José Ventura da Silva. Lisboa (2007) by Ricardo Santos was originally
designed for a Portuguese magazine in 2000. Ricardo developed dingbats based in symbols found in Lisbon. Orbe
(2008) by Rui Abreu has been also awarded the Certificate
of Typographic Excellence by TDC2, in 2009.
New market configurations emerge with the Internet
and new distribution models begin to dominate the international business of typography.
Strategic Design Research Journal, volume 4, number 2, May-August 2011
Figure 5. B-Sides (1999. Vllg) by Mário Feliciano.
Figure 6. Ventura (2006) by Dino dos Santos.
Figure 7. Expresso (2006) by Mário Feliciano.
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Vítor Quelhas, Vasco Branco, Paulo Heitlinger
Figure 8. Orbe (2008) by Rui Abreu.
Fonts developed by Portuguese type designers start
to be distributed and recommended in the main digital
type foundries around the world (Adobe, T26, MyFonts,
Village, Fontshop, MyFonts, Fountain Type, PSY/OPS, YouWorkForThem, Font Spring).
Today the market becomes more competitive and demanding. The digital type design activity appears progressively more autonomous and specialized skills are necessary to bring together not only the aesthetic concept, but
also the technical production in terms of software implementation.
Specialization in type design continues to be made
abroad (Chaccur and Amado, 2010). Hugo d’Alte and Susana Carvalho studied at KABK in The Hague, one of the most
prestigious schools of type design. Miguel Sousa studied
at the prestigious University of Reading and Ricardo Santos at EINA in Barcelona.
The ATypI (Association Internationale Typographique) congress in 2006, which took place at the Faculty of
Fine Arts in Lisbon, was an important contribution to the
awareness and development of typographic culture in our
country. Until then, exhibitions, workshops, lectures and
publications, mainly Portuguese, were scarce. In 2009, the
School of Art and Design of Matosinhos (ESAD) organized
for the first time a Post Graduate course in Digital Typography. In 2010, the School of Art and Design of Caldas da
Rainha (ESAD.CR) held the first meeting on Typography
Education in Portugal, helping to better understand the
course guidelines and active discourses in various national
higher education institutions. The Master in Typography at
ESAD.CR, which is planned to start in 2010, may contribute to further expand the typographic culture and knowledge among us. Such initiatives demonstrate the growing
interest in this subject and are gradually contributing to
expand typographic culture in Portugal.
Conclusions
Portugal appeared in the international typographic
landscape as a country without tradition. Its peripheral,
geographical, political and cultural isolation did not allow
the typography in general, and type design in particular,
to be developed. However, conditions and opportunities
were given to some foreign experts that came to Portugal.
Strategic Design Research Journal, volume 4, number 2, May-August 2011
We had no typographic culture that allowed us to
build up and develop a typeface distinctly Portuguese.
Most of originality lies in some calligraphic expressions.
The Visigothic Script, used between the 7th until 12th centuries in the Iberian Peninsula, has its own characteristics
and originality.
Several Gothic scripts were adopted in Portugal in the
medieval period; specific Portuguese styles evolved, which
were drawn on nautical maps, written in foral documents
(letter of feudal city rights), in books of religious services
and in various chronicles and state documents. We can detect some originality in the Portuguese designs of Gotica
Rotunda letters. The Rotunda is the Gothic style prefered
in Italy, Spain and Portugal, revealing wide and spaced letterforms, compared to the more condensed and angular
German Gothic.
Typography with moveable type was totally dominated by foreign printers and imported technologies.
Later, with the development of graphic techniques such as
lithography, we again had an interesting period of certain
originality, with masters like Stuart de Carvalhais that were
skilled artist in the manual design of letterforms for advertising purposes. We can find some Art Deco style inspirations, but the accuracy and uniqueness of its drawings
are worthy of reference.
The isolation of Portugal in the artistic, cultural and
technological fields came to an end in 1974. In the field of
typography and type design, the isolation was only abolished in the digital age. A group of typeface designers
emerges, enhanced by digital technology and the Internet,
which abolished borders and democratized access and information sharing.
The effort of the first Portuguese digital type designers, some researchers, teachers and schools have
expanded the development of a young but growing typographic culture in Portugal. We are still very far from
the typographic performance that countries with great
tradition have, but it is undeniable the advances made in
the last years.
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