Patron Samani Charitraprajna Editor Dr. Anil Dhar Assistant Editors

Transcription

ISSN 0974-8857
A Peer Reviewed Research Quarterly of Jain Vishva Bharati Institute
YEAR-41
VOL.-161
JANUARY-MARCH, 2014
Patron
Samani Charitraprajna
Vice-Chancellor
Editor
Dr. Anil Dhar
Assistant Editors
Dr. Samani Aagam prajna
Samani Vinay prajna
Managing Editor
Nepal Chand Gang
Editorial-Board
Prof. Mahavir Raj Gelra, Jaipur
Prof. Satya Ranjan Banerjee, Kolkata
Prof. Arun Kumar Mookerjee, Kolkata
Prof. Dayanand Bhargava, Jaipur
Prof. Frank Van Den Bossche, Belgium
Prof. Bachh Raj Dugar, Ladnun
Prof. J.P.N. Mishra, Ladnun
Prof. Damodar Shastri, Ladnun
Prof. Sushma Singhwi, Jaipur
Prof. K.T.S. Sarao
Website : jvbi.ac.in, E-mail : tulsiprajnarj@gmail.com, anljvbi@gmail.com
Publisher :
Jain Vishva Bharati Institute
Ladnun-341306, Rajasthan, India
Tulsī Praj–ā
YEAR-41
VOL.-161
JANUARY-MARCH, 2014
Editorial Office
Tulsī Praj–ā, Jain Vishva Bharati Institute
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The views expressed and facts stated in this journal are
those of the writers. The Editor may not agree with them.
ISSN 0974-8857
YEAR-41
VOL.-161
JANUARY-MARCH, 2014
AZwH«$_{UH$m / CONTENTS
ENGLISH SECTION
Subject
Author
Page No.
Ācārāºga-Bhā·yam
Dharma is Sanctity of Life
Effect of Speech Patterns in Jain
Philosophy : A Scientific Study
Basic Introduction to Cognitive Science
Use of Web-Based E-Journals in
Central Library of Jain Vishva Bharati
Institute (Deemed University), Ladnun,
Rajasthan : A Survey
Ācārya Mahāpraj–a
Acharya Tulsi
Sadhvi Chaitanya Prabha
05
10
13
Samani Sulabh Pragya
Dr. Amit Kumar Sharma
19
24
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Ācārāºga-Bhā·yam
Ācārya Mahāpraj–a
CHAPTER-IX
THE TREATMENT OF PENANCE
SECTION-2
9.2.1 cariyāsaöāiµ sejjāo, egatiyāo jāo buiyāo.
āikkha tāiµ sayaöāsöāiµ, jāiµ sevitthā se mahāvīro..
Some postures and abodes, O Gentle! have already been
spoken of in connection with the Lord’s wanderings. But now
please relate those postures and abodes which were accepted
by Lord Mahāvīra.
Bhā·yaµ Verse 1
Now came the subject of abodes. To the querry ‘I want to know,
the abodes and postures that were used by Lord Mahāvīra', the
preceptor said1 —
9.2.2 āvesaöa-sabhā-pavāsu, paöiyasālāsu egadā vāso.
aduvā paliyahāöesu, palālapuµjesu egadā vāso..
9.2.3 āgaµtāre ārāmāgāre, gāme öagarevi egadā vāso.
susāöe suööagāre vā, rukkhamūle vi egadā vāse..
(9.2.2, 9.2.3) Sometimes the Lord lodged at workshops2,
assembly halls 3, watersheds, 4 shops, 5 sometimes in
Tulsī Praj–ā - A Peer Reviewed Journal, January-March 2014 Vol.-161
5
manufactories,6 strawsheds,7 travel-lers’ halls,8 garden-houses,9
sometimes at villages, towns, cemeteries, deserted houses or foot of
the trees.
Bhā·yaµ Verse 2, 3
The words śālā10 and g¨ha denote respectively the building without
and with walls. ‘Vāsa’ means night-halt during non-rainy seasons and fourmonths’ stay during rainy season.11
The Lord lived in villages for only one night, and in towns for five nights
in the seasons other then the rainy. In the rainy season, however, he dwelt for
four months at a strech.
9.2.4 etehiµ muöī sayaöehiµ, samaöe āsī paterasa vāse.
rāiµ divaµ pi jayamāöe, appamatte samāhie jhāti..
At such abodes, the ascetic Lord spent upto thirteen long years. He
exerted carefully day and night, being vigilant and meditating in ecstasy.
Bhā·yaµ Verse 4
The Lord was staying at places indicated above and the places like
caves, mountains etc. ‘Ascetic’ means the ascetic Lord Mahāvīra or literally
‘samaöa’ means one with equanimous mind.12 ‘Pateresa vâse’ means
excellent thirteen years.13 the Lord was striving day and night, being as much
wakeful in the night as in the day.14 He was concentrated in mind, word and
body, free from non-vigilance, that is, completely self-controlled and free
from passions. In the state of ecstasy, he engaged himself in purely white
meditation.15
For similar description see. 2.95,96, 3.11 and 4.11.
9.2.5 öiddaµ pi öo pagāmāe, sevai bhagavaµ uhāe.
jaggāvatī ya appāöaµ, īsiµ sāī yā sī apa¶iööe..
The Lord did never seek sleep for the pleasure and comfort.
Standing up he wake himself, when he was drowsy. He would have
only a nap, never craving for the comfort of the sleep.
Bhā·yaµ Verse 5
The Lord did not seek sleep for the sake of pleasure and comfort. On
feeling drowsy at times, he would instantaneously stand up and keep himself
wide awake, contemplating on impermanence. Sometimes, for a moment he
would drowse, but he was always indifferent to the pleasure of slumber.
6
9.2.6 saµbujjhamāöe puöaravi, āsiµsu bhagavaµ uhāe.
öikkhamma egayā rāo, bahiµ caµkamiyā muhuttāgaµ..
After a nap for a moment, the Lord awoke again and was stilled
in meditation with internal wakefulness. Sometimes, in the night, the
Lord was oppressed by sleep and walked out of the abode and stroll
for a while.
Bhā·yaµ Verse 6
The Lord, after only a momentary sleep, would awake again. Sometimes,
in order to conquer sleep, he would come out of the resting place in the night
and visit outside for a while.16
9.2.7 sayaöehiµ tassuvasaggā, bhīmā āsī aöegarūvā ya.
saµsappagāya je pāöā, aduvā je pakkhiöo uvacaraµti..
While living in those resting places, the Lord had manifold terrible
hardships, crawling and winged creatures (birds) preyed upon him.
Bhā·yaµ Verse 7
This section describing hardships mentions trials, caused by humans
and animals. There is not any mention of hardships caused by gods here. The
reptiles comprise snake, mongoose etc. Winged creatures include gnats,
mosquitoes, flies etc. or vultures etc. They preyed, that is, they went to him
and ate up his flesh etc.
9.2.8 adu kucarā uvacaraµti, gāmarakkhā ya sattihatthā ya.
adu gāmiyā uvasaggā, itthī egatiyā purisā ya..
While the lord meditated in deserted houses, bad people, village
guards and lancers tortured him. Sometimes, the Lord had to tolerate
the sexual hardships caused by women and men.
References
1. Atra cūröau ·ayyāvi·aye kiºcid viśi·amullikhitamasti — ‘öa vi
bhagavatoāhāravat sejjā bhiggahā öiyamā sī, pa¶imābhiggahakāle
tu sijjābhiggaho āsī, jahā egarāīyāe vahiyā gāmādīöaµ thio āsī,
susāöe annayare vā hāöe, ahābhāvakameö jattheva tattha
cautthī porisī ogā¶hā bhavati tattheva aöunnavittā thitavān,
taµ jahā — āsaöasabhāpavsu.’ (Ācārāºga Cūröi, p.311)
7
2 . (a) Ācārāºga Cūröi, p.311 : ‘āgaµtuµ visaµti jahiyaµ āvesaöaµ’
jaµ bhaöiyaµ— gihaµ logappasiddhaµ, jahā kuµbhārāvesöaµ
lohārāvesöaµ evamādi.
(b) Ācarāºga V¨tti, Patra 278 : āveśanaµ — śūnyag¨ham.
3 (a) Ācārāöga Cūröi, p. 311-312 : sabhā nāmanagarādīöaµ, majjhe
dese kīraµti, gāme paurasamāgamā ya bhavaµti, seöimādīöaµ tu
patteyaµ sabhā bhavaµti.
(b) Ācarāºga V¨tti, Patra 278 : sabhā nāma grāma nagarādīnāµ
tadvasilokāsthāyikārthamāgantukaśayanārtha ca ku¶yādyak¨tiú
kriyate.
4 Ācārāga Cūröi, p. 312 : jattha ruddadipa¶imāo havijjaµti, pivissaµti
pehiyādi sā pavā, taµjahā — udagappavā gulaudakappavā
khaµ¶appavā sakkarappavā evamādi.
5 Ibid, p.312 : paöiyagihaµ āvaöo paöiyasālatti.
6 (a) ibid, p. 312 : paliyaµ nāma kammaµ, yaduktaµ bhavati —
kammaµtahāöesu, dabbhakammaµtādisu, ahavā paligāti hāöaµ,
taµjahā — gosla, gobadho vā karīsarahito, öa ajjhāvagāsaµ.
(b) Ācārāºga V¨tti, Patra 279 : paliyanti karmma tasya sthānaµ
karmmasthānaµ — ayaskāravarddhakiku¶yādikaµ.
7 (a) Ācārāºga Cūröi, p.312 : paliyaµ tu palālaµ, puµjo saµghāto,
palālamaµ¶avassa hehāsu sirattāöe palālapuµjesu pavisati.
(b) Ācārāºga V¨tti, Patra 279 : palālapuºje·u maºcopari
vyavasthite·vadho, na punaste·veva śu·iratvāditi.
8 Ācārāga Cūröi, p.312 : āgaµtu jattha āgārā cihaµti taµ
āgaµtāraµ.
9 Ibid, p.312 : ārāme āgāraµ ārāmāgāraµ.
10 Ibid, p.312 : pa¶haµti sāladharāöaµ viseso, saku¶¶aµ gharaµ
ku¶¶arahitā sāla, jaµ vā logasidd-haµ öāma, jahā saku¶¶avi
hatthisālā vuccati.
11 Ibid, p. 312 : vāsa iti rāīgahitā u¶ubaddhe,vāsāsu.
12 Ācārāºga Cūröi, p.312 : samaöetti sa eva vaddhamāöasāmī, ahavā
tesu pavātanivātasamavisamesu sovasagganiruvasaggesu vasatisu
samaöa eva āsī ato samaöe, jahā dukkhasijjā āsī tahā tahā bhisataraµ
samaöa āsī.
8
13 Ibid. p. 312 : pagataµ patthiyaµ vā terasamaµ varisaµ jesiµ
varisāöaµ tāöimāni paterasavarisāöi chaumatthakāle.
14 Ibid, pp. 312, 313 : jahā raµtti tahā divā, ubhayaggahaöamavi
sāmatthaµ öa tu jahā aööe thāöamoöādīehiµ jaittā rattiµ
sārakkhaöatthaµ öiddaµ bhajaµti, so tu bhagavaµ jahā divā rattiµ
pi jayamāöetti maöovākkāehiµ egaggo appamatta iti jitiµdiyo
kasāyarahito, kahaµ? mama eve pamādā öa bhavijja, hāöāiesu
appamatte jjhāöe ya, sammaµ āhito samāhito dhamme sukke jjhāyati
bhagavaµ.
15 Ācāraºga V¨tti, patra 279 : yatamānaú saµyamnu·hāna
udyuktavāna thatā’ pramatto — nidrādipramādarahitaú
‘samāhitamanā’ vistrotasikārahito dharmadhyāna śukladhyānaµ vā
dhyāyatīti.
16 There are three main constituents of Bhagavān Mahāvīra’s sādhanā:
a) Control of diet;
b) Control of the senses; and
c) Control of sleep.
Through the elixir of spiritual realization, he would achieve control of
palate.
Through total absorption in the perception of the soul, he achieved
control over the senses.
Through meditation he achieved control over sleep by strolling.
9
Dharma is Sanctity of Life
–Acharya Tulsi
Dharma is ultimately a matter of one’s faith. The difficulty is that
it is used in more than twenty contexts in our practical life. A big
volume can be prepared if all the definitions and interpretations of the
word ‘dharma’ are collected together. Anyone would be confused
by reading such a book if he does not possess the attitude of manyfaceted approach.
Bhagavan Mahavira exhorted us to use many-faceted (anekānta)
attitude. It means to look at anything from many points of view. In a
one-sided view, there is scope for obstinacy. Its result is: “what I say
is the only truth.” The use of anekānta, on the other hand, gives rise
to freedom from obstinacy, i.e., open-mindedness. ‘Both what I say
may be true and what you say may also be true.’ This is the line of
thought of a person free from obstinacy. If the anekānta is applied to
the field of religion, there will not be any conflict.
We must understand clearly the difference between
‘sampradāya’ and ‘dharma’. Sampradāya or sect means the
tradition started by a guru. People having faith in a particular ideology
which is accepted by a particular school of thought follow its
instructions. They consider this school as their dharma. Later on,
that school is developed as a creed or a sect.
The simplest meaning of ‘dharma’ is that it is the practice of selfpurification. In other words, it is the process through which the soul is
purged of its impurities and is made pure. So dharma is also the
observance of right belief, right knowledge, and right conduct. In my
view, this is the perfect definition of ‘dharma’ and a practice of this
will lead to liberation.
10
India is a secular state. Does this mean our country has to remain devoid
of dharma? When-ever secularism is interpreted this way, I wonder how a
country can survive by abandoning dharma. A lot of confusion has been
created by the misunderstanding of the word ‘secularism’.
In the Indian constitution, India is stated to be a secular state, which is
translated in Hindi as a state in diffferent to dharma. In our democracy, the
government cannot be in the hands of a particular sect or creed. This is
good. The problem is with the use of the word ‘dharma’. Why not say
‘sampradāya’ or sect.
In 1987 when Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi came to me, we discussed
about secularism. He agreed that the word had been wrongly translated in
the constitution. I suggested that in place of ‘dharma-nirape·a,’ we should
use ‘sampradâya-nirapek·a’ or ‘paºtha-nirapek·a, which means
‘indifferent to sect or creed.’ The Prime Minister agreed with my interpretation
and asked for a written note on her subject. I have heard that in the new Hindi
edition of the Constitution, the word secular is translated as ‘paºtha-nirapek·a’.
Manytimes I was asked: ‘Is dharma one or many?’ The answer is not
so simple. If we identify dharma with religious creed, sect, community, paºha,
tradition, etc., the answer would be that there are many dharmas. But if
dharma really denotes the universal and eternal values of life, then the answer
would be that there is only one dharma, and it comprises essentially
nonviolence and truth. In it faith, knowledge and conduct are also included.
Dharma is nothing else but the SANCTITY of life.
A major problem in the field of religion is that everyone wants to increase
the number of followers of his own religion. Increasing the number amount to
politics even in the field of religion. Thus it cannot be a part of pure dharma;
it is connected with the creed or the sect.
Some people asked me, ‘Acharyaji, how is it that although Jainism is so
good and so great, it has so few followers?’ I told them, ‘The number of
Jains you are talking about is of those people who are Jain only by birth.
Because they are born in Jain families, they are considered as Jains. How
many of them are real Jains? That is, how many of them follow Jainism in
their daily life?’ My answer to their question would startle them. I then would
tell them, ‘There are more non-Jains than real Jains among those who are
Jain by birth.’You see, there are two kinds of Jains: Jains by birth, and Jains
by their action. All those who are born in Jain families belong to the former
11
category, while those who really have faith in the tenets of Jainism such as
nonviolence, truth, non-absolutism, etc.-and also practice them, are Jains by
action (i.e, the real Jains). They may belong to even a non-Jain family by birth.’
If all the religious teachers in the world start thinking along these lines
and accept the wider meaning of dharma, then there will be no scope for
religious fanaticism. I do not consider sects as useless. Dharma and sect are
like soul and body, or fruit and its skin. Both have a role to play. But we should
not confuse one with the other. It is desectarianism which gives rise to conflicts.
I had been introduced a five-point plan for developing the religious
tolerance and weakening sectarianism. If these points or similar ones are
accepted by all sects, a new revolution can take place in the field of religion.
The five-point plan for religious tolerance is as follows:
1. A constructive policy should be adopted-only one’s own view should
be presented; there should not be any condemnation of other religions.
2. Tolerance should be observed towards other ideologies.
3. No hatred or contempt towards other sects or their followers should
be propagated.
4. If a person voluntarily changes his faith, there should not be any
improper treatment with him or her, such as social boycotts.
5. There should be a joint effort to establish basic values of dharma in
the daily lives of people.
The problem today is that the so-called religious people lead a dual life.
When they visit any place of worship, they become very religious, but when
they return home or go to their workplaces their face is changed. How many
masks they wear! In the case of some persons we may find a world of
difference in the quality of their early life and later life. Transformations do
take place. But what are we to do with one who is ‘religious’ in the morning
and a ‘devil’ in the same afternoon? It is disheartening to watch this dharma
of changing masks. How a person can change so soon as he crosses the
threshold of the temple, mosque, church, gurudwara, or monastery. Such
hypocrites have done greater harm to religion than even the non-believers.
Aöuvrata is a march in the direction of resolving this confusion created
by the cult of masks. The aim of the aöuvrata is to link dharma with life by
freeing it from the boundaries of bookish knowledge or mere rites and rituals
of a creed or sect. Only that dharma which is practiced in our daily life can
become effective and fulfilling.
12
Effect of Speech Patterns in Jain
Philosophy : A Scientific Study
– Sadhvi Chaitanya Prabha
The seventh chapter of Daśvaikālika Sūtra is an excellent guide
to learn speech etiquettes. It not only explains do’s and don’ts of
speech for a monk but also discusses after effects of violent and
non-violent speech. This fact can also be explained through scientific
concept of sound and morphic resonance.
According to Dr. Sheldrake, the DNA isn’t the only reason that
people of a family share similar features. Morphic resonance also
plays a part. It helps us to understand so called co-incidence and the
phenomena of group consciousness or collective consciousness
memory and archeotypal patterns.
The concept of morphic resonance accepts that our feelings and
emotions have effect on the world moment by moment. If you send
out words and images of creativity, then you will be contributing to
the creation of a beautiful world. However, emitting messages of
destruction, you contribute to destruction of the universe.1
Since the destructive words lead to the destruction, the
Daśvaikālika Sūtra advocates only non-violent speech to be
practiced. It gives a clear discretion of the violent and non-violent
speech to the extent that it enumerates the words with illustrations,
which are violent and non-violent. As the Sūtra runs–
cauöahaµ khalu bhāsāöaµ, parisa×khāya paööva×,
doöhaµ tu vinayaµ sikkhe do na bhāssejja savvaso.2
13
Knowing the four kinds of speech a wise monk should practise two
kinds of speech with its purity and other speechs completely abandon.
The four kinds of speeches are as follows.
1. saccā bhāsā (truthful speech)
2. asaccā bhāsā (untruthful speech)
3. saccā musā (mixed speech)
4. saccā musā (pragmatic speech)
Out of the four kinds of speech two truthful and pragramatic speech are
allowed to be practiced and the two untruth and mixed speech (truth and
untruth) are completely abandoned. This is so because the untruthful and
mixed speech is unethical says Daśvaikālika Sūtra.
The truthful speech though true is to be abandoned, as said.
jā ya saccā avattavā, saccā mosā ya jā musā,
jā ya buddhehim öāiööā na taµ bhāssejja paöövaµ3
meas "A monk should restrain himself completely from doing mixed and
untruthful conversations, however even while speaking truthful but is violent
speech, then he must be restrained.”
It is said so because truthful speech though true may lead to violence and
hurt someone. Thus the Sūtra advises that not all truth is to be expressed.
Thus for monk uttering harsh truth is also completely restricted for instance
taheva kāöaµ kāöetti paö¶agaµ paödage tti ya,
vāhiyaµ vāvi rogitti, teöaµ core tti no vae4
means “not to name a blind as a blind, eunuch as eunuch and ill as ill or
sick as sick and even thief as thief.”
The words used above are although true but harsh which may hurt a
person for which it is spoken.
Famous Scientist Emoto also accepts this fact as in his famous book
The Hidden Messages in Water. He writes “it is true that speech uttered has
a significant effect on the object spoken on. This can be very well seen in the
subtle life of even water, then what if it changes the state of humans and other
organisms.”5
One can easily find the effects of words on water molecules when the
words that indicated harm to humans were shown to the water, no crystals
14
were formed. It even appears that words ‘you make me sick’ created the shape
of man with gun in the water molecules. (The Hidden Messages in Water,
pp. 8-9)
You fooli (Japanese)
You foolo (English)
You make me sick. I will kill you (Japanese)
The word “angel” resulted in a formation ring of a small crystals linked
together, while the word “satan” formed a crystal with dark lump in the center
as if ready to attack. (The Hidden Messages in Water, p. 98)
15
Angel (Japanese)
Satan (Japanese)
Experiments also depicts that children said different things to different bottles
of water. When children said “you are cute” to the water, cute crystals of water
were formed on the other hand when the water was said “you are beautiful”
several times it resulted in crystals more well formed than when water was told
only few times. The crystal formed by the ignored water was the least complete,
when not given good comments or rather fed with negative sentences such as
‘you are fool’, ‘you ugly’, etc. When even the water molecules showed its effects
to such a great extent then what about the higher animals and organisms. (The
Hidden Messages in Water, p. 14)
When the children said "You're beautiful" a few times
16
When the children said "You're beautiful" several times
When the water was ignored
The Daśvaikālika Sūtra therefore advocates the use of discretion in
speech act, because restrained speech leads to purity of restrained life. Plants
also reveals such kind of sensitivity and bio- communications as proved by
the recent studies.6
For plants the text advocates.
tahevosahīo pakkāo, nīliyāo cha chavīeya,
lāimā bhajjimāo tti, pihukhajja tti no vae.7
“These herbs are ripened, they can be cooked, they can be cut fried
made as flakes.” –A monk should never use such words on account of its
being violent.
After such many instructions the chapter “vakka śuddhi” concludes with
the following lines.
bhāsāe dose ya gune ya jaöīyā tise ya duhe parivajjae sayā
chasu saºjaye sāmaöiye sayā jae, vaejja buddhe hiyāmāöulomiyaµ8
parikkhabhāsī susamāhi iºdie, caukkasāyā vagae aöissie,
sa niddhuöe dhunnamalaµ pureka¶aµ, ārāhae logamiöa× tahā paraµ9.
17
means "knowing the qualities and avoiding transgression of speech forever,
one must be restrained and alert in following the rules of the restrained speech."
“The speaker who speaks knowing the qualities and blemishes of speech
abandoning four kinds of passions removes all his past earned sins, makes
his present and future bright.”
Thus it is concluded that our speech produced, the words used and
intention with which it is used has an intense impact on the environment. The
intensity of the effect increases when words are used for living beings. One
can easily study such impacts in experimental studies done on vegetables or
plants and water cells. Thus Sūtra restricts all kinds of violent intentions and
speech for monk and gives a guideline to utter non-violent words instead. It
seems that omniscient Mahāvīra had realised the effect of morphic sound
resonance and thus have produced clear indications and instructions for the
nonviolent speech act.
References :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Emoto Masaru, The Hidden Messages in Water, Beyond Words Publishing,
2004, p. 84
Dasaveāliyaµ, ed. Ācārya Mahāprajna, Jain Vishva Bharati, Ladnun, edn Ist,
1964.
Ibid, p. 7.1
Ibid, p. 7.3
The Hidden Messages in Water, p. 14
Physiology and Behaviour of Plants, p. 2, cf. Tompskin Peter, The Secret
Life of Plants, Penguin, New York, 1913.
Dasaveāliyaµ, 7.34
Ibid, 7.56
Ibid, 7.57
18
Basic Introduction to Cognitive Science
–Samani Sulabh Pragya
Cognitive Science: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind
and its processes. It examines what cognition is; what it does and
how it works. It includes research on intelligence and behavior,
especially focuses on how information is represented, processed, and
transformed (in faculties such as perception, language, memory,
reasoning, and emotion).1
According to Oxford dictionary, it is action or faculty of knowing
and in dictionary of philosophy,2 cognition is mental processes
connected with understanding, formulation of belief and acquisition
of knowledge.3 Cognitive science is the disciple studying the mind4
and intelligence. It is interested in knowing how people mentally
represent information processing.
The term cognition comes from the Latin verb “cognosco”
(con + gnosco – know) it means ‘to conceptualize’ or ‘to recognize’.
It can also be defined in terms of disciples like it is coherent and
integrated science of independent disciples, means it is dedication of
different disciples to explain, simulate and technically reproduce the
workings of human mind.5
Cognitive science is a major new guide to central theories and
problems in study of mind and brain.6 According to Howard Gardiner,
it is a contemporary, empirically based effort to answer long-standing
epistemological questions particularly those concerned with nature of
knowledge, its components, sources, development and its deployment.7
19
Researchers in psychology, linguists, computer science, philosophy and
neuroscience realized that they were asking many of the same questions about
the nature of human mind and that they had developed complementary and
potentially synergistic methods of investigation. The word ‘cognitive’ refers
to perceiving and knowing– thus, the word cognitive science is science of
mind which seeks to understand mental phenomena.8 As the cognitive science
is disciple of diverse disciples so also its definitions are diverse.
The diversification of definition can be tabulated as followFaculty of knowing Knowing, understanding,
Information
and perceiving
formulating belief (emphasis
processing
(emphasis on
on both sensory operation
(emphasis on
sensory operation)
and mental phenomena) mental phenomena)
Intelligence
Brain(physical)
Mind (psychological)
(problem solving)
Conclusively, it can be said that cognitive science is study of sensory and
mental phenomena.
Nature and Significance of Cognitive Science
Cognitive science aims to collect empirical evidences bearing on mental
process and phenomena and to develop theories that can explain those
evidences like
Psychology
Linguists
Neuroscience
Anthropology
Philosophy
Behavioral evidence
Produce and understands sentence
Neural activity
Nature of cognition as it is
different cultural contexts
nature of knowledge9
Two beliefs of cognitive science are
(a) Mental representations have to be analyzed wholly separate from
biological or neurological on one hand, sociological or cultural on the other.
(b) Understanding of human mind is electronic computers as computers
are model of how human mind functions.10
20
History of Cognitive Science
At the turn of the century, in the wake of founding new human sciences,
investigators had been addressing the key issues of mental life: thinking,
problem solving, the nature of consciousness, the unique aspects of human
language and culture.
The question which Chomsky regarded as fundamental for cognitive
science is the following, “how comes it that human beings, whose contacts
with the world are brief and personal and limited, are nevertheless able to know
as much as they do know?” This is Bertrand Russell’s formulation of a question
first posed by Plato. Plato’s such question is motivated by a certain notion of
knowledge. This is one of the age-old problems of philosophy which was
also thought on by Rationalist epistemologists pioneered by Rene Descartes.
According to Descartes, mind was different from body. We have a huge
material on this issue by Rationalist epistemologists like Leibniz, Kant, Frege
on one hand and Empiricist epistemologists like Locke, Hume on other hand.
In 1920, Piaget’s early publications launched the modern study of
cognitive development in Europe and America. But in United States, its interest
soon waned. Behaviorism was becoming supreme and its adherents saw
little value in cognition.11 To behaviorists, the mind which is invisible, nonmaterial and conjectural was metaphysical concept and no talk of it was
possible in experimental psychologist till 1960. However, in 1960s, when
cognitivism began to regain favor, Piaget was rediscovered and intellectual
development researches in his field became a booming field. 12
In September of 1948 in the campus of California institute of Technology,
a group of eminent scientists representing several disciplines met for a
conference on “cerebral mechanisms in behavior”. The opening speaker,
John Von Neumann, forged a striking comparison between electronic
computer and the brain. Then the next speaker mathematician and
neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch explored certain parallels between the
nervous system and “logical devices” in order to figure out why we perceive
the world the way we do. The next speaker, psychologist Karl Lashley spoke
on “the problem of serial order in behavior”– He challenged the existing
theory (behaviorism in psychology) and laid out new agenda for research,
laying a new pathways for cognitive studies.
The George Miller, a pioneer of Cognitive psychologist coincidentally
came in field of psychology as a teacher. He had his graduate studies in
21
Harvard and received a solid grounding in behaviorist psychology. For the
next 14 years, he conducted experimental studies in speech and
communication. Despite his training, this work forced him willy-nilly to think
about human memory and other higher mental processes. He drifted still
closer to mentalism after attending a summer seminar at Stanford where he
worked closely with the psycholinguist Noam Chomsky, and a sabbatical
year at the center for advanced study in the behavioral sciences where he
was exposed to new ways of doing research on thinking, especially the
stimulation of thought processes by computer program.13
In the fall of 1960 Miller returned to Harvard as a changed man. He
confided in his friend and colleague, the social psychologist Jerome Bruner,
about his discontent and dream of a new center devoted to the study of
mental processes. Bruner shared both his feelings and vision. Together they
approached McGeorge Bundy, provost of the university , won his approval,
, and with funding from the Carnegie Corporation established the Harvard
Center for cognitive studies and became a leader of movement that radically
changed the focus and methods of psychology and guided it ever since.
George Miller’s coming-out typifies what was happening to experimental
psychologists in the 1960s. At first a few then many and soon a majority
abandoned rats, mazes, electric grids, etc. in favor of research on the higher
mental processes of human being. Within the decade, the movement assumed
such proportions as to earn the name “the cognitive revolution”.14
Many forces had been building toward it. During the two previous
decades, Gestaltists, personality researchers, developmentalists, and social
psychologists were all, in their different ways, exploring mental processes.
Coincidentally, a series of developments in several other scientific fields were
producing knowledge of other kinds about how the mind works. Specifically:
–Neuroscientists, using microelectrode probes and other new techniques,
were observing the neural events and cellular interconnections involved in
mental processes.
–Logicians and Mathematicians were developing information theory and
using it to account for both the capabilities and limitation of human communication.
–Anthropologist, analyzing the thought patterns of people in other cultures,
was discovering which mental processes vary among cultures, and which are
universal and therefore possibly innate.
22
–Psycholinguists, studying language acquisition and use, were learning how
the mind acquires and manipulate the intricate symbols system we call language.
–Computer scientists were contributing a brand-new theoretical model
of thinking and designing machinery that seemed to think.15
By the late 1970s cognitive psychology and these related fields came to
be known as the cognitive sciences or collectively, as cognitive science. The
cognitive revolution was more than a remarkable broadening and deepening
of psychology; it was simultaneous development in six sciences of new
knowledge bearing on mental processes.
Conclusion
Conclusively, it can be said as cognitive science is a new and recent
branch of studies. It is rather the collective working of various branches
discussing on common topic. Its main area is mind, brain, and intelligence. In
other words, it is a new form of psychology affiliated to a
rtificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience etc. It has opened new horizon
in the field of mental processes and enhanced the studies on mind. This article
is the brief introduction to what cognitive science means, what nature it has
and history of cognitive science as per the ‘The Story of Psychology’.
References :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
en. Wikipedia org/wiki/ Cognitive Science, 21/09/2013
Onions C.T (ed), The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Clarendon Press,
USA, p. 363.
Flew Antony (ed.), A Dictionary of Philosophy, Pan Books, London,
3rd edition, 1984, p. 65.
Stilling et. al, Cognitive Science : An Introduction, Bradford Book, The NIT
Press, Combridge. p.1.
en. Wikipedia. org/wiki/History cognitive science, 21.09.2013.
Cognitive Science : An Introduction, p.2
Gardner, Howard, The Mind's New Science, (A History of the Cognitive
Revolution), Basic Books, A division of Harper Collins Publishers, U.S.A, p.6
Cognitive Science : An Introduction, p. 1
en. wiki pedi. org/wiki/Nature and Significance of Cognitive Science, 21.09.2013
The Mind's New Science, p. 6
Hunt, Marton, The Story of Psychology, Anchor Books, A Division of Random
House, Inc, New York, p. 384
Ibid, p. 384
Ibid, p. 512
Ibid, p. 513
Ibid, p. 513
23
Use of Web-Based E-Journals in Central
Library of Jain Vishva Bharati Institute
(Deemed University), Ladnun,
Rajasthan : A Survey
Dr. Amit Kumar Sharma
Introduction
The concept of the library as the “heart” of an Institute, the sun
around which teaching and research revolve is widely hailed. There
is, however, difference of opinion as to the precise nature of the
functions of the Institute Teachers made a bold statement: “the prime
function of the Institute library is to provide facilities for study and
research for the member of its own institution. At the same time there
is considerable support for the view that it should serve a wider circle
of user and not to adopt too restrictive an attitude which would be
contrary to academic traditions.” The statement implies three function
of Institute library: teaching, research and extension services (Ahmed
and Haridasan 2005). Since the structure of higher education is changing
gradually and the Institute libraries, which are the best guides to our
changing gradually and the Institute libraries, which are the best guides to
our students to impart through knowledge of the courses and further
researches, very much deserve to be further reoriented 3d in respect of
their role through scientific management and better organization.
It is desirable that all the Institute libraries should have modern
pattern of management and scientific system should be so involved
that the libraries should succeed in achieving their real objective, “Better
24
and Greater service to reader.” The problem of the Institute libraries have
become so acute that immediate attention of the persons concerned should
be drawn for their correction and improvement. Libraries are the sole organ
of the society for preserving the cultural heritage and any achieving society
dare to ignore this fact.
Review of Literature
Ren (2000) also showed a positive correlation between students’ selfefficacy and the frequency of use of the library electronic resources. Wolf
(2001), Nelson (2001), Lock et al. (2001) look from the point of view of
academic staff and/or researchers, rather than undergraduates. These studies
identify many common factors which affect acceptance or resistance to ejournals. Advantages are seen to be the convenience of desktop, twentyfour-hour access, the range of titles available, remote access, time saving
and ease of searching. Barriers to use can be a lack of awareness or
knowledge of how to access them, technical problems, lack of archives,
password requirements and high user expectations.
Being adopted, an electronic journal should perform the same functions
as its predecessor, the print journal, such as building a collective knowledge
base, communicating information, validating the quality of research and building
scientific communities. Some authors see a scientific journal as an entity with
its own profile consisting of a combination of multiple focus, community of
readers and contributors and traditions, including articles in a traditional format.
They find it important that such entities should also exist in electronic format
(Roberts, 2001). The importance of studying journal collections comes from
their central role in scientific communication, while their acquisition costs
simultaneously account for a notable part of library funds.
Objectives of the Study
Emphasis on understand the growth pattern of web-based e-journals in
arts and humanities and the different levels of diversity among them, following
objectives were being framed:
1. To provide comparisons between subjects and discipline; and possible
key demographic aspects of usage.
2. To find out the institutional efforts to maintain and provide access to
e-journals to its community.
25
3. To find out the usage and applicability of e-journals with regard to
Arts and Humanities.
4. To find out the demand and growth in near future.
Scope and Methodology of the Study
The study will be focused on researchers’ use of electronic material at
journal article level. A range of research disciplines, in context with the research
area and objectives, will be selected across the scholarly spectrum, covering
the arts and humanities. Journals and journal search platforms will similarly
be selected to reflect the spread of disciplines. The study is pertained to the
users of central library of Jain Vishva Bharati Institute, Ladnun. As method is
a path of achieving or approaching to a problem. Thus, the categorization of
the proposed investigated in to a certain type of survey, a corresponding
method are designed and appropriate techniques are made for collecting
and analyzing data which are togather known as Methodology. The study
used following methods for collecting data:
1. Observation method
2. Questionnaire method
Observation Method: The observation method is the most commonly
used method specially studies relating to behavioural sequence. In a way, we
call observe things around us, but this sort of observation is not scientific
observation. The main advantage of this method is that subjective biases
eliminate, if observation is done accurately.
Questionnaire Method: This method of data collection is quite popular,
particularly in case of big enquires. A questionnaire was prepared for the
data collection from the librarian. Primary data was collected through detailed
questionnaire.
Data Analysis
Working Hours:
Table - 1
S. No. Working hours of library
Time
1.
Working days
8:00 am to 06:00 pm
Data of table 1 shows the Library hours of JVB Institute, Ladnun. Library
remains open throughout the year except all National holidays. The working
hours of Library are supportive and yielding in information services.
26
Membership
Table - 2
S. No. Member of Library
Response
1.
Faculty
Yes
2.
Research Scholars
Yes
3.
Students(PG/UG)
Yes
4.
Administrative Staff
Yes
5.
Non teaching staff
Yes
6.
J.V.B. Members
Yes
The data of table 2 shows that Faculty Members, Research Scholar,
Student (PG/UG) and administrative staff are the members of the Central
Library. The Library services are meant for those who seek information and
knowledge on their respective subject in context with the requirement.
Finance
Table - 3
S. No. Sources of finance of the library
Response
1.
Institutional Grant
Yes
2.
Sale of weeded material
No
3.
Marketing of product & services
No
4.
UGC and INFLIBNET grant
Yes
Table 3 shows that library gets grants from UGC/INFLIBNET; and
institutional grant is also a source of finance for the library.
Table - 4
S. No. Total Budget allocation
Response
1.
Total budget allocation for the
22.5 lakhs(apporx.)
The data of table 4 shows that total budget allocation to library is 22.5
Lac for the current year.
Staff
Table - 5
S. No. Category wise break up of library staff
Response
1.
Number of professionals
01
(degree or PG Diploma holder)
2.
Number of semi professionals
02
3.
Number of non professionals
01
4.
Office Assistants
04
Data of table 5 shows that number for professionals are 01, 02 semiprofessionals, professionals and 04office assistants. The library might need
27
more staff equipped with latest IT knowledge. The ratios of Professionals
are less than they needed.
Table - 6
S. No. Service provided by library
Response
1.
Issue/Return
Yes
2.
Bibliographical Service
Yes
3.
Current Awareness Service
Yes
4.
Inter Library Loan (Departmental)
Yes
5.
Newspaper Clippings Service
Yes
6.
Abstracting Service
No
7.
Reference Service
Yes
8.
Online search Service
Yes
9.
Selective Dissemination of Information Service
Yes
10.
CD ROM search Service
Yes
11.
Reprographic Service
Yes
12.
Networking (LAN) Service
Yes
13.
Indexing Service
Yes
14.
User Education Service
No
15.
Document delivery system
Yes
16.
Compilation of Bibliography
No
Service Provided by Library
The data of table 6 shows that library provide services for lending of
books for users. Reference service is also provided by the library for current
awareness. Online research, database search service provided by the library
for students, researchers, and faculty member etc. library is providing
photocopy services to the users. Abstracting, indexing, SDI services are not
being provided to users. Library provides user education. User education is
must in order to use the IT based information sources and services.
Reference Service
Table - 7
S. No. Library Provide
Response
1.
Orientation Programme to the users
Yes
2.
Help in use of library catalogue (OPAC)
Yes
3.
Help in locating the documents
Yes
4.
Help in locating the information
Yes
28
Data of table 7 shows that to provide reference service to users the
library staff provide help by Orientation Programme to the users, help in locating
the documents, help in locating the information, help in use of library catalogue.
Online Searching
Figure-1 : INFLIBNET website showing E-Consortium
Welcome to Digital Library Consortium
Access to E-resources on Additional IPs
Universities are encourage to purchase additional IP-based bandwidth from any Internet
Service Provider (ISP) of their choice. E-resources accessible to you through IP addresses of NKN,BSNL, will also be made accessible on additional IPs assigned to you
by your ISP. However, please ensure that you are buying IP-based Internet Bandwidth.
Please note that access cannot be provided on broad band Internet connectivity.
Current Members (419) See details | Join
What's New?_________________
Access to e-Resources will be contined for all
members of UGC-INFONET Digital Library
Consortium for the year 2014.
Access to JCCC is now available through the JGate
Plus with new features and enhancements
Guidelines for conducting User Awareness Programme | User Awareness Programme
Report
© 2014 UGCINFONET Digital Library Consortium, INFLIBNET Centre,Gandhinagar, Gujarat, INDIA. feedback to Webmaster | Disclaimer
| Contact Us
Last Updated (mm/dd/yyyy): 03/26/2014 17:35:21 - © INFLIBNET Centre
Search Result(s)
Search Results Total Match: (3)
Note: [ 1,2,3 & 4:University covered under PhaseI,University covered under PhaseII,University covered under PhaseIII,Associated University]
Jain Vishva Bharati University
Address: Post Box No. 6 ; Ladnun Dist. Nagaur, Rajasthan, 341306
Category : 3
Contacts: Admin: Dr. Amit Kumar Sharma, Librarian (I/c)
Tel: 01581-223622, 222110 Ext-231(O), 9219512673(M), Fax 222116
Email: amitkumarsharma05@gmail.com
Technical: Sh. Rathode Amit Singh,
Tel: 01581-222110(O) Fax:
Email: amit6374@rediffmail.com
29
Figure-2 : E-Resources
E-Resources@UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium
The UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium subscribes to the following resources for its member institutions. All electronic resources
subscribed are available from the publisher's Web site.Following is the list of E-Resources with link to their brief introduction.
Full-Text E-Resources
American Chemical Society
American Institute of Physics
American Institute of Physics Archive
Physical Society
Annual Reviews
Cambridge University Press
Economic & Political Weekly
Emerald
HeinOnline
Institute of Physics
JSTOR
Manupatra
Nature
Nature Archive (1987-1996)
OUP Archive
Oxford University Press
Portland Press
Euclid
Project Muse
Royal Society of Chemistry
RSC Archive
ScienceDirect (10 Subject Collection)
ScienceDirect Archive (Basic Sc Collection)
SIAM
SIAM Locus (Archive)
Springer Link
Taylor and Francis
Westlaw India
Wiley Blackwell Publishing
http://pubs.acs.org/
http://journals.aip.org/
http://journals.aip.org/digital_archive.html
American
http://publish.aps.org/browse.html
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org
http://journals.cambridge.org/
http://epw.in/
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/
http://home.heinonline.org/
http://iopscience.iop.org/journals
http://www.jstor.org/
http://www.manupatra.com/
http://www.nature.com/
http://www.nature.com/
http://www.oxfordjournals.org
http://www.oxfordjournals.org
http://www.portlandpress.com/pp/default.htm
Project
http://projecteuclid.org
http://muse.jhu.edu/
http://www.rsc.org
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/journals?key=title&value=archive
http://www.sciencedirect.com/
http://www.sciencedirect.com/
http://epubs.siam.org/
http://locus.siam.org/
http://link.springer.com/
http://www.tandfonline.com/
http://www.westlawindia.com/
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
Bibliographic Databases
ISID
JCCC
MathSciNet
Royal Society of Chemistry(6 Databases)
SciFinder Scholar
Web of Science
http://isid.org.in/
http://jgateplus.com/search
http://www.ams.org/mathscinet
http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/CurrentAwareness/index.asp
http://www.cas.org/products/scifinder
http://apps.isiknowledge.com/
Open Access Resourses
About Open Access
Open Access E-Journals
Open Access Directories
IRs@member Institutions
oaeresources.php
oaeresources.php#ejournals
oaeresources.php#directories
oaeresources.php#IRs
Figure-3 : E-Rams
Welcome to Digital Consortium
E-Resources Access Management System [E-RAMS]
e-RAMS enables you to submit your complaint online regarding accessibility of e-Resource(s) through INFLIBNET Consortium. This interface also allows you to view the
status of your existing compalints, check current and past usages statistics and contact administrator.
e-RAMS also facilitates the Administrator to get an overview of all complaints and their status.
Complaints lodged by users are sent automatically to publisher through email. The publisher after attending the complaints can change the status of complaints through
e-RAMS or Publisher(s) can Login to view their complaints.
INFLIBNET Consortium Members Login
User Name
Password
30
Table – 8
NetworkingAvailability of Facility
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Facilities available
Union catalogue of books
Union list of current periodicals
Access to national database
Access to international database
E-mail
Fax
Document delivery
Response
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Data of table 8 show that facility to access to national database and
International database available for user. Library also provides E-mail facility.
Internet Connecting
Table – 9
S. No. Type of Internet Connection (ISP)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
BSNL
ERNET
NICNET
DISHNET
Satyam Online
DELNET
Response
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Data of table 9 show that type of Internet connectivity through BSNL.
Category of Members
Table – 10
S. No.
Category of members who are given the facility Response
1.
2.
3.
4.
Students (PG/UG)
Ph. D Students
Faculty
Staff Persons
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Analysis of table 10 reveals that library is providing member facility to
students, Ph. D students, and faculty and staff persons.
31
Reprography Service
Table – 11
S. No. Availability of photocopying service
Response
1.
Library provide photocopying service
Yes
2.
Charges per exposure
Rs. 1
Data of table 11 show that library provides photocopy service to the
users and charges per exposure is Rs 1.
Maintenance Stock Verification Table – 12
S. No.
1.
2.
Stock Verification Programme
Response
Library have stock verification programme
Yes
Periodicity of stock verification
Three Years
Analysis of table 12 shows that library conduct stock verification
programmes Three Yearly, according GFR rules 2005 rule number -194.
The Central Library of the Institute has more than 63,000 books and 6645
most valuable manuscripts, therefore, it comes under the third category of
the libraries where sample physical verification is done once in a three years.
User Satisfaction
S. No.
1.
Table – 13
Conduction of Survey
Libraryconductedsurveyregardingusersatisfaction
Response
Yes
Analysis of 13 shows that library conducted survey regarding user
satisfaction.
User Training Program
Table – 14
S. No. Conduction of user training programme
Response
1.
Library conduct user training programme
Yes
Library Computerization
Table – 15
S. No. Library Computerized
Response
1.
Computerization of library services
completed
Analysis of table 15 shows that project of computerization of central
library’s is in completed and SOUL2.0 used.
Quantity of Hardware
Table 16 Shows that library equipped with 15 Pentium IV computers,
01 Dot matrix printer, 01 Inkjet Printer, 01 laser jet printer, 01 Scanner, 01
LCD projector.
32
Table – 16
S. No. Type of Hardware
Number
1.
Pentium IV
15
2.
Dot Matrix Printer
01
3.
Inkjet Printer
01
4.
Laser Jet Printer
01
5.
Scanner
01
6.
LCD projector
01
Resources for Information and Knowledge Management
Table – 17
S. No. Resources for information and
Yes
No
knowledge management
1.
Library has basic infrastructure for
Yes
information and knowledge management
in the perspectives of IT.
2.
Library has e-journals.
Yes
3.
Library has automated system.
Yes
4.
Library has bought software for the automation. Yes
5.
Library has internet facility.
Yes
Table 17 shows that library has basic infrastructure for information and
knowledge management in the perspectives of IT. Library has e-journals.
Library does not use automated system. Library has software SOUL 2.0 for
the automation. It is positive that library has internet facility.
Resources for E-Journal Access and Management
Table – 18
S. No. Resources for information and
Yes
No
1.
Library is providing e-journal facility
Yes
since 3-5 years.
2.
Library has complete basic infrastructure
Yes
for internet facility.
3.
Library provides e-journal facility seven
Yes
days a week.
4.
Library charges for the services provided.
—
No
5.
Library charges for the e-journal services.
—
No
6.
Library charges for the internet facility.
—
No
33
S. No.
7.
8.
9.
Resources for information and
Library charges for the photocopy services.
Library is member of any consortia.
Is there any provision of membership of
consortia in near future?
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
The above table shows that Library is providing e-journal facility since
3-5 years. Library has competed basic infrastructure for internet facility.
Library provides internet facility all working days of a week. Library provides
internet facility on all working days. Services are provided without . Library
does not charges for the e-journal services. Library is a member of consortia.
There is provision of membership of more consortia in near future.
Perception of the Librarian Regarding Information and E-Journal
Management
Table -19
S.No. Statements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Rating
Strongly Agree Nil Disagree Strongly
agree
disagree
I am aware for information
Yes
technology.
Information technology is
Yes
necessary for the
development of library
Information technology is Yes
necessary for the
library users.
Information and e-journal Yes
management is the
requirement of current
information scenario.
E-journal services
Yes
require knowledge of
information technology.
Information and e-journal
Yes
management needs
continuous learning.
For continuous library
Yes
resources Information
and e-journal
management
is necessary.
34
S.No. Statements
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Continuous information
services require knowledge of Information and
e-journal management.
User training is necessary
for enhancing the
implementation
of Information and
e-journal management.
To train users about
OPAC search engines etc.,
information and e-journal
management is required.
For better exploitation
of d e-journals,
information
and knowledge
management are must.
E-journal management is
important not only in
present but also
in future.
E-journals are enhancing
the use of library
resources.
Rating
Strongly Agree Nil Disagree Strongly
agree
disagree
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Findings
• The Library hours of JVB Institute, Ladnun. Library remains open
throughout year except all National holidays.
• The managerial staff, research staff and administrative staff are the
members of the library.
• The library gets grants from UGC/INFLIBNET; institutional grant
marketing of products and services for lending of finance for the
library.
• The library provide services for lending of books for users. Reference
service is available for students and research scholars. Newspaper
clipping service is also provided by the library for current awareness.
• The library provides orientation programme to the users, provide
35
•
•
•
•
•
help in locating the documents, help in locating the information to
provide help in use of library catalogue.
The online search service is available for users and of online search
service started in the year 2008. Users can search by themselves.
The facility to access to national database and international database
is available for user.
The library conducted survey regarding user satisfaction. That library
conducts user training programme.
The library has basic infrastructure for information and knowledge
management in the perspectives of IT. Library has e-journals.
The perception of librarian towards information and e-journals
management is very positive. According to him, e-journal services
require knowledge of information technology. Without knowledge
of information technology it will be difficult to provide e-journal
services effectively.
According to librarian, user training is necessary for enhancing the
use of e-journal. He disagrees that some times to train users about
OPAC, search engines etc., e-journal management is required.
According to him, e-journals are enhancing the use of library resources.
Conclusion
There is a strong connection between implemented and achieved
dimensions of information and e journal management. Each new stage of
the evolution of information and e-journals management at Arts and
Humanities library is differently associated with various perspectives of
information and communication literacy. Therefore, Arts and Humanities
library practices integrate information and e-journal management technical
capacities into basic information and core core oriental studies subjects i.e.
Jainology, Peace and Non –Violence, Science of Living and Master of Social
Work etc. , subjects.
References :
1.
Ahmed, Moin and Haridasan, Sudharma. (2005). Study of Periodicals
Collection in national Library of Veterinary Science. Annals of Library and
Information Studies. 52 (2) : 41-46
36
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ren, Wen-Hua. (2000). “Library Instruction and College Student SelfSufficiency in Electronic Information Searching. “Journal of Academic
Librarianship, 26(5): 323-328.
Wolf, M. (2001). Electronic Journals – Use, Evaluation and Policy, Information
Services and Use, 21 (3/4) : 249-261.
Nelson, D. (2001). The Uptake of Electronic Journals by Academics in The
UK, Their Attitudes towards them and their potential Impact on Scholarly
Communication. Information Services and Use, 21 (3/4): 205-214.
Lock, S., Cornell, E. and Colling, A. (2001). The Acceptance of E-Journals in
Higher Education: Policy and Use at the Institute of Leicester, with Reference
to the Corsall Report. Information Service and Use, 21(3/4): 189-195.
Roberts, S. (2001) Smaller can be Beautiful: Maximising Electronic Journals in
small to Meduium-Sized Institutions. Serials, 14(1): 33-36.
Schaffner, A.C. (1994). The Future of Scientific Journals: Lessons from the
Past. Information Technology and Libraries, 13 (4): 239-247.
Head & Assistant Librarian, Central Library
Jain Vishva Bharati Institute, Ladnun
Email:- amitkumarsharma05@gmail.com
37
tSun'kZu esa iapKkuokn
–izizks- lkxjey tSu
tSu Kkuehekalk
tSu U;k;'kkL=k dks ewyr% nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1- Kku ehekalk vkSj 2- izek.k ehekalkA Kku ehekalk vkSj izek.k ehekalk esa tSu
Kkuehekalk izek.k ehekalk dh vis{kk izkphu vkSj mudh viuh ekSfyd gSA
tcfd tSu izek.k ehekalk dk fodkl vU; izek.k ehekalkvksa ds izdk'k esa gh
gqvk gSA tSu Kkuehekalk dh ppkZ ewyHkwr tSu vkxe lkfgR; esa Hkh gS] tcfd
tSu izek.kehekalk dk izkjEHk fl)lsu fnokdj ds U;k;korkj ls gh ns[kk tkrk
gSA vkxeksa esa ,d nks lUnHkksZa ds vfrfjDr izek.k'kkL=k dh dksbZ ppkZ ugha gSA
tSuksa ds izFke nk'kZfud xzUFk rÙokFkZlw=k esa Hkh izek.k ehekalk dh dksbZ foLr`r
ppkZ ugha gSA tSu izek.k ehekalk ij dgha ckS)ksa dk vkSj dgha uS;kf;dha dk izHkko
ns[kk tkrk gSA izek.k ehekalk esa tSuksa us vius vusdkar fl)kUr dk O;kid iz;ksx
fd;k gS vkSj bl {ks=k esa jgh gqbZ nks fojks/kh /kkj.kkvksa dks vusdkar n`f"V ls
lefUor djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
tSu Kkuehekalk ds mYys[k izkÑr vkxe lkfgR; esa foLrkj ls feyrk gSAa
uUnhlw=k rks iw.kZr% tSu Kkuehekalk dk gh xzUFk gSA fdUrq bl ijorhZ vkxe xzUFk
dh vis{kk Hkh izkphu Lrj ds Hkxorhlw=k vkSj izKkiuklw=k esa Hkh iapKkuksa dh
ppkZ feyrh gSA rÙokFkZl=w k Hkh iap Kkuksa dh ppkZ izek.k ppkZ dh vis{kk foLrkj
ls djrk gS] tcfd izek.kppkZ esa Kku dks izek.k dgdj viuh ckr lekIr dj
nsrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g iz'u Hkh mBrk gS] fd Kku ;k izek.k D;k gS \ bldk laf{kIr
mÙkj ;g gS fd tks cks/k ¼vkRe laons u½ la'k;] foi;Z; ¼foijhr Kku½ vkSj
vu/;olk; :i] vkRe ltxrk ls jfgr gks og vKku gS vkSj vizek.k gSA bl
foijhr tks cks/k gS] ogh Kku gS] bls vfHkfucksf/kd Kku Hkh dgrs gaAS
Vwbgr àkm-g_r{jV emoY n{ÌH$m, OZdar-_mM©, 2014 A§H$-161
38
tSu ijEijk esa Kku ikap ekus x;s gS&a 1- efrKku 2- JqrKku 3- vof/kKku 4- eu
i;kZ;Kku vkSj 5- dsoyKkuA bu ik¡p Kkuksa esa efrKku] JqrKku vkSj vof/kKku & ;s
rhu Kku feF;kn`f"V O;fDr;ksa dh vis{kk ls vKku :i Hkh ekus x;s gSAa tSu deZ fl)kUr
esa vkRek ds Kkuksi;ksx dks Hkh vkB izdkj dk ekuk x;k gS & 1- efr&Kku 2- efr&vKku
3- Jqr&Kku vkSj 4- Jqr&vKku 5- vof/k Kku vkSj 6- foHkax Kku 7- euai;ZoKku vkSj
8- dsoyKkuA eu%i;ZoKku vkSj dsoyKku vKku :i ugha gks ldrs gS] D;ksfa d os lk{kkr
Kku gSA vof/kKku Hkh ;|fi lk{kr~ Kku gS] fQj Hkh foÑr vkRek vFkkZr~ foHkko
n'kk;qDr ukjdh thoksa ;k fr;Z×pksa vkRek esa bldh lEHkkouk gksus ls og vKku :i Hkh
gks ldrk gSA izFker;k eui;Zo dsoy lE;d~ n`f"V vizeÙk eqfu;ksa dks gksrk gS os feF;kRo
ls ;qDr ugha gksrs gS vr% eui;ZoKku foÑr ;k vKku :i ugha gksrk gSA nwljs ;fn
eu%i;ZoKku ij] Lo&psruk dh vis{kk fopkj djs rks eu dh i;kZ;s rks psruk esa ;Fkkor
gh vuqHkwr gksrh gS vr% os vKku :i ugha gks ldrh gSA eui;ZoKku vkSj dsoyKku Hkh
eu vkSj bfUnz;ksa ds vkfJr ugha gS vr% os Hkh foÑr ugha gksrs gSA
efrKku
eu vkSj bafnz;ksa ds ek/;e ls oLrq dk tks fo'ks"k&Kku gksrk gS] mls efrKku dgrs
gSAa izFker;k bfUnz;ksa ds ek/;e ls ckákFkksZ dk tks lkekU; vocks/k gksrk gS mls ^n'kZu*
¼,sfUnzdlaons u½ dgrs gS]a og cks/k lkekU; :i gksrk gSA ml cks/k esa eu dk ;ksxnku gksus
ij oLrq dk mldh fo'ks"krkvksa lfgr tks fuf'pr Kku gksrk gS] og efrKku dgykrk gSA
efrKku dh bl izfØ;k ds pkj Lrj gksrs gS] ftUgsa Øe'k% 1- voxzg 2- bZgk 3- vok;
¼vik;½ vkSj 4- /kkj.kk dgk tkrk gSA izFke bfUn; dk vius fo"k; ls lEidZ gksrk gS]
fdUrq ml le; tks vLi"V vocks/k gksrk gS] mls O;atukoxzg dgrs gS]a tSls xgjh funzk
esa fdlh ds }kjk ,d&nks ckj iqdkjs tkus ij Jo.ksfUnz; dk vius fo"k; ^'kCn* ls lEidZ
rks gksrk gS] fdUrq mldk Li"V vocks/k ugha gksrk gSAa mlds i'pkr~ tc psruk esa ;g
cks/k gksrk gS fd dksbZ eq>s iqdkj jgk gS] rc mls vFkkZoxzg dgrs gSAa mlds i'pkr~ tc
psruk ml cks/k dks fo'ks"k :i ls tkuus esa izoR` r gksrh gSa rks ml izfØ;k dks bZgk dgrs
ga]S tSls ;g fdldh vkokt gS \ fQj Hkh bZgk la'k; dh voLFkk ugha gS] ;g cks/k dh
fu.kZ;kfHkeq[k voLFkk gS] tSls & ;s fdlh L=kh dk 'kCn gksuk pkfg,] D;ksfd ;s e/kqj gSAa
mlds i'pkr~ tks fu.kZ;kRed fuf'pr cks/k gksrk gS] mls vok; ;k vik; dgk tkrk gSA
tc ;g fuf'pr cks/k Le`fr esa lqjf{kr fd;k tkrk gS rks mls /kkj.kk dgrs gSA bl izdkj
efrKku dh izfØ;k voxzg ls izkjEHk gksdj /kkj.kk esa iw.kZ gksrh gSA
;gk¡ ;g KkrO; gS fd rÙokFkZl=w k vkfn dh izkphu ijEijk esa efrKku dks ijks{k Kku
gh ekuk x;k Fkk] D;ksfa d blesa vkRek dks tks Kku gksrk gS] og bfUnz;ksa ,oa eu ds
39
ek/;e ls gh gksrk gSA tks Kku bafnz;ksa ;k eu ds }kjk gksrk gS] mls ijks{kKku gh dgk x;k]
D;ksfa d ;g ijkfJr gSA bl izdkj ds Kku esa ge oLrq ds futLo:i u tkudj bfUnz; ;k
eu mls ftl izdkj fn[kkrs gS] oSlk ns[krs gaAS nwljs ;g fd efrKku bfUnz; vkSj eu ds
ek/;e ls inkFkZ ;k euksfodYiksa dk cks/k djrk gS& ;s lHkh Lo ls fHkUu gS] ijkis{kh gS]
vr% efrKku ijks{k Kku gh gSA fdUrq yxHkx ikapoh 'krh ls tSukpk;ksZ us bl Kku dks
lkaO;kogkfjd izR;{k dgk gS] D;ksfd vU; nk'kZfud ijEijk,a eu vkSj bfUnz;tU; Kku
dks Hkh izR;{k Kku gh eku jgh FkhA
efrKku ds fo"k;
efrKku ds fo"k; inkFkZ vFkok euksfodYi gh gSA inkFkZ Lo ls fHkUu gS] vr% îj* gSA
euksfodYi gekjs gksdj Hkh ge muds nz"Vk gksrs gS]a vr% os gekjs Kku ds fo"k; gksrs gSAa ge Kkrk
gksrs gS]a vkSj os Ks; gksrs gSAa Ks; gksus ls os gels brj ;k fHkUu gksrs gaAS vr% efrKku Hksnz
n`f"Vokyk gksrk gSA efrKku ;|fi lhferKku gS] fQj Hkh mldk fo"k; leLr inkFkZ
¼nzO;½] leLr {ks=k] lHkh dky vkSj leLr voLFkk,¡ ¼Hkko½ gksrs gSAa bl izdkj efrKku ds
fo"k;ksa ds fuEu ckjg izdkj curs gS–a 1- ,d ¼vYi½ 2- vusd ¼cgq½ 3- ,d izdkj ds ¼,d
fo/k½ 4- vusd izdkj ds ¼vusd fo/k½ 5- 'kh/kzxkz gh ¼f{kiz½ 6- dfBurk ;k nsjh ls xzkgh ¼vf{kiz½
7- fufJr ¼vU; ds vkfJr½ 8- vfufJr ¼vU; fdlh ij vkfJr ugha½ 9- vlafnX/k ¼Li"V½
10- lafnX/k ¼vLi"V½ 11- /kzoq xzkgh ¼'kk'or ewY; okys½ vkSj 12- v/kzoq xzkgh ¼lkef;d ewY; okyk½A
efrKku ds Hksn
vius fo"k; dh vis{kk ;s ;g efrKku ,d oLrq dk] vusd oLrqvksa dk] ,d izdkj
dh oLrqvksa dk] vusd izdkj dh vusd oLrqvksa dk gks ldrk gSA blh izdkj Kku ds Lo:i
dh vis{kk ls 'kh?kzxkz gh] ladrs ls vFkZ dk xzkgh] lk{kkr vFkZ dk xzkgh] lafnX/k] vlafnX/k rFkk
LFkk;h ;k vLFkk;h :i gksrk gSA bl izdkj efrKku ds mijksDr ckjg Hksn Hkh gksrs gaAS
voxzg ds ewyr% nks Hksn gS & O;×tukoxzg vkSj vFkkZoxzgA O;×tukoxzg vO;Dr vuqHkwfr
gS] ;g pkj izdkj dk gksrk gS & p{kq vkSj eu ls O;×tukoxzg ugha gksrk gS] buls lh/kk
vFkZcks/k ;k vFkZoxzg gksrk gSA p{kq vkSj eu dks NksM+dj 'ks"k pkj bfUnz;ksa vFkkZr~ Jksrfs Unz;
¼dku½] ?kzk.ksfUnz; ¼ukfldk½] jlusfUnz; ¼thHk½ vkSj Li'ksfZ Unz; ¼Ropk½ ls gksus ds dkj.k ;g
pkj izdkj dk gSA tcfd vFkkZoxzg ikapksa bfUnz;ksa vkSj eu ls gksus ds dkj.k N% izdkj dk
gksrk gSA O;×tukoxzg ds pkj ,oa vFkkZoxzg ds Ng& bl izdkj voxzg ds nl] bZgk ds
Ng] vok; ds Ng] /kkj.kk ds Ng] dqy 28 Hksn gksrs gSAa budk mijksDr 12 izdkjksa ls xq.kk
djus ij efrKku ds dqy 336 Hksn ekus x;s gSA
,d vU; vis{kk ls efrKku ds vU; nks Hksn Hkh gS&a 1- JqrfufJr efrKku vkSj
2- vJqrfufJr efrKkuA Hkk"kk;h Kku ds vk/kkj ij tks efrKku dh tks vfHkO;fDr
40
gksrh gS] og Jqr&fufJr efrKku gS] fdUrq vUr%izKk ;k foosd cqf) ds }kjk tks efrKku
gksrk gS] og vJqrfufJr efrKku gSA JqrfufJr efrKku dks ckSf)d Kku Hkh dgk x;k
gS] blds pkj Hksn gS&a 1- vkSRikfrd cqf) ¼rkRdkfyd cqf)½ 2- oSuf;dh cqf) ¼xq: ijEijk
ls izkIr cqf)½ 3- deZtk cqf) ¼f'kYiKku dh 'kfDr½ vkSj 4- ifj.kkfedh cqf) ¼fdlh
dk;Z dks djrs gq, ns[kdj mls lh[k tkus dh 'kfDr½ bu pkjksa dks feykus ij efrKku ds
336+4 ¾ 340 dqy 340 Hksn Hkh gksrs gSAa
efrKku vkSj JqrKku dk lEcU/k
efrKku vkSj JqrKku ,d nwljs ls vfHkUu gS] tgka rd bfUn; laons uktU; efrKku
dk iz'u gS] og Kku JqrKku dk vk/kkj curk gSA bfUnz; laons ukvksa dk vFkZ cks/k JqrKku
ds vUrxZr vkrk gS vr% ,sfUnzd laons ukvksa ds fcuk JqrKku ugha gksrkA
,fUnzd laons ukvksa ls ge tks vFkZ dk cks/k djrs gS]a ogh JqrKku dgk tkrk gSA vr%
rÙokFkZl=w k dk ;g dFku lR; gS fd efrKku iwod
Z gh JqrKku gksrk gSA fdUrq ;g Hkh
,dkUr% lR; ugh gS] ftu izkf.k dks eu gS] vFkkZr~ ftuesa ekufld Lrj ij ladYi&fodYi
pyrs gS]a os lHkh fodYi 'kCnksa ij vk/kkfjr gksus ls efrKku ds fy, Hkh JqrKku vko';d
gksrk gS] D;ksfa d fcuk 'kkfCnd vFkZ cks/k ds fopkj ;k fodYi laHko ugha gksr]s blfy, tSu
vkpk;ksaZ us bl n`f"V efrKku ds Hkh nks Hksn fd, gS&a 1- Jqr fufJr efrKku vkSj 2- vJqr
fufJr efrKkuA ek=k ,sfUnzd laons uksa ls tks cks/k izkIr gksrk gS]a og vJqr fufJr efrKku
gS] tcfd fpÙk esa tks fodYi mRiUu gksrs gS] os fodYi 'kCn :i gksus ls fodYi ;k fopkj
:i efrKku JqrfufJrefrKku dgykrk gS] D;ksfa d fodYi 'kCnksa ds fcuk ugha curs gSAa
tSu nk'kZfudkas us efrKku vkSj JqrKku dk lac/a k crkrs gq,] ,adkxh n`f"Vdks.k ugh
viuk;k gS] ,d vksj os ;g ekurs gaS fd ,sfUnzd laons uksa ls tks Kku gksrk gS] mlesa efrKku
izFke vkSj JqrKku ckn esa gksrk gSA tcfd blds foijhr euksfodYiksa dk tks cks/k gksrk
gS] mlesa JqrKku izFke vkSj efrKku ckn esa gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd tSu vkpk;ksZ us
;g ekuk gS fd tgka efrKku gS] ogka JqrKku gS] vkSj tgka JqrKku gS]a ogka efrKku gSA
efrKku dk ,d i;kZ;okph 'kCn ^vfHkfucks/k* ;k vkfHkfucksf/kdKku Hkh gS] bldk
vFkZ gksrk gS ,d lexz vkSj lEcfU/kr vFkZ cks/kA vr% JqrKku ls fHkUu efrKku vkSj
efrKku ls fHkUu JqrKku lEHko ugha gSA tgka Hkh oLrq ds Lo:i ds lac/a k esa ;g ,slh
gS vkSj ,slh ugha gS] bl izdkj dk tks cks/k gksrk gS] mlesa efrKku vkSj JqrKku ,d nwljs
esa iwjh rjg lekfgr gksrs gSAa efrKku vkSj JqrKku dks ge oSpkfjd Lrj ij vyx&vyx
dj ldrs gSa ysfdu lÙkk ds Lrj ij rks os vfHkUu gh gS] vFkkZr~ They are distinguishable
but not separableA os i`Fkd~ i`Fkd~ :i ls tkus tk ldrs gS] fdUrq i`Fkd~ i`Fkd fd;s
ugha tk ldrs gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd tSupk;ksZ us ;g ekuk fd efrKku vkSj JqrKku lnSo
lkFk&lkFk jgrs gS vkSj ,dsfUnz; vkfn lHkh thoksa esa ik;s tkrs gaAS
41
JqrKku dk Lo:i
JqrKku 'kkfCnd Kku gSA 'kCnksa ds ek/;e ls gesa tks vFkZ cks/k gksrk gS] mldks
lkekU;r;k JqrKku dgrs gSAa dqN yksxksa us bl vk/kkj ij bls Hkk"kk;hKku Hkh dgk gSA
oLrqr% ,sfUnzd ,oa ekufld laons uksa ls tks Hkh vFkZ cks/k ge xzg.k djrs gS]a og pkgs 'kCn
;k v{kj :i gks ;k u gks mls JqrKku gh dgk tkrk gSA blfy, vuqHkqfr tU; ladrs ksa
ls tks vFkZ cks/k gksrk gS] og Hkh JqrKku ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA vr% JqrKku dsoy Hkk"kk;h
Kku ugha gSA 'kCn ds mPpkj.k ;k ys[ku ds fcuk Hkh ladrs ksa ds vk/kkj ij tks vFkZ cks/k fd;k
tkrk gS] og Hkh JqrKku ds vUrxZrZ vkrk gSA lkekU;r;k JqrKku dk vFkZ lqudj ,slk
gksrk gS] vkSj lquus dh ;g izfØ;k 'kCnksa ds mPpkj.k iwod
Z gksrh gSA vkSj blfy, dqN yksxksa
us ;g eku fy;k fd JqrKku 'kkfCnd ;k Hkk"kk;h Kku gSA fdUrq tSu vkxeksa esa ,dsfUnz;
thoksa esa Hkh JqrKku dh lEHkkouk ekuh gS] mldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ,dsfUnz;tho Hkh
Li'kZ&bfUnz; ds ek/;e ls tks ladrs mUgsa feyrs gS]a muls vFkZ cks/k xzg.k dj ysrs gSAa vr%
JqrKku esa 'kCn ;k Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx gksrk gS fQj Hkh og vko';d ugha gksrkA JqrKku
esa ek=k bruk vko';d gS fd bfUnz;ksa ds ek/;e ls ges tks laons uk,¡ izkIr gksrh gS] muds
vFkZ dk cks/k gesa gks] mnkgj.k ds :i esa LdkmV~l >f.Ma;kas ;k flfVvksa vkfn ds ek/;e
ls vFkZcks/k izkIr djrs gaAS ;|fi flfV /ouh :i gS] 'kCn :i ugha gS] blfy, tSu vkpk;ksZ
us Hkk"kk dks Hkh nks izdkj dk ekuk gS] 'kCn ;k /ouh :i Hkk"kk vkSj ladrs xzg.k :i Hkk"kkA
O;ogkj esa ge 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gS vkSj mu 'kCnksa ls vFkZ cks/k djrs gSAa fdUrq bfUnz;
ladrs ksa esa pkgs os 'kCn :i gks ;k uk gks] mulss vFkZcks/k djus dh] tks lkeFkZ jgh gS ogh
rks JqrKku gSA vr% JqrKku 'kCn :i Hkh gksrk gS vkSj vFkZ :i Hkh gksrk gSA
JqrKku dk ,d lkekU; vFkZ gksrk gS] tks Kku lqudj izkIr gksrk gS] og KkuA fdUrq
efrKku esa Hkh Jksrfs Unz; ls lqudj Kku izkIr gksrk gS fQj Hkh nksuksa esa vUrj gSA lqudj
tks vFkZ cks/k gksrk gS og JqrKku gS] tcfd ek=k /ofurjaxks dk Jo.k ek=k efrKku gS
tSls fdlh rfey Hkk"kk ds vKkuh O;fDr ds lEeq[k dksbZ rfey Hkk"kk esa xkuk xk;s rks
og /ofu;ksa dks lqurk rks gS] os /ofu;k¡ mls vuqdy
w ;k izfrdwy Hkh yxrh gS fdUrq ;g
/ofulaons u ek=k efrKku gSA fdUrq tc dksbZ rfey Hkk"kk dk Kkrk mu /ofurjaxks dk
laons u dj vFkkZr~ mUgsa lqudj tks vFkZ cks/k djrk gS] vFkkZr D;k dgk tk jgk gS vkSj
mldk vFkZ D;k gS \ ;g tkurk gS rks og vFkZ cks/k JqrKku gksrk gSA JqrKku ek=k
/ofu laons u :i u gksdj vFkZ cks/k :i gksrk gS] vr% JqrKku Hkkf"kd Kku gS] vkSj
Hkkf"kd Kku ds :i esa ;g vFkZ ladrs xzg.k :i gS] vr% vU; bfUnz;ksa }kjk xzghr laons uksa
ls Hkh tc vFkZ cks/k izkIr gksrk gS] rks os Hkh JqrKku :i gks tkrs gSa– tSls dksbZ O;fDr
ges gkFk ds ladrs ls izo's k&fu"ks/k dk ladrs nsrk gS] rks og vFkZcks/k Hkh JqrKku gksrk gS]
blfy, Jqr ds nks Hksn gS & 1- v{kj Jqr vkSj vu{kj JqrA JqrKku Hkkf"kd ;k 'kCn
42
/ofu :i Hkh gks ldrk gSA 'kCn /ofu ls jfgr vkÑfr ds laons u iwod
Z mlls gksus okys
vFkZ cks/k :i HkhA og 'kCn /ofu :i Hkh gksrk gS] vkSj 'kCn&vkÑfr ds p{kq laons u :i
;k vU; ladrs :i Hkh gksrk gS & tSls ,dsfUnz; tho ek=k 'kkjhfjd laons u ls Hkh vFkZ
cks/k djrs gSa– vFkok i'kq&i{kh vu{kj /ofu ladrksa ls vFkok 'kkjhfjd laons uksa ls Hkh vFkZ
cks/k dj ysrs gS] tSls if{k;ksa dk rqQku] HkwdEi vkfn dk iwoZ ls gh cks/k gks tkrk gSA vr%
esjh n`f"V esa ikapks bfUnz;ksa ,o eu }kjk tks ek=k laons u :i gS og efrKku gS vkSj tks
vFkZ:i gS og JqrKku gSA JqrKku esa Hkk"kk dk ogh rd LFkku gS] tgka rd vFkZ cks/k ;k
vFkkZfHkO;fDr esa lgk;d gSA JqrKku dk ,d vFkZ 'kkL=k&Kku Hkh gSA 'kkL=k dks Jqfr ;k
vkxe Hkh dgrs gSa & ;gk¡ JqrKku dk lEcU/k Hkk"kk;hKku ;k 'kkL=kKku Hkh gksrk gSA
izkphu ijEijk esa JqrKku dk rkRi;Z vkxeKku ;k 'kkL=kKku Hkh FkkA ufUnlw=k esa JqrKku
dks vkxeKku ;k 'kkL=kKku dks Hkh JqrKku dgk x;k gSA
JqrKku ds Hksn
fdlh Hkh 'kCn dk Jo.k djus ij okP;&okpdHkko lac/a k ds vk/kkj ls tks vFkZ&cks/k dh
tks miyfC/k gksrh gS] mls JqrKku dgrs gSAa ;g Kku Hkh eu vkSj bfUnz;ksa ds fufeÙk ls
mRiUu gksrk gS] fdUrq fQj Hkh blds mRiUu gksus esa bfUnz;ksa fd vis{kk eu dh eq[;rk gksrh
gS] vr% bls eu dk fo"k; ekuk x;k gSA JqrKku Hkh efrKku dh rjg ijks{k gSA JqrKku
efriwod
Z gksrk gS blhfy, lw=kdkj us efrKku ds i'pkr~ JqrKku dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
uUnhlw=k esa JqrKku ds pkSng Hksnksa dk ukeksYys[k fd;k x;k gSA bl vk/kkj ij JqrKku&
pkSng izdkj dk Hkh gSA tSls 1- v{kjJqr 2- vu{kjJqr 3- lafKJqr 4- vlafKJqr
5- lE;d~Jrq 6- feF;kJqr 7- lkfndJqr 8- vukfndJqr 9-li;ZoflrJqr 10- vi;ZoflrJqr
11- xfedJqr 12- vxfedJqr 13- vaxizfo"VJqr 14- vuaxizfo"VJqrA
ijEijkxr n`f"V ls JqrKku vkxeKku gSA fdUrq Jh dUgS;kykyth yks<k+ dk dFku blls
fHkUu gSA muds vuqlkj efrKku îj* oLrq dk Kku ;k inkFkZ&Kku gS] D;ksfa d og bfUnz;k/khu
gS] muds fo"k; o.kZ] xa/k] jl] Li'kZ vkfn gS iqu% eu dh vis{kk ls Hkh og ckSf)dKku gS]
fopkjtU; gS vr% Hksn:i gSA fQj Hkh efrKku ds leku JqrKku dks bfUnz; ;k cqf) dh
vis{kk ugha gS] og 'kk'or lR;ksa dk cks/k gSA os fy[krs gSa fd ^^JqrKku bfUnz;] eu] cqf)
dh vis{kk ls jfgr Lor% gksus okyk fut dk Kku gS] vFkkZr~ Lo LoHkko dk Kku gS**A
JqrKku Lok/;k; :i gS vkSj Lok/;k; dk ,d vFkZ gS Lo dk v/;;u ;k LokuqHkwfrA ;fn
JqrKku dk vFkZ vkxe ;k 'kkL=kKku ys] rks Hkh og gs;] Ks; ;k mikns; dk cks/k gS] bl
izdkj og foosd&Kku gSA foosd vUr% LQwrZ gSA og mfpr&vuqfpr dk lgt cks/k gSA
fu"d"kZ ;g fd efrKku ijk/khu gS tcfd JqrKku Lok/khu gSA bl izdkj vknj.kh; yks<k+ th
us vkxfed vk/kkjksa dks ekU; djds Hkh JqrKku dh ,d uohu n`f"V ls O;k[;k dh gSA
43
vof/kKku
tSu n'kZu esa iap Kkuksa esa vof/k] eu%i;kZo vksj dsoyKku & ;s rhu Kku izR;{k Kku
gSA vof/kKku 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gksrk gS] lhfer KkuA lhfer Kku gksrs gq, Hkh ;g
izR;{k Kku gS] D;ksfa d bl Kku esa vkRek] eu ,oa bfUnz;ksa ij fuHkZj ugha jgrk gS] vr%
bls vkfRed izR;{k vFkok vrhfUnz; Kku Hkh dgrs gSAa dsoyKku ;k loZK ds Kku dh
vis{kk bldk fo"k; ,oa {ks=k lhfer gksus ds dkj.k gh mls vof/kKku dgrs gSAa "kV~nOz ;ksa
esa ;g yksd esa fLFkr ek=k ewrZ iqnxy nzO; dks tku ikrk gSA vof/kKkuh bfUnz;ksa ds
ek/;e ds fcuk txr~ ds HkkSfrd inkFkksaZ dks tkuus dh lkeF;Z izkIr dj ysrk gSA vU;
ijEijk esa bls vrhfUnz;Kku ¼Extra Sensory Perception½ dgrs gS]a fdUrq ;gk¡ ;g
KkrO; gS fd lHkh vof/kKkfu;ksa dh Kku lkeF;Z leku ugha gksrh gS] muesa rjrerk gksrh
gS] de ls de ,d vaxy
q ds vla[;krosa Hkkx dks vkSj vf/kdre yksdkUr rd ds HkkSfrd
nzO;ksa dks tkuus dh {kerk mlesa gksrh gSA ;g vof/kKku nks izdkj dk gksrk gSa &
1- HkoizR;; vkSj 2- {kk;ksi'kfedA
rhFkZd
a jks]a nsoksa vkSj ukjdh; thoksa dks] tks vof/kKku tUe ls gh izkIr gksrk gS] og
HkoizR;; vof/kKku gSAa fdlh izdkj dh lk/kuk ;k pkfjf=kd ifo=krk ds }kjk euq"; ;k
iapfs Unz; leuLd fr;Zp thoksa vFkkZr~ i'kqvksa dks] tks vof/kKku izkIr gksrk gS] og
{kk;ksi'kfed vof/kKku dgykrk gSA bls {kk;ksi'kfed blfy, dgrs gSa fd lk/kuk ds
}kjk iwoZ c)deksZa ds {k; ;k mi'ke ls ;g Kku izkIr gksrk gSA
{kk;ksi'kfed vof/kKku ds Ng Hksn gSa & 1- vkuqxfed & tks tho dk vuqxeu djrk
gS] vFkkZr~ tks vof/kKku tho dks ftl {ks=k ;k LFkku ij mRiUu gksrk gS] ogka ls mBdj
tkus ij Hkh lekIr ugha tkrk gS& og vkuqxfed vof/kKku dgykrk gSA 2- vukuqxfed
vof/kKku og gS tks ml {ks=k ;k LFkku ls mBdj tkus ij Hkh lekIr ugha gksrk gSA
3- o/kZeku vFkkZr~ tks vof/kKku Øe'k% o`f) dks izkIr gksrk gS] og o/kZeku vof/kKku
gSA 4- gh;eku vFkkZr~ tks Øe'k% {kh.k gksrk jgrk gS] og vof/kKku gh;eku vof/kKku
gSA 5- izfrikfrd vFkkZr~ tks vof/kKku ,d ckj izkIr gksus ij dqN le; ckn lekIr gks
tkrk gS] izfrikfrd vof/kKku gS vkSj 6- vizfrikfrd vof/kKku og gS] tks izkIr gksus
ij lekIr ugha gksrk gSA
vof/kKku dk {ks=k ,oa fo"k;
vof/kKku dk U;wure {ks=k ,d vaxy
q dk vla[;krok¡ Hkkx vkSj vf/kdre {ks=k
lEiw.kZ yksd gksrk gSA mlesa yksd ds ckgj vyksd ds dqN Hkkx rd tkuus dh 'kfDr rks
gksrh gS fQj Hkh vyksd esa mldk fo"k; & ^:ih nzO;* ugha gksrk gS vr% og yksd esa fLFkr
:ih nzO;ksa dks gh tkurk gSA
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nwljs ;g fd vof/kKku dsoy rhFkZd
a j] nso vkSj ukjd rhuksa dks tUeuk gksrk gSA
ukjd vkSj nsork lHkh fn'kkvksa vkSj fofn'kkvksa esa ns[krs gS]a fQj Hkh muds vof/kKku dk
{ks=k lhfer gh gksrk gSA ek=k rhFkZd
a j dks tc os dsoyKku izkfIr dks iwoZ ckjgosa xq.kLFkku
esa gksrs gS rc os ijevof/k dks izkIr djrs ga]S fdUrq dksbZ Hkh nso] ukjd vkSj fr;Z×p ije
vof/kKku dks izkIr ugha djrs gaAS euq";ksa esa dsoy os euq";] tks rn~Hko esa eks{kxkeh gS os Hkh dsoyKku
vkSj fuokZ.k ds iwoZ ckjgosa xq.kLFkku esa ije vof/kKku dks izkIr djrs gSAa
ije vof/kKku
vof/kKku ds ftu Hksnksa dh ppkZ dh] muesa mlds ;s nks Hksn Hkh lekfgr gS &
1- izfrikrh&vof/kKku vkSj 2- vizfrikrh&vof/kKkuA ije&vof/kKku vizfrikrh
vof/kKku gS& ;g izkIr gksus ij tkrk ugha gS] fdUrq bldk lekiu dsoyKku esa gksrk gSA
tc vkRek esa Kkukoj.kh; deZ dk ,d izn's k ek=k vof'k"V jg tkrk gS] rc ;g ije
vof/kKku izkIr gksrk gSA bldk fo"k; vkSj {ks=k yksd ds leLr:ih nzO; gksrs gSA
dsoyKku esa vkSj ije vof/kKku esa vUrj ;g gS fd dsoyKkuh yksd esa fLFkr lHkh :iksa
vkSj v:ih nzO;ksa dks tkurk gS] tcfd ije vof/kKkuh dsoy yksd dks vkSj mlesa fLFkr
lHkh :ih nzO;ksa dks gh tkurk gSA ije vof/kKku ;|fi vizfrikrh gS] fQj Hkh bldk
lekiu dsoyKku esa gks tkrk gSA nwljk ;g fd ije vof/kKku dh 'kfDr yksdkdk'k ds
ckgj tkuus dh gS] fdUrq yksdkdk'k ds ckgj :ih nzO; gS gh ugha vr% og O;ogkj esa
yksdkdk'k rd gh tkurk gSA ije vof/kKku dh izkfIr ek=k ckjgosa xq.kLFkku esa fLFkr
thoksa ¼vkRekvks½a dks gh gksrh gS vU; fdlh xq.kLFkkuorhZ tho dks ugha gksrh gSA
eui;ZoKku vkSj mldk fo"k;
eui;ZoKku ds fo"k; dks ysdj tSu ijEijk esa Hkh nks fHkUu er izpfyr jgs gaS– izFke
er ds vuqlkj eui;ZoKku dk fo"k; fpUR;eku oLrq gS] vr% eui;ZoKkuh eu ds Ks;
fo"k; ;k oLrq ds Lo:i dks tkurk gSA fu;qfZ Dr lkfgR; vkSj rÙokFkZl=w k bl er ds leFkZd
gS]a ;g oLrqoknh izkphu er gSA nwljs er ds vuqlkj eui;ZoKku dk fo"k; & fpUru esa
izoÙ` k euksnOz ; dh voLFkk,¡ vFkkZr~ euksof` r;ka gaAS bl nwljs i{k dk leFkZu fo'ks"kko';dHkk";
esa feyrk gSA bu nksuksa erksa esa ewy vUrj ;g gS fd tgka izFke er fpUR;eku oLrq dks
eui;ZoKku dk fo"k; ekurk gS] ogka nwljs er dh vis{kk eui;ZoKku euksoxZ.kkvksa
vFkkZr~ ikSnx~ fyd nzO; eu dh voLFkkvksa dk fo"k; ekurk gS] vr% mldk fo"k;
euksfoKku gSA ;g foKkuoknh er gSA tgka izFke ekU;rk ij U;k;&oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dk
izHkko gSA ;g er Realist gSA ogh nwljs er ij foKkuoknh ckS)ksa dk izHkko gSA ;g er
Idealist gSA lR; Hkh ;gh gS] fd eui;ZoKku euksnOz ; dh fpUR;eku oLrq dks ugha] fdUrq
mldh ekufld vkÑfr ¼Mental-image½ dks tkurk gSA eui;ZoKku dk fo"k; ikSnx~ fyd
45
nzO;eu gS] fQj Hkh fpUR;eku eu esa fpUR;inkFkZ dh tks vkÑfr;k¡ curh gS] eui;ZoKku
mUgha vkÑfr;ksa dks tks ikSnx~ fyd euksoxZrkvksa ls curh gS] mudksa tkurk gS og oLrq dks
lh/ks u tkudj oLrq ds euksxr vkdkj dks tkurk gSA mldk euksvkÑfr dk ;g Kku
vijks{k gS] fQj Hkh ml vkÑfr dh vk/kkjHkwr oLrq dk Kku rks ijks{k gh gSA fQj Hkh
bruk lR; gS fd eui;ZoKku dk fo"k; :ih ewrZ nzO; gh gS] vewrZ nzO; ughaA D;ksfa d
nzO;eu esa fufeZr ;s vkÑfr;k¡ Hkh l{; euksoxZ.kkvksa ls gh curh gSA
eui;ZoKku Lo ds eu dh i;kZ;ksa dks tkurk gS ;k ij ¼nwljks½a ds eu dh i;kZ;ksa dks
tkurk gSA ;g iz'u Hkh fooknkLin jgk gSA tSu xzUFkksa esa lkekU; :i ls ;g dFku izpfyr
gS fd eui;ZoKkuh u dsoy vius eu dh i;kZ;ksa ¼voLFkkvks½a dks tkurk gS] vfirq nwljksa
ds eu dh i;kZ;ksa dks Hkh tkurk gSA ;ksxlw=k ¼iratyh½ ,oa ef×>e fudk; esa ijfpÙk
¼nwljksa ds fpÙk½ ds Kku dh lEHkkouk Hkh ekuh xbZ gSA blh vk/kkj ij tSu ijEijk esa
Hkh eui;ZoKku ds }kjk ij fpÙk Kku ij cy fn;k x;kA fdUrq esjh n`f"V esa ;g ekU;rk
mfpr ugha gSA D;ksfa d eui;ZoKku ds fy, tks vizeÙk la;r eqfu gksus dh tks 'krZ yxkbZ
xbZ gSA og 'krZ vko';d blfy, gS fd vizeÙk la;r eqfu gh viuh euksof` Ùk;ksa dks lE;d~
izdkj ls tku ldrk gS] izeÙk O;fDr ughaA eui;ZoKku ds fy, vizeÙkrk dh 'krZ ;gh
lwfpr djrh gS fd eui;ZoKku LofpÙk ;k vius gh eu dh i;Z;ksa dk Kku gSA
eui;ZoKkuh LofpÙk dk Kkrk gksrk gS vr% og vkRe&ltx ;k vizeÙk gksrk gSA nwljs
eui;ZoKku ds fy, tks vkReltxrk ;k vizeÙkrk dh fLFkfr blfy, Hkh vko';d ekuh
xbZ gS] tks euks&fodYiksa dk Kkrk&nz"Vk gksrk gS] og euksfodYiksa dk drkZ ugha gksrk gSA
eui;Zo%Kku vkReltxrk Lo cks/k dh voLFkk gS vr% mlesa îj* ds fodYi;qDr fpÙk
tkuus dh izof` Ùk lEHko ugha gSA pkgs ,d ckj ijEijkxr ekU;rk ds vuqlkj ;g eku Hkh
ys fd eui;ZoKkuh esa ijfpÙk dks tkuus dh 'kfDr gksrh gS] fdUrq mlesa ijfpÙk dks tkuus
dk iz;Ru ugha gksrk gSA vr% esjh n`f"V esa eui;ZoKku vius eu dh i;kZ;ksa vFkkZr~
ekufld voLFkkvksa ;k fpÙko`fÙk;ksa dk Kku gS mldk lEcU/k LofpÙk gh ls gSA ijEijkxr
n`f"V ls mls ijfpÙk dk Kku ekuus ij rks mlesa vusd ck/kk,¡ vkrh gSA ;fn og ijfpÙk
dk Kku gS rks mldk {ks=k <kbZ }hi ls ckgj Hkh ekuk tkuk Fkk] D;ksfa d i×psfUnz;leuLD
¼laKh½ tho rks <kbZ }hi ls ckgj Hkh gksrs gSAa vr% esjh n`f"V esa eui;ZoKku Loeu dh
i;kZ;ksa vFkkZr~ euksn'kkvksa dk Kku gSA og vkRe ltxrk ;k vizeÙkrk dh voLFkk gSA
;g Kkrk&nz"VkHkko esa vkReje.krk dh fLFkfr gSA vr% tSu n'kZu esa ;g ekuk x;k gS
rhFkZd
a j nh{kk xzg.k djrs gh eui;ZoKku izkIr dj ysrs gSAa
eui;ZoKku ds Hksn
eui;ZoKku ds nks Hksn gS & _tqefr vkSj foiqyefrA ;|fi vius fo"k; vkfn dh
vis{kk ls eui;ZoKku esa Hksn ugha gS] fQj Hkh fpÙko`fÙk dh ljyrk vkSj O;kidrk dh
46
vis{kk ls ;k vius fo"k; dh vis{kk ls mlesa Hksn gSA _tqefr eui;ZoKku fpÙk dh ljy
o`fÙk;ksa dks tkurk gS ;k ljy euksHkkoksa dks tkurk gS] lafDy"V euksHkkoksa dks ughaA _tqefr
eui;ZoKku dh vis{kk foiqyefr dk fo"k; vf/kd O;kid gksrk gS vkSj og eu ds
lafDy"V ifj.kkeksa dks Hkh tkurk gSA vr% ,d vis{kk ls bu nksuksa eui;ZoKkuksa ds chp
fpÙko`fÙk dh ljyrk ;k fo'kqf) dh vis{kk ls vUrj gSA ,d vU; vis{kk ls bu nksuksa
esa Kku dh Li"Vrk dh vis{kk ls Hkh vUrj gksrk gSA
ds o yKku
deZ fl)kUr dh vis{kk ls Kku ds nks izdkj gS & 1- {kk;ksi'kfed vkSj 2- {kkf;dA
efrJqr vkfn pkjksa Kku {kk;ksi'kfed gS] tcfd dsoy Kku {kkf;d gSA {kkf;d gksus ds
dkj.k ;g Kkukoj.kh;] n'kZukoj.kh;] eksguh; vkSj varjk; bu pkj /kkrh deksZ dk iw.kZr%
{k; gksus ij gh gksrk gS] vr% fujkoj.k vkSj iw.kZKku gSA vuUr vkSj iw.kZKku gksus ls blesa
u rks fdlh izdkj viw.kZrk ;k deh gksrh gS vkSj u blsa fdlh izdkj ds vU; lk/kuksa dh
vis{kk gksrh gS] vr% ;g Kku fujis{k ;k vlgk; gksrk gSA Kkukoj.k vkfn gkfu deksZ
dk iw.kZ{k; gksus ij gh ;g Kku gksrk gS] vr% iw.kZr% 'kq) Hkh gksrk gSA dsoyKku lHkh
Kkuksa esa loZJ"s B Kku gSA tSu n'kZu dh ekU;rk gS fdlh O;fDr esa ikapksa Kkuksa esa ls
efrKku] JqrKku] vof/kKku vkSj eui;ZoKku & ;s pkjksa Kku ,d lkFk gks ldrs gS]a fdUrq
dsoyKku rks vdsyk gh gksrk gSA dsoyKku gksus ij vU; Kkuksa dh vis{kk gh ugha gksrh
gSA dsoyKku gksrs gh bu pkjksa Kkuksa dh fLFkfr oSlh gh gks tkrh gS] tSls lw;Z ds mfnr gksrs
gh pUnz vkSj rkjkx.kksa ds izdk'k dh dksbZ vis{kk ugha jg tkrh gS] mudk izdk'k xkS.k gks
tkrk gSA dsoyKku dks vlgk; dgk gS vFkkZr~ bl Kku ds fy, fdlh izdkj ds Kkuks ;k
Kku ds lk/kuksa dh vis{kk ugha gksrh gSA nwljs dsoyKku v.kar] iw.kZ ,oa vi;Zoflr Kku
gksrk gSA ;g Kku izkIr gksus ij tkrk Hkh ugha gS] blfy, ;g Kku vizfrikfr Kku gS]
vkSj blesa u dHkh deh jgrh gSA ;g lHkh dkyksa ds yksd esa fLFkr lHkh ewrZ vewrZ nzO;ksa
vkSj mudh i;kZ;ksa dks tkurk gSA
dsoyKku dk fo"k;
lkekU;r;k efr] Jqr] vof/kKku vkSj eui;ZoKku dk fo"k; :ih nzO; gh gksrs gaAS
eui;ZoKku dk fo"k; Hkh lw{e :ih nzO; gh gS D;kafs d og Hkh ewrZ :ih nzO; dh lw{e
euksoxZ.kkvksa dks gh tkurk gS] tcfd dsoyKku dk fo"k; ewrZ vkSj vewrZ vFkkZr~ :ih vkSj
v:ih nksuksa nzO; gSAa vr% dsoyKku iqnx~ y ds vfrfjDr vkRek] /keZ] v/keZ vkSj vkdk'k
,slh ikapksa vfLrdk;ksa dks Hkh ;k dky lfgr Ngksa nzO;ksa dks Hkh tkurk gSA mekLokfr us
rÙokFkZl=w k esa dsoyKku dk fo"k; lHkh nzO;ksa dh yksd vkSj vyksdorhZ lHkh i;kZ;ksa dks
crk;k gSA blhfy, rÙokFkZl=w k esa dsoyKku dk fo"k;&{ks=k crkrs gq, dgk x;k gSa fd
47
^loZnOz ;s"kq ok loZi;kZ;"s kq*A og yksd&vyksd esa fLFkr loZnOz ;ksa dh loZ=kSdkfyd i;kZ;ksa
¼voLFkkvks½a dks tkurk gS] vr% mldk fo"k; {ks=k dh vis{kk yksd vkSj vyksd nksuksa gh
gSA lkFk gh nzO;ksa dh vis{kk og yksd&vyksd ds lHkh nzO;ksa dks vkSj Hkko ,oa dky dh
vis{kk ls mudh =kSdkfyd i;kZ;ksa dks Hkh tkurk gSA vr% og dsoyKku =kSdkfyd Kku
gS] vr% og Hkwr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; & f=kdkyksa dks tkurk gSA uUnhlw=k ¼33½ ds vuqlkj
tks Kku loZnOz ;ks]a loZ{ks=kks]a loZdkyksa vkSj loZHkkoksa ¼i;kZ;ksa ;k voLFkkvkS½a dks tkurk gS
& og dsoyKku gSA
fdUrq dsoyKku ds fo"k; ds lEcU/k esa vkpk;Z dqUndqUn dk eUrO; FkksM+k fHkUu gS]
os fu;elkj xkFkk 159 esa os fy[krs gSa fd O;ogkj u; ls dsoyKkuh lcdks tkurs vkSj
ns[krs gS]a fdUrq fu'p;u; ls rks dsoyKkuh viuh vkRek dks gh tkurs vkSj ns[krs gSAa
dsoyKku dh n'kk esa vkRek fujkoj.k vkSj 'kq) gksrk gS vr% lHkh dqN tks vkRek esa
izfrfofEcr gksrk gS] dsoyKkuh mls tkurk vkSj ns[krk gSA blh vis{kk ls ;g dgk tkrk
gS fd dsoyh lc dqN tkurk vkSj ns[krk gS] dsoyh loZnOz ;ksa dh lHkh =kSdkfyd i;kZ;ksa
dks tkurk vkSj ns[krk gS & ,slk ,dkUrr% ekuus ij vusd folaxfr;k Hkh mRiUu gksrh
gS vkSj tSun'kZu iq:"kkFkZoknh ls fu;froknh cu tkrk gSA ;fn dsoyh lHkh nzO;ksa dh
=kSdkfyd i;kZ;ksa dks tkurk gS ,slk ekus rks mlds Kku dh vis{kk ls lexz Hkfo"; Hkh
fu;r gksxkA vr% mlesa fdlh izdkj ds ifjorZu dh dksbZ lEHkkouk ugha jgsxhA vr% gesa
fu;frokn ;k Øec)i;kZ;okn ekuuk gksxkA fdUrq vkxfed n`f"V ls ,slk ugh gSA
Hkxorhlw=k esa tc ;g iz'u mBk;k x;k fd dsoyh D;k tkurk gS vkSj D;k ugha tkurk
gS \ rks mldk mÙkj fn;k x;k fd ^^ dsoyh fl; tk.kbZ fl; .k tk.kbZ**A tSu n'kZu dh
n`f"V ls Hkh dgs rks tks ^vukfn* gS] dsoyh Hkh mldh vkfn@izkjEHk dks ugha tku ldrk
gSA dsoyh ls ;fn iz'u iwNk tk;s fd vkRek dc ls gS \ lalkj dc ls gS \ "kV~nOz ; dc
ls gS \ vkRek deZ ls c) dc vkSj dSls gqvk \ thokRek lalkj esa dc ls Hko&Hkze.k dj
jgk gS \ fdlh tho dk izFke Hko dkSu lk Fkk \ rks dsoyh Hkh budk mÙkj ugha nsdj
ek=k ;gh dgsxk fd ;s vukfndky ls gSA vukfn rF;ksa dh vkfn crkuk ;g dsoyh ds fy,
Hkh lEHko ugha gSA blhfy, Hkxorhlw=k esa dgk x;k gS dsoyh Hkh dqN tkurk gS dqN ugha
tkurk gSA ¼dsoyh dks loZK Hkh dgk tkrk gSA½ loZKrk dh /kkj.kk Je.k vkSj oSfnd &
nksuksa ijEijkvksa dh izkphu /kkj.kk gSA loZKrkokn ;g ekurk gS fd loZK ns'k vkSj dky
dh lhekvksa ls mij mBdj dkykrhr n`f"V ls lEiUu gksrk gS vkSj bl dkj.k mls Hkwr
ds lkFk&lkFk Hkfo"; dk Hkh iwoK
Z ku gksrk gS] ysfdu tks dsoy Kku gS]a mlesa lEHkkouk]
la;ksx ;k vfu;rrk ugha gks ldrhA fu;r ?kVukvksa dk iwoK
Z ku gks ldrk gS] vfu;r
?kVukvksa dk ughA ;fn loZK dks Hkfo"; dk iwoK
Z ku gksrk gS vkSj og ;FkkZFk Hkfo";ok.kh
48
dj ldrk gS] rks bldk vFkZ gS fd Hkfo"; dh leLr ?kVuk,¡ fu;r gSA Hkfo";n'kZu vkSj
iwoZKku esa iwoZfu/kkZj.k xfHkZr gSA ;fn Hkfo"; dh lHkh ?kVuk,¡ iwoZfu;r gS] rks
oS;kfDrd&LokrU=k; vkSj iq:"kkFkZ dk D;k vFkZ gS \ ;fn thou dh leLr ?kVuk,¡
iwofZ u;r gS] rks uSfrd&vkn'kZ] oS;fDrd&LokrU=k; vkSj iq:"kkFkZ dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha jgrkA
loZK ds iwoK
Z ku esa deZ dk p;u fuf'pr gksrk gS] mlesa dksbZ vU; fodYi ugha gksrk] rc
og p;u&p;u gh ugha gksxk vkSj p;u ugha gS] rks mÙkjnkf;Ro Hkh ugha gksxk] vFkkZr~
loZKrkokn vfuok;Zr% fu;frokn dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
loZKrk dk vFkZ
tSu&n'kZu loZKrk dks Lohdkj djrk gSA tSukxeksa esa vusd ,sls LFky gS]a ftuesa
rhFkZd
a jksa ,oa dsoyKkfu;ksa dks f=kdkyK loZK dgk x;k gSA O;k[;kizKfIrlw=k] varÑr~n'kkaxlw=k
,oa vU; tSukxeksa esa bl f=kdkyK loZKrkoknh /kkj.kk ds vuqlkj xks'kkyd] Jsf.kd] Ñ".k
vkfn ds Hkkoh thou ds lEcU/k esa Hkfo";ok.kh Hkh dh xbZ gSA ;g Hkh ekuk x;k gS fd
loZK ftl :i esa ?kVukvksa dk ?kfVr gksuk tkurk gS] os mlh :i esa ?kfVr gksrh gSAa
dkfÙkZd;s kuqi{sz k esa dgk x;k gS fd ftldh ftl ns'k] ftl dky vkSj ftl izdkj ls tUe
vFkok e`R;q dh ?kVukvksa dks loZK us ns[kk gS] os mlh ns'k] mlh dky vkSj mlh izdkj ls
gksxa hA mlesa bUnz ;k rhFkZd
a j dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu ugha dj ldrkA mÙkjdkyhu tSu&xzUFkksa esa
bl =kSdkfyd Kku lEcU/kh loZKRo dh vo/kkj.kk dk ek=k fodkl gh ugha gqvk] oju~
mldks rkfdZd&vk/kkj ij fl) djus dk iz;kl Hkh fd;k x;k gSA ;|fi cq) us egkohj
dh f=kdkyK loZKrk dh /kkj.kk dk [k.Mu djrs gq, mldk migklkRed&fp=k.k Hkh fd;k
vkSj vius lEcU/k esa f=kdkyKkrk loZKrk dh bl /kkj.kk dk fu"ks/k Hkh fd;k Fkk] ysfdu
ijorhZ ckS)&lkfgR; esa cq) dks Hkh mlh vFkZ esa loZK Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k] ftl vFkZ
esa tSu&rhFkZd
a jksa vFkok bZ'ojoknh&n'kZuksa esa bZ'oj dks loZK ekuk tkrk gSA
loZKRo ds bl vFkZ dks ysdj fd ^^loZK gLrkeydor~ lHkh tkxfrd&inkFkksaZ dh
=kSdkfyd&i;kZ;ksa dks tkurk gS**] tSu&fo}kuksa us Hkh dkQh mgkiksg fd;k gSA bruk gh ugha]
tSun'kZu esa loZKrk dh ubZ ifjHkk"kk,a Hkh izLrqr dh xbZ gSAa
dqUndqUn vkSj gfjHknz dk n`f"Vdks.k
izkphu ;qx esa vkpk;Z dqUndqUn vkSj ;kfduhlquw gfjHknz us loZKrk dh f=kdkyn'khZ
mi;qDr ijEijkxr ifjHkk"kk dks ekU; j[krs gq, Hkh ubZ ifjHkk"kk,¡ izLrqr dhA vkpk;Z
dqUndqUn us fu;elkj esa dgk fd &
tk.kfn iLlfnlOoa oogkj.k,.k dsoyhHkxoaA
dsoy.kk.kh tk.kfniLlfn fu;es.k vIik.kaAA
& fu;elkj 159
49
loZK yksdkyksd tSlh vkResrj lHkh oLrqvksa dks tkurk gS] ;g O;ogkju; gS] tcfd
;g dguk fd loZK vius vkReLo:i dks tkurk gS] ;g ijekFkZnf` "V gSA blds vfrfjDr
fu;elkj ¼166½] izopulkj ¼80½ ,oa le;lkj ¼11½ nz"VO; gSA vkpk;Z gfjHknz us Hkh
loZKrk dk loZlEiznk;&vfo:) vFkZ fd;k FkkA ia- lq[kykykth fy[krs gSa fd izFker%
gfjHknz us loZKRo =kSdkfydKku gsroq kn ls leFkZu fd;kA fdUrq tc mudks gsroq kn esa =kqfV
;k fojks/k fn[kkbZ fn;k rks mUgksua s loZKRo loZlEiznk; vfo:) vFkZ fd;k ,oa viuk ;ksx
lqyHk ek/;LFk Hkko izdV fd;k ¼ns[ks n'kZu vkSj fpUru] [k.M 2] i`- 553½A
ia- lq[kykyth dk n`f"Vdks.k
orZeku ;qx ds if.Mr lq[kykyth us vkpkjkax ,oa O;k[;kizKfIr ds lUnHkksaZ ds
vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS fd vkRe] txr~ ,oa lk/kuk ekxZ lEcU/kh nk'kZfud Kku
dks gh ml ;qx esa loZKRo ekuk tkrk Fkk] u fd =kSdkfyd&Kku dksA tSu&ijEijk dk
loZKRo lEcU/kh n`f"Vdks.k ewy esa dsoy bruk gh Fkk fd nzO; vkSj i;kZ; mHk; dks
lekuHkko ls tkuuk gh Kku dh iw.kZrk gSA cq) tc ekyqDa ;iqÙk uked vius f'k"; ls
dgrs gSa fd eSa pkj vk;ZlR;ksa ds Kku dk gh nkok djrk gw¡ vkSj nwljs vxE; ,oa dkYifud
rÙoksa ds Kku dk ugha] rc og okLrfodrk dh Hkwfedk ij gSA mlh Hkwfedk ds lkFk egkohj
ds loZKRo dh rqyuk djus ij Hkh Qfyr ;gh gksrk gS fd vR;qfDr vkSj vYiksfDr ugha
djus okys lUr izÑfr ds egkohj nzO;&i;kZ;okn dh iqjkuh fuxzUZ Fk&ijEijk ds Kku dks gh
loZKRo :i ekurs gksxAas tSu vkSj ckS) ijEijk esa bruk QdZ vo'; jgk gS fd vusd
rkfdZd ckS)&fo}kuksa us cq) dks =kSdkfyd&Kku ds }kjk loZK LFkfir djus dk iz;Ru fd;k
gS] rFkkfi vusd vlk/kkj.k ¼izfrHkklEiUu½ ckS)&fo}kuksa us mudks lh/ks&lkns vFkZ esa gh
loZK ?kVk;k gS] ckS) ijEijk esa loZK dk vFkZ /keZK ;k oLrq Lo:i dk Kkrk bruk gh
jgk gSA tcfd tSu&ijEijk esa loZK dk lh/kk&lknk vFkZ Hkqyk fn;k x;k vkSj mlds LFkku
esa rdZfl) vFkZ gh izpfyr ,oa izfrf"Br gks x;kA tSu ijEijk esa loZK ds LFkku ij
izpfyr ikfjHkkf"kd&'kCn dsoyKkuh Hkh vius ewy vFkZ esa nk'kZfud&Kku dh iw.kZrk dks
gh izdV djrk gS] u fd =kSdkfyd Kku dksA ^dsoy* 'kCn lka[;n'kZu esa Hkh izÑfriq:"kfoosd
ds vFkZ esa gh iz;Dq r gksrk gS vkSj ;fn ;g 'kCn lka[;&ijEijk ls tSu&ijEijk esa vk;k gS]
;g ekuk tk,] rks bl vk/kkj ij Hkh dsoyKku dk vFkZ nk'kZfud&Kku vFkok rÙo ds ;FkkFkZ
Lo:i dk Kku gh gksxk u fd =kSdkfyd&KkuA vkpkjkax dk ;g opu ^ts ,xa tk.kbZ ls lOoa
tk.kb* ;gh crkrk gS fd tks ,d vkReLo:i dks ;FkkFkZ :i ls tkurk gS] og mldh lHkh
d"kk;i;kZ;ksa dks Hkh ;FkkFkZ :i ls tkurk gS] u fd =kSdkfyd&loZKrkA dsoyKkuh ds lEcU/k
esa vkxe dk ;g opu fd ^lh tk.kb lh .k tk.kb* ¼Hkxorhlw=k½ Hkh ;gh crkrk gS fd
dsoyKku =kSdkfyd&loZKrk ugha gS] oju~ vk/;kfRed ;k nk'kZfud&Kku gSA
50
MkW- bUnzpUnz'kkL=kh dk n`f"Vdks.k
loZKrk ds LFkku ij iz;Dq r gksus okyk vuUrKku Hkh =kSdkfyd&Kku ugha gks ldrkA
vuUr dk vFkZ loZ ugha ekuk tk ldrkA oLrqr% ;g 'kCn Lrqfrijd vFkZ esa gh vk;k gS]
tSls orZeku esa Hkh fdlh vlk/kkj.k fo}ku ds ckjs esa dg nsrs gSa fd muds Kku dk D;k
vUr \ mudk Kku rks vFkkg gSA blh izdkj nwljk i;kZ;okph 'kCn dsoyKku vkRe&vukRe
ds foosd ;k vk/;kfRed&Kku ls lEcfU/kr gSA
loZKrk dk =kSdkfyd&Kku lEcU/kh vFkZ vkSj iq:"kkFkZ dh lEHkkouk
ysfdu] ,d xos"kd fo|kFkhZ ds fy, ;g mfpr ugha gksxk fd ijEijkfl)
=kSdkfyd&loZKrk dh /kkj.kk dh vogsyuk dj nh tk,A u dsoy tSu&ijEijk es]a oju~
ckS} vkSj osnkUr dh ijEijk esa Hkh loZKrk dk =kSdkfyd&Kkuijd vFkZ LohÑr jgk gSA
xhrk esa JhÑ".k us vtquZ ls ;g dgdj fd ^^mu vusd tUeksa dks eSa tkurk gw]¡ rw ugha**]
viuh loZKrk dk gh funs'Z k fd;k gSA ;|fi ehekalk n'kZu ds vuqlkj ;g iz'u 'kadk dh
n`f"V ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd egkohj] cq) vkSj Ñ".k loZK Fks ;k ugha] vFkok fdlh O;fDr
dks ,slk =kSdkfyd&Kku gks ldrk gS ;k ugha \ fQj Hkh f=kdkfyd&loZK dh dYiuk
rdZfo:) ugha dgh tk ldrhA ns'k vkSj dky dh lhekvksa ls mij mBdj f=kdkyK&loZK
dh /kkj.kk fl) gks tkrh gSA izc)
q oSKkfud ,oa lkis{kokn ds izorZd vkbULVhu us
fujis{k&n`"Vk dh ifjdYiuk dks Lohdkj fd;k FkkA dksbZ f=kdkyK&loZK vfLrRo esa gS ;k
Fkk] ;g pkgs lR; u gks] ysfdu dksbZ f=kdkyK&loZK gks ldrk gS] ;g rkfdZd lR; vo';
gS] D;ksfa d ;fn txr~ ,d fu;ec) O;oLFkk gS] rks ml O;oLFkk ds Kku ds lkFk gh Bhd
oSls gh =kSdkfyd&?kVukvksa ds Kku dh lEHkkouk Li"V gks tkrh gS] tSls ,d T;ksfr"kh dks
u{k=k&foKku ds fu;eksa ds Kku ds vk/kkj ij Hkwr] Hkfo"; vkSj orZeku ds lHkh lw;Z ,oa
pUnz&xzg.kksa dh ?kVukvksa dk =kSdkfyd&Kku gks tkrk gSA ;fn loZK vkRe&nzO; dh lHkh
i;kZ;ksa dks tkurk gS] rks gesa vkRek dh lHkh i;kZ;ksa dks fu;r Hkh ekuuk gksxkA ;g ekU;rk
Li"V :i ls iwoZ fu/kkZj.kokn ;k fu;frokn dh fn'kk esa ys tkrh gSA ;|fi fu;frokn vkSj
tSu&loZKrk dh /kkj.kk esa ize[q k vUrj ;g gS fd tgka fu;frokn esa iq:"kkFkZ ;k O;fDr
dh LorU=krk dks vLohdkj dj fu;rrk dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS] ogka loZK ds Kku esa
Hkh iq:"kkFkZ vkSj O;fDr dh LorU=krk dks ekudj gh lc Hkkoksa dh fu;rrk dks Lohdkj
fd;k tkrk gSA vkpk;Z gLrheyth e-lk- us vius ,d ys[k esa bldk leFkZu fd;k FkkA
;|fi mUgksua s egkohj ds thouizlxa ksa ds vk/kkj ij ?kVukvksa dks fu;rkfu;r ekudj
loZKrk vkSj iq:"kkFkZokn esa laxfr fcBkus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] rFkkfi i;kZ;ksa dks fu;rkfu;r
ekuus ls f=kdkyK&loZKrk dh /kkj.kk dkQh fucZy gks tkrh gSA f=kdkyK&loZKrk dh
51
/kkj.kk esa iq:"kkFkZ dh lEHkkouk fu;r&iq:"kkFkZ ds :i esa gh gks ldrh gSA ik'pkR;&fopkjd
Lihukstk us Hkh ,sls gh fu;r&iq:"kkFkZ dh /kkj.kk dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA loZKrk dh /kkj.kk
esa iq:"kkFkZ fu;r gksrk gS] vfu;r ughaA og /kkj.kk iq:"kkFkZ ;k oS;fDrd LorU=krk dk
vigj.k rks ugha djrh] ysfdu mls vfu;r Hkh ugha jgus nsrhA mik/;k; vejeqfuth
fy[krsa gSa fd fu;frokn iq:"kkFkZ dk viyki ugha djrk gS] og dgrk gS fd fl):i
lk/; Hkh fu;r gS] rFkSo iq:"kkFkZ:i lk/ku Hkh fu;r gSA nksuksa gh vkRek dh i;kZ; gSAa
,d flf):i i;kZ; gS nwljh lk/ku:i i;kZ; gSA fu;frokn esa iq:"kkFkZ dks LFkku ugha gS]
fcuk dkj.k ds gh ogka dk;Z gksrk gS] ;g ckr ugha gSA fu;fr esa iq:"kkFkZ gksrk gS] ij og
Hkh fu;r gh gksrk gS] vfu;r ugha] lkFk gh loZKrk dh /kkj.kk esa iq:"kkFkZ dk viyki
blfy, Hkh ugha gksrk fd loZKrk dh /kkj.kk fu;rrk dk izek.k gks ldrh gS] ysfdu dkj.k
ughaA loZKrk dk izR;; O;fDr dk fu;ked ugha curk] og ek=k mldh fu;rrk dks
tkurk gSA iq:"kkFkZ Kku dh n`f"V ls fu;r vo'; gksrk gS] ysfdu iq:"kkFkZ ftuds }kjk
fd;k tkrk gS] og rks Kkrk gS vkSj Kkrk Kku ls fu;r ugha gksrkA bl izdkj] loZKrk
ds izR;; esa O;fDr dh LorU=krk dk dq.Bu ugha gksrkA loZK ls O;fDr dk dr`RZ o fu/
kkZfjr ugha gksrk] oju~ loZK Hkfo"; esa tks fd;k tkus okyk gS] mldks tkurk gSA loZK
tks tkurk gS] O;fDr oSlk djus dks ck/; gS– ,slk ugha] oju~ tks O;fDr ds }kjk fd;k
tkus okyk gS] mls loZK tkurk gS & ,slk ekuus ij loZKrk dh /kkj.kk esa iq:"kkFkZ vkSj
O;fDr dh LorU=krk dk viyki ugha gksrkA Jh ;nqukFk flUgk Hkh fy[krs gSa fd bZ'oj
dk iwoK
Z ku Hkh ekuoh;&LorU=krk dk fojks/kh ugha gSA izkd~nf` "V vFkok iwoK
Z ku dk vFkZ
vfuok;Zr% iwofZ u/kkZj.k ugha gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd loZKrkokn fu/kkZj.kokn ;k
fu;frokn ugha gSA
D;k dsoy Kku fufoZdYi gS \
if.Mr dUgS;kykyth yks<+k us loZKrk ds lEcU/k esa ,d ;g iz'u mifLFkr fd;k gS
fd dsoyKku dh izkfIr gksus ij fopkj fodYi jgrs gSa ;k ugha jgrs gSa \ lkekU; n`f"Vdks.k
;g gS fd dsoyKku dh voLFkk fufoZpkj vkSj fufoZdYi dh voLFkk gS] fdUrq tSu deZ
fl)kUr dh n`f"V ls ;g iz'u mifLFkr gksrk gS fd dsoyh esa Kkuksi;ksx vkSj n'kZuksi;ksx
nksuksa gh gksrs gSAa n'kZuksi;ksx dks fufoZdYi ;k vukdkj rFkk Kkuksi;ksx dks lfodYi ;k
lkdkj ekuk x;k gSA iqu% dsoyh Hkh tc pkSngosa xq.kLFkku esa 'kqDy /;ku ds prqFkZikn
ij vk:<+ gksrs gSa rc gh os fufoZpkj voLFkk dks izkIr gksrs gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd
dsoyKku dh voLFkk esa fopkj rks jgrk gS] D;ksfa d dsoyKkuh tc rd l;ksx voLFkk esa
jgrk gS rc rd mldh eu] opu vkSj dk;k dh izof` Ùk gksrh gSA mlesa euks;ksx dk vHkko
ugha gS] eu dh izof` Ùk gS] vr% fopkj gSA ;fn dsoyh fufoZpkj ;k fufoZdYi gksrk rks fQj
52
mls v;ksxh dsoyh voLFkk esa igys LFkwy eu vkSj fQj lw{e eu ds fujks/k dh vko';drk
gh ugha jgrhA eu dh izof` Ùk;ksa dk fujks/k ;fn v;ksxh dsoyh voLFkk esa gh gksrk gS rks
fQj l;ksxh dsoyh voLFkk esa eu D;k dk;Z djrk gS \ D;ksfa d fufoZdYirk dh voLFkk
esa rks eu ds fy, dksbZ dk;Z gh 'ks"k ugha jgrk gSA ;fn ,slk ekus fd dsoyh esa Hkko eu
ugha jgrk gS] ek=k nzO; eu jgrk gS] fdUrq nzO;eu Hkh fcuk Hkko eu ds ugha jg ldrkA
Hkko eu ds vHkko esa nzO; eu rks ek=k ,d ikSnx~ fyd lajpuk gksxk] tks tM+ gksxk vkSj
tM+ esa fopkj lkeF;Z laHko ugha gS vkSj fopkj ds fcuk euks;ksx ds fujks/k dk Hkh dksbZ
vFkZ ugha jg tkrk gSA esjh n`f"V esa bl lanHkZ esa ia- dUgS;kykyth yks<k+ dk ;g earO; mfpr
gh yxrk gS fd oLrqr% fopkj ;k fodYi nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa & ,d dkeuk :i fopkj
vkSj nwljk fufoZdkj ;k fu"dkecks/k fopkjA fu"dke fopkj esa ek=k drZO; cqf) gksrh gSA
dsoyh esa dkeuk:i ;k ftKklk :i fodYi ugha gksr]s fdUrq foosd :i fodYi rks gksrs
gSAa ;g Hkh nzO; dks nzO; ds :i es]a xq.k dks xq.k ds :i esa vkSj i;kZ; dks i;kZ; ds :i
esa tkurk gS vkSj ,slk Kku fodYi:i Kku gSA
D;k loZK dk Kku fujis{k gksrk gS \
;|fi tSu n'kZu esa ;g ekuk x;k gS fd loZK ;k dsoyh lEiw.kZ lR; dk lk{kkRdkj
dj ysrk gS] vr% ;g iz'u LokHkkfod :i ls mBrk gS fd D;k loZK dk Kku fujis{k gSA
bl lUnHkZ esa tSu nk'kZfudksa esa Hkh erHksn ik;k tkrk gSA dqN ledkyhu tSu fopkjd
loZK ds Kku dks fujis{k ekurs gSa tcfd nwljs dqN fopkjdksa ds vuqlkj loZK dk Kku
Hkh lkis{k gksrk gSA ia- nylq[kHkkbZ ekyof.k;k us ^^L;k}kneatjh** dh Hkwfedk esa loZK ds
Kku dks fujis{k lR; crk;k gSA tcfd eqfu Jh uxjktth us ^^tSu n'kZu vkSj vk/kqfud
foKku** uked iqfLrdk esa ;g ekuk gS fd loZK dk Kku Hkh dgus Hkj dks gh fujis{k gS
D;ksfa d L;knfLr] L;kékfLr ls ijs og Hkh ugha gSA fdUrq oLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd tgka rd loZK
ds oLrq txr~ ds Kku dk iz'u gS mls fujis{k ugha ekuk tk ldrk D;ksfa d mlds Kku dk
fo"k; vuUr /kekZRed oLrq gSA vr% loZK Hkh oLrqrÙo ds vuUr xq.kksa dks vuUr
vis{kkvksa ls gh tku ldrk gSA oLrqxr Kku ;k oS"kf;d Kku ¼Objective Knowledge½
dHkh Hkh fujis{k ugha gks ldrk] fQj pkgs og loZK dk gh D;ksa u gks \ blhfy, tSu
vkpk;ksaZ dk dFku gS fd fni ls ysdj O;kse rd oLrq ek=k L;k}kn dh eqnkz ls vafdr gSA
fdUrq gesa ;g /;ku j[kuk gksxk fd tgka rd loZK ds vkRe cks/k dk iz'u gS og fujis{k
gks ldrk gS D;ksfa d og fodYi jfgr gksrk gSA lEHkor% blh n`f"Vdks.k dks y{; esa j[kdj
vkpk;Z dqUndqUn dks ;g dguk iM+k Fkk fd O;ogkj n`f"V ls loZK lHkh nzO;ksa dks tkurk
gS fdUrq ijekFkZr% rks og vkRek dks gh tkurk gSA loZK dk vkRe cks/k rks fujis{k gksrk
gS fdUrq mldk oLrq fo"k;d Kku lkis{k gksrk gSA
53
eqfLye 'kkld vkSj tSu /keZ
– pEik vxzoky
– MkW- vfuyk iqjksfgr
bfrgkl] le; ds vtL=k izokg ds ihNs vius ewy dks igpkuus dh izfØ;k
gS] blfy, ;g vkuUnnk;h gS vkSj izsj.kkLin HkhA lR;e~ f'koe~ lqUnje~ ds
vkn'kksZa ls vuqizsfjr ^thvks vkSj thus nks* ds fl)kUrksa ij voyfEcr vkSj
olq/kSo dqVqEcde~ dh Hkkouk ij vk/kkfjr Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa /keZ vkSj 'kkld
oxZ dk vVwV ca/ku mlh izdkj jgk gS ftl izdkj euq"; thou esa vkRek vkSj
'kjhj dk jgrk gSA ikap gtkj o"kZ ls Hkh vf/kd iqjkuh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk
izR;{k vizR;{k izHkko rRdkyhu feJ] lqesfj;u] bjkuh vkSj ;wukuh lH;rkvksa
ij iM+k ftls bafxr djrs gq, ,- E;wckl us fy[kk gS– ^^Hkkjr fo'o dk ikyuk
gS] mlus viuh lUrfr if'peh ns'kksa esa Hkstdj Hkk"kk] foKku] uSfrdrk] lkfgR;
vkSj /keZ gesa iSr`d lEifr ds :i esa iznku fd, gSA** fdlh Hkh fof'k"V ,oa fiz;
vkjk/; ds lEeq[k vius xksiuh; lq[k vFkok nq[k dk fu"diV fuosnu djds
laosxksa dh iz'kkfUr dj lduk euq"; dh lgt izo`fÙk gSA
Hkkjr fpjdky ls gh /keZiz/kku ns'k jgk gS] tgka oSfnd] ckS)] tSu] oS".ko]
'kSo vkSj 'kkDr /keZ izLQqfVr] iYyfor vkSj iqf"ir gq,] ftldh egd ls u
dsoy Hkkjr oju~ lEiw.kZ lalkj lqjfHkr gSA _Xosfnd _pkvksa esa rhFkZadj
_"kHknso dk mYys[k gksus ds lkFk gh bfrgkl L=kksrksa esa tSu /keZ dk vkfoZHkko
Kkr gks tkrk gSA jke/kkjh flag fnudj ds vuqlkj ^^_"kHknso dk mYys[k _Xosn
esa gS] fo".kq iqjk.k ,oa Hkkxor dk Hkh dguk gS fd n'kkorkj ds iwoZ gksus okys
vorkjksa esa ls ,d vorkj _"kHknso gS] ftudh ijEijk eas tks yksx vfgalk rFkk
ri'p;kZ ds ekxZ ij c<+rs jgsa] mUgha us tSu /keZ dk iFk iz'kLr fd;kA** 24 osa
54
rhFkZadj egkohj Lokeh us g;Zd oa'k ds ujs'k vtkr'k=kq dks izHkkfor djds dsoy Kku ds
izfr ek=k tu lkekU; dh gh ugha izR;qr jktlh vfHk:fp dks Hkh fodflr fd;kA
e/;;qx esa tgk¡ ;kSf)d lagkjksa ds e/; dqrcq n~nhu ,scd] vykmˆhu f[kyth] fQjkstrqxyd
vkSjaxtsc tSls 'kkld lukruh nsoky; ,oa f'kykys[kksa dk fo/oal dj jgs Fks ogh tSuiaFk
ds ftuky; o mikJ; viuk vfLrRo v{kq.; cuk, j[kus esa gh leFkZ fl) ugha gq, oju~
mUgkasus bLyke dh lkoZHkkSfedrk okyh jktuhfr dks tSu /keZ }kjk fofHkUu vk;keksa esa
izHkkfor djus dk ,sfrgkfld jksekap Hkh izLrqr fd;kA izLrqr 'kks/k i=k 13oha 'krkCnh
bZLoh ls 18oha 'krkCnh bZLoh ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu L=kksrksa dh xos"k.kk ij vk/kkfjr gSA
fldUnj lkuh ds uke ls laKkfir vykmˆhu f[kyth us fnxEcj vkpk;Z ek/kolsu
dh fo}Ùkk] riL;k vkSj peRdkj dh [;kfr lqudj mUgsa uxj Js"Bh iw.kZpUnz vxzoky ds
ek/;e ls njckj esa vkefU=kr fd;k Fkk1A rqxyd oa'k ds laLFkkid x;klqˆhu rqxyd us
lu~ 1324 esa vkpk;Z ftudq'ky lwfj ls izHkkfor gksdj 'k=kqat; ds fy, la?k fudkyus ds
Qjeku fnYyh ds Jheky Jsf"B j;ifr vkSj Hkheiêh ds /khjnso dks iznku fd, FksA
,yfQLVu }kjk ikxy ds fo'ks"k.k ls foHkwf"kr eqgEen rqxyd ¼1325&1351½ ukxkSj ftys
ds ykMuw¡ rglhy esa tUes ftudk fofo/k rhFkZdYi ds jfp;rk ftuizHklwfj us 1328 esa mUgsa
izfrcks/k fn;k FkkA eqgEen rqxyd }kjk tSu rhFkksZa dh j{kkFkZ u dsoy Qjeku tkjh fd,
x, oju~ 'k=kqat; vkSj ikfyrkuk ds tSu efUnjksa esa mUgksaus n'kZu Hkh fd, rFkk lqyrku
}kjk mUgsa ^lqjrku lqjkbZ* HksaV dh] ftlesa 400 Jkodksa ds fy, ikS"k/k'kkyk o efUnj cuk,
x, o mlh esa egkohj izfrek dh izfr"Bk dh xbZA2
Hkêkjd izHkkpUn ¼1257 bZ-& 1351½ us fQjkst rqxyd dk izkjfEHkd 'kklu ns[kk FkkA
tSu ikjEifjd vuqJqfr;ksa ds vuqlkj buds peRdkj dh vfo'oluh; ?kVuk,¡ Kkr gksrh
gSA fQjkstrqxyd ds izeq[k ea=kh pk¡nk ikiM+hoky us fnYyh esa izfr"Bk lekjksg dks lEiUu
djkus ds fy, Hkêkjd izHkkpUn dks fuefU=kr fd;k tks cM+s peRdkfjd :i ls fnYyh igqaps
vkSj mudk HkO; Lokxr gqvkA Lo;a lqYrku muds Lokxr ds fy, vk,A njckjh if.Mr
jk/kks o psru us bZ";kZo'k mudh izfr"Bk dks vk?kkr igqapkus dk iz;kl fd;k] ysfdu
izHkkpUnz Hkêkjd ds peRdkjksa ls muds leLr "kM+;U=k ukdke fl) gq,A mUgksaus u dsoy
'kkL=kkFkZ esa nksuksa if.Mrksa dks gjk;k oju~ vekoL;k dks Hkh pUnzkns ; dj fn;kA muds lq;'k
ds dkj.k lqYrku dh jkfu;ksa us n'kZu dh mRd`"V bPNk lqYrku ds le{k izLrqr dhA vkpk;Z
us ns'k&dkykuqlkj yaxksV igudj egy esa tkdj jkfu;ksa dks izcks/k iznku fd;kA3
pxrkbZ rqdZ lkezkT; dk f'kykU;kl djus okys tg:ˆhu eqgEen ckcj vkSj mlds
iq=k gqek;w ds le; tSu vkpk;ksZa dk njckj esa D;k LFkku Fkk bldh tkudkjh miyC/k ugha
gksrh ysfdu nhu&,&bykgh ds izorZd eqxy lezkV vdcj ds njckj esa u dsoy tSu larksa
55
vkSj vkpk;ksZa dks lEekfur LFkku izkIr Fkk oju~ Lo;a lezkV dk thou Hkh muds vfgalk
fl)kUr ls vR;f/kd izHkkfor FkkA tSu vkpk;Z ghjfot;lwfj ls eqxy lezkV cgqr
izHkkfor FksA vkpk;Z lezkV ds vkeU=k.k ij 1582 bZ- esa Qrsgiqj lhdjh vk,] tgk¡ mudk
jktdh; lEeku fd;k x;kA Lo;a ckn'kkg us leLr lHkklnksa lfgr [kM+s gksdj lwfjth
ds izfr J)k O;Dr dhA vkbus vdcjh ds ys[kd vcqy Qty muds O;fäRo ls izHkkfor
FksA 1583 bZ- esa ckn'kkg us mUgsa ^txr xq:* dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;k] mlh fnu
ckn'kkg us leLr dSfn;ksa dks NksM+ fn;kA vcqy Qty us vdcj ds njckj ds loksZPp 21
fo}kuksa esa bUgsa Hkh lfEefyr fd;k] ftuds fy, dgk tkrk Fkk fd ;s yksx ^^nksuksa yksdksa
dk jgL; tkurs gSaA4 tkykSj ds egkohj efUnj ds 1624 bZ- ds ys[k ls Hkh ghjfot;lwfj
ds lUnHkZ esa mDr rF;ksa dh iqf"V gksrh gSA5 ikyh dh egkohj izfrek ij vafdr 1629
bZ- ds ys[k vkSj ukMykbZ dh vkfnukFk ewfrZ ds 1629 bZ- ds ys[k esa Hkh vdcj ckn'kkg
}kjk ghjfot; dks ^txr xq:* dk fo'ks"k.k iznku djus dk mYys[k gSA vdcj ls lEeku
izkIr gksus ij xqtjkr ds xouZj vkte[kku] tkeuxj ds tke lkfgc] [kku eqgEen vkfn
eqfLye vf/kdkjh buds izfr lEeku iznf'kZr djus vk,A
vkpk;Z dh izsj.kk ls 1585 bZ- esa ckn'kkg us Qjeku tkjh dj i;qZ"k.k ioZ ds miy{k
esa 12 fnuksa rd leLr lkezkT; esa fgalk cUn djok;hA vkbus vdcjh ds ys[kkuqlkj Lo;a
ckn'kkg us f'kdkj u djus dh izfrKk dhA ^^vdcj ds thou dh dqN ?kVuk,¡ ^îqLrd
dh ysf[kdk 'khjha ewloh fy[krh gS**] jfookj 24 mnhZ fcfg'r 26 lQj ¼4 ebZ 1578½ dks
tc tkuojksa ds f'kdkj dk le; vk;k rks ckn'kkg ds lEeq[k ,d vn~Hkqr izdk'k fdj.k
{k.k Hkj dks pedhA ns[kdj ckn'kkg Hkkokosx ls Hkj mBs vkSj mudh voLFkk fofp=k gks
xbZ--- nwljs njckfj;ksa us le>k fd taxy ds tkuojksa us ckn'kkg dh ewd Hkk"kk esa nSoh
jgL; crk fn,A bl ?kVuk ds ckn bZ'oj dks J)k viZ.k djus ds Hkko ls idM+s gq, gtkjksa
tkuojksa dks eqDr dj fn;k x;kA pkjksa vksj f'kdkfj;ksa ds ikl lans'kokgd Hksts x, fd
f'kdkj jksdk tk, vkSj ,d i{kh rd dks u ekjk tk,A 'kkgh vkKk ls gtkjksa tkuojksa
dh tku cphA 8 vkpk;Z ds vxk/k Kku] xEHkhj fpUru vkSj lk/kq LoHkko ls izHkkfor
gksdj vdcj ckn'kkg us o"kZ ds dqN fnuksa ds fy, Lo;a ekal Hk{k.k cUn dj fn;kA ^^bl
lUnHkZ esa 'khjha ewloh us fy[kk gS fd ^^ckn'kkg lyker dks ek¡l [kkus esa dksbZ :fp ugha
gS vkSj os ;g ckr vdlj dgrs jgrs gSa fd vKkurk vkSj fueeZrk ds dkj.k gh euq";
thoksa dks ekjrk gS vkSj mUgsa ekj dj [kkus dh viuh ykylk dks ugha jksdrkA igys mUgksua s
dqN fnuksa 'kqØokj dks ekalkgkj cUn fd;k&fQj jfookj dks HkhA fQj mUgksaus lw;Zekl ds
igys ds fnu dks Hkh tksM+ fy;k gSA lw;Z vkSj pUnz xzg.kksa ij Hkh ;gh pyrkA jto ds
lkseokjksa] bykgh ekg ds Hkkst ds fnu] iwjs Qjokjnhu eghus Hkj vckju ds eghus esa& tc
56
mudk tUe gqvk Fkk] os ekalkgkj ugha djrsA Qkjlh bfrgkldkj cnkW;wuh ds vuqlkj o"kZ
esa 6 eghus 6 fnu lkjs lkezkT; esa dksbZ Hkh tho gR;k u djsa bl izdkj ds Qjeku ckn'kkg
us tkjh fd;s ,oa bu vkKkvksa ds mYya?ku ij l[r ltk,¡ fu/kkZfjr dhA vkpk;Z
ghjfot;lwfj nks o"kZ rd eqxy njckj esa jgs rRi'pkr~ xqtjkr ykSV x,A muds f'k";
'kkfUrpUnz vdcj ds ikl gh jgs ftUgksaus vdcj ds lqd`R;ksa ij ^dìkjl dks"k* uked
xzUFk dh jpuk dhA rRi'pkr~ eqfu HkkuqpUnz vkSj flf)pUnz dks NksM+dj os Hkh xqtjkr
pys x,A ckn'kkg us flf)pUnz dks ^[kq'kQge* dh mikf/k ls foHkwf"kr fd;kA vkpk;Zth
us vius iê/kj f'k"; fot;lsu lwfj dks vdcj ds fueU=k.k ij ykgkSj Hkstk] tgk¡ mudk
'kkgh lEeku fd;k x;kA fot;lsulwfj us czkã.kksa dks 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr dj ^lokbZ*
dk fo'ks"k.k izkIr fd;kA6 [kjrjxPN ds tSukpk;Z ftupUnzlwfj dh fo}Ùkk ,oa lk/kq
LoHkko dh efgek lqudj vdcj us eU=kh deZpUnz cPNkor dks vkns'k nsdj vkpk;Z th
dks ykgkSj i/kkjus dk fueU=k.k] [kEHkkr izsf"kr fd;k FkkA o`)koLFkk ds ckotwn infogkj
djrs gq,] fljksgh gksdj tkykSj igq¡psA ckn'kkg dh vksj ls 'kh?kzrk dk Qjeku ikdj
bUgksaus 6 f'k";ksa dks vkxs Hkstk vkSj Lo;a pkrqekZl lekfIr ds i'pkr~ 31 lk/kqvksa lfgr ykgkSj
igqp¡ ]s tgk¡ ckn'kkg us mudk HkO; Lokxr fd;kA lezkV us izfrfnu egy esa cqyokdj mins'k
Jo.k izkjEHk fd;kA lezkV buds mins'kksa ls vR;f/kd izHkkfor gqvkA ckn'kkg }kjk Lo.kZ eqnkz ,¡
bR;kfn HksVa esa nsuh pkgh ijUrq fuLi`g vkpk;Z us bUgsa vLohdkj dj fn;kA
'kgtknk lyhe ds ewy u{k=k esa iq=kh mRiUu gksus ij T;ksfrf"k;ksa }kjk mls v'kqHk
vkSj firk ds fy, vfu"Vdkjh crk, tkus ij bUgksaus tSu fof/k ls xzg'kkfUr ,oa vuq"Bku
djus dk eU=kh deZpUnz dks vkns'k fn;kA eU=kh us lksus&pk¡nh ds ?kM+ksa esa] 1 yk[k :i;s
O;; djds okpd efgejkt ds }kjk lqik'oZukFk efUnj esa 'kkfUr&Luku djok;kA eaxy
nhi o vkjrh ds le; lezkV o 'kgtknk lyhe us Luku ty dks us=kksa ls yxk;k rFkk
vUr%iqj esa Hkh HkstkA eqxy lezkV vdcj mUgsa ^ô`gn~ xq:** uke ls lEcksf/kr djrs FksA
ukSjax[kku }kjk }kfjdk ds tSu efUnjksa ds fouk'k dh lwpuk ikdj bUgksaus lezkV dks
rhFkZegkRE; crkrs gq, mudh j{kk dk mins'k fn;kA lezkV us rqjUr Qjeku tkjh djds
leLr tSu rhFkZ eU=kh deZpUnz ds v/khu dj fn,A xqtjkr ds lwcsnkj vkte[kk¡ dks rhFkZ
j{kk ds fy, l[r gqDe Hkstk x;kA d'ehj fot; ds fufeÙk tkrs gq, lezkV us lwfjth
dks cqykdj vk'khokZn izkIr fd;kA vk"kk<+ 'kqDyk uoeh ls iwf.kZek rd ckjg lwcksa esa thoksa
dks vHk;nku nsus ds fy, ckjg Qjeku fy[k HkstsA7 blds vuqlj.k esa lHkh jktkvksa us
vius vius jkT;ksa esa nl] iUnzg] chl fnu efgus ;k nks efgus rd ds fy, thoksa dks
vHk;nku dh mn~?kks"k.kk,sa dhA lezkV us d'ehj izokl ds nkSjku vkpk;ksZa ds mins'kksa ds
lqizHkko ls ekxZorhZ rkykcksa ds typj thoksa dks ekjuk fuf"k) djok;kA d'ehj fot;
57
izkfIr ds i'pkr~ lezkV us vkB fnu rd vekfj mn~?kks"k.kk djokbZA 1592 bZ- esa ykgkSj
ykSVus ij lezkV us eU=kh deZpUnz ls ijke'kZ djds ftupUnzlfw j dks ^^;qxiz/kku** dh mikf/k iznku
dhA lezkV us ykgkSj esa rks ^vekfj* ?kks"k.kk dh gh] fdUrq lwfjth ds mins'kksa ds lqizHkko
ls [kEHkkr ds leqnz ds vla[; typjthoksa dks Hkh o"kkZof/k vHk;nku nsus dk Qjeku
tkjh fd;kA vfHkysf[k; izek.kksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ftupUnz lwfj ds min'kksa ls izHkkfor
gksdj lezkV us dqy feykdj o"kZ esa Ng ekg vius jkT; esa tho fgalk fuf"k) dh] loZ=k
xksok cUn dj] xks j{kk dh ,oa 'k=kqat; rhFkZ dks dj eqDr fd;kA
tgkaxhj dh vkRedFkk] folsUV , fLeFk] iqrZxkyh ;k=kh fiugsjks] bZ'ojhizlkn vkfn
ds mYys[kksa ls Li"V gS fd ftupUnz ds lEidZ ls lezkV cgqr n;kyq gks x;k FkkA lezkV
fot;lsu lwfj ls Hkh vR;kf/kd izHkkfor Fks vkSj mUgsa ^txr xq:* dh mikf/k iznku dh
FkhA 1629 bZ- ds ikyh dh egkohj izfrek ij vafdr ys[k esa vdcj }kjk fot;lsulwfj
dks txrxq:&fo:n /kkjd of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA ik'pkR; bfrgkldkjksa ds vuqlkj mlus
1580 bZ- esa mlus tSu /keZ vaxhdkj dj fy;k FkkA
eqxy lezkV vdcj ds 'kkludky esa rks ftupUnz lwfj dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku Fkk ijUrq
tgk¡xhj ds 'kkludky esa Hkh mudks lEekfur LFkku izkIr FkkA 1611 bZ- esa n'kZuh ds
nqjkpj.k ls Øq) gksdj tgk¡xhj us u dsoy mls gh ns'k ls fudkyk vfirq tSu iaFk ds vU;
yksxksa dks Hkh jkT; ls ckgj tkus dk vkns'k ns fn;kA tc ;g lekpkj ftupUnzlwfj ds
ikl igq¡pk rks og ikV.k ls vkxjk vkdj tgk¡xhj ls feysA /keZ ij yEcs okn&fookn ds
mijkUr lwfj th ckn'kkg ls vkns'k okil ysus esa lQy gq;sA tgk¡xhj ftupUnz lwfj ds
lkFk ftuflag lwfj ls Hkh izHkkfor FksA budh izsj.kk ls ckn'kkg us thfor izkf.k;ksa ds izfr
lqj{kk dk vk'oklu fn;kA ckn'kkg us bUgsa ;qx iz/kku dh mikf/k iznku dhA vfHkys[kh;
izek.kksa ls fl) gksrk gS fd rikxPNh; fot;nsolwfj ls tgk¡xhj cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor
Fkk vkSj mUgsa êgkrik* dh mikf/k iznku dhA8 tgk¡xhj vius 'kklu ds i'pkrorhZ dky
esa tSuer vkSj erkoyfEc;ksa ls Øqq) ,oa vlarq"V gks x;k Fkk] ftldk dkj.k lEHkor%
jktuhfr gh FkkA 'kkgtgk¡ ds 'kkludky esa 1629 bZ- esa vkpk;Z ftujktlwfj vkxjk esa
lezkV ls feysA bUgksaus lezkV ls vkxzg djds dqN fu"ks/k gVok;s FksA9
bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa ryokj ds cy ij 'kkludÙkkZ LFkkfir djus okys eqfLye
'kkldksa us tSu larksa dks u dsoy njckj esa izJ; fn;k ijUrq vius uSfrd vkn'kksZa ds
vuq:i i'kqo/k fu"ks/k djus ds fy, ck/; fd;kA eqxy lezkV vdcj rks tSu larksa ls
bruk vf/kd izHkkfor Fkk fd ik'pkR; fo}kuksa us rks ;g dguk izkjEHk dj fn;k Fkk fd
vdcj us 1580 bZ- esa tSu /keZ viuk fy;k FkkA
58
lUnHkZ lwph %&
12345678-
ohj 'kklu ds izHkkod vkpk;Z] i`- 116
ftupUnz lwfj v"Ve 'krkCnh Le`fr xzUFk] i`- 29
ohj 'kklu ds izHkkod vkpk;Z] i`-122&125
JhokLro] Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] i`- 468
ukgj tSu ys[k laxzg]1] Ø- 905
bfrgkl dh vejcsy vksloky] i`- 264
ftupUnz lwfj v"Ve 'krkCnh Le`fr xzUFk] i`- 48
ukgj tSu ys[k laxzg] 1 Ø- 229] i`- 203
9-
[kjrjxPN dk bfrgkl] i`- 196
–lks
lksuk nsoh lsfB;k LukrdksÙkj dU;k egkfo|ky;
lqtkux<+ ¼pw:½
–jktdh;
jktdh; Mwaxj egkfo|ky;]
chdkus j
59
{kek % loZflf)nk
– lk/oh MkW- ijeizHkk
'kkar rq"Va ifo=ka p] lkuanfefr rÙor%A
thoua thoua izkgq] Hkkjrh; lqlaLd`rkSAA
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa ml thou dks Js"B thou ekuk x;k gS ftles]a 'kkafr]
larfq "V] ifo=krk ,oa vkuan gksA tc eu] ok.kh vkSj 'kkjhfjd fØ;kvksa esa vfgalk
tqM+rh gS rc O;fDr dk thou 'kkar] rq"V] ifo=k vkSj vkuane; gksrk gSA
iz'uO;kdj.k lw=k1 esa vfgalk Hkxorh ds Loxq.k fu"iUu 60 uke izkIr gSAa ftleas
{kkfUr ;kuh {kek vfgalk dk rsjgoka uke gSA ^lOoHkw; [ksed
a jh*2 vFkkZr~ {kkafr
lHkh izkf.k;ksa ds fy, dY;k.kdj gSA nso] vlqj] euq"; lHkh ds fy, ;g }hi]
=kk.k] 'kj.k] xfr vkSj izfr"Bk gSA3 blhfy, nl Je.k /keksaZ esa bls izFke LFkku
izkIr gSA4 okpd mHkkLokeh us {kkfUr dks lkrosnuh;5 deZc/a k dk ,d dkj.k
crk;k gSA 'kqDy?;ku ds pkj vkyEcuksa esa igyk vkyEcu {kek gh gSA6 vius
nks"kksa dh vkykspuk djus ds fy, ;ksX; ogh gksrk gS tks {kkar gksA7 leFkZ gksrs gq,
Hkh tks {kek djrk gS] og vius dY;k.kdkjh Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA8
Qdhj ukubu ds n'kZu ds fy, ,d Øks/kh O;fDr vk;k] og ?kj ls >xM+dj
jokuk gqvk FkkA mldk Øks/k 'kkar ugha gqvk Fkk] mlus tksj ls njoktk [kksyk]
njoktk nhokj ls Vdjk;k] ogha b/kj&m/kj twrs Qsd
a As og Hkhrj x;k vkSj mlus
ukubu dks >qddj iz.kke fd;kA ukubu dgus yxs& ^rsjk ueu fujFkZd gSA igys
tkvks] {kek ekaxks njokts ls] 'kh'k j[kks twrs ij] mlus dgk– ^Qdhj! vki Hkh
dSlh ckrsa djrs gS\a D;k twrs vkSj njokts esa psruk gS\ vpsru ls dSlh
{kek&izkFkZuk] ukubu us dgk] ^tc rqEgsa bruk Kku Fkk fd twrk vkSj njoktk nksuksa
gh vpsru gSa rks mu ij Øks/k D;ksa izdV fd;k\ ftl ij Øks/k djus esa rqeus
60
ladksp u fd;k rks fQj mlls {kek ekaxus esa ladksp D;ks\a og le> x;k] og njokts vkSj
twrs ds ikl x;kA njokts ls {kek ekaxh] twrs ij flj j[kkA mlus Qdhj ukubu ds ikl
tkdj dgk– lpeqp] {kek esa 'kkafr gSA pkgs og psru ds izfr gks ;k vpsru ds izfr gksA
O;fDrxr thou esa {kek in& in ij vko';d gSA iRuh] iq=k] HkkbZ] ekrk] firk]
ukSdj] Lokeh] lEcU/kh– lcds }kjk dqN ,slk O;ogkj gks ldrk gS tks O;fDr ds eu ds
vuqlkj u gksA bu lcls ;fn O;fDr gj le; yM+rk jgs vkSj {kek u djs]a rks ikjLifjd
O;ogkj fcxkM+ ysuk vkSj vius dks nq[kh cuk ysuk gksxkA tgk¡&tgk¡ ftuls O;fDr dk lac/a k gksrk
gSA ogk¡&ogk¡ dqN mlds eu ds izfrdwy Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj ogk¡&ogk¡ gh O;fDr dks
{kek&lgu djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA u {kek djds tks yksx thou Hkj yM+rs jgrs gS]a
os lnSo nq%[kksa ds ik=k cus jgrs gSAa {kek'khy lnSo 'kkafriw.kZ vkSj lq[kh thou thrs gSAa
tks 'kkafr vkSj vkRedY;k.k dk lk/kd gS mlds fy, rks {kek gh ije lk/ku gSA {kek
u djus ls m}sx] izfrfØ;k] Øks/k] fgalk dh Hkkouk] vius vkSj nwljs ds le; rFkk Je
dk nq#i;ksx] eu dk dqlLa dkjksa ls xzflr gks tkuk] vk/;kfRed izxfr dk vojks/k ,oa
thou nq[kksa ls Hkj tkuk vkfn iru dk iwjk :i mifLFkr gks tkrk gSA {kek'khy O;fDr
dyg– eqDr] lcls eS=kh Hkkookyk] izlUufpÙk gksrk gSA iz'u gksrk gS] ;fn dksbZ gekjs izfr
vijk/k djrk gh tk;s rks ge dc rd {kek djrs jgs\a v/;kRe lk/kd ds fy, ;g iz'u
gh vuqfpr gSA mls rks thoui;ZUr {kek ds gh iFk ij pyuk gSA {kek'khy lnSo ykHk
esa gh jgrk gSA lkeus okyk O;fDr Lohdkj djs ;k u djs lq/kjs ;k u lq/kjs] {keknkrk dks
rks ,dkUrr% Qk;nk gS ghA
{kek u djus ls Lo;a dk gh eu dyqf"kr o Øwj cu tkrk gS] fQj og v/;kRe iFk
dk jkgh dSls cu ldrk gS\
{kkafr'kwj vjgar ls {kek ds foijhr dqN gks gh ugha ldrk] ijarq tks 'kkafr dk lk/kd cuuk
pkgrk gS ;k gS] mls pkfg, fd og iz;Ruiwod
Z lcls fuoSjZ cudj {kek dk /kkj.k djsA
lar dchj dgrs gSa ôg rks xyr gksus ls xyr vkpj.k dj jgk gS] ijarq rw rks ln~x.q kh gS
fQj rw mlh izdkj dSls vkpj.k dj jgk gSA*
oks rks oSlk gh gqvk] rw efr gksgq v;kuA
oks fuxqfZ .k;k rSa xq.korka] efr ,dfg esa lkuAA9
vkpk;Z egkizKth dk Li"V fparu gS fd iznfw "kr ok;qeMa y ls Hkh xaHkhjre leL;k
gS– Øks/k ds izn"w k.k dhA Øks/k] dyg vkSj la?k"kZ ls fofdj.k gksus okys ijek.kq ok;qeMa y
dks vR;f/kd iznfw "kr cukrs gSAa Øks/k] mÙkstuk] vkosx vkSj vkos'k ds }kjk u dsoy ifjokj
dk] u dsoy lekt dk fdarq iwjh ekuo tkfr dk] iwjs lalkj ds ok;qeMa y dk izn"w k.k ?kfVr
gksrk gS vkSj lkjk ok;qeMa y fo"kkDr ijek.kqvksa ls vkØkUr gks tkrk gSA
61
vkRedY;k.k ds dkj.kksa esa izFke gsrq {kek–/keZ gSA {kekJe.k Hkxoku us nl izdkj
ds ;fr /keksaZ esa loZiFz ke {kek dks gh crk;k gSA10 {kek x`goklh vkSj x`gR;kxh lcds fy,
vfuok;Z vko';drk gS] {kek ds vHkko esa O;fDr fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa lq[k&'kkafre; thou ugha
th ldrkA O;fDr dh le`f)] LokLF;] ekufld 'kkafr] ikfjokfjd lkeatL;] lkekftd
lkSgknZ lcdk lEcU/k {kekHkko ds lkFk gSA buesa ls fdlh ,d dk Hkh vHkko ftanxh esa gksrk
gS rks ;g vUos"k.k djuk visf{kr gS fd thou esa dgha v{kekHkko rks fVdk gqvk ugha gSA ;fn
gS rks mldh fo'kqf) dk iz;kl gh lQy thou dh vksj izLFkku gks ldrk gSA
tSu 'kkL=kksa esa {kek ls lEcfU/kr izlxa fofo/k lUnHkZ esa izkIr gksrs gSAa okLro esa ^{kek*
euq"; dk uSlfxZd xq.k gSA dgk Hkh gS– ^{kek o'khd`rs yksds {ke;k fda u lk/;rs\
vFkkZr~ {kek lalkj esa o'khdj.k ea=k gSA {kek ls D;k fl) ugha gksrk\ ^dksofEe nqga iÙkk]
[kek, ufevks lqjsfga fi*11 Øks/k ls O;fDr nq[k izkIr djrk gS] {kek ls nsork Hkh >qd
tkrs gSA {kek'khy O;fDr egkfo|k dh rjg lHkh nqfjrksa dk gj.k dj ysrk gSA12 blfy,
dgk x;k ^{kek;kpuk ls thou ds v'kqHk laLdkj lekIr gks tkrs gSa vkSj 'kqHkHkko dk
lkezkT; LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA* orZeku dh Hkk"kk esa udkjkRed Hkko (Negative emotions)
u"V gks tkrs gS(a ldkjkRed Hkko (Positive emotion) iq"V gksrs gSAa tSls–djksM+kas o"kksaZ ls
vU/kdkjkPNkfnr rfeL=kk xqQk esa pØorh dk ef.kjRu ¼Ng [k.M dh fot; djrs le;½
{k.k Hkj esa vkyksd QSyk nsrk gS– blh izdkj {kek xq.k ls la;Dq r O;fDr ds thou esa
vkReKku dk izdk'k izLQqfVr gks tkrk gSA
Bk.ka lw=kdkj13 pkj izdkj ds 'kwj crkrs gSa–
1- {kkfUr'kwj – vgZUr
2- ri% 'kwj – vuxkj
3- nku'kwj – oklqnos
4- ;q)'kwj – oklqnos
^[kafrlwjk vjgark* vjgar {kek'khy O;fDr;ksa esa loksPZ p LFkku ij gksrs gSAa orZeku tSu
'kkluk/kh'k Hkxoku~ egkohj ds thou ds vusd izlxa blds Lo;aHkw lk{kh gSAa lk/kuk dk
igyk o"kZ py jgk FkkA Hkxoku~ egkohj vfLFkdxzke 'kwyikf.k;{k ds eafnj esa /;kueXu
FksA ;{k us fofo/k Hk;kog :iksa esa rh[ks izgkj fd,] ij egkohj {kekHkko ls vksrizkrs FksA
vkf[kj Hkxoku~ egkohj dh {kkafr ds izHkko ls ;{k dk vkos'k 'kkar gks x;kA14 paMdkSf'kd
liZ]15 ukSdk–;k=kk16 vkfnokfl;ksa ds chp17 vkfn fofo/k izlxa egkohj dh {kek ds fof'k"V
izlxa gSAa vko';dpwf.kZ ds iwoZ Hkkx esa Hkxoku~ ds lk/kukdky ds fofo/k ?kVuk–izlxa
muds lfg".kqrk] eS=kh] vfgalk] vHk; ds oSf'k"V; dks izdV djrs gSAa yk<+ ds tuinksa ds
yksxksa us Hkxoku~ ij vusd izgkj fd,A18 tgka Hkxoku~ rh[ks opuksa dks Kkuiwod
Z lgu djrs
62
FksA19 ogka dqN yksx n.M] eqf"V] Hkkyk vkfn 'kL=k] pisVk] feV~Vh ds <sys vkSj diky ls izgkj
djrs] dqN yksx ekal dkV ysr]s dHkh&dHkh 'kjhj ij Fkwd nsr]s dHkh&dHkh /kwy Mky nsrAs 20
Hkxoku~ us lc dqN lgkA ifjokj] laLFkk ;k laxBu esa yM+kbZ] la?k"kZ vkSj fo?kVu dk ,d
cM+k dkj.k curk gS– Øks/kA blfy, v/;kRe dk ,d lw=k gS–Øks/k dk fuxzgA
{kek D;ksa\ x.k/kj xkSre us Hkxoku egkohj ls ftKklk dh–dksgfot,.ka HkrsA thosa fda
t.k;b\ Hkxoku us dgk– dksgfot,.ka [kafra t.k;bA Øks/k–fot; ls O;fDr {kek dks mRiUu
djrk gSA21 {kkafr ls og ijh"kgksa ij fot; izkIr dj ysrk gSA22 Øks/kh euq"; xkyh]
o/k vkfn dks lg ugha ldrkA Øks/k ij fot; ikus okyk mUgsa lg ysrk gSA blhfy,
/keZdFkk ds vf/kdkjh dh ikap dlkSfV;ksa esa igyh dlkSVh {kek'khyrk crkbZ xbZ gSA23
/keZdFkh nqfoZX/k cqf) okyksa dks Hkh /keZ le>krk gS] os mls Lohdkj ugha djrs fQj Hkh og viuh
{kek'khyrk ds dkj.k muds izfr jks"k ugha djrk vfirq viuk laryq u cuk, j[krk gSA
{kekiuk ls O;fDr ekufld izlUurk dks izkIr gksrk gSA24 ekufld izlUurk dks izkIr
gqvk O;fDr lc izk.k] Hkwr] tho vkSj lÙoksa ds lkFk eS=kh Hkko mRiUu djrk gSA eS=kh Hkko
dks izkIr gqvk O;fDr Hkkouk dks fo'kq) cukdj fuHkZ; gks tkrk gSA lR; dh izkfIr mlh
O;fDr dks gksrh gS] tks vHk; gksrk gSA Hk; dk gsrq gS– jkx&}s"kA jkx–}s"k ls oSj c<+rk
gSA oSj–fojks/k gksus ij vkRek dh lgt izlUurk u"V gks tkrh gSA lc thoksa ds lkFk
eS=kh–Hkko ugha jgrkA eu Hk; ls Hkj tkrk gSA bl izdkj O;fDr lR; ls nwj gks tkrk
gSA tks lR; dks ikuk pkgrk gS] mlds eu esa jkx&}s"k dh xkaB rhoz ugha gksrh gSA og lcds
lkFk eS=kh–Hkko j[krk gSA mldh vkRek lgt izlUurk ls ifjiw.kZ gksrh gSA mlls izekno'k
dksbZ vuqfpr O;ogkj gks tkrk gS rks og rqjra mlds fy, vuqrki izdV dj nsrk gS– {kek
ekax ysrk gSA ftl O;fDr esa viuh Hkwy ds fy, vuqrki O;Dr djus dh {kerk gksrh gS
mlh esa lgt izlUurk] eS=kh vkSj vHk; fodflr gksrs gSAa nwljksa dks fn, gq, nq%[k oSj dh
ijEijk dks c<+krs gSAa 25 vla;eh O;fDr dk oSj c<+rk tkrk gSA26 ftu&ftu izof` Ùk;ksa ls
euq"; nwljksa dks ifjrki nsrk gS] og muds lkFk oSj dk vuqc/a k djrk gSA og oSj lSd
a M+kas
27
28
tUeksa rd mudk ihNk ugha NksM+rkA ifjxzgh euq"; vius oSj dks c<+krk gSA oSj dk
vuqc/a k vfr d"Vdj gksrk gSA blhfy, lk/kd dgrk gS– Kkr ;k vKkr jkx&}s"k vkSj
eksgo'k eSua s ftu thoksa dks nq%f[kr fd;k] os lHkh eq>s {kek djsa29A eu ls] ok.kh ls vkSj
dkf;d ps"Vk ls bl tUe esa ;k vU; tUeksa esa la?kfVr] ifjrkfir ;k mnzfor fd;kA gal]s
rftZr] voekfur ;k eu dks nwfer fd;kA Øks/k] eku] ek;k] yksHk] gkL;] Hk;] 'kksd]
nq"VdeZ] vkyL;] vkdfLedrk ;k vKku ls fdlh dks Hkh ihfM+r fd;k rks os eq>s {kek
djsAa eSa Hkh muds vijk/k dks {kek djrk gw¡ bl izdkj [keus&[kekus ls eSa eS=kh Hkko dks
mixr gks x;k gw¡ vkSj oSj ds izc/a ku ls foiz;Dq r gks x;k gw30¡ A Øks/k izhfr dk uk'k djrk
63
gS] eku fou; dk uk'k djus okyk gS] ek;k fe=kksa dk fouk'k djrh gS vkSj yksHk lc ¼izhfr]
fou; vkSj eS=kh½ dk uk'k djus okyk gSA31 blhfy, lk/kd dgrk gS– ew<+Hkko ls eSua s tks
dksbZ Øks/k] eku] ek;k fdlh izk.kh ds izfr dh] ij nzO; esa yksHk fd;k gks rks eSa Øks/k] eku]
ek;k] yksHk dk foltZu djrk gwA¡ os lc eq>s {kek djsAa 32
vkpk;Z rqylh us esokM+ dh ;k=kk ds nkSjku ,sls xkaoksa dh Hkh ;k=kk dh] tgka cSyxkM+h
dk tkuk Hkh de laHko FkkA ixMafM;ksa dk jkLrk okyk igkM+h xkaoA vkt Hkys ogka lM+das
cu xbZ gks]a fdarq chl o"kZ igys ogka lM+d tSlk dqN Hkh ugha FkkA vkpk;ZJh ,d xkao
esa i/kkjs vkSj ogka izokl fd;kA xkao ds ,d O;fDr us dgk– ^xq:nso! bl xkao esa nks ize[q k
O;fDr gSa vkSj nksuksa lxs HkkbZ gSa fdarq nksuksa esa cksypky fcYdqy can gSA muds dkj.k xkao
Hkh izHkkfor gks jgk gSA vki dìk dj le>kSrk djk nsa rks iwjs xkao dk dY;k.k gks tk,A*
vkpk;ZJh us xkao ds ml ifjokj ds ize[q k dks cqyk;kA mlls ckr dh vkSj dgk– ^rqe
nksuksa HkkbZ vkil esa yM+ jgs gks] ;g vPNh ckr ughaA HkkbZ ls lqyg D;ksa ugha dj ysr\s
mlus gkFk tksM+dj dgk& xq:nso! eSa vkidk Jkod gwA¡ vki ij esjh iw.kZ J)k gSA vki
dgsa rks ;gha /kwi esa [kM+k&[kM+k lw[k tkÅaA fdarq HkkbZ ls {kek;kpuk ugha dj ldrkA*
vfHkeku O;fDr dks >qdus ugha nsrkA
Je.kksikld vHkhphdqekj ohrHk;uxj ds jktk mn;u dk iq=k FkkA ^jkT;s'ojh
ujds'ojh* bl fopkj ls Loiq=k&dY;k.kkdka{kh jktk mnk;u us iq=k dks jkT;in u nsdj
Hkk.kst ds'khdqekj dk jkT;kfHk"ksd djds Je.k Hkxoku~ egkohj ds ikl nh{kk xzg.k dhA
mnzk;.k jktk us vius iq=k vHkhphdqekj ds fgr dh fpark dhA mls ewPNkZ vkSj lalkj&Hkze.k
ls cpkus ds fy, viuk mÙkjkf/kdkj ugha lkSia kA firk ds ln~ vfHkizk; ls vufHkK vHkhph
dks blls Hk;adj ekufld vk?kkr yxkA og mnzk;.k jktf"kZ ds izfr izxk<+ oSj ls vkØkar
gks x;kA bl oSjkuqc/a k ds ifj.kkeLo:i Je.kksikld gksrs gq, Hkh vHkhphdqekj vk;q";
iwjk dj vlqjdqekj ds vkokl esa mRiUu gqvk33A vHkhph dqekj ds eu esa tks }s"k Fkk] ml
izdkj ds }s"k ls izk.kh lE;DRo vkSj ozr dks xaok nsrk gS vkSj dksb&Z dksbZ tho vuar lalkjh
Hkh gks tkrk gSA
{kek fdldh \
euq"; pkgrk gS fd eSa veqd dke d:aA pkg esa dksbZ ck/kk vkrh gS vkSj Kkr gks tkrk
gS fd veqd O;fDr us og ck/kk mifLFkr dh gS] rks og mldk 'k=kq cu tkrk gSA euq";
pkgrk gS fd eSa lnk vkxs dh iafDr esa gh cSBaw vkSj ;fn dksbZ nwljk ogka vkdj cSB tkrk
gS rks og mldk 'k=kq cu tkrk gSA euq"; pkgrk gS fd mldh ckr dk lc leFkZu djs]a
ij ;fn dksbZ mldk [kaMu dj nsrk gS] mlds izfrdwy dqN dg nsrk gS rks rRdky 'k=kqrk
64
dk Hkko mHkj vkrk gSA izR;sd O;fDr pkgrk gS fd izR;sd ckr eu ds vuqdy
w gks] dksbZ
Hkh ckr eu ds izfrdwy u gksA tgka Hkh eu ds izfrdwy dqN Hkh ?kfVr gksrk gSA vkneh
ds eu esa 'k=kqrk dk Hkko tkx tkrk gSA
izk.kh tc rd v;ksxh voLFkk dks izkIr ugha gksrk rc rd eu;ksx] opu;ksx]
dk;;ksx esa lrr~ izoÙ` k gksrk gSA ohrjkxrk ds vHkko esa bu ;ksxksa esa jkx–}s"k dh rjaxs tqMr+ h
jgrh gSA jkx–}s"k ls ;qDr yksx lafDy"V gks tkrs gSa vkSj og laDys"k gh O;fDr ds d"V dk dkj.k
curk gSA og O;fDr ds orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; nksuksa dks gh izHkkfor djrk gSA
Øks/k] eku] ek;k] yksHk] tqxIq lk ¼?k`.kk½] vjfr] jfr] gkL;] Hk;] 'kksd] euksfodkj
¼dkekfHkyk"kk½] g"kZ] fo"kkn vkfn fofo/k Hkko34 O;fDr dh euksn'kk dks fod`r djrs gSa
vkSj ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa esa efyurk vkSj dyq"krk ds fufeÙk curs gSAa buls mRiUu
efyurk ds 'kks/ku dk ,d gh mik; gks ldrk gS– mÙke {kek /keZA ;s lkjs udkjkRed
Hkko O;fDr ds vkUrfjd okrkoj.k dks rks nwf"kr djrs gh gSa lkFk gh cká okrkoj.k dks
Hkh iznfw "kr djrs gSAa 'kkafriw.kZ thou ds fy, cká vkSj vkarfjd nksuksa dk gh LoPN gksuk
vko';d gSA vUr% lary
q u gksus ls gh ;g laHko gSA {kekiuk vUr% lary
q u ds lkFk&lkFk
ikjLifjd okrkoj.k dks LoLFk djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSA
izkphu vkpk;Z fojfpr izdh.kZd lw=k vkjk/kuk irkdk ds fofHkUu }kjksa esa {kek;kpuk
dh foLr`r foospuk izkIr gksrh gSA chlosa }kj ^tho[kke.kk* }kj esa pkjksa xfr;ksa esa iSnk
gksdj jkx–}s"k vkfn fofo/k udkjkRed Hkkoo'k tks fofo/k d"V fn, x, mlds fy,
pkjksa gh xfr;ksa ds thoksa ls {kek;kpuk dh xbZ gSA
bDdhlosa ^l;.k [kke.kk }kj* esa vius Lotuksa ls {kek;kpuk dh xbZ gSA lk/kd ljy
eu ls dgrk gS– êkrk&firk] Hkzkrk] iq=k] fe=k] Hkfxuh] iq=kh] Hkk;kZ] lkl&llqj] vkfn
Lotu vkSj vU; ca/kq lac/a kh nk;d ds izfr dVqd] mis{kkiw.kZ] eeZHksnh opuksa ds iz;ksxdj
vKkuo'k mudks larIr] f[kUu] viekfur] rftZr dj ihfM+r fd;k gks rks muls lE;d~
{kek;kpuk djrk gw]¡ os Hkh eq>s {kek djsAa 35 iS'kqU;] ekRl;ZHkko] vH;k[;ku] eeZHksnh Hkk"kk
dk iz;ksx fd;k gks rks mlds fy, {kek;kpukA36* bl foospu ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd
vBkjg iki esa ls fdlh Hkh ,d dk lsou gks tk, rks mldh 'kqf) dk ,dek=k mik;
{kek;kpuk gSA nqf[kr Lotuksa dk lg;ksx u fd;k gks] cM+kas dk fou; u fd;k gks] ekaxs tkus
ij u fn;k gks] fdlh dh vk'kk Hkax dh gks] nsrs gq, dks fu"ks/k fd;k gks vkfn ikjLifjd
izfrdwy O;ogkjksa ds fy, Hkh Lotuksa ls {kek;kpuk37 ikjLifjd lkSgknZ esa {kek ds egRo
dks izdV djrk gSA
prqfoZ/k /keZl?a k ftusUnz Hkxoku dh vkKk esa jr xq.kksa dk LFkku gS vkSj lqj&vlqj&ujsUnz
ds }kjk ueuh; gSA tks HkkjhdekZ izk.kh la?k dh vogsyuk djrs gSa os lrr lalkj esa nqLlg
65
ujdkfn nq[kksa dks lgu djrs gSAa la?k ds izlkn ls gh izk.kh rhFkZd
a jRo] x.k/kjRo]
lqj&vlqj&pØorh&oklqnos &cynso dh _f) vkSj f'kolq[k dks izkIr djrs gSAa blhfy,
lk/kd {kek;kpuk djrs gq, dgrk gS êksgo'k] HkkjhdeZo'k] ;k izekn ls la?k dh vogsyuk
dh gks rks mu lHkh vijk/kksa ds fy, lE;d~ {kek;kpuk djrk gwA¡ 38 vkpk;Z] mik/;k;]
f'k"; lk/kfeZd] dqy vkSj x.k ds izfr tks Hkh eSua s d"kk;iw.kZ O;ogkj fd, f=kfo/k mlds
fy, {kek ekaxrk gwA¡ 39 jks"k ls] izfrfuos'k ls] vd`rKHkko ls vkSj 'kBwrk ls Hkh fdlh dks
dqN dgk gks mlds fy, f=kfo/k {kek;kpukA40 yksge; dkaVs vYidky rd nq%[knk;h gksrs
gSa vkSj os Hkh lgtr;k fudkys tk ldrs gS]a fdarq nqop
Z u :ih dkaVs lgtr;k ugha fudkys
tk ldus okys] oSj dh ijEijk dks c<+kus okys vkSj egkHk;kud gksrs gSA41 blfy,– fu"Bqj]
ddZ'k] mis{kkiw.kZ nqopZ u eSua s fdf×kpr Hkh fdlh dks dgdj fdlh ds fny dks nq[kk;k gks
rks os eq>s vc {kek djsaA42*
xq: ds izfr vfou; ds fy, {kek;kpuk& vius 'kjhj ls rFkk midj.kksa ls ,oa fdlh
nwljs izdkj ls vkpk;Z dk Li'kZ gks tkus ij f'k"; bl izdkj dgrk gS– ^vki esjk vijk/k {kek
djsa] eSa fQj ,slk ugha d:¡xkA43
jkx] }s"k] vd`rKrk vkSj vkxzg ls ;qDr okd~–iz;ksx O;ogkj izk;% nwljs O;fDr dks
ekufld laDys'k igqapkrs gSaA blhfy, lk/kd mldh 'kqf) ds fy, f=kdj.k f=k;ksx ls
vius ml okfpd O;ogkj ds fy, {kek;kpuk djrk gSA44
rstksys';k vkSj {kek % rstksys';k–yfC/k fr;Zap iapsfUnz;] euq"; rFkk nsoksa esa gksrh
gSA ;g ,d fo'ks"k yfC/k gS] tks pkeRdkfjd <ax ls foiqy ÅtkZ–lzksr ds :i esa iz;qDr
gksrh gSA rstksys';k dk vFkZ gS&rStl&'kkjhfjd fo|qr ds }kjA vuqxzg vkSj fuxzg djus
dh {kerkA laf{kIrfoiqy rstksy';k&fof'k"V rikstU; rstksys';k&,dyfC/k fo'ks"k gSA ;g
ys';k viz;ksxdky esa 'kjhjLFk gksus ls laf{kIr jgrh gS rFkk iz;ksxdky esa foiqy vFkkZr~
vusd ;kstu izek.k {ks=k esa vkfJr oLrqvksa dks nX/k djus dh 'kfDr j[krh gSA rStl
leqn~?kkr djus ds le; rstksys';k fudyrh gSA rStl 'kjhj HkqDr vkgkj ds ikpu vkfn
esa lgk;d gksrk gSA mldk vU; dk;Z 'kki ¼fuxzg½ vkSj vuqxgz :i Hkh gSA vFkkZr~ vUu–
ikpu vkfn dk;Z esa rStl 'kjhj dk mi;ksx rks lc dksbZ djrs gSa] ij tks fof'k"V riLoh
riL;ktU; [kkl yfC/k izkIr dj ysrs gSa os dqfir gksdj ml 'kjhj ds }kjk vius
dksiHkktu dks tyk rd ldrs gSaA izlUu gksdj ml 'kjhj ls vius vuqxzg ik=k dks 'kkafr
Hkh igqapk ldrs gSaA vuqxzg djus okyh rstksy';k dks ^'khr* vkSj fuxzg djus okyh
rstksys';k dks ^m".k* dgk tkrk gSA m".k rstksys';k m".k iqn~xyksa okyh rstksyfC/k gSA
xks'kkyd ds ckj&ckj O;aX; djus ij oS';k;u ckyriLoh us xks'kkyd dks nX/k djus ds
fy, ml ij viuh m".k rstksy's ;k dk fu{ksi fd;k FkkA 'khry iqnx~ yksa okyh rstksyfC/k 'khry
66
rstksys';k gSA 'khry rstksys';k esa m".k rstksys';k ds iqn~xyksa dks iz'kkUr djus dh 'kfDr
jgrh gSA oS';k;u ckyriLoh ds }kjk xkS'kkyd dk o/k djus ds fy, fuf{kIr m".k
rstksys';k dk izfr?kkr djus ds fy, xks'kkyd ij vuqdEik djds Hkxoku egkohj us
'khry rstksys';k dk fu{ksi fd;k FkkA45 'khry rstksys';k m".k rstksys';k ds izgkj dks
fu"Qy cuk nsrh gSA
ikpu] lfØ;rk vkSj rstfLork dk ewy rStl 'kjhj gSA og iwjs LFkwy 'kjhj esa O;kIr
jgrk gS rFkk nhfIr vkSj rstfLork mRiUu djrk gSA fo|qr] izdk'k vkSj rki– ;s rhuksa
'kfDr;ka mlesa fo|eku gSaA rStl 'kjhj LokHkkfod Hkh gksrk gS vkSj riL;k }kjk Hkh
miyC/k gksrk gSA LokHkkfod rStl 'kjhj lHkh lalkjh izkf.k;ksa esa gksrk gSA ;g LFkwy 'kjhj
ls ckgj ugha fudyrk rikstfur rStl 'kjhj] 'kjhj ds ckgj fudy ldrk gSA ;g lc
esa ugha gksrkA blesa vuqxzg vkSj fuxzg dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA og riL;k ls miyC/k gksrk
gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd riL;k ls rStl 'kjhj dh {kerk c<+ tkrh gSA blds ckgj
fudyus dh izfØ;k dk uke rStl leqn~?kkr gSA
rstksys';k ds rhu fodkl L=kksr gSa–
1- vkrkiuk – lw;Z ds rki dks lguk]
2- {kkafr–{kek–leFkZ gksrs gq, Hkh Øks/k&fuxzgiwoZd vfiz; O;ogkj dks lgu djukA
3- ty–jfgr riL;k djukA46
tSu vkxe lw=kksa esa {kek;kpuk ds fofo/k ?kVuk
?kVuk–izizlax {kek;kpuk vkRe'kks/ku dk
izFke pj.k gSA blesa lk/kd {kek dk vknku&iznku djrk gSA viuh Hkwy ds fy, {kek
ekaxrk gS vkSj nwljs dh Hkwy ds fy, {kek nsrk gSA vdj.kh; ds 'kks/ku dh ;g vn~Hkqr
izfØ;k gSA 'kkafr mls feyrh gS] ftlds ân; esa {kek dk lkxj ygjkrk gSA nwljksa dh
detksfj;ksa] vijk/kksa vkSj Hkwyksa dks tks Hkqyk lds] ogh vkuan dk lzksr cu ldrk gS vius
vijk/kksa] Hkwyksa ds fy, {kek ekaxus esa tks u ldqpk,] ogh egku~ gSA blfy, vkxeksa esa
{kek;kpuk ds fy, loZ=k bl 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx feyrk gS– [kkesfe .ka nsok.kqfIi;k!
[kearq .ka nsok.kqfIi;k] [karqefjgafr .ka nsok.kqfIi;k!– nsok.kqfiz;! eSa vkils {kek;kpuk
djrk gw¡] nsokuqfiz;! vki eq>s {kek djsa] nsokuqfiz;! vki {kek djus esa leFkZ gSaA nks
lkFk&lkFk jgsa] fQj Hkh feBkl nksuksa esa ijLij cuh jgs] dVqrk u vk,] D;k ;g laHko gS\
bl iz'u dk mÙkj gS– {kekA {kek vkSj lfg".kqrk O;fDrxr] ikfjokfjd vkSj lkekftd
thou dks ljl vkSj lqn`<+ cukus okyk lw=k gSaA ekufld xzafFk;ksa dks [kksyus okys lw=k gSaA
1- pejp×kpk jkt/kkuh ds bUnz pej }kjk Hkxoku egkohj ls {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk–
pejp×kpk jkt/kkuh dk bUnz pej us Hkxoku egkohj dh fuJk ls lkS/kesZUnz nsojkt 'kØ
67
dh vfr vk'kkruk dhA blls ifjdqfir gksdj 'kqØ us mls ekjus ds fy, otz dk iz{ksi.k
fd;kA fdUrq Hkxoku~ ds izHkko ls pej vifjrkfir jgkA pej viuh bl Hkwy ds fy,
Hkxoku ls {kekkpuk djrk gS vkSj iqu% u djus dk ladYi djrk gSA47
2- lkS/kesZUnz nsojkt 'kØ }kjk Hkxoku egkohj ls {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– 'kØ ds ;g
euksxr ladYi mRiUu gqvk fd vlqjsUnz pej viuh 'kfDr ls lkS/keZ dYi rd ugha vk
ldrk gSA og vgZr–pSR; vFkok HkkforkRek vuxkj dh fuJk ds fcuk lkS/keZ dYi esa
ugha vk ldrkA vof/k Kku ls mls Kkr gqvk fd og Hkxoku dh fuJk ls vk;k gSA vius
}kjk gqbZ vgZr~ Hkxoku~ vkSj vuxkjksa dh vfr vk'kkruk ds fy, og Hkxoku ls
{kek;kpuk djrk gS vkSj iqu% u djus dk ladYi djrk gSA48
3- cfyp×pk jkt/kkuh esa jgus okys vusd vlqjdqekj nso vkSj nsfo;ksa }kjk
nsosUnz bZ'kku ls {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– tEcw}hi ds Hkkjro"kZ eas rkezfyfIr uked uxjh eas ekS;Ziq=k
rkefy uked x`gifr le`)] rstLoh] vusd yksxksa }kjk vifjHkwr FkkA dqVqEch tuksa dh
vuqefr ysdj eq.M gksdj iz.kkek izozT;k ls izozftr gks tkrk gSA vfHkxzg Lohdkj djrk
gS– êSa thou Hkj csys&2 dh ri% lk/kuk d:axkA vkrkiukHkwfe esa nksuksa Hkqtk,a Åij
mBkdj vkrkiuk ywaxkA csys ds ikj.ks esa dsoy pkoy dks bDdhl ckj ikuh ls
/kksdj vkgkj d:axkA* var le; esa iz;ksixeu vu'ku esa mifLFkr gks x;kA cfyp×pk
jkt/kkuh bUnz vkSj iqjksfgr ls fjDr FkhA ogka ds vusd vlqjdqekj nso nsfo;ka mUgsa
oanudj mUgsa funku djus ds fy, fuosnu fd;kA rkefy us mudh bl ckr dk vknj ugha
fd;kA 60 gtkj o"kZ ds rkil i;kZ; dk ikyu dj nks ekl dh lays[kuk ls vius vkidks
d`'k cukdj vu'ku ds }kjk 120 HkDr dks NksM+dj dky izkIr dj bZ'kkUr nsosUnz ds :i
esa mRiUu gq,A cfyp×kpk ds nso mUgsa bZ'kkusUnz ds :i esa ns[k vkos'k esa vkdj mlds e`r
'kjhj dks ?klhVrs gq, ,dkUr esa Mky nsrs gSaA bZ'kkusUnz dks ;g Kkr gksus ij os vkos'k n`f"V
ls cfyp×kpk jkt/kkuh dh rjQ ns[krs gSa muds fnO; izHkko ls cfyp×kpk rki ls rIr
vkSj vfXu rqY; gks xbZA mf}Xu vkSj Hk; ls O;kdqy nso b/kj&m/kj nkSM+us yxsA fnO;
rstksys';k dks lgu djus esa vleFkZ gksdj os nsojkt bZ'kku dh fn'kk esa [kM+s gksdj
izk×ktfyiqV viuh Hkwy ds fy, {kek ekaxrs gSaA49
4- Je.kksikld 'ka[k ls JkoLrh uxjh ds Je.kksikldksa }kjk {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk–
'ka[k Je.kksikld }kjk [kk&ihdj lkewfgd :i ls ikS"k/k djus dk fu.kZ;] fQj Lo;a
[kk,a&ih, fcuk fujkgkj ikS"k/k'kkyk esa ikS"k/k esa fLFkr gks tkus ls] Je.kksikld ukjkt
gks mUgsa bl ckr ds fy, mikyaHk nsus yxsA Hkxoku egkohj us mUgsa 'ka[k dh voKk ;k
fuUnkfn djus ls jksdkA Je.k Hkxoku egkohj ls Øks/kkfn d"kk; dk rhoz vkSj dVq Qy
lqudj vkSj vo/kkj.kk dj os Jkod lalkj Hk; ls mf}Xu gks Je.kksikld 'ka[k ds ikl
68
vkdj mUgas oanu–ueLdkj dj vius ml vfou;:i vijk/k ds fy, lE;d~ :i ls
fou;iwoZd {kek;kpuk djrs gSA50
5- czkã.k iqjksfgr lksenso }kjk egkeqfu gfjds'kcyh ls {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– eqfu
gfjds'kcy ,d&,d ekl dk ri dj jgs FksA ikj.kk ds fnu fHk{kk ds fy, ?kj&?kj ?kwers
gq, lksenso czkã.k ds ;K&e.Mi esa tk igqpa As lksenso ds vkg~oku djus ij Nk=kksa us eqfu dks
izrkfM+r fd;kA iqjksfgr Hkk;kZ Hknzk }kjk oLrqfLFkfr Kkr gksus ij lksenso czkã.k iRuh lfgr vius
}kjk vKkuo'k dh xbZ vogsyuk vkSj fuUnk ds fy, eqfu ls {kek;kpuk djrs gaAS 51
6- dkafiY;uxj ujs'k lat; }kjk riks/ku vuxkj xnZHkkyh ls vius fgalk&dk;Z
ds fy, {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– lat; jktk us ds'kj m|ku esa la=kLr e`xksa dks ekjkA tc mldk
/;ku ogka /;kuLFk eqfu xnZHkkyh ij x;kA rc og laHkzkUr gks x;kA mlus lkspk– êSaus
;gka ds e`xksa dks ekjdj eqfu dh vk'kkruk dh gSA* vius bl fgalk dk;Z ds fy, og eqfu
ls {kek;kpuk djrk gSA52
7- vojda d k ujs ' k in~ e ukHk }kjk oklq n s o Jhd` " .k ls {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk–
/kkrdh[kaM }hi ds Hkkjro"kZ esa vojdadk jkt/kkuh ds jktk in~eukHk us ukjn ds eq[k
ls nzkSinh ds lkSUn;Z dk o.kZu lqukA mlesa vklDr gksdj mlus nzkSinh dk vigj.k djok
fy;kA ik.Mo ohj Fks] ij ladYi n`<+ u gksus ds dkj.k fot; in~eukHk dh gqbZA d`".k
oklqnos us ik.Moksa dks mudh ijkt; dk dkj.k crk;k vkSj Lo;a fot; dk ladYi fd;k–
^vga] .kks in~eukHks jk;fÙk* Qyr% os fot;h gq,] viuh ijkt; ns[k in~eukHk d`".k
oklqnso ls vius vdj.kh; ds fy, {kek;kpuk djrs gSaA53
8- ok;qHkwfr x.k/kj }kjk x.k/kj vfXuHkwfr ls {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– vfXuHkwfr xkSre
us nsoksa dh oSfØ;&'kfDr ds fo"k; esa dqN iz'u iwNs Hkxoku egkohj us muds mÙkj fn;sA
vfXuHkwfr us oSfØ; 'kfDr dk og lkjk fooj.k vuxkj ok;qHkwfr ds lkeus j[kkA ok;qHkwfr
us muds oDrO; ij fo'okl ugha fd;kA os Hkxoku~ egkohj ds ikl x, Hkxoku~ us
vfXuHkwfr ds oDrO; dk vuqeksnu fd;kA rc ok;qHkwfr ds eu esa fo'okl gks x;kA os
vfXuHkwfr vuxkj ds ikl vkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa oanu ueLdkj dj mudh ckr dks lR; u
ekuus ds fy, fou;iwoZd muls {kek;kpuk djrs gSaA54
9- vkyfHkdk uxjh ds Je.kks i kldks a }kjk Je.kks i kld _f"kHknz i q = k ls
{kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– vkyfHkdk uxjh ds rÙoK Je.kksikldksa esa ijLij nsoksa ds vk;q"; ds lUnHkZ
esa /keZppkZ gqbZA Je.kksikld _f"kHknziq=k ds }kjk nsoyksdksa esa nsoksa dh t?kU; fLFkfr nl
gtkj o"kZ mRd`"V 33 lkxjksie dh crk, tkus ij mUgksaus fo'okl ugha fd;kA Hkxoku~
egkohj ds vkyfHkdk uxj inkiZ.k ij Je.kksikldksa }kjk bl lUnHkZ esa ftKklk fd,
69
tkus ij Hkxoku us _f"kHknziq=k ds dFku dh lR;rk dk dFku fd;k] rc os Je.kksikld
_f"kHknziq=k ds ikl vkdj mls oanu–ueLdkj dj mldh ckr dks lR; u ekuus :i
vfou; ds fy, fou;iwoZd ckj&ckj {kek;kpuk djrs gSaA
10- xkSre x.k/kj }kjk vkuUn Jkod ls {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– okf.kT;xzke dk xkFkkifr
vkuUn cqf)eku] O;ogkj dq'ky vkSj izfrf"Br FkkA Hkxoku egkohj dh /keZ–ns'kuk lqu
mlus Jkod ds ckjg ozr Lohdkj fd,A /kekZjk/kkukiwoZd pkSng o"kZ O;rhr gks x,A
ikfjokfjd vkSj lkekftd thou ls fojDr gks og ikS"k/k'kkyk esa /keksZikluk djus yxkA
Øe'k% Jkod dh X;kjg izfrekvksa dh mÙke ,oa ifo=k HkkoiwoZd vkjk/kuk dhA mxz
rikse; thou ls 'kjhj dks d`'k tku vkej.k vu'ku Lohdkj fd;kA /keZ ds fuxw<+ fparu
vkSj vkjk/ku esa layXu vkuUn ds 'kqHk ,oa mTtoy ifj.kkeksa ds dkj.k vof/k&Kkukoj.k
deZ dk {k;ksi'ke gqvkA Qyr% og iwoZ] if'pe rFkk nf{k.k fn'kk esa 500&500 ;kstu
rd dk yo.k leqnz dk {ks=k] mÙkj fn'kk esa fgeoku o"kZ/kj ioZr rd dk {ks=k m/oZfn'kk
esa lkS/keZ dYi–izFke nsoyksd rd rFkk v/kksfn'kk esa izFke ukjd Hkwfe jRuizHkk esa 84
gtkj o"kZ dh fLFkfr;qDr yksyiq kP;qr uked ujd rd ns[kus yxkA vkuUn us tc ;g ckr
x.k/kj xkSre Lokeh dks crkbZ rks mUgksaus dgk– ^x`gLFk dks vof/kKku rks gks ldrk gS]
ij bruk fo'kky ugha*A lafnX/k xkSre Lokeh us Hkxoku egkohj ls bu lUnHkZ esa ftKklk
dh rks dgk– ^xkSre rqe gh bl vkpj.k ds fy, vkykspuk djks vkSj blds fy, Je.kksikld
vkuUn ls {kek;kpuk Hkh*A ljypsrk xkSre Lokeh us vius nks"k dh vkykspuk dh rFkk ;FkkFkZ
vFkZ dks Lohdkj u djus ds dkj.k vkuUn Je.kksikld ls {kek;kpuk Hkh dhA55
11- jktx`g uxj esa Hkxoku ds vUrsoklh ukjniq=k }kjk vuxkj fuxzZUFkhiq=k
ls {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– vuxkj ukjniq=k vkSj fuxzZUFkhiq=k izd`frHknz mi'kkard"kk; vkSj e`nqeknZo
lEiUu FksA la;e vkSj riL;k ls vius vkidks HkfDr dj fogkj dj jgs FksA nksuksa ds chp
rkfÙod ppkZ pyrh gSA okrkZ dh ifjlEiUurk ij vuxkj ukjniq=k vuxkj fuxzZUFkhiq=k
dks oUnu–ueLdkj dj bl vFkZ&cks/k dks nsus esa gqbZ ifjJkfUr ds fy, lE;d~ fou;iwoZd
{kek;kpuk djrk gSA56
12- jktx`g uxj ds Je.k
fuxZUFkksa }kjk vuxkj ekdUnhiq=k ls {kek;kpuk
Je.k–fuxZ
{kek;kpuk–
vuxkj ekdUnhiq=k }kjk iwNs x, dkiksrys';h i`Foh–vi~–ouLifr dkf;d tho]] vius&vius
dk; ls ejdj vUrjjfgr euq"; 'kjhj ikdj dsoyKkuh cudj fl) gks ldrs gaS ;k ugha\
bu iz'uksa dk Lohd`frlwpd lek/kku Hkxoku egkohj }kjk fd;k x;k gSA ekdUnhiq=k
vuxkj }kjk mlh rF; dk iz:i.k Je.k–fuxzZUFkksa ds le{k fd, tkus ij] os mlls lger
ugha gq,A Hkxoku }kjk mlds dFku dks lR; izekf.kr djus ij Je.kksa us ekdUnhiq=k
70
vuxkj ls mlds dFku ij J)k u djus ds dkj.k gq, vfou; ds fy, lE;d~ izdkj ls
lfou; {kek ;kpuk dhA57
13- vuxkj iaFkd }kjk vuxkj 'kSyd jktf"kZ ls pkrqekZfld {kekiuk
{kekiuk–
dkfrZd pkrqekZfldh ds fnu 'kSyd vuxkj us foiqy vkgkj fd;kA izpqj eknd is; ih;k
vkSj vijkg~udky ds i'pkr~ og lq[kiwoZd lks x;kA f'k"; iaFkd us dkfrZd–pkrqekZfld
dk;ksRlxZ fd;kA nSofld izfrØe.k fd;kA pkrqekZfld izfrØe.k dh bPNk ls mlus T;ksa
gh 'kSyd vuxkj ls {kekiuk ds fy, eLrd ls muds ikaoksa dk Li'kZ fd;k] 'kSyd Øks/k ls rerek
mBsA iaFkd us izk×tfyiqV dgk– Hkars! eSa g¡w– iUFkdA dk;ksRlxZ vkSj nSofld izfrØe.k
djus ds i'pkr~ pkrqekZfld {kekiuk vkSj oUnuk djrk gqvk eSa vkidk flj ls pj.k Li'kZ
djrk gw¡A bl vfou; ds fy, vkidks [kekrk gw¡] {kek djsaA58
14- ex/k lezkV~ Jsf.kd }kjk vukFkh eqfu ls muds /;ku esa fo?u Mkyus ds
fy, {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– ex/k lezkV~ Jsf.kd ,d ckj fogkj&;k=kk ds fy, eafMrdqf{k uked
m|ku esa vk,A ogka /;kuLFk eqfu vukFkh ds :i esa y{k.k dks ns[k os vR;Ur fofLer
gq,A nksuksa ds chp ,d yEch ppkZ lukFkrk& vukFkrk ds lUnHkZ esa pyh gSA jktk dks ,d
u;k cks/k feykA var esa os dgrs gSa– êSaus vkils iz'udj tks /;ku esa fo?u fd;k vkSj
Hkksxksa ds fy, fuea=k.k fn;k] mu lcdks vki {kek djsaA59*
15- nso }kjk mikld dkenso ls {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– pEik dk xkFkkifr dkenso lq[k]
le`f)] lEiUurk vkSj izfr"Bk dk thou th jgk FkkA pEik esa Hkxoku~ egkohj dh
/keZns'kuk lqu Jkod ozr Lohdkj fd,A ikfjokfjd vkSj ykSfdd nkf;Ro T;s"B iq=k dks
lkSai Lo;a vf/kdkf/kd lk/kuk esa layXu] ,d fnu ,d feF;kRoh nso us vusd izdkj ls
lk/kuk esa fo?u mifLFkr fd,A vkf[kj vfgald dkenso ls fgald nso us gkj eku yhA
mlus og lc crk;k fd lkS/keZ nsoyksd esa bUnz ds eq[k ls mldh /kkfeZd n`<+rk dh iz'kalk
lquhA ml ij fo'okl u gksus ls mlus ijh{k.k gsrq ;s lc milxZ fn,A nso us iqu% iqu%
Je.kksikld dkenso ls vius d`R; dh {kek ekaxhA60
16- Je.kksikld vgZUud ls nso }kjk {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– iksrof.kdksa ds lkFk yo.k
leqnz dh ;k=kk ds fy, fudys vgZUud dks fi'kkp fuxzZUFk izopu ls pfyr] {kqC/k vkSj
foijhr ifj.kke okyk ugha dj ik;k rks muls {kek;kpuk djrk gSA61 fQj mlus og lc
crk;k– ^nsosUnz 'kØ us lq/kekZ lHkk esa crk;k fd vgZUud dks dksbZ Hkh fuxZUFk izopu
ls fopfyr ugha dj ldrkA eq>s bl ij fo'okl ugha gqvk blfy, rqEgsa {kqC/k djus ;gka
vk;kA ij rqe lpeqp esa n`<+ /kekZ] fiz;/kekZ gksA nsojkt 'kØ us tks dgk og lR; gSA*
17- jktk dud/ot }kjk vuxkj rsryhiq=k ls {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– rsryhiqj dk jktk
dudjFk vius iq=kksa dks iSnk gksrs gh fodykax cuk nsrkA jkuh in~ekorh ds dgus ij
71
vekR; rsryhiq=k vkSj mldh iRuh iksfV~Vyk us mlds ,d iq=k dks xqIr :i ls laj{k.k
fd;kA mldk uke dud/ot j[kkA jktk dudjFk dh e`R;q ds ckn mldk jkT;kfHk"ksd
fd;k x;kA jktekrk in~ekorh nsoh us mls vekR; rsryhiq=k dk lRdkj vkSj lEeku ds
fy, dgkA ekrk ds dgs vuqlkj jktk dud/ot mudk iwjk lEeku j[krsA iksfV~Vyk tc
nh{kk ds fy, rS;kj gqbZ rc rsrfyiq=k us mls dgk– ^rqe izozftr gks tc nsoyksd esa nso:i
esa mRiUu gksdj ;fn eq>s dsoyh izKIr /keZ dk lacks/k nks rks eSa rqEgsa vuqefr ns ldrk
gw¡A* bl Lohd`fr ij iksfV~Vyk nhf{kr gqbZA X;kjg vaxksa dk v/;;u fd;kA cgqr o"kksZa rd
Jke.;–i;kZ; dk ikyudj ekfld lays[kuk iwoZd vk;q"; iw.kZ gksus ij nsoyksd esa nso
:i esa mRiUu gqbZA iksfV~Vy nso rsryhiq=k dks ckj&ckj dsoyh izKIr /keZ dk lacks/k nsrk]
fdUrq rsryhiq=k lacq) ugha gksrkA rc ml nso us jktk dud/ot dks rsryhiq=k ds foijhr
ifj.kke okyk dj fn;kA vc og mldk lEeku ugha djrkA vkSj cfgjax o vUrjaxifj"kn~
us Hkh mldk lEeku ugha fd;k bl izdkj fofo/k mik;ksa ls mlesa 'kqHk ifj.kke mRiUu
gq,] ftlls mls tkfrLej.k Kku mRiUu gqvkA Lo;a nh{kk Lohdkj dh rRi'pkr~ dsoyKku
dsoy n'kZu mRiUu gq,A jktk dud/ot dks bl ckr dk irk pyk rks mlus lkspk fd esjs
nqf'pUru ds dkj.k gh izofz tr gqvk gS vkSj og vuxkj rsryhiq=k ds ikl vkrk gS] mUgsa oanuk
dj vius vijk/k ds fy, iqu%&iqu% {kek;kpuk djrk gSA62
18- vafre vkjk/kuk dky esa {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– vkjk/kuk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lw=k gS–
[ker[kke.kk] viuh Hkwyksa ds fy, {kek ekaxukA fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds izfr eu esa
vlfg".kqrk dk Hkko vk tk,] dyq"krk dk Hkko tkx tk,] mls Kkr gks ;k ugha] og tkus
;k u tkus] fdUrq O;fDr viuh vksj ls {kek ekax ysrk gS rks og egku O;fDrRo dk
/kuh gksrk gSA mlds fy, 'k=kq dksbZ gksrk gh ughaA v.kxkj LdUnd lays[kuk xzg.k djrs
oDr Je.k&Je.khvksa ls {kek;kpuk djrk gSA63
19- lqu{k=k vuxkj }kjk vafre {k.kksa esa {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– Je.k Hkxoku egkohj dk
varsoklh] dkS'ky tuin dk fuoklh vuxkj lqu{k=k izd`frHknz] fouhr vkSj /kekZpk;Z ds
vuqjkx ls vuqjDr FkkA ea[kfyiq=k xks'kkyd ds ri% rst ls ifjrkfir gksus ij lqu{k=k
vuxkj] tgka Je.k Hkxoku~ egkohj Fks ogka vkdj mUgsa oanu&ueLdkj dj iap egkozrksa
dk Lo;a gh vkjksi.k dj Je.k&Jef.k;ksa ls {kek;kpuk djrk gSA64
20- vuxkj es?k vafre vu'ku iwoZ {kek;kpuk
{kek;kpuk– lezkV Jsf.kd iq=k jktdqekj
es?k us Hkxoku egkohj dh /keZns'kuk ls izfrcq) gksdj Jke.; Lohdkj fd;k] fdUrq /k`fr
vkSj 'kkfUr ds vHkko esa og izozT;k dks NksM+us ds fy, rRij gks x;kA loZK Hkxoku~
egkohj us es?k dh eu% fLFkfr dks i<+kA mldh jkf=k dkyhu ifjfLFkfr dks tkuk vkSj lqnwj
vrhr ls mldk lk{kkRdkj djok fn;kA Hkxoku us es?k ds iwoZorhZ nks tUeksa dk ,slk
72
thoUr ,oa izHkko'kkyh fp=k mifLFkr fd;k fd mls vius nksuksa tUeksa lqe:s izHk vkSj es:izHk
gkFkh ds thou dh Le`fr gks xbZA mlus tkuk&es#izHk gkFkh ds Hko esa ,d 'k'kd dh gR;k ls cpus
gsrq mlus <kbZ fnu jkr rd iSj dks Åapk mBk, j[kkA izk.kkuqdEik ls mBk og pj.k mlds
ijhrlalkfjRo ,oa euq"; ds vk;q"; ca/k dk gsrq cukA iwoHZ ko dh ;g Le`fr mlds orZeku thou
esa Hkh la;e ds LFkS;Z dk gsrq cuhA mlus iqu% nh{kk Lohdkj dj X;kjg vaxksa dk v/;;u
fd;kA mlus ckjg fHk{kq izfrek] xq.kjRu laoRlj ri] vkrkiuk ls vius vkidks Hkkfor
fd;kA var esa mlus Hkxoku~ ls vuqKk izkIr dj izk;% ifjiw.kZ 12 o"kZ ds Jke.; i;kZ;
dk ikyu dj Lo;a gh ikap egkozrksa dk vkjksg.k fd;kA vkjksg.k dj xkSre vkfn
Je.k&fuxZzUFk vkSj fuxZzfUFk;ksa ls {kek;kpuk dhA65 {kek;kpuk dj foiqy ioZr ij
iz;ksixeu vu'ku dh voLFkk esa e`R;q dh vkdka{kk u djrs gq, fogkj djus yxsA
21- vtqZu vuxkj dh viwoZ {kek
{kek– ;{kkfo"V jktx`g dk vtqZuekykdkj us ikap
eghus 13 fnuksa esa X;kjg lkS bdrkfyl O;fDr;ksa dks lekIr dj fn;kA ftlesa 978 iq#"k
vkSj 163 efgyk,a FkhA blls iwjk jktx`gh dk ifjlj vkrafdr FkkA bl ekgkSy esa Hkxoku
egkohj dk inkiZ.k gqvkA lqn'kZu Hkxoku ds n'kZukFkZ uxj }kj ls ckgj vk;sA vtqZuekyh
mUgsa ekjus nkSM+dj vk;kA ;{k lqn'kZu ds le{k fVd ugha ldkA ;{keqDr vtqZu lqn'kZu
ds lkFk Hkxoku ds n'kZukFkZ vk;kA Hkxoku~ ls lEcks/k izkIr dj nhf{kr gks x;kA nh{kk
ysrs gh csys&csys dh riL;k izkjEHk dj nhA ukxfjd xkfy;ka nsr]s rtZuk nsrs ijUrq mUgksua s lcdks
{keknku fd;kA66 {kekHkko dh mRd`"Vrk ls os vfr'kh?kz deZ{k; dj eqDr gks tkrs gSaA
vkjk/kuk dk ân; gS– {kekiukA vius vijk/k ds fy, {kek ekaxuk] nwljksa ds
vijk/kksa dks ekQ djukA {kekiuk vkReLuku gSA viz'kLr eu] ok.kh vkSj dkf;d
izo`fÙk;ksa ds 'kks/ku dk vpwd iz;ksx gSA tSu n`f"V ;g jgh gS fd 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld
d"Vksa ds fy, dksbZ vkSj ftEesnkj ugha gS cfYd O;fDr Lo;a gh ftEesnkj gSA O;fDr ;fn
mldh 'kqf) dj ysrk gS rks vius vkidks mu ihM+kvksa ls cpk ldrk gSA tSu vkxeksa
esa izkIr fofo/k {kek;kpuk ds izlaxksa ij fopkj djus ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd {kek
;kpuk lqanj vkSj lkuaniw.kZ thou ds fy, mBk gqvk izFke pj.k gSA tc dgha Hkh eu ds
Lrj ij ;k ok.kh ds Lrj ij vFkok O;ogkj vkSj Hkkoksa ds Lrj ij fdf×pr~ ek=k Hkh
vokaNuh; gks tk, rks O;fDr dks rRdky {kek;kpuk ls vius vkidks gYdk djuk Lo;a
dks vkReizlkn dh vksj lEeq[k djuk gSA blls orZeku rks lqanj gksrk gh gSA Hkfo"; Hkh
mTToy curk gSA ^lR;a f'koa lqUnja* dh vksj {kek'khy O;fDr xfreku gksrk gSA blfy,
vkxeok.kh gS– [kafra lsfoTt iafM,A67
var esa eS=kh ea=k ds lkFk–
[kkesfe lOothos] lOos thok [kearq esA
esfÙk es lOoHkw,lq] osja eT> u ds.kbZAA
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lUnHkZ lwph %&
1- iz'uO;kdj.k] i`-107
2- ogh] 108
3- ogh] 107
4- Bk.ka] 10@16
5- rÙokFkZ lw=k] 6@13
6- Bk.ka] 4@71
7- ogh] 10@71
8- ogh] 10@133
9- chtd lk[kh] 278
10- leokvks] 10@10
11- vkjk/kukirkdk xk-] 656
12- /kEeks--- l;ykba] vkjk/kuk irkdk] xk- 655
13- Bk.ka] 4@367
14- vko';d fu;qZfä] iwoZ Hkkx] i`- 273] 274
15- ogh] i`- 277] 279
16- ogh- 280] 281
17- vk;kjks] 9@2@11] 12 vkpj.k iwfrZ] i`- 316
18- vk;kjks] 9@3@3
19- vk;kjks] 9@3@7
20- vk;kjks] 9@3@9–13
21- mÙkjT>;.kkf.k] 29@68
22- ogh] 29@47
23- lw;xMks] 2@6@5
24- mÙkjT>;.kkf.k] 29@18
25- lw;xMks] 1@10@21] osjk.kqca/khf.k egCHk;kf.k
26- lw;xMks] 1@10@17] ioM~<rh osjelat;Ll
27- lw;xMks] 1@10@9] osjk.kqfx)s f.kp;a djsfr
28- lw;xMks] 1@3] oSja oM~<b vIi.kks
29- vkjk/kuk irkdk] i`- 440
30- vkjk/kuk irkdk] i`- 441&444
31- nlosvkfy;a] 8@37
32- vkjkg.kki.kx] 2245&2248
33- HkxobZ] 13@6@110&121
74
34- mÙkjT>;.kkf.k] 32@02
35- vkjk/kuk irkdk] 471&473
39- vkjk/kuk irkdk] 488
40- egkizR;[;kd izdh.kZ] xk- 6
41- nlos vkfy;a] 9@3@7
42- vkjk/k.kk irkdk] 2252
43- nlosvkfy;a] 9@2@18
44- jkxs.k o nksls.k o] vgok vd;..kq.kk ifMfuosls.ka] ta es fdafp fo Hkf.kva] rega frfogs.k
[kkesfe] vko';dlw=k 4@4
45- HkxobZ] 15@68
46- Bk.ka] 3@386
47- HkxobZ] 3@129
48- HkxobZ] 3@116
49- HkxobZ] 3@50
50- HkxobZ] 12@26
51- mÙkjT>;.kkf.k] 12@30] 31
52- mÙkjT>;.kkf.k] 18@8
53- Kkrk/keZdFkk] 1@16@265
54- HkxobZ] 3@11
55- mikldn'kklw=k] 1@87
56- HkxobZ] 5@207
57- HkxobZ] 18@3@7
58- Kkrk/keZdFkk] 1@5@121&123
59- mÙkjT>;.kkf.k] 20@57
60- moklxnlkvks] 2@111
62- ogh] 1@14@85
63- HkxobZ] 2@1@50
64- HkxobZ] 15@109
66- vUrd`r~n'kk] 6@3
67- mÙkjT>;.kkf.k] 1@9
75
– MkW- gseyrk tks'kh
HkkjrHkwfe nsoHkwfe gS] ifo=k Hkwfe gSA blh dkj.k ;gka vusd ,sls O;fäRo
gq, gSa ftUgksua s bldh lqokl dks ns'k&ns'kkUrj rd QSyk;kA vkRe dY;k.k ds lkFk
ij dY;k.k djus okys O;fäRo ,d ugha] vusd gq, gSa Hkys gh os Qdhj ds :i
esa gq, gksa vFkok ifjozktd ds :i es]a lekt lq/kkjd ds :i esa gq, gksa vFkok lar
ds :i es]a eqfu ds :i gq, gksa vFkok _f"k ds :i es]a elhgk ds :i esa gq, gksa vFkok
v/;kRe vkSj foKkuh vFkkZr~ ;ksxh ds :i esAa :i Hkys gh vusd gksa ij Hkkouk
ifo=k jgh gS] psruk 'kq) jgh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd tu&tu esa ml psruk ds
tkxj.k ds fy, mUgksua s vgfuZ'k iz;kl fd;k tks ekuo dY;k.k esa lgk;d rks gSa
gh lkFk gh ftlls izk.khek=k ds izfr Hkh mnkjrk dk n`f"Vdks.k cuk jgsA eS=kh]
d#.kk] vkRekSiE; dh Hkkouk] ijksidkj] lg&vfLrRo vkSj vfgalk tSls vusd
'kk'or ewY;ksa dks] vkn'kksaZ dks ekuo esa jksius dk iz;Ru fd;k] mldh psruk dks
>adr` djus ds fy, iz;kl fd;k rkfd og LokFkZ ls ijs dk fparu Hkh dj lds
D;ksfa d og lkekftd izk.kh gSA blds lkFk gh ekuo ds vfLrRo ds lkFk izk.kh
ek=k dk Hkh vfLrRo gSA psruk Lrj ij Hkys gh lc fHkUu&fHkUu gksa ij vkRek
ds Lrj ij lHkh leku gSAa vr% i'kqRo ls fnO;Ro dks izkIr djus rd ds lkjs iz;kl
bl Hkkjr Hkwfe esa izkphu dky ls gh fd, tk jgs gSAa
vkpk;Z rqylh % ,d laf{kIr ifjp;
tSlk fofnr gS fd Hkkjr Hkwfe vusd egkiq#"kksa ls /kuh jgh gS] ifo=k jgh
gS ftudk izHkko lnSo gh cuk jgsxkA bUgha egkiq#"kksa esa ,d gS vkpk;Z rqylhA
vkpk;Z rqylh dk tUe 20 vDVwcj 1914 dks jktLFkku dh /kjrh ykMuw ¼ukxkSj½
esa gqvk FkkA buds firkth dk uke Jh >wejey th vkSj ekrk th dk uke
cnukJh th FkkA budh izkjafHkd f'k{kk ykMuwa esa gh gqbAZ i<+kbZ esa mudk eu vPNk
76
yxrk Fkk ysfdu vkpk;Z dkywxf.k dk lkfUu/; ikdj mudk eu fojä gks x;kA mUgsa
vius thou dh lkFkZdrk muds pj.kksa esa fn[kkbZ nsus yxhA bl vkd"kZ.k us mudh thou
fn'kk dks cny fn;kA mudh nh{kk 11 o"kZ dh vYik;q esa 5 fnlacj 1925 dks ykMuwa esa
gqbAZ blds ckn mudh f'k{kk dk Øe vkpk;Z dkywxf.k ds lkfUu/; esa gqvkA mudh
foy{k.k fo'ks"krkvksa ls izHkkfor gksdj muds xq# us mUgsa viuk mÙkjkf/kdkjh ?kksf"kr
fd;kA 27 vxLr 1936 dks 22 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gh os tSu ijaijk ds rsjkiaFk la?k ds uoe~
vkpk;Z ds :i esa vfHkf"kä gq,A blls Li"V gksrk gS fd vkpk;Z rqylh okLro esa foy{k.k
O;fäRo ds /kuh Fks ftUgas bruh de vk;q esa usrR` o dk volj feykA 60 o"kZ dk mudk
vkpk;Z dky dbZ :iksa esa foy{k.k jgkA mudk cgqe[q kh O;fäRo dbZ :iksa esa fu[kj dj
lkeus vk;k ftuesa ize[q k gS&a dq'ky usrR` o/kkjh] dq'ky /kekZpk;Z] vfgalk ds iqtkjh] lekt
lq/kkjd] ukjh tkfr ds m)kjd] v.kqorz vuq'kkLrk] dq'ky f'kYih] ekuork ds elhgk]
vkdk'k /kehZ xq#] iFk nz"Vk] nwjn'khZ] nk'kZfud] ;ksxh vkfnA bu miekvksa ls mUgsa mifer
djuk dksbZ vfr'k;ksfä ugha gksxhA muds O;fäRo ,oa dr`RZ` oksa us ekuo tkfr dks dbZ
lanHkksaZ ls ykHkkfUor fd;k gS lkFk gh Hkfo"; esa Hkh mudh isjz .kk,a] mudh f'k{kk,a ekuo
tkfr dks fn'kk funs'Z k nsrh jgsxa hA
vkpk;Z rqylh ,d /kekZpk;Z FksA vr% vkpk;Z gksus ds ukrs f'k{kk ls mudk
vfoukHkko lac/a k jgk gSA vkpk;Z og gksrk gS tks vius f'k";ksa dks] vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks]
;gka rd fd vU;ksa dks Hkh f'k{kk nsA Hkys gh vkpk;Z fdlh lainz k; fo'ks"k dk gks ldrk
gS] fdlh tkfr fo'ks"k dk gks ldrk gS] fdlh er fo'ks"k dk gks ldrk gS] fdlh iaFk fo'ks"k
dk gks ldrk gS] fdlh ns'k fo'ks"k dk gks ldrk gS ij mldh f'k{kk lcds fy, mi;ksxh
gksrh gSA tc ge ;g ekusa fd ekuo tkfr ,d gS rks vkpk;Z Hkys gh dksbZ Hkh gks] mldh
f'k{kk dY;k.kdkjh gksrh gSA tc vkpk;Z ,d lar] ,d ;ksxh gks rks mldh f'k{kk ekuofgr
ls vksr&izkrs gksxh] bruk gh ugha izk.khek=k ds fy, =kk.k nsus okyh gksxhA vkpk;Z rqylh ,d
,sls lar] ,sls ;ksxh gq, gSa ftudh f'k{kk ekuo tkfr dk ekxZn'kZu djus esa viuh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
vnk djrh gSA mudk f'k{kk n'kZu vusd fo'ks"krkvksa dk leqPp; gS ftlesa ekuo tkfr ds mRFkku]
mlds okLrfod Lo:i dh izkfIr rd dk izko/kku fd;k gSA vkpk;Z rqylh ds f'k{kk n'kZu dks
fuEu fcUnqvksa ls izLrqr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS–
1- f'k{kk
f'k{kk tc Lo;a Kku dk ek/;e gS] Lo;a izdk'k gS rks mlds fo"k; esa ftruk Hkh
dgk tk, de gSA vkpk;Z rqylh dgrs gSa fd Kku thou fuekZ.k dk vk/kkjHkwr rÙo gSA
thou dks fodkl ds f'k[kj rd ys tkus ds fy, Kku dh lcls cM+h vko';drk gSA Kku
77
gh thou gS] Kku gh lkj gS] Kku gh rÙo gS vkSj Kku gh vkRe fuekZ.k rFkk vkRe fodkl
dk eq[; lk/ku gSA Kku gh thou dh ewyHkwr iwt
a h gSA mlds vHkko esa O;fä viuk
1
vfLrRocks/k Hkh ugha dj ikrkA Kku ,d ,slk /kkxk gS ftlls ca/kdj jgus okyk O;fä
vius thou ds nqjkgs] frjkgs ;k pkSjkgs ij ij dHkh HkVd ugha ikrkA ;g /kkxk ftlds
gkFk ls NwV tkrk gS og vFkZ] lÙkk vkSj dkeqdrk ds Hkzetky esa Qaldj viuh eafty dks gh
ugha] thou dks Hkh [kks nsrk gSA2 blls Li"V gS fd thou esa Kku dk cgqr gh egÙo gSA Kku
ds fcuk thou dh fn'kk vkSj n'kk dks lgh :i ugha fn;k tk ldrk gS] ;Fks"V dh izkfIr ugha
gks ldrh gSA ;gka rd fd thou esa NksVs ls NksVk dk;Z Hkh dfBu gks tkrk gS] tfVy gks
tkrk gS vkSj ifj.kke nq"izkI; gks tkrk gSA vr% Kku gh thou dk lPPkk ekxZn'kZd gSA
Kku fodkl dk ek/;e f'k{kk gS D;ksfa d f'k{kk ds vHkko esa Kku dh vkiwfrZ Hkh laHko
ugha ldrh gSA lk/; dh izkfIr lk/ku ds fcuk laHko ugha gksrh gSA vr% Kku :ih lk/; dks
ikus ds fy, f'k{kk :ih lk/ku vko';d gSA vkpk;Z rqylh dgrs gSa fd f'k{kk thou dk
,d laLdkj gSA blls thou 'kSyh esa ifj"dkj vkrk gSA f'k{kk dk lac/a k lk{kj gksus ls gh
ugha gSA lk{kjrk ls f'k{kk dk izkjaHk gksrk gSA v{kjksa dk gkFk idM+dj pyuk ,d ;k=kk
dh 'kq#vkr gSA v{kjksa ds ek/;e ls tks dqN dgk tkrk gS] og tc rd thou esa ugha
mrjrk] f'k{kk dh lkFkZdrk ds lkeus iz'u fpUg~ yx tkrk gSA3 mudk ekuuk gS fd
v{kjcks/k f'k{kk dk lk/ku gS f'k{kk ughaA f'k{kk ls xq.k nks"k dh ij[k vkrh gS] gs; mikns;
dh le> fodflr gksrh gS fgrkfgr dk Hkku gksrk gSA4 blls Li"V gS fd v{kjKku vFkok
lk{kjrk gh f'k{kk ugha gSA f'k{kk tc rd vkpj.k dk vax ugha curh rc rd og vius
ewy Lo:i dks izkIr ugha gksrh gSA
2- f'k{kk esa ewY;ksa dh egÙkk
ewY; thou ds vifjgk;Z rÙo gSAa buds fcuk ekuo nkuo cu tkrk gS vkSj ewY;ksa
ds jgrs ekuo egkekuo cu tkrk gSA vr% Li"V gS fd ewY; thou dks ltkus] laokjus
vkSj mls lqUnj vkdkj&izdkj nsus esa viuh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrs gSAa thou esa ewY;ksa
dh egÙkk gksxh rks vkpkj&O;ogkj Lor% izHkkfor gksxkA vkpk;Z rqylh ,d lar gksus ds
ukrs] ,d nk'kZfud gksus ds ukrs f'k{kk esa ewY;ksa dks egÙoiw.kZ ekurs gSAa mudk dguk gS fd
f'k{kk ds lanHkZ esa rhu ckrksa ij fparu djuk vko';d gS&ewY;ksa dh izfr"Bk] ewY;ksa dk
lai"zs k.k vkSj ewY;ksa dk lqj{kkA f'k{kk thou dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ laLdkj gS ij vius vki
esa og lk/; ugha gSA lk/; gS thou dh ifo=krkA bl n`f"V ls f'k{kk dk Lora=k ewY; ugha
gSA og thou ewY;ksa ds lkFk tqM+dj gh ewY;oku curh gSA ,sls vusd O;fä gSa tks i<+&s fy[ksa
rks gSa ij mudk thou vlaLdkfjr gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa f'k{kk muds fy, HkkjHkwr cu tkrh
gSA lekt vkSj jk"Vª ds fy, Hkh og dY;k.kdj ugha curhA vr% f'k{kk thou ewY;ksa ds
78
lkFk tqMA+s ewY;ksa dk lai"zs k.k Hkh vko';d gSA vr% mudk ekuuk gS fd HkkokRed ifjorZu
ds fy, varjax iz;ksx vko';d gSA f'k{kk esa thou foKku dks mfpr LFkku feysA ;g
iqLrdh; Kku ugha gS thou thus dh ,d iz;ksfxd dyk gSA ewY;ksa dh lqj{kk rc gks ldrh
gS tc lHkh fn'kkvksa esa thou ewY;ksa dks cy fn;k tk, vkSj mldh lqj{kk dh n`f"V ls
tkx:drk j[kh tk,A5 vkpk;Z rqylh dk ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd f'k{kk thou dh lkoZHkkSe
vis{kk gSA blls lkjk lalkj tqM+k gqvk gSA ckyd dh le> f'k{kk ds lkFk fodflr gksrh
gSA ;fn Hkkoh ih<+h dks laLdkjh cukuk gS] mls vijk/kksa ds pØO;wg esa ?kqlus ls cpkuk gSa
rks f'k{kk esa thou ewY;ksa dk lapkj djuk gksxkA6 ;fn fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds le{k vkpj.k ds y{;
dh Li"Vrk jgsxh rks rks fo|k muds fy, Hkkj ugha] Hkw"k.k cu tk,xhA blls mudk Lo;a
dk thou rks fouez vkSj lkFkZd gksxk gh] lekt vkSj jk"Vª dks Hkh os mYys[kuh; lsok dj
ldsaxsA7 vr% Li"V gS fd f'k{kk dks Hkkj ugha] Hkw"k.k cukus dh vko';drk gS tks vusd
Lrjksa ij dY;k.kdkjh fl) gksxhA
vkpk;Z rqylh us f'k{kk ds nks :i ekus gS&a thou nsus okyh f'k{kk vkSj thfodk nsus
okyh f'k{kkA thfodk dk xf.kr ljy gS vkSj thou dk xf.kr tfVy gSA thou dk xf.kr
vkpj.k dks izHkkfor djrk gSA thfodk dk xf.kr cqf) ls tqMk gqvk gSA8 vr% tc rd
f'k{kk esa nksuksa dks egÙo ugha feysxk] mlls ,dkaxh fodkl gksxkA thou esa ckSf)drk gS
ij vkpj.k ugha gS] og Kku iw.kZ ugha gSA iw.kZrk ds fy, vko';d gS thou vkSj thfodk
nksuksa dks egÙo nsukA blls laLdkj fuekZ.k ;k ewY; lac/a kh dk;Z Hkh iwjk gks ik,xk vkSj
thou ;kiu Hkh lE;d rkSj ls gks ldsxkA f'k{kk ls ewY;ksa dk fodkl rc gksxk tc mlesa
rRlac/kh rÙo gksAa f'k{kk esa tc rd ewY;ksa dks fodflr djus okys rÙoksa dk vHkko gksxk
rc rd ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh ugha gks ldsxkA vr% vko';drk bl ckr gS fd f'k{kk dks
,dkaxh ugha] v/kwjh ugha] lokZxa h.k] iw.kZ cukuk gksxkA vkpk;Z rqylh dk dguk gS fd tc
rd ckSf)d ,oa HkkokRed fodkl esa lary
q u ugha gksxk] thou dh xkM+h lgh <ax ls ugha
py ik,xhA mudk dguk fd eSa f'k{kk ;k ckSf)d fodkl dk fojks/kh ugha gwa ij esjs
vfHker ls lkFkZdrk mlh f'k{kk dh gS tks thou ds lokZxa h.k fuekZ.k djus esa l{ke gksA
ftl f'k{kk ls thou dk fuekZ.k ugha gksrk] og f'k{kk migkj ugha Hkkj gSA9 ftl f'k{kk
ij /keZ&v/;kRe dk iqV yxk gksrk gS] og f'k{kk lPph f'k{kk gks ldrh gSA10 ftl f'k{kk
dk mís'; ek=k HkkSfrd fodkl gh jg tkrk gS ogka thou dk lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ rF;
v/;kRe loZFkk xkS.k gks tkrk gSA ,slh f'k{kk ls f'kf{kr ns'k dh ;qok ih<+h u pkfjf=kd
ewY;ksa dks mUur dj ikrh gS] u jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dks c<+k ikrh gS] u lkekftdrk dk fodkl
dj ldrh gS vkSj u ikfjokfjd fj'rksa dks e/kqj cuk ldrh gSA bl ,d ih<+h dh =kklnh
rhu&rhu ihf<+;ksa ds fy, =kklnh cu tkrh gSA11 vr% tks f'k{kk ,dkaxh gksrh gS] mlds
79
ifj.kke Hkh ,dkaxh gh gksxa ]s lokZxa h.k ughaA f'k{kk dk lac/a k iqLrd i<+us ;k jVus rd
lhfer ugha gSA tks dqN i<+k tk, mls thou esa mrkjs fcuk f'k{kk lQy ugha gks ldrhA ftl
izdkj v/;kRe jVus dk ugha] iz;ksx dk rÙo gS] mlh izdkj f'k{kk Hkh izk;ksfxd gksdj gh viuh
vFkZoÙkk dks izekf.kr dj ldrh gSA12 ogh f'k{kk viuh izklafxrk dks cuk, j[k ldrh gS tks
O;fä&fuekZ.k vkSj 'kkar lgokl dh t:jrksa ds vuqlkj thou 'kSyh dk fodkl dj ik,A13
vkpk;Z rqylh ds bu erksa ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd os oSlh f'k{kk dks egÙo nsrs gSa ftlesa ckSf)d
fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk HkkokRed laryq u Hkh gksA Hkko gh vkpj.k vkSj O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs
gSAa Hkko vPNs gksxa s rks vkpkj vkSj O;ogkj nksuksa gh ldkjkRed gksxa As
3- f'k{kk % y{; vkSj mís';
y{; dk LFkku izFke vkSj mís'; dk LFkku f}rh; gksrk gSA y{; lnSo Åapk gksrk gSA
mís'; ml y{; dks izkIr djus ds fy, gksrs gSAa f'k{kk tc Kku fodkl dk ek/;e gS]
izdk'k gS rks mlds y{; vkSj mís'; Lor% Li"V gks tkrs gSAa vkpk;Z rqylh ds vuqlkj
f'k{kk dk y{; gS lokZxa h.k fodkl14 &blh esa lekfgr gS&thou fodkl] pkfj=k 'kqf) vkSj
vkRe tkx`frA15 f'k{kk ds ,d ugha vusd mís'; gSAa ;fn mudk oxhZdj.k fd;k tk, rks
mudh la[;k dbZ gks ldrh gS ftuesa O;färo fodkl dk mís'; gks ;k] lkekftd fodkl dk]
vFkZ fodkl dk mís'; gks ;k] lkaLd`frd fodkl dk] vk/;kfRed fodkl dk mís'; gks ;k HkkSfrd
fodkl dk vkfnA vko';drk ds vuqlkj f'k{kk ds dbZ mís'; fu/kkZfjr gks ldrs gSAa okLrfodrk
;g gS fd f'k{kk ds ewyHkwr mís'; ;fn izkIr gks tkrs gSa rks vU; mís';ksa dh izkfIr Lor% gh lgt
,oa ljy gks tkrh gSA vkpk;Z rqylh dk dguk gS fd f'k{kk ds }kjk euksof` Ùk;ksa dks vuq'kkflr
djuk gksxk] oklukvksa dk neu djuk gksxk] lPph vkSj vPNh izof` Ùk;ksa dks tkx`r djuk gksxk]
'kq) /kkfeZd Hkkouk Hkjuh gksxh vkSj gj fLFkfr esa lPPkk cus jgus dh f'k{kk nsuh gksxhA16
blds vk/kkj ij f'k{kk ds fuEu mís'; mHkj dj vkrs gS&a
1- euksof` Ùk;ksa dk vuq'kklu] 2- oklukvksa dk neu]
3- ln~ioz f` Ùk;ksa dk tkxj.k] 4- 'kq) /kkfeZd Hkkouk dk jksi.k
5- izkekf.kdrkA
;fn f'k{kk ds ;s mís'; iw.kZ gks tkrs gSa rks f'k{kk dk lokZxa h.k fodkl dk y{; Lor%
izkIr gks tkrk gSA
4- f'k{kd ¼xq#½&
orZeku esa ftls f'k{kd dgk tkrk gS ogh izkphu dky esa xq# ds uke ls tkuk tkrk
FkkA igys xq# f'k"; dh iajijk FkhA ml le; xq#dqykaas esa f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA orZeku
esa fo|ky; f'k{kk ds dsUnz cu x, rks xq# dk Lo:i Hkh cny dj f'k{kd gks x;kA f'k{kk
O;oLFkk cnyh rks mlesa dbZ ifjorZu gks x, fQj Hkh xq# vFkok f'k{kd dh egÙkk esa deh
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ugha vkbZA f'k{kd og gksrk tks f'k{kk nsrk gS] v/;kiu djkrk gSA vr% f'k{kk esa f'k{kd
dk LFkku egÙoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kd gh og dykdkj gS tks viuh dyk ls fo|kFkhZ :ih dPps
vkSj vifjiDo ewfrZ dks iDdk vkSj ifjiDo cukrk gS] muds dksjs dkxt :ih efLr"d
dks Kku :ih fofo/k jaxksa ls jaxrk gSA] mls lgh vkdkj&izdkj iznku djrk gS] mldk
lokZXa kh.k fodkl dj mls lq[kn vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ thou thus ds ;ksX; cukrk gS] vkRe dY;k.k
vkSj ij dY;k.k ds ;ksX; cukrk gSA vr% f'k{kd dk LFkku fo|kFkhZ ds fy, cgqr egÙoiw.kZ
gSA ;g rHkh laHko gks ldrk gSS tc f'k{kd vius drZO;ksa dk lgh :i ls fuoZgu djsA
vkpk;Z rqylh us f'k{kd ¼xq#½ dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks Li"V fd;k gSA os dgrs gSa fd xq# cuus
dk vFkZ gS igys Lo;a dk Lokeh cuuk fQj nwljksa dk usrR` o djukA xq# og gksrk gS tks
vius Åij vuq'kklu djrk gksA xq# og gksrk gS tks izfrjks/kkRed 'kfä dk fodkl dj
ysrk gSA xq# og gksrk gS tks vkRe fo'okl dk /kuh gksrk gSA xq# og gksrk gS tks O;fäRo
dks [kqn cukrk gksA xq# og gksrk gS tks va/kdkj dks Hkh vkyksd cuk ldrk gSA18 blls
Li"V gS fd xq# ;kfu f'k{kd dk O;fäRo okLro esa vusd fo'ks"krkvksa dk iat
q gksrk gSA
;fn bu fo'ks"krkvksa dk og Lokeh gksrk gS rks fu%langs mldh f'k{kk Hkh ewY;oku gksxhA
,d dq'ky v/;kid ds lanHkZ esa vkpk;Z rqylh dgrs gS fd ogh v/;kid dq'ky
v/;kid cu ldrk gS tks Lo;a dks fo|kFkhZ ekudj pysA xgjkbZ ls ns[kk tk, rks
v/;kiu vius vki esa i<+uk gh gSA ;g dguk vkSj vf/kd mi;qä gksxk fd Lo;a i<+us
ls ftruk Kku izkIr ugha gksrk] mruk v/;kiu ls gksrk gS c'krsZ ftKklk dk Hkko ekStnw
gks] xzg.k djus dh ekufldrk cuh gqbZ gksA blfy, v/;kid lnk fo|kFkhZ cudj jgsAa
Lo;a dks fo|kFkhZ ekuus okyk f'k{kd gh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ân; dks Nw ldrk gSA Lo;a dks
fo|kFkhZ u ekuus okyk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks iqLrd Hkys gh i<+k ns ij muds lkFk rknkE; LFkkfir
ugha dj ldrkA rknkE; ds vHkko esa og fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks visf{kr Kku nsus esa vlQy jgrk
gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds eu esa Hkh mlds izfr vknj vkSj iwT;rk dk Hkko ugha gksrk
tks fd f'k{kk xq# ds izfr gksuk pkfg,A19 vr% v/;kid dks viuh ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj vius
dÙkZO;ksa ds izfr lpsr jguk pkfg,A
f'k{kk nsus ds vfrfjä f'k{kd dk nwljk dk;Z gS vfHkHkkodksa dks ubZ fn'kk nsus dkA
le;≤ ij muls laidZ djs]a mUgha xksf"B;ksa dk vk;kstu djsa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds thou
fuekZ.k esa muds lg;ksx dks le>k,aA fuekZ.k dk jkLrk gS&dBksj vuq'kklu] la;e vkSj
JeA mUgsa Hkh le>kuk fd cPpksa ds fy, mi;qä okrkoj.k rS;kj djuk ftruk dfBu
gS] mruk gh vko';d gSA20 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lqlLa dkfjr djus ds fy, igys v/;kidksa dks
Lo;a laLdkfjr cuuk gksxkA mudh ;g igy fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds thou fuekZ.k esa lgk;d fl)
gksxh vkSj tgka fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk thou fufeZr gksxk ogka vuq'kklughurk tSls dqlLa dkjksa ds
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fy, vodk'k ugha jgsxkA21 ;g Li"V gS fd fo|kFkhZ fo|ky; esa de vkSj ?kj esa vf/kd
le; fcrkrs gSAa vr% ekrk&firk dk drZO; cu tkrk gS fd os Hkh fo|kFkhZ ds thou fuekZ.k
lgk;d cusAa dbZ ckj ekrk&firk dks Hkh lgh tkudkjh dk vHkko gksrk gS] ;k le;kHkko
gksrk gSA ,sls esa leL;k lekfgr ugha gks ldrh gSA ;fn v/;kid muds lkFk laidZ LFkkfir
djs]a mUgsa lgh ekxZ nsa rks fo|kFkhZ dk thou fuekZ.k dk dk;Z ljy gks tkrk gSA vkpk;Z
rqylh us f'k{kdksa ds f'k{kd v.kqorz 22 dk lw=kikr fd;k tks fuEu gS&a
1- eSa fo|kFkhZ ds ckSf)d fodkl ds lkFk pfj=k fodkl esa Hkh lg;ksxh cuwxa kA
2- eSa fo|kFkhZ dks mÙkh.kZ djus esa voS/k mik;ksa dk lgkjk ugha ywxa kA
3- eSa vius fo|ky; esa nyxr jktuhfr dks izJ; ugha nwxa k vkSj u gh blds fy,
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izkRs lkfgr d#axkA
4- eSa eknd rFkk u'khys inkFkksaZ dk lsou ugha d#axkA
5- eSa v.kqorz izpkj&izlkj esa viuk ;ksxnku nwxa kA
5- fo|kFkhZ
fo|kFkhZ og gksrk gS tks fo|k ds vFkZ dks le>s mls xzg.k djs] mls vkRelkr djsA
vkpk;Z rqylh dgrs gSa fd fo|kFkhZ dh dksbZ mez fo'ks"k ugha gksrh] ;g rks ,d ekufldrk
fo'ks"k gSA O;fä dk ekul tc rd ftKklq gS] xzg.k'khy gS] og fo|kFkhZ gSA bl vis{kk
ls lÙkj o"kZ dk O;fä Hkh fo|kFkhZ gks ldrk gSA blds Bhd foijhr nl o"kZ dk fd'kksj
Hkh fo|kFkhZ ugha gks ldrk ;fn mlds eu esa ftKklk ugha gS] xzg.k'khyrk ugha gSA23 blls
Li"V gksrk gS fd tks ftKklq gks] xzg.k'khy gks] ogh okLro esa fo|kFkhZ gSA fo|kFkhZ ds egÙo
dks mtkxj djrs gq, vkpkpZ rqylh dgrs gSa fd fo|kFkhZ ns'k dk Hkfo"; gS] lekt dk =kk.k
gS vkSj ifjokj dk nhid gSA24 vr% fo|kFkhZ thou esa ifjokj] lekt vkSj ns'k dk fgr
fNik gqvk gS] dY;k.k fNik gqvk gSA mudk ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd ;qx dk Hkfo"; mldh
ubZ ih<+h ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ftl ;qx dh ubZ ih<+h ftruh vf/kd 'kkyhu] lqlLa d`r] lq?kM+
vkSj f'kf{kr gksrh gS ml ;qx ds fodkl dh laHkkouk,a mruh gh iz[kj jgrh gSAa jk"Vª] lekt
vkSj ifjokj ds lkFk Hkh ;gh fl)kar ?kfVr gksrk gSA25
vkpk;Z rqylh ds vuqlkj fo|kFkhZ thou ds fy, dqN vfuok;Zrk,a ize[q k gS&a
1- fo|kFkhZ esa fou; gksuk pkfg,A
2- mlesa lR;fu"Bk gksuh pkfg,A
3- fo|kFkhZ dks O;lueqä gksuk pkfg,A 4- mlesa /keZ ds izfr vkLFkk gksuh pkfg,A26
5- fo|kFkhZ vius f'k{kkcy ds vk/kkj ij lekt ds okrkoj.k dks cny dj fn[kk
ns– blds fy, n`<+ ladYi dh vko';drk gSA
6- fo|kFkhZ nwljksa ds thou ls isjz .kk ysrs jgs vkSj vius pfj=k dk ,slk fuekZ.k djs
ftlls vkSjksa dks izj.s kk feyrh jgs] ;g ;qx dh vis{kk gSA
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xyrh djus okys fo|kFkhZ dh HkRlZuk gksuh pkfg,A27
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks xqejkg djus esa jktuSfrd nyksa dk gLr{ksi ugha gksuk pkfg,A
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks uSfrdrk ds fy, izkRs lkgu Hkh feyuk pkfg,A28
yTtk] na'k] la;e vkSj czãp;Z dh vksj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vf/kd /;ku nsuk pkfg,A
fo|kFkhZ ds fy, [kk| la;e] bafnz; fuxzg vkSj vuq'kklu ds fu;e vko';d gSAa 29
vkRe fotsrk gh l+Ppk fotsrk gS&vkRekuq'kklu ds bl lw=k dks ân;axe dj
fo|kFkhZ blds fodkl ds fy, lps"V jgsAa
13- pfj=k fu"Bk ds izfr ltxrk&lR;] vfgalk] lnkpkj] izkekf.kdrk] fou;] f'k"Vrk]
ln~O;gkj tSlh ckrksa ds izfr yxko gksuk pkfg,A A30
14- fo|kFkhZ thou esa mPNa[` kyrk R;kT; gSA
15- jktuhfrd izipa ksa esa iM+dj vius y{; dks foLe`r djuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fgr esa
ugha ugha gSA vr% v/;;udky esa os vius ifo=k mís'; ls u HkVdsAa 31
buds vfrfjä vkpk;Z rqylh us fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks uSfrdrk dh vksj izfs jr djus ds fy,
fo|kFkhZ v.kqorz ksa dk lw=kikr fd;k tks fuEu gS32a
1- eSa ijh{kk esa voS/k mik;ksa dk lgkjk ugha ywxa kA
2- eSa fgalkRed ,oa rksM+QksM+ ewyd izof` Ùk;ksa esa Hkkx ugha ywxa kA
3- eSa v'yhy 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ugha d#axk] v'yhy lkfgR; ugha i<wxa k rFkk v'yhy
pyfp=k ugha ns[kwxa kA
4- eSa eknd rFkk u'khys inkFkkZas dk lsou ugha d#axkA
5- eSa pquko ds lanHkZ esa vuSfrd vkpj.k ugha d#axkA
6- eSa ngst ls vuqcfa /kr ,oa izn'kZu ls ;qä fookg ugha d#axk vkSj ,sls fdlh fookg
esa Hkkx ugha ywxa kA
7- eSa cM+s o`{k ugha dkVwxa k vkSj izn"w k.k ugha QSykÅaxkA
6- vfHkHkkod
f'k{kk cgq/kzoq h; izfØ;k gSA mlds vuqlkj vfHkHkkodksa dh Hkh viuh egÙoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk gSA fo|kFkhZ thou esa v/;kid dk ftruk egÙo gS] vfHkHkkodksa dk egÙo Hkys
gh ml :i esa u gks ij egÙo vo'; gSA cPps ifjokj ds lkFk vf/kd le; fcrkrs gSAa
blfy, vfHkHkkodksa dks Hkh mudh f'k{kk ds izfr tkx:d vo'; gksuk pkfg,A vkpk;Z
rqylh dk dguk gS fd izk;% ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd ekrk&firk viuh larku ds fy, HkSfrd
lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa ds lk/ku tqVk nsrs gS]a f'k{kk ,oa fpfdRlk dh O;oLFkk dj nsrs gSa ij muds
lokZxa h.k fodkl ds volj de [kkstrs gSAa dqN vfHkHkkod rks ,sls gksrs gSa tks mudh f'k{kk
789101112-
83
vkSj vkRe fuHkZjrk ds ckjs esa Hkh mnklhu jgrs gSAa mfpr ekxZ n'kZu ds vHkko esa ;k
vf/kd ykM+&I;kj esa cPps ;k rks dqN djrs gh ugha ;k bl izdkj ds dke djrs gSa tks mUgsa
HkVdkus ds fufeÙk curs gSAa ,slh ifjLFkfr esa gj le>nkj ekrk&firk dk ;g nkf;Ro gS
fd vius cPpksa dh ijofj'k esa laLdkj fuekZ.k dh ckr dks u Hkwy
a Aas lgh vFkZ esa cPpksa ds
f'k{kd ekrk&firk gksrs gSAa f'k{kdksa ds ikl cPps pkj&ikap ?kaVs gh jgrs gksxa ]s mudk 'ks"k
le; vfHkHkkodksa dh ns[kjs[k esa chrrk gSA tks vfHkHkkod nqO;Zluh gS]a os viuh larkuksa
dks u pkgrs gq, Hkh nqO;Zlu dk ikB i<+k jgs gSAa tks viuh larkuksa dks lq/kkjuk pkgs]a os
igys vkidks lq/kkjsAa 33
7- ikB~;Øe
f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ikB~;Øe dk Hkh viuk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ikB~;Øe dks nkSM+ dk
eSnku Hkh dgk tkrk gS ftlesa fo|kFkhZ vius y{; dh iwfrZ djrs gSA ikB~;Øe ds
vk/kkj ij f'k{kk fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA vr% ikB~;Øe f'k{kd rFkk fo|kFkhZ ds fy, ekxZn'kZd
dk dk;Z djrk gSA ikB~;Øe dk Lo:i fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gS D;ksfa d izR;sd fo"k; dh izdf` r
Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA vr% mlh ds vuq:i ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA eq[;
rF; ;g gS fd f'k{kk ds }kjk ftu ewY;ksa dk] ftu ;ksX;rkvksa dks c<+kuk gS] mUgsa iYyfor]
iqf"ir djuk gS] os rÙo ikB~;Øe ds vfHkUu vax gksus pkfg,A blds foijhr f'k{kk ls
vis{kk dqN vkSj gks]a ikB~;Øe dqN vkSj gks rks ifj.kke miyC/k ugha gks ldrs gSAa blls
Li"V gS fd ikB~;Øe oSlk gks tks okLro esa f'k{kk dh mi;ksfxrk dks fl) djs] mlds ewy
gknZ dks Li'kZ djsA rHkh f'k{kk dkjxj gks ldrh gSA ikB~;Øe esa uSfrd f'k{kk dh n`f"V
ls fl)kar vkSj iz;ksx nksuksa i{kksa ij /;ku nsuk t:jh gSA fo|kFkhZ dks fl)kar i<+k fn,
tk,axs rks ikB~;Øe dk ,d gh fgLlk cu dj jg tk,xkA tc rd fo|kFkhZ dks iz;ksx ugha
djok, tk,ax]s mlesa :ikarj.k dh laHkkouk ugha dh tk ldsxhA ;fn f'k{kk esa ,d u;k
fo"k; thou foKku dks tksMk+ tk, rks uSfrd f'k{kk gh ugha] mlls vkxs dk mís'; Hkh Qfyr
gks ldrk gSA bldk lac/a k thou thus dh dyk ls gSA blesa i<+uk de gS vkSj iz;ksx vf/kd
djuk gSA37 blls Li"V gS fd ikB~;Øe esa fl)kar vkSj iz;ksx dk leUo; vko';d
gSA tkuus ds fy, fl)kar vko';d gS rks ml Kku dks vkRelkr djus ds fy, iz;ksx
Hkh vko';d gSA tc rd vkarfjd ifjorZu ugha gksxk] jklk;fud ifjorZu ugha
gksxk rc rd ifjorZu dh ckr Hkh dksjh dYiuk gh jg tk,xhA foKku ds vuqlkj
ukM+h&xazfFkra=k gekjs O;ogkj dks lokZf/kd izHkkfor djrk gSaA /;ku ;ksx dk iz;ksfxd
vH;kl bls larqfyr djrk gSA vr% ikB~;Øe esa iz;ksx dk egÙkk] thou foKku dh
egÙkk lkFkZd fl) gksrh gSA
84
8- f'k{k.k fof/k
f'k{kk ls lacfa /kr lHkh vko';d rÙo gksa ij mfpr f'k{k.k u gks rks f'k{kk ds mís';ksa
dh izkfIr ugha gks ldrh gSA vr% f'k{k.k gh og ek/;e gS ftlls f'k{kk ds ifj.kkeksa dh
izkfIr gks ldrh gSA f'k{k.k ds {ks=k esa ,d ugha] vusd fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA bldk dkj.k ;gh gS izR;sd fo"k; fHkUu&fHkUu izdf` r okyk gksrk gSA vr% mlds vuq:i
gh f'k{k.k izfØ;k pyrh gSA fo"k; dks ljy vkSj lVhd rjhds ls le>kus gsr]q lqxkz á
cukus gsrq f'k{k.k dh ,d ugha vusd fof/k;ka gSA tSl&s dgkuh fof/k] iz'uksÙkj fof/k]
O;k[;k fof/k] [ksy fof/k vkfn&vkfnA vkpk;Z rqylh vius v/;kiu fof/k;ksa esa iz'uksÙkj]
fof/k] n`"Vkar fof/k] dgkuh vkfn fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs FksA34 blls ;g vuqeku yxk;k tk
ldrk gS fd vkpk;Z rqylh f'k{kk esa bu fof/k;ksa dks egÙo nsrs FksA mudk ;g Hkh ekuuk Fkk
fd uSfrd izf'k{k.k ds lS)kafrd vkSj izk;ksxfd :i dbZ gks ldrs gSAa 35 vr% Li"V gS fd vkpk;Z
rqylh lS)kafrd vkSj izk;ksfxd nksuksa fof/k;ksa dks f'k{kk ds fy, mi;ksxh ekurs FksA
fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd vkpk;Z rqylh us vius f'k{kk n'kZu esa f'k{kk ls
tqM+s fofHkUu vkSj ize[q k vaxksa dk cgqr lVhd <ax ls o.kZu fd;k gSA mudk f'k{kk n'kZu
,dkaxh u gksdj iw.kZrk dks fy, gq, gSA ;gh okLro esa f'k{kk dh lgh lkFkZdrk dks fl)
djrk gS] mls mi;ksxh cukrk gS vkSj f'k{kk dh egÙkk dks mtkxj djrk gSA vr% vkpk;Z
rqylh ,d mRd`"V dksfV ds nk'kZfud Fks ftUgksua s vFk ls bfr rd f'k{kk ls lacfa /kr vusd
vewY; fparu fn, gSa tks f'k{kk txr ds fy, lnSo vuqdj.kh; jgsxa As
lanHkZ lwph %&
1- f'k{kk dks cuk,a fodkl vkSj vkuan dh nh{kk] i`- 130
2- ogh] i`- 93
3- ogh] i`- 54
4- ogh] i`- 68
5- ogh] i`- 178&80
6- ogh] i`- 164
7- ogh] i`- 123
8- ogh] i`- 152
9- ogh] i`- 64
10- ogh] i`- 73
11- ogh] i`- 74
12- ogh] i`- 93
85
1314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435-
ogh] i`- 95
ogh] i`- 179
ogh] i`- 69
lerk dh vka[k] pkfj=k dh ika[k] i`- 212
f'k{kk dks cuk,a fodkl vkSj vkuan dh nh{kk] i`- 56
ogh] i`- 57
ogh] i`- 70
ogh] i`- 59&60
ogh] i`- 56
ogh] i`- 55
ogh] i`- 56
ogh] i`- 134
ogh] i`- 171
ogh] i`- 35
ogh] i`- 66
ogh] i`- 60&61
ogh] i`- 69&70
ogh] i`- 124&125
ogh] i`- 127
ogh] i`- 143
ogh] i`- 70
vkpk;Z rqylh dk v/;kiu dkS'ky] i`- 131] 140] 244
lkFkZdrk laokn dh] i`- 58
Vhfpax de fjlpZ ,lksf'k,V
thou foKku] izs{kk/;ku ,oa ;ksx foHkkx
tSu fo'o Hkkjrh laLFkku] ykMuwa ¼jktLFkku½
Hkwy&lq/kkj
^rqylh&izKk* dk iwoZ izdkf'kr vad&155 la;qDrkad& 155–156 gSA vr% ikBdksa
ls fuosnu gS fd iwoZ izdkf'kr vad& 156] 157 ,oa 158&159 ¼la;qDrkad½ dks
Øe'k% 157] 158 ,oa 159&160 ¼la;qDrkad½ i<+sA Hkwy ds fy, [ksn gSA
–laiknd
86
vfgalk izf'k{k.k f'k{kk fo'o'kkafr dk vk/kkj
– vfnfr xkSre
Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl ftu euLoh egkiq#"kksa ds 'kSf{kd ;ksxnku dks
vR;Ur vknj ds lkFk js[kkafdr djrk gS] muesa vkpk;Z rqylh dk uke fu'p; gh
mYys[kuh; gSA os tSu 'osrkEcj rsjkiaFk lEiznk; ds vkpk;Z FksA muds }kjk iznÙk
f'k{kk thfodk dh ugha thou dh f'k{kk gksrh FkhA os lekt lq/kkjd ds lkFk&lkFk
jk"Vª mUuk;d Hkh FksA v.kqorz vkUnksyu ds ek/;e ls mUgksua s ns'k esa lkEiznkf;d
lkSgknZ dk okrkoj.k fufeZr fd;kA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vfgalk dh laLd`fr jgh gSAa
^^vfgalk ijeks /keZ%** ds vk"kZLoj fujUrj lquus dks feyrs jgrs gSAa Hkxoku
egkohj us ftl vfgalk dks mRdh.kZ fd;k mls vkpk;Z Jh rqylh us O;kid Lo:i
iznku fd;kA os vfgalk ds izrhd iq#"k Fks] ,slk dguk vlaxriw.kZ ugha gksxkA
mudk thou vkSj n'kZu vfgalk ls vksr&izkrs jgk gSA
vk/kqfud ;qx esa lar rqylh ,d ,sls ;qxnz"Vk ds :i esa loZekU; gS] ftUgksua s
thou ds fofHkUu i{kksa ls lacfa /kr leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq ekSfyd ,oa uSfrd
/kjkry iznku fd;kA mudk vfgalk n'kZu Hkh blh Ük`[a kyk dh ,d l'kDr dM+h
gSA lar rqylh us vfgalk dks vk/kqfud ifjos'k esa ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;Ru fd;k
gSA muds ok³~e; esa vfgalk dh ifjHkk"kk,a vfgalk ds fofo/k igyqvksa dk Li'kZ
djrh gSAa vfgalk dh e'kky dks gkFk esa mBkdj pyus okys ;qxiq#"kksa esa ,d uke
gS vkpk;Z rqylh dkA mUgksua s ns[kk fd euq"; ij LokFkZ psruk gkoh gks jgh gS]
blfy, fgalk ds ?kkr izfr?kkr c<+ jgs gSAa mUgksua s vuqHko fd;k fd vc lq/kkj dh
ugha uo fuekZ.k dh vko';drk gSA ;qx ds ewY;&ekudksa dks cnyus dh ugha] u;k
;qx ykus dh t:jr gSA og ;qx gksxk vfgalk dkA vkpk;Z rqylh dh fu"Bk vfgalk
esa FkhA mUgksua s vfgalk dk egkozr Lohdkj fd;kA vfgalk dks O;kogkfjd :i nsus
87
ds fy, mUgksua s vfgalk izf'k{k.k dks vko';d ekukA ns'k ds izc)
q fpUrdksa ls fopkj foe'kZ
djrs le; Hkh mUgksua s bl ckr ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k fd vfgalk ds lEcU/k esa 'kks/k vkSj
iz;ksx ds lkFk mlds izf'k{k.k dh leqfpr O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A vkpk;Z Jh rqylh cnyko
esa fo'okl djrs FksA ij cnyko ds fy, izf'k{k.k dks vko';d le>rs FksA mudh izjs .kk
ls lIr fnolh; ifjppkZ tSu fo'o Hkkjrh] ykMuwa esa ¼15&21 uoEcj] 1911½ vk;ksftr
gqbAZ ;g ifjppkZ vkpk;Z Jh rqylh ,oa vkpk;Z egkizK ds lkfUu/; esa f'k{kkfon~]
euksoK
S kfud] eqfux.k dh mifLFkfr esa fprau&euu ds nkSjku dbZ rF; lkeus vk,A
euq"; dh fpj&izrhf{kr vkdka{kk gS&'kkafr] tks mlds vfLrRo] fodkl ,oa izxfr ds
fy, Hkh vko';d gSA ^^ftl rjg ;q) ekuo efLr"d esa tUe ysrk gSA 'kkafr Hkh ekuo
efLr"d ls gh tUe ysrh gSA** orZeku esa fgalk ds izfr izfrc)rk] ?kuh ekjdkV] vk.kfod
loZuk'k] ekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa dk Hkkjh viO;;] fo"kerkoknh vFkZO;oLFkk]
ekuokf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku] fgald&izfr'kks/k] fgalk&iz/kku foKku vkSj izk|
S ksfxdh] foIyo]
x`g;q)] ;q)] ijEijkvksa dks rks tUe ns ldrh gS ij 'kkafr dks ughaA vusdkafrd fprau]
lkis{k n`f"Vdks.k] lg&vfLrRo] lfg".kqrk thou ds izfr lEeku] ;s lc 'kkafr ds LQqfyax
gSA fo'o'kkafr ds fy, lS)kfUrd ckrksa dks lqurs vk jgs gaAS ;fn bls izk;ksfxd 'kkafr dk
:i ns fn;k tk, rks fuf'pr rkSj ij ge fo'o'kkafr dh dYiuk dj ldrs gSAa bl izf'k{k.k
vkSj iz;ksx ls 'kkafr dh v[k.M ykS izTofyr dh tk ldrh gSA izf'k{k.k dk lEcU/k mins'k
ls ugha] vkpj.k ls gSA fgalk er djks& ;g mins'k gSA ftl fnu euq"; vuFkZ fgalk vkSj
Øwj fgalk ls mijr gksdj vius vkpj.k dks iz'kLr cuk,xk] mlh fnu vafglk dk izf'k{k.k
vFkZoku~ cu ldsxkA v.kqorz vuq'kkLrk vkpk;Z rqylh ds ijke'kZ ,oa funs'Z kkuqlkj vkpk;Z
egkizK us vfgalk izf'k{k.k dk ,d izk:i izLrqr fd;kA tks vR;Ur O;ogkfjd ,oa
mi;ksxh gSA mlds pkj egRoiw.kZ vk;ke gS&a n`f"Vdks.k ifjorZu] ân; ifjorZu] thou'kSyh
ifjorZu] vkSj LokoyEcu ¼vkthfodk izf'k{k.k½A f'k{kk ds lkFk vfgalk izf'k{k.k ds bl
izk:i dks tksM+dj fo'o 'kkafr dh fn'kk esa mi;ksxh dne c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn O;fDr
vfgald curk gS rks jk"Vª rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj rd fo'o 'kkfUr ds izHkko dks ns[k ldrs
gSAa tSlk fd vkpk;Z Jh rqylh us dgk gS&
^^lq/kjs O;fDr lekt O;fDr ls jk"V
jk"Vªª Lo;a lq/kjsxkAA**
vfgalk izf'k{k.k mmíís ' ; %
¼1½ vfgalk izf'k{k.k }kjk thou dk lEekuA ¼2½ ân; ifjorZu ,oa efLr"d psruk
tkx`r djukA ¼3½ vfgald thou 'kSyh o uSfrd ewY;ksa dk fodkl djukA ¼4½ lE;d~
vkthfodk ls ifjfpr djokukA ¼5½ fo'o esa 'kkafr] lqj{kk] ikjLifjd ln~Hkko o lkSgk)Z
dk okrkoj.k cukukA ¼6½ vfgalkRed jkstxkj o mik;ksa rFkk voljksa dk fuekZ.k ¼7½
fgalk ds dkj.kksa dh [kkst o mudk fuokj.kA ¼8½ uSfrd ,oa ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk fodklA
88
vfgalk izf'k{k.k ds vk;ke %
• ân; ifjorZu % vfgalk izf'k{k.k dk izFke vk;ke & ân; ifjorZuA ân;
ifjorZu dk vFkZ gS & Hkko ifjorZuA Hkkoksa dk mn~xe LFky gS & efLr"dA vr% bls
efLr"d izf'k{k.k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ân; ifjorZu dk igyk lw=k & fu"ks/kkRed Hkkoksa
¼yksHk] Hk;] oSj&fojks/k] Øks/k] vgadkj] Øwjrk] vlfg".kqrk½ ds ifjorZu dk izf'k{k.kA ân;
ifjorZu dk rkRi;Z gS & laoxs kas dk ifj"dkj djukA ftlds iz;ksx ls tc O;fDr dk
vkarfjd ifjorZu gks tkrk gS rks fgalk [kqn&c&[kqn fucZy gks tkrh gSA bl vkarfjd
ifjorZu ds rgr gh Hkko&fopkj vkSj jlk;u dk ifjorZu vkrk gSA vfgalk izf'k{k.k }kjk
O;fDr vius Hkkoksa dks cnyrk gS vkSj Hkkoksa ds cnyus ls fopkj esa ifjorZu vkrk gSA
fopkj ds ifjorZu ls eu cnyrk gS vkSj eu ds cnyus ls vkarfjd jlk;u cnyrs gSAa
bl izdkj vfgalk izf'k{k.k gh og ewy lzkrs gS ftlds ek/;e ls ân; ifjorZu dj lkjh
leL;kvksa dk funku fudkyk tk ldrk gSA
• n`f"Vdks.k ifjorZu % vfgalk izf'k{k.k dk f}rh; vk;ke & n`f"Vdks.k ifjorZuA
xyr n`f"Vdks.k ds dkj.k feF;k /kkj.kk,a] fujis{k fpUru vkSj ,dkaxh vkxzg iuirs gSa tks
fgalk ds eq[; dkj.k gSAa tcfd lkis{k fparu lkekftd lac/a kksa dh Hkwfedk esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ
rÙo gSA lkis{k fparu gksrk gS rks fQj LokFkZ dh lhek fuf'pr gks tkrh gSA ;g ugha gks
ldrk fd lekt ds 20 izfr'kr O;fDr vfrHkko esa th,a vkSj 80 izfr'kr O;fDr Hkw[ks ejrs
jgsAa ekuoh; lac/a kksa esa tks dVqrk fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS] mldk eq[; dkj.k fujis{k n`f"Vdks.k gSA ladh.kZ
jk"Vªokn vkSj ;q) Hkh fujis{k n`f"Vdks.k ds ifj.kke gSAa vfgalk izf'k{k.k esa n`f"Vdks.k ifjorZu
ds fy, O;fDr dks ldkjkRed lksp] lg&vfLrRo] LorU=rk] lkis{krk] leUo; dh vuqi{sz kk
djokbZ tkrh gS rkfd O;fDr vius n`f"Vdks.k dks lgh fn'kk ns ldsA
• thou'kSyh ifjorZu % vfgalk izf'k{k.k dk rhljk vk;ke gS & thou'kSyh
ifjorZuA thus ds fy, Je vko';d gSA Je ds fcuk lkjh thou dh O;oLFkk pjejk
tkrh gSA vfgald O;fDr ds fy, Je vkSj la;e iz/kku thou 'kSyh t:jh gS] vR;ar
vko';d gSA lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa esa thus okys O;fDr ls vfgald vkpj.k dh vk'kk dfBu
gSA Hkksx iz/kku thou tgk¡ nwljksa ds fy, flj&nnZ cu tkrk gS] ogha og vius izfr Hkh
de [krjukd ugha gksrkA blh ls vehjh&xjhch dh [kkbZ pkSM+h gksrh gSA foykflrk dh jkg
vfgalk dh eafty rd ugha igq¡p ldrhA thou 'kSyh esa ifjorZu dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lw=k
gS & lq/kkjoknh thou 'kSyh esa ifjorZuA bPNkvksa dh o`f) ls fgalk dks c<+kok feyk gSA
tc rd bPNk dk la;e ugha gksxkA thou 'kSyh esa la;e dks izfr"Bk ugha feysxh] rc rd
vfgalk dk lkFkZd ifj.kke ugha vk ldsxkA thou'kSyh ifjorZu ds fy, la;e] Je]
89
LokoyEcu vkSj O;lu&eqDr thou dk lS)kfUrd vkSj izk;ksfxd izf'k{k.k visf{kr gSA
thou'kSyh ifjorZu esa vfgalk] lR;] vpkS;]Z czãp;Z] vifjxzg] LokoyEcu vkSj O;lu
eqfDr ds izk;ksfxd vH;kl vfgalk izf'k{k.k esa lekfo"V gSA
• O;oLFkk ifjorZu % vfgalk izf'k{k.k dk prqFkZ vk;ke & O;oLFkk ifjorZuA O;fDr
ds vkUrfjd ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk cká ifjorZu Hkh vko';d gSA O;fDr lkekftd izk.kh gS
mlds fy, lcls cM+h dfBukbZ gSA vkt dh O;oLFkk,a O;fDr dks eq[;r% rhu leL;kvksa dk
lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS & vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd O;oLFkkA lekt] jkT;] O;kikj vkfn
fd tks O;oLFkk,¡ vkt izfrf"Br gks pqdh gSAa os vfgald thou ds cgqr vuqdyw ugha gSA vkt
iwjk thou vFkZ=k ij dsfUnzr gks x;k gSA lekt rFkk 'kklu O;oLFkk Hkh ml ls izHkkfor gks x;s
gSAa bl n`f"V ls vfgalk izf'k{k.k esa O;oLFkk ifjorZu ds vUrxZr la;e] lk/ku 'kqf)] bZekunkjh
miHkksx dh lhek] vtZu ds lkFk foltZu] drZO;fu"Bk vkfn dks vius thou esa mrkjus dk
izf'k{k.k O;oLFkk ifjorZu esa fd;k tkrk gSA O;oLFkk ifjorZu esa LokoyEcu dh psruk vkSj
O;oLFkk dk fodkl] O;olk; esa izkekf.kdrk rFkk Øwjrk dk otZu vfuok;Z gSA
vfgalk izf'k{k.k og ve`r gS tks O;fDr lekt o jk"Vª dks thfor j[krk gSA vfgalk
izf'k{k.k orZeku ;qx dh leLr leL;kvksa dk lokZf/kd mi;qDZ r lek/kku gSA vfgalk
izf'k{k.k }kjk ijLij fo'okl izdV gksrk gSA oLrqr% vfgalk izf'k{k.k fo'o 'kkafr dk
veks?k mik; gSA vfgalk izf'k{k.k fgalk dh Tokyk dks 'kkar djus dk Js"B vfHk;ku gSA
bls ;fn f'k{kk ds lkFk tksM+ fn;k tk, rks vkus okyh ih<+h ,oa Hkkoh ;qokoxZ fo'o 'kkafr
dh dYiuk dks lkdkj :i ns ldrs gSAa
lUnHkZ lwph %&
12345-
lq[kyky] eqfu] ¼1992½] vfgalk % O;fDr vkSj lekt] tSu fo'oHkkjrh laLFkku] ykMuwa]
laLdj.k&1
/kesZ'k] eqfu ¼1994½] vfgalk izf'k{k.k] tSu fo'oHkkjrh] ykMuwa] laLdj.k&I] i`- 15]33]29
nwxM+] cPNjkt] ¼2001½] fo'o'kkafr ,oa vfgalk izf'k{k.k] vkpk;Z 'kkafrlkxj Nk.kh Le`fr
xzaFkekyk] cq<kuk ¼mÙkjizns'k½] laLdj.k&II] i`- 1
nwxM+] cPNjkt] vkSj vfuy /kj ¼2002½] vfgalk izf'k{k.k ¼fl)kUr ,oa O;ogkj½] tSu fo'o
Hkkjrh] ykMuwa] laLdj.k&I] i`- 140
nwxM+] cPNjkt ¼2004½] vfgalk izf'k{k.k lanf'kZdk] tSu 'osrkEcj rsjkiaFkh egklHkk] laLdj.k&
I] i`- 12
lgk;d vkpk;kZ
f'k{kk foHkkx
tSu fo'oHkkjrh laLFkku] ykMuwa
90
oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa izek.k ehekalk % iz'kLriknHkk";
,oa miLdkjHkk"; ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa
– fodkl flag
;ksxkpkjfoHkwR;k ;Lrks"kf;Rok egs'oje~A
pØs oS'ksf"kda 'kkL=ka rLeS d.kHkqts ue%AA1
oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa izes; ds vk/kkj ij gh izek.kksa dh flf) dh xbZ gSA
?kV&iVkfn inkFkksaZ dh flf) izek.k ds vk/kkj ij gksrh gS] vr% mldh vko';drk
gSA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa nzO;kfn lkr2 inkFkZ ekus x;s gSaA :i] jl] xU/kkfn 24
(17+7) xq.k3 oS'ksf"kd esa Lohd`r gSAa bl n'kZu esa cqf) dks xq.k ds :i esa ns[kk x;k
gSA miLdkjdkj us U;k;lw=k 1-1-15 dks mn~/k`r djrs gq, ^^cqf)#iyfC/kKkZua izR;;
bfr i¸;kZ;k%** dgdj cqf)] miyfC/k] Kku rFkk izR;; bu 'kCnksa dks vfHk/kko`fÙk ds
}kjk ,d gh vFkZ dk cks/kd ekuk x;k gSA4 iz'kLrikn us Hkh blh er dks mn~/k`r fd;k
gSA iz'kLrikn dgrs gS]a ^^;g ¼cqf)½ vusd izdkj dh gS] D;ksfa d blds fo"k; vuUr gSa
vkSj ;g izR;sd fo"k; esa LorU=k :i ls vo'; gh lEc) gSA**5
;g cqf) ¼O;fä'k%½ vuUr izdkj dh gksus ij Hkh la{ksi esa fo|k rFkk
vfo|k Hksn ls nks izdkj dh gSA6 lw=kdkj ds vuqlkj] ^^bfUnz;ksa ds nks"k ls rFkk
laLdkj ds nks"k ls vfo|k mRiUu gksrh gS] og nq"V Kku gh gS rFkk nks"kjfgr Kku
fo|k dgykrk gSA**7 U;k;dUnyhdkj ds er esa lUnsg ls fHkUu fu'p;kRed Kku gh
fo|k gS] ftlds fo"k; ckf/kr u gksaA mlds foijhr izdkj dk Kku vfo|k gSA8
iz'kLrikn us vfo|k ds tgk¡ pkj Hksn Lohdkj fd;s gSa– la'k;] foi;Z;]
vu/;olk; ,oa LoIuA9 ogha ;FkkFkZ Kku :i fo|k ds Hkh pkj Hksn Lohdkj fd;s
gSa– izR;{k] vuqeku] Le`fr ,oa vk"kZKkuA10
91
vfo|k@vizek.k&fopkj
1- la'k; %& ftu nks oLrqvksa ds lk/kkj.k /keZ igys ls Kkr gSa] mu nksuksa ds dsoy
lk/kkj.k /keZ :i lkn`'; ds Kku ,oa i'pkr~ nksuksa ds vlk/kkj.k /keksZa ds Lej.k vkSj v/
keZ bu rhuksa gsrqvksa ls– ;g veqd oLrq gS\ ;k mlls fHkUu\ bl izdkj dk nks fo:)
fo"k;ksa dk Kku gh la'k; gSA11 U;k;dUnyhdkj dk er gS fd ;g LFkk.kq gS ;k iq#"k\
bR;kfn :i ls vfuf'pr rFkk nksuksa i{kksa dks Li'kZ djus okyk vFkkZr~ nks fo:) fo"k;ksa
dk fo'ks"k izdkj dk Kku gh la'k; gSA12 miLdkjdkj dk er gS fd] ^^,d gh /kehZ esa
fo:) vusd /keZizdkjd Kku la'k; gSA**13 d.kknjgL; esa Hkh 'kadjfeJ us bUgha 'kCnksa dks
mn~/k`r fd;k gSA lw=kdkj d.kkn dk dguk gS fd] ^^lkekU; /keksZa dk izR;{k u gksuk] ij
fo'ks"k /keksZa dk Lej.k gksus ls la'k; fdlh Hkh oLrq esa gks tkrk gSA**14 fo|ksn;Hkk";dkj
la'k; dks lqUnj ,oa ljy <ax ls le>krs gq, dgrs gS fd la'k; Kku esa Hk; vo'; jgrk
gSA ;fn Hk; ;k vk'kadk u gks rks la'k; Kku gksxk gh ughaA lka;dky esa ,d O;kikjh
/ku ysdj taxy esa ?kj vkrk gSA jkLrs esa :i;ska dk rFkk viuh tku dk mls Øe'k% pksj
,oa fgald tUrqvksa ls Hk; yxrk gSA rc og ^LFkk.kq* tSls fdlh vkdkj fo'ks"k esa ^LFkk.kq
gS* ;k îq#"k* ;g vk'kadk djrk gSA15
^f}fo/k% la'k;%* vFkkZr~ la'k; nks izdkj dk gksrk gS– vUr% la'k; rFkk cfg%
la'k;A ckáfo"k;d la'k; Hkh n`"V ,oa vn`"V Hksn ls f}fo/k ekuk x;k gSA16
LFkk.kq rFkk iq#"k esa leku jgus okyk n`';eku m/oZrkfn/keZ tc la'k; dk dkj.k
gksrs gSa og n`';eku/kkfeZd cfg%la'k; gksrk gSA fdlh euq"; dks iwoZ esa ¼ds'k;qDr]
oL=k;qDr½ tSlk ns[kk x;k Fkk] mlh dks nwljs le; esa ¼ds'kjfgr] oL=kjfgr½ oSlk u ns[kuk
tc la'k; dk dkj.k gksrk gS17] rc og vn`';eku /kkfeZd cfg% la'k; gksrk gSA
fo|k&vfo|k ls Hkh la'k; Kku gksrk gSA18 mnkgj.k ds fy;s fdlh T;ksfr"kh us dgk
fd veqd le; pUnzxzg.k gksxkA ;g lR; Hkh gks ldrh gS vlR; HkhA19 bl izdkj dk
la'k; vUr% fo"k;d la'k; gSA
2- foi;Z; % tSls la'k; izR;{k ,oa vuqeku ls Kkr fo"k;ksa dk gh gksrk gS] oSls gh
foi;Z; Hkh bu nks dk gh gksrk gSA ftu nks oLrqvksa ds vlk/kkj.k /keZ Kkr gSa] mu nksuksa
esa ls ,d oLrq esa nwljh oLrq dk Kku gh foi;Z; gSA bldh mRifÙk mDr fo"k;ksa ds ;FkkFkZ
Kku dk vHkko] vkRek ,oa eu ds la;ksx ,oa v/keZ bu rhu gsrv
q ksa ls gksrh gSA bu dkj.kksa
esa vkReeu la;ksx dks mDr nksuksa fo"k;ksa ds Kku ls mRiUu laLdkj dk lkgk;d Hkh
visf{kr jgrk gSA ;g foi;Z; dQ] fiÙk o ok;q ds izdksi ls fcxM+h gqbZ bfUnz;okys iq#"k
dks gh gksrk gSA tSls xks esa v'o dk Kku foi;Z; gSA20
izR;{kfo"k;d foi;Z;– tgk¡ oLrqr% izR;{k ds u jgus ij Hkh izR;{k dk vfHkeku
gksrk gS] tSls es?k ls jfgr ;g izdk'k fcuk rjax ds leqnz dh rjg gS rFkk jkr dk ;g va/kdkj
92
vatu ds pw.kZ dh rjg d`".k o.kZ dk gSA21 vuqekufo"k; foi;Z;– ok"i dks /kwe le>dj
mlds }kjk ty esa ofg~u dk vuqeku rFkk xo; ds lhax dks ns[kdj xks dk vuqeku] ;s
vuqekufo"k;d foi;Z; ds mnkgj.k gSaA22
vU; izdkj ds foi;Z; – =k;h ds fo:) er okys ckS)kfn n'kZuksa esa ^;gh eks{k dk
dkj.k gS* bl izdkj dk vfHkeku Hkh foi;Z; gSA 'kjhj] bfUnz; vFkok eu dks vkRek
le>uk Hkh foi;Z; dgykrk gSA mRifÙk'khy oLrqvksa esa fuR;Ro dk Kku] dkj.k ds u jgus
ij Hkh dk;ksZRifÙk dk Kku] fgrksins'k djus okys esa vfgr dk eku rFkk vfu"V
mins'kdÙkkZvksa esa fgr dk Kku& ;s lc Hkh foi;Z; ds mnkgj.k gSaA23
bl rjg feF;k fu'p; gh foi;Z; gSA la'k; vfu'p;kRed gksrk gS tcfd foi;Z;
v;FkkFkZ fdUrq fu'p;kRed Kku gksrk gSA
3- vu/;olk; % izR;{k ;k vuqeku ds }kjk Kkr gksus okys fo"k;ksa dk gh
vu/;olk; Hkh gksrk gSA buesa igys ls Kkr fdlh vU; fo"k; esa eXu vFkok fdlh fo'ks"k
izdkj dh izrhfr dh bPNk ;k fdlh iz;kstu ls vfHkHkwr iq#"k dk ^;g D;k gS\* bl izdkj
dk dsoy vkykspu Kku gh izR;{k ds }kjk Kkr gksus okys fo"k; dk vu/;olk; gSA tSls
fd Hkkj <ksus okys iq#"k dks dVgy izHk`fr Qyksa dks ns[kus ds ckn ;g vfu'p;kRed
¼vu/;olk;½ gksrk gS fd ;g D;k gS\ ml Hkkjokgh iq#"k dks Hkh lÙkk] nzO;Ro] i`FohRo]
o`{kRo] :iRo ,oa 'kk[kk izHk`fr dks ,d :i ls le>kus okyh iulRo tkfr dk Hkh fu'p;
gh gSA dsoy mls ;g fo'ks"k :i ls Kkr ugha jgrk gS fd ^bldk uke D;k gS\*
ukfjdsy }hi esa jgus okys dks dsoy lkLuk dks ns[kus ls tks ^;g dkSu&lk izk.kh gksxk\*
bl vkdkj dk vu/;olk; gksrk gS] og vkuqekfud vu/;olk; gSA24
'kadjfeJ us d.kknjgL; esa vu/;olk; dks la'k; ls fHkUu crk;k gSA os dgrs gS&
^^vu/;olk; ^;g D;k gS\* bl izdkj dk Kku gS] fdUrq og la'k; ugha gS D;ksafd blesa
fojks/kh dksfV;k¡ ugha gksrh rFkk ;g leku/kekZ foizfrifÙk;ksa ls tU; Hkh ugha gSa**25
4- LoIu % ftl izdkj vkRek rFkk eu ds la;ksx fo'ks"k vkSj laLdkj ls Lej.kKku
gksrk gS] mlh izdkj LoIuKku Hkh gksrk gSA26 bfUnz;ksa ds O;kikjksa ds 'kkUr gksus ij ftldk
eu Lo:i esa yhu jgrk gS ,sls euq"; dks bfUnz; O;kikj ls gksus ds leku tks vuqHko gksrk
gS mls LoIuKku dgrs gSaA27
LoIu dk y{k.k iz'kLrikn us bl rjg fd;k gS] ^^ftl O;fDr dh lHkh bfUnz;ka eu
ds izyhu gksus ds dkj.k fo"k;ksa ds xzg.k ls foeq[k jgrh gS] mls dsoy eu :i bfUnz; ls
tks Kku gksrk gs] ogh LoIuKku gSA28
LoIuKku dh izfØ;k& iz'kLrikn us LoIuKku dh mRifr dh izfØ;k dk o.kZu bl
izdkj fd;k gS] ^^'kjhj ds vfrlapkyu ls 'kkUr O;fDr;ksa dks foJke nsus ds fy;s ,oa
93
Hkkstu ds ifjikd ds fy;s ân; ds chp ckg~; bfUnz;ksa ls jfgr vkRek ds izns'k esa ftl
le; ftl iq#"k dk eu ¼b"V dh izkfIr ;k vfu"V dh fuo`fÙk ds fy;s½ vkRek ds }kjk
tkucw>dj fuf"Ø; gksdj cSB tkrk gS] ml le; ml O;fDr dks izyhueuLd dgrs gSaA
eu dh ;g fLFkfr mu fØ;kvksa ls gksrh gS tks vn`"V;qDr vkRek vkSj eu ds la;ksx ls
mRiUu gksrh gSA ,slh voLFkk esa eu ds fuf"Ø; gksdj cSB tkus ds dkj.k ckã bfUnz;ka
vius dkeksa dks djus esa vleFkZ gks tkrh gSa] rc izk.kok;q vkSj vikuok;q dh izo`fÙk;k¡
vf/kd gks tkrh gSaA ml fLFkfr esa ^Loki* uked vkRek vkSj eu ds chp fo'ks"k izdkj
ds la;ksx ,oa laLdkj bu nksuksa ls tks eu:i bfUnz; ds }kjk gh vfo|eku&fo"k;d
îzR;{kdkjd* dks Kku mRiUu gksrk gS] mls LoIuKku dgrs gSaA29
f=kfo/k LoIuKku
LoIuKku– og LoIuKku rhu izdkj dk gksrk gS&
1- laLdkjikVotU;
dkjikVotU;– tc dkeh ;k Øq) iq#"k cjkcj fdlh oLrq dh fpUrk djrs
gq, lksrk gS] rc ogh fpfUrr oLrq LoIu es izR;{kkdkj izfrHkkflr gksrh gSA
2- /kkrqnks"ktU;
ktU;– LoIuKku okr] fiÙk] dQ buds nks"k ls Hkh mRiUu gks ldrk gS]
okrizd`fr ds iq#"k dks vkdk'kxeukfn dk izR;{k ln`'k Kku gksrk gS] fiÙk izd`fr ds
vFkok izdqfir fiÙk iq#"k dks vfXuizos'k] Lo.kZe; ioZrkfn dk lk izR;{k gksrk gS rFkk
Üksy"e ;k dQizd`fr ds iq#"k dks unh&leqnzkfn esa rSjus ;k cQZ ls Hkjs ioZr dk lk izR;{k
gksrk gS& ;s /kkrqnks"kt LoIuksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA
3- vn`"VtU;
VtU;– Lo;a Kkr ,oa nwljksa ds fy;s vKkr rFkk Lo;a vKkr o nwljksa dks
Kkr fo"k;ksa ds ftrus LoIu 'kqHk&lwpd gSa] os lHkh laLdkj vkSj /keZ:i vn`"V ls mRiUu
gksrs gSa] tSls xtkjksg.k ;k N=kykHkkfnA mUgha fo"k;ksa ds ftrus LoIuKku v'kqHk ds lwpd
gSa] os lHkh v/keZ:i vn`"V vkSj laLdkj ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA tSls rsy dh ekfy'k] [kjkjksg.k
vkfn ds LoIuA Lo;a Hkh vKkr ,oa nwljksa dks Hkh vKkr loZFk vizfl) fo"k;ksa ds
n'kZu:i LoIuKku dsoy vn`"V ls gh gksrs gSa] tSls lw;Ze.My dk xy tkukA30
'kadjfeJ us miLdkjHkk"; esa Hkh blh rjg LoIu&izfØ;k dks le>k;k gS rFkk f=kfo/k
LoIuKku dks Hkh blh Øe esa cryk;k gSA31 rhuksa izdkj ds LoIu esa izFke nks dHkh Hkh lR;
fl) ugha gksrs] vfUre dHkh&dHkh lR; fl) gks tkrs gSa] ;|fi LoIu lkekU;r% feF;k
gh ekus tkrs gSaA32
;|fi laLdkj dh foy{k.krk ls ;g LoIu vFkksZa dks lk{kkr~ izdkf'kr djus okyk gks
tkrk gS] fdUrq oLrqr% og izR;{k ugha gSA LoIu tkx`rkoLFkk ds feF;kKkuksa ;Fkk la'k;] foi;Z;
,oa vu/;olk; ls i`Fkd~ gSA la'k; ,oa vu/;olk; esa eu vfuf'pr ,oa f}/kkxzLr jgrk
gS tcfd LoIu esa ugha jgrk D;ksfa d LoIu esa eu dk bfUnz;ksa ls lecU/k ugha gksrk gS ftlls
fo"k;ksa dk cks/k ugha gksrk gSA foi;Z; tkxzrkoLFkk esa gksrk gS tcfd LoIu funzkfo'ks"k es33a
94
LoIuKku ds e/; esa LoIuKku ls vuqHk; fd;s gq, inkFkksZa dk tks Lej.k :i Kku
gksrk gS] og LoIu ugha gks ldrk] D;ksafd LoIuKku vuqHko:i gksrk gS] rks fdl dkj.k
ls mRiUu gksrk gS\ bl iz'u ds mÙkj esa lw=kdkj dgrs gSa] ^^vkRek rFkk eu ds la;ksxfo'ks"k
rFkk laLdkj ls Hkh ftl izdkj LoIuKku gksrk gS mlh izdkj LoIue/; esa LoIu Lej.k:i
Kku ¼LoIukfUrd½ Kku Hkh gksrk gSA34 LoIukfUrd LoIukKku ls fHkUu gksrk gSA LoIukKku
iwoZ esa vuqHko fd;s x;s inkFksZ ds vuqHkotU; laLdkj ls mRiUu izR;{k tSlk Kku gksrk
gS] fdUrq LoIukfUrd Le`frKku gksrk gS] tks dsoy ml LoIudky ds vuqHko ls mRiUu
laLdkj ls gh mn~Hkwr gksrk gSA35
fo|k@izek.k&fopkj
;FkkFkZKku :i fo|k oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ds vuqlkj pkj izdkj dh gksrh gS– izR;{k]
vuqeku] Le`fr ,oa vk"kZKkuA bu pkjksa esa izR;{k loZizFke of.kZr gS D;ksafd ;g vU; lHkh
Kkuksa dk dkj.k gSA izR;{k ds ckn vuqeku dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k gS] D;ksafd og lh/ks
izR;{k ls mRiUu gksrk gSA izR;{k ,oa vuqeku ds }kjk dsoy Kkr vFkksZa dh gh Le`fr gksrh
gS] vr% bu nksuksa ds fu:i.k ds ckn Le`fr dk fu:i.k gqvk gSA vk"kZKku rks dsoy
yksdksÙkj iq#"kksa dks gh izkIr gksrk gS] vr% mldk o.kZu ykSfdd izek.kksa ds ckn gqvk gSA36
iz'kLrikn rFkk 'kadjfeJ us ;|fi fo|k ds pkj Hksn Lohdkj fd;s gSa] fdUrq Le`fr
o vk"kZKku dks izR;{k o vuqeku esa gh vUrHkkZfor fd;k gSA
1- izR;{k %& oS'ksf"kd lw=k esa izR;{k dk Øec) fooj.k ugha gSA fQj Hkh oS'ksf"kd
lw=kdkj ds vuqlkj bfUnz;k;Z37 lfUud"kZ rFkk bfUnz;38 izR;{k izek.k in&okP; gSA
iz'kLrikn ds vuqlkj bfUnz; ls mRiUu Kku gh izR;{k gSA bfUnz;k¡ ;k v{k N% gSa– ?kzk.k]
jluk] p{kq] Rod~] Jksr rFkk euA39 vr% izR;{k Hkh "kfM~o/k gS ftUgsa vUrfjfUnz; rFkk
ckásfUnz; izR;{k dgrs gSaA okfn&okxh'oj dh izR;{k ifjHkk"kk ^;FkkFkZlfUud"kZtU;a Kkua
izR;{ke~* ckS) nk'kZfud Jh /keZdhfrZ ds izR;{k izek.k ls feyrh&tqyrh gSA /keZdhfrZ us
dgk gS– ^r=k dYiukiks<eHkzkUra izR;{ke~40 vFkkZr~ dYiuk ls jfgr ;FkkFkZ rFkk vHkzkUr
vfolaoknd vFkkZr~ ;FkkFkZ ¼vijks{k½ Kku gh izR;{k gS
izR;{k ds Hksn– izR;{k nzO;] xq.k] deZ ,oa lkeku;&bu pkj inkFkksaZ dk gh gksrk gSA41
fo'ks"k rFkk leok; dk ughaA
1-1 nzO; dk izR;{k
;{k– nzO; dk izR;{k nks izdkj dk gksrk gS& 1- lfodYid]
2- fufoZdYidA
fufoZdYid izR;{k
;{k– vusd nzO;rÙo] mn~Hkwr :i] izdk'k ,oa vkRek] eu] p{kqjkfn
bfUnz;k¡ vkSj ?kVkfn vFkZ] bu pkj oLrqvksa ds rhu lfUud"kZ– bu lcds }kjk /kekZfn lk/
kkj.k lkefxz;ksa ds jgrs gq, tc nzO; ds Lo:i dk dsoy vkykspu ek=k gksrk gS] mls
95
fufoZdYid izR;{k dgrs gSa42 f'kokfnR; ds er esa dsoy oLrq ds Lo:i dk xzg.k
fufoZdYid Kku vFkok izR;{k gSA43
U;k;dUnyhdkj us iwoZi{kh ¼tSu½ dks mifLFkr djrs gq, dgk fd dqN er esa izR;{k
dsoy lfodYid gh gksrk gSA D;ksafd ogha fu'PkRed gksus ds dkj.k lHkh rjg ds O;ogkj
dh ;ksX;rk j[krk gSA fl)kUr er esa os dgrs gSa fd– ;fn fufoZdYid Kku ls oLrq ds
Lo:i dk Kku u ekusa rks fQj ml oLrq Lo:i ds okpd 'kCn dh Le`fr u gks ldsxh]
ml Le`fr ds u gksus ls lfodYid Kku Hkh u gks ldsxkA vr% lfodYid Kku dks ekuus
okyks dks fufoZdYid Kku dks ekuuk gh gksxkA44
lfodYid izR;{k
;{k– mDr dkj.kksa ¼1- vusd nzO;oÙo] 2- mn~Hkwr :i] 3- izdk'k ,oa
vkRek] eu] p{kqjkfn bfUnz;ka vkSj ?kVkfn vFkZ bu pkj oLrqvksa ds rhu lkfUud"kZ½ ds jgrs
gq, vkRek ,oa eu ds la;ksx ls gh lfodYid izR;{k gksrk gS fdUrq bl dk;Z vFkkZr~
vkReeu% lfUud"kZ dks bl dk;Z ds fy, nzO; ds lkekU; ,oa fo'ks"k /keZ] nzO;] xq.k] deZ]
izHkqfr fo'ks"k.kksa dh Hkh vis{kk gksrh gS] ftlls nzO; ds lfodYid Kku ds ^^;g nzO; lr~
gS] ;g i`fFkoh gS] xk; lhaxokyh gS] xk; 'kqDy gS] xk; tkrh gS vkfn vkdkj gksrs gSaA**45
miLdkjdkj dk er gS– lfodYid izR;{k bfUnz; o vFkZ ds lfUud"kZ ds dkj.k mRiUu
gksrk gSA ;fn fufoZdYid izR;{k O;ogkj dk cks/k ugha djk;k rks lfodYid blesa izek.k
gS] D;ksafd fof'k"V Kku:i lfodYid Kku gksrk gSA vkSj og fof'k"VKku fo'ks"k.k Kku
ds fcuk mRiUu ugha gksrk] D;ksafd fof'k"V Kku esa fo'ks"k.k dk Kku] fo'ks"; dk bfUnz;
ls lfUud"kZ rFkk fo'ks"k.k o fo'ks"; dk ijLij vlEcU/k dk vKku dkj.k gksrk gSA46
f'kokfnR; fof'k"V dk xzg.k lfodYid ekurs gSaA47
ckS) n'kZu lfodYid n'kZu dks izR;{k ugha ekurkA U;k;dUnyhdkj Jh/kjkpk;Z us
ckS)ksa dks iwoZi{k cukrs gq, dgk gS– ^lfodYid Kku ugha gS D;ksafd fufoZdYid Kku
ds lkFk fo"k; ds Loy{k.k ¼vlk/kkj.k /keZ½ dk vUo; o O;frjsd gS] vr% ogh vius
fo"k; esa vHkzkUr gSA pwafd lfodYid Kku okluk ds v/khu gS] og viuh mRifÙk ds fy,
fo"k;oLrq dk vuqjks/k ugha j[krkA vr% ds'kjkf'k ds Kku dh rjg lfodYid Kku
viuh fo"k;olLrq esa HkzkUr gSA lfodYid izR;{k esa tks xq.k] tkfr vkfn dk Kku ekuk
tkrk gS] os oLrqr% lr~ ugha gS] dsoy Loy{k.k gh ckár% lr~ gS vkSj fufoZdYid izR;{k
gksrk gS] vr% ogh okLrfod izR;{k gS] lizdkjd lEHko ugha gSA
ckS) er dk [k.Mu Jh/kjkpk;Z djrs gS] ^^lfodYid Kku dYiuk :i gksus ds
dkj.k izek.k ugha] bl ckS) vk{ksi dk tokc gS fd fufoZdYid Kku dh rjg ftrus Hkh
vijks{k fo"k;ksa ds Hkkld Kku gSa] os lHkh izR;{k gksrs gSa] vr% lfodYid Kku Hkh
vijks{kkoHkkfl gksus ds dkj.k izR;{k gh gSA ;fn dYiuk dks vfrla;kstu:i fof'k"Vfo"k;d
Kku ls vfHkUu ekus rks Hkh lfodYid Kku bl izdkj dh dYiuk :i gksus ij Hkh izek.k
96
gS] D;ksfa d fof'k"V Kku esa fo'ks";] fo'ks"k.k vkSj nksuksa dk O;oPNs|&O;PNs|ndHkko lEcU/k] ;s
rhuksa oLrq,a okLrfod gS]a vkjksfir ugha] vr% lfodYid Kku dsoy fof'k"V fo"k;d gksus
ls gh vizek.k ugha gks ldrkA48 miLdkjdkj Hkh ckS)ksa dk [k.Mu djs gq, dgrs gS] ^^'kCn
ds lEcU/k ls izdkf'kr rFkk bfUnz; o inkFkZ ds lfUud"kZ ls mRiUu gksus ls lfodYid
Hkh izek.k gSA**49
1-2- xq.k dk izR;{k
;{k– oS'ksf"kd lw=kksa esa 17 gh xq.k ekusa x;s gSaA vusd nzO;ksa esa
vkfJr nzO;ksa esa leok; lEcU/k gksus ls :i dh mn~HkwHkrrk rFkk vufHkHkwrrk ,oa :iRo
tkfr bu fo'ks"kksa ls :i xq.k dk izR;{k gksrk gSA50 tSls :ixq.k dk izR;{k gksrk gS oSls
jl] xU/k ,oa Li'kZ ds Øe'k% jlRo] xU/kRo] ,oa Li'kZRo] rhuksa vufHkHkwrRo rFkk
mn~HkwrRo:i ds fo'ks"k Øe'k% jl dk jklu ls izR;{k] xU/k dk ?kzk.k ls] Li'kZ dk Rod~
ls izR;{k gksrk gSA51 Jksr :i vkdk'k esa jgus okys 'kCn dk gh Jksr :i bfUnz; ls gh
izR;{k gksrk gS] blesa vkRek] eu o Jksr bu rhuksa ds lfUud"kksZa dh Hkh vis{kk gksrh gSA
tcfd :ikfn esa rhu lfUud"kksZa ls izR;{k gksrk gS] izFke vkRek dk eu ls] nwljk eu dk
bfUnz; ls] r`rh; bfUnz; dk oLrq lsA
la[;k] ifjek.k] i`FkdRo] la;ksx] foHkkx] ijRo] vijRo] Lusg] nzoRo] osx o fØ;k]
bu 11 oLrqvksa dk p{kq rFkk Ropk ls bu nks bfUnz;ksa ls izR;{k gksrk gSA52 iz'kLrikn us
cqf)] lq[k] nq%[k] bPNk] }s"k] iz;Ru o laLdkj ;s 7 xq.k u;s tksM+s tks vkRek o eu ds la;ksx
ls gh izR;{k gSA53
1-3 deZ dk izR;{k % oS'ksf"kd lw=k la[;k 4@1@11 esa xq.kksa ¼la[;k½ ds lkFk gh fØ;k
ds p{kq o Ropk bu nks bfUnz;ksa ls izR;{k dks cryk;k x;k gSA
1-4 lkekU; dk izR;{k % lkekU; dk izR;{k lkekU;oku inkFkZ ds izR;{k ij
fuHkZj gSA xq.kkfn dk tc p{kq vkfn laiw.kZ bfUnz;ksa ls tks xzg.k gksrk gS rc muesa orZeku
xq.kRo rFkk lÙkk bu nksuksa tkfr;ksa dk laiw.kZ bfUnz;ksa ls xzg.k gksrk gSA54
1-5 vHkko dk izR;{k
;{k– d.kkn ds lw=kksa ds vHkko i`Fkd~ inkFkZ ugha gS] fdUrq
f'kokfnR; us bls i`Fkd~ lkroka inkFkZ Lohdkj fd;kA vHkko pkj dk izkxHkko] iz/oalkHkko]
vU;ksU;kHkko o vR;UrkHkko gSA ftl izdkj /oal ds fojks/kh ?kVkfndksa dk Li"V izR;{k
gksrk gS vkSj /oal dk Hkh izR;{k gksrk gS] mlh izdkj mRiUu gksdj u"V gq, ?kVkfndksa dk
izR;{k ugha gksus ls] ,oa Hkwr ?kVkfn:i izfr;ksxh ds Lej.k ls Hkh ?kV vlr~ gS] ?kV u"V
gks x;k gS bR;kfnizR;{k Kku gksrk gSA55 ftl izdkj /oal uked vHkko dk izR;{k Kku
gksrk gS] mlh izdkj jps tkus okys ?kV vkfn Hkko inkFkksZa ds izR;{k ls fo"k; gksus ds dkj.k
izkxHkko:i vHkko dk Hkh izR;{k Kku gksrk gSA56 ;g ?kV fHkUu gS] xkS ls fHkUu gS bR;kfn
:i ls vU;ks;kHkko ds izR;{k esa Hkh izfr;ksxh dk Lej.k] vf/kdj.k dk Kku rFkk iwoZ
iznf'kZr rdZ ,oa izR;{k;ksX; dh vuqiyfC/k ;s lc dkj.k gSaA57
97
1-6 ;ksxt izR;{k
;{k– iz'kLrikn us ;qDr rFkk v;qDr nks Hksn ls nks izdkj ds ;ksxh
58
ekus gSaA ;gh Hksn miLdkjdkj us Hkh ekuk gSA ^,dkxz vUr%dj.k* okys ;qDr rFkk
O;qRFkku ¼vlekfgr½ vUr%dj.k okys fo;qDr ;ksxh dgykrs gSaA59
;qä ;ksfx;ksa dks vkRek rFkk eu ds ;ksxt /keZtU; la;ksx fo'ks"k ls ;ksfx;ksa dks
vkRek dk lk{kkRedkj djkus okyk izR;{k Kku gksrk gSA60 blh rjg ijek.kq] ok;q] fn'kkfn
nzO;ksa muesa orZeku xq.k] deZ] tkfr vkfn dk Hkh izR;{k gksrk gSA61
;ksxlekf/k yxkus ds i'pkr~ ftu ;ksfx;ksa us O;qRFkku n'kk izkIr dh ,sls lekf/k ds
izHkko ls fcuk bfUnz;ksa ds O;kikj ds lHkh laiw.kZ fo"k;ksa dk izR;{k djus okys ;ksxh fo;qä
gSaA62 nzO;ksa esa leok; ls deZfo"k;d rFkk xq.kfo"k;d izR;{k ;ksfx;ksa dks gks tkrk gSA63
vkRek esa leok; ls vkRexq.kfo"k;d lk{kkRdkj gks tkrk gSA64
2- vuqeku % fdj.kkoyh esa vuqeku 'kCn ^Hkkolk/ku* ,oa ^dj.klk/ku* nks izdkj dk gSA
izFke i{k esa O;k[;k gS ^vuqfefrjuqekue~* rFkk nwljs i{k esa ^vuqeh;rs·usufs r pkuqekue~* gSA65
lw=kdkj d.kkn us vuqeku dks yf{kr djrs gq, dgk gS– ^^bl dkj.k dk ;g dk;Z
gS] bl dkj.k dk ;g dk;Z gS] bldk ;g la;ksxlEcU/kh gS] bldk ;g fojks/kh gS] bldk ;g
leok; lEcU/kh gS] bl izdkj fyax ls mRiUu gksus okyk vuqeku izek.k gksrk gSA66 miLdkjdkj
dk er gS fd ;gka ^Kku* in gh izdr` gS] vr% ;g y{k.k Hkkolk/ku:i ^vuqfefr* dk gSA67
iz'kLrikn ds er es]a ^^fyax vFkok lk/kd gsrq n'kZu ;k Kku ls mRiUu Kku ySfa xd ¼vuqeku½
dgykrk gSA68** fyax dk y{k.k iz'kLrikn us bl izdkj fn;k gS] ^^tks vuqfefr esa iz/kku:i
ls fo"k; gksus okyh oLrq ¼vFkkZr~ i{k½ ds lkFk lEcU/k gks ¼mls i{kRo dgrs gSa½] ,oa tks
lk/;:i /keZ ls ;qDr ¼n`"VkUr½ esa ;FkkFkZ:i ls Kkr gks ¼bls li{klRo dgrs gSa½] ftlls
lk/; dk u jguk fuf'pr u gks] ,sls vkJ; esa tks dnkfi u jgs ¼mls foi{kklRo dgrs
gSa½ ogha bu rhu 'krksZa dks iwjk djus okys fyax lk/; dk vuqekid gSA69
li{klÙokfn rhu y{k.kksa esa ls ,d ;k nks gsrqvksa ls Hkh jfgr gsrq dks dk';i us
vfl)] fo:) o lafnX/k uke dk gsRokHkkl ekuk gSA70 tks gsrq u gksdj gsrq tSlk izrhr
gks] ogh gsRokHkkl dgykrk gSA ckS) n'kZu esa vkpk;Z /keZdhfrZ us Hkh vfl) vusdkfUrd
,oa ;s rhu gh gsRokHkkl Lohdkjs gSaA ftuesa O;fDr Kku u gks ;k foijhr O;kfIr Kku gks
og vfl) vFkkZr~ vizfl) gsRokHkkl tkuuk pkfg,A i{k esa u jgus okyk fo:)
gsRokHkkl gSA i{k esa lk/; dh lÙkk rFkk vlÙkk nksuksa dksfV ds la'k; dks mRiUu djus
okyk lafnX/k gsRokHkkl gksrk gSA71 jklHk dks ns[kdj ^;g v'o gS] Jàxoku gksus ls ,slk
tks iq#"k vuqeku djrk gS ;g le>dj fd ^tks v'o ugha gksrk og Jàxokyk ugha gksrk*
bl vuqeku esa ^v'ork rFkk Jàxork* esa O;kfIr u gksus ls v'o esa JàxoÙkkLo:i vflf)
;k vflf) gsRokHkkl gS rFkk v'orkjfgr xkS vkfn Jàx gksus ls fojks/k gsRokHkkl gSA72
98
ftl vuqeku esa efg"k dks i{k dks ^;g xkS gS] Jàxoku~ gksus ls* ,slk dksbZ vuqeku fl)
djrk gS] mlesa lafnX/k gsRokHkkl gksrk gSA73
vuqeku dh fof/k
fof/k– iz'kLrikn us dgk gS] ^^tgka ij /kqvka gksrk gS ogk¡ vfXu gksrh
gS** rFkk vfXu ds u jgus ij /kqvka Hkh ugha jgrkA bl izdkj] ftl iq#"k dks O;kfIrKku
jgrk gS] mls vlafnX/k /kwe ds n'kZu ls] vfXu rFkk /kwe ds lkFk jgus :i O;kfIr ds Lej.k
ls] vfXu dk vuqeku :i fuf'pr Kku gksrk gSA blh izdkj lEiw.kZ vuqeku LFkyksa ij
O;kfIr&fofu'p; gksrk gS D;ksafd lHkh vuqekuksa esa ns'k rFkk dky dks ysdj lk/; ds lkFk
O;kfIr j[kus okyk lk/ku nwljs lk/; /keZ dk lk/kd fyax gksrk gSA74
vuqeku ds Hksn– vuqeku nks izdkj gS& n`"V rFkk lkekU;ksrn`"VA ftl gsrq ds lkFk
iwoZ esa Kkr lk/; vkSj orZeku esa mlh gsrq ds }kjk KkI; lk/;] nksuksa vfHkUu gks] ml gsrq
ls mRiUu vuqeku gh n`"V gSA tSls– igys ,d LFkku esa dsoy ,d xk; esa gh lkLuk :i
gsrq dks ns[kdj nwljs LFkku esa lkLuk dks ns[kdj xks fo"k;d vuqfefr gks tkrh gSA blh
rjg] ftl gsrq ds lkFk iwoZr% Kkr lk/; vkSj mlh gsrq ds }kjk orZeku esa KkI; lk/;&
nksuksa fofHkUu tkfr ds gksa] ml gsrq lkekU; vkSj lk/;lkekU; dh O;kfIr ls tks mRiUu
gksrk gS] mls lkekU;rksn`"V dgrs gSaA tSls– d`"kd] of.kd~] jktiq#"kksa dh Lo lQy
izo`fÙk;ksa dks ns[kdj mu /kkfeZd izo`fÙk;ksa ls Hkh Qy dk vuqeku gksrk gS ftuds dksbZ
izR;{k Qy ugha gksrsA75
'kadjfeJ vuqeku dh O;k[;k U;k;n'kZu ds leku djrs gSA LokFkZ o ijkFkZ esa
vuqeku dks ckaVrs gq, i×pko;o&fl)kUr dks izLrqr djrs gSaA76
'kCnkfn izek.k dk vuqeku esa vUrHkkZo % oS'ksf"kd n'kZu dh foy{k.krk dks
izek.k&ehekalk cryk;k gSA oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa izek.k ;|fi izR;{k rFkk vuqeku ;s nks gh
ekus x;s gSaA vU; 'kCnkfn izek.k dks vuqeku esa gh vUrHkkZfor fd;k x;k gSA Le`fr ,oa
vk"kZKku ;|fi ;s fo|k ds Hksn gSa fdUrq oS'ksf"kd esa izek.k ln`'k Lohd`r gSaA
bl ySfxad ls gh 'kCn ls mRiUu 'kkCn Kku ;k izek.k dh O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA77 ;g
vuqeku ls i`Fkd ugha gS] D;ksafd 'kCnkfn izek.kksa ls Hkh mlh jhfr ls izfefr dh mRifÙk
gksrh gS] ftl izdkj vuqeku izek.k ls izfefr dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA Jqfr ,oa Le`fr :i 'kCn
izek.ksa dk izkek.; muds oDrkvksa ds izkek.; ds gh v/khu gksrk gSA ;gh ckr
^r}puknkEuk;L; izkek.;e~*] cqf)iwoksZ nnkfr%** bR;kfn lw=kksa ds }kjk dgh x;h gSA
izFke O;fDr us ml oLrq dk izR;{k fd;k gksxk] rnuUrj vkt ;k ckn esa vU; O;fDr
vuqeku ls ml izR;{k dks ekusaxs] rc 'kCn ekuus dh vko';drk ugha gSA78
vK iq#"k dks loZFkk vKkr xo; vkIr iq#"k ls mPpkfjr ^xksln`'kks xo;%* bl
okD; ls gksrk gSA vr% mieku vkIr opu ;k 'kCn gS] Qyr% mieku vuqeku ds vUrxZr
99
vkrk gSA izek.kksa ds }kjk Kkr vFkZ ls vFkksZa dh tks n`"VkFkZifÙk gksrh og fojks/kh vuqeku
gSA okD; ds Jo.k ls tks JqrkFkZifÙk gksrh gS] og Hkh vuqferkuqeku gSA79 lEHko izek.k
¼iqjk.kksa esa Lohd`r½ ls Hkh O;kfIr ds }kjk gh vFkZ dk cks/k gksrk gS] vr% og Hkh vuqeku
gSA80 vHkko izek.k Hkh vuqeku ds vUrxZr vkrk gS] D;ksfa d ftl izdkj mRiUu dk;Z vius
dkj.k dh lÙkk dk Kkid gsrq gS] mlh izdkj vuqRiUu dk;Z Hkh vius dkj.k dh lÙkk dk
Kkid gsrq gh gSA81 blh rjg ,sfrá ¼iqjk.kksa esa Lohd`r½ Hkh lR; vFkZ dk cks/kd ,oa vkIr
ls mPpfjr 'kCn izek.k gh gSA Qyr% vuqeku gh gSA82
ijkFkkZuqeku ,oa i×pko;o okD; % ^vius fuf'pr vFkZ dks nwljksa dks le>kus
ds fy, ikap vo;o okD;ksa dk iz;ksx ijkFkkZuqeku gSA ;s vo;o gSa– izfrKk] vins'k
¼gsrq½] fun'kZu ¼mnkgj.k½] vuqlU/kku ¼miu;½] o izR;kEuk; ¼fuxeu½A
1- izfrKk
rKk– lk/; ls ;qDr /kehZ ¼i{kh½ esa gsrq ds lEcU/k dks fn[kykus ds fy,
iz;qDr okD; gh izfrKk gSA tSls& ^nzO;a ok;q%A*
2- vins'kk– gsrqcks/kd okD; gh vins'k gSA tSls– ^fØ;koÙokn~ xq.koÙokPp*A
3- fun'kZu– lk/;lkekU; ds lkFk o`frRo :i ls Kkr gsrq lkekU; dk i{k esa laKk
dk Kkiu okD;A tSls– ôk;q% fØ;kokfufr*A
4- vuqlU/kku
U/kku– O;kfIr fof'k"V gsrq dk /kehZ esa izfriknd okD;ka'kA oS/kE;Z
vuqla/kku gSA tSls– û pk;A*
5- izR;kEuk;
;kEuk;– izfrKk okD;A vfuf'pr lk/; dk fuf'pr opuA tSl–s ^rLekn~ nzO;esofs r*83
3- Le`fr % lw=kdkj dk dFku gS fd vkRek rFkk eu ds la;ksx fo'ks"k ¼#i
vleokfdj.k½ ls rFkk laLdkj ¼:i fufeÙkdkj.k½ ls Le`fr mRiUu gksrh gSA84 iz'kLrikn
ds er esa] ^^fyax ds n'kZu ,oa bPNk] Le`fr vkfn m}ks/kdksa ls lgpfjr] vkRek vkSj eu
ds fo'ks"k izdkj la;ksx vkSj laLdkj] bu nksuksa ls mRiUu gksrh gSA ;g izR;{k] vuqfefr ,oa
'kkCncks/k ds }kjk Kkr fo"k;ksa dh gksrh gS] vr% Le`fr vrhrfo"k;d gh gksrh gSA
Le`frtud mDr laLdkj vR;Ur LQqVKku] vH;kl vkSj vknj ls mRiUu gksrk gSA og
Le`fr Kku vuqfefr] bPNk] Le`fr ,oa }s"k dk mRiknd dkj.k gSA85 'kadjfeJ us Le`fr dks
iwokZuqHko dh ;FkkFkZrk ,oa v;FkkFkZrk dh vuqlj.kd=khZ dgk gSA D;ksafd jLlh dks liZ
le>dj Hkkxs gq, euq"; dks v;FkkFkZ Lej.k gh gksrk gSA laLdkj ds mn~cks/kd ds v/khu
gksus ds dj.k loZnk Le`fr gksus dh vkifÙk ugha vk ldrhA86
Jh/kjkpk;Z dk ekuuk gS fd ôg Fkk* Le`fr dk ;gh vkdkj gksrk gSA blls Le`fr
ds fo"k; dk vrhr gksuk vkSj igys ls vuqHkwr gksuk gh yf{kr gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS
fd Le`fr dks izek.k ugha ekuk tkrk] D;ksfa d og iwoZ esa vuqHkwr fo"k; dks gh fuf'pr djus
ls iwokZuqHko ds v/khu gh gksrh gSA87
100
4- vk"kZKku % d.kkn us fo|k ds prqFkZ izHksn ds :i esa ^vk"kZKku* dks ugha ekuk
gSA ;ksfxizR;{k ds vUrxZr gh mldk o.kZu fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj ^^_f"k;ksa dk Hkwr]
Hkfo"; rFkk orZeku&fo"k;d Kku vkSj flf) dks izkIr fl) iq#"kksa dk Kku vn`"V:i
/keZ ls gksrk gSA**88 'kadjfeJ us o`fÙkdkj ds er dks mn~/k`r djrs gq, dgk gS– ^^vk"kZKku
;ksfxizR;{k gksus ls i`Fkd~ fo|k ugha gSA**89
iz'kLrikn us vk"kZKku dks fo|k dk prqFkZ izHksn ekuk gS] ftldk fu:i.k djrs gq,
os dgrs gSa fd osnksa dh jpuk djus okys egf"kZ;ksa dks muds fo'ks"k izdkj ds iq.;ksa ls
vkxexzUFkksa esa dgs gq, ;k muesa uk dgs gq, Hkwr] Hkfo"; vkSj orZeku vrhfUnz; /kekZfn
fo"k;d ,oa muds Lo:i dk ifjpk;d tks îzkfrHk* Kku mRiUu gksrk gS] mls vk"kZ dgrs
gSA ;g izk;% nsorkvksa rFkk egf"kZ;ksa dks gh gksrk gSA dnkfpr~ gh lk/kkj.k tu dks ;g
Kku gksrk gS tSls dksbZ ckfydk dgrh gS] ^êsjk eu dgrk gS fd dy esjs HkkbZ vk;sxsaA90
U;k;eUtjhdkj t;UrHkê dk er gS fd vk"kZKku Hkh izek.k gS D;ksafd ;g l}Lrq
ls tU; gksrk gS] lafnX/k Kku ugha gS] ckf/kr Hkh ugha rFkk fdlh nks"k ls blds dkj.k
Hkh nwf"kr ugha gSA91 Jh/kjkpk;Z dgrs gSa– ;g vk"kZKku u rks la'k; gS] u foi;Z; vkSj
u gh vizek.k gSA92 ;g rks ,d izek.k gh gSA vk"kZKku dks gh izfrHkk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
fu"d"kZr % ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd oLrqoknh oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ftls înkFkZ'kkL=k*
dgk tkrk gS] oLrqr% izes; iz/kku gSA bl n'kZu esa izes; ds vk/kkj ij izek.kksa dh flf)
gqbZ gSA blesa /keZ O;k[;k ds vuUrj gh prqFkZ lw=k esa inkFkksZa dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA
cqf) xq.k ds vUrxZr gh fo|k&vfo|k dh ppkZ esa gh izek.kksa dk foospu gqvk gSA vfo|k
ds pkj Hksn Lohdkj fd;s x;s gSa& la'k;] foi;Z;] vu/;olk; ,oa LoIuA ;FkkFkZ Kku :i
fo|k ds pkj Hksn Lohdkj fd;s x;s gSa– izR;{k] vuqeku] Le`fr ,oa vk"kZKkuA vuqeku ds
vUrxZr gh mieku] 'kCnkfn izek.kksa dk lekgkj dj fy;k x;k gSA
lUnHkZ lwph %
1234-
iz'kLriknHkk";e~] ¼inkFkZ/keZl³~xzgk[;e~½ ¼U;k;dUnyhO;k[;klfgre~½] iz'kLrikniz.khre~]
lEikndks fgUnhO;k[;kdkjÜp nqxkZ/kj >k 'kekZ] iz- MkW- e.MufeJ%] laiw.kkZuUn laLd`r
fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.kL;ke~] f}rh; laLdkj.k] 1997 res [kSzLrkCnsA i`- 4
nzO;] xq.k] deZ] lkekU; fo'ks"k] leok; ;s N% inkFkZ d.kkn us oS-lw- 1-1-4 esa crk;s gSaA
lkrosa inkFkZ vHkko dks ijorhZ f'kokfnR; us lIrinkFkhZ esa i`Fkd~ o.kZu fd;k gSA
:ijlxU/kLi'kkZ% la[;k% ifjek.kkfu i`FkDRoa la;ksxfoHkkxkS ijRokijRos cq);% lq[knq%[ks bPNk
}s"kks iz;RukÜp xq.kk%A d-lw- 1-1-6] pdkjs.k xq#RonzoRoLusglaLdkj/kekZ/keZ'kCnku~ leqf×puksfr
rs fg izfl)xq.kHkkok ,osfr d.Brks uksäk%A oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj%] i`- 34
oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj%] ¼îzdkf'kdk* fgUnh O;k[;ksisr%½] 'k³~djfeJfojfpr%] O;k- vkpk;Z
<qf.<jkt 'kkL=kh] la- ukjk;.k feJ] pkS[kEck izdk'ku] okjk.klh] r`rh; laLdj.k] 2007] i`- 447&48
101
567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132-
iz'kLriknHk";e~] i`- 410
rL;k% lR;I;usdfo/kRos leklrks }s fo/ks& fo|k pkfo|k psfrA iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 411
bfUnz;nks"kkr~ laLdkjnks"kkPpkfo|kA d-la- 9-2-10] rn~nq"VKkue~A d-lw- 9-2-11] vnq"Va
fo|kA d.kkn lw=k&9-2-12
fu%lfUnX/kkckf/krk/;olk;kfRedk izrhfrfoZ|k] rf}ijhu pkfo|sfrA iz'kLriknHkk";e~]
U;k;dUnyh] i`- 414
r=kkfo|k prqfoZ/kk– la'k;foi;Z;ku/;olk;LoIuy{k.kkA iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 411
fo|kfi prqfoZ/kk– izR;{kySf³~xdLe`R;k"kZy{k.kkA iz'kRiknHkk";e~] i`- 44
la'k;Lrkor~ izfl)kusdfo'ks"k;ks% lkn`';ek=kn'kZuknqHk;fo'ks"kkuqLej.kkn/kekZPp fdafLofnR;qHk;kyEch
foe'kZ% la'k;%A iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 411&12
fda LFkk.kq%\ fda ok iq#"k%\ bfr vuofLFkrksHk;:is.kksHk;fo'ks"klaLi'khZ foe'kksZ fo#)kFkZfoe'kksZ
Kkufo'ks"k% la'k;%A iz'kLriknHkk";e~] U;k;dUnyh] i`- 419
,dfLeu~ /kfeZf.k fojksf/kukukizdkjda Kkua la'k; bfrA iz'kLriknHkk";e~] U;k;dUnyh] i`- 419
lkekU;izR;{kkn~ fo'ks"kkRizR;{kkn~ fo'ks"kLe`rÜs p la'k;%A oS'ksf"kdlw=ke~] d.kkn] la- ukjk;.kfeJ]
pkS[kEck laLd`r lhjht] okjk.klh] 1976] d-lw- 2-2-17
'kkL=kh] vkpk;Z mn;ohj] oS'ksf"kdn'kZue~ ¼vfHkuojhfrifj"d`r&fo|ksn;Hkk";lfgr½] fot;dqekj
xksfoUnjke gklkuUn] fnYyh] 2006] i`- 106
f}fo/k% la'k;ks cfgfoZ"k;dks·UrfoZ"k;dÜpA cfgfoZ"k;dks·fi n`';eku/kfeZdks·n`';eku/kfeZdÜpA
oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj%] i`- 176
;Fkkn`"Ve;Fkkn`"VRokPp] d-lw-& 2-2-19
fo|k·fo|krÜp la'k;%] d-lw-- 2-2-20
oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj] i`- 178
iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 423&426
vlR;fi izR;{ks izR;{kkfHkekuks Hkofr] ;Fkk O;ixr?kuiVepytyfuf/kln`'keEcjeÀu';kea
'kkoZja re bfrA iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 426&27
vuqekufo"k;s·fi ok"ikfnfHk/kweZ kfHkerSogZ U~ ;uqekue~] xo;n'kZukPp xkSfjfrA iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`428
d.kkn jgL;] i`- 121] dqekj] MkW- 'kf'kizHkk] oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] fnYyh
fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh] 1992] i`- 313
vkReeulks% la;ksxfo'ks"kkr~ laLdkjÜp Le`fr%] d-lw- 9-2-6
rFkk LoIu%] d-lw- 9-2-7
oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj%] i`- 514&15
dqekj] MkW- 'kf'kizHkk] oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh] 1992] i`- 314
102
33- fdj.kkoyh] i`- 271] dqekj] MkW- 'kf'kizHkk] oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] fnYyh
fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh] 1992] i`- 315
34- LoIukfUrde~] d-lw- 9-2-8
35- oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj%] i`- 415&16] iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 440&41
36- dqekj] MkW- 'kf'kizHkk] oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] fnYyh fo'ofo~|ky;] fnYyh] 1992]
i`- 316
37- vkResfUnz;kFkZlfUud"kZ|fUu"in~;rs rnU;r~] d-lw- 3-1-18
38- ,rsu xq.kRos Hkkos p losZfUnz;a O;k[;kre~] d-lw- 4-1-13
39- iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 442
40- U;k;fcUnq] v/;k;&1] ckS) izek.k ehekalk] 'kkL=kh] MkW- fot;iky] i`- 16
41- rf) nzO;kfn"kq inkFksZ"kwRi|rs] iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 443
42- iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 443&47
43- oLrqLo:iek=kxzg.ka fufoZdYide~] lIrinkFkhZ] i`- 126] dqekj] MkW- 'kf'kizHkk] oS'ksf"kd n'kZu
esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh] 1992] i`- 317
44- U;k;dUnyh] iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 446
46- oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj%] i`- 453
47- fof'k"VL; xzg.ka lfodYide~] l-i-] i`- 126] dqekj] MkW- 'kf'kizHkk] oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ
fu:i.k] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh] 1992] i`- 318
48- U;k;dUnyh] iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 448&57
49- oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj%] i`- 452&453
50- vusdnzO;leok;kr~ :ifo'ks"kkPp :iksiyfC/k%] d-lw- 4-1-8
51- rsu jlxU/kLi'ksZ"kq Kkua O;k[;kre~] d-lw- 4-1-9
52- la[;k% ifjek.kkfu i`FkDRoa la;ksxfoHkkxkS ijRokijRos deZ p :finzO;leok;kr~ pk{kq"kkf.k] dlw- 4-1-11
53- v:fi"opk{kq"kkf.k] d-lw- 4-1-12
54- ,rsu xq.kÙos Hkkos p losZfUnz;a Kkua O;k[;kre~] d-lw- 4-1-13
55- vlfnfr HkwrizR;{kkHkkokr~ HkwrLe`rsfoZjksf/kizR;{kor~] d-lw- 9-1-6
56- rFkk·Hkkos HkkoizR;{kRokPp] d-lw- 9-1-7
57- ,rsuk?kVks·xkSj/keZÜp O;k[;kr%] d-lw- 9-1-8
59- f}fo/kkLrko|ksfxu% lekfgrkUr%dj.kk% ;s ;qDrk bR;fHk/kh;Urs] vlekfgrkUr%dj.kkÜp ;s
fo;qDrk bR;fHk/kh;UrsA oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj%] i`- 480
60- vkReeulks% la;ksxfo'ks"kknkReizR;{ke~] d-lw- 9-1-11
61- rFkk nzO;kUrjs"kq izR;{ke~] d-lw- 9-1-12
62- vlekfgrkUr%dj.kk milaârlek/ks;Lrs"kk×p] d-lw- 9-1-13
63- rRleok;knkRexq.ks"kq] d-lw- 9-1-14
103
64- vkReleok;knkRexq.ks"kq] d-lw- 9-1-15
65- dqekj] MkW- 'kf'kizHkk] oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh] 1992]
i`- 320
66- vL;sna dk;Za dkj.ka la;ksfx fojksf/k leokf; psfr ySafxde~] d-lw- 9-2-1
67- oS'ksf"kdlw=kksiLdkj% i`- 485
68- fyaxn'kZukr~ l×tk;ekua ySf³~xde~] iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 476
69- ;nuqes;su lEc)a izfl)a p rnfUors] rnHkkos p ukLR;so rfYy³~xeuqekide~AA
foijhrerks ;r~ L;knsdsu f}rh;su ok] fo#)kfl)lfU/kefy³~xa dk';iks·czohr~] ogh] i`478&479
70- vizfl)ks·uins'kks·lu~ lfUnX/kÜpkuins'k%] d-lw- 3-1-15
72- ;Lekf}"kk.kh rLeknuÜo%] d-lw- 3-1-16
73- ;Lekf}"kk.kh rLekn~ xkSfjfr pkuSdkfUrdL;ksnkgj.ke~] d-lw- 3-1-17
74- iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 491&503
77- ,rsu 'kkCnO;k[;kre~] d-lw- 9-2-3
79- ogh] i`- 534
80- ogh] i`- 542
81- ogh] i`- 542&43
82- ogh] i`- 558
83- ogh] i`- 558&612
84- vkReeulks% la;ksxfo'ks"kkr~ laLdkjkPp Le`fr%] d-lw- 9-2-1
87- U;k;dUnyh] iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 626&27
88- vk"kZa fl)n'kZu×p /kesZH;%] d-lw- 9-2-13
91- dqekj] MkW- 'kf'kizHkk] oS'ksf"kd n'kZu esa inkFkZ fu:i.k] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh] 1992]
i`- 325
92- U;k;dUnyh] iz'kLriknHkk";e~] i`- 621
ih,p-Mh- 'kks/kkFkhZ] fof'k"V laLd`r v/;;u dsUnz]
tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;]
ubZ fnYyh&110067
104

Patron Samani Charitraprajna Editor Dr. Anil Dhar Assistant Editors

Transcription

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