Komail Dharsee

Komail Dharsee
Just incase you haven’t seen it
before….
XFR spectra in this investigation are aquired
with a portable system designed for this
study. The system is equipped with a silver
anode X-ray tube (Moxtek Bullet tube) and
a Si(Li) AXAS-V detector from Ketek (SDD)
cooled by the Peltier effect and reaching an
energy resolution of about 136eV at 5.9keV
at the working temperature. The operating
conditions of the tube were 2.5 cm, the
beam impact angle 45 degrees, and the
d t ti angle
detection
l off 90 d
degrees. H
Helium
li
flowing out of the detector allowed the
detection of low
low-energy
energy X
X-ray
ray radiation
radiation,
which are very important for the data
quantification.
Leonardo’ss Technique
Leonardo
Leonardo da Vinci’s painting technique has
always been fascinating. The gradation
of tones or colors from light to dark is
barelyy perceptible.
p
p
Neither brushstroke
nor contour is visible: lights and shades
are blended in the manner of smoke.
Understanding this technique, usually
called “sfumato”
sfumato , has been a challenge
to address in art history until recently.
XRF performed directly on the works of art
makes it possible to access the
y
used in
description of the paint layers
the flesh tones. The composition and the
thickness of the p
paint layers
y
have
already been determined, however only
through the tests, only qualitative results
were come upon. Until recently it had
not been possible to carry out a
technical study on the face because of
the preciousness of these works
works, and
using the techniques available would
d
damage
th
the works.
k
Museum laboratories usuallyy develop
p
studies based on the characterization of
u e ccross
oss sec
section
o sa
samples
p es to
o
minute
discover three key elements of the
painter’s
painter
s technique: the nature of
pigments, of the binder, and the
thickness of the paint layers
layers. However
However,
the exact composition of the organic
binders cannot be determined without
taking samples, and taking samples on
th ffaces off painting
the
i ti was definitely
d fi it l nott
an option…
A non-invasive analytical
y
approach
pp
to g
gain
information on the binder concentration,
e inorganic
o ga c co
composition
pos o o
of the
e
the
pigments , and the thickness of the
layers With advances in XRF
layers.
XRF, it is now
possible to obtain in-depth information
by taking into account X-ray absorption
through the different paint layers.
Direct optical
p
microscopy
py examinations
and sample characterizations on various
paintings
pa
gs from
o the
e sa
same
e pe
period
od sshowed
o ed
that the flesh tones were usually
obtained by superimposing four layers:
1) the priming layer made of lead white,
2) a pink layer based on a mixture of
lead white, 3) a shadow layer made with
a translucent glaze or an opaque paint
paint,
and 4) a varnish. The thickness for each
colored
l d llayer ranges ffrom 10
10-50
50 µm.
From a qualitative point of view
view, the XRF
spectra on the Mona Lisa painting show
that the low energy Pb M lines emitted
by layers (1) and (2) decrease in the
shadows,
h d
whereas
h
th
the F
Fe and
d th
the Mn
M
lines originate from layer (3).
To reach quantitative chemical and
structural results, assumptions have to
be made about the glaze and paint
f
formulations.
l i
IIndeed,
d d the
h XRF spectra
simulation requires a description of each
print
i t layer.
l
H
Hypotheses
th
on th
the d
density
it
and on the composition are based on
th previous
the
i
research
h on paint
i t recipes
i
and on the physical properties of varnish
and glaze films
films. The glaze pigment
concentration is then deduced by XRF
data treatment as along with the
thickness of the layers.
Several models corresponding to different
hypotheses to find the most accurate
solution; that is, the best solution to
simulate all the XRF spectra obtained
from a single
g face,, assuming
g that the
varnnish thickness and the glaze
composition are almost constant.
Varnish
Glazes
Primer Layer
This shows the
calculated
models of the
Mona Lisa
with the glazes
g
presented as
virtual crosscross
sections of
paint layers
layers.
Revealing the sfumato Technique of Leonardo da Vinci by X-Ray
Fluorescence Spectroscopy**
L
Laurence
d
de Vi
Viguerie,
i Phili
Philippe W
Walter,*
lt * E
Eric
i L
Laval,
l B
Bruno Mottin,
M tti
and V. Armando Sole
Angew Chem
Angew.
Chem. Int
Int. Ed
Ed. 2010
2010, 49
49, 6125 –6128
6128
Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW
p
g
under http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201001116
Who is Mona Lisa?
Shima Essam
Shima Essam
History of the Mona Lisa
History of the Mona Lisa
• The Mona Lisa is probably the most famous work of art • DaVinci Started the famous Mona Lisa in 1503, and worked on it for 4 years
and worked on it for 4 years
• It is said to be DaVinci’s favorite painting because he carried it around with him everywhere he went.
everywhere he went.
Leonardo DaVinci
Leonardo DaVinci
• Davinci was the illegitimate child of San Piero and i i
h ill i i
hild f S
i
d
a peasant girl, and was born in the town of Vinci, which is right outside of Florence. So his name is hi h i i ht t id f Fl
S hi
i
basically Leonardo From Vinci. • DaVinci, the Renaissance Man, was brilliant.
• He drew an idea of a flying machine long before planes were actually made. y
g
• He also wrote everything that was not meant to be read by others, in a way where the best way to p
p g
read would be to hold up the page to a mirror. History (continued)
History (continued)
• After DaVinci was finished with the Mona Lisa, f
i i
fi i h d i h h
i
and thought it was time to part with it, it was sold to the King of France for four thousand crowns
• Then after the French Revolution, the painting was transferred to the Louvre
• Soon after, Napoleon decided that he liked it and used it as a decoration for his bedroom
and used it as a decoration for his bedroom
• And finally back to the Louvre.
History (continued)
History (continued)
• Some people believe that the painting g g
hanging in the Louvre, is not the Real Mona Lisa because it has been stolen from the museum in 1911
museum in 1911.
Not the Real Mona Lisa?
Not the Real Mona Lisa?
•
•
•
•
On August 21, 1911, the Mona Lisa was actually stolen from the Louvre Museum. No one noticed it O
A
21 1911 h M
Li
ll
l f
h L
M
N
i di
was missing until the next day when painter, Louis Beroud, asked where the painting went. Guards thought it was with museum officials or with the photographers, so they asked around and when Beroud came back an hour later, he was told that the Mona Lisa went missing. What they found ,
g
y
interesting however is that the Mona Lisa was stolen on a Monday, a day when the museum was closed to the public, so it had to be someone who worked at the museum. That narrowed the search down to about 800 people.
Guards did a search of the Museum and found that the frame has been taken off the Mona Lisa and left in the stairwell. Alphonse Bertillon, a famous fingerprint expert was called in to check the frame for fingerprints and found one. However, this fingerprint did not match any records. After 2 years the thief actually contacted an antique dealer named Alfredo Geri and told Geri in a
After 2 years, the thief actually contacted an antique dealer named Alfredo Geri, and told Geri in a letter that he had the Mona Lisa with him and is asking for 500,000 lire and signed the letter as Leonardo.
On December 10, 1913, Leonardo Vincenzo went to Geri’ss office in Florence and told him that the On December 10, 1913, Leonardo Vincenzo went to Geri
office in Florence and told him that the
Mona Lisa was in his hotel room, and they arranged to meet the next day. Vincenzo told Geri that he stole the painting to return what had been stolen from Italy by Napoleon. Vincenzo wanted half a million lire, and to leave the Mona Lisa in Italy and never return to France. Geri agreed to paying the money, but he said that the Uffizi, a museum in Italy would want to see the painting before. They b h
id h h Uffi i
i I l
ld
h
i i b f
Th
arranged to meet the next day, and Geri called the police and the Uffizi. The Next Day
The Next Day
• G
Geri and Poggi, the director of the museum, went to go i d P i th di t
f th
tt
meet with Leonardo, and it turns out that in a trunk in his hotel room, Leonardo pulled out a false bottom, and the Mona Lisa was there and the men knew it was the real Mona Lisa because it had the Louvre seal. • It turns out Leonardo
It turns out Leonardo’ss real name was Vincenzo Peruggia, real name was Vincenzo Peruggia
and he used to work at the Louvre in 1908. Peruggia went to the Louvre, saw that the Mona Lisa was not being watched at the time stole it walked to the staircase took
watched at the time, stole it, walked to the staircase, took the frame off and walked out while hiding it under his painters smock. Peruggia was arrested.
• The painting was displayed throughout Italy and was returned to the Louvre on December 30, 1913. Mona Lisa The path in the The
path in the
background of the Mona Lisa is said to be the Path
Lisa is said to be the Path of Virtue, is seen in many articles of renaissance art
articles of renaissance art. The Path of Virtue is from a story called “Hercules
story called Hercules Choice”
Who is Mona Lisa?
Who is Mona Lisa?
• There are many theories and myths based on h
h i
d
h b d
who Mona Lisa was.
• One theory was that Mona Lisa is actually a p
painting of the widowed duchess of Milan, g
,
Isabella of Aragon.
• People assumed it was Isabella of Aragon People assumed it was Isabella of Aragon
because in the painting, Mona Lisa has a veil on her head which could be identified as a
on her head, which could be identified as a “widow’s veil”
Another Possible Mona Lisa?
Another Possible Mona Lisa?
• A
Another theory is that Mona Lisa is actually a th th
i th t M
Li i
t ll
painting of the mistress of Giuliano de’Medici.
• This theory evolved because DaVinci spent some This theory evolved because DaVinci spent some
time with the Medici family
• Mona Lisa Gherardini was the third wife of Mona Lisa Gherardini was the third wife of
wealthy silk merchant Francesco di Bartolommeo di Zanobi del Giocondo. She is said to be the most
di Zanobi del Giocondo. She is said to be the most probable Mona Lisa.
• She was not what many would consider pretty, y
p y,
but there is evidence that Leonardo DaVinci liked certain qualities in her.
Who is Mona Lisa? (continued)
Who is Mona Lisa? (continued)
• Even though these woman could pass for the g
j
title of being the subject of the most famous painting ever, the real Mona Lisa might not even be a woman
even be a woman.
Controversy
When comparing Leonardo’s p
g
“Self Portrait” to the painting of the Mona Lisa, it seems as though the Mona Lisa could actually be a self portrait of DaVinci dressed as a female at a younger age. Matching Faces
•In
In search for the real Mona Lisa, scientists at Beckman Institute, search for the real Mona Lisa, scientists at Beckman Institute,
University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, used Active Shape Model, to analyze 488 faces of different ethnicities. Of these 488 faces, 151 of them were female. Scientists also ran a h
488 f
151 f h
f
l S i i
l
gender test. The results of both tests were that Leonardo DaVinci was a male and Mona Lisa was a female. The tests also show that Davinci and Mona Lisa are two different people.
Mona Lisa's. Smile?
Along with other Questions
•
The trick behind Mona Lisa’s smile, is the way we see it, literally. While Th
t i k b hi d M
Li ’
il i th
it lit ll Whil
looking at the Mona Lisa, she appears to be smiling, but when you just look at her mouth, she clearly is not. The image looks different when we look at it from different positions because of our range of sight The
look at it from different positions because of our range of sight. The illusion depends on our peripheral vision. p
g
p g
• Was the painting of a pregnant woman?
– Many believe Mona Lisa is actually a pregnant woman, because in the painting, Mona Lisa is wearing a robe, which could be a “varnelo” which was considered to be a robe that pregnant woman wore.
which was considered to be a robe that pregnant woman wore. • Where are her eye brows?
– It turns out that after Pascal Cotte, a scientists who dedicated a lot of hi i
his time to DaVinci’s works of art, scanned the image, he found that D Vi i’
k f
d h i
h f
d h
Mona Lisa did, in fact, have eyebrows and eyelashes in the past, but due to time, the paint eroded and now she has none. After Examination
After
Examination
(or playing)
While “experimenting”
While
experimenting with the Mona Lisa, a perfect third eye was found This eye is said that
found. This eye is said that it could be perfect purposely because DaVinci was excellent in math so
was excellent in math so he planned for it to work that way. It has also been thought that DaVinci was part of the Freemasons, and the third eye looks like the Freemason eye, the same eye that appears on our dollar bills. Continuous Play... I Continuous
Play I
mean Examination
While flipping the While
flipping the
Mona Lisa, you can see a Scepter appear in the middle of the painting. A Scepter by d fi iti i
definition is : a staff t ff
or baton borne by a sovereign as an
sovereign as an emblem of authority.
Scepter
Resources
• htt
http://www.lairweb.org.nz/leonardo/mona.html
//
l i
b
/l
d /
ht l
• http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/leonardo‐da‐vincis‐
mona lisa self portrait/story?id=9662394
mona‐lisa‐self‐portrait/story?id=9662394
• http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/546923/sec
rets_of_the_mona_lisa.html?cat=2
_ _ _
_
• http://www.merriam‐webster.com/dictionary/scepter
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yekLJeXFJt4
• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3668700/Solv
ed‐Why‐Mona‐Lisa‐doesnt‐have‐eyebrows.html
• http://history1900s.about.com/od/famouscrimesscand
h //hi
1900 b
/ d/f
i
d
als/a/monalisa_3.htm
Questions