HAYWARD selezione CHICO

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kiwifruit
E
xcluding China, for which official production data is not available, Italy is far and away the most
important kiwifruit producer in the world, with an annual harvest of 450,000 metric tons. This is
equivalent to 70% of European production and just under one-third of world production.
Though Hayward remains the most important cultivar both in currently productive orchards as well as
recently planted ones, new varieties have become commercially available, which offer physiologically
ripe fruit at earlier harvest dates. The most innovative aspects of the new varieties are the nonfuzzy skin and yellow pulp of the species Actinidia chinensis which have been warmly received by
consumers for the sweet flavour that sets these varieties apart from the comparatively acidic Hayward.
Unfortunately, the spread of the bacterial disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae
is inflicting serious damage in all countries where kiwifruit is cultivated. A. chinensis varieties are
particularly susceptible to infection. As for other bacterial infections, a true chemical cure doesn’t exist:
the best prevention is a combination of good field management practices (avoid excessive vegetative
growth by limiting nitrogen fertilization and irrigation, avoid excessive plant density), application of
copper-based sprays at critical times when bacterial attack is most likely (leaf drop, bud break) and
proper choice of orchard site.
CLIMATE
Actinidia deliciosa (cultivar Hayward) is more cold-tolerant than
Actinidia chinensis (hairless,
yellow-pulped cultivars) and can
be grown even in cold-temperate zones such as the PadanoVenetian plain where A. chinensis is at high risk of damage from
excessive cold.
Areas with recurrent cold spells
during the harvest period (end of
October through early November
in Hayward) should be avoided.
The dormancy requirement
is rather high in A. deliciosa,
making it poorly adapted to
the warm areas of the southern
Mediterranean, and medium-low
in A. chinensis.
Kiwi is very sensitive to wind,
both because of the potential
for mechanical damage and
because of the increased
transpiration that is particularly a
problem in this irrigation-intensive
crop species (8-10,000m3/ha/
year of water required).
SOIL
The best soils for kiwi orchards
are loose-textured, deep, moist,
high in organic matter, welldrained, with low active lime
(<3%) and a pH ideally between
6 and 6,5 ( up to a maximum of
about 7.5), and salinity less than
2mS/cm.
This species can adapt to sandy
or rocky soils if adequate irrigation
is available and it is possible to
apply organic soil amendments
and mineral fertilizers, without
which ferric chlorosis is likely.
PROPAGATION
AND SELECTION OF
NURSERY MATERIAL
Methods for propagating kiwi
include rooted cuttings, grafting
and micropropagation.
Cuttings of three types may
be rooted: woody (hardwood),
semi-woody or green (softwood).
Woody cuttings are taken in mid-
winter, treated with 3-4000ppm
IBA and rooted in the greenhouse
in substrate with basal heating at
22-24°C.
Rooting occurs within 50-60
days. Following the emergence
of the first roots the cuttings are
transplanted into pots and kept
in unheated greenhouses until
May.
Semi-woody cuttings require
an automated mist bed. These
cuttings are taken between the
beginning of July and the end of
September, from current year’s
growth of moderate vigour,
excluding the apical portion
of the shoot which is not yet
lignified. To stimulate rooting, the
cuttings are treated with IBA.
After IBA treatment the cuttings
are placed in boxes with
substrate (mixtures may include
clay, peat, sand, vermiculite, etc.)
and are placed in the greenhouse
for rooting.
Within 50-60 days the cuttings
form roots and are transplanted
to small pots, then placed in
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kiwifruit
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chestnut
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HAYWARD selezione CHICO
the greenhouse where mist
and temperature are gradually
decreased (“hardening off”).
In late spring, after the danger
of late frost is past, the young
plants are placed outdoors.
The procedure for propagation
by green cuttings is similar to that
for semi-woody cuttings except
that the cuttings are taken earlier.
Grafting is the most commonly
used technique in New Zealand
and Chile. In Italy grafting
became more common after
the introduction of rootstock D1,
which is relatively resistant to
active lime and can be used in
areas and in soils where chlorosis
is a particular problem.
Various kinds of grafts are done:
Dormant bud grafts, or “chip
4
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budding”, is performed in
August or September and may
not have a high success rate.
This technique uses a bud and
a portion of the surrounding
tissue from the cultivar to be
propagated, grafted onto a
one-year-old rooted cutting or
seedling rootstock.
Chip budding may also be
performed in late winter instead
of grafting with lengths of scion
wood.
Whip grafts as well as whip and
tongue grafts are performed in
January or February. A short
section of scion wood with one or
more buds is grafted to a young
rootstock of similar diameter.
Both scion wood and rootstock
are cut on the diagonal. For the
whip graft these cut surfaces are
matched and bound together.
For the whip and tongue graft,
a second cut is made on both
scion and stock starting onethird of the way from the pointy
end of the diagonal cut and
cutting down the centre of the
wood to form a tongue. The
tongues of scion and stock are
slipped together as the diagonal
cuts are united, and the wound
is bound.
Currently, micropropagation is
the technique most commonly
used for kiwi plants because
it permits the large-scale and
rapid production of clones from
a mother plant selected for
productivity and fruit quality.
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Reduction of the distance
between plants along the row
keeps the single cordon more
productive in the long term
without requiring, after 8-10
years, renewal pruning which
leaves the plants vulnerable
to decay, compromising the
efficiency of production.
HAYWARD selezione CHICO
VARIETY
CHOICE
HAYWARD selection CHICO
Ripening date: late October – early
November
Type: Actinidia
Group: deliciosa
Plant: high vigour and high productivity/yield, moderate cold tolerance
Fruit : regular elongated shape,
rounded at the apex, large size (larger than 100 g), slightly fuzzy; skin
greenish-brown with bright green
flesh.
Pollenizer: M52, Matua, Tomuri
Overall: The standard for kiwifruit
internationally, high yield of fruit
with good flavour and potential
for long storage. Fruit are large
and of regular shape. Requires
only limited hand labour during
thinning.
TRELLISING
SYSTEMS
AND PLANT SPACING
Double T-bar (4.5-5 m x 2.5-3 m)
Single T-bar (4.5-5 m x 2 m)
Modified Double T-bar (4.5-5 m
x 3 m)
Geneva Double Curtain (4-5 m
x 1-1.25 m)
Pergola, or Arbor (5 m x 4-5 m)
Double T-bar: Plants may be
either bare-root or potted. Young
plants are topped at the height
of 1.80 – 2.00 m to encourage
branching and the formation of
two permanent cordons which
will extend in opposite directions
down the central wire of the
trellis. The fruit-bearing wood is
renewed annually and is tied to
the lateral wires of the trellis.
The vines must not extend further
than 60-70 cm from the wire, to
permit good air circulation in the
internal portion of the canopy
which is essential for pollination.
Single T-bar: is the form of the
Double T-bar appropriate for
high density plantings where
the distance between plants
along the row is reduced to 2 m;
training is similar to the Double
T-bar except that there is only
one permanent cordon.
Modified Double T-bar: is a
variant of the Double T-bar,
differing only in the height of
the lateral wires supporting the
fruiting wood, which are 20-30
cm lower than the permanent
cordon. In this system the
fruiting wood bends downward,
allowing better exposure to sun
and thus better fruit quality. More
renewal wood is left. The floral
shoots which develop on these
branches are more abundant
and longer, so that the branches
tend to slow their tip growth
centrally and distally, ending up
shorter. This favours air flow and
light penetration in the canopy.
Geneva Double Curtain: plants
are trained to two permanent
cordons that is tied, in contrast
to the Double Pergola, to the
lateral wires of the trellis. The
fruiting wood that branches from
these cordons are not secured
to the trellis, making dormant
pruning more rapid though green
pruning must be more careful
and harvest is more laborious.
Pergola, or Arbor: this form
of trellising is appropriate for
warmer areas.
Four permanent cordons are
established at around 2 meters
above the ground, and fruiting
wood develops at right angles
to the principal cordons, creating
the matrix of the overhead
canopy. The weight-bearing
structure of this trellis consists
of poles arranged in squares or
rectangles which hold up thick
metal wires which in turn support
the thinner wires which actually
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
5
kiwifruit
apricot
chestnut
constitute the support network
of the plants.
PRUNING
FOR PRODUCTION
In the phase of production, both
dormant pruning and summer
green pruning are performed. The
goal of pruning kiwi is to remove
branches which have fruited
and leave in their place firstyear branches. Dormant pruning
aims to equilibrate vegetative
growth and fruiting (the optimum
number of buds is between 200250,000/ha) considering the
age of the plant, assuring the
renewal of fruiting wood. Green
pruning attempts to control the
competition between vegetative
growth and fruit, guaranteeing
adequate light penetration and
air circulation within the canopy.
The recommended timing of
dormant pruning is between 1520 days after leaf drop and the
end of January. It is important to
prune within these dates to avoid
cutting during the period when
wounds produce excessive
exudate.
Green pruning is recommended
twice during the vegetative
period; a first pass at least 10
days prior to bloom to eliminate
excessively vigorous dorsal
sprouts which would not be
useful for the next year, with
the goal of improving air flow
and pollen circulation at bloom,
followed by a second lighter
pass in June to remove other
excessively vigorous shoots in
competition with the developing
fruit.
POLLINATION
Kiwifruit is dioecious, with
some plants producing only
female flowers and other plants
producing only male flowers.
Pollination depends mainly on
6
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cherry
strawberry
minor
fruit species
environmental factors (relative
humidity, wind, rain, etc.) and
it is necessary to favour it with
proper spacing of male plants
in the orchard, ventilation fans,
artificial pollination. Bees are not
strongly attracted to kiwi flowers
and thus have only a minor role
in kiwi pollination.
In kiwifruit the timing of bloom
is dependent on variety. On
average it lasts 7-10 days,
though male plants may have
an extended bloom (11-16 days)
depending on cultivar and year.
Lateral flowers tend to open
later than central ones. To obtain
high quality fruit, it is important
to pollinate as many ovules as
possible of the approximately
1500 in each female flower. To
assure good pollination each
female flower must be reached
by a number of pollen grains
about twice the number of
ovules (2-3000 grains). The
period during which stigmas are
fertile and receptive is 4-5 days
with optimal temperatures of 24-
almond
apple
26 °C during the day and 10-14
°C at night.
THINNING
Thinning the crop is of critical importance to attaining the highest
possible percentage of fruit with
adequate commercial characteristics. The earlier the thinning is
performed the more benefit there
is to the remaining fruit. Two
passes of thinning are advisable.
1.Prior to bloom
2.In the early stages of fruit
development.
The first pass aims to remove
lateral flowers and floral buds
which seem likely to give rise to
flattened or fan-shaped fruit. It
is easier to remove the flowers
at this stage than the tiny fruits
later on.
The second pass refines the
work done in the first pass by
removing any tiny fruits that
appear deformed or insufficiently
pollinated or fertilized.
Tab. 1 MEDIAN ANNUAL USE (KG/HA) OF MACROELEMENTS
FOR SOME FRUIT SPECIES
Species
Nitrogen
Phosphorus Potassium
KIWI
130-14015-20 100-120200-235
10-12
APPLE
90-100
13-20
115-150
Calcium
120-135
Magnesium
18-21
PEAR 70-905-10 65-85135-140
12-15
PEACH
90-150
10-20
100-125
110-130
21-24
CHERRY90-10010-20 85-10090-9515-18
CITRUS
100-180
25-40
90-110
-
-
GRAPE
60-100
10-15
65-85
40-90
9-15
MONTH
Tab. 2 VOLUME OF IRRIGATION WATER
AND SCHEDULING WITH MICROIRRIGATION
SOIL
WATER APPLIED
MANAGEMENT (mm/day)
ROTATION(days)
with drip
with sprinkler
APRIL
GREEN COVER
1
2
2-3
MAY
GREEN COVER
2
1-2
2-3
JUNE
GREEN COVER
4
1-2
1-2
JULY
GREEN COVER
5
1
1-2
AUGUST
GREEN COVER
4,5
1-2
1-2
SEPTEMBER
GREEN COVER
3,5
1-2
2-3
OCTOBER
GREEN COVER
2
2
3-4
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HAYWARD selezione CHICO
It is a good rule to leave no more
than 4 fruits on each fruiting
shoot.
FERTILISATION
Kiwifruit is a particularly demanding species in terms of plant nutrition in addition to being very
sensitive to chlorosis. During the
growing season kiwi has two
periods of peak nutritional re-
quirements: the first is the month
following bud break and the second is the period following fruit
set.
If nutritional deficiencies are
present during these times,
quality and quantity of production
is strongly depressed.
In fact, floral buds present in the
basal nodes of the branch grow
at the same time as the young
fruiting shoots until bloom, and
the size of the floral bud at bloom
is closely correlated with final fruit
size.
Rapid fruit development in the
40-50 days after fruit set requires
an adequate supply of nutrients,
particularly nitrogen.
The plant must also have
adequate nutrients available
in the next phases of growth
to guarantee both good fruit
growth as well as development
of the shoots which will bear the
following year’s crop.
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KIWI_VISION©
for non-destructive detection of quality
al
internts
defec
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internity
l
qua
All the quality of kiwis guaranteed by
our twenty years of experience in kiwi processing
size
color
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“WE BUILD” INNOVATION!
to give RESULTS!
UNITEC S.p.A.
Via Provinciale Cotignola, 20/9
48022 - Lugo (RA) Italy
tel. +39 0545 288884
Email: unitec@unitec-group.com
www.unitec-group.com
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IRRIGATION
The native climate of kiwifruit is
very humid during the summer
months, unlike ours, which
makes irrigation management
key to high quality production
and high yield.
The irrigation requirement of
kiwifruit is not constant through
the vegetative season.
The early stages of fruit growth
occur, in our climate (EmiliaRomagna), during the period
of minimum rainfall and high
temperatures, making irrigation
management of fundamental
importance; the tiny fruits that
kiwifruit
table
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plum
have set grow from 30 mm
diameter in mid-June to 45 mm
diameter at the end of July.
From the first days of August
through harvest the fruit grow
another 7-10 mm with a volume
increase of 40%.
The volume of water used
annually for irrigation can exceed
5000 m3/ha.
through the orchard by detaching
each fruit from the peduncle.
Of the physical parameters
(firmness, flesh colour, acidity and
soluble sugars) used to determine
the optimum timing of harvest,
the most reliable is the residual
soluble solids content (RSR).
The value of flesh firmness as
measured by a penetrometer
with an 8 mm tip should be
between 5 and 6 kg/cm2.
Harvest RSR of 6.5% is the
minimum beneath which postharvest
storability
becomes
compromised in the mediumlong term as does the correct
development of flavour and aroma.
HARVEST
The timing of the kiwifruit harvest
affects the storability and the
quality of the fruit.
Fruit is harvested in a single pass
Nutrition programme to improve production of Kiwifruit
Germination
Bud growing
Flower buds
Flowering
Fruit setting
Fruit
enlargement
Maturation
soil application
KATA BIOL
3-5 kg/ha
Facilitates rooting. Increases the roots
and corresponding uptake area
IDROL-VEG
40 l/ha
Stimulates the vegetative restart and improves soil structure
40 l/ha
Anti-salinity biostimulant.
Increases the leaf development
5-10 kg/ha
Enhances vegetative restart and roots development
5-10 kg/ha
Vegetative push
ENERFOL
8-10-45
foliar application
LEVO-ENERGY
LEACOMBI
3 kg/ha As exceptional greening and
biostimulant, enhances the pollen and the ovary
fertility. Facilitates the fertilisation
1,5 l/ha
Prevents Iron chlorosis
and the microdeficiencies
3 kg/ha
Biostimulant resulting in expanded and shiny leaves,
fruits more uniform
1,5 l/ha
Cures Iron chlorosis and the microdeficiencies
ENERFOL
20-20-20
IDROL-VEG
3 kg/ha
Balanced foliar fertilisation
3 l/ha
Enhances the quality. Excellent carrier
For further information please contact our Technical Department
L.E.A Srl Tel.+39 059 86.38.811 Fax +39 059 86.38.017 Email: info@leaagricoltura.it Web site: www.leaagricoltura.it
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Operation Pollinator
Proteggiamo gli impollinatori
Operation Pollinator è un’iniziativa di Syngenta per dimostrare che un’agricoltura produttiva e un
ambiente vivo e ricco in termini di biodiversità possono convivere. Basato su ricerche scientifiche ed
esperienze di agricoltori selezionati, Operation Pollinator è un progetto che può concretamente aiutare
a migliorare l’ambiente agricolo incrementando il numero degli insetti impollinatori.
Monitoraggi effettuati da enti indipendenti hanno dimostrato che, creando habitat adatti agli impollinatori, si
possono aumentare fino al 600% il numero di bombi, fino a 12 volte il numero di farfalle, fino a 10 volte il numero
di altri insetti. Per saperne di più: www.operationpollinator.com
Gestione multifunzionale del territorio
Syngenta è uno dei principali attori dell’agro-industria mondiale. Il gruppo impiega più di 26.000 persone in oltre 90 paesi che operano con un unico proposito:
Bringing plant potential to life (Sviluppare il potenziale delle piante al servizio della vita).
® e TM Marchi registrati di una società del Gruppo Syngenta.
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Pest and disease management for kiwifruit
END OF
DORMANCY
THROUGH
SWOLLEN
BUDS
DISEASE / PEST
Commercial Product Name
BACTERIAL DISEASE
(Pseudomonas spp)
Commercial Product Name
WEEDS (BROAD-LEAVED
AND GRASSY ANNUALS
AND PERENNIALS)
FROM FIRST LEAFES UNFOLDED
TO END OF FLOWERING
DISEASE / PEST
FROM BEGINNING
OF FRUIT DEVELOPMENT
TO PRE-HARVEST
FROM END
OF HARVEST
TO COMPLETE
LEAVES FALL
Dose
COPPER HYDROXIDE 25%
180-280 g/hl
Active Ingredient
Dose
DIQUAT 17%
3,3 - 5 l/ha
Notes
Notes
1,5 - 4 l/ha
Autumn weeds.
4 - 8 l/ha
Perennial weeds.
Dose
Notes
30-50 g/plant
60-150 g/plant
75-100 g/plant
150-250 g/plant
Medium-small plants.
Big plants.
Preventive application.
Curative application.
GLIFOSATE 27,9%
Commercial Product Name
PREVENTION
AND TREATMENT
OF FERRIC CHLOROSIS
Active Ingredient
CHELATED IRON EDDHA 6,2%
CHELATED IRON EDDHA 5,5%
WHITE SCALE
(Pseudaulacaspis
pentagona)
APPLAUD PLUS
BUPROFEZIN 25%
150-200 g/hl
BOTRYTIS
(Botrytis cinerea)
ROVRAL WG
IPRODIONE 75%
70 g/hl
M - METALXYL 43,88%
1-2 ml/mq
Apply uniformly around the
base of each vine.
Active Ingredient
Dose
Notes
LAMBDA-CIALOTRINA 9,48%
10-15 ml/hl
Max 150 ml/ha.
BACILLUS THURINGENSIS
var KURSTAKI 6,4%
100 g/hl
LAMBDA-CIALOTRINA 9,48%
20-25 ml/hl
PHYTOPHTORA
(Phytophtora spp)
DISEASE / PEST
BEFORE LEAVES
FALL
Active Ingredient
Commercial Product Name
APHIDS
(Aphis spp)
LEAFROLLER
(Argyrotaenia
pulchellana)
Max 150 ml/ha.
METCALFA PRUINOSA
(Metcalfa pruinosa)
TREBON UP
ETOFENPROX 30%
50 ml/hl
INCREASING
FRUIT SIZE
SITOFEX
FORCHLORFENURON 0,92%
1 - 1,3 lt/ha
To be applied 3 weeks after
flowering. Maximum water
volume: 1000 lt/ha.
DISEASE / PEST
Commercial Product Name
Active Ingredient
Dose
Notes
BOTRYTIS
(Botrytis cinerea)
FLUDIOXINIL 20,4%
130 ml/hl
Dip fruit in prepared solution
for 30 seconds and allow fruit
to drain before storage.
BACTERIAL DISEASE
(Pseudomonas spp)
COPPER HYDROXIDE 25%
180-280 g/hl
Many treatments,
following rains and leaves fall.
Active Ingredient
Dose
Notes
DIQUAT 17%
3,3 - 5 l/ha
Commercial Product Name
WEEDS
(BROAD-LEAVED
AND GRASSY
ANNUALS
AND PERENNIALS)
GLIFOSATE 27,9%
1,5 - 4 l/ha
Autumn weeds.
4 - 8 l/ha
Perennial weeds.
PRODUCTS OF THE SYNGENTA GROUP ARE IDENTIFIED WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE LOGOS.
THE FOLLOWING TABLES INCLUDE CROP PROTECTION PRODUCTS AUTHORIZED IN ITALY AT THE DATE THIS DOCUMENT WAS CREATED.
VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI
11