NAHRIM TECHICAL RESEARCH PAPER (TRP) NO. 1

Transcription

The 14th International Rainwater Catchment
Systems Conference (IRCSC) 2009,
Putra World Trade Centre (PWTC),
Kuala Lumpur, 3-6 August 2009
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Presented by
Ir. HJ. AHMAD JAMALLUDDIN SHAABAN
Director General of National Hydraulic Research
Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
NATIONAL HYDRAULIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA (NAHRIM)
OUTLINE:
• INTRODUCTION
- Rainwater Harvesting Systems
- Climate Change
• R&D AND RAINWATER HARVESTING
- Flood & Drought
- Supplementing Public Water Supply
- Rainwater Harvesting Systems:
From On-site to River Basin Level
• WAY FORWARD
Since Early Roman Times…...
• Roman villas and even whole cities were designed to take
advantage of rainwater as the principal water source since at
least 2000 B.C;
• In Northern Egypt, where tanks ranging from 200-2000 m³,
have been used for at least 2000 years – many are still
operational today;
• In the Middle East in 2000 B.C., typical middle class
dwellings stored rain water in cisterns;
• The world's largest rainwater tank is probably the Yerebatan
Sarayi in Istanbul, Turkey. This was constructed during the
rule of Caesar Justinian (A.D. 527-565). It measures 140m
by 70m and has a capacity of 80,000 m³.
• Another cistern in Istanbul is called Binbirdik, thought by
some sources to have been constructed under Caesar
Constantine (A.D. 329 - 337), with a capacity of 50,000 m³.
TODAY’S RAINWATER
HARVESTING SYSTEMS
• Rainwater harvesting as a refreshing approach towards an
integrated environment friendly and sustainable urban water
resources development initiative, apart from the traditional
development of water sources in the form of dams, ponds
and pipelines;
• An alternative technologies to fulfill sustainable and
adequate freshwater supplies to meet societal equitable
access to water is the most urgent and significant challenge
faced today including climate change
Leaf Beater
Filter Pits
Rain Filters System
Gutter
First-flush Devices with Storage Tank
OUTLINE:
• INTRODUCTION
- Climate Change
- Flood & Drought
• WAY FORWARD
Observed Climate Change
GLOBAL*
1906-2005
Surface
temperature
MALAYSIA
1968-2002
0.74
0.49
– 0.91
(MMD)**
(ºC)
Sea level rise
(mm/yr)
1961-2003
1993-2003
1986-2006
1.8
3.1
1.25
(DID @ Tg Piai)***
* IPCC 4TH ASSESSMENT REPORT (AR4), 2007
** INITIAL NATIONAL COMMUNICATION, 2000
*** NATIONAL COASTAL VULNERABILITY INDEX STUDY,DID, 2007
Climate Change Issues
• Impact of climate change on water resources
-
is already here, as a result of previous GHGs
emission ( highlighted in IPCC AR4, WG 2, V&A)
• Nothing that we do now in terms of energy &
GHGs emission is going to halt the impact of
climate change on water resources in the
immediate terms
-
Current control and changes to energy and GHGs
emission is anticipated to draw result only after the
next 30 years
Modeling Climate Change
The main tools for simulating the global climate evolution in time
and space are the coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Global Circulation
Models (AOGCMs).
Confidence in AOGCMs is due to the physical basis of these models
in describing the various components of the earth system, and their
high skills in simulating the observed historical climate and past
climate changes.
At large spatial scales there is confidence that AOGCMs provide
credible quantitative estimates of the change in the future climate.
In 2001 the only publicly available multi-realization global climate
change AOGCM simulation data (3 realizations) was from
Canadian Climate Center.
Due to its well-documented validation with the historical observations
over Peninsular Malaysia,
and
due to its use of the most realistic climate change scenario (IS92a),
as of 2001 (IPCC TAR, 2001),
in its climate change simulation studies
CGCM1 (Canadian Global Climate Model 1) climate change simulation
results were selected
for use in the climate change study for Peninsular Malaysia.
Regional Hydroclimate Model of Peninsular Malaysia (RegHCMPM)
Study Objectives
1.
2.
To develop a regional hydrologic- atmospheric model to take into
account climate change in Peninsular Malaysia and validate the model
by historic hydrologic-atmospheric data
To evaluate the impact of climate change on the hydrologic regime and
water resources of Peninsular Malaysia by means of the developed
regional hydroclimate model (RegHCM-PM)

(RegHCM-PM) was developed by downscaling global climate change
simulation data (Canadian GCM1 current and future climate data) that
are at very coarse resolution (~ 410km) to Peninsular Malaysia at fine
spatial resolution (~9km).

Able to quantify the impact of the complex topographical and land
surface features of Peninsular Malaysia on its climate conditions.
14
What is RegHCM?
RegHCM
=
the atmospheric component of
MM5 (Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model)
+
the land surface process module of IRSHAM (Integrated
Regional Scale Hydrologic/Atmospheric Model).
MESOSCALE MODEL (MM5)
CGCM1
G lo ba l S cale
A tm o sp h eric
&
O ce an
D a ta
CGCM , NCEP
B o u nd a ry
C o n d ition
s
In itia l
Fields
MM5
M odel
O u te r
D o m a in
Topography
&
Landcover
(USGS)
Soil (FAO)
Boundary
C onditions
Initial
Fields
M odel
Nesting
MM5
M odel
2nd
D om ain
B oundary
C onditions
Initial
Fields
MM5
M odel
Inner
D om ain
IRSHAM
W atershed Scale
H ydro-clim ate
O utput
IR SH A M
M odel
D om ain
Topography,
Landcover
&
Soil
(N A H RIM )
Necessary data for RegHCM
Land Use/Land Cover: Global Land Cover Characterization (GLCC) by
USGS.
Soil Data: Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW) by FAO
Vegetation cover and land use dataset of Peninsular Malaysia from
Malaysia Department of Agriculture (DOA);
Soil survey dataset of Peninsular Malaysia from Malaysia DOA
Hydrological data – rainfall, streamflow, evapotranspiration from Dept of
Irrigation and Drainage (DID)
Meteorological data – rainfall, temperature, wind speed and solar
radiation
from Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD)
Data grid of CGCM1 that were used in the RegHCM-PM.
The grid layout for the outer domain (1st Domain, 26x28 grids, 81
km resolution) of the RegHCM-PM under Mercator projection.
The grid layout for the outer and inner domain
SIMULATION RUNS AND RESULTS
Hydrologic conditions of Peninsular Malaysia were simulated using
RegHCM-PM in three time periods, 1984-1993 for historical conditions, and
2025-2034, 2041-2050 for future global climate conditions.
Downscaled climate simulation data for the 1984 – 1993 historical period,
produced by CGCM1control run, were used for initial and boundary conditions for
the RegHCM simulations of the historical hydroclimate over Peninsular Malaysia
during this period.
For the future hydroclimate simulations during 2025-2034, 2041 – 2050 periods,
the CGCM1 data (for IS92a emission scenario) were used as
initial and boundary conditions for
MM5 (the mesoscale atmospheric model in RegHCM-PM).
Then the RegHCM-PM downscaled historical conditions were
compared against RegHCM-PM downscaled future conditions
To assess the impact of climate change on the water resources of
Peninsular Malaysia.
The RegHCM-PM simulated surface hydrologic outputs at its inner
domain
Include precipitation, throughfall, evapotranspiration, infiltration, river
flow, surface wetness, soil water storage, soil water content, surface
temperature, surface wind speed, net solar radiation, etc.
Future Rainfall
More extreme hydrological conditions in the future
may be expected since higher maximum and lower
minimum precipitation are observed.
Increase in maximum monthly precipitation of up to
51% over Pahang, Kelantan and Terengganu.
Decrease in minimum monthly precipitation from 32%
to 61% for all over Peninsular Malaysia.
Future River Flows
An increase in interannual and intraseasonal
variability with increased hydrologic extremes are
expected in Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu and
Perak.
Increase in maximum monthly flows from 11% to 47%
for all over Peninsular Malaysia
Decrease in minimum monthly flows from 31% to 93%
for Johor and Selangor.
Simulated Monthly River Flow
Periodic Means and Standard Deviations
Simulated Monthly River Flow Periodic Means
and Standard Deviations
Climate Hazard Hotspots and Dominant Hazards
Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Southeast Asia
(By Arief Anshory Yusuf & Herminia Francisco – January 2009)
NAHRIM FUTURE HYDROCLIMATE
DATABASE
• How to access?
- log on to
http://www.futurehydroclimate.nahrim.gov.my/
and register.
• 5 main modules/parameters:
– Precipitation
– Evapotranspiration
– Soil Water Storage
– Surface Temperature
– Streamflow
Modules/Parameters
• 5 main modules/parameters - with data retrieval
and data analysis functions….can be used to access
– Precipitation: Daily Rainfall, Monthly Rainfall and Annual
Rainfall.
– Evapotranspiration: Daily Evapotranspiration, Monthly
Evapotranspiration and Annual Evapotranspiration.
– Soil Water Storage: Daily Soil Water Storage.
– Surface Temperature: Daily Surface Temperature, Daily
Mean Surface Temperature During a Month and Daily
Mean Surface Temperature During a Year.
– Stream flow: Monthly Stream flow
OUTLINE:
• INTRODUCTION
- Climate Change
- Flood & Drought
• WAY FORWARD
FLOODS REDUCTION
From the research carried out by NAHRIM for a housing
estate located at Kuala Lumpur, rainwater cum detention
storage systems is able to achieve 20% of reduction in peak
discharge by assuming every terrace house (covers 19% of
total catchment area) has been installed with the same
systems
Further reduction of peak storm runoff up to 70% could be
possible when the rainwater cum detention storage systems
is extended to the shophouses, mosque, kindergarten and
parks in the study area.
Location of Study Area
Study Area
Study Area
House
House
Surau
Shop
Park
Playground
Kindergarden
Outlet
House
House
Storage Cum Detention Tank
OUTLINE:
• INTRODUCTION
- Climate Change
- Flood & Drought
• WAY FORWARD
PUBLIC RAINWATER
HARVESTING SYSTEMS
MOSQUE AT TAMAN BUKIT INDAH, AMPANG,
KUALA LUMPUR
Main Components
of Rainwater
Harvesting
Systems
ROOF CATCHMENT
33°
47’
151.723
20"
123°
47’
31.682
10"
123°
CONVEYANCE
SYSTEM
47’
80.905
20"
10"
UNDERGROUND STORAGE
TANK
Components of Rainwater Harvesting System
- Distribution Network
RAINWATER / STORMWATER CONVEYANCE PIPE
COLD WATER TANK
COLD WATER TANK
50mm Ø discharge pipe
Permanently marked
RAINWATER / STORMWATER CONVEYANCE PIPE
COLD WATER TANK
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
NON RETURN VALVE
Sump
RAINWATER
CONVEYANCE PIPE
SENSOR CABLE
FLOW METER
Mechanism for automatic switching on of
Public Water Supply in the case of power failure
(i.e. pumps not working)
CONSTANT PRESSURE
STARTER PANEL
RAINWATER
PIPING SYSTEM
PRESSURE TANK,
PRESSURE GAUGE,
PRESSURE TRANSMITTER
AND FLOW SWITCH
GRUNDFOS PUMP
SQE 3-65
Components of Rainwater Harvesting System
- Underground Storage Tank
PARKINGAREA
1300 200
200
12440
200mmTHK. SAND
1224Omx 5785mx 0.89mDEPTH
4mmTHK. CHEQUEPLATE
ATLANTISSTORAGETANK
EXIST. SUMP
HYDRONET
200 890 200 500
PARKINGSURFACE
225mmTHKBRICK
1224Omx 5785mx 0.89mDEPTH
HEAVYDUTYCOVER
COMPACTEDEARTH
ATLANTISSTORAGETANK
ORAPPROVEEQUIVALENT
HYDRONET
EXCAVATIONEDGE
250mmØINLETPIPE
EXCAVATIONEDGE
200mmTHK. SANDBEDDING
HDPELINER
SUBMERSIBLEPUMP
WITHFLOATINGINLET
1 LAYERDRAINAGECELL
1:50
8360
2040
2040
System Cost
•
•
•
•
Conveyance System to cater for stormwater
(modification)
Plumbing works
Underground Water Tank (60 m3 capacity)
Water pumps including sensor
TOTAL
RM 15,000
RM 5,000
RM 60,000
RM 15,000
RM 95,000
Other R&D on Rainwater Harvesting
Systems for Supplementing Public
Water Supply by NAHRIM
• HQ Building of Department of Irrigation &
Drainage (DID ) Malaysia;
• A Double Storey Terrace House in Taman
Wangsa Melawati, Kuala Lumpur;
• National Zoo;
• Sri Aman Secondary School;
Rainwater for non-potable use as a
supplement to the traditional domestic
water supply ~ can save up to 34% of the
total water consumption based on a
study at a double storey terrace house in
Taman Wangsa Melawati, Kuala Lumpur
Malaysian’s National Zoo
• NAHRIM is currently pursuing R&D on RWH and
its utilization for the National Zoo;
• The main objective of the research is to
demonstrate the capability and reliability of Rain
Water Harvesting as a secondary and alternative
water supply for the ongoing development in the
National Zoo;
• Supply rainwater for Pygmy Hippo & Hippo
ponds and toilet flushing;
Hippo Ponds
Pumps
Elevated
Tanks
Storage Tanks
Roof Catchment
Suction Tanks for Toilet
(1)
(2)
Roof Length
: 80 m
Roof Width
: 33 m
Total Roof area : 2,640 sq. m
Runoff coefficient : 0.9
First flush
: 1 mm
402 m3 of storage capacity
derived from the available
facilities:
Water Wheel
(4a)
(3)
(4b)
2 nos of 113.6cubic
meter existing storage
tanks;
2 nos of 68.2 cubic meter
elevated tanks;
2 nos of hippo pond with
each capacity of 11.36
cubic meter;
I no. 6.8 cubic meter
gallons new elevated
water tank (for manual
pump)
Water Use for Various Facilities
Calculation of System Reliability using
Tangki NAHRIM Software
OUTLINE:
• INTRODUCTION
- Climate Change
- Flood & Drought
WAY FORWARD
ON-SITE – COMMUNITY – REGIONAL / RIVER
BASIN SCALE
• NAHRIM is extending the study for the
regional / river basin scale (Damansara
River Basin). Impact of rainwater
harvesting on flood reduction and as
supplement to public water supply to cope
with climate change is being assessed
OUTLINE:
• INTRODUCTION
- Climate Change
- Flood & Drought
• WAY FORWARD
WAY FORWARD : R&D and Rainwater Harvesting
Floods & Droughts
•
Use of Future Hydroclimate projections to
assess the Impact of Climate Change extremes
on rainwater harvesting systems
Supplementing Public
Water Supply
•
To provide complete technical guidance to
assist the residents to install rainwater
harvesting systems
Rainwater Harvesting
Systems: From Onsite to River Basin
Level
•
Development of cheap and efficient technology
through research and development to support
rainwater harvesting systems is crucial;
Robust rainwater harvesting systems for
communities and cities;
•
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION