February - Delaware Valley Civil War Roundtable

Case Shot & Canister
1B
A Publication of the Delaware Valley Civil War Round Table
Partners with Manor College and the Civil War Institute
Our 23rd Year
February 2015
Volume 25
Number 2
4B
5B
Editor
Patricia Caldwell
Contributors
Hugh Boyle,
Book Nook Editor
Rose Boyle
Matt Bruce
Nancy Caldwell,
Artistic Adviser
Mike Cavanaugh
Paula Gidjunis
Carol Ingald
Bernice Kaplan
Herb Kaufman
Walt Lafty
Carol Lieberman
Jack Lieberman
Jane Peters Estes
Cindy Reihmann
Max Reihmann
Larry Vogel
Andy Waskie
AN OBSERVATION OF LINCOLN
& PRESIDENTS’ MONTH
Our February Meeting
“Congressman Lincoln”
Presenter: Our Own Lincoln Expert – Hugh Boyle
Original Photos
Patricia Caldwell (unless
otherwise noted)
Tuesday, February 17, 2015
7:30 pm
6:15 pm for dinner (all welcome!)
Radisson Hotel
Route 1 @ Old Lincoln Highway
Trevose, PA
Officers
President
Hugh Boyle
Vice President
Jerry Carrier
Treasurer
Herb Kaufman
Secretary
Patricia Caldwell
3BU
e-mail: pabc0808@aol.com
phone: (215)638-4244
website: www.dvcwrt.org
HU
HU
U
Dinner Menu – Chicken Parmesan. Served with soup du jour,
rolls/butter, iced tea, soda, dessert.
Substitute: Pasta (chef’s selection).
U
mailing addresses:
for membership:
2601 Bonnie Lane
Huntingdon Valley PA 19006
U
for newsletter items:
3201 Longshore Avenue
Philadelphia PA 19149-2025
Call Rose Boyle at 215-638-4244 for reservations
by February 12. Dinner Price $24.00
You are responsible for dinners not cancelled
by Monday morning February 16.
In This Issue
and as book reviewer for this publication and The
Lincoln Herald, and his membership in numerous
historical societies, and you have an extraordinary
historian. A retired National Sales Manager for
Roadpro 12 Volt Electronics, Hugh (or Reds as he is
more familiarly known) and his wife Rose currently
reside in Bensalem.
Dues are Due for 2015
Member News and Upcoming Events
Paula Gidjunis with the latest in Preservation
News
 Larry Vogel recaps our January meeting
 Classes offered for the Spring semester at
the Civil War Institute
 Herb Kaufman with the latest at the GAR
Museum & Library in our Delaware Valley and the
Civil War segment
 Our Book Nook looks at the never-ending
supply of new Civil War scholarship, and features
a review by Matt Bruce appropriate for Lincoln
and Presidents’ Month
 An interesting “What-If” Vignette from Mike
Cavanaugh
 Ongoing schedule of NPS lectures shared by
Max Reihmann
 A new occasional feature by Larry Vogel
brings us “Civil War – The Rest of the Story”
 Commemoration of the Sesquicentennial
continues with events of February 1865



This year we remember the events of 1865. It was
not only the last year of the war, but a year that
changed the course of the United States. When
we remember the events of that year we must
recall that those events altered and changed who
we are and the focus of the years to come after the
war. There were the surrenders of Lee and
Johnston, and the end of the war, but can anyone
doubt the impact of the 13th Amendment in
January 1865? The tragedy of the assassination
of Lincoln changed not only the focus of
reconstruction but the condition and treatment
of the freed slaves for over one hundred years.
There were the agony of the trial and the verdicts
of the Lincoln conspirators, the all-but-forgotten
tragedy of the Sultana and the hanging of Henry
Wirz. So as we go through this year and cast a
light on those events, consider what they meant
to the history and future of the United States. A
date to put in our calendars for this year is May
17th, a Sunday, the Day set for “Manor Civil
War Day”. It will be a day of “Living History”,
with living history portrayals, presentations,
reenactors, exhibits and book sales. So mark it
down, it is a day not to be missed.
Congressman Lincoln
A 36 year old Abraham Lincoln won a seat in
Congress and spent two years in Washington from
1847 to 1849. Our resident Lincoln scholar Hugh
Boyle will bring his expertise on the life of our 16th
president to our February meeting. The program will
examine these years of learning for Lincoln, with a
look at what he said and what he did, including his
disagreement with President Polk and the Mexican
War, his appearance before the Supreme Court, the
friends he made in the capital and what he and Mary
thought of the city of Washington – a town to which
they were destined to return.
Of course, our presenter, Hugh Boyle, is no stranger
to anyone in this round table. His body of work as an
instructor for the Civil War Institute at Manor
College and as a lecturer and presenter to various
round tables and organizations is awesome. Add to
that his background as editor and publisher of the
sadly now-defunct newspaper Civil War Brigadier,
Hugh Boyle
President
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FROM THE TREASURER’S DESK
Greetings to all the members of the
Delaware Valley CWRT!
Can you believe it, it is 2015, our 23rd Year!!
First I wish to expressly thank all the members of our Round Table
who have already sent in their 2015 annual dues.
Your interest and participation in the Round Table are much appreciated.
Thanks to all members who are attending our monthly meetings.
The Program Committee has a great list of speakers for the coming year.
Remember, it is your Round Table.
Let us know of your interests and how the Delaware Valley CWRT
can best provide you with education, friendship, and an enjoyable evening.
As went enter 2015, your annual dues are due.
We have some really great programs and discussions planned,
and we hope that you will remain a member of our renowned Round Table.
Dues remain only $25.00 ($35.00 for the entire family).
If you wish to continue to have our outstanding Journal, Case Shot & Canister,
sent by mail, please add a donation of $10. for the year, in addition to your dues.
Please bring your dues to the next meeting, or mail your dues payable to:
“DELAWARE VALLEY CWRT”
to: Herb Kaufman, Treasurer,
2601 Bonnie Lane,
Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006.
We hope that everyone will come out to a meeting and join in the
discussions.
It’s a great night out with friends who share your interests and
enthusiasm for this era.
All the best, I hope to see you at a future meeting,
Herb Kaufman, Treasurer
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BRAIN TEASERS 1865
1 – On what date in 1865
did the 13th Amendment
pass the House of
Representatives?
MARCH 17
Mütter Museum Director,
Dr. Robert Hicks
“The Awful Harvest of Gettysburg,
and the Remarkable Year at
Turner’s Lane"
2 – On what date was the 13th Amendment
ratified?
3 – On what date did Lincoln meet with the
Confederate Commissioners?
APRIL 21
Member William Vosseler
“General George ‘Rock of
Chickamauga’ Thomas – The
No Apologies Tour”
4 – Where did Lincoln meet with these
commissioners?
5 – Who were the Confederate Commissioners?
(Answers in next month’s newsletter!)
MAY 19
Historian Jane Peters Estes
“The Battle of Gettysburg – Where
Were the Women”
ANSWERS TO THE JANUARY BRAIN TEASERS
1 – On what battlefield was the “Cornfield”? –
Antietam
2 – What Confederate fort saw the largest landsea action of the war? – Fort Fisher
3 – What descendant of Paul Revere spent time in
Libby Prison? – Paul Joseph Revere, his
grandson
JUNE 16
Member Paula Gidjunis
“A Country Worth Fighting For – A
History of the 128th
Pennsylvania Volunteer
Infantry”
Winner, winner, chicken dinner!! Yes, after
enjoying a great chicken dinner at the Radisson,
Jerry Carrier was the lucky winner of our monthly
book raffle. Congratulations also to Sheryl
Weiner, John Shivo, Jack Kauffman, John
Jastrzebski and Fred Rosso, for each taking
home a raffle prize in the January book raffle.
JULY 21
Book Discussion Night
Topic to be Announced
AUGUST 18
Historian/Actor Millicent Sparks
1st Person – Harriet Tubman
Prior to his presentation at our March meeting,
Hugh Boyle will speak to the Old Baldy CWRT on
February 12 on “Presidential Assassins”, then on
February 13 to Wellington at Hershey’s Mill in
West Chester on “The Lincoln Assassination”.
Hugh will also present a program on “Abe & Mary,
A Relationship” on February 19 at the
Cosmopolitan Club.
SEPTEMBER 15
Dr. Andy Waskie
“The Role of the Germans in
the Civil War”
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A number of Del Val members – including Andy and
Carol Waskie, Herb Kaufman, Hugh and Rose
Boyle, and Albert El – were on hand to honor Mike
Cavanaugh at a luncheon with the Old Baldy CWRT
on January 17. Keynote speaker Randall Miller is
pictured on the right (below). Thanks to Walt
Lafty for providing the photo below.
Shrine in Emmitsburg. We went there to see the
Civil War exhibit called “Charity Afire”
www.setonheritage.org/learn-and-explore/civilwar-history-shrine/charity-afire/. The most
recent Sentinel magazine was available there for
free. The one I picked up is “150th Anniversary
1864/2014 - Washington Attacked: The 1864
Invasion & 1864 Shenandoah Valley Campaign”. I
don’t see that one listed on the NPS link (above)
but I’m sure it can be found online with some
searching. The printed magazine is beautiful – a
real collector’s item!”
Carol and Jack Lieberman received the General
Meade Society’s Order of Merit Award at the
Society’s 2015 Champagne Brunch on January 25.
Carol Ingald received a Certificate of Merit at
the same event. Congratulations to Carol, Jack
and Carol for their recognition!!
Carol Ingald and Robert Hicks have been
announced as among the award winners to be
honored at the GAR Annual Luncheon on March 28.
More information in the Special Announcement
below. Congrats to both!
Cindy Reihmann reports that PENNDOT is now
offering a license plate that will support
monument preservation at Gettysburg NMP. Cindy
became the proud and happy owner of plate #181
for Christmas. For a fee you can purchase the
plate. For more information and an application
www.dmv.state.pa.us/license_plates/special_fund.s
html
Andy Waskie and his alter ego with Carol and Jack
Lieberman. [Photo courtesy of the Liebermans]
John Voris will reprise his role as Lincoln’s
Secretary, John Nicolay, at the GAR Museum &
Library Open House on Sunday, March 1.
SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT
Cindy Reihmann also informs us that the NPS has
been publishing a magazine called “The Sentinel”
for the 150th Sesquicentennial, available in pdf
www.nps.gov/mana/parknews/park-newsletter.htm
“I found out about these magazines when my
husband and I visited the Elizabeth Ann Seton
The Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Library
and Museum has announced the winner of the
2015 Samuel P. Town award for outstanding
service to and for the Civil War Community. This
year’s winner is Robert Hicks of the Mütter
Museum here in Philadelphia. Robert’s dedication
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and devotion to Civil War history is unmatched,
and his work in education and informing the public
of the medical history of the Civil War has been
exceptional. Robert will receive the award at the
GAR luncheon on March 28th. Congratulations to a
very worthy winner! Robert adds this as a second
award of achievement, as he received the
Delaware Valley Civil War Round Table’s Award of
Merit last November.The GAR has also announced
the winners of the “Old Baldy Award” presented
by the President of the GAR Museum. This year
two awards will be given. One to Bob Palma for his
dedication and work for the GAR at the
Neshaminy reeanctment each year, and one to Joe
Perry, the Museum’s Librarian. Joe’s efforts have
placed the Museum’s library as a go-to place for
research. Joe has searched out new books and has
even acquired some rare and important ones for
the library. Congratulations to all the 2015 award
winners!
February 14, 2015 – Saturday – 11:00 am-2:00
pm – Open House at the Union League of
Philadelphia – Free tours of the historic Civil War
era Union League House at 140 S. Broad St.
Philadelphia. Call: 215-563-6500 for details.
February 14, 2015 – Saturday – 6:00 pm –
Lincoln Birthday Ball – Union League, 140 S.
Broad St., Philadelphia. Dinner & Dancing: $110 per
person. Hors d’oeuvres and cocktails (cash bar) at
6:00 PM, dinner at 7:00 PM, followed by period
dancing and music by the Philadelphia Brigade Band.
Period Attire encouraged; Black Tie with Miniatures
or formal attire welcomed. Accommodations available
at the Inn of the League. For info– contact the Front
Desk 215-587-5570, or Frontdesk@unionleague.org.
To register: Mary O’Brien, Activities Office, 215-5875565 or Activities @unionleague.org
February 15, 2015 – Sunday – 12:00 noon to
5:00 pm – 17th Annual Meade Society
Symposium: “General George G. Meade –
Life & Career in His 200th Anniversary Year”
– Featuring noted historians Ralph Peters and Tom
Huntington, other speakers, and authors on General
Meade, his life and career, as well as books, prints
and raffles. Conservatory at West Laurel Hill
Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, PA. Cost: $40 per person
including registration; luncheon & refreshments
Contact: Jerry McCormick 215-848-7753 or
gedwinmc@msn.com
January 20 through February 27, 2015 –“The
Great Emancipator and the Great Central
Fair” – An Exhibition about Emancipation in
the United States – University of Penn, Kislak
February 18, 2015 – Wednesday – 2:00 pm –
Annual Temple University Black History
Conference – “Lincoln’s Assassination,
Emancipation and the End of the Civil War”
– Walk Auditorium, Ritter Hall on 12th St & Cecil B.
Center for Special Collections, Rare Books, and
Manuscripts, Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center, 6th
Floor, 3420 Walnut Street (entrance on Locust Walk).
Gallery hours: Monday-Friday, 10AM-5PM;
Wednesday, 10AM-8PM. Free and Open to the
Public – Photo ID required. Questions, 215-898-7088
Moore Ave, Main Campus of Temple Univ. Civil War
& Emancipation Studies at Temple University
(CWEST) sponsors the annual Black History
Conference. Free & Open to the public. Speakers;
books; discussion; displays. To register:
andy.waskie@temple.edu or 215-204-5452.
February 12, 2015 – Thursday – 10:30 am –
Annual Lincoln Birthday Celebration Parade
and Ceremonies, sponsored by the Union
League of Philadelphia – Civil War military units,
February 21, 2015 – Saturday – 10:00 am –
Annual Octavius V. Catto Honor Ceremony –
civilians, and heritage groups welcome and
encouraged to parade to Independence Hall to honor
President Lincoln. Participants will gather in the
McMichael Room of the Union League, 140 S. Broad
St. Convenient FREE parking available for
participants near the Union League prior to 10:30 am.
Color Guards, Firing Party, music, wreaths are
appreciated. Complimentary lunch for the participants
at 12 noon. After the parade ALL are invited to return
to the League via coach for refreshments in the
historic Meredith Café. To register: Contact: Dr. Andy
Waskie. 215-204-5452 - andy.waskie@temple.edu
6th & Lombard Streets, Philadelphia. Honoring the
great Black civil rights and military leader. WreathLaying ceremony. All military units, period civilians,
veterans and heritage groups are encouraged to
participate. Colors, wreaths and music encouraged.
PA National Guard Award Ceremony to follow at
1:00pm in the Union League for the ‘Major Catto
Medal’ Awards Ceremony. For information: Dr. Andy
Waskie 215-204-5452 or andy.waskie@temple.edu
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March 1, 2015 - Sunday - 1:30 pm – GAR
Museum & Library Sunday Open House &
Program – 4278 Griscom St, Philadelphia –
“Meet Lincoln’s Secretary: John Nicolay –
May 3, 2015 – Saturday – 8:00 am to 5:00pm General Meade Society Spring Trip to Meade
sites in Philadelphia at his 200th Anniversary
– Itinerary: 'Meade’s homes, Union League; Meade
Monuments and memorials; Meade family graves at
Laurel Hill; buffet luncheon at the fabled ‘McGillins’
Old Ale Pub.8:00am departure from the Cannstatter,
5:00pm arrive back at the Cannstatter. Cost - $75 per
person complete: bus, tours, donations, luncheon,
refreshments. All funds over costs go to the Meade
Society. Contact: Jerry McCormick gedwinmc@msn.com 215-848-7753
First person presentation by living historian John
Voris. Free and open to the public. Donations
appreciated. For info 215-289-6484.
March 28, 2015 – Saturday – 12:00 noon
(cocktails), 1:00 pm (luncheon) – Annual
GAR Museum Preservation Luncheon –
Cannstatter Volksfest Verein, 9130 Academy Rd.
Philadelphia. Cost: $45 pp - $85 per couple. Choice
of Beef, Chicken, or Salmon. 11am open for book
browsing, and signings; “Fortune’s Fool” – John
Wilkes Booth & the Lincoln Assassination by noted
historian Dr. Terry Alford. Presentation of the ‘Grand
Army Award’ for preservation efforts. Fundraiser
raffle of prints; door prizes; books. To reserve
contact: garmuslib@verizon.net; or call:215-289-6484
Deadline to reserve: March 21, 2014.
May 17, 2015 – Sunday – Time TBA – Manor
College Civil War Living History Day – SAVE
THE DATE!! – Manor College, 700 Fox Chase
Road, Jenkintown. Re-enactment by the 28th PA,
black powder weapons demonstrations, special
appearance and narration by Harriet Tubman (Ms.
Millicent Sparks), various generals and historical
figures, artifacts, medical display, information from
local organizations, Del Val book sale. Family fun.
Call 215-884-2218 for more information. And watch
this newsletter for details as they become available.
April 12, 2015 - Sunday - 1:30 pm – GAR
Museum & Library Sunday Open House &
Program – 4278 Griscom St, Philadelphia –
“The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln” –
June 4-7, 2015 – Thursday to Sunday – Starr
Tours – Civil War Trails: Lexington and
Appomattox – with Jane Peters Estes
Presentation by local Lincoln historian Hugh Boyle.
Free and open to the public. Donations appreciated.
For info 215-289-6484.
– History buffs and tourists alike will love this
fascinating trip as Starr's own Civil War Historian
guides you through one of the most resonant and
fascinating episodes in American history. For prices
and detailed itinerary see
http://www.starrtours.com/tours/details/2489
Tour will be repeated October 29-November 1, 2015.
April 12, 2015 – Sunday – 1:00 pm – Special
'Appomattox - End of the Civil War' Tour –
Laurel Hill Cemetery. Featuring notables interred
here who were principally engaged in the events that
led to the surrender of the Confederate forces. Tour
will be led by Dr. Andy Waskie and Russ Dodge,
Historians. Cost $20 Donation requested.
Information: 215-228-8200.
April 25-26, 2015 – Saturday & Sunday – 9:00
am, all day – 26th Annual Neshaminy Civil
War Reenactment – “The Final Campaign –
March 29, 1865” – Neshaminy State Park. Camps
By Paula Gidjunis,
Preservation Committee Chair
open 9:00am - Battles at 2:00pm on Saturday and
1:30pm on Sunday. Military and civilian reenactors;
Union and Confederate camps where troops will
demonstrate military and camp scenes and discuss
aspects of Civil War history; demos of troops drilling,
mounted cavalry, artillery; living history presentations,
period music; sutlers' tent village selling period items,
jewelry, crafts, military items, souvenirs etc.; food
vendors plus picnic facilities. Parking lots close to all
of the action. Fun and educational for every member
of the family. Free Admission and Free Parking! Near
Street Road Exit of I-95. For directions or info:
www.neshaminyreenactment.org;.
COMMITTEE NEWS
The Preservation Committee has a busy year
planned. If you are interested in helping out at any
of the events, please feel free to speak to myself or
any of the other members of the committee who are:
Carol Ingald, Jim and Linda Dover, Mary Ann
Hartner, Rich Jankowski, Herb Kaufman, Walt Lafty,
John Shivo, Matt Bruce, Alan Ash and our newest
member Tom Donnelly. We appreciate any time you
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can allow – you don’t have to stay the entire day, a
few hours can be a big help.
“Captain Furness voluntarily carried a box of
ammunition across an open space swept by the
enemy's fire to the relief of an outpost whose
ammunition had become almost exhausted, but
which was thus enabled to hold its important
position.” The current CWT campaign has a
matching $5.34 for every one dollar raised.
http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/trevilianstatio
n/trevilian-station-2015/
We will be selling books, magazines and other items
at these events:
 Neshaminy Reenactment at Neshaminy State
Park – April 24-26
 Manor Day, Manor College, Jenkintown, Pa,
http://www.manor.edu/conted/upcoming-events.php – May 17
 Pennypacker Mills Reenactment,
5 Haldeman Road, Schwenksville, Pa,
www.civilwarreunion.org – May 30-31
DVCWRT – “Back to Business”
By Larry Vogel
For other events where we can use your help, we will
be sending around sign up sheets in the future:
 Gettysburg Spring Cleanup – Saturday, April
11th with a rain date of April 18th
 Gettysburg Fall Cleanup – Saturday October
17th with a rain date of November 7th
The Delaware Valley Civil War Round Table got
back to business after a month’s break to enjoy a
Christmas dinner at the Austrian Village in
December. The first meeting of the year, on
January 20th, proved that the DVCWRT is like a
good baseball team. We have a good bench. Pinch
hitting for the vacationing President Hugh Boyle,
as emcee for the night, was Vice President Jerry
Carrier. After Jerry announced the standard
Round Table business, he announced that Herb
Kaufman would be next at bat as moderator for
the night’s discussion. For the second time since
October, Herb was called upon to pinch hit for a
speaker who could not make it, in this case, Matt
Bruce.
(If you can make the main date on these but cannot
commit to the rain date, this is not a problem, just let
us know.)
The Preservation Committee will hold our annual
“Goodie Basket” raffle at the March meeting, which
is on St. Patrick’s Day this year.
CONTINUING – GALUSHA PENNYPACKER
EXHIBIT
Pennypacker Mills continues its exhibit on the life of
Galusha Pennypacker through March 15, 2015.
Pennypacker is considered to be the youngest Union
General and was awarded the Medal of Honor for his
actions at Fort Fisher, N. C. in January 1865. Galusha
was the second cousin of Samuel Pennypacker, a
former Governor of Pennsylvania, who owned
Pennypacker Mills. This exhibit, along with a tour of
the house, is free. Check for hours at
http://www.montcopa.org/pennypackermills
For those unaware, a day or two after the
Christmas Dinner at the Austrian Village that
Matt attended, he had a stroke while at home.
The good news is that he immediately was able to
get to the hospital, so by all accounts he is
progressing well. I pause for a short tribute to
Matt. It was my privilege, the last two springs, to
be with Matt on very cold Saturday mornings
manning the registration table at the Neshaminy
re-enactment. We both got there about 6:00 AM
and left late into the afternoon. Even though we
were very busy we still had time to share our “life”
stories with each other. As it turns out we had
similar backgrounds growing up, though about
three decades apart in the western part of
Pennsylvania, he in Indiana, PA and I in Pittsburgh.
We both had jobs delivering the now defunct
Pittsburgh Press newspaper, and last but not least
to continue the baseball theme, we both grew up
HELP CLOSE THE GAP AT TREVILIAN
STATION!
The Civil War Trust (CWT) has a campaign to save
70 acres at Trevilian Station. Protection of this land
will connect previously preserved parts of this
battlefield. The battle at Trevilian Station took place
on June 11–12, 1864. Frank Furness, the noted
architect, as a member of the 6th Pennsylvania cavalry
earned a Medal of Honor as stated on his citation:
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as Pittsburgh Pirate fans. My wish is that Matt
makes a full recovery so that we may share
another registration table in the future, but
maybe not at 6:00 AM. I can only hope that my
accomplishments in life and the Civil War
Community approach half of his.
agreements or “polite” disagreements. Although
we did not take a vote, it seemed by my account
that most attendees felt that Grant had won the
war, but the South was destined to lose because
of the North’s superiority in men and material.
Grant, unlike the other generals of the Union,
knew he had to constantly pound on the rebels,
and through pure attrition they could not win.
Herb kept the conversation flowing and he got as
many people involved as wanted to.
So to conclude, both pinch hitters performed well,
and the DVCWRT started the season with a hit.
[Photos in this article courtesy of Walt Lafty.]
The Civil War Institute
Herb took the podium. Before he got to the night’s
subject, he announced the return of the Monthly
Trivia Question which was a staple of the round
table, under the tutelage of the recently departed
Tom Stewart. Herb stated that he would start the
monthly trivia, but then each month a volunteer
would be asked to bring a question with him or her.
Our Winter/Spring semester is in full swing – and
of course, we’re hoping for good weather! We still
have five courses to offer – one of which is a
BRAND NEW ELECTIVE!!
Classes may be taken as part of the certificate
program or individually. Completion of your
choice of four of six Core courses, and any four
elective courses is required to receive the
certificate. Call (215) 884-2218 to register or for an
application for the certificate program, or online at
www.manor.edu/cont-ed/civil-war/courses.php
Class hours are 6:30 till 8:30 pm. Manor College is
located at 700 Fox Chase Road in Jenkintown, PA.
Finally we got to why we all showed up – for a
great discussion, on that age old question that
Civil War aficionados have been asking themselves
for a hundred and fifty years. Did General Grant
win the war or did General Robert E. Lee lose it?
Herb started by giving us a short biography of
each man, he also handed quotes for us to read.
* Indicates Core Course
** Indicates Elective Course
**Assassinated Presidents and Their Medical
Treatment (NEW) - .6 CEUs - 6 hrs – Five U.S.
presidents (and one former president) have been
shot in our history, but only two – Ronald Reagan
and ex-President Theodore Roosevelt – survived.
Could the deaths of Abraham Lincoln, James
Garfield, William McKinley and John Kennedy
have been the fault of their doctors as much as
their assassins? Our resident experts on
presidential assassinations and Civil War medicine
diagnose this provocative question.
DATES:
Thursdays, Feb. 19-26, March 5
FEE:
$79
INSTRUCTORS:
Hugh Boyle & Herb Kaufman
What followed then was a very spirited discussion
with most if not all of the attendees participating.
This brought us back to the very roots of round
tables, a good old fashioned discussion with
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**Charleston, Cradle of Secession – .6 CEUs – 6
hrs –South Carolina was the first Southern state to
secede, and no city in South Carolina was as avidly
secessionist as Charleston. Fort Sumter in
Charleston Harbor became the focal point of the
secession crisis, and the firing on Sumter launched
the Civil War. Charleston took on great symbolic
value, leading to a four-year siege. This course
describes the Sumter crisis, Union efforts to
subdue the city, and the raising of the Union flag
over Fort Sumter on April 14, 1865.
DATES:
Wednesdays, Feb. 25-March 11
FEE:
$79
INSTRUCTOR:
Jerry Carrier
conspirators. Guilty or not guilty? Justice or no
justice?
DATES:
Thursdays, April 9-30, May 7, May 21
(no class on May 14)
FEE:
$150
INSTRUCTOR:
Hugh Boyle
**Appomattox Campaign - .6 CEUs - 6 hrs – On
April 9, 1865, in Wilmer McLean’s parlor in the
obscure hamlet of Appomattox Court House, an
era came to an end. Robert E. Lee, last of the great
traditional generals, surrendered to Ulysses S.
Grant, first of the great modern generals. This
course describes the drama of the event that, for all
practical purposes, brought an end to the Civil
War, as well as the retreat and pursuit that led to
the surrender.
DATES:
Mondays, March 9-23
FEE:
$79
INSTRUCTOR:
Pat Caldwell, M.A.
Where History Comes Alive
By Herb Kaufman
It’s time …… If you have not visited the new GAR
Museum, now is the time!
We are very excited about all the changes in
exhibits that have been made over the past
several months. These rare and wonderful relics
were previously hidden away but are now on display
for you to see:
 The original Post 2 Guard uniform.
 The 1880 silver cannon used by Post 2 as a
voting instrument.
 The original USCT flag.
 A new cabinet with historic Post 2
memorabilia.
 Historical information and exhibit
explanation descriptions are being placed
throughout the museum.
 The library has been redesigned and is
available for research.
**Medicine in the Civil War- .8 CEUs – 8 hrs –
This course will explore the work of doctors and
nurses who ministered to the sick and wounded
before antibiotics and the science of bacteriology
existed, when crude sanitation and ignorance of
the dangers of polluted water were deadly. In the
Civil War, more soldiers died of disease than of
battle wounds. The course will explain how
military doctors became medical explorers in
treating disease, and why there were so many
amputations. You will see how the medicine of the
day met the horror of the battlefield.
DATE:
Mondays, April 3-27, May 4
(This course has been expanded to four weeks)
FEE:
$79
INSTRUCTOR:
Herb Kaufman, M.Ed.
We are also continuing our work on revitalizing the
third floor. Many, many thanks to all the
wonderful volunteers from the Delaware Valley
Civil War Round Table who were so gracious and
hard working at the museum. Through their
efforts our photographs and prints have now been
carefully preserved and evaluated. Our next step
is to create a catalog which can be used for future
exhibits and research.
*The Lincoln Assassination (Core) – 1.2 CEUs –
12 hrs – The assassination of our 16th president
will be studied as an historical event. The military,
social and legal aspects of 1865 will be analyzed.
Special emphasis will be given to the conduct of
the military commission that tried the alleged
On that day we continued to discover many hidden
treasures including an original wallpaper newspaper
10
from the siege of Vicksburg in 1863, and the
presentation plaque and original flag that lay on
the catafalque of President Grant.
growing number, because each month they still
keep coming. Lincoln alone has over 16,000 books
written on him. That’s over 30% of that 50,000.
Will it ever end? I hope not. Let them keep on
coming, the more the merrier; let them come till
our book shelves fall down. The question still
remains – what else can be written? Each of us has
our own special area of interest – the battles, the
generals, the soldiers, medical history, the
Confederate story, the Navy and the role of the
people back home during the war, and of course
Abraham Lincoln. These are just a few of the areas
covered by today’s historians and authors. So,
what’s your special area of interest? In this
newsletter we try to keep you abreast of new and
upcoming books. Our book reviews are helpful to
all in informing and helping to choose that right
book. So let us know what you would like to see,
what topics you are looking for. I have no doubt
that the Civil War community reads more than any
other community or interest group. So keep
reading, till that figure goes over 100,000 books.
We are now looking forward to two new and
historic exhibitions for the coming year on the
assassination of President Lincoln, followed by a
superb exhibit focusing on the creation of the
Grand Army of the Republic. More information
about these two new exhibitions will be
forthcoming. We are making considerable progress
and look forward to continuing to make
improvements.
So, visit the museum “Where history comes
alive!” We hope that you will visit the museum
and see these wonderful changes for yourself.
Your comments and suggestions are always
welcome.
The
Book
Nook
How high can they go??
The new Ford’s Theatre
Center for Education
and Leadership features
a winding staircase and
34-foot tower of books
about Abraham
Lincoln, symbolizing
that the last word about
this great man will
never be written.
U
By Hugh Boyle, Book Editor
“What more has to be written?”
There is an enormous amount of material available
on the American Civil War. Since the war began in
1861, more than 50,000 books and pamphlets
have been published about it. Now, with the advent
of the internet, hundreds of web pages and other
online sources have appeared as well. With so
many resources available, knowing where to start
when seeking to do research on the conflict can be
a daunting task. With so much written and
available, one might ask “What more can and
should be written?” Is the Civil War community
satisfied? Are they bored with the topics? Do they
still have a thirst for knowledge? That 50,000 is a
… that U.S. Grant’s father, Jesse Root
Grant, started work in his teens as a
tanner in a tannery owned by Owen
Brown, the father of the infamous John
Brown, and lived with the Brown family
during that time?
11
Perhaps the most important lesson to be learned from
the “Fort Sumter crisis” experience was that “. . .
every decision has unexpected and unintended
consequences. . .”, and that “. . . patience and
flexibility were at least as important as firmness and
determination in resolving difficulties.” This episode
commences the treatment of a running theme through
the book: Mr. Lincoln’s determined pragmatism, a
characteristic with which he dealt with the problems
he faced as President and with which he dealt with
his continuing pursuit of maintenance of the Union.
While the book focuses on naval matters, this
characteristic could be appropriately applied to
examination of any problems Mr. Lincoln faced.
Unlike Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Symonds cannot claim
“total innocence” with respect to naval matters,
having authored, among his other works, three
volumes and edited five others which deal with
“naval matters.”
The NY Times is running a feature entitled
Disunion on its Opinion Pages. It’s a daily
chronicle of the events of 150 years ago today.
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/categor
y/disunion/
HU
U
Lincoln and His Admirals
By Craig L. Symonds
Reviewed by Matt Bruce
The management of the Civil
War United States Navy has
been addressed before (See,
for example, Taaffe, Stephen,
Commanding Lincoln’s
Navy, Naval Institute Press,
2009.) But not in the context
represented by this recent
work by Craig Symonds, a
veteran, high caliber writer
on Civil War subject matter.
This book, received by this
reviewer as a gift, caught the writer from its first page
through its entirety. Having read some of Symonds’
other works, the writer had a high expectation of
quality, but this book exceeded that expectation. In it,
the author places a subject which could be seen as
mundane against the context of a newly-elected
commander-in-chief, who correctly identified himself
as “nearly totally innocent in naval matters,” but who
at the same time maintained an immovable focus on
what he perceived, at least at the outset of the naval
war (i.e., the resupply and reinforcement of Fort
Sumter), to be the object of the exercise: maintaining
the Union. Note that activities which can reasonably
be identified as “part of the naval war” occurred even
prior to the Ft. Sumter affair, some of them as
politically charged as more recent events, with Mr.
Lincoln intimately involved.
Each chapter of the book discusses an event or series
of events, related in time, of the naval war, focusing
on Mr. Lincoln’s pragmatic problem-solving
approach. The events of the primary foci of the
chapters, however, are tied to other naval occurrences
to render the book almost a history of the naval war,
without ever losing sight of Mr. Lincoln’s role and
his consistent pragmatism and his eye on the goal of
maintaining the Union. One such problem area which
appears in several places in the book is the series of
events involving the “exchange” of Norfolk (and
other Federal facilities on ground which had become
part of the Confederacy, e.g., Pensacola) with the
Confederates early in the war. (Another Puccini-like
tale. . . first we’ve got to sing for you this little song.)
Thus, the theme forming the basis for each chapter
can stand on its own, but is clearly viewed as part of
the envelope that ties them all together, that is, the
naval war and Mr. Lincoln’s management of it. An
interesting example of this in the light of two recent
presentations by members of the round table, one an
examination of the Trent affair from a Southern view
presented to a gathering of the Round Table
membership and the other, presented in Case Shot &
Canister, a discussion of the event as a test of Mr.
Lincoln’s conception of the blockade, is the chapter
(Ch. Three) containing the discussion of the seizure
by Navy Captain Charles Wilkes of two Confederate
emissaries from a neutral (British) mail-packet,
which contains considerable material, not touched
upon in either of the two member-presentations,
toward understanding Lincoln’s handling of the
congressional and naval political problems arising in
the pursuit of Wilkes’ extra-orders faux pas, relevant
Symonds introduces his book with a discussion of the
events leading up to the eventual bombardment by
the Confederates of Fort Sumter, revealing them as
well as the perpetrators as being not unlike a Puccini
opera, fraught with secrecy, self-service and hidden
agendas. Against this background, he portrays Mr.
Lincoln as at the same time teacher and learner, and
bearer of responsibility for outcomes of his actions.
12
to the president’s “innocence.” The importance of
this “affair” is reflected in Symonds’ identification of
it (p.94) as “Lincoln’s Cuban missile crisis.” An
example of the “envelope” nature of the recurrence of
events previously introduced is found in the
discussion of Mr. Lincoln’s handling of the “odd
couple“ of General McClellan and Admiral DuPont
contained in connection with the assault on Port
Royal, South Carolina in pursuit of a suitable station
for the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron.
In closing, I extend my thanks to Herb Kaufman for
the gift of the book, by which I have been so
impressed that I opted immediately to review it for
Case Shot & Canister.
[Editor’s Note – see Case Shot & Canister, July
2014, pp 7-8; and December 2014, pp. 13-16].
Oxford University Press, New York, 2008, 2010
(paper); 448 pages; retail $17.95, also available on
Amazon new and used for as low as $0.01
Perhaps most interesting of all, relevant to relations
between Mr. Lincoln and his admirals, is the
discussion of the Red River campaign (Ch. Ten)
involving General Nathaniel Banks and the “bold and
daring” Admiral David Porter. A major problem in
this context was the role of Admiral Porter in the
disagreement between the Congress, the Treasury
Department and the War and Navy Departments over
the seizure of abandoned Confederate cotton,
(significant in this regard was the discord between
Welles’ directive regarding the contraband material
and the three general orders by Porter in the same
regard.) and Mr. Lincoln’s management of the
outcomes, and the involvement of certain politicians
and businessmen is of particular interest.
Do you enjoy the Book Nook feature of
Case Shot & Canister?
We need your support with book reviews!
Please consider sending us a review
(regardless of
length) of the book you’re reading (or have
just finished). You don’t need to be a
professional writer – amateurs welcomed
and encouraged!
Thank you!!!
This book is a good read – moderately long, 366
pages (plus appendices and notes), but it’s a “page
turner.” The characters march in, play their parts
(sing their songs) and depart having interacted with
the Commander-in-Chief in various ways, often to
return again in another context to contribute to the
reader’s understanding of the character of that
Commander, innocent as he was, as he learned and
taught and accepted responsibility for outcomes. For
example, Capt. Charles Wilkes, a singular character,
who appears as a central character in the chapter
dealing with the Trent Affair, appears also in
command of the James River flotilla, again in
command of the “flying squadron” assigned to pursue
the Confederate “cruisers,” in particular the Alabama,
and yet again as independent commander of the
Potomac River flotilla, and three other places, in each
case causing Mr. Lincoln some stress, and affecting
his naval management problem-solving mechanisms.
What If … An Incident in the
Mexican War
By Mike Cavanaugh
In March 1847, General Winfield Scott and
Commodore David Conner were preparing to
land American forces for the planed attack on
Vera Cruz, Mexico. Looking to examine the
beaches south of the city, Conner arranged
for Scott and his staff to accompany him
aboard a small boat. Scott was satisfied with
the site and approved Conner’s plan. The
outing would have been unremarkable had
the party not ventured too close to the Fort of
San Juan de Ulua.
In my warped view, some good maps would help the
reader grasp the magnitude of Mr. Lincoln’s naval
problem, but their absence is not fatal. It is my
opinion that reading this book, entirely aside from its
contribution to understanding, will move to look into
other of Symonds’ writings if you are not already
familiar with him.
13
The boat drew several shells from the
Mexican guns. They scored no hits on the
small boat, but several shots did splash
uncomfortably close. If the Mexican gunners
had been better shots the boat might have
been sunk and the United States would have
lost not only Scott and Conner but all of
Scott’s general officers, plus valuable
members of his staff. George Meade, one of
the members aboard, wrote home
disapprovingly that “one shot, hitting the
vessel . . . might have been the means of
breaking up the expedition.” And nobody
could have foreseen the effect of such a
mishap on the American Civil War, still years
in the future. Two men aboard were destined
to command the Union and Confederate
armies at Gettysburg – George Meade and
Robert E. Lee. Also along with Lee and Meade
were Joseph E. Johnston and P.G.T.
Beauregard.
Saturday, February 7
Going Back: Returning to Fields of Glory
After the Civil War, veterans returned to the
Fredericksburg area to tour the fields and forests that
witnessed some of the war’s most brutal combat.
What compelled these men to return to these
battlefields, and how did they experience these places
that had defined their past?
– Beth Parnicza, Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania
National Military Park
Sunday, February 8
Going Home: The Grand Review and
Demobilizing of the Armies
A look at the famed Grand Review of the Armies in
Washington, D.C., on May 23-24, 1865, a discussion
of the problems encountered in demobilizing the
armies, and some of the experiences shared by Union
veterans upon their return home. Topics related to the
demobilization–or disbanding–of Confederate forces
will also be discussed.
– John Hoptak, GNMP
From: So Far from God: The United States War
with Mexico 1846 -1848. By John S. D.
Eisenhower
Sunday, February 15
“Martyrs of the Race Course” – The Forgotten
Decoration Day
On May 1, 1865 Union soldiers, some members of
USCTs, along with thousands of black men and
women in Charleston, SC came together to honor
Union dead of the late conflict. Confined in an
outdoor racetrack turned prison outside of the city,
nearly 300 Union soldiers had perished from illness
and disease and were hastily and improperly
buried. With the fall of Charleston to Union troops,
numerous formerly enslaved peoples came to
properly rebury these men and plan a ceremony in
their honor to remember their sacrifice. Today, the
origins of this first Decoration Day have largely been
ignored and forgotten.
– Dan Welch, Gettysburg Foundation
National Park Service
Winter Lectures Series – 2015
The War in 1865 and Beyond
Submitted by Max Reihmann
The Gettysburg National Military Park is offering a
series of lectures through early March. These lectures
will touch on many different aspects of the Civil War in
1865 with programs expanding beyond the boundaries
of the Gettysburg Campaign. Programs are held on
weekends in the GNMP Museum and Visitor Center
at 1:30 PM. Until February 22 the lectures will be held
in one of the theaters, and the lectures on February
28, March 1, 7, and 8 will be held in the Ford Education
Center. All lectures are free and open to the public. For
more information, call the Visitor Information Desk at
717-334-1124 ext. 8023. All Winter Lectures will be
filmed and made available on the park YouTube
page: www.youtube.com/GettysburgNPS
Saturday, February 21
“Injustice must cease before peace can prevail”Frederick Douglass: The Post-Civil War Years
The self-emancipated Douglass had long argued and
fought for the abolishment of slavery in America, and
with the end of the Civil War and the passage of the
13th Amendment, had seen the ultimate dissolution of
the institution. Douglass would continue to fight to
ensure that the legacy of emancipation was not lost
and guarantee voting rights and equality for the
disenfranchised, including blacks and women.
Douglass argued that the war had been an “abolition
war” and fought to control how Americans would
remember the calamitous struggle and what lessons
[Editor’s Note – Due to space constraints in this issue of
Case Shot & Canister, abbreviated descriptions of the
remaining lectures are included here. Please visit
http://www.nps.gov/gett/planyourvisit/upload/2015Winter-Lecture-Series01-3.pdf for full details.
14
the nation should learn from it.
- Mark Maloy, Frederick Douglass National
Historic Site
explore the last days of the Army of Tennessee in
North Carolina as the Confederacy collapsed around
and within its ranks.
– Philip Brown, Guilford Courthouse National
Military Park
Sunday, February 22
From the Battlefield to the White House—The
Civil War Careers of Post-Civil War Presidents
From 1865 to the end of the 19th century, the US saw
enormous and transformative change, During these
decades, the country was led by a variety of men who
are often forgotten by historians today – Grant,
Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, and McKinley. Their Civil
War experiences shaped them as men and as leaders,
and they carried those experiences with them in their
post-war political careers.
– Daniel Vermilya, Antietam National Battlefield
Sunday, March 8
The Closing Scenes: Admiral David G. Farragut
and the End of the Civil War
This program will follow Admiral Farragut from
Mobile Bay to the end of the Civil War and examine
his part in its closing scenes. The lecture will also
explore Farragut’s post-war career through his death
in Portsmouth, NH in 1870.
– Karlton Smith, GNMP
Saturday, February 28
Monuments that Place Gettysburg in the Greater
Context of the War
Gettysburg features several monuments and
memorials that place the battle in context with the
war’s overall meaning. They transcend the battle
itself to communicate layered truths easily missed
without proper perspective. This presentation will go
beyond basic facts, dates of dedication and
construction materials to decode monumental
messages intended to reverberate through time.
– Troy Harman, GNMP
Mr. Linkhorn
by Larry Vogel
With Appreciation to Paul Harvey I present, “Civil
War: The Rest of the Story.”
Sunday, March 1
Special Film Presentation: Buster Keaton in The
General
This 1926 silent film is loosely based on a true
incident that occurred during the Civil War. The story
follows the trials and tribulations of Engineer Johnny
Gray and the two loves of his life: his girl, Annabelle,
and his locomotive. The movie, best known for its
remarkable sight gags, also represents one of the
earliest attempts to apply humor and comedy to the
carnage and destruction of the American Civil
War. Unrated. Runtime: 78 minutes
- Introduction and commentary by Evangelina
Rubalcava, GNMP
Back in 1780, a gentleman from Pennsylvania, a
Mr. Linkhorn, came to the Long Run Creek area of
what is now Jefferson County Kentucky, and
staked out a claim.
Mr. Linkhorn can trace his ancestors all the way
back to Samuel (1622 – 1690), who was born in
England, and who, as a weaver's apprentice,
immigrated to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637.
Over the generations the Linkhorn family moved
around from Massachusetts to Monmouth County
in the province of New Jersey, to the Schuylkill
river valley in the province of Pennsylvania (now
Exeter Township, Berks County) where the subject
of this story was born.
Saturday, March 7
To the Brink of Collapse: The Final Campaign of
the Army of Tennessee
On March 8, 1865 William T. Sherman crossed into
North Carolina with an army of approximately sixty
thousand men. Opposing Sherman was a small,
feeble force of Confederates under Joseph
Johnston. Over the next two months these two men
and their armies would make North Carolina the
scene of chaos and conflict. This program will
Mr. Linkhorn’s original home in Berks County,
Pennsylvania was a Quaker area, and many
families moved farther south as time passed.
Berks County was made up of various German
15
sects, and generally these people can be readily
spotted in genealogical references because they
seemed to prefer biblical names, such as Solomon,
Benjamin, etc.
either to kill him or to carry him off. Mordecai
took careful aim and shot the Indian in the chest,
killing him.
So as the three boys watched, the youngest being
Thomas, their father was assassinated, a prelude
to future events, when Abraham Linkhorn’s
namesake grandson, now known as Abraham
Lincoln, was gunned down by an assassin about 80
years later.
In 1768 Mr. Linkhorn’s father, John, purchased
land in the Shenandoah Valley in the colony of
Virginia. He settled his family on a 600-acre tract
on Linville Creek in Augusta County (now
Rockingham County). In 1773, John and his wife
Rebecca divided their tract with their two eldest
sons. Mr. Linkhorn built a house on his land,
across Linville Creek from his parents' home.
And Now You Know, THE REST OF THE STORY.
(Epilogue) When Abraham was killed, Tom was
only 10 years old, and it was Tom who would grow
up, marry and become the father of the 16th
president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln.
The strange spelling of the Lincoln surname,
“Linkhorn,” goes back more than a few
generations, and old land title records show it was
used fairly regularly. It was Tom Lincoln who later
went back to the “Lincoln” spelling that we know
today, though there are some members of the
descended family who still cling to the older
version.
During the American Revolutionary War, Mr.
Linkhorn served as a captain of the Augusta
County militia, and with the organization of
Rockingham County in 1778, he served as a
captain for that county. He was in command of
sixty of his neighbors, ready to be called out by
the governor of Virginia and marched where
needed.
In 1780, Mr. Linkhorn sold his land on Mill Creek,
and in 1781 he moved his family and settled in
Jefferson County, Kentucky. The territory was still
contested by Indians living across the Ohio River.
For protection the settlers lived near frontier forts,
called stations, to which they retreated when the
alarm was given. The Linkhorn family settled near
Hughes' Station on Floyd's Fork and began clearing
land, planting corn, and building a cabin.
Over the years, Mr. Linkhorn and other settlers in
the area were harassed by the Indian population,
but he was determined to keep his land. Then
there was a lull in the harassment for several
years, so the family thought all was well.
Modern grave marker at the traditional site of
Mr. Linkhorn’s cabin
Then one day in May 1786, Mr. Linkhorn was
working in his field with his three sons when he
was shot from the nearby forest and fell to the
ground. The eldest boy, Mordecai, ran to the cabin
where a loaded gun was kept, while the middle
son, Josiah, ran to Hughes' Station for help.
Thomas, the youngest, stood in shock by his
father. From the cabin, Mordecai observed an
Indian come out of the forest and stop by his
father's body. The Indian reached for Thomas,
[Editor’s Note – Look for Larry’s “Civil War: The
Rest of the Story” to be an occasional feature in
future issues of Case Shot & Canister.]
16
On February 1, Illinois becomes the first state to ratify the 13 th Amendment.
On the River Queen on February 3, Abraham Lincoln, US Secretary of State William
Seward, CS Vice-president Alexander Stephens, along with John Campbell and Robert
M.T. Hunter discuss peace terms at the Hampton Roads Conference near Fort Monroe.
The conference was a failure.
Battle of Hatchers Run (Petersburg) is fought on February 5.
On February 6, John C. Breckinridge becomes Confederate Secretary of War.
On February 7, Lee’s men drive back Union troops at Boydton Plank Road with only 46,000 men
to defend 37 miles of trenches – about 1200 men per mile.
On February 9, Davis offers amnesty to any deserter who returns to his regiment within 30 days.
On February 16, Sherman’s troops arrive on the south bank of Columbia and the city is evacuated.
On February 17, Sherman captures Columbia. The city is burned,
but responsibility for the blaze is still a "hotly" disputed topic.
Charleston is evacuated, and is surrendered on February 18.
On February 20, the Confederate House of Representatives
authorises the use of slaves as soldiers.
Also on February 20, Wilmington, the last port possessed by the Confederates, is bombarded by Union
forces.
On February 21, the Confederate Senate postpones a debate on whether to use slaves as soldiers.
On February 22, following a bombardment by gunboats under the command of Rear Admiral David
Porter, William T. Sherman captures Wilmington.
On February 25, Joe Johnston assumes command of the Confederate Army in North
Carolina.
On February 27, some 10,000 Union cavalry start a major move up the Shenandoah Valley.
St. Valentine’s Day
Harpers Weekly,
February 18, 1865
Delaware Valley
Civil War Round Table
3201 Longshore Avenue
Philadelphia PA 19149-2025
18