Name lists connected with the birdman cult of Easter Island in the
Transcription
Name lists connected with the birdman cult of Easter Island in the
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QUESOBREVIVIERONENLOSAPUNTESDE2OUTLEDGESONANALIZADASIDENTIlCANDOPOSIBLESPARALELOSYSUGIRIENDOLAS RECONSTRUCCIONES TENTATIVAS DE SUS FORMAS ORIGINALES ACOMPA×ADAS CON TRADUCCIØNINTERPRETACIØN CUANDO ES POSIBLE%LANÈLISISESTADÓSTICOREVELALASTENDENCIASINTERESANTESDELASTRIBUSVENCEDORAS$OSLISTASDENOMBRESDE LASCASASENLAALDEADE@/RONGOTAMBIÏNSONESTUDIADASRESULTANDOENUNMAPAESQUEMÈTICODELAALDEACONLOS NOMBRESAlLIACIONESDELASTRIBUSMENCIONADAS3EESPERAQUEELPRESENTEARTÓCULOPUEDAFACILITARLASDISCUSIONES FUTURASSOBREELCULTODEHOMBREPÈJARODELA)SLADE0ASCUATALCOMOSOBRELAFORMAYESTRUCTURADELOSNOMBRES ENELIDIOMA2APANUI !FTER MANY FESTIVITIES THEY FOLLOWED THE hROAD OF THE AOv CLIMBING 2ANO +AU AND ARRIVING AT THE CEREMONIAL VILLAGE OF @/RONGO 4HE VILLAGE IS COMPOSEDOFABOUTELLIPTICALSHAPEDDRYLAIDSTONE HOUSESPERCHEDONTHEMAJESTICCLIFFSSOMEMABOVE THE ROARING SURF OF THE 0ACIlC 2OUTLEDGE BRIEmYSAYSTHATh4HEGROUPSOFDWELLINGSHAVEVARIOUS NAMES AND ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PARTICULAR CLANS WHO IT IS SAID BUILT THEMv 4HE SOUTHERN GROUP OF HOUSES FORMING A SACRED PRECINCT OF -ATA .GARAU ALSOSPELLED-ATA.GARAHUWASOCCUPIEDBYPRIESTS ANDRONGORONGOMEN(EREEVERYBOULDERISPROFUSELY CARVED WITH BIRDMAN IMAGES PROVING THE IMMENSE IMPORTANCEOFTHETANGATAMANUCULT )T IS BELIEVED THAT IN THE EARLY STAGES THE WOULD BE BIRDMEN ENTERED THE COMPETITION BY THEMSELVES -ÏTRAUX BUT DURING THE LATER STAGES THEY USUALLY SENT A SERVANT CALLED A HOPU FOR THE QUEST OF lNDING THE lRST EGG 4HE HOPU SWAM TO THE ISLET OF -OTU .UI IN !UGUST -ÏTRAUX AND LIVED THERE IN CAVES FOR DAYS OR EVEN WEEKS UNTIL THE BIRDS LANDEDFORNESTING!SSOONASNESTINGBEGANTHEHOPU RUSHEDINSEARCHOFTHElRSTEGG4HEWHOLECOMPETITION WASVERYINmUENCEDIFNOTPREDETERMINEDBYTHEGODS )NTRODUCTION 4HEFAMOUSBIRDMANCULTMARKEDTHELATESTAGEOF%ASTER )SLAND CULTURE WHEN THE POWER OF THE HEREDITARY KING THE ARIKI MAU WAS IN DECLINE4HE CULT ASCRIBED HIGH POLITICALPOWERTOTHESACREDBIRDMANORTANGATAMANU WHOWASELECTEDFORAYEARASAVICTOROFTHECOMPETITION AIMEDTOPROCURETHElRSTEGGOFTHEMANUTARA/NYCHO PRIONFUSCATUSFORMER,ATINNAME3TERNAFUSCATAWHEN THEBIRDSCAMETONESTONTHEOFFSHOREISLETOF-OTU.UI IN THE!USTRAL SPRING 4HE EGG WAS SPECIAL BECAUSE IT CONTAINEDMAGICALPOWERORMANA5PONOBTAININGIT THEBIRDMANBECAMEASACREDPERSONWHOWASCONSIDERED ANINCARNATIONOFTHESUPERIOR2APANUIGOD-AKEMAKE h0ROBABLYACCORDINGTOTHE0OLYNESIANWAYOFTHINKING HEWASTHERECEPTACLEOFTHEGOD4HERACEWOULDTHUS HAVE NO OTHER PURPOSE THAN TO GIVE -AKEMAKE AN OPPORTUNITYTODESIGNATETHEMANINTOWHOSEBODYHE WISHEDTOENTERv-ÏTRAUX 4HE PREPARATION FOR THE CEREMONY STARTED IN THE -ATAVERIAREASOUTHOF(ANGAROAWHERETHEDOMINANT MATATO@ACLANSGATHEREDAPPROXIMATELYIN*ULY-ÏTRAUX 1BVM)PSMFZ]:VSJ'FELPWZDI$IFSOJWUTJ/BUJPOBM6OJWFSTJUZ,PUTZVCZOTLZ4US$IFSOJWUTJ6LSBJOFQBVM@IPSMFZ!ZBIPPDPN 2APA.UI*OURNAL 6OL/CTOBER .AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND IFTHEPARTICIPANTWASNOTDESTINEDTOBEABIRDMANHIS HOPU WOULD NOT SEE THE EGG EVEN IF HE WAS ABOUT TO STEPOVERIT!SSOONASTHElRSTEGGWASlNALLYFOUND THE HOPU hCRIED FROM -OTU .UI ABOUT IT4HE WINNER ;BIRDMAN= SHAVED HIS HEAD AND PAINTED IT RED AND LOSERSCUTTHEMSELVESWITHMATAAINGRIEF v2OUTLEDGE !STHEEGG@DElNEDTHEBIRDMANOFTHEYEAR THEWINNINGHOPUDIDNOTNEEDTORUSHINHISDEPARTURE TOWARDS%ASTER)SLAND-ÏTRAUX 2ANO2ARAKUOR@!NAKENA(OWEVERTHEBIRDMANKEPT SANCTITYUNTILTHEENDOFHISDAYSANDWASBURIEDWITH HONORS-ÏTRAUX $ESPITEUSUALLYBEINGPORTRAYEDASATESTOFSTRENGTH AND AGILITY THE BIRDMAN COMPETITION HAD A STRONG POLITICAL SIDE PARTICIPATION WAS RESTRICTED TO RULING CLANSWHODECIDEDABOUTSHARINGTHISPRIVILEGEWITH THEOTHERS hx SOMETIMES ONE GROUP WOULD KEEP IT IN THEIR HANDSFORYEARSORTHEYMIGHTPASSITTOTHEFRIENDLY CLAN x /NE YEAR THE -ARAMA WERE INSPIRED WITH JEALOUSY BECAUSE THE -IRU HAD CHOSEN THE .GAURE AS THEIR SUCCESSORS AND BURNT DOWN THE HOUSE OF .GAARA 4HIS WAS PERHAPS THE BEGINNING OF THE FRAY WHEN THE OLD !RIKI WAS CARRIED OFF CAPTIVEv 2OUTLEDGE h4HEMANWITHTHESACREDEGGWASALWAYSTHELASTTO LEAVETHEISLAND;OF-OTU.UI="EINGBLESSEDBYTHE GODSANDHAVINGWITHHIMANOBJECTOFOVERmOWING MANA HE HAD LITTLE TO FEAR FROM SHARKS AND HIS SUPERNATURAL POWER GAVE PROTECTION TO HIS FELLOW CONTESTANTS 4HE MAGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE EGG TOGETHERWITHPROTECTIONOFTHEGODSMADETHEWINNING HOPUSSWIMMINGNOTONLYSAFEBUTEXTREMELYFASTv 4HERULESOFTHECOMPETITIONWERECHANGINGWITHTIME)N THElNALYEARSTHERULESBECOMELESSRESTRICTIVESOTHAT #LIMBINGTHECLIFFSOF2ANO+AOTHEHOPUPRESENTED THEEGGTOHISPATRONWHOHADALREADYSHAVEDHISHEAD EYEBROWSANDEYELASHES-ÏTRAUXANDPAIN TEDHISHEADREDORWHITE,EE4HENEWLY ELECTEDBIRDMAN hTHElNDERSOFFURTHEREGGSINTHEHUNTBESIDETHE ABSOLUTElRSTONEWEREALLOWEDTOCOUNTASBIRDMEN x;MAKINGTHATYEAR=KNOWNBYTHENAMEOFTHE lRSTlNDERALLTHEEGGSBEINGlNALLYDEPOSITEDOFIN AGOURDxTHEFOURTHYEARBEFORETHElNALENDSEEMS TOHAVEBEENVERYMUCH@GOASYOUPLEASEFORFOUR CLANSTOOKPARTANDTHEREWERETENWINNERSTWOHOPU HAD TWO EMPLOYEES EACH AND THREE BIRDMEN TOOK THEIR OWN EGGS ONE ALSO ACTING FOR ANOTHER MANv 2OUTLEDGE hWAS ORDERED TO TAKE A NEW NAME WHICH FORMED THE PART OF THE REVELATION AND THIS BIRDNAME WAS GIVEN TO THE YEAR IN WHICH VICTORY WAS ACHIEVED THUS FORMING AN EASILY REMEMBERED SYSTEM OF CHRONOLOGYv2OUTLEDGE 4HE VICTORIOUS BIRDMAN DESCENDED THE SLOPES OF 2ANO +AU HOLDING THE SACRED EGG IN HIS RAISED HAND SURROUNDEDBYDANCINGPEOPLE4HETUNEOFTHESONGSUNG BYTHEBIRDMANWASSTILLREMEMBEREDINTHEShBUT UNFORTUNATELYxNOTTHEWORDS)TSOUNDEDASTREMULOUS WEEPINGANDMYINFORMANTSAIDTHATTHEBIRDMANCRIED AND@BEHAVEDLIKEAGODv-ÏTRAUX $EPENDING ON THE TRIBAL GROUP TO WHICH THE WINNER BELONGED HE WENT TO 2ANO 2ARAKU (OTU )TI OR TO @!NAKENA +O 4U@U TO LIVE THERE FOR A YEAR IN SECLUSIONBEINGTHESUBJECTOFASTRONGTAPUTHEPEOPLE BROUGHTFOODFORHIMWHICHWASCOOKEDBYSPECIALLY APPOINTEDIVIATUAWHOLIVEDINASECTIONOFTHESAME HOUSE2OUTLEDGE4HEBIRDMANSWIFEWAS ALLOWEDTOLIVECLOSETOHISSECLUDEDRESIDENCEBUTWAS FORBIDDENTOENTERTHEHOUSEOFTHETANGATAMANUFOR THElRSTlVEMONTHS4HEBIRDMANhDIDNOTWASHAND SPENT HIS TIME @SLEEPING ALL DAY ONLY COMING OUT TO SIT IN THE SHADEv 2OUTLEDGE 4HE TRIBE OF THE BIRDMAN BECAME DOMINANT ON THE ISLAND AND WAS ENTITLED TO GATHER A TRIBUTE IN THE FORM OF FOOD FROM OTHER TRIBES 6AN 4ILBURG !FTER A YEAR OF SECLUSIONTHEBIRDMANRETURNEDTOHISNORMALLIFEAND THENEWLYELECTEDTANGATAMANUTOOKHISRESIDENCEAT 2APA.UI*OURNAL 4HE CULT SURVIVED IN THIS MUTILATED FORM UNTIL THE ARRIVALOFTHEMISSIONARIESWITHTHELASTBIRDMANYEAR 2OKUNGA TAKING PLACE IN OR 2OUTLEDGE !CCORDING TO FATHER 'ULSTAN 2OPERT WHO VISITEDTHEISLANDIN&EBRUARYTHELASTh-ATAVERI EVENTvIETHETANGATAMANUCOMPETITIONWASIN -ORENO0AKARATIPERSCOMM!FUTILEATTEMPT TOREVIVETHECOMPETITIONWASMADEIN3EPTEMBER BUThALLEARLIERSIGNIlCANCEANDPURPOSE;OFIT=HADLONG BEENLOSTv&ISCHER "IRDMAN.AME,ISTS 2OKUNGAISTHEMOSTFAMOUSBIRDMANNAMEnITEVEN APPEAREDASTHENAMEOFTHELASTKINGINARIKIGENEALOGY DICTATED TO -ÏTRAUX BY THE DAUGHTER OF 5RE6A@E )KO -ÏTRAUX INSET BETWEEN PP !NOTHER NAMEWASGIVENTO!LFRED-ÏTRAUXBY*UAN4EPANOWHO hWASBORNDURINGTHEYEAR5TUPIROTHUSNAMEDBYABIRD MAN CALLED 0UAARAHOA WHO CHOSE THE NAME 5TUPIRO FOR HIMSELF AND FOR THE YEARv -ÏTRAUX 2OUTLEDGE SUPPLIES THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE ABOUTTHECHRONOLOGYOFBIRDMANYEARS 6OL/CTOBER 0AUL(ORLEY h4HEREQUESTTOBEGIVENTHENAMESOFASMANYBIRD YEARS AS COULD BE REMEMBERED MET WITH ALMOST EMBARRASSING RESPONSE EIGHTYSIX BEING QUOTED STRAIGHT AWAY SOME OF THESE MAY BE THE OFlCIAL NAMESOFBIRDMENANDNOTREPRESENTAYEARBUTTHEY PROBABLYDOSOINMOSTCASES#HRONOLOGICALSEQUENCE WASACHIEVEDWITHFAIRCERTAINTYFORELEVENYEARSPRIOR TO2OKUNGAANDINEACHCASEINADDITIONTOTHEBIRD NAMETHEWINNERSOWNNAMEWASOBTAINEDASWELLAS HISCLANANDHISFAMILYORSUBDIVISIONTHEHOPUSNAME WAS ALSO ASCERTAINED AND HIS CLAN AND SUBDIVISION 4HIS LIST THOUGH IT DOUBTLESS IS NOT COMPLETE STOOD REASONABLY WELL THE TEST OF REEXAMINATION AND EXTRANEOUS EVIDENCE &URTHER BACK THOUGH THERE IS EVERY REASON TO SUPPOSE THAT THE YEAR NAMES GIVEN AREAUTHENTICTHECLANSANDOTHERDATASUPPLIEDWERE NOTSORELIABLE4HENAMESOFIVIATUAWHOPROPHESIED THEEVENTHAVENOTSURVIVEDINTHESAMEMANNERv !STUDYOFTHEMICROlLMEDlELDNOTESOF+ATHERINE 2OUTLEDGEKINDLYPROVIDEDBYTHE0ACIlC-ANUSCRIPT "UREAU UNDER THE LICENSE OF THE 2OYAL 'EOGRAPHICAL 3OCIETYYIELDEDASURPRISINGRESULTREVEALINGNOLESS THAN SIX LISTS OF BIRDMAN YEAR NAMES 4O SIMPLIFY FURTHER DISCUSSION THESE LISTS WILL BE REFERENCED WITH LETTERS!& ,IST! 2EEL PART PP AND ,IST"2EELPPCONTAINANDNAMES RESPECTIVELY&IGURE&IGURE4HEREMAININGLISTS AREFARSHORTER,IST#2EELPARTPCONTAINS NAMES&IGUREMOSTLIKELYCORRESPONDINGTOTHE hCHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE x FOR ELEVEN YEARS PRIOR TO 2OKUNGAv 2OUTLEDGE &ISCHERS STUDIES WERE FOCUSED ON LISTS! AND # ,ISTS $& ARE VERY SIMILAR SUGGESTING THAT ,IST $ 2EEL P COMPOSEDOFNAMES&IGUREISACLEANCOPYBASED ONQUICKNOTESWRITTENONLOOSEPAGESnLISTS%AND& 2EELP4OREmECTTHISFACTTHESELISTSWILLBE REFERREDTOGETHERAS,IST$%& 4HEHANDWRITINGANDTRANSCRIPTIONRULESOF,IST% &IGUREDIFFERFROMOTHERLISTSWRITTENBY2OUTLEDGE ,IST%USESLETTER@CTODENOTETHESOUND@KWITHTHE ONLYEXCEPTIONBEING2OKUNGAANDALWAYSRENDERSTHE NASALAS@G)NCONTRAST2OUTLEDGEWRITESITAS@NGOR @GN SOMETIMES PUTTING @# IN PLACE OF @' IN QUICK WRITING ,IST % HAS GOOD TRANSCRIPTION n FOR EXAMPLE GIVINGTHEFULLTRIBENAME@5REO(EI&IGURElRST LINEWHILE2OUTLEDGESPELLSITMERELYAS@(Ï&IGURE 4HIS EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT ,IST % WAS POSSIBLY WRITTEN BY A 2APANUI AND THUS IS IMPORTANT FOR THE RECONSTRUCTIONOFPROPERSPELLINGFORMS 4HECOLLATIONOFNAMESFROMALLSIXLISTSISPRESENTED IN4ABLE!SWILLBESHOWNINTHESECTIONANALYZING THEORDEROFNAMESTHELARGEST,IST!ISSHUFmEDWHILE LISTS " AND # SEEM TO HAVE A CERTAIN SIMILAR PATTERN 4OREmECTTHIS4ABLEGIVESTHENAMESINTHEORDERIN WHICHTHEYAPPEARINLISTS"#$%&ANDlNALLY! %ACHNAMEISACCOMPANIEDBYAREFERENCEnEG" MEANS THE TH NAME IN ,IST " ,ISTS # AND $ % & DONOTSHAREANYNAMESEXCEPTFOR2OKUNGAALLOWING US TO PUT THEM INTO A SINGLE COLUMN FOR THE SAKE OF COMPACTNESS!VERYTENTATIVESPELLINGRECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORIGINAL NAMES IS GIVEN IN THE lNAL COLUMN OBTAINEDBYCHECKINGTHEMISSPELLINGSAGAINSTSIMILAR SOUNDING WORDS FROM 2APANUI DICTIONARIES %NGLERT &EDOROVA IN HOPES OF OBTAINING MEANINGFUL WORDS AND ALSO VERIFYING THE NAMES WITH THOSE FROM LEGENDS TOPONYMS AKUAKU NAMESETC4HESERECONSTRUCTEDFORMSAREBYNOMEANS CERTAINANDREQUIREMUCHIMPROVEMENTYETTHEYWILL BEUSEDTHROUGHOUTTHEPAPERTOUNIFYTHEDISCUSSION !NALYSISOFTHELISTSSHOWSTHATSEVERALNAMESINONE LISTCOULDCORRESPONDTOASINGLEENTRYINTHEOTHERLISTS SUCHAS+O0UHEKOTE-ANU"AND+O4ORU(ENUA "APPEARINGIN,IST!AS+O0UEKOTE-ANUKO4OTORO !NDFURTHERON2OUTLEDGEFOOTNOTESHE STATES h4HISFOLKMEMORYFORBIRDCHRONICLESISINCURIOUS CONTRAST WITH THE IMPOSSIBILITY EXPERIENCED IN OBTAININGANYSATISFACTORYLISTOFTHE@ARIKIORCHIEFS THOUGH THEY ARE SAID TO HAVE BEEN ONLY THIRTY IN NUMBERv 2OUTLEDGE WAS IN A UNIQUE POSITION TO HARVEST THIS VALUABLE INFORMATION THAT WAS STILL FRESH IN THE FOLK MEMORY2OUTLEDGE h7ITH REGARD TO THE EVIDENCE IN OUR DISPOSAL INFORMATION WAS OBTAINED FROM SOME TWELVE DIFFERENT AUTHORITIES OF WHOM FOUR HAD BEEN BIRD MENTHREEHADSERVEDAS@HOPUANDONEHADACTED INBOTHCAPACITIESv )TMAYBEAFORTUNATECOINCIDENCETHATTHEINFORMANTSOF 2OUTLEDGEWERESODEEPLYINVOLVEDWITHTANGATAMANU COMPETITIONS ON THE OTHER HAND IT ALSO MAY CALL FOR REASONABLE SKEPTICISM )T GOES WITHOUT SAYING THAT THE CULTURALANDSCIENTIlCVALUEOFBIRDMANYEARCHRONICLES ISIMMENSEYETTHEYWERENEVERPUBLISHEDBY2OUTLEDGE ,UCKILYTHESELISTSSURVIVEINHERlELDNOTESDEPOSITED IN THE 2OYAL 'EOGRAPHICAL 3OCIETYS ARCHIVES &ISCHER PERFORMED A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF TWO SUCH CHRONICLESnALARGELISTOFASSORTEDNAMESANDASHORT CHRONOLOGYINCLUDING2OKUNGAFROM2EELOFTHElELD NOTES4HESELISTSAREMENTIONEDIN&ISCHERSMONUMENTAL 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" # REFERS TO THE FOLLOWINGEVENT h)NONEINSTANCETHEIVIATUAATTHESAMETIMETHAT HEGAVETHENOMINATIONPROPHESIEDTHATTHEYEARTHAT ITWASTAKENUPAMANSHOULDBEEATENBYALARGElSH THEORIGINALRECIPIENTNEVERAVAILEDHIMSELFOFITBUT ON HIS DEATHBED TOLD HIS SON OF THE PROPHESY4HE SON+ILIMUTIUNDETERREDBYITENTEREDFORTHERACE AND SENT TWO MEN TO THE ISLET ONE OF THEM STARTED TOSWIMTHEREWITHHISPORABUTWASNEVERHEARDOF AGAINANDITWASNATURALLYSAIDTHATTHEPROPHECYHAD BEEN FULlLLED +ILIMUTI WASTED NO REGRET OVER THE EVENTUALITY OBTAINED ANOTHER SERVANT AND SECURED THEEGGv2OUTLEDGE 4HENOTESCORRESPONDINGTOTHENAMELISTSSAYTHAT APERSONCALLED0ITOPITOCAMEINTHEYEAR+OTE4OA@A -ARUKU(AU!"#ANDDIEDINTHEYEAR+O 4AHINGA!"4HISISAREFERENCETO*EAN"APTISTE /NÏSIME $UTROU"ORNIER hIMPRESSED BY $UTROU "ORNIERS mASHY CAPTAINS JACKET THE 2APANUI DUBBED HIM @4E 0ITOPITO -ANGAREVAN FOR @4HE "UTTONSv &ISCHER7ITHTHISIDENTIlCATION+OTE4OA @A -ARUKU (AU CORRESPONDS TO HIS lRST VISIT 6OL/CTOBER .AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND OR HIS SETTLEMENT AND +O 4AHINGA n TO 2ETURNINGTOLISTS!AND"ONEWILLSEETHATNEITHEROF THEMPRESENTSACORRECTCHRONOLOGY4HELISTSSTARTWITH 2OKUNGA AND COUNT THE YEARS BACKWARDS SUGGESTING THATTHEYEAROF0ITOPITOSARRIVALSHOULDOCCURPRIORTO HISDEATHYETLISTS!AND"GIVETHATINREVERSEORDER !LSOWITH2OKUNGAMARKINGTHECOMPETITIONOF IT IS NOT CLEAR HOW $UTROU"ORNIERS ARRIVAL IN CAN APPEAR TWO YEARS BEFORE 2OKUNGA 0ERHAPS THE INFORMANTSWERETRYINGTORECALLTHElRSTBRIEFVISITOF $UTROU"ORNIERASAPILOTOFASHIPTHATBROUGHT&ATHER 'ASPARD:UMBOHMAND,AY"ROTHER4HÏODULE%SCOLAN TOTHEISLAND-ORENO0AKARATIPERSCOMM!S ONECANSEE,IST!ISCLEARLYNOTINCHRONOLOGICALORDER BECAUSETHE+OTE4OA@A-ARUKU(AUWHEN$UTROU "ORNIERARRIVEDHASANUMBEROF 4HE YEAR OF THE 0ERUVIAN SLAVE RAIDS BEARS THE NAME+O4AHI@O(IVA!"#THATTRANSLATES AS@THEOTHEROF(IVAPERHAPSREFERRINGTO@YETANOTHER CONTACTWITHTHEOUTSIDEWORLD)TISIMPORTANTTOSTRESS THATTHERAIDSOCCURREDIN$ECEMBERAND-ARCH &ISCHER WHICH USING 2APANUI TIME RECKONINGWASWITHINTHESAMEYEARSTARTINGWITHTHE !USTRAL SPRING IN 3EPTEMBER 4HUS +O 4AHI @O (IVA SHOULD HAVE OCCURRED AT MOST lVE YEARS BEFORE 2OKUNGA!#nWHICHMEANSTHAT,IST!DElNITELY HAS IT WRONG ! WHILE LISTS " AND # SHOW IT IN A MOREORLESSCORRECTPOSITION"# 4HENOTESSUPPLIEDFORTHE,IST$NARRATETHESTORY OFTHEKING.GAARAnHEWASCAPTUREDANDBROUGHTTO !KAHANGAINTHEYEAR+OTE!RA(IVA!"$ RETURNEDFROMCAPTIVITYANDSETTLEDAT4AHAIINTHEYEAR +O(ETUNGA!$DIEDANDWASBURIEDAT4AHAI IN0UAÂA!$/NCEAGAIN,IST!HASTHESE YEARNAMESSHUFmED,IST$MAYHAVEITRIGHTASITENDS WITH2OKUNGASOTHATTHECAPTIVITYOFTHEKINGOCURRED SEVERALYEARSBEFOREHISRESCUEANDDEATHTOESTIMATE TIME INTERVALS BETWEEN THESE EVENTS IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT 2OUTLEDGE JOINS SEVERAL BIRD NAMES INTO A SINGLE YEAR &IGURE 4HUS TAKING ,IST $ AT FACE VALUEONECANCONCLUDETHAT+ING.GAARAMIGHTHAVE MANAGEDTOSURVIVETHE0ERUVIANSLAVERAIDSASHEDIED THREE YEARS BEFORE 2OKUNGA WHICH WOULD BE (OWEVER IF &ISCHERS ESTIMATION OF .GAARASDEATHINISCORRECTTHECHRONOLOGYGIVEN IN,IST$SHOULDBECONSIDEREDWITHMORECAUTION !NOTHER DETAIL QUESTIONING THE CHRONOLOGICAL NATUREOFLISTS!AND"CONCERNSTHEYEAROFTHE@TEN BIRDMENCOMPETITION+O0UA(AU!"# $ESPITETHEFACTTHATTHISISACCOMPANIEDWITHANOTE @TANGATAMANUTHEREAREONLYNINENAMESIN,IST " &IGURE ONE OF WHICH n +OHU KO 4ANGI " nALSOAPPEARS@OUTSIDEOFTHEEVENTASANAME" 2OUTLEDGE STATES THAT THE @TENBIRDMEN COMPETITION OCCURRED FOUR YEARS BEFORE 2OKUNGA 2APA.UI*OURNAL (OWEVER LISTS " AND # PUT IT EIGHT YEARS BEFORE THE LAST COMPETITION AS IF SUGGESTING THAT IN THE HAND WRITTENDRAFTOFHERPAPER2OUTLEDGEMARKEDTHIS YEAR AS THE @TH BEFORE 2OKUNGA WHICH WAS MISREAD ASTHE@THONFURTHERSTAGESOFPRODUCTIONTYPESETTING )TISWORTHMENTIONINGTHATBIRDMENNAMES"" APPEAR IN ,IST ! BUT THEY ARE SHUFmED AND MOSTLY OCCUR IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE LIST !!! !!!!!AND!3URPRISINGLY+O 0UA(AUISABSENTFROM,IST$%&WHICHHOWEVER HAS THE SIMILARLYSOUNDING YEAR 0UA ÂA $ % ! LOCATED THREE YEARS BEFORE 2OKUNGA ASSUMING THAT THE CURVED BRACKETS IN &IGURE COUNT THE NAME PAIRS+OHU+ERO+OTE(UNGAAND0UAÂA+OTE0OKI @O(EUHEUASSINGLEYEARS !CROSSREFERENCEOFLISTS!%MAKESITCLEARTHAT THESEQUENCEOFNAMESVARIESFROMLISTTOLIST,ISTS" AND # ARE STRONGLY RELATED TO EACH OTHER4HE LARGEST ,IST ! DESPITE BEING SHUFmED ALSO FEATURES SEVERAL NOTABLECOLLOCATIONSOFNAMES s +O0UEKOTE-ANUKO4OTORO(ENUA! ""AND-ATA2ORIRORI!" s 0OI0AKA!"AND0APA (AKATARA!" s 4AHI@A-ARUA!"AND+O TE-IRO/ONE!" s -ANU-EAMEA!$&AND -ANU!PI!$& s (ENGAHENGA-ATAKA!"$% &AND+O-OA0AKIA!"$ s +OTE0URE0AKEKE!"#+OTE4OA @A-ARUKU(AU!"#AND+OTE5RE 4ANGITANGI@A6AIA-OA!"# s +OTE!RA(IVA!"$&AND +O5RE(ORA+EA!" )TISCLEARTHATAFULLANALYSISANDDElNITIONOFAPROPER SEQUENCE OF BIRDMAN YEAR NAMES WILL REQUIRE A HUGE EFFORTTHATGOESFARBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHECURRENTPAPER (OWEVERIFTHISTASKCOULDBEACCOMPLISHEDONEWOULDBE REWARDEDWITHUNIQUEETHNOLOGICALDATAnARECONSTRUCTED CHRONOLOGYOFTANGATAMANUCOMPETITIONS 4RIBAL!FlLIATIONAND7INNER3TATISTICS 4ABLE PRESENTS NAMES WITH SPELLING VARIATIONS MAKING A @TOTAL NAME SET OF THESE APPEAR INTWOORMORELISTSFORMINGA@CONlRMEDNAMESET 4HETRIBALAFlLIATIONSOFTHEWINNERSGIVENINSQUARE BRACKETSIN4ABLEWITHSTANDCROSSCOMPARISONIN OUT OF CASES SUGGESTING GENERAL ACCURACY OF TRIBE NAME DATA4HIS INFORMATION IS IMPORTANT AS THE BIRDMAN COMPETITION WAS CARRIED OUT NAMELY TO DETERMINETHETRIBETHATWOULDRULETHEISLANDANDHAVE 6OL/CTOBER 0AUL(ORLEY h3ELECTION ;OF THE NEXT DOMINANT CLAN BY RULING AO=GAVERISEASMIGHTBEEXPECTEDTOBURNINGSOF HEARTSTHEMATTERMIGHTBEANDPROBABLYOFTENWAS SETTLEDBYWARv2OUTLEDGE ACCESSTOTHEVALUABLEFOODRESOURCESFORAYEAR!TlRST GLANCEONEMAYTHINKTHATEVERYTRIBEHADITSCHANCE TOWIN(OWEVER2OUTLEDGEEXPLICITLYSAYS THAT ONLY DOMINANT MATATO@A TRIBES WERE ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATESIGNIlCANTLYNARROWINGTHENUMBEROFTHE TRIBESTHATCOULDPOTENTIALLYWIN 4HESTATISTICSOFBIRDMENNUMBERPERTRIBEISGIVEN IN4ABLEFORTOTALANDCONlRMEDBIRDMENNAMESETS 4HETOTALNAMESETCONTAINSTRIBALAFlLIATIONSCLEARLY SHOWINGTHAT5REO(EI-IRUAND4UPAHOTUDOMINATED THESCENEWITHANDWINNERSRESPECTIVELY4HE @CONTRIBUTION PERCENTAGE FOR EACH TRIBE IN THE @TOTAL LISTISQUITECLOSETOTHEACTUALNUMBERASTHENUMBEROF NAMESISALMOST4HE@CONlRMEDNAMELISTFEATURES ASLIGHTLYDIFFERENT@BALANCEOFPOWER-IRULEADSWITH WINNERSFOLLOWEDBY4UPAHOTUAND5REO(EIWITH ANDWINNERSRESPECTIVELY7HATISIMPORTANTISTHAT THESETHREETRIBESMAKETHEMAJORCONTRIBUTIONTOBOTH LISTSnENTRIESFORTHE@TOTALLISTAND FOR THE @CONlRMED LIST4HIS ANALYSIS SHOWS THAT THE CHANCESTOWINTHEBIRDMANCOMPETITIONFOROTHERTRIBES WEREACTUALLYQUITESLIM 4HEDATAPRESENTEDIN4ABLEGIVEASTRAIGHTFORWARD EXPLANATIONTOTHEEXISTENCEOFTWODOMINANTRESIDENCES OFTANGATAMANUnAT@!NAKENATHELANDOFTHE-IRUAND 2ANO2ARAKUTHETERRITORYOF4UPAHOTUAND5REO(EI )TWOULDBELESSPROBABLETOEXPECTFOREXAMPLEALARGE BIRDMANRESIDENCEONTHELANDSOFTHE-ARAMAWHOHAD ACCORDINGTO2OUTLEDGESDATAONLYSIXWINNERS 4HE LORE OF %ASTER )SLAND NARRATES ABOUT A CONSI DERABLE AMOUNT OF WARFARE BETWEEN TWO DOMINANT TRIBALGROUPS+O4UUAND(OTU)TIWHICHCOULDHAVE BEEN@FUELEDTOACERTAINEXTENTBYTHEOUTCOMEOFTHE BIRDMANCOMPETITION 4HEBIRDMANLISTSRECORDEDBY2OUTLEDGEINADDITION TOPROVIDINGTHECHRONOLOGYOFBIRDMANYEARSFEATURE A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF OTHER NAMES THOSE OF THE WINNERSPRIORTOADOPTIONOFANEWBIRDMANNAMEAS WELLASTHENAMESOFPROXIESINTHEFORMOFHOPUANDIVI ATUAPRIESTS4HELATTERAREVERYFEWINNUMBER&ORTHE YEAROF2OKUNGATHEPRIESTWAS+O6IKEA4UKU(IVA ,IST!OR+OVIKEA4UKE(IVA,IST"4HEREARETHREE MORE NAMES OF IVI ATUA IN ,IST! +O +OKÏ A 2ATI E +OROFORTHEYEAR(OTU.ONO@I!+ORENGA2OIROI @A4UKI(IVAAWOMANOF(AUMOANACLANFORTHEYEAR -ANU4AKATAKA!AND+O+OIKÏ@A2ATÞA+ORO /RONGOFROM(ANGAROAFORTHEYEAR-OTU@O2U! 2OUTLEDGEWRITESTHATTWOIVIATUAhCALLED THEMSELVESAFTER(AWA;(AUA=AND-AKEMAKÏRESPEC TIVELYBUTTHISSEEMSTOBEEXCEPTIONALv4HISINFORMA TIONDOESNOTAPPEARINLISTS!&REQUIRINGADDITIONAL STUDYOF2OUTLEDGESlELDNOTESINTHEHOPEOFlNDING THEREQUIREDSUPPORTINGEVIDENCE 4HE COMMON NAMES OF THE VICTORIOUS BIRDMEN AND THEIR PROXIES ARE GIVEN IN 4ABLE FOLLOWING THE NAMEORDEROF4ABLE)NMANYCASESTHETRIBALAFlLI 4ABLE.UMBEROFBIRDMENPERTRIBE 4ABLE"IRDMENPERTRIBALGROUP2OUTLEDGE 2APA.UI*OURNAL 4HE STATISTICS OF BIRDMEN DISTRIBUTION OVER TRIBAL GROUP IS GIVEN IN 4ABLE )T IS INTERESTING THAT THE @GENERALSCOREOFTANGATAMANUCOMPETITIONSFORBOTH @TOTALAND@CONlRMEDSETSISALMOSTPERFECTLYEVEN .AMESOF4ANGATA-ANU(OPUAND)VI!TUA 6OL/CTOBER .AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND 6AI@A-OA!"#0OROTUnMENTIONEDAND PORTRAYED BY 2OUTLEDGE &IGURE n WAS A HOPU IN THE YEAR +O4AHINGA ! "4OMENIKA n WHO IN HIS LATER DAYS LIVED IN LEPROSARIUM AND WAS INTERVIEWED BY 2OUTLEDGE ABOUT RONGORONGO AND TAU SCRIPTS n WAS A PROXY IN THE YEAR 4AHITAHI@A4OROKIO "#/NANOTHEROCASSIONHESERVEDASAHOPUFOR TWOMASTERSINTHE@TENBIRDMENCOMPETITIONWORKING FOR4UU(OTU2OA!"AND+OTE!RA(IVA! "$&3URPRISINGLYLISTS$&ASSOCIATETHELATTER BIRDMAN WITH TWO WINNERS AND THREE HOPU !NOTHER CONSIDERABLEDISCREPANCYINTHENUMBEROFWINNERSAND PROXIES IS RECORDED FOR THE YEAR -ANU -EAMEA ! $,IST!MENTIONSASINGLEBIRDMANBUT,IST$GIVES FOURTANGATAMANUANDFOURHOPU ATIONS OF HOPU ARE ALSO SUPPLIED!S ONE CAN SEE IN THEMAJORITYOFCASESTHEPROXIESWEREFROMADIFFERENT TRIBE3OMETIMESTHEWOULDBEBIRDMANWENTHIMSELF TOPROCURETHEEGGTHISHAPPENEDFOR+OHU+ERO! $%+O5RE(ARA+EA!"+O(AKATAKEO !"AND+OTE6AREOTE0UREVA!" 3EVERAL NAMES FROM 4ABLE ARE WELLKNOWN -AURATAnWHOSENAMEISLISTEDINROYALGENEALOGIESOF %ASTER)SLANDnSERVEDASHOPUFOR0UA!RA(OA@A2APU INTHEYEAR5TUPIRO!"#WHICHISREmECTEDIN 2OUTLEDGESCOMMENTTHATh+INGWASHOPUv4ABLE,IST "(OWEVERSHEADDSTHATHEWASh!TAMUCATHALIAS -AURATAAFTERWARDSvWHICHPOINTSTOADIFFERENTPERSON n4E +ENA A @!O4AHI KNOWN BY THE BAPTISMAL NAME !TAMU !DAM 4E +ENA -ORENO 0AKARATI WHOSIGNEDTHEAGREEMENTWITH0OLICARPO4OROIN 4E+ENALATERTOOKTHENAMEOF+ING-AURATAPERHAPS TO GAIN MORE LEGITIMACY AS A LEADER BECOMING!TAMU -AURATA4E+ENA-ORENO0AKARATI4OROMETI nTHE@HOSTOFTHElRSTMISSIONARY%UGENE%YRAUDnWAS AVICTORIOUSBIRDMANINTHEYEAR+O5RE4ANGITANGI@A @/RONGO(OUSE.AMES 4HE CEREMONIAL VILLAGE OF @/RONGO IS COMPOSED OF ABOUTlFTYHOUSESOFDRYLAIDSTONEMASONRY4HISTYPE OFARCHITECTUREWASDICTATEDBYHARSHWEATHERCONDITIONS 4ABLE4HENAMESOFWINNINGBIRDMENANDTHEIRPROXIESHOPUWITHREFERENCETONAMELISTS4HEASTERISKS MARKTHENAMES BELONGINGTO@TENBIRDMENYEAR+O0UA(AU :FBSOBNF 5BOHBUBNBOV +RSX "#$%5RNXQJD "#$.RWH3XUH3DNHNH $%<6)>3VÂ $<.*>,VNBUJDULNL %,PNBUÂ&,PNBUF %<)">.BUJUBVOHB &.BUJUBVWB %<.*>5PSPNBUJ&5PSPNFUJ %<5)>.BNBPSB&.BOVBPSB %<5)>,PIPVB5BLF %&<5)>,PQVQB %&<.*>,PUBLJ %,P5BLF %<,0>"UFQ POB&"UFUPOB %<.*>,P)BUJ %<.*>7BJB6SF %</5>,P7FIJ %<.*>.BUJIFP %<.*>*LB)JWB %<.*>5VV7BF"P '</6>)BOHB7BJFSP )</6>)BOHP7BJFSP )(</6>,PUF,FIV %<.*>3BQBIBOHB %<.*>,BJUBWJ %<5)>(XBJBIPB1VB"SB)PBmB 3BQV %<5)>,P*LB1BQB7BJ %<6)>,PSFOHB.BOV $,P.JOF%,PNJOÂ %<5)>.BOV*SJ5BJ "#$.RWH7RDµD0DUXNX+DX "#$.R8UH7DQJLWDQJLµD9DLµD0RD "#$.RKH9L¶HµD8UH0RURNL #.RWH9DLµD8UH0DLWDNL "#$.R7DKLµR+LYD "##$.RKXNR7DQJL #$7DKLWDKLµ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n THE COMMON BOATSHAPED HOUSE COVERED WITH GRASS WOULD NOT WITHSTAND THE CONSTANT GUSTY WINDS -ANY BUILDINGS OVERLAP EACH OTHER TO SAVE THE EFFORT IN CONSTRUCTIONOFTHEWALLSTHUSFORMINGDISTINCTHOUSE GROUPS4HISRICHCONSTRUCTIONHISTORYOF@/RONGOMAY REmECTTHEPOLITICALSIDEOFTHEBIRDMANCULT WITH @2 AND @ RESPECTIVELY WHEN DISCUSSED HOUSE NUMBERSAREDIFFERENT !SONECANSEEFROM&IGURETHEISOLATEDGROUPOF HOUSESSTANDINGATTHEENTRANCEOFTHEVILLAGEBUILDINGS AND LEFT IN A RUINED STATE TO SHOW HOW THE SITE LOOKED BEFORE -ULLOYS RESTORATION WORK IS LOCATED BY0UKU.GAU.GAU.AUNAUnTHESANDALWOODCLIFF 4HESAMEGROUPOFROCKSISALSOCALLED6I@E+ENA4EA ,EE&IGUREAFEMALEDEITYRELATEDTOTHE BIRDMANCULT2OUTLEDGE4HEBUILDINGSATTHE NORTHWESTENDOFTHEUPPERHOUSEROWARECALLED(IKU /RONGO@THETAILOF@/RONGOANDARESAIDTOBELONGTO 2AA4HENAMEOFTHEHOUSEOFMOAI(OA(AKANANAI@A 4AURA 2ENGA @BEAUTIFUL BELT ACCORDING TO %NGLERT ISGIVENINTHEFORM4AU2ENGERENGE4HE BUILDINGSCOMPLETINGTHEUPPERHOUSEGROUPARECALLED ;ILLEGIBLE=KUMI @LONG AND BELONGED TO (AMEA4HE BUILDINGSTARTINGTHELOWERHOUSEROWISCALLED6I HANGAPERHAPSDERIVEDFROMVIHAVIHA@ABANDONEDSEE %NGLERTANDBELONGEDTO2AA4HEDWELLINGS CLOSINGTHELOWERHOUSEGROUPAREASCRIBEDTO-ARAMA TOGETHER WITH TWO HOUSES WITH BARROW PITS AT THEIR BACKS&INALLYTHE-ATA.GARAUCLUSTERIS LABELED0OKÏWHICHMAYBETHESHORTENEDPOKOPOKOKE @BOTTOMLESS&EDOROVAREFERRINGTOTHECLIFFS DROPPINGDOWNTOTHEOCEANINFRONTOFTHESACREDPRECINCT )TISIMPORTANTTONOTETHATACCORDINGTO2OMÈN(EITHE HOUSESOF@/RONGOBELONGEDTOONLYTHREETRIBESn2AA (AMEAAND-ARAMAWITHTHElRSTTWOREPRESENTINGTHE POWERFUL-IRU!S2OMÈN(EIBELONGEDTOTHE-ARAMA TRIBEONECANlNDHEREAREASONABLEEXPLANATIONASTO WHYTHISISTHEONLYTRIBETHATISMENTIONEDINADDITION TOTHE-IRUATTHESAMETIMESUGGESTINGTHATTHEDATA COULDBEBIASEDBYTHEINFORMANT 4HESECONDLISTOFHOUSENAMESWASRECORDEDFROM +APIERA2EVA(IVA&IGURE)TISFARMOREDETAILEDAND FEATURES THE NAMES FOR DWELLINGS GROUPS THEREOF AND EVENFORINDIVIDUALENTRANCESOFDOUBLEDOORHOUSES4O SIMPLIFY THE ANALYSIS THE CORRESPONDING HOUSE NAMES AREDISPLAYEDONTHEMAPOF@/RONGO&IGURE!SONE CANSEE(AREKOTE(IKUTHETAILHOUSESADDRESSESTWO h,IKE MANY IMAGE AHU NEARLY ALL OF THE BUILDINGS ;AT@/RONGO=WEREREFURBISHEDALTEREDANDEXPANDED MULTIPLETIMESxTHESESTRUCTURALCHANGESARETHOUGHT TORELATETOTHENUMBEROFLINEAGESTHATPARTICIPATED INBIRDMANRITUALAPPARENTLYTHATNUMBERINCREASED OVERTHETIMEUNTILTHEENTIREISLANDWASINVOLVED4HE BUILDINGSWEREASSIGNEDTOCLANSACCORDINGTOTHEEAST WESTDIVISIONOFTHEISLANDv6AN4ILBURG 4HEONLYDATAPUBLISHEDBY2OUTLEDGEREGARDINGTRIBAL AFlLIATIONOFTHEHOUSESRELATETO-ATA.GARAU h4HE GROUP OF HOUSES AT THE END ;OF THE VILLAGE= AMONG THE CARVED ROCKS WAS TABOO DURING THE FESTIVAL FOR THEY WERE INHABITED BY THE RONGO RONGO MEN THE WESTERN HALF BEING APPORTIONED TO THEEXPERTSFROM(OTU)TITHEEASTERNTOTHOSEFROM +OTUUv2OUTLEDGE 2OUTLEDGES lELD NOTES PRESENT FAR MORE DETAILED DATA &IRST THERE IS A SKETCH OF THE @/RONGO VILLAGE MADE AFTER THE INFORMATION CONTRIBUTED BY 2OMÈN (EI&IGURE4OSIMPLIFYFURTHERDISCUSSIONWEWILL ADDRESS INDIVIDUAL HOUSES USING A NUMBERING SYSTEM THAT IS SIMILAR TO THAT PROPOSED BY 2OUTLEDGE &IGURE BUT AMENDED BY THE REMOVAL OF THE LETTERS FROM BUILDING NAMES EG THE CLUSTER OF HOUSES 2 2A2BECOME4HEHOUSECOUNTAT-ATA .GARAU AREA IS ALSO IMPROVED BASED ON SURVEY AND RESTORATION WORK BY -ULLOY lGURES 4HE COLLATION OF HOUSE NUMBERS AND CURRENT NUMBERING CAN BE FOUND IN (ORLEY AND ,EE 4O SIMPLIFYTHEDISCUSSION)WILLPRESENTHOUSENUMBERS BOTHIN2OUTLEDGESANDCURRENTNOMENCLATUREPRElXED &IGURE3KETCHOF@/RONGOVILLAGESHOWINGTRIBALAFlLIATIONOFHOUSES2OUTLEDGElELD NOTES2EELPARTP$IGITALIMAGECOURTESYOF0ACIlC-ANUSCRIPTS"UREAUFROM ORIGINALSHELDATTHE2OYAL'EOGRAPHICAL3OCIETYWITH)"' 2APA.UI*OURNAL 6OL/CTOBER .AMELISTSCONNECTEDWITHTHEBIRDMANCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND UNRESTOREDBUILDINGSAND4HISNAMEISDESCRIPTIVE lTTINGWELLWITHTHEHOUSESSTANDINGONTHEOUTSKIRTSOF THEVILLAGE4HELISTALSOMENTIONSTHESTONESBELOWTHESE HOUSESAS6I@E+ENA4EA4HEBUILDING2ISCALLED +OTE(UNGARU4AIWHICHCANBETENTATIVELYTRANSLATEDAS @SALTCOVER;DEPOSITED=BYTHESEA4HENEXTHOUSENAME MENTIONS(AUATHECOMPANIONOF-AKEMAKE"UILDING 2 IS CALLED @+O TE (ETU HETU MEANS EITHER @TO MAKESOUNDOR@FAMOUS4HISNAMECANBETENTATIVELY EXPLAINEDBYTWOPITSINFRONTOFTHEHOUSEDOCUMENTED BY2OUTLEDGETHATMAYHAVESERVEDASPER CUSSIONPLATES-ÏTRAUX(OUSEISCALLED +O+Ï@THEOTHERWHICHISPROBABLYUNRELATEDTOTHE HOUSEATALLREPRESENTINGANANSWERTOAQUESTION@AND THATHOUSEn@THATISTHEOTHERONE 4HECENTRALCHAMBEROFTHELARGEHOUSE2 ONCESHELTERINGAMOAIISCALLED4AURA2ENGATHISTIME SPELLEDAS+O4AU2ORENO&IGURE4HECHAMBERTOTHE RIGHT2ISRECORDEDAS(OHAKA.ANAISOUNDING SOSIMILARTOTHESTATUESNAME(OA(AKANANAI@ATHATONE BECOMES INCLINED TO THINK THAT IT SHOULD BE CONNECTED TO4AURA2ENGA4HEHOUSESOPENINGSTOTHECOURTYARD NEARBYARECALLED+O5KA@THEGIRL+O6ERO@THE SPEARAND+O4UKI4HEVERBTUKIMEANS@TO COPULATE%NGLERTMAKINGONECURIOUSABOUT THETYPEOFCEREMONIESTHATMIGHTHAVEBEENHELDINTHIS PARTOFTHEVILLAGE4HENEIGHBORINGBUILDINGISCALLED +OTE+AUKInPERHAPSMISSPELLED+OTE+AUHA@THEBACK SIDEOFINANIMATEOBJECTS%NGLERTnAPOSSIBLE NAMEOFAHOUSELOCATEDATTHEBACKOFTHECOURTAREA 4HELOWERROWOFHOUSESSTARTSWITHALARGEBUILDING FEATURINGTWOENTRANCESTHELEFTOFWHICHISCALLED 0OINGO AND THE RIGHT n 2AUA +ERE "OTH NAMES ARE BIRDMANNAMESTHATAPPEARTOGETHERIN,IST!!AND ! 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)NSTITUTEOF!RCHAEOLOGY -ÏTRAUX ! %THNOLOGY OF %ASTER )SLAND (ONOLULU "ISHOP-USEUM0RESS -ORENO0AKARATI#%LPODERPOLÓTICONATIVOEN2APA.UI TRASLAMUERTEDELOSÞLTIMOS@!RIKIMAU)N,ACOMPA×ÓA EXPLOTADORADE)SLADE0ASCUAn0ATRIMONIOMEMORIAE IDENTIDADEN2APA.UI##RISTINOAND-&UENTESEDS #ONCEPCIØN%SCAPARATE%DICIONES -ULLOY7"ULLETIN&OUR)NVESTIGATIONANDRESTORATION OFTHECEREMONIALCENTEROF/RONGO%ASTER)SLAND4HE %ASTER )SLAND "ULLETINS OF7ILLIAM -ULLOY .EW9ORK 7ORLD-ONUMENTS&UND 2OUTLEDGE+4HEBIRDCULTOF%ASTER)SLAND&OLKLORE 4HE -YSTERY OF %ASTER )SLAND ,ONDON (AZELL 7ATSONAND6INEY 3URVEYOFTHEVILLAGEANDCARVEDROCKSOF/RONGO %ASTER )SLAND BY THE -ANA %XPEDITION *OURNAL OF THE 2OYAL !NTHROPOLOGICAL )NSTITUTE OF 'REAT "RITAIN AND )RELAND 6AN4ILBURG*2EMOTEPOSSIBILITIES(OA(AKANANAI@AAND (-34OPAZEON2APA.UI,ONDON"RITISH-USEUM0RESS 4ABLE$ISTRIBUTIONOF@/RONGOHOUSESPERTRIBE DIFFERENTNAMESANDWERECOUNTEDONLYONCE 4HESINGLENAMEUSEDFORTWOHOUSESAND ANDANDWASCOUNTEDTWICE4HERESULTING STATISTICSARESHOWNIN4ABLE4HEPERCENTAGEISGIVEN FOR A PARTIAL SUBSET OF HOUSES PROVIDED WITH TRIBAL AFlLIATIONSASWELLASFORTHETOTALSETOFHOUSES4HE -IRU HAD THE LARGEST NUMBER OF HOUSES INCLUDING THE BUILDINGWITHTHESTATUE4AURA2ENGA4HISISTOBEEXPEC TEDASACCORDINGTO4ABLETHE-IRUINCLUDING(AMEA AND2AAHADNOLESSTHANBIRDMEN3URPRISINGLYTHE SECONDTRIBEWITHALARGENUMBEROFHOUSESIS(AUMO ANAWHOHADONLYNINETANGATAMANU4HE-ARAMAAND 5REO(EIHADTHREEHOUSESEACHBASEDONTHEDATAOF &IGUREWHICHISALSOUNCORRELATEDWITHTHEIRNUMBER OFBIRDMENnANDRESPECTIVELY4ABLE 4HE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HOUSES BELONGING TO EACH TRIBEISALSOPECULIAR4HE-IRUHAD4AURA2ENGA IN THE UPPER ROW OF HOUSES AND TWO LARGE GROUPS OF BUILDINGSnTOTOANDTO4HE DWELLINGS OF THE (AUMOANA INCLUDED THE COURT IN THE UPPERHOUSEROWTOTHESMALLHOUSEGROUP ANDSINGLEHOUSESINTHELOWERHOUSEROW AND BEHIND -ATA .GARAU 4HE -ARAMA HADONEDWELLINGINTHEUPPERROWANDTWOINTHE LOWERROW4HEHOUSESOFTHE5REO(EIWERE LOCATEDINTHEUPPERROWATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEVILLAGE ANDINCLUDEDTHELARGESTBUILDINGOFTHELOWER ROW4HE(AMEAHADTWOBUILDINGSATTHEENTRANCE OF THE VILLAGE 4HESE HOUSE TRIBAL AFlLIATIONS AREDIFFERENTFROMTHOSEPRESENTEDIN&IGURE !CKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4HISPAPERWOULDHAVEBEENIMPOSSIBLEWITHOUTTHEEX CEPTIONALCOLLABORATIONOF3ARAH3TRONGAND*OY7HEELER 2OYAL 'EOGRAPHICAL 3OCIETY AND +YLIE -OLONEY 0ACIlC-ANUSCRIPTS"UREAUWHOHAVEKINDLYALLOWED METOSTUDYDIGITALIMAGESOF2OUTLEDGESlELDNOTESAS WELLASTOUSETHEDIGITALIMAGESTHEREOFINTHISPAPER) AMVERYGRATEFULTO3TEVEN2OGER&ISCHER)NSTITUTEFOR 0OLYNESIAN,ANGUAGESAND,ITERATUREFORHISKINDHELP 2APA.UI*OURNAL 4HISARTICLEHASBEENPEERREVIEWED2ECEIVED*ULY ACCEPTED!UGUST 6OL/CTOBER