Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk

Transcription

Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk
07-11-2012
Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik,
Syddansk Universitet
Hvem er vi?
Bemanding: ca. 160 medarbejdere, heraf 57 Ph.D studerende
Instituttets forskning, undervisning, innovation og videndeling tager
udgangspunkt i studier af humane bevægelser og bevægeapparatet i
bredeste forstand.
Forskningen spænder fra biologiske og fysiologisk-medicinske aspekter,
med focus på bevægeapparatets normale funktioner samt dysfunktioner
og lidelser - herunder aldring - til et humanistisk-samfundsvidenskabeligt
perspektiv på forholdet mellem bevægelse, kultur, sundhed og samfund.
Forskningen er ofte translationel, hvilket betyder, at mekanisme/grundforskning forbindes tæt med praksis. Således kobles eksempelvis
basal forskning til individualiseret træning, behandling, etc.
Vi forsker i et kontinuum fra de mindste cellefunktioner til hele kroppen i
bevægelse...
Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk Universitet
Kerneopgaver
Undervisning
Forskning
(Forskningsenheder)
Muskelfysiologi og Biomekanik
Forskningsleder, professor Per Aagaard
Klinisk Biomekanik
Forskningsleder, professor Jan Hartvigsen
Alle fakultetets
uddannelser
Exercise Epidemiology
Videndeling og
Innovation (Centre)
Center for Handicap og
Bevægelsesfremme
Clinical Locomotion
Science
Forskningsleder, professor Lars Bo
Andersen
Research in Childhood
Health (RICH)
Muskuloskeletal Funktion og
Fysioterapi
Team Danmark Testcenter
Forskningsleder, professor Ewa Roos
Fysisk Aktivitet og Sundhed i
Arbejdslivet
Forskningsleder, professor Gisela Sjøgaard
Bevægelse, Idræt og Samfund
Forskningsleder, professor Bjarne Ibsen
Center for Kunst og
Videnskab
Center for Idræt, Sundhed
og Civilsamfund (CISC)
1
07-11-2012
Institut
Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk
Universitet
Nyforkandidatuddannelse
i Eliteog
konkurrenceidræt (2013)
Uddannelsen vil i sin grundstruktur følge den opbygning, som kendetegner de øvrige
kandidatuddannelser ved Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet. Således med hovedvægten på
moduliserede forløb, baseret fortrinsvis på problembaseret læring.
Uddannelsen vil have indholdsmæssigt og tematisk fokus på følgende områder:
- Talentudvikling og talentmiljøer.
- Træningsvidenskab og trænerroller
- Teambuilding, coaching og teamudvikling
- Testning af elite- og subeliteudøvere
- Præstationsfremme og psykologi
Emnemæssigt vil forskning og uddannelse således bygge på eksisterende stærke forskningsmiljøer
ved Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik i samarbejde med eksterne interessenter, eks. DIFs
specialforbund og gerne Team Danmark.
Uddannelsen placeres ved SDU Campus Esbjerg
Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk Universitet
Optimering af handicapidræt
Samarbejde med Dansk Handicap Idrætsforbund.
Træningssamlinger i instituttets faciliteter
forud for Paralympics 2012
Samarbejde med elitestaben i DHIF om præstationsoptimering
Projekter under udvikling:
- Kørestolsrugby
- Goalball
Arbejdskravanalyser og træningsoptimering
Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk Universitet
Ny bygning januar 2013
Bygningen vil give mulighed for fokuserede aktiviteter
i et i et kontinuum fra elitesport til genoptræning/rehabilitering
Bygningen opføres i perioden 1.marts 2011 til primo januar 2013.
Der bygges for ca 90 mio kr.
2
07-11-2012
Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk Universitet
Ny bygning januar 2013
Bygningen vil give mulighed for fokuserede aktiviteter
i et i et kontinuum fra elitesport til genoptræning/rehabilitering
* Styrketrænings- og Fitnessfaciliteter (800m2)
* Bevægelseslab/ganganalyselab
* Tværfaglig forskningsklinik (Idrætsmedicin,
fysioterapeuter, idrætsfysiologer, psykologer, ortopæder, kiropraktorer)
* Lab for innovation (ny teknologi, intelligent træning)
3
07-11-2012
MoB - Forskningsenhed for
Muskelfysiologi & Biomekanik
MoB - Forskningsenhed for
Muskelfysiologi & Biomekanik
MoB forskningsenhedens overordnede forskningsramme
hedder Muskelfysiologi og Biomekanik - Fra menneske til celle
og omfatter forskningsaktiviteter indenfor flg områder:
4
07-11-2012
MoB - Forskningsenhed for
Muskelfysiologi & Biomekanik
MoB forskningsenhedens overordnede forskningsramme
hedder Muskelfysiologi og Biomekanik - Fra menneske til celle
og omfatter forskningsaktiviteter indenfor flg områder:
- Muskelfysiologiske, neuromuskulære og biomekaniske
forskningsaspekter
- Forskningsaspekter relateret til idræt og sport, herunder
applied træningsaspekter indenfor eliteidræt.
MoB - Forskningsenhed for
Muskelfysiologi & Biomekanik
MoB forskningsenhedens overordnede forskningsramme
hedder Muskelfysiologi og Biomekanik - Fra menneske til celle
og omfatter forskningsaktiviteter indenfor flg områder:
- Muskelfysiologiske, neuromuskulære og biomekaniske
forskningsaspekter
- Forskningsaspekter relateret til idræt og sport, herunder
applied træningsaspekter indenfor eliteidræt.
- Fysisk aktivitet og sundhed
- Aldring og Fysisk aktivitet
- Rehabilitering og forebyggelse af skader i bevægeapparatet
bilitering og forebyggelse af skader
i bevægeapparatet
- Anvendt
træning indenfor eliteidræt og breddeidræt
ndt træning indenfor eliteidræt og breddeidræt
Muskelfunktions (biomekaniske) analyser
Isolerede muskler eller enkelt-muskelfibre: Max kraft, kontraktionshastighed,
relaxationshastighed, længde-spændings forhold, udholdenhed, træthedsudvikling, SR
calcium kinetik, etc.
Analyseres fra helkrop til celle niveau
Helkropsarbejde
Isolerede muskler
Mekanisk skinnede enkeltfibre
Intact fibre
Cuff
skinned fibre
sarcolemma
forceps
EM imaging
5
07-11-2012
Explosive Strength
(rate of force development: RFD)
Effects of training, aging,
inactivity, injury on…
•
•
Muscle size and structure
- anatomical CSA and volume
- physiological fibre CSA
- fibre type composition
- muscle architecture
Tendon function
- CSA, stiffness, injury
5000
max Force
4000
RFD =
∆Force / ∆Time
3000
2000
∆Force
•
Mechanical muscle function
- maximal muscle strength
- explosive strength & power
Force (N)
•
1000
Neuromuscular function
- explosive muscle strength
- muscle EMG
0
∆Time
0
0.2
0.4
Time
0.6
0.8
(seconds)
Maximal SSC leg extensor power
Effects of training, aging,
inactivity, injury on…
•
•
Tendon function
- CSA, stiffness, injury
Neuromuscular function
- explosive muscle strength
- muscle EMG
2
mete r
Center of Mass
Position
mete r/sec
2.0
1.0
Center of Mass
Velocity
0.0
-1.0
2000
Watts
Muscle size and structure
- anatomical CSA and volume
- physiological fibre CSA
- fibre type composition
- muscle architecture
1a 1b
-0.14
-0.28
1000
Center of Mass
Power
0
-1000
mete r/sec 2
•
Mechanical muscle function
- maximal muscle strength
- explosive strength & power
0.00
9.81
Center of Mass
Acceleration
0.00
-9.81
2500
N ewton
•
eccentric phase concentric phase
0.14
Vertical Force Fz
1250
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Time (msec)
Drop jump
Effects of training, aging,
inactivity, injury on…
•
•
Tendon function
- CSA, stiffness, injury
Neuromuscular function
- explosive muscle strength
- muscle EMG
2
mete r
Center of Mass
Position
-0.14
-0.28
mete r/sec
2.0
1.0
Center of Mass
Velocity
0.0
-1.0
2000
Watts
Muscle size and structure
- anatomical CSA and volume
- physiological fibre CSA
- fibre type composition
- muscle architecture
1a 1b
0.00
1000
Center of Mass
Power
0
-1000
mete r/sec 2
•
Mechanical muscle function
- maximal muscle strength
- explosive strength & power
eccentric phase concentric phase
0.14
9.81
Center of Mass
Acceleration
0.00
-9.81
2500
N ewton
•
power
Vertical Force Fz
1250
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Time (msec)
6
07-11-2012
Adaptive changes in muscle fiber size
and fibertype composition
Effects of training, aging,
inactivity, injury on…
•
•
•
•
Mechanical muscle function
- maximal muscle strength
- explosive strength & power
Muscle size and structure
- anatomical CSA and volume
- physiological fibre CSA
- fibre type composition
- muscle architecture
Tendon function
- CSA, stiffness, injury
Neuromuscular function
- explosive muscle strength
- muscle EMG
Adaptive changes in muscle fiber size
and fibertype composition
Effects of training, aging,
inactivity, injury on…
•
•
•
•
Mechanical muscle function
- maximal muscle strength
- explosive strength & power
Muscle size and structure
- anatomical CSA and volume
- physiological fibre CSA
- fibre type composition
- muscle architecture
aponeurosis, tendon
muscle fibres
θp
aponeurosis, tendon
CSA fibre
fibre pennation angle
Anatomical Muscle CSA
Tendon function
- CSA, stiffness, injury
Neuromuscular function
- explosive muscle strength
- muscle EMG
Biomechanical tendon function in vivo
Effects of training, aging,
inactivity, injury on…
•
•
•
•
Mechanical muscle function
- maximal muscle strength
- explosive strength & power
Muscle size and structure
- anatomical CSA and volume
- physiological fibre CSA
- fibre type composition
- muscle architecture
Tendon function
- CSA, stiffness, injury
Neuromuscular function
- explosive muscle strength
- muscle EMG
7
07-11-2012
Explosive muscle strength and
neuromuscular function
Effects of training, aging,
inactivity, injury on…
•
•
Muscle size and structure
- anatomical CSA and volume
- physiological fibre CSA
- fibre type composition
- muscle architecture
Tendon function
- CSA, stiffness, injury
Post training
300
250
( Nm )
•
Mechanical muscle function
- maximal muscle strength
- explosive strength & power
Force Moment
•
Pre training
200
150
100
50
0
-100
0
100
200
Time
uVolts
-1500
Neuromuscular function
- explosive muscle strength
- muscle EMG
1200
VM EMG
-1200
1000
uVolts
-1000
0
400
800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800
Time
Effects of training, aging,
inactivity, injury on…
•
•
•
400
uVolts
-400
•
300
(miliseconds)
0
1500
( miliseconds )
Effects of disuse (immobilization) on
muscle loss, sarcopenia and apoptosis
Mechanical muscle function
- maximal muscle strength
- explosive strength & power
Muscle size and structure
- anatomical CSA and volume
- physiological fibre CSA
- fibre type composition
- muscle architecture
Tendon function
- CSA, stiffness, injury
Neuromuscular function
- explosive muscle strength
- muscle EMG
Muscle fatigue in elite handball, soccer and
marathon running
Effects of training, aging,
inactivity, injury on…
•
•
•
•
Mechanical muscle function in elite handball
vs elite soccer
Mechanical muscle function
- maximal muscle strength
- explosive strength & power
Muscle size and structure
- anatomical CSA and volume
- physiological fibre CSA
- fibre type composition
- muscle architecture
Tendon function
- CSA, stiffness, injury
Neuromuscular function
- explosive muscle strength
- muscle EMG
8
07-11-2012
Effects of training, aging,
inactivity, injury on…
•
•
•
•
Mechanical muscle function
- maximal muscle strength
- explosive strength & power
Clinical aspects of human movement
Neuromuscular function in
meniscectomized patients at
high risk of knee OA
Muscle size and structure
- anatomical CSA and volume
- physiological fibre CSA
- fibre type composition
- muscle architecture
Tendon function
- CSA, stiffness, injury
Vertical ground reaction force
Fz
Neuromuscular function
- explosive muscle strength
- muscle EMG
EXAMPLE
Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011
9
07-11-2012
Subjects
Training
Group
Subjects
14 Young amateur elite cyclists
(Danish National Team U21 riders)
Training groups
E + S : combined endurance and strength
training (n=7)
E : endurance training
alone
n
Age,
years(n=7)
Heigth, cm
Weigth, kg
E+S
combined endurance and strength
7
20.1 ± 0.9
182.4 ± 6.2
69.2 ± 5.8
Control group, E
endurance only
7
19.0 ± 0.8
179.0 ± 4.5
72.3 ± 6.0
Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011
Study design
Test 1 (pre)
Test 2 (post)
biopsy sampling
Test 3 (post 2)
biopsy sampling
biopsy sampling
combined training (E+S) or
endurance training (E)
endurance training
[ both groups ]
16 weeks
8 weeks
November
February
start of combined training
May
end of combined training
follow-up
Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011
EnduranceBike
training
(E+S and E
training
groups)
1
hours of bike training per week
- training diary
Week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Hours
14
15
15
11
16
17
17
10
Week
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Hours
16
17
18
18
10
18
18
18
Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011
10
07-11-2012
Strength
training
Strength
training
(E+S group only)
1
- training diary
- two weeks preparatory strength training
training loads: 10-12 RM
- heavy-resistance training, restitution ≥ 48 h
- 4 sets of 4 exercises
Week
Freq
Loads
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
10-12 RM
8-10 RM
8-10 RM
6-8 RM
Week
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Freq
Loads
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
5-6 RM
5-6 RM
5-6 RM
5-6 RM
6-8 RM
5-6 RM
5-6 RM
5-6 RM
5-6 RM
5-6 RM
5-6 RM
16
2
5-6 RM
Freq = training sessions per week
Loads = training loads expressed in RM
Strength training exercises
Knee
extension
Hamstring curl
Leg press
Calf raises
RESULTS
VO2max remained unchanged in either group
S+E: 73.5 ±8.2 vs 75.0 ±6.0 ml O2 min-1 kg-1,
E: 71.5 ±6.0 vs 73.0 ±2.3 ml O2 min-1 kg-1
Cycling Economy (VO2 at 75% VO2max) remained
unchanged in either group
Blood lactate profile obtained during graded
submaximal graded testing was unchanged in both
groups
Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011
11
07-11-2012
RESULTS
VO2max remained unchanged in either group
S+E: 73.5 ±8.2 vs 75.0 ±6.0 ml O2 min-1 kg-1,
E: 71.5 ±6.0 vs 73.0 ±2.3 ml O2 min-1 kg-1
Cycling Economy (VO2 at 75% VO2max) remained
unchanged in either group
Blood lactate profile obtained during graded
submaximal graded testing was unchanged in both
groups
Thigh muscle fiber size and vascularization did not
change with either mode of training
S+E: 7.6 ±0.8 vs 7.2 ±0.8 cap/fiber
E: 7.6 ±0.6 vs 8.4 ±0.7 cap/fiber
Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011
45-min time trial performance (W)
Long-term endurance performance
45 minutes all-out time trial
E+S group
400
E group
SE pre
SE post
**
**
**
E pre
E post
+8%
350
300
250
0
Pre
Post
Pre
Post
* different from pre, p<0.05; ** E+S > E, p<0.01
Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011
5-min all-out performance (W)
Short-term endurance performance
5 minutes all-out
500
E+S group
E group
*
**
*
450
SE pre
SE post
E pre
E post
400
350
300
250
0
Pre
Post
Pre
Post
* different from pre, p<0.05
Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011
12
07-11-2012
Maximal muscle strength
Isometric MVC knee extensors
E+S group
400
Nm
pre pre
post post
post2post2
** +11%
*
350
MVC (Nm)
E group
*
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
E+S
E
* different from pre, p<0.05
Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011
Explosive muscle strength
Rate of Force Development (RFD)
RFD 0-200 ms (Nm / s)
E+S group
E group
*
*
3000
pre
pre
post
post
post2
post2
+20%
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
E+S
E
* different from pre, p<0.05
Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011
Muscle fibertype composition
Knee extensors (VL muscle)
E+S group
Pre training
a.
SE group
E group
b.
Post training
Pre training
E group
Post training
80
60
*
40
20
( )
Fibertype distribution (%)
Fibertype distribution (%)
80
60
40
20
*
0
0
I
IC IIA IIAX IIX
I
IC IIA IIAX IIX
I
IC IIA IIAX IIX
I
IC IIA IIAX IIX
* different from pre, p<0.05
Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011
13
07-11-2012
Conclusions
Both E training and combined SE training increased
(3-4%) short-term cycling performance in young toplevel cyclists.
Only combined SE training increased (8%) long-term
cycling performance. This parameter remained
unchanged after E training alone.
The improvement in long-term endurance performance
was ascribed to
(i) an increased proportion of type IIA fibers at the
expense of a reduced proportion of IIX fibers,
(ii) training-induced increases in RFD and MVC
Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011
SUMMARY
Positive and potential negative effects of
strength training on endurance performance
Positive effects
- Improved long-term endurance capacity (cycling, 10k run in trained runners)
- Improved economy (increased RFD → prolonged relaxation?)
- Improved muscle blood flow ?
- Increased proportion of fatigue-resistant type II muscle fibers (↑ MHC IIA)
- Enhanced sprint and acceleration capacity
Potential negative effects
- Body weight may increase (only rarely seen with concurrent SE training)
- Capillarization (cap mm-1) theoretically reduced with myofiber hypertrophy
(however, not supported by experimental data)
- Requires additional training ressources (time, energy, restitution)
OBS: max aerobic capacity (VO2max) is not impaired
14