Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk
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Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk
07-11-2012 Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik, Syddansk Universitet Hvem er vi? Bemanding: ca. 160 medarbejdere, heraf 57 Ph.D studerende Instituttets forskning, undervisning, innovation og videndeling tager udgangspunkt i studier af humane bevægelser og bevægeapparatet i bredeste forstand. Forskningen spænder fra biologiske og fysiologisk-medicinske aspekter, med focus på bevægeapparatets normale funktioner samt dysfunktioner og lidelser - herunder aldring - til et humanistisk-samfundsvidenskabeligt perspektiv på forholdet mellem bevægelse, kultur, sundhed og samfund. Forskningen er ofte translationel, hvilket betyder, at mekanisme/grundforskning forbindes tæt med praksis. Således kobles eksempelvis basal forskning til individualiseret træning, behandling, etc. Vi forsker i et kontinuum fra de mindste cellefunktioner til hele kroppen i bevægelse... Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk Universitet Kerneopgaver Undervisning Forskning (Forskningsenheder) Muskelfysiologi og Biomekanik Forskningsleder, professor Per Aagaard Klinisk Biomekanik Forskningsleder, professor Jan Hartvigsen Alle fakultetets uddannelser Exercise Epidemiology Videndeling og Innovation (Centre) Center for Handicap og Bevægelsesfremme Clinical Locomotion Science Forskningsleder, professor Lars Bo Andersen Research in Childhood Health (RICH) Muskuloskeletal Funktion og Fysioterapi Team Danmark Testcenter Forskningsleder, professor Ewa Roos Fysisk Aktivitet og Sundhed i Arbejdslivet Forskningsleder, professor Gisela Sjøgaard Bevægelse, Idræt og Samfund Forskningsleder, professor Bjarne Ibsen Center for Kunst og Videnskab Center for Idræt, Sundhed og Civilsamfund (CISC) 1 07-11-2012 Institut Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk Universitet Nyforkandidatuddannelse i Eliteog konkurrenceidræt (2013) Uddannelsen vil i sin grundstruktur følge den opbygning, som kendetegner de øvrige kandidatuddannelser ved Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet. Således med hovedvægten på moduliserede forløb, baseret fortrinsvis på problembaseret læring. Uddannelsen vil have indholdsmæssigt og tematisk fokus på følgende områder: - Talentudvikling og talentmiljøer. - Træningsvidenskab og trænerroller - Teambuilding, coaching og teamudvikling - Testning af elite- og subeliteudøvere - Præstationsfremme og psykologi Emnemæssigt vil forskning og uddannelse således bygge på eksisterende stærke forskningsmiljøer ved Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik i samarbejde med eksterne interessenter, eks. DIFs specialforbund og gerne Team Danmark. Uddannelsen placeres ved SDU Campus Esbjerg Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk Universitet Optimering af handicapidræt Samarbejde med Dansk Handicap Idrætsforbund. Træningssamlinger i instituttets faciliteter forud for Paralympics 2012 Samarbejde med elitestaben i DHIF om præstationsoptimering Projekter under udvikling: - Kørestolsrugby - Goalball Arbejdskravanalyser og træningsoptimering Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk Universitet Ny bygning januar 2013 Bygningen vil give mulighed for fokuserede aktiviteter i et i et kontinuum fra elitesport til genoptræning/rehabilitering Bygningen opføres i perioden 1.marts 2011 til primo januar 2013. Der bygges for ca 90 mio kr. 2 07-11-2012 Institut for Idræt og Biomekanik - Syddansk Universitet Ny bygning januar 2013 Bygningen vil give mulighed for fokuserede aktiviteter i et i et kontinuum fra elitesport til genoptræning/rehabilitering * Styrketrænings- og Fitnessfaciliteter (800m2) * Bevægelseslab/ganganalyselab * Tværfaglig forskningsklinik (Idrætsmedicin, fysioterapeuter, idrætsfysiologer, psykologer, ortopæder, kiropraktorer) * Lab for innovation (ny teknologi, intelligent træning) 3 07-11-2012 MoB - Forskningsenhed for Muskelfysiologi & Biomekanik MoB - Forskningsenhed for Muskelfysiologi & Biomekanik MoB forskningsenhedens overordnede forskningsramme hedder Muskelfysiologi og Biomekanik - Fra menneske til celle og omfatter forskningsaktiviteter indenfor flg områder: 4 07-11-2012 MoB - Forskningsenhed for Muskelfysiologi & Biomekanik MoB forskningsenhedens overordnede forskningsramme hedder Muskelfysiologi og Biomekanik - Fra menneske til celle og omfatter forskningsaktiviteter indenfor flg områder: - Muskelfysiologiske, neuromuskulære og biomekaniske forskningsaspekter - Forskningsaspekter relateret til idræt og sport, herunder applied træningsaspekter indenfor eliteidræt. MoB - Forskningsenhed for Muskelfysiologi & Biomekanik MoB forskningsenhedens overordnede forskningsramme hedder Muskelfysiologi og Biomekanik - Fra menneske til celle og omfatter forskningsaktiviteter indenfor flg områder: - Muskelfysiologiske, neuromuskulære og biomekaniske forskningsaspekter - Forskningsaspekter relateret til idræt og sport, herunder applied træningsaspekter indenfor eliteidræt. - Fysisk aktivitet og sundhed - Aldring og Fysisk aktivitet - Rehabilitering og forebyggelse af skader i bevægeapparatet bilitering og forebyggelse af skader i bevægeapparatet - Anvendt træning indenfor eliteidræt og breddeidræt ndt træning indenfor eliteidræt og breddeidræt Muskelfunktions (biomekaniske) analyser Isolerede muskler eller enkelt-muskelfibre: Max kraft, kontraktionshastighed, relaxationshastighed, længde-spændings forhold, udholdenhed, træthedsudvikling, SR calcium kinetik, etc. Analyseres fra helkrop til celle niveau Helkropsarbejde Isolerede muskler Mekanisk skinnede enkeltfibre Intact fibre Cuff skinned fibre sarcolemma forceps EM imaging 5 07-11-2012 Explosive Strength (rate of force development: RFD) Effects of training, aging, inactivity, injury on… • • Muscle size and structure - anatomical CSA and volume - physiological fibre CSA - fibre type composition - muscle architecture Tendon function - CSA, stiffness, injury 5000 max Force 4000 RFD = ∆Force / ∆Time 3000 2000 ∆Force • Mechanical muscle function - maximal muscle strength - explosive strength & power Force (N) • 1000 Neuromuscular function - explosive muscle strength - muscle EMG 0 ∆Time 0 0.2 0.4 Time 0.6 0.8 (seconds) Maximal SSC leg extensor power Effects of training, aging, inactivity, injury on… • • Tendon function - CSA, stiffness, injury Neuromuscular function - explosive muscle strength - muscle EMG 2 mete r Center of Mass Position mete r/sec 2.0 1.0 Center of Mass Velocity 0.0 -1.0 2000 Watts Muscle size and structure - anatomical CSA and volume - physiological fibre CSA - fibre type composition - muscle architecture 1a 1b -0.14 -0.28 1000 Center of Mass Power 0 -1000 mete r/sec 2 • Mechanical muscle function - maximal muscle strength - explosive strength & power 0.00 9.81 Center of Mass Acceleration 0.00 -9.81 2500 N ewton • eccentric phase concentric phase 0.14 Vertical Force Fz 1250 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Time (msec) Drop jump Effects of training, aging, inactivity, injury on… • • Tendon function - CSA, stiffness, injury Neuromuscular function - explosive muscle strength - muscle EMG 2 mete r Center of Mass Position -0.14 -0.28 mete r/sec 2.0 1.0 Center of Mass Velocity 0.0 -1.0 2000 Watts Muscle size and structure - anatomical CSA and volume - physiological fibre CSA - fibre type composition - muscle architecture 1a 1b 0.00 1000 Center of Mass Power 0 -1000 mete r/sec 2 • Mechanical muscle function - maximal muscle strength - explosive strength & power eccentric phase concentric phase 0.14 9.81 Center of Mass Acceleration 0.00 -9.81 2500 N ewton • power Vertical Force Fz 1250 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Time (msec) 6 07-11-2012 Adaptive changes in muscle fiber size and fibertype composition Effects of training, aging, inactivity, injury on… • • • • Mechanical muscle function - maximal muscle strength - explosive strength & power Muscle size and structure - anatomical CSA and volume - physiological fibre CSA - fibre type composition - muscle architecture Tendon function - CSA, stiffness, injury Neuromuscular function - explosive muscle strength - muscle EMG Adaptive changes in muscle fiber size and fibertype composition Effects of training, aging, inactivity, injury on… • • • • Mechanical muscle function - maximal muscle strength - explosive strength & power Muscle size and structure - anatomical CSA and volume - physiological fibre CSA - fibre type composition - muscle architecture aponeurosis, tendon muscle fibres θp aponeurosis, tendon CSA fibre fibre pennation angle Anatomical Muscle CSA Tendon function - CSA, stiffness, injury Neuromuscular function - explosive muscle strength - muscle EMG Biomechanical tendon function in vivo Effects of training, aging, inactivity, injury on… • • • • Mechanical muscle function - maximal muscle strength - explosive strength & power Muscle size and structure - anatomical CSA and volume - physiological fibre CSA - fibre type composition - muscle architecture Tendon function - CSA, stiffness, injury Neuromuscular function - explosive muscle strength - muscle EMG 7 07-11-2012 Explosive muscle strength and neuromuscular function Effects of training, aging, inactivity, injury on… • • Muscle size and structure - anatomical CSA and volume - physiological fibre CSA - fibre type composition - muscle architecture Tendon function - CSA, stiffness, injury Post training 300 250 ( Nm ) • Mechanical muscle function - maximal muscle strength - explosive strength & power Force Moment • Pre training 200 150 100 50 0 -100 0 100 200 Time uVolts -1500 Neuromuscular function - explosive muscle strength - muscle EMG 1200 VM EMG -1200 1000 uVolts -1000 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 Time Effects of training, aging, inactivity, injury on… • • • 400 uVolts -400 • 300 (miliseconds) 0 1500 ( miliseconds ) Effects of disuse (immobilization) on muscle loss, sarcopenia and apoptosis Mechanical muscle function - maximal muscle strength - explosive strength & power Muscle size and structure - anatomical CSA and volume - physiological fibre CSA - fibre type composition - muscle architecture Tendon function - CSA, stiffness, injury Neuromuscular function - explosive muscle strength - muscle EMG Muscle fatigue in elite handball, soccer and marathon running Effects of training, aging, inactivity, injury on… • • • • Mechanical muscle function in elite handball vs elite soccer Mechanical muscle function - maximal muscle strength - explosive strength & power Muscle size and structure - anatomical CSA and volume - physiological fibre CSA - fibre type composition - muscle architecture Tendon function - CSA, stiffness, injury Neuromuscular function - explosive muscle strength - muscle EMG 8 07-11-2012 Effects of training, aging, inactivity, injury on… • • • • Mechanical muscle function - maximal muscle strength - explosive strength & power Clinical aspects of human movement Neuromuscular function in meniscectomized patients at high risk of knee OA Muscle size and structure - anatomical CSA and volume - physiological fibre CSA - fibre type composition - muscle architecture Tendon function - CSA, stiffness, injury Vertical ground reaction force Fz Neuromuscular function - explosive muscle strength - muscle EMG EXAMPLE Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 9 07-11-2012 Subjects Training Group Subjects 14 Young amateur elite cyclists (Danish National Team U21 riders) Training groups E + S : combined endurance and strength training (n=7) E : endurance training alone n Age, years(n=7) Heigth, cm Weigth, kg E+S combined endurance and strength 7 20.1 ± 0.9 182.4 ± 6.2 69.2 ± 5.8 Control group, E endurance only 7 19.0 ± 0.8 179.0 ± 4.5 72.3 ± 6.0 Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 Study design Test 1 (pre) Test 2 (post) biopsy sampling Test 3 (post 2) biopsy sampling biopsy sampling combined training (E+S) or endurance training (E) endurance training [ both groups ] 16 weeks 8 weeks November February start of combined training May end of combined training follow-up Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 EnduranceBike training (E+S and E training groups) 1 hours of bike training per week - training diary Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hours 14 15 15 11 16 17 17 10 Week 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hours 16 17 18 18 10 18 18 18 Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 10 07-11-2012 Strength training Strength training (E+S group only) 1 - training diary - two weeks preparatory strength training training loads: 10-12 RM - heavy-resistance training, restitution ≥ 48 h - 4 sets of 4 exercises Week Freq Loads 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 10-12 RM 8-10 RM 8-10 RM 6-8 RM Week 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Freq Loads 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 5-6 RM 5-6 RM 5-6 RM 5-6 RM 6-8 RM 5-6 RM 5-6 RM 5-6 RM 5-6 RM 5-6 RM 5-6 RM 16 2 5-6 RM Freq = training sessions per week Loads = training loads expressed in RM Strength training exercises Knee extension Hamstring curl Leg press Calf raises RESULTS VO2max remained unchanged in either group S+E: 73.5 ±8.2 vs 75.0 ±6.0 ml O2 min-1 kg-1, E: 71.5 ±6.0 vs 73.0 ±2.3 ml O2 min-1 kg-1 Cycling Economy (VO2 at 75% VO2max) remained unchanged in either group Blood lactate profile obtained during graded submaximal graded testing was unchanged in both groups Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 11 07-11-2012 RESULTS VO2max remained unchanged in either group S+E: 73.5 ±8.2 vs 75.0 ±6.0 ml O2 min-1 kg-1, E: 71.5 ±6.0 vs 73.0 ±2.3 ml O2 min-1 kg-1 Cycling Economy (VO2 at 75% VO2max) remained unchanged in either group Blood lactate profile obtained during graded submaximal graded testing was unchanged in both groups Thigh muscle fiber size and vascularization did not change with either mode of training S+E: 7.6 ±0.8 vs 7.2 ±0.8 cap/fiber E: 7.6 ±0.6 vs 8.4 ±0.7 cap/fiber Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 45-min time trial performance (W) Long-term endurance performance 45 minutes all-out time trial E+S group 400 E group SE pre SE post ** ** ** E pre E post +8% 350 300 250 0 Pre Post Pre Post * different from pre, p<0.05; ** E+S > E, p<0.01 Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 5-min all-out performance (W) Short-term endurance performance 5 minutes all-out 500 E+S group E group * ** * 450 SE pre SE post E pre E post 400 350 300 250 0 Pre Post Pre Post * different from pre, p<0.05 Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 12 07-11-2012 Maximal muscle strength Isometric MVC knee extensors E+S group 400 Nm pre pre post post post2post2 ** +11% * 350 MVC (Nm) E group * 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 E+S E * different from pre, p<0.05 Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 Explosive muscle strength Rate of Force Development (RFD) RFD 0-200 ms (Nm / s) E+S group E group * * 3000 pre pre post post post2 post2 +20% 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 E+S E * different from pre, p<0.05 Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 Muscle fibertype composition Knee extensors (VL muscle) E+S group Pre training a. SE group E group b. Post training Pre training E group Post training 80 60 * 40 20 ( ) Fibertype distribution (%) Fibertype distribution (%) 80 60 40 20 * 0 0 I IC IIA IIAX IIX I IC IIA IIAX IIX I IC IIA IIAX IIX I IC IIA IIAX IIX * different from pre, p<0.05 Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 13 07-11-2012 Conclusions Both E training and combined SE training increased (3-4%) short-term cycling performance in young toplevel cyclists. Only combined SE training increased (8%) long-term cycling performance. This parameter remained unchanged after E training alone. The improvement in long-term endurance performance was ascribed to (i) an increased proportion of type IIA fibers at the expense of a reduced proportion of IIX fibers, (ii) training-induced increases in RFD and MVC Aagaard et al, Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 SUMMARY Positive and potential negative effects of strength training on endurance performance Positive effects - Improved long-term endurance capacity (cycling, 10k run in trained runners) - Improved economy (increased RFD → prolonged relaxation?) - Improved muscle blood flow ? - Increased proportion of fatigue-resistant type II muscle fibers (↑ MHC IIA) - Enhanced sprint and acceleration capacity Potential negative effects - Body weight may increase (only rarely seen with concurrent SE training) - Capillarization (cap mm-1) theoretically reduced with myofiber hypertrophy (however, not supported by experimental data) - Requires additional training ressources (time, energy, restitution) OBS: max aerobic capacity (VO2max) is not impaired 14