Rob Thornton - International District Energy Association

District Energy:
America’s Best–Kept Secret for Clean,
Affordable, Homegrown Energy
Presented by:
House of Representatives Briefing
10:00 am to 11:30 am
Rayburn House Office Building – 2358B
6 September , 2010
Agenda
• District Energy Industry Overview –
– Rob Thornton, IDEA
• Urban Renewable District Energy Case Example
District Energy St. Paul –
– Ken Smith, DESP
• Thermal Renewable and Energy Efficiency Act
(TREEA) – Mark Spurr, IDEA
• Why Thermal Energy is an Important Policy Priority
– Dr. Neal Elliott, ACEEE
• Q&A
•
•
•
•
•
Formed in 1909 – 101 years in 2010
501(c ) 6 industry association
1200+ members in 25 nations
56 % end-user systems; majority in
North America; 40 States
Most major public & private colleges
and universities; urban utilities.
District Energy – Community Scale
Heating and Cooling
• Underground network of
•
•
•
pipes “combines”
heating and cooling
requirements of multiple
buildings
Creates a “market” for
valuable thermal energy
Aggregated thermal
loads creates scale to
apply fuels, technologies
not feasible on singlebuilding basis
Fuel flexibility improves
energy security, local
economy
Infrastructure for Local Clean Energy Economy
• Connects thermal energy sources with users
• Urban infrastructure re-investment
• Energy dollars re-circulate in local economy
• High quality jobs in construction & operation
Building Interconnection
Air
Handling
Unit
District Cooling
Plant
Multiple
Chillers
Ice/CHW
Storage
38° F - 44° F
56° F - 60° F
Air to Floors
Energy
Transfer
Station
54° F
34° F
Condenser Water Piping
Cooling
Tower
Eliminated
AVOIDED
•Boilers/Chillers
•CFC’s
•Fuel Combustion
•Stacks/Chimney
•Fuel Delivery &
Storage
•Emissions
REDUCED
•Electrical Vault
•Water Use
•Chemicals
• Mechanical
space
Impact on End User/Customer
•Customer capital costs reduced or amortized over
long term service agreement
•Reduces size mechanical room; electrical vaults;
condenser shafts and roof loads
•Colder CHW supply improves HVAC performance
•Lower owning, operating and maintenance costs
•More leasable space
Higher Value Buildings
Without District Energy
With District Energy
District Energy Industry Growth
(Million sq ft customer bldg space connected/committed)
Aggregate SF reported since 1990 - 495,127,348 SF
(Annual average 24.7 Million SF/Yr – North America)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
'00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09
US District Energy Industry Capacity
Systems
Reporting
Gross SF
Customer
Building Space
Served
Heating
Capacity
(MMBtu/Hr)
Cooling
Capacity
(Tons)
Electricity
Generation
(CHP Mwe)
85
1,898,037,560
49,239,000
1,082,355
950
330
2,489,216,071
82,107,191
1,855,546
2,197
#
Downtown
Utilities
Campus
Energy
Systems
* Based on systems reporting 2005 data to EIA Survey
District Energy: Creating Scale for Efficient
and Cleaner Energy Solutions
• Promotes Energy Efficiency and Conservation
• Eases Transition to Alternative Energy Sources
– Local fuel supplies (biomass, surplus wood, waste, etc)
– Renewable thermal (lake/ocean/river cooling; geothermal)
• Enables Use of Surplus Thermal Energy
– Heat from power generation stations
– Excess industrial heat sources
•
•
•
•
Increases Energy Security Through Fuel Flexibility
Decreases Emissions of Carbon
Energy Dollars Re-circulate in Local Economy
Improves Air Quality
Wasted Energy
Is a Huge Challenge and Opportunity
Energy Flows in the Global Electricity System
Source: IEA, CHP: Evaluating the Benefits of Greater Global Investment (2008).
2/3 of the fuel we use to produce power is
wasted -CHP can more than double this efficiency
Opportunity: District Energy
“District heating and cooling is an integrative
technology that can make significant
contributions to reducing emissions of carbon
dioxide and air pollution and to increasing energy
security.”
International Energy Agency DHC/CHP Executive Committee
District Heating and Cooling: Environmental Technology for the 21st Century
IPCC Recommendations
“Measures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
from buildings fall into one of three categories: reducing
energy consumption and embodied energy in buildings,
switching to low-carbon fuels including a higher share of
renewable energy or controlling the emissions of nonCO2 GHG gases.”
“Community-scale energy systems also offer significant
new opportunities for the use of renewable energy.”
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Chapter 6 - Residential and Commercial Buildings
International Momentum
Summit Declaration (7 June 2007)
Power Generation… (See page 25 of 38)
70.1 - adopt instruments and measures to significantly
increase the share of combined heat and power (CHP)
in the generation of electricity.
CHP as a Share of
Total National Power Generation
Source: IEA, CHP: Evaluating the Benefits of Greater Global Investment (2008).
The global average is just 9%
European District Energy Policy
The Denmark Story: II
Source, IEA, CHP/DHC Scorecard: Denmark (2008).
Denmark’s cities said “Yes, in my backyard!”
District Energy Networks Make Efficient
Use of Local Renewable Energy
Sources and Surplus Heat
Industrial
surplus heat
Solar,
geothermal
Biofuels
Surplus
heat from
waste
Surplus heat
from
biorefineries
Fossil fuels
and heat
pumps
Combined heat and
power
The Greater Copenhagen DH system
18 municipalities
4 integrated DH
systems
500,000 end – users
34,500 TJ (9,600
GWh, 32,700 GBtu)
Approx 20 % heat
demand in Denmark
Heating Transmission Systems
CHP share of DH and Power
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1980
'85
District Heating
Source: Danish Energy Authority
'90
'95
Electricity
'00
'05 '07
District Heating and RE
- Composition of Fuels for District Heating Production
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1980
Oil
'85
Natural Gas
Source: Danish Energy Authority
'90
Coal
'95
'00
Renewable Energy etc.
'06
National Energy Account
Billion DKK
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
1980
'85
Total
'90
Oil
Source: Danish Energy Authority
Natural Gas
'95
'00
Coal
Electricity
'05
'07
Denmark in Numbers
- GDP, CO and Energy Consumption
2
Index 1980 = 100
180
160
140
120
100
80
'80
'82
'84
'86
'88
'90
'92
GDP in Constant Prices
CO2 Emissions, Adjusted (1990-04)
Source: Danish Energy Authority
'94
'96
'98
'00
'02
'04
'06
Gross Energy Consumption, Adjusted
Recent US Policy Initiative
•
•
•
•
Section 471 in EISA 2007 authorized $3.75 B for district energy
ARRA - $1.6 program appropriation in both Senate/House bills
Negotiated out at 3:30 am in conference in Feb 09
DOE set $156 M program for CHP; Waste Heat Recovery and
District Energy Shovel-Ready Projects
•
•
•
•
•
Attracted 379 private/public projects - $9.2 B total value
Public/private committed $5.6B to leverage federal $3.6 B
79 “approved” projects worth $1.6 billion
9 projects funded - $156
Oversubscribed 25:1
DOE Objective - Clean Energy Application Centers
CHP at 20% of US Generating Capacity in 2030
CHP
Total Electricity
Generating Capacity
Annual Energy
Savings
Annual CO2
Reduction
Number of Car
Equivalents Taken Off
Road
2006
85 GW (9% of
current capacity)
20 % Target with
Robust DOE
Program and
Policy Changes
2030 Target
240.9 GW (20%
of projected
capacity
1.9 Quads
5.3 Quads
248 MMT
848 MMT
45 million
154 million
CHP in a Global Context – 20% Capacity Goal is
Reachable
BAU Case
(McKinsey & Co).
Source: ORNL
2030 Goal: Aggressive Growth in All Markets
Large CHP
>20 MW
Mid CHP
1 MW to 20 MW
Small CHP
<1 MW
Existing Industrial Market
• Improved performance
• Utilize new fuels and waste
streams
• Overcome external barriers
Fast-Growth Market
• Technology for new
applications
• Packaged systems
• Demonstrations to make the
business case
Emerging Market
• New systems and
technologies
• Smart Grid and ‘green’
consumers
• Build distribution network
Over 1,600 new systems
Over 10,000 new systems
Over 50,000 new systems
160
140
82 GW
120
100
80
77.6 GW
60
40
20
0
2008
2030
180
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
60 GW
54 GW
Capacity (GW)
160 GW
Capacity (GW)
Capacity (GW)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
6.2 GW
0
2008
2030
20 GW
.4 GW
2008
19 GW
2030
Market sectors include CHP, District Energy, and Waste Energy Recovery applications
35
Seattle Steam – Urban Biomass
Seattle Steam – Urban Biomass
• Utilizes waste wood,
•
•
•
•
avoiding landfill
Serves approx 200
buildings downtown
Reduces CO2 output
by 55,000 tons/year
Cuts carbon
footprint by 50-60%
Supports LEED for
customers
District Energy/CHP in Healthcare
Thermal Energy Corp - Houston
Thermal Energy Corp – Houston TX
• Serves Texas Medical Center
•
•
•
(MD Anderson Cancer) – 16M
SF, largest healthcare campus
in world – since 1973
Just installed 48 MW CHP –
80% efficiency
On Aug 23, 2010 Texas grid
(ERCOT) set new demand
record – 65,000MW; avoided
peak price of $2200/MWhr
DOE ARRA grant - $10 M of
$370 M project
Cogeneration & District Cooling –
Princeton University
>
150 Buildings
Academic
Research
Administrative
Residential
Athletic
Princeton Micro - Grid Management
PJM Electric Price
Generate/Buy/Mix
NYMEX Gas,
Biodiesel, Fuel Price
Preferred Chiller &
Boiler Selections
Biodiesel REC’s, CO2
Credits,
Current Campus
Loads
Princeton
University
Micro Grid
Preferred Fuel
Selections
ICAP &
Transmission
Warnings
Weather Prediction
Production
Equipment
Efficiency &
Availability
“Business Rules”
Operating Display
& Historical
Trends
Live feedback
to Micro Grid
Management
Operator
Action
Wholesale Market Price vs. Capacity
($ per MWh)
Regional Electric Grid ISO
Campus Electric Generation Dispatch To
Minimize Cost
20
Generation
18
Campus Demand
16
Power Purchase
14
Megawatts
.
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
08 Jul 05
08 Jul 05
09 Jul 05
09 Jul 05
10 Jul 05
10 Jul 05
11 Jul 05
Optimal TES Dispatch in Real Time
Electric Market
CHP/District Cooling Reduces Peak
Demand on Local “Smart” Grid
Grid demand
Princeton Demand
Princeton Campus Energy System –
Benefit to Local Grid
• 2005 campus peak demand on grid 27 MW
• 2006 campus peak demand on grid 2 MW
• Campus energy system “freed up” 25 MW
to local grid
• CHP/District cooling reduces peak load on
local wires, enhances reliability, avoids
brownouts
• Benefit to local economy
Climate Neutrality at Cornell University
Utilities Annual Budget ~ $60 million
Enterprise Units
•Electric
•35 MW peak
•240 GWh/yr
•Steam
•380 klb/h peak
•1,200,000 klb/yr
•Chilled Water
•20,000 tons peak
•40,000,000 ton-hrs/yr
•Water and Sewer
•2.5 trillion BTU’s/yr since 1990
•~275 thousand tons CO2/yr
The Future: Climate Action Plan
Cornell Lake Source Cooling
16,000 Tons Capacity - $58,000,000
Lake source water: 39-41º F
Lake return water : 48-56º F
Campus loop supply/return : 45º - 60º F
Lake source intake pipe: 10,400 ft long,
250 ft deep
Campus S/R loop pipe: 12,000 ft
Benefits:
• Efficiency - production at 0.1 kW/ton;
fully automated (no operators)
• CO2 emissions cut 56 million #’s/yr
• Reduced cooling electricity by 87% cutting 25 million kwh/yr
• Sulfur oxides cut 654,000 lbs/yr
• Nox reduced 55,000 lbs/yr
• 40,000 lbs CFC eliminated
• Traded op expense for amortization
Cornell Combined Heat & Power
• Commissioned
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
December 2009
30 MW and 300 klb/h
Produce 180 GWh/yr and
750,000 klbs/yr
Offset indirect emissions
Reduce coal usage by
50%
Reduce campus CO2
20% (50,000 tons/yr)
Provide efficient
steaming capacity
Electric reliability
Fuel flexibility (HP gas
line)
Dual fuel capability
– Future liquid biofuel
option
Cornell’s Carbon Footprint
Thank you for your attention
www.districtenergy.org
Rob Thornton
rob.idea@districtenergy.org
+1-508-366-9339