International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for

Transcription

PROCEEDINGS
International Workshop on Sustainable
Management of Lowland for Rice
Production
Banjarmasin, 27-28 September 2012
INDONESIAN AGENCY FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
2013
PROCEEDINGS
International Workshop on Sustainable
Management of Lowland for Rice Production
Banjarmasin, 27-28 September 2012
EDITORS:
Edi Husen (Chair)
Dedi Nursyamsi (Member)
Muhammad Noor (Member)
Arifin Fahmi (Member)
Irawan (Member)
I G.P. Wigena (Member)
MANAGING EDITOR
Widhya Adhy
Wahid Noegroho
Published in 2013:
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Ministry of
Agriculture
Jl. Ragunan 29. Pasar Minggu
Jakarta Selatan 12540. Indonesia
Telp (021) 7806202
Fax (021) 7800644
e-mail: info@litbang.deptan.go.id
www.litbang.deptan.go.id
Funded by DIPA Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa TA 2013
ISBN 978-602-8977-65-4
FOREWORD
In Indonesia, there are about 33.4 million ha of wetlands, 9.5 million ha of which are
suitable for agriculture. Approximately 5 million out of 9.5 million ha of the land have
been reclaimed and used by farmers, government, and private sectors for crop production,
such as in Sumatera and Kalimantan. This wetland becomes more important in the future
as an alternative land for food production due to an increase growth of human population
and accelerated reduction of fertile land. However, the uniqueness of wetland properties,
its utilization for agriculture requires a proper management to ensure the sustainability of
the ecosystem and productivity of the land for crop production.
So far, a lots of learning and experience gained from the development of wetland areas.
For example, today we see a large and growing number of cities such as Palembang,
Banjarmasin, Palangkaraya, Pontianak, Pekanbaru, and Jambi was originally developed
from wetlands, which previously flooded during rainy season. Some provinces such as
South Kalimantan, Jambi, West Kalimantan, and South Sumatera, their sources of food
supply, especially rice, were produced from wetlands. Likewise for other crops, especially
coconut, oil palm and rubber, were also cultivated extensively in wetlands. This shows a
significant contribution of wetland to the development of the region with a strong base in
agriculture, especially for food security and farmer’s livelihoods.
In the future, swamplands will be a basis for the development of agriculture, especially
foodcrop, because of the difficulties in finding fertile land and the increase demand for
food supply. The potential use of swamp land is huge, both in terms of coverage areas and
its capacity and opportunity to increase the productivity of existing land, primarily
through increasing cropping index. Stagnation of swampland development in recent years,
in addition to a low adoption of technological and social aspects, also due to the issues
related to resource diversity and climate change. The productivity of rice in the
swampland is still relatively low (2 to 3 t dry grain ha -1), whereas the productivity in some
areas with good management can reach 5 to 7 t dry grain ha -1.
Based on the issues, the papers in this proceedings illustrate the important of wetland for
future food production and the potential use of various appropriate technology innovations
to overcome the complexity of contraints in developing wetlands. The papers presented
and discussed in the workshop are the results of research and development as well as the
concept and experience of researchers from various research institutions and academia, as
well as a success story associated with wetlands management in Indonesia, Vietnam, and
Africa.
Upon completion of the preparation of these proceedings, I thank to all those who
contributed and participated in the organization of workshops, and particularly to the hard
work and creativity of the editorial team.
Hopefully this proceedings is useful for all of us.
Director General of IAARD,
Haryono
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
FOREWORD .......................................................................................................
i
TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................
iii
WELCOME ADDRESS ......................................................................................
vii
KEYNOTE SPEECH ..........................................................................................
ix
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .........................
xiii
MAIN PAPERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tidal Swamp for Future Food Support in Facing of Climate Change
Muhrizal Sarwani, Mohammad Noor and Edi Husen. ...................................
1
Opportunities and Uniqueness of Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics for
Sustainable Rice Production
Bart Schultz ....................................................................................................
13
Flood and Tidal Inundation in The Context of Climate Change and Sea
Water Level Rise and Proposed Adaptation Measures in the Mekong Delta
To Quang Toan and Tang Duc Thang ............................................................
27
Strategy of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Lowland
Management for Poverty Alleviation
Lala M. Kolopaking and Mohammad Iqbal ...................................................
39
SUPPORT PAPERS
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Application of Azolla Pinnata Enhanced Soil N, P, K, and Rice Yield
A. Arivin Rivaie, Soni Isnaini, and Maryati ...................................................
61
Raising Corn Technology on Peat Land at Gambut Mutiara Village, Riau
Province
Isdijanto Ar-Riza dan D. Nazemi ....................................................................
67
Carbon and Methane Emission at Acid Sulphate Soil of Tidal Swampland
Nurita, M. Alwi, and Y. Raihana ....................................................................
75
Mineralisation of Reclaimed Peats for Agriculture: Effects of Lime and
Nitrogen Application
Akhmad R. Saidy ............................................................................................
87
Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth and
Controlling Sheath Blight Diseases at Transplanting Stage on Tidal
Swamps
Ismed Setya Budi, Mariana, Ismed Fachruzi, and Fachrur Rozy ...................
97
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Page
10. Does Rice Straw Application Reduce Iron Concentration and Increase Rice
Yield in Acid Sulphate Soil
Arifin Fahmi and Muhrizal Sarwani ...............................................................
107
11. Emission of Methane and Carbon Dioxide at Management of Organic
Matter on Acid Sulphate Soil under Laboratory Experiment
Wahida Annisa, A. Maas, B. Purwanto, and J. Widada .................................
115
12. Performance of Some Rice Varieties on Acid Sulphate Soils
Andi Wijaya, Yakup Parto, Imelda Marpaung, and Siti Nurul Aidil Fitri ......
129
13. Pests at Fresh Swamp and Tidal Lowland of South Sumatra
Khodijah, Siti Herlinda, Chandra Irsan, Yulia Pujiastuti, Rosdah Thalib,
and Tumarlan Thamrin ..................................................................................
137
14. Potential of Indigenous Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria from Fresh-Water
Inceptisols to Increase Soluble P
Nuni Gofar, Hary Widjayanti, and Ni Luh Putu Sri Ratmini .........................
145
15. Predatory Arthropods on Paddy Field of Fresh Swamp Applied by
Mycoinsecticide and Synthetic Insecticide
Siti Herlinda, David Afriansyah Putra, Chandra Irsan, Yulia Pujiastuti, and
Rosdah Thalib ................................................................................................
155
16. Preliminary Study of Water Availability Related to Impact of Climate
Change (Case Study: Tanjung Api-Api Port Area, Banyuasin Valley)
Yunan Hamdani, Budhi Setiawan, Dwi Setyawan, and Azhar K. Affandi ......
165
17. PUGAM: A Specific Fertilizer for Peat Land to reduce Carbon Emission
and Increase Soil Productivity
I G.M. Subiksa ................................................................................................
175
18. Rice Farming Systems in South Sumatra Tidal Swamp Areas: Problems and
Feed Back Based on Farmer’s Point of Views
Yoyo Soelaeman, Maswar, and Umi Haryati ..................................................
183
19. Sample Preparation for Peat Material Analysis
Masganti .........................................................................................................
197
20. Technical Approach of Erosion and Sedimentation on Canal (Case Study in
Delta Telang I, Banyuasin, South Sumatra Province)
Achmad Syarifudin, Momon Sodik Imanudin, Arie S. Moerwanto,
Muhammad Yazid, and FX Suryadi ................................................................
203
21. The Improvement of Idle Peatland Productivity for Paddy through Organic
amelioration
Eni Maftu’ah, Linda Indrayati, dan Mukhlis ..................................................
213
22. Identification of Lowland Irrigation Condition on Irrigation Network
Krueng Aceh and Krueng Jreu in Aceh Besar
Deddy Erfandi ................................................................................................
223
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Page
23. Optimal Water Sharing for Sustainable Water Resource Utilization by
Applying Intermittent Irrigation and SRI in Paddy Field: Case Study of
Cicatih-Cimandiri Watershed, West Java
Popi Rejekiningrum and Budi I. Setiawan ......................................................
231
24. Vulnerability Analysis of Flooding in Residential Areas at Sub River
Watershed Borang, Palembang City (Case Study: Sangkuriang Indah
Residential)
Ilmiaty R.S., Susanto R.H., Setiawan B. , FX Suryadi, and Anggrayeni S.......
247
25. Utilization Of “Purun Tikus” (Eleocharis Dulcis) To Control The White
Stem Borer In Tidal Swampland
M. Thamrin, S. Asikin, M.A. Susanti and Mahrita Willis ................................
265
26. The Effect of Hermetic Storage to Preserve Grain Quality in Tidal Lowland,
South Sumatra
Rudy Soehendi, Martin Gummert, Syahri, Renny Utami Somantri, Budi
Raharjo, and Sri Harnanik .............................................................................
275
27. Conservation Soil Tillage at Rice Culture in Acid Sulphate Soil
R. Smith Simatupang and Nurita ....................................................................
287
28. Relationship between Soil Chemical Properties and Emission of CO2 and
CH4 of Guludan at Surjan Systems in Acid Sulphate Soil
Ani Susilawati and Bambang Hendro Sunarminto .........................................
299
29. Utilization of Lowlands Swamp for Rice Field in Accordance with Fisheries
and Animal Husbandry (Case Study in Pampangan, South Sumatra
Province, Indonesia)
Dina Muthmainnah, Zulkifli Dahlan, Robiyanto H. Susanto, Abdul Karim
Gaffar, and Dwi Putro Priadi ........................................................................
307
30. Water Use Efficiency Improvement of Lowland Rice Based on Carbon
Eficient Farming (CEF) in Sukamandi
Umi Haryati and Yoyo Soelaeman .................................................................
315
31. The Regional of Water Quality Distribution of Peat Swamp Lowland Jambi
Muhammad Naswir, Susila Arita, Marsi, and Salni .......................................
337
32. The Nutrients Quality of Fiber Palm With Ammoniation-Fermentation
Ali A.I.M., S. Sandi, Muhakka, and Riswandi .................................................
351
33. Financial Analysis of Citrus Farming on Sorjan System at Tidal Swampland
Yanti Rina D. and Dedi Nursyamsi ................................................................
357
34. Technology of Iron Toxicity Control on Rice at Acid Sulfate Soils of Tidal
Swamplands
Izhar Khairullah and Muhrizal Sarwani .........................................................
369
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Page
35. The Potency of Indigenous Rice Cropping System in Conserving the
Natural Enemies of Pest (Predators and Parasitoids) in Back Swampland,
South Kalimantan
Helda Orbani Rosa, Mariana, and Dewi Fitriyanti .......................................
383
36. Vulnerability the Quality Improvement of Giant Freshwater Prawns
Postlarvae (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in Swamp Media with Addition
Sodium during the Acclimatization
Ferdinand Hukama Taqwa, Ade Dwi Sasanti, A.K. Gaffar, and Yuri Amiro
Hitosi ..............................................................................................................
389
SCHEDULE OF THE PROGRAM ...................................................................
395
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS .................................................................................
397
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WELCOME ADDRESS
DIRECTOR GENERAL OF INDONESIAN AGENCY OF AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
International Workshop on Sustainable Management
of Lowland for Rice Production
Banjarmasin, 27 - 28 September 2012
Honorable:
 Minister for Research and Technology
 Vice-Minister of Agriculture
 Governor of South Kalimantan
 Honorable speakers from UNESCO, Hokkaido University, CIRAD and the
Mekong Delta Research and Development Center
 Ladies and gentlemen, workshop participants
Assalamualaikum Warohmatullah Wabarkatuh
Good Morning
First of all, we pray to GOD the Almighty for all the blessings and grace we got, so that
we are able to be present here in International Workshop on Sustainable Management of
Lowland for Rice Production with theme "Lowland for food sufficiency in the global
climate change”.
Honorable Minister, Vice Minister, Governor and all the participants,
Lowland such as swamplands have long been exploited and developed, either by farmers
or by the government and has contributed significantly to national food production.
Based on the available technology and innovation and the potential that can be developed
in the future, we believe that the lowland have potency and strategically as one of the
national barns. In addition, several other issues such as the challenge of the increasing
need for food, while overshadowed by the conversion and degradation of arable land as
well as global warming, lowland is no longer positioned as an alternative resource, but it
has been our hope.
Indonesia alone has the potential to swamp land suitable for farming about 10 million
hectares of the total area of 33.43 million hectares.
However, the newly developed approximately 5 million hectares with production
performance around 600-900.000 tons/year. Productivity can be achieved in the
swampland is between 3-4 t/ha. If optimized to achieve 5-6 t/ha and with increased
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cropping intensity, this land can contribute significant additional production. Our
Projections using the lowland of 10 provinces (1 M hectares) with optimization through
increased cropping intensity (IP) and the utilization of abandoned land can be contributed
additional 3.5 million tons of paddy rice per year. In addition, approximately 35% where
the transmigration site swamplands covering 84 Housing Units (UPT) in Kalimantan, 201
in Sumatra and 19 unit in Sulawesi strongly associated with the development of
community development or poverty alleviation.
This workshop will discuss some fundamental related to the development and
management of swamplands, opportunities and uniqueness of swamplands, climate
change, innovative technology of swamplands management, indigenous knowledge in
managing swamplands and various social economic aspects for swampland development.
Besides that, the results of research and development as well as the experiences of the
experts on lowland management will be presented among others by UNESCO-the
Netherland, Hokkaido Univ, Japan, UNSRI, IPB, Unlam and IARRD. There will also be
presented the successes story of the manager or the agency that manage the lowland
(Regent Barito Kuala, Regent Banyuasin, Dr. To Quang Toan (DMDRC, Vietnam), and
Dr. Lidon (CIRAD, Africa). Also, poster presentation will be display during this
international workshop which will attended by almost 150 peoples as academician,
researcher, practicion, decision making from outside and inside of Indonesia. In addition,
participants were also invited to see the success of our lowland in Terantang village,
Barito Kuala district, about 15 km from Banjarmasin, in the side River Barito. The area
has been reclaimed during the 1980s and developed the water system in 1994, which is
now a center for the rice and oranges production in South Kalimantan.
Participants,
On this occasion, I thank you to the Minister of Research and Technology and Vice
Minister of Agriculture to present here at this important workshop and giving key speech,
and we do hope our vice Minister will officially opened the workshop.
Enjoy the workshop while feeling the atmosphere of the lowland in the city of
Banjarmasin. Thank you for your attention.
Wassalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Barakatuh.
Director General of IAARD,
Haryono
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KEYNOTE SPEECH
VICE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE OF THE REPUBLIC
OF INDONESIA
of Lowland for Ric e Production
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Good morning, my best wishes for all of us
Ladies and Gentlemen,
In Indonesia, a land clearing of swamp area has been started since 1969 in conjunction
with the Transmigration Program. But long before that, traditional farmers have already
done it in several areas. The opening of swamp land by Indonesian government was based
on the success of the Banjar tribe in Borneo and Bugis tribe in coastal area of Sumatra in
utilization of swamp area for agriculture. About 3 million ha of swamp area have been
opened by the society organizations for cultivation of rice, coconut, and rubber.
So far, a lots of learning and experience gained from the development of swampland
areas. For example, today we see a large and growing number of cities was originally
developed from swamplands, which previously flooded during rainy season. Palembang,
Banjarmasin, Palangkaraya, Pontianak, Pekanbaru, and Jambi is a great example of the
growing cities with a background of swamp land. In addition, some provinces such as
South Kalimantan, Jambi, West Kalimantan, and South Sumatera, their sources of food
supply, especially rice, were produced from swamp areas.
Likewise for other crops, especially coconut, oil palm and rubber, were also cultivated
extensively in swamplands. This shows a significant contribution of swampland to the
development of the region with a strong base in agriculture, especially for food security
and farmer’s livelihoods.
The success of farmers in the use of swampland has disproved the opinions of Western
scientists, in particular Dutch stating that swamplands are unsuitable for cultivation.
However, we also never forget the failure experience in the past, especially in developing
of one million ha of peatlands in 1999. The key of failure is related to the unproperly
planning and development of the model, which is less attention to the environmental
aspects and sustainability of resources. But this failure should be used for learning
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experience in the development of swamp in the future, particularly in supporting food
security.
In the future, swamplands will be a basis for the development of agriculture, especially
foodcrop, because of the difficulty of finding fertile land and the demand for food
continues to increase.
The potential use of swamp land is huge, both in terms of coverage areas and its capacity
and opportunity to increase the productivity of existing land, primarily through increasing
cropping index (IP). Stagnation of swamp land development in recent years, in addition to
a low adoption of technological and social aspects, also due to the issues related to
resource diversity (biodiversity) and climate change. These issues make us anxiousness
for a while in developing swamplands for agriculture.
Currently, at least 1.2 million ha of swamp land is used for rice production every year
yielded range from 1.0 to 1.5 million tonnes of grain/year. The productivity of rice in the
swampland is still relatively low, i.e. 2 to 3 t dray grain/ha, whereas the productivity in
some areas with good management can reach 5 to 7 t dry grain/ha.
Therefore, the productivity of existing swampland is still potential to be improved by
technological innovation and increasing cropping index (IP). In addition, at certain
conditions, such as under an extreme climate-related drought (El-Nino), more swamp
lands are potentially used for crop production, particularly swampy marsh.
On the other side of the seasonal pattern of rice production in swamplands generally
"contradictory" to the rice field, particularly in Java. At a minimum production (off
season) in Java, it is the peak production in swamplands. This condition, the swamp areas
become a buffer or safety of national food security and potentially as food barn, especially
in challenging of the climate change issues.
Swamp land is part of wetland agroecosystem, meaning that it is dependent on the
upstream (terrestrial) and will have an impact on the downstream (river water, lake).
Besides having roles in food production the swamplands is also very important for
environmental functions. Thus, swamp land management must be integrated with the
environmental management.
Technological innovation in managing of swamp land, rice cultivation in this area and
farmer’s experience in utilization of swamp land are more than enough. However, some
consideration and attention are worth to be noted, such as: (1) characterization and
identification of the development area for transfer of technology, (2) the availability of
facilities and infrastructure of the water system (water gates, ponds), road for farming and
x
agricultural machinery (tractors, etc.), (3) institutional farmers and capital, (4) the
accessibility to inputs (seeds, fertilizers, medicines), and (5) market and price guarantees.
To improve farmer welfare, it requires the integration of rice with annual crops
(horticulture, plantations), with fish, or with livestock that is now being developed.
Integration of rice with citrus and vegetables increased farmers' income to be about 5-6
times compared with just rice alone.
Based on the issues, this workshop is very important. The discussion and attention needs
to be addressed to the use of appropriate technology or innovation to overcome the
complexity of swamplands for agriculture. The holistic discussions and approaches are
required to resolve the problems by considering various aspects. It means that the package
of technology to be developed on swamplands should be comprehensive and multipurpose.
I hope the workshop today can raise a variety of learning and experience to acquire a
thought, ideas and reliable and comprehensive strategies in managing and utilizing of
swamplands. The description presented on the properties of swamp resources including
land, water, climate, and crop as well as land management will provide an overview that
swamplands are complex and site-specific, thereby it is important to be investigated in
detail before being selected as agricultural land in a wide sense.
Finally, the expectation that SWAMP AS A FOOD BARN IN GLOBAL CLIMATE
CHANGE or Lowland for food sufficiency in the global climate change could become a
reality.
Billahittaufiq wal hidayah, Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.
Vice Minister of Agriculture,
Rusman Heriawan
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CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
of Lowland for Rice Production
International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Rice Production on
27-28 September 2012 in Banjarmasin, was officially opened by the Vice Minister of
Agriculture, attended by around 200 participants from various ministries, Universities,
local government and foreign participants from the Netherland, France, Japan and
Vietnam.
This workshop highlights several important conclusions and recommendations as follows:
1. The role of tidal swamp is very strategic as SE Asian rice bowl. This land can buffer
the low production of irrigated rice production areas during the dry season. Despite
fragile land condition, marginal soil fertility, and environmental risks that may arise,
the scarcity of more suitable lands positions the high population density SE Asia to
utilizing this marginal land.
2. From about 33 Mha Indonesian wetland, about 9.5 Mha is considered suitable and
around 5 Mha has been developed for agricultural development.
3. Rice yield of the wetland is relatively low of about 1-4 ton/ha. The yield level and
production can potentially be increased to 5-8 ton/ha through water and soil
management practices and variety improvement.
4. Further expansion of agriculture to these lands must be done very selectively and
cautiously as not to repeat the failure of the notorious 1 Mha ex Mega Rice Project.
The use of peatswamp poses local problems in the forms of peat subsidence, acid
sulphate problem, and disappearance of its role to mitigate floods and droughts. High
potential emissions, which threatens both the national and global environment must
also be fully considered.
5. Several supporting factors are prerequisites in developing tidal swamp areas for rice
production, including: (1) technological innovation, especially on land management,
water management, adaptive-high yielding varieties; (2) water regulation
infrastructure; and (3) improved accessibility to the agricultural areas and to market,
and (4) warranty of market demands.
6. The cases in Vietnam, West Africa and Japan have exemplified the best management
practices for lowland rice cultivation. Water management through avoidance of salt
intrusion effects and development of adaptive variety have been the main key
xiii
management practices of rice cultivation in the Mekong Delta to feed the Vietnamese
people as well as for export. Japan was in an era of emphasizing the development of
high quality and high yielding varieties supported by soil management practices. In
recent years, however, Japan put more emphasis on soil management and
environmental aspects supported by research on development of adaptive, high quality
and high yielding varieties. High yielding varieties actively absorb nutrients from the
planting to maturing stage, while the traditional varieties actively absorb nutrients until
grain tillering stage only. In Western Africa the emphasis is on water distribution to
meet crop requirement.
7. The workshop has emphasized the importance of farmers’ participation in technology
adaptation at farmer level. Socio-economic and cultural systems are also emphasized
as key factors in the sustainable management of lowland for rice production.
8. Research institutions and universities, in collaboration with the central and local
government play a very strategic role in technology development to improve the
synergy between the national strategy, local government priority and farmers’ needs.
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9
CONTRIBUTION OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES IN
INCREASING THE PADDY GROWTH AND
CONTROLLING SHEATH BLIGHT DISEASES AT
TRANSPLANTING STAGE ON TIDAL SWAMPS *)
Ismed Setya Budi, Mariana, Ismed Fachruzi, and Fachrur Rozy
Lecturer, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University. Jl. A. Yani Po Box 1028.
Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan. Phone: +6281933753340. Email: isb_unlam@yahoo.co.id
Abstract. Tidal swamps are mostly cultivated with local paddy varieties and one of the
plant diseases that are very crucial in transplanting stage (taradak, ampak, and lacak) is
soil borne pathogen. The research was conducted on tidal swamps type B in Barito Kuala,
South Kalimantan. It was M & M arranged in split plot design with the combination of
endophytic microbe and transplanting stage application time as the treatments. Endophytic
microbes formulation consisted of Trichoderma viride PS-2.1, Nonpathogenic Fusarium
PS-1.5, and Pseudomonas fluorescens PS-4.8. Combination application of endophytic
microbes and transplanting stage on tidal swamps could decrease the disease intensity of
sheath blight, as about 49.39 to 93.25%. Endophyte could also be able to stimulate the
plant growth that was indicated by the addition of plant height around 2.05 to 24.00 cm,
the addition of rice grain weight as 0.7 to 9.3 g 1,000 grains-1, and the addition of seed
weight as about 0.3-1.2 kg. The result of soil analysis before and after applications the
endophyte showed that there was an increase in soil fertility with the element addition of
N, P, K, and pH.
Keywords: Endophyte, rice sheath blight, tidal swamps
INTRODUCTION
Sheath blight is one of the most important diseases that attacks paddy cultivated in tidal
swamps of South Kalimantan. In the field, diseases intensity always increases because of
the difficulty to control them under flooded condition (Budi and Mariana 2009). So, it
takes a certain control method, which is more space effective, efficient, and safe to the
environment.
Thus, the use of specific biological agents should be done immediately because of
consumer demand on synthetic chemicals free products. On biological control, R. solani
can be parasitized by mycoparasites such as Gliocladium spp., Trichoderma spp., and
Verticillium biguttatum Gams (Van den Boogert 1996). The fungus V. biguttatum is a
mycoparasite with biological activity against the important soil borne pathogen.
*)
This paper is also published in Special Edition of Indonesian Soil and Agroclimate Journal
97
Budi et al.
According to Howell and Stipanovic (1995), the growth of R. solani on the cotton
plant can be controlled by seed treatment using Gliocladium virens. Antagonists, of
nonpathogenic fusarium strains, which are isolated from supressif soil, have a capability
to reduce the disruption caused by fusarium wilt in some plants (Nel et al. 2006). While
the bacterium Pseudomonas capacia, P. fluorescens, and P. gladio are also able to control
the growth of P. solanacearum causing wilt on tomato. Other bacteria such as Bacillus
mesentericus, B. megaterium, B. mycoides, and Erwinia sp. also act as biological control
of wilt disease in several plants (Hartman et al. 1992).
The use of specific biological agents that have had a coevolution will be able to
stimulate the development of harmful plant rhizosphere microorganisms (von Alten et al.
1993), and this can always be isolated more than one kind of antagonist (Budi and
Mariana 2009). Therefore, it is needed to select the best combination of antagonists that
can be better protecting plants against various pathogen disorders.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This experiment was carried out on tidal swamplands of B type of Karang Indah Village,
Barito Kuala District, and South Kalimantan Province during dry session 2009/2010. The
experiment employed split plot design to determine the effects of treatments and the
differences between treatments were tested using DMRT at 5% level.
Isolation and Mass Production of Endophytic Agents
Plant samples were taken from healthy plants on the infested area of paddy.
Isolation of endophyte was done on the stem of plants and the rhizosphere zone. Isolation
was based on Homby methods (Fokkema et al. 1959) and continued with dilution plate
method (10-4 to 10-6). Each isolate of Pseudomonas fluorescens group was then tested
according to Dhingra & Sinclair method (1995).
Inhibition Ability and Sinergism Test of Endophytic Fungi and Rhizosphere Bacteria
Against R. solani on In Vitro Condition
Tests were carried out on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) in a petri dish by growing
isolates that existed in pairs, then performed measurements to see the growth inhibition by
using the formula of Fokhema (Fokhema et al. 1959):
98
Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth
I = (r1 -r2) (r1) -1x100
description:
I is the percentage of inhibition
r1 is the radius of A colony that grows in the opposite direction to B
r2 is the radius of A colony that grows in the direction of B
Isolates that have the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens in pairs test were
then performed to determine the best combination of paire disolates.
In-Vivo Test of Endophytic Hitting Ability on Sheath Blight Disease
In-vivo test was conducted in field experiment (split plot design). Endophytic
inoculation performed straw at one month before seedling. While the application of
antagonists was conducted on soil one week before transplanting stage and also at the time
of planting by soaking seeds for 24 hours at 10-4 per ml spore suspension. Observations
were carried out three weeks later in transplanting stage (local terms are: taradak, ampak,
and lacak) by counting the number of plants with wilt or sheath blight symptoms and
measuring plant height, seed and grain weights. Effect of differences between treatments
was determined using DMRT at 5% level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect on Disease Intensity and Plant Height
The results of analysis variance showed that there were significant treatment
effects as shown in the Table 1 and Figure 1, i.e. disease intensity and plant height. In the
taradak stage, treatment effect of T. viride + P. fluorescens, T. viride + FNP, FNP + P.
fluorescens, T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens was not significantly different to the disease
intensity, but there was a significant difference on plant height. The treatment giving the
best effect on plant height was T. viride + FNP.
In the ampak stage, there were no different effects to diseases intensity between T.
viride + P. fluorescens and FNP + P. fluorescens. However, they had effect differences
with T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens. While the T. viride + FNP and
T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens had a different effect. At ampak stage, there were no
different influences between T. viride + P. fluorescens and FNP + P. fluorescens on
disease intensity. However, they were different effects with T. viride + FNP and T. viride
+ FNP + P. fluorescens.
While the T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens showed a different
effect. The best treatment suppressing the disease intensity was FNP + P. fluorescens
99
Budi et al.
(smallest intensity, 7.28%). Effect of treatment on the ampak stage to plant height showed
differences between T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens and T. viridae + P. fluorescens. T.
viridae + FNP. Treatment of T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens gave higest effect on plant
height (53.40 cm).
On the lacak stage, T. viride + P. fluorescens treatment showed the lowest disease
intensity. This treatment had no effect differences with FNP + P. fluorescens and T. viride
+ FNP + P. fluorescens, but they had effect difference with T. viride + FNP. At T. viride +
P. fluorescens treatments performed smallest effect on disease intensity (5.00%). There
was no significantly difference between T. viride + FNP and T. viride + FNP + P.
Fluorescens treatments, but the both had significantly differences with others. T. viride +
FNP and T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens performed best effect on plant height (75.74
and 72.29 cm).
Table 1. Effects of treatment on disease intensity and plant height on three transplanting
stages
Treatments
Taradak
Symptom
Plant
Inten- Reducheight
sity
tion
29.50 c
0.00
18.25 a
a
8.73
70.41
24.15 b
Transplanting stage on tidal swamps
Ampak
Lacak
Symptom
Symptom
Plant
ReducInten- Reducheight
Intensity
tion
sity
tion
d
a
46,00
0.00
37.20
75.12 c
0.00
10,40 a
77.39
44.17 b
5.00 a
93.34
Plant
height
Control
45.57 a
T. viride + P.
64.15 b
fluorescens
T. viride + FNP 11.36 a 51.32
29.74 c
18.42 b
60.00
46.12 b 21.18 b
71.81
75.74 c
FNP + P.
9.28 a
68.54 21.40 ab
7,28 a
84.17
50.72 bc 10.00 a
86.69
50.12 ab
fluorescens
T. viride + FNP 10.10 a 65.76
25.29 b 23,28 c
49.39
53.40 c
6.47 a
91.39
72.29 c
+ P. fluorescens
** Within column, means values followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.01; LSD test).
In general, all three phases of the reduction in disease intensity ranged between
49.39 and 93.34%, while the addition of plant height ranged between 2.05 and 24.00 cm
(Guetsky et al. 2001). Two biocontrol agents, Pichia guilermondii and Bacillus mycoides,
were tested separately and together for suppression of Botrytis cinerea on strawberry
leaves. The biocontrol agents significantly inhibited spore germination, lesion formation,
and lesion development. The mixture of B. mycoides and P. guilermondii suppressed B.
cinerea effectively (80 to 99.8% control). Thus, application of both biocontrol agents
resulted in better suppression of B. cinerea, and also reduced the variability of disease
control. Application of more than one biocontrol agents is suggested as a reliable means
of reducing the variability and increasing the reliability of biological control.
The effects of treatment were to decrease disease intensity and to increase plant
height. The microbes had the capability to induce plant resistance to disease; therefore
they produced chemicals that triggered plant defence response. Yedida et al. (1999)
reported that Trichoderma penetrates epidermis and outer cortex strengthens it. This was
100
due to deposition of newly formed barriers. These typical host reactions were found
beyond the sites of potential fungal penetration. Wall apposition contained large amounts
of callose and infiltrations of cellulose. The wall-bound chitin in Trichoderma hyphae was
preserved, even when the hyphae had undergone substansial disorganization. Biochemical
analyses revealed that inoculation with Trichoderma initiated increased peroxidase and
chitinase activities within 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Nonpathogenic fusarium can
induce systemic resistance in plant when invade host plant species before the pathogen
(Kaur et al. 2010).
Figure 1. The disease intensity and plant height after application at transplanting stage
Other mechanisms in the control of plant pathogens by antagonistic microbes are
parasitism, antibiosis, and competition of site and nutrients. Trichoderma spp. can
compete with other microorganism for key exudates from seed that stimulate germination
of propagules of plant pathogenic fungi in soil (Harman et al. 2004).
It has been known that some microbes such as Trichoderma spp. and P.
fluorescens can promote plant growth. Shanmugalah et al. (2009) reported that
Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens were able to promote cotton plant
growth such as root length, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, and vigour index. In
this research, the microbes promoted plant height, grain and seed weights, however, in
grain and seed weights, there were just some treatments significantly different to control
(Table 2).
Fuchs et al. (1997), Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo47 controls the
incidence of Fusarium wilt. Four bioassays in which a strain of the pathogen F.
oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fo47 were not in direct contact and were developed to
evaluate whether Fo47 could induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants.
Inoculation with Fo47 increased chitinase, b-1, 3-glucanase, and b-1, 4-glucosidase
activities in plants, confirming the ability of Fo47 to induce resistance in tomato. Microbe
nonpathogenic strain of F. oxysporum can induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato
plants.
101
Budi et al.
As shown in Table 2 and Figure 2, the best combination treatment to reduce
disease intensity and increase plant height is T4P1 (smallest intensity of 10.8% and plant
height of 172.2 cm). While the best treatment for the increased weight of grain is T4P4 (the
heaviest of 30.2 g 1,000 grain-1) and to increase the seed weight is T4P1 (the heaviest of
3.6 g/1,000 seed). In general, increased grain and seed weights, each ranging between 0.7
and 9.3 g 1,000 grains-1, and between 0.3 and 1.2 g.
Table 2. Effect of treatment on diseases intensity, plant height, grain weight, and seed
weight on tidal swamp type B
Treatmen
K
T1
T2
T3
T4
P1
P2
P3
P1
P2
P3
P1
P2
P3
P1
P2
P3
Diseases intensity
(%)
62.4 d
19.2 b
28.1 bc
21.2 bc
20.3 bc
22.7 bc
18.7 bc
20.5 bc
23.3 bc
13.4 ab
10.8 a
17.5 b
12.4 a
Plant height
(cm)
125.7 a
160.8 bc
157.6 bc
159.0 bc
162.6 c
158.4 bc
165.5 c
167.5 c
159.9 bc
167.3 c
172.2 d
168.9 c
169.5 c
Grain weight
(g)
20.9 ab
23.7 b
21.8 ab
22.9 ab
22.8 ab
22.1 ab
27.5 bc
21.6 ab
19.9 a
23.6 b
28.4 bc
27.3 bc
30.2 c
Seed weight (kg)
2.4 a
2.6 ab
2.8 b
2.8 b
3.0 bc
2.7 ab
3.2 c
2.8 b
2.4 a
3.0 bc
3.6 d
2.7 ab
3.1 c
Mean values followed by the different letters are significantly different from each other (P<0.05) according
DMRT
T1
= Combination T. viride PS-2.1 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8
T2
= Combination T. viride PS-2.1 and FNP PS-1.5
T3
= Combination FNPPS-1.5 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8
T4
= Combination T. viride PS-2.1 and FNP PS-1.5 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8
P1
= Application endophytic at straw one month before planting
P2
= Application by soaking seeds for 24 hours before planting
P3
= Combination P1 + P2
K
= Control
Figure 2. Effect of treatment on disease intensity, plant height, grain and seed weights
102
Effect of Microbes on Soil Nutrients and Soil pH
The microbe enhances nutrient and pH soil as shown in Table 3 dan Figure 3. This
occurs because the fungi and bacteria as decomposers of organic material. Thus, the
organic material decompose into compost so that enrich the soil and available to plants.
Thus, the organic material decompose into compost so that enrich the soil and nutrients
are available to plants. In addition, microbe and organic composting material change soil
pH becomes more alkaline so the nutrients become available to plants. This finding is in
agreement with Yan et al. (1996) who found increases in soil pH with glucose addition
due to the decarboxylation of functional groups and aminization of nitrogen compounds.
This contributes to plant growth.
The combined activity was due to the summation of biocontrol mechanisms of both
agents. The modes of action of the biocontrol agents were elucidated and the relative
quantitative contribution of each mechanism to suppression of Botrytis cinerea was
estimated using multiple regressions with dummy variables. The improvement in control
efficacy achieved by introducing one or more mechanisms at a time was calculated.
Pichia guilermondii competed with Botrytis cinerea for glucose, sucrose, adenine,
histidine, and folic acid (Guetsky et al. 2002).
Table 3. Effect of microbes on soil nutrient and pH
Soil nutrient analysis
Treatment
N
Before treatment
P
K
pH
N
After treatment
P
K
pH
Control
0.546
0.021
0.352
3.97
0.533
0.020
0.366
5.72
T. viride PS-2.1 + P.
fluorescens PS-4.8
0.546
0.021
0.352
3.97
0.956
0.026
0.485
7.50
T. viride PS-2.1 + FNP PS1.5
0.546
0.021
0.352
3.97
0.984
0.024
0.383
7.39
FNPPS-1.5 + P. fluorescens
PS-4.8
0.546
0.021
0.352
3.97
0.979
0.036
0.399
7.60
T. viride PS-2.1 + FNPPS-1.5
+P. fluorescens PS-4.8
0.546
0.021
0.352
3.97
1.002
0.023
0.457
7.42
Table 3 and Figure 3 show that treatments to elevate the content of N, P, and K.
The increase in N after treatment ranged from 0.410 (T. viride + P. fluorescens) and 0.456
(T. viride + FNP + P. fluorescens). While the increase in Pranged was between 0.002 (T.
viride + FNP + P. fluorescens) and 0.015 (FNP + P.fluorescens). At K, the increase
ranged from 0.383 (T. viride + FNP) and 0.485 (T. viride +FNP+ P. fluorescens). For pH,
the increase ranged from3.42 (T. viride + FNP) and 3.63 (P. fluorescens + FNP). So, does
an increasedue to treatment, but not the best hikes on just one treatment.
103
Budi et al.
Paddy residues can be a source of organic material for the growth of rice plants in
the field. Residues contains a high cellulose and decomposition process takes time, but
with the activity of the microbial decomposition of running fast. Decomposition into
mono sacchari decompounds, CO2, and other organic acids (Rao 1994)
Soil acidity and pH affects the availability of nutrients, because in general the acid
soils nutrients less available, at neutral pH of nutrients available to plants. While the tidal
swamps on South Kalimantan in general is acidic. So this treatment helps increase the
acidity of the soil to be neutral. In general, availability of nutrients can help increase plant
resistance to disease and plant growth. According to Harman (2006), Trichoderma sp.
pasplant symbionts capable of being able to control some of the root and leaf disease
resistance mechanisms affected and directly attacking pathogens and changing the
composition of microflora roots.
Figure 3. The results of chemical analysis of soil before and after formulation
applications in tidal swamps
Contribution of pH available to plants on tidal swamps in South Kalimantan in
general is acidic and availability of nutrients can help increase plant resistance to disease
and plant growth. Maurhofer et al. (1998), of salicylic acid induces systemic acquired
resistance in tobacco. pchA and pchB, which encode for the biosynthesis of salicylic acid
in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These constructs were introduced into two root-colonizing
strains of P. fluorescens and significantly improved its ability to induce systemic
resistance in tobacco against tobacco necrosis virus. Lewis et al. (1998), Trichoderma spp.
and Gliocladium virens to produce achlamydospores actively growing hyphae of the
biocontrol fungi within a 2- to 3-day period under no special aseptic conditions. G. virens
and T. hamatum applied to soilless mix at a rate of 1.5% (wt/wt) reduced damping-off of
eggplant caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The inhibition of pathogen spread significantly
reduced the post emergence damping-off of cucumber, eggplant, and pepper seedlings.
104
Trichoderma effect on plants, and the presence of local and systemic resistance
affected. These fungi colonize the root epidermi sand outer cortex and secrete bioactive
molecules that cause the formation of cell walls from Trichoderma thalus. At the same
time, the plant transcript to meandproteome changes, so will spur resistance of plants,
increasing plant growth and increase nutrient absorption (Harman 2006).
CONCLUSION
Application of microbes used in this study shows that they have a good effect, which
reduces the intensity of the sheat blight disease, stimulated plant height, grain weight, and
seed weight. Microbes also have the effect of soil fertility, which is made of N, P, and K
increased and available to plants. In addition the research also showed that an increase in
soil pH. However, there is no single best combination for each parameter measured. Thus,
this treatment can be applied to tidal swamp rice field by considering the best treatments.
This result combination isolate has important practical implications for biocontrol of
paddy on tidal swamps diseases under commercial.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank the Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of
National Education for financial support through the Competitive Grant on 2009-2010.
REFERENCES
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oxysporum Strain Fo47 to Induce resistence aggainst Pythium ultimum infection in
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Guetsky, R., D. Shtienberg, Y. Elad, and A. Dinoor. 2001. Combining biocontrol agents
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Harman, G.E. 2006. Symposium of The Nature and Application of Biocontrol Microbes
II: Trichoderma spp. Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp.
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Kaur, R., J. Kaur, and R.S. Singh. 2010. Nonpathogenic Fusarium as a biological control
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growth of the pathogen in soilless mix. Plant Dis. 82:501-506.
Lewis, J.A. and G.C. Papavizas. 1991. Biocontrol of cotton damping-off caused by
Rhizoctonia solani in the field with formulations of Trichoderma spp. and
Gliocladium virens. Crop Prot. 10:396-402.
Maurhofer, M., C. Reimmann, P. Schmidli-Sacherer, S. Heeb, D. Haas, and G. Défago.
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strain P3 improve the induction of systemic resistance in tobacco against tobacco
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suppressing fusarium wilt of banana. Plant Pathol. Journal 1(55):217-223.
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Yedidia, E., N. Benhamou, and I. Chet. 1999. Induction of defence responses in cucumber
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106
SCHEDULE OF THE PROGRAM
DAY-1, Thursday, 27 September 2012, Rattan Inn Hotel, Banjarmasin
Time
Session
Speaker
08.00-08.30
Registration
Committee
08.30-08.40
Welcoming address
Governor of South
Kalimantan
08.40-09.00
Opening Speech
DG of IAARD
09.00-10.00
Opening ceremony and Keynote
Speech
Vice Minister of
Agriculture of Indonesia
10.00-10.15
Coffee break
10.15-11.00
Keynote speech II
Moderator/ Secretary
Minister of Research and
Technology of Indonesia
Plenary presentation (I and II))
11.00-11.30
Tidal Swamp for Future Food
Support in Facing of Climate
Change
Dr. Muhrizal Sarwani
11.30-12.00
Opportunities and Uniqueness of Prof. Bart Schultz
Suitable Lowland Bio-Physics for
Sustainable Rice Production
12.00-12.30
Discussion
12.30-13.30
Lunch
Dr. Iding Chaidir/ Ir.
Anny Mulyani, MS
Plenary presentation (III to V)
13.30-14.00
New Concept on High Rice
Production by Increasing Soil
Fertility
Prof. Mitsuru OSAKI
14.00-14.30
Integrated Lowland Development
and Management to Increase
National Food (Rice) Production
Prof. Robiyanto
14.30-15.00
Discussion
15.00-15.20
Coffee Break
Prof. Dr. Fahmuddin
Agus/Dr. Edi Husen,
MSc
395
Time
Session
Speaker
Moderator/ Secretary
Success Story (I to II)
15.20-15.40
Success Story of Tidal Swamp
Farming System in Barito Kuala,
South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Barito Kuala Regent
15.40-16.00
Success Story of Tidal Swamp
Farming System in Banyuasin,
South Sumatera, Indonesia
Banyuasin Regent
16.00-16.30
Discussion
16.30-16.50
Success story of Lowland
MSc. To Quang Toan
Development and Management in
the Mekong Delta and Planning
for Water Resources Management
for Sustainable Agricultural
Cultivation Adapting to Climate
Change and Sea Level Rise
16.50-17.10
Success story of Lowland
Management in Africa
17.10-17.40
Discussion
17.40-19.00
Break and praying
19.00-21.00
Dinner
Prof. Dr. Lutfi Fatah
Arsyad /
Dr. M. Noor
Dr. Kasdi Subagyono/Dr.
Izhar Khairullah
Dr. Bruno Lidon
Hosted by DG of IAARD
DAY-2, Friday, 28 September 2012, Rattan Inn Hotel, Banjarmasin
Plenary Presentation (V–VII)
08.30-09.00
Strategy of Climate Change
Mitigation in Wetland
Management for Poverty
Alleviation
Prof. Lala Kolopaking
09.00-09.30
Sociological aspect of the
development of Tidal Swamp in
Kalimantan
Dr. Taufik Hidayat
09.30-10.00
Discussion
10.00-10.15
Coffee break
10.15-10.45
Conclusion
Dr. Kasdi Subagyono
10.45-11.30
Closing remarks and ceremony
DG of IAARD
11.30-14.00
Lunch and praying
14.00-17.00
Field trip to Karang Buah Village, Committee
Belawang Sub District, Barito
Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan
Province
17.00
Return to Hotel
396
Dr. Trip Alihamsyah/
Dr. Sri Rochayati, MSc
Committee
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
Nr. Name
Institution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Maluku
Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian
Balai Penelitian Teknologi Pertanian Bali
Universitas Sriwijaya
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Papua
Balai Pengelola Alih Teknologi Pertanian
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalsel
Balai Penelitian Tanah
Pemerintah Kabupaten Batola
Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian
Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa
Balai Penelitian Agroklimat dan Hidrologi
Balai Besar Mekanisme Pertanian
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Utara
Universitas Lambung Mangkurat
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
Dinas Pertanian dan Hortikultura Riau
French Agricultural Research Centre for International
Development
Dinas Pertanian Tanjab Barat
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bengkulu
Dewan Riset Nasional
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Timur
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Nusa Tenggara
Barat
A. Arivin R.
A. Wihardjaka
A.A.N.B. Kamandalu
Achmad Syarifudin
Afrizal Malik
Agung Hendriadi
Agus Supriyo
Ai Dariah
Akhmad M.
Ali Pramono
Andi Wijaya
Anny Mulyani
Arif Budiman
Arifin Fahmi
Aris Pramudia
Asmawati Ahmad
Astu Unadi
Bahtiar
Bakti Nur I.
Bart Schultz
21. Basriman
22. Bruno Lidon
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Dedi Heriyanto
Dedi Nursyamsi
Dedi Sugandi
Desianto Budi
Dewi Novia
Diah Setyorini
Didi Ardi S.
Didik Harnowo
Didik Suprihatno
Dina Muthmainah
Dwi Pratomo
34. E.S. Harsanti
35. Eddy Makruf
397
Nr. Name
Institution
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
Banyuasin
Pusat Perpustakaan dan Penyebaran Teknologi Pertanian
Pupuk Kalimantan Timur
Pusat Unggulan Riset-Pengembangan Lahan Suboptimal
Pupuk Kalimantan Timur
Dinas Pertanian dan Peternakan P. Pisau
Metro TV
Pusat Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian
Balai Besar Mekanisme Pertanian
Badan Litbang Pertanian
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan
Dinas Pertanian dan Hortikultura Riau
398
Edi Husen
Edi Santoso
Eleonora Runtunuwu
Ellia Dariah
Enday Kusnendar
Eny Rachmawati
Erna Suryani
Erni Susanti
Eviati
Fadlullah Ramadhani
Fahmuddin Agus
Faizen O.B.
Farid H. Baktir
Fastiyanti
Ferdinan H.T.
Ferdinand
Fitriani Malik
Ganjar Jayanto
H. Naedy Rustam
Hakim
Handewi P. Saliem
Haris Syahbuddin
Harmanto
Haryono
Haryono
Hasil Sembiring
Helmi Hadi
Hendri
Hendri Sosiawan
Herdis
Herman Subagjo
Herry Sastramihardja
I G.P. Wigena
Ibrahim Adamy
Iding Chaidir
Indya Dewi
Irawan
Irsal Las
Ismed Setya Budi
Nr. Name
75. Iswari
76. Izhar Khairullah
77. Joko Purnomo
78. Karden Mulya
79. Kasdi Subagyono
80. Keichi Hayashi
81. Khairil Anwar
82. Kharmila Sari
83. Khodijah
84. Kurmen Sudarman
85. Ladiyani Retno W.
86. Lala Kolopaking
87. Le Istiqlal Amien
88. M. Hidayanto
89. M. Najib
90. M. Naswir
91. M. Noor
92. M. Risanta
93. M. Yasin Sahri
94. Made J. Mejaya
95. Madian
96. Mariana
97. Marsi
98. Masganti
99. Mastur
100. Maswar
101. Mitsuru Osaki
102. Muhrizal Sarwani
103. Mulyadi
104. Nani Heryani
105. Nanik R.
106. Neneng L. Nurida
107. Nuni Gofar
108. Nurjaman
109. Nurjaya
110. Nyoman Adijaya
111. Oyok Sumardja
112. P. Gerly
Institution
Balai Besar Litbang Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya
Genetik Pertanian
Balai Besar Litbang Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya
Genetik Pertanian
Badan Litbang Pertanian
International Rice Research Institute
Institut Pertanian Bogor
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalimantan Timur
Trans 7
Banyuasin
Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi
Banyuasin
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Riau
Balai Penelitian Tanaman Baku dan Serat
Jepang
Pusat Unggulan Riset-Pengembangan Lahan Suboptimal
Balai Pengelola Alih Teknologi Pertanian
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bali
399
Nr. Name
Institution
113. Paidi
114. Poniman
115. Popi Rejekiningrum
116. Priatna Sasmita
117. Prihasto Setyanto
118. R.S. Simatupang
119. Rahmah
120. Reini S. Ilmiyati
121. Risfaheri
122. Robert Asnawi
123. Robiyanto H. Susanto
124. Rosdah Thalib
125. Rudy Soehendi
126. Saefoel Bachri
127. Sahat M.P.
128. Said
129. Sakri Widhianto
130. Samharinto
131. Selly Salma
132. Setyono H. Adi
133. Sidik Hadi Tala’ohu
134. Siti Herlinda
135. Siti Nurul A.F.
136. Soeharsono
137. Sri Purniyanti
138. Sri Rochayati
139. Subowo
140. Sudarto
141. Suharsih
142. Sumarni
143. Supiandi Sabiham
144. Susilawati
145. Taufik Hidayat
146. Taufiq
147. Ten Umaiyah
148. To Quang Toan
149. Tri Sudaryono
150. Tri Windari
TV One
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Bangka Belitung
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Lampung
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sumatera Selatan
Kemeterian Ristek dan Teknologi
Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Daerah
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Tenggara
Balai Pengelola Alih Tekmologi Pertanian
400
Institut Pertanian Bogor
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Kalimantan Tengah
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sulawesi Tengggara
TVRI Kalimantan Selatan
Vietnam
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Tengah
-
Nr. Name
Institution
151. Trip Alihamsyah
Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi
Pertanian
Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Sumatera Selatan
BPLR Kalteng
Badan Koordinasi Penyuluhan Kalimantan Selatan
Forum Komunikasi Profesor Riset
152. Tumarlan
153. Udiansyah
154. Umi Haryati
155. Wahyu Wibawa
156. Wasidin
157. Widyantoro
158. Wiwik Hartatik
159. Y. Hamdani
160. Yandy Saden
161. Yanti Rina
162. Yayan Apriyana
163. Yoyo Soelaeman
164. Yuliantoro B.
165. Yunan Hamdani
166. Zaenal Soedjais
167. Zainal Ilmi
168. Zulkifli Zaini
401

International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for

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