J Sports Sci Technol Vol 10 No 2S

Transcription

I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | iii COPYRIGHT AND REPRINT PERMISSION
This book contains the abstracts of the papers for ICSES2010, The International Conference on Sports &
Exercise Science (Pre-ASEAN University Games Conference 2010) on 11th – 14th December 2010 at the
Centara Duangtawan hotel, Chiang Mai, Thailand. They reflect the authors’ opinions and are published as
presented without change, in the interests of timely dissemination. Their inclusion in this publication does not
necessarily constitute endorsement by the organizers.
COPYRIGHT AND REPRINT PERMISSION:
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known
or to be invented, without written permission from the organizer.
Copyright© 2010 ICSES2010 organizing committee
All rights reserved.
ORGANIZER:
College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University
999 Puthamonthon 4 Rd,
Salaya, Nakhon Phathom. 73170
Tel: (662) 441-4296-8 Fax: (662) 889-3693
Website: http://www.ss.mahidol.ac.th/EN/index.html
CONFERENCE SECRETARIAT:
Professional Conference Organizer (PCO)
N.C.C. Management & Development Co., Ltd.
60 New Rachadapisek Road, Klongtoey,
Bangkok 10110, Thailand
Tel: +66 2 229 3334
Fax: +66 2 229 3346
Email: secreatariat@icses2010thailand.com
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | iv Contents
Welcome Messages
iv
Organizing Committee
v
Conference Information
vi
Keynote Lectures
xi
Symposia
xii
Oral Sessions
xv
Poster Sessions
xxi
Absrtacts
2
Proceedings
97
Additional Absrtacts
344
Additional Proceedings
354
Author Index
454
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | v Welcome Message
It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the International Conference
on Sports and Exercise Science (ICSES2010). This year, ICSES2010 is the joint
conference with the Pre-ASEAN University Games scientific meeting. This
conference is a collaboration of the Consortium of Sports Science and Physical
Education Deans, the University Boards of Thailand and the Sports Science
Society of Thailand.
The conference theme, Exercise & Sports as Medicine, is in concurrent with the
theme of American College of Sports Medicine to focus on the use of exercises and sports as an
effective tool for prevention, treatment and management of various health conditions. In addition, it
can lead to numerous improvements in public health. Each day, the conference will start with keynote
lectures, followed by symposia and presentations.
Besides the well-established scientific program, I hope you have ample opportunities to enjoy the
various social and cultural aspects of Chiang Mai, one of the most fascinating and vibrant cities in the
northern part of Thailand.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the speakers and all who submitted their works and
attend the conference. I hope that the ICSES2010 will be a memorable congress to benefit all the
delegates.
Yours Sincerely
Arth Nana, MD
ICSES2010 Chair
Dean, College of Sports Science & Technology
Mahidol University
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | vi ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Chair
Prof. Arth Nana, M.D.
Vice Chair
Asst. Prof. Opas Sinphurmsukskul, M.D.
Scientific Program
Chair
Asst. Prof. Dr. Rungchai Chaunchaiyakul
Assoc. Prof Dr. Thyon Chentanez
Asst. Prof. Dr. Waree Widjaja
Dr. Metta Pinthong
Dr. Weerawat Limroongreungrat
Venue Management and Reception
Chair
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sirirat Hirunrat
Asst. Prof. Dr. Pranomporn Juangphanich
Mr. Chirawat Paratthakonkun
Finance
Chair
Asst. Prof. Ratapan Kanjanarungsan
Mr. Arom Treeraj
Ms. Vimolmas Tansathitaya
Mrs. Wasana Thongkorn
Dr. Korakod Panich
Mr. Chakrit Tharmatuch
Public Relations & IT & Technical Support
Chair
Sub Lt. Phavadol
Asst. Prof. Duangjun
Phantayuth
Raktavee
Asst. Prof. Tavorn Kamutsri
Secretariat and Committee
Dr. Kittipong Poonchob
Mr. Monchai Chottidao
Ms. Niphawan Wongyai
Asst. Prof. Pannipa Teerakathiti
Ms. Rodjana Noojeam
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | vii CONFERENCE INFORMATION
1) Conference Venue:
Centara Duangtawan, Chiang Mai, Thailand
132 Loykroh Road, Chang-Klan,
Muang, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
Tel: +66 53 275 429
Website: http://www.centarahotelsresorts.com/chiangmai_hotels.asp
The conference location map & floor plan
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | viii 2) Name Badges
You will obtain a Name Badge when you register. Please make sure you wear the badge at all times during the
conference activities. The badge allows delegates access to all scientific programs and will be used as your ID
for a Gala Dinner.
3) Conference Staff
Conference Staff are available to help you and answer questions throughout the conference. All conference staff
will easily be identified as they will wear Staff Badge.
4) Lunch & Coffee Breaks
Lunch & coffee breaks will be served as per the schedule. Lunch will be in the Tawan restaurant, coffee breaks
will be served in the main conference hall.
5) Speaker Ready Room
The speaker Ready Room is located at Reception Lounge I Room. All presenters must load their presentations
onto ICSES laptops in the speaker ready room according to the schedule. Your PowerPoint presentations will be
uploaded onto a central server.
6) Scientific Program
A comprehensive scientific program has been prepared for ICSES2010; it consists of 6 Keynote Lectures, 9
symposia, 10 oral sessions with over 60 presentations and 5 poster sessions with over 200 presentations.
Oral Presentations
All oral presentations (excluding keynotes and symposia) are limited to 12 minutes in total duration consisting
10 minutes presentation and 2 minutes for questions. All presenters are required to use the ICSES2010 laptops
and their presentation must be compatible with Microsoft PowerPoint 2003 or later. All presenters must load
their presentations onto the laptops in the speaker ready room (a Reception Lounge I ) according to the schedule
posted which will be in advance of the oral session. Please test your presentation to ensure it is copied and runs
properly. This is particularly if you have video clips or animation as part of your presentations. Please report to
the presentation room at least 10 minutes before the commencement of oral session in which you are presenting
and introduce yourself to the session chairperson. A laser pointer for the laptop will be provided. The
chairperson will ensure you to run to time.
Poster Presentations
All posters should be prepared in 120 cm by 90 cm and most importantly in Portrait format. Each poster
presenter will be provided a poster board number as indicated in the program book to identify the location of
their poster within the conference hall. Please ensure you locate your poster in the place assigned to you. The
poster should be mounted by the Velcro tape supplied by ICSES2010. Please contact the conference staff if
there are any problems. Poster presenters must present at their posters to answer questions during their schedule.
Presenters are responsible for the removal of their posters. Poster left behind after this time will be removed and
disposed.
6) Transportation
Transportation to and from the airport is available via the Super-Highway and Chiang Mai-Hod Road with
public taxi service. Transportation service counters are located on the 1st floor opposite domestic and
international arrival lounge. Chiang Mai Airport is located a short distance from the city center and songteaw
and tuk-tuks are readily available to provide taxi services outside the terminal building. The airport has also a
licensed taxi service to get you from the airport to your hotel, generally no more than a 15 minute drive to most
city hotels. A metered taxi costs around 120 Baht to the city.
For more information, please visit http://www.chiangmaiairportonline.com/
7) Social Program
Welcome Reception & Opening Ceremony: Saturday, 11th December 2010, 17.00 – 19.00 hrs.
The welcome reception &Opening ceremony will be held at Chiang Doa room, Centara Duangtawan Hotel
ICSES Gala Dinner: Sunday, 12th December 2010, 18.30 – 22.00 hrs.
The ICSES2010 Gala dinner will be held in Duangtawan Pavilion, 4th floor (Open Air Roof Top Garden).
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | ix A mixture of Northern Thai traditional music and dance will be performed. Food and beverage will be served. A
cash bar will also be available.
Please note that ONE Gala Dinner ticket is included in every category of registration fee, however, the
additional ticket is available to purchase at 700 BHT per ticket, from the registration counter by 07.00 – 12.00
hrs.on12 December 2010. Subject to availability
9) Other Important Information
Climate
Chiang Mai’s climate is tropical but cooler and less humid than in the other parts of the country. The low
humidity is the main reason why the air seems more pleasant here. In addition, the temperature difference
between day and night and between the seasons is greater than in the other regions. It can get downright cold in
December and January. However, all seasons make for a great stay.
Electricity Supply
Electrical current in Thailand is 220-240 volts, 50 cycles alternating current (AC). You are advised to purchase
the appropriate adapters in advance.
Shopping
Chiang Mai is a shopping paradise, simply because there is such a wide range of unusual goods at knock down
prices. The quality is variable but the value for money is undeniable, and most leaves with much fuller luggage
than when they arrived. When visiting Thailand, it's advisable to leave your shopping for Chiang Mai. It's
considered as one of the cheapest places in Thailand and getting about town is easy.
Chiang Mai is one of the handicraft centers of Asia, and not surprisingly many of the market traders from
overseas come here to source their goods. Silk, silver, clothing, rattan, ceramics, interior décor, antiques,
Buddhist art, lacquer and neilloware—the list of options is endless for shopping in Chiang Mai.
The centre of shopping is undoubtedly the Night Bazaar, which takes up several blocks every evening along
Chang Klan road. Here you can wander among the countless pavement stalls and arcades admiring the
beautifully crafted Northern Thai handicrafts. The more serious can head out to the huge handicraft wholesalers
at San Kamphaeng and check out Borsang village with its colorful umbrellas. Baan Tawai to the south of the
city is a busy working carving center with some exquisite pieces on display and the best selection of antiques.
Those interested in more modern international items, such as gadgets, clothes and multimedia have the choice of
two well stocked malls, Kard Suan Kaew and Airport Plaza, as well as computer related items from Panthip
Plaza near the Night Market. There are individual shops scattered in tourists areas where you can pick up
bargains on everyday items which are made in Asia.
Night Bazaar
Night Bazaar has long been a must-visit for all visitors to Chiang Mai. Comprising numerous stalls and shops
stretching along a long section of Chang Khlan Road, this big famous night market offers many good buys
including hill-tribe crafts, hand-woven fabrics, clothes, silver jewelry, antiques, lacquer wares, woodcarvings,
pottery, basketry, and other local items. They are typically being made in and around Chiang Mai. Due to the
keen competition, buyers can easily make a good bargain here.
Borsang umbrella and Thai handicraft village
The brightly colored umbrellas of Chiang Mai are a distinctive Thai icon and have made the little village of
Borsang, 10kms east of the city, famous. These parasols are delicately crafted from bamboo or cane and
exquisitely decorated with colorful pictures or patterns on glazed rice paper covers. They are one of many fine
Thai handicrafts.
Borsang is little more than a cluster of shop-houses along the area where Doi Saket road meets San Kamphaeng
road. It enjoys a steady stream of tourists daily as they come to witness the making of these fine items and other
Thai handicrafts and to stock up on traditional souvenirs from northern Thailand.
Thai handicrafts make excellent gifts; they are beautifully made, cheap and unique. Choose from brightly
dressed hill tribe dolls, ceramics, soaps and candles, ornaments, carvings, textiles, jewelry, lacquerware, rattan
baskets and bags, toys and much more.
Baan Tawai
This crafts village in the district of Hang Dong, 20kms south of Chiang Mai, has traditionally been the center of
the handicraft trade in North Thailand and remains one of the busiest of such clusters in the whole of Thailand.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | x An increasing number of visitors are being bussed in here from Chiang Mai for an all-in-one shopping
experience.
In addition to covered arcades packed full of shops selling every imaginable handicraft you can think of, the
road to Hang Dong is rapidly being lined with individual micro-factories with fantastic showrooms displaying
collections of antiques and furniture. Wood is certainly the spirit of this crafts village.
The atmosphere in Baan Tawai is very laid-back and relaxed, certainly not reminiscent of a tacky collection of
souvenir stands. There are rustic restaurants to retreat to, plenty of traditional old wooden Thai houses to
admire, some lovely show-gardens full of sandstone sculptures and lots of cute crafts at astonishing prices.
Wualai Walking Street (Saturday Market)
The Wualai community has been so far known for its fine silver and lacquer wares. On Saturday evenings, the
Wualai Street is closed to traffic making it an open-air showcase for the area's famous handicrafts. It is therefore
called Saturday Market. Don't miss a chance to shop for authentic northern silver and lacquer wares as well as
other unique handicrafts at the venue. You are recommended to go there from around 4 p.m. on, when the
weather is cooling down and most vendors have already set up shops. The market runs to 10 p.m.
Customs, VAT and Tax refunds
Who can claim VAT refunds?
• Is not a crew member of an airline
• Departs Thailand by air carrier from an international airport.
How to claim a VAT refund?
1. VAT refund only applies to goods taken out of Thailand within 60 days from the date of purchase. 2. The
goods must be purchased from stores displaying the "VAT REFUND FOR TOURISTS" sign.
3. On any day, the value of goods purchased at each participating store shall not be less than 2,000 baht,
including VAT. The total amount claimed for refund must not be less than 5,000 baht, including VAT.4. On the
purchasing day, present your passport and ask the sales assistant at the store to complete the VAT Refund
Application for Tourist form (P.P. 10) and attach the original tax invoices to the form. Each application form
(P.P. 10) must show a value of 2,000 baht or more.
5. Before departure, present your goods and submit the VAT Refund Application for tourists (P.P.10) form and
original tax invoices to the Customs officers for inspection before check-in
6. Valuable goods, such as jewelry, gold ornaments, watches, glasses, or pens must once more be inspected by
the Revenue officers at the VAT refund office at the departure lounge after passport control. 7. You can either
present your claim to Revenue officers or drop it into the box at the Refund Counter or mail from your home
back to the Revenue Department of Thailand.
How will the refund be paid?
You can choose to receive your refund by
Refund amount
Refund method
not exceeding 30,000 baht
cash in Thai baht, draft, credit to credit
card account
exceeding 30,000 baht
draft, credit to credit card account
Note
You must specify the method of
receiving the refund on your form
(P.P.10).
The following fees apply to refund requests
• For cash refund, a fee of 100 baht.
• For draft refund, a fee of 100 baht plus draft issuing fee at the rate charged by banks, and postage.
• For credit to credit card account refund, a fee of 100 baht plus money transfer fee at the rate charged by banks,
and postage.
Important! You cannot claim VAT refunds for the following goods:
• prohibited items
• firearms, explosives or any similar items
• gemstones
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xi Some Hints
Allow yourself adequate time at the airport for the refund process.
In case your request for refund by draft or credit to credit card account receives no reply within an appropriate
period of time, please contact the
The VAT Refund for Tourists Office, Revenue Department, Phahon Yothin Road,
Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Tel: 0 2272 9384 to 5, 0 2272 8198 Fax: 0 2617 3559
E-mail: vrefund@rd.go.th
VAT Refund Office at Suvarnabhumi International Airport:
Concourse D, Gate D1-D4 and D5-D8 at the 4th Fl.
The Customs Office: Passenger terminal, the 4th Fl., behind check in counter, Row H.
For more information visit http://www.rd.go.th/vrt/process.html
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xii Keynote Lectures
Room: Grand Ballroom
December12, 2010
Chair: Prof. Arth Nana, M.D.
Co-chair: Ms. Vimolmas Tansathitaya
9:00am
–
9:50 am
9:50 am
–
10:40 am
Mr. Kole Gjeloshaj
ROLES OF FISU IN ASEAN UNIVERSITY SPORTS
(Belgium)
Prof. Dr. K. Sathyavelu Reddy
(India)
EXERCISE AS ANTI-AGING
December 13,2010
Chair: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vijit Kanungsukkasem
Co-chair: Asst. Prof. Dr. Pranomporn Juangpanich
9:00am
–
9:50 am
Prof. Dr. Fuzhong Li
(USA)
TAI-CHI: A BEHAVIORAL MEDICAL APPROACH
TO HEALTH
9:50 am
–
10:40 am
Mohamed Bin Hammam
(AFC President)
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOTBALL IN ASIA
December 14, 2010
Chair: Asst. Prof. Opas Sinphurmsukskul, M.D.
Co-chair: Asst. Prof. Pannipa Teerakathiti
9:00am
–
9:50 am
Dr. Chanin Lamsam
(Thailand)
POST-INJURY EXERCISE
9:50 am
–
10:40 am
Prof. Dr. Alan Hargens
(USA)
EXERCISE FOR BONE HEALTH
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xiii Symposia
December 12, 2010
15:40 – 17:00 hrs.
SYMPOSIUM 1:EXERCISE REGIMENS FOR HEALTH
PROMOTION
ROOM: Chiang Saen 1-2
MODERATOR: Asst. Prof. Dr. Rungchai Chaunchaiyakul
S1-01
15.40
RISK AND COSTS OF PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
Prof. Dr. K. Sathyavelu Reddy
S1-02
16.10
EXERCISE FOR WEIGHT CONTROL
Prof. Dr. Chia-Hua Kuo
S1-03
16.35
EXERCISE FOR HEALTH PROMOTION AND REHABILITATION OF JOINTS
Prof. Dr. Alan Hargens
SYMPOSIUM 2: SPORTS NUTRITION FROM BENCH TO BOX
MODERATOR: Dr. Metta Pinthong
S2-01
15.40
FUELLING FOR SUCCESS
Alisa Nana
S2-02
16.10
WEIGHT CONTROL IN ATHLETES
Assoc. Prof. Jongjit Angkatavanich
S2-03
16.35
PROPER HYDRATION FOR ATHLETES
Asst. Prof. Jakkrit Klaphajone, M.D.
SYMPOSIUM3: TRENDS OF MASS SPORTS MANAGEMENT
ROOM: Chiang Dao1-3
MODERATOR: Dr. Kittipong Poonchob
S3-01
15.40
GLOBAL VIEW POINT
Asst. Prof. Dr. Nilmanee Sriboon
S3-02
16.10
VIEW POINT FROM THAILAND
Dr. Charuaypon Torranin
S3-03
16.35
MASS SPORT MANAGEMENT IN ASIA
Prof. Dr. Yeh Kong-Ting
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xiv December 13, 2010
15.40-17.00 hrs.
SYMPOSIUM4: EXERCISE AND MENTAL HEALTH
ROOM: Chiang Sean 1-2
MODERATOR: Asst. Prof. Dr. Pranomporn Juangphanich
S4-01
15.40
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND MENTAL HEALTH FOR ELDERLY
Prof. Dr. Fuzhong Li
S4-02
16.10
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, MENTAL HEALTH AND CHRONIC ILLNESS
Dr. Tony Morris
S4-03
16.35
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THAILAND
Asst. Prof. Dr. Naruepon Vongjaturapat
SYMPOSIUM 5: SPORTS SCIENCE IN SEPAK TAKRAW
MODERATOR: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sirirat Hirunrat
S5-01
15.40
HOW TO APPLY SPORTS SCIENCE IN SEPAK TAKRAW
Mr. Chaiyasith Pavilas
S5-02
16.10
GUIDELINE FOR INJURY PREVENTION IN SEPAK TAKRAW: BASED ON
OTHER SPORTS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Asst. Prof. Dr. Pornratshanee Weerapong
S5-03
16.35
APPLICATION OF SPORTS SCIENCE IN SEPAK TAKRAW
Mr. Kamol Tunkimhong
SYMPOSIUM 6: PRO. AND CON. IN SPORTS MEDICINE (SPORTS
MASSAGE AND PROPHYLACTIC TAPING)
ROOM: Chiang Dao 1-3
MODERATOR: Asst. Prof. Opas Sinphurmsukskul, M.D.
15.40-17.00
PRO. AND CON. IN SPORTS MEDICINE (SPORTS MASSAGE AND
PROPHYLACTIC TAPING)
Korakod Panich, M.D.
Chanin Lamsam, M.D.
Ead Lorprayoon, M.D.
Asst. Prof. Chanakarn Phomphutkul, M.D.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xv December 14, 2010
13.30 – 15.00 hrs.
SYMPOSIUM 7:BIOMECHANICS OF SPORTS INJURIES
MODERATOR: Chanin Lamsam, M.D.
S7-01
13.30
BIOMECHANICAL MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE
Dr. Chris Kirtley
S7-02
14.00
CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
RECONSTRUCTION: BONE-PATELLAR TENDON-BONE VERSUS
SEMITENDINOSUS AND GRACILIS TENDON AUTOGRAFT
Assoc. Prof. Pongsak Yuktanandana, MD
S7-03
14.30
AN OVERVIEW OF INJURIES IN WEIGHTLIFTING AND WEIGHT TRAINING
Asst. Prof. Dr. Samatchai Chamnongkich
SYMPOSIUM 8: DRIVING PEOPLE WITH PHYSICAL
DISABILITIES BY SPORTS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MODERATOR: Dr. Weerawat Limroongreungrat
S8-01
13.30
SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR PEOPLE WITH PHYSICAL
DISABILITIES : OVERVIEW OF SPORTS SCIENCE/MEDICINE
CONSIDERATIONS
Prof. Dr. Ben Johnson
S8-02
14.00
ATHLETES WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES: ASIA'S POTENTIAL
Assoc. Prof. Dr. James Laskin
S8-03
14.30
SPORTS TECHNOLOGY FOR ATHLETES WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
Dr. Weerawat Limroongreungrat
SYMPOSIUM 9: KEY SUCCESS FACTORS IN SPORTS TRAINING
MODERATOR: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pratoom Muangmee
S9-01
13.30
TENNIS
Mr. Thanakorn Srichaphan
S9-02
14.00
FOOTBALL
Mr. Chanwit Polcheewin
S9-03
14.30
ATHLETICS
Mr. Ekawit Swangpol
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xvi Oral Sessions
December 12, 2010
ORAL 1: SPORTS AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
TIME: 11:20 – 12:20 hrs
CHAIR: Asst. Prof. Dr. Ratee Ruangthai
CO-CHAIR: Mr. Monchai Chottidao
O1-01
11:20
EFFECT OF EXERCISE INDUCED GENERAL FATIGUE ON KNEE JOINT POSITION SENSE
AMONG INDIAN ATHLETES
Nallusamy A. &Nagarajan D.
O1-02
11:32
LOWER BODY IMMERSION AT DIFFERENT WATER TEMPERATURES DURING
RECOVERY PERIOD ON THERMOREGULATORY PROFLILES AND SUBSEQUENT
PERFORMANCE IN SOCCER PLAYERS
Khwankerd A., Chaunchaiyakul R., Chentanez T. & Pinthong M.
O1-03
11:44
INJURIES SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS RESPONSE INDUCED BY ECCENTRIC EXERCISE
IN THE ATHLETIC YOUNG
Hassan E. S. & Jabary A. M.
O1-04
11:56
RAPID PALM COOLING ON PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSES AND ANAEROBIC
PERFORMANCE DURING SIMULATED TAEKWONDO COMPETITIONS
Saovieng S., Widjaja W., Chentanez T. & Chaunchaiyakul R.
O1-05
12:08
DETERMINANT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL MARKERS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY HABITUATION
AMONG 10-12 YEARS OF AGE OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Jawis M. N. , Hashim H. A., Bistamam N. S. & Wahat N. A.
ORAL 2: SPORTS NUTRITION AND EXERCISE
TIME: 11:20 – 12:20 hrs
CHAIR: Dr. Metta Pinthong
CO-CHAIR: Mr. Chirawat Paratthakonkun
O2-01
11:20
RELATIONS BETWEEN RESTING METABOLISM AND MAXIMUM FORCE GENERATION
Yamauchi J.
O2-02
11:32
ENERGY INTAKE AND PERCENT BODY FAT IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS
DURING MID-SEASON
Charoenwattana S. & Salipan M.
O2-03
11:44
THE VARIATION OF JUNIOR MALE JUDO PLAYERS BODY COMPOSITION, SPECIFIC
ABILITY AND PERFORMANCE DURING WEIGHT LOSS
Kao M., Weng C., Chen P. & Lin P.
O2-04
11:56
THE EFFECT OF FLUID CARBOHYDRATE INGESTION ON STRESSING HORMONES,
DURING PROLONG EXERCISE IN THE HEAT
Sajadian M., Khorshidi Mehr M. & Moini S.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xvii ORAL 3: SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY
TIME: 13:30 – 15:06 hrs
CHAIR: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Panwira Kwanburanachan
CO-CHAIR: Asst. Prof. Rataphan Kanjanarungsan
O3-01
13:30
ACUTE EFFECTS OF HYPO-HYDRATION ON MUSCLE ANAEROBIC PEAK POWER AND
STRENGTH
Mohamed Nashrudin N., Mohd Zulfadli Z., Norazmi R. & Ashril Y.
O3-02
13:42
EFFECT OF RECOVERY POSTURES ON REPEATED SPRINT PERFORMANCE
Pawong C., Chentanez T., Poonchob K. & Pinthong M.
O3-03
13:54
TIME-DEPENDENT EMG POWER SPECTRUM FEATURES OF BICEPS BRACHII DURING
ISOTONIC EXERCISE
Thongpanja S., Phinyomark A., Phukpattaranont P. & Limsakul C.
O3-04
14:06
THE EFFECT OF SEROTON SHOES ON BLOOD SEROTONIN, GROWTH HORMONE, FREE
OXYGEN RADICAL, AND IMMUNE RESPONSES
Roh S. K.
O3-05
14:18
DISCRIMINATION OF EYE EXERCISES USING ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY (EOG) SIGNAL
Aungsakun S., Phinyomark A., Phukpattaranont P. & Limsakul C
O3-06
14:30
PHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS DURING FUTSAL MATCH-PLAY OF THAI ELITE AND
AMATEUR PLAYERS
Makaje N., Ruangthai R., Arkarapant A. & Yoopat P.
O3-07
14:42
THE EFFECT OF ASPIRIN TABLET INTAKE ON HS-CRP FACTOR OF
NON-ATHLETE MALE'S SERUM, AFTER AN EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
Soleimani M. & Aghaei F.
O3-08
14:54
EFFECT OF RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON VASCULAR INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS IN
PREMENOPAUSAL OVERWEIGHT WOMEN
Afzal pour M., Nayebifar S., Sagheb joo M. & Hedayati M.
ORAL 4: EXERCISE DM, CVS
TIME: 13:30 – 15:06 hrs
CHAIR: Assoc. Prof. Vijit Kanungsukkasem
CO-CHAIR: Korakod Panich, M.D.
O4-01
13:30
COMPARISON OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE BETWEEN SINGLE AND DOUBLE LEG ROPE
JUMPING EXERCISE
Chottidao M. & Limroongreungrat W.
O4-02
13:42
EFFECT OF YOGA AND PRANAYAMA PRACTICE ON THE IGA SUBCLASSES
SUPPRESSION BECAUSE OF AEROBIC TRAINING
Rajasekhar K. V., Gopikrishna Y., Kamalakar K. S. & Sarojini S.
O4-03
13:54
EFFECTS OF YOGA ON LUNG FUNCTION, BALANCE AND FLEXIBILITY OF
RECREATIONAL RUNNERS: FACTORS AFFECTING RUN PERFORMANCE
Zee A., Orla G. & Fallows S.
O4-04
14:06
THE EFFECTS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING BY A RESPIRATORY
RESISTANCE TRAINING UNIT
Buranapuntalug S., Jalayondeja W., Chaunchaiyakul R., Chuaychoo B. & Thanungkul S.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xviii O4-05
14:18
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RECOVERY POSTURES ON HEMODYNAMIC AND VENTILATORY
RESPONSES AFTER HIGH- INTENSITY EXERCISE
Petviset H. & Pinthong M.
O4-06
14:30
ANTIOXIDATIVE EFFECTS OF THAI HERBACEOUS PLANT (KRACHAI DUM) ON SEXUAL
ACTIVITY AND REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND HINDIMBS BLOOD FLOWS OF EXERCISE
MALE RATS
Chaiyakul S. & Jaturapanich K.
O4-07
14:42
A COMPARISON OF POSTERIOR WALL THICKNESS, INTER VENTRICULAR SEPTUM
THICKNESS AND RELATIVE WALL THICKNESS OF LEFT VENTRICLE OF HEART IN
MALE ATHLETES AND NON ATHLETES
Abdi H. & Hajighasemi A.
O4-08
14:54
EFFECT OF CARDIAC REHABILITATION EXERCISE ON FLUCTUATION OF ST SEGMENT,
BODY MASS INDEX AND SPORT CAPACITY OF LOW RISK CARDIAC PATIENTS WITH MI
Motamedi P., Shariatzade M. & Javanbakhti G.
December 13, 2010
ORAL 5: SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY
TIME: 11:20 – 12:20 hrs
CHAIR: Dr. Subsai Boonveerabut
CO-CHAIR: Asst. Prof. Dr. Waree Widjaja
O5-01
11:20
RELAXATION MUSIC ON RECOVERY PERIOD
Pattanapornchai P., Juangphanich P. & Pidokrajt N.
O5-02
11:32
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS ON
MULTIDIMENSIONAL STATE ANXIETY PRIOR TO COMPETITION IN VOLLEYBALL
PLAYERS
Hooi L. B. & Singh G. B.
O5-03
11:44
MENTAL TOUGHNESS AND SUCCESSIVE IN SPORT WITH THAI ATHLETES
Choosakul C. & Julvanichpong T.
O5-04
11:56
THE RELEVANCE BETWEEN BODY DISSATISFACTION, EXERCISE PATTERNS AND
EATING BEHAVIORS
Ahmadi S., Sahami M., Heirani A. & Asadian F.
O5-05
12:08
STUDY OF STUDENTS MOTIVATION FOR DOING PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES (HEALTHRELATED FACTORS AGAINST APPEARANCE RELATED FACTORS)
Jafari siavashani F., Kamani S. & Behaeen B.
ORAL 6: SPORTS MANAGEMENT
TIME: 11:20 – 12:20 hrs
CHAIR: Dr. Sakchai Pitakwong
CO-CHAIR: Dr. Kittipong Poonchob
O6-01
11:20
HOW TO SURVIVE IN A PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE? THE STRATEGIC
MANAGEMENT FOR UNIVERSITY-BASED PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL CLUBS IN
THAILAND
Issadee K.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xix O6-02
11:32
SPORTS BUSINESS: PERSPECTIVES OF MALAYSIAN WOMEN'S EXPERIENCES IN SPORT
TOURISM PURSUIT
Khor P. H., Lim K. C. & Tham Y. C.
O6-03
11:44
ADOLESCENTS' PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PROCESS OF CHANGE VARIABLES
Kim Y.
O6-04
11:56
RELATIONSHIP AMONG ATTITUDE, SELF-EFFICACY, MOTIVATION, AND LEISURE-TIME
PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES PARTICIPATION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Chiu L. K., Khor H. P. & Tham C. Y.
O6-05
12:08
A STUDY ON THE RECREATIONAL SPORTS' PARTICIPATION OF STUDENTS AT THU DUC
AREA, HOCHIMINH CITY IN VIETNAM
Huynh T. T., Bui T. H. & Bui T. T.
ORAL 7: SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY
TIME: 13:30 – 15:06 hrs
CHAIR: Asst. Prof. Dr. Naruepon Vongjaturapat
CO-CHAIR: Ms.Ampika Nanbancha
O7-01
13:30
A STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMAND FOR WATCHING FOOTBALL IN
STADIUMS
Javanmardi E. & Noghondarian K.
O7-02
13:42
EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON ENHANCING EXERCISE PERFORMANCE
Suwannate C., Juangphanich P. & Pidokrajt N.
O7-03
13:54
ASSESSMENT OF SHYNESS AND MANIFEST ANXIETY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP
AMONG UNIVERSITY ATHLETES IN DIFFERENT GAMES
D'souza L.
O7-04
14:06
INVESTIGATION OF TEAM COHESION AND SOCIAL POSITION IN FEMALE HOCKEY
TEAMS
Hamzah N. & Ahmad N.
O7-05
14:18
ASSESSING THE EXERCISE BEHAVIOR OF MALAYSIAN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Kee K. M. & Abdllah N. D.
O7-06
14:30
THE EFFECTS OF TWELVE WEEKS AEROBIC EXERCISES ON HAPPINESS, AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP WITH DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NON- ATHLETE FEMALES
OF AHWAZ CITY
Rismanbaf Z., Bagheri A., Kamoonzade A. & Salvand G.
O7-07
14:42
COMPARISON OF THE BASIC MOTOR ABILITIES & SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE
FIRST GRADE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BOYS WHO ATTENDED PRE-SCHOOL WITH
THOSE WHO DID NOT
Mohammadi domieh A. & Khajehlandi A.
O7-08
14:54
EEG AND BEHAVIORAL CHANGES FOLLOWING NEUROFEEDBACK TRAINING IN
NOVICE ARCHERS
Eskandarnejad M., Abdoli B., Nazari M., Mousavi M. & Abdavi F.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xx ORAL 8: SPORTS MEDICINE, SPORTS PHYSICAL THERAPY AND REHABILITATION
Time: 13:30 – 14:54 hrs
CHAIR: Asst. Prof. Dr. Rungchai Chaunchaiyakul
CO-CHAIR: Asst. Prof. Duangjun Phantayuth
O8-01
13:30
THE DIFFERENCES OF KNEE/ANKLE PROPRIOCEPTION BETWEEN WEIGHT/NONWEIGHT BEARING CONDITIONS IN HEALTHY FEMALES
Wang C., Li C., Tsai Y., Lin W. & Lee A.
O8-02
13:42
EFFECT OF 6 WEEKS WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION EXERCISE ON FUNCTIONAL FITNESS IN
THE ELDERLY
Chen W. C., Chen W. C., Chia P. S., Chiu P. K. & Wang S. W.
O8-03
13:54
BLOOD CHEMISTRY AND MUSCLE PROFILES IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS
FOLLOWING 3 MONTHS HOME-BASED WALKING PROGRAM
Ponngeon O., JalayondejaW., Chaunchaiyakul R., Vareesangthip K., Lumlertgul D.& Nakum S.
O8-04
14:06
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ANKLE TAPING AND BRACING ON PLANTAR PRESSURE
DURING RUNNING
Lin W., Kuo C., Hung Y. & Cheng J.
O8-05
14:18
THE EFFECTS OF INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING AND THORACIC MUSCLE
STRETCHING ON INSPIRATORY MUSCLE STRENGTH AND LUNG FUNCTION IN STROKE
PATIENTS
Sriwannawit P., Suvannapura A. & Leelasumlan W.
O8-06
14:30
THE EFFECTS OF TABLE TENNIS TRAINING ON DYNAMIC VISUAL ACUITY
Lin K., Liu Y., Lin W. & Lee A.
O8-07
14:42
THE EFFECT OF PHYSIOTHERAPY AND AQUA-THERAPY ON PAIN, FUNCTIONAL
STATUS, AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN WOMEN WITH THE UNILATERAL KNEE
OSTEOARTHRITIS
Paziraei S. & Daryanoush F.
O8-08
14:54
COMPARISON OF BALANCE BETWEEN STRIDE LEG AND TRAIL LEG IN BASEBALL
PITCHERS
Cheng J., Lin W. & Chung Y.
December 14, 2010
ORAL 9: SPORTS AND CLINICAL BIOMECHANICS
Time: 11:20 – 12:20 hrs.
CHAIR: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sirirat Hirunrat
CO-CHAIR: Sub Lt. Phavadol Raktavee
O9-01
11:20
KINEMATICS AND EMG ACTIVITIES DURING FREE-THROW SHOOTING IN BEGINNER
AND ADVANCED WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Jamkrajang P., Limroongreungrat W., Pinthong M. & Jalayondeja W.
O9-02
11:32
DIFFERENCES OF SHOULDER ISOKINETIC STRENGTH BETWEEN FEMALE TENNIS
ATHLETES AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS
Fan chiang W., Cheng C., Huang M., Liang L. & Lee A.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxi O9-03
11:44
IMPULSE MOMENTEM RELATIONSHIP IN PERFORMING SPRINT START FOR SPRINTERS
Kilani H. A. & Abu al-tuieb M.
O9-04
11:56
THE EFFECTS OF PILATES TRAINING ON DANCE AND JUMP PERFORMANCE IN YOUNG
DANCER
Wang Y., Guo S., Lin W. & Lee J.
O9-05
12:08
A DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC AGILITY TESTING EQUIPMENT FOR
THAI ELDERLY
Lawsirirat C., Suputtitada A., Janwatanakul P. & Tongterm T.
ORAL 10: SPORTS CONDITIONING, COACHING AND TRAINING
Time: 11:20 – 12:20 hrs.
CHAIR: Dr. Wipoj Chansem
CO-CHAIR: Asst. Prof. Arom Treeraj
O10-01
11:20
THE EFFICIENT MODELS AND LEARNING BEHAVIOR FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND
SPORT
Kuna-apisit W.
O10-02
11:32
PHYSICAL FITNESS OF WAI KHRU RAM MUAY THAI AND YOGA TRAININGS IN YOUNG
THAI UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Krasaesieng P., Widjaja W. & Thanee N.
O10-03
11:44
EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FOCUS TRAINING ON FOOT-STRIKE
PATTERNS IN RUNNING
Woo M. T., Chow J. Y., Koh M. & Davids K.
O10-04
11:56
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CLASSROOM OF BACHELOR DEGREE'S STUDENT IN FACULTY
OF PUBLIC HEALTH, KHON KAEN UNIVERSITY, THAILAND
Sota C.
O10-05
12:08
VALIDITY OF YOYO TEST IN ESTIMATING MAXIMAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION
AMONG ELITE SOCCER PLAYER
Sulaiman N., Nasir M. & Hashim A.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxii Poster Sessions
December 12, 2010
10:40-11.20 hrs.
P1-01
EFFECT OF 8 WEEKS AEROBIC TRAINING ON PLASMA VISFATIN IN
STUDENTS 20-30 YEARS
Khajehlandi A. & Mohammadi domieh A.
P1-02
THE EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM COCOA SUPPLEMENTATION ON CYCLIST’S BLOOD’S
FIBRINOGEN AFTER AN AEROBIC EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
Soleimani M., Aghaei F., Atashak S. & Mehdivand A.
P1-03
EFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISE AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF THE DAY ON SERUMIC HSCRP IN UNTRAINED MALES
Pourrazi H., Nikookheslat S., Rahbaran A., Tarmahi V. & Ahmadi F.
P1-04
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
INTERVENTIONS ON BONE MASS ACCRUALS IN GROWING CHILDREN AND
ADOLESCENTS
Foo L.
P1-05
METHYLPHENIDATE AND EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE: A STUDY ON LYMPHOCYTES OF
MALE RAT
Kamoonzadeh A., Bagheri A., Aziziyeh N., Rismanbaf Z. & Salvand G.
P1-06
ACUTE RESPONSES OF SERUM CORTISOL & IMMUNOGLOBULIN A
Ghaderi M., Azarbayjani M., Faraji H., Rahimi R., Atashak S. & Sharafi H.
P1-07
EFFECTS OF A 6-WK ABDOMINAL EXERCISE PROGRAM ON BODY COMPOSITION AND
SERUM LIPIDS IN OBESE WOMEN
Tadibi V. & Sure mirinezhad K.
P1-08
THE EFFECT OF 8 WEEKS AEROBIC AND RESISTANCE TRAINING ON THE ECG CHANGES
OF NON ATHLETIC FEMALE STUDENTS IN ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY OF GACHSARAN
Salehi M. & Khajehlandi A.
P1-09
EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON SOME CARDIORESPIRATORY FACTORS
Zahedmanesh F.
P1-10
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ALTERATION AND VASOMOTOR RESPONSES OF
HYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS TO STIMULI USED IN CONVENTIONAL VASCULAR
RESPONSE TESTING
Chentanez T., Suknantasak P., Kaimuk P. & Yimlamai T.
P1-11
THE EFFECT OF EIGHT WEEKS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, ENDURANCE, RESISTANCE
AND CONCURRENT ON SELECTED BLOOD FACTORS AND MAXIMUM OXYGEN
CONSUMPTION
Barari A. & Bashiri J.
P1-12
EFFECT OF CHANGES OF THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE FACTORS IN SOCCER PLAYERS
Mehdivand A., Soleimani M. & Barzegari A.
P1-13
THE EFFECT OF METHYLPHENIDATE WITH AN EXHAUSTIVE SESSION ON THE
MONOCYTE AND LEUKOCYTE'S OF MAL RAT
Kamoonzadeh A. & Aziziyeh N.
P1-14
CONSTRAINTS OF PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN
TAIPING, PERAK
Rozita , A.L., Azlina Z , Nurul Nadiah, S , & Maizan M.N
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxiii P1-15
SURVEYING THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ELDERLY QUALITY OF LIFE
Zar A. , Sharififar F. , Jamalian Z. , Ebrahim K. & Ahmadi F.
P1-16
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF WATER INTAKE WITH DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
DURING HOT YOGA
Auamchan C., Widjaja W. & Chaunchaiyakul R.
P1-17
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS RELATED TO OBESITY IN CHILDRENS AND
ADOLESCENTS IN DIFFERENT CITIES OF IRAN
Naghshbandi S. , Kashkooli V. & Ahmadi F.
P1-18
ISOMETRIC FORCE DYNAMOMETRY AND ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF YOUNG
ELITE ASIA AND WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP WEIGHTLIFTERS
Meamarbashi A. & Azimi F.
P1-19
EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON PLYOMETRIC DRYBL SPEED AND LOWER BODY EXPLOSIVE
POWER FOOTBALL PLAYERS AHVAZ
Mohamadpour R.
P1-20
THE EFFECT OF A PERIOD OF SELECTED AEROBIC PRACTICE ON THE VO2 MAX OF MEN
BETWEEN (40-50) YEARS
Heidari E., Khajehlandi A. & Reza zadeh P.
P1-21
THE CONTRIBUTION OF SELECTED BODY COMPOSITION, BODY SHAPE, AEROBIC AND
ANAEROBIC VARIABLES TO PERFORMANCE
Matinhomaee H.
P1-22
THE EFFECTS OF PILATES TRAINING ON DYNAMIC AND STATIC POSTURAL CONTROL
IN YOUNG DANCERS
Wang Y., Ching H., Lin W. & Lee A.
P1-23
EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON PLY METRIC ANAEROBIC POWER AND BODY COMPOSITION
OF HIGH SCHOOL BASKETBALLISTS
Balouchy R.
P1-24
THE EFFECTS OF ACTIVITY RELATED FATIGUE ON ATHLETE'S DYNAMIC POSTURAL
CONTROL ABILITY
Mohd hashim A. , Ibrahim H. , Zainuddin Z. & Lee A.
P1-25
STUDY OF PHYSICAL-MOTOR READINESS OF GIRLS STUDENT OF ISLAMIC AZAD
UNIVERSITY
Iranshahi F.
P1-26
PREVALENCE OF OBESITY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT OF IRAN
Kashkooli V., Naghshbandi S., Moradi J. & Farokhroo N.
P1-27
ANTHROPOMETRICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF IRANIAN ELITE
WOMEN BADMINTON PLAYERS
Esfarjani F., Soltani N. & Marandi M.
P1-28
EFFECT OF TWO MONTHS AEROBIC TRAINING ON SERUM HS-CRP IN NON- ATHLETE
FEMALES
Aghaei F. & Soleimani M.
P1-29
THE EFFECT OF INTERVAL AND CONTINUES AEROBIC AND RESISTANCE TRAINING ON
PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN WELL TRAINED ATHLETE
Motamedi P., Rajabi H. & Shariatzade M.
P1-30
A DEVELOPMENT OF METHOD AND AN ELECTRONIC FLEXIBILITY TESTING
EQUIPMENT FOR PEOPLE
Tongterm T. & Suputtitada A.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxiv P1-31
THE STUDY OF CERVICAL CURVATURE IN FORWARD HEAD POSTURE
Keavanloo F. , Seyedahmadi M., Pejhan A., Kooshan M. & Hambooshy L.
P1-32
FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENT INSTRUCTIONS INTERVENTION ON GROSS MOTOR TO
GROUP WITH LEARNING DIFFICULTIES
Zainuddin Z. A., Ibrahim H. & Latif M. F.
P1-33
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SOME INJURIES AMONG PHYSICAL EDUCATION COLLEGE
STUDENTS
Kasbparast Jui Ray M.
P1-34
THE EFFECT OF 8 WEEKS SELECTED TRAININGS ON SOME DISORDERS OF WALKING
GROWING PATTERN ON 3 - 5 KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN IN ISFAHAN
Asadi F. & Asadi farsani F.
P1-35
CLOSED-KINETIC CHAIN EVALUATION OF ANKLE JOINT PROPRIOCEPTION IN
ATHLETES WITH FUNCTIONAL ANKLE INSTABILITY
Amini aghdam S., Sheikh esmaeili S. & Behpoor N.
P1-36
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GENERAL HEALTH AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS OF
PHYSICALLY ACTIVE AND INACTIVE GOVERNMENTAL EMPLOYEES IN IRAN
Eshraghi H. & Salehi L.
P1-37
COMPARISON OF MEN'S AND WOMEN'S VARSITY
Singh D. K.
P1-38
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ERGONOMICS DESIGN, BURNOUT, WORK-RELATED
MUSCULOSKELETON DISORDERS AND JOB SATISFACTION OF FINANCIAL WORKERS IN
BANGKOK AND VICINITY.
Poonchob K., Teerakathiti P. & Pinthong M.
P1-39
ASSESSMENT & RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MENTAL HEALTH & HEALTH RELATED
PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS IN GUILAN UNIVERSITY PERSONNEL
Modjataba mohamad zadeh
P1-40
METHYLPHENIDATE AND EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE: A STUDY ON NEUTROPHILES OF
MALE RAT
Kamoonzadeh A.
Dcember 12, 2010
15:00 – 15:40 hrs.
P2-01
P2-02
EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE SPRINT
SWIMMING RECORDS AND MUSCLE STRENGTH OF MALE COMPETITIVE
SWIMMERS.
Asady K., Babai sadati S., Azizi M., Abaszade H. & Zameni L.
EFFECT OF ENDURANCE, RESISTANCE AND CONCURRENT TRAINING ON
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PLASMA LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE AND
CREATINE KINASE ACTIVITY OF UNTRAINED MEN STUDENTS.
Barari A. & Alavi H.
P2-03
EFFECT OF COCOA SUPPLEMENTATION ON PLATELET FACTORS (PLT, MPV, PDW)
OF ATHLETE MALE’S BLOOD AFTER AN AEROBIC EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
Soleimani M. & Aghaei F.
P2-04
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SLEEP QUALITY OF
TAIWAN MIDDLE-AGED PEOPLE
Chen W. H. & Yu C. F.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxv P2-05
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND NUTRITION BEHAVIORS AND
FAMILY BASED WITH OBESITY AMONG 12-14 YEARS OLD GIRLS IN TEHRAN
Matinhomaee H. & Alipour S.
P2-06
A COMPARISON OF LVEDS,LVEDD,SWT,PWT,LVM,SV,EF AND HR CHANGES OF LEFT
HEART VENTRICLE OF FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS OF KHUZESTAN SUPERIOR
LEAGUE DURING REGULAR TRAINING AND LONG-TERM DETRAINING
Khorshidi mehr M., Sajadian M. & Sepasi H.
P2-07
THE SURVEY OF THE EFFECT AEROBIC EXERCISES ON FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE
OF HEART IN DIABETIC MALE RATS
Khajehlandi A.
P2-08
THE EFFECT OF BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION BEFORE
EXERCISE ON SERUM CREATINE KINASE
Chen S. Y. & Lin J. C.
P2-09
EFFECT OF HONEY SUPPLEMENTATION ON RPE, HR, GLUCOSE, INSULINE AND
SERUM CORTISOL BEFOR CYCLING ACTIVITY
Ghaderi M., Sharafi H., Rahimi R. & Atashak S.
P2-10
EFFECT OF COCOA SUPPLEMENTATION ON ATHLETE'S BLOOD COAGULATION
FACTORS AFTER AN INCREMENTAL EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
Soleimani M., Sattarzadeh L. & Aghaei F.
P2-11
EFFECT OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CHALLENGE ON CARDIORESPIRATORY
SYSTEM IN WOMEN WITH DIFFERING FITNESS
Mehranpour A. B., Hasani S. A., Azarbayjani M. A., Tojari F. A., Marjani M. E., Didari J. A. &
Ghasemi S. H.
P2-12
CORRELATES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: FOCUS ON FUN SEEKING AND GENERAL
SELF-EFFICACY
Suh K.
P2-13
THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN RECOVERY FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL EXERCISE AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS
Park J., Suh K. & Lee J.
P2-14
THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE INGESTION ON BLOOD LACTATE
CONCENTRATION, PH AND ANAEROBIC POWER IN YOUNG TAEKWONDO PLAYERS
Hashemvarzi S.
P2-15
THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE L-CARNITINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON LACTATE
CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT TIME COURSES DURING RECOVERY
Moeini-shbestari M. & Kaviani M.
P2-16
ACTIVE KYOGLE - AN AUSTRALIAN RURAL COMMUNITY IN ACTION
Coulston S. & Anderson P.
P2-17
COMPARISON BETWEEN PHYSICAL FITNESS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF MALE
PUPILS OF INTERMEDIATE LEVEL IN COASTAL AREAS AND UPLAND
Alavi S., Alavi S., Ghzalian F. & Barari A.
P2-18
STUDY ON THREE TYPES OF CONCURRENT ( STRENGTH & ENDURANCE ),
STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE TRAINING LOAD CHANGES ON THE PERFORMANCE
AND MOOD INDICES IN THE MALE FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Alborz S. A., Ravasi A. R., Nikbakhsh R. N. & Taghibeikzadeh P. T.
P2-19
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN EFFECT OF USE BOTH BALL MACHINE AND
MULTI-BALL TRAINING IN DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE LEVEL OF BASIC
STROKES FOR TABLE TENNIS JUNIORS
Mansour Youssef S. G.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxvi P2-20
THE EFFECT OF STRENGTH AND VELOCITY TRAINING ON RANGE OF MOTION IN
THE MALE ELITE FIGURE SKATERS
Behaeen B. B., Taghibeikzadeh P. T., Sameh H. S., Babaie R. B. & Ebrahimi F. E.
P2-21
A SURVEY AND COMPARISON OF OVERTRAINING INCIDENCE IN IRANIAN ELITE
ATHLETES
Alavi S., Ebrahim A., Alavi S., Ghzalian F., Barari A. & Gamshidi S.
P2-22
THE EFFECT OF LEG-RAISING RECOVERY ON BODY TEMPERATURE FOLLOWING
HIGH-INTENSITY INTERMITTENT EXERCISE
Tikamram J., Chuanchaiyakul R., Widjaja W. & Pinthong M.
P2-23
THE EFFECTS OF CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON SOME OF PERFORMANCE AND
STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS IN YOUNG BODYBUILDERS
Mansouri M. , Abdi H. & Syamikhezri M.
P2-24
THE COMPARISON OF ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCE SYSTEM, LIPID AND PHYSICAL
FITNESS OF ZOURKHANEH ATHLETES, KARATECA PRACTITIONERS AND
SEDENTARY MEN
Naghizadeh H.
P2-25
EFFECT OF AN EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE AND GLUTAMINE SUPPLEMENTATION
INTAKE ON SERUMIC HS-CRP IN NON-ATHLETE
Pourrazi H., Jafari A., Aghaei F. & Ahmadi F.
P2-26
EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM GLUTAMINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON SERUM HS-CRP OF
NON-ATHLETE MALES, AFTER AN INCREMENTAL EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
Aghaei F. & Soleimani M.
P2-27
THE EFFECTS OF NEUROMUSCULAR TRAINING ON SPEED AND AGILITY
PERFORMANCE IN FEMALE INDIVIDUALS
Tsai Y., Lee C., Chen M., Liang L. & Lee A. J.
P2-28
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAXIMUM STRENGTH LOWER EXTERIMITY WITH
BALANCE IN YOUNG MEN ATHLETES.
Sokhangooei Y. , Sadeghiboroujerdi S. , Hajebi H. & Boobani B.
P2-29
THE EFFECTS OF SWIMMING INSTRUCTION ON BALANCE OF BLIND WOMAN
Ebrahimi F. E., Sadeghi H. S., Taghibeikzadehbadr P. T. & Babaie R. B.
P2-30
OBJECTIVITY, RELIABILITY, AND VALIDITY OF THE BENT-KNEE PUSH-UP FOR
GIRLS PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS AGE 10, 11 AND 12 YEARS OLD
Madon M. S. & Hashim A. A.
P2-31
THE EFFECTS OF INCREASING LOAD OF EXERCISE IN SHORT PERIOD ON
TESTOSTERONE TO CORTISOL RATIO AND MOOD STATE IN PROFESSIONAL MALE
SOCCER PLAYERS
Taghibeikzadebadr P. T., Azarbayjani M., Tojari F., Beikzadeh H. & Babaie R.
P2-32
DIASTOLIC FUNCTION AND EXERCISE CAPACITY IN HEART TRANSPLANT
RECIPIENTS
Carvalho V. O., Junior O. G., Guimaraes G. V., Vieira M. & Bocchi E. A.
P2-33
THE EFFECTS OF BODY FAT ON RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS IN THE NORMAL
AND OVERWEIGHT WOMEN
Afzalpour M., Keshtidar M. & Pirghazi E.
P2-34
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BODY POSITIONS IN QUADRICEPS RESISTANCE EXERCISES
ON RATE-PRESSURE PRODUCT (RPP) IN TRAINED MALES
Pourrazi H., Jafari A., Zamani sani S., Zar A. & Ahmadi
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxvii P2-35
FACTORS RELATED TO INCIDENCE OF WRESTLING INJURIES FROM THE
WRESTLERS POINT OF VIEW
Tadibi V. & Moghanlou D.
P2-37
THE EFFECT OF COGNITIVE- MOTOR ACTIVITIES ON SPEED AND LENGTH OF
WALKING IN 3 - 5 YEARS OLD CHILDREN
P2-38
THE EFFECT OF AEROBIC TRAINING AND DIET ON CARDIOVASCULAR
BIOMARKERS AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE WOMEN WITH
HYPERTENSION
Rahimian mashhad Z. & attarzadeh hosseini
P2-39
THE EFFECT OF COCOA POWDER ON FIBRINOGEN AND PLATELET FACTORS OF
NON-ATHLETE MALE'S BLOOD, AFTER AN INCREMENTAL EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
Soleimani M. , Aghaei F. , Mehdivand A. & Atashak S.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxviii December 13, 2010
10:40-11.20 hrs.
P3-01
COMPARISON OF MENTAL HEALTH BETWEEN ATHLETE AND NON-ATHLETE
STUDENTS OF IRAN
Ahmadi S., Ardalan N., Ali abadi S., Naghshbandi S., Nabavi nik M. & Jabari N.
P3-02
COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY COMPARED BEFORE PRACTICE WITH BEFORE
COMPETITION IN FREE STYLE WRESTLERS.
Salvand G., Kamoonzadeh A., Bagheri A. & Rismanbaf Z.
P3-03
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS(EXTRAVERSIONINTRAVERSION)AND PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE IN ELITE ATHLETE,NONELITE
ATHLETE AND NONATHLETE
Salehi Y., Shahbazi M., Salehi M. & Khajehlandi A.
P3-04
A COMPARISON OF SENSATION SEEKING AMONG DIFFERENT GROUPS OF
ATHLETES AND NON-ATHLETE STUDENTS
Teymori S., Seyedahmadi M., Keavanloo F. & Hambooshy L.
P3-05
COMPARISON OF TRAIT AGGRESSION OF MALE STUDENT IN SOLO STAND OF
BADMINTON WITH VOLLEYBALL TEAM PAYAM NOOR UNIVERSITY OF SARI
Barzegari A., Mehdivand A. & Abedi phiruzjayi G.
P3-06
STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPETITION EMOTIONS AND SELF TALK
PERFORMANCE IN ELITE MALE WRESTLING
Jafari siavashani F., Tojari F., Kamani S., Jafari siavashani F. & Abdolvahabi Z.
P3-07
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY TRAITS AND CREATIVE THINKING
WITH STUDYING HABITS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION APPLICATION STUDENTS &
TEACHERS
Salman T. D. & Mahmoud B. K.
P3-08
A COMPARISON OF THE HAPPINESS BETWEEN ATHLETE GIRL STUDENTS AND NON
ATHLETE GIRL STUDENTS
Reshadaoghani Z. & Syamikhezri M.
P3-09
STUDY AND COMPARISON OF MENTAL HEALTH AND RELEVANT REASONS IN
ATHLETE AND NON ATHLETE BOYS AND GIRLS STUDENTS
Seyedahmadi M., Taheri H., Keavanloo F., Taherzadeh J. & Koushan M.
P3-10
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORMS FOR MENTAL TOUGHNESS IN THAI NATIONAL
ATHLETES AND THAI ATHLETES
Pattanamontri C.
P3-11
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-EFFICACY AND EXERCISE ADHERENCE IN
BEHAVIORAL ACTIVATION/ INHIBITION SYSTEM
Lim H., Huh J., Song K. & Chung S.
P3-12
MASSIVE AMOUNT OF PRACTICE AND SPECIAL MEMORY REPRESENTATIONS,
"RETURN TO MOTOR PROGRAM" HYPOTHESIS
Nabavi nik M., Taheri H. & Moqadam A.
P3-13
GENDER DIFFERECES IN THE EFFECTS OF AROMA ON MOOD STATES AND EXERCISE
PERFORMANCE AFTER SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE
Nanbancha A., Juangphanich P. & Choosakul C.
P3-14
THE ROLE OF AEROBIC ACTIVITIES ON STUDENTS STRESS IN ESFAHAN, IRAN
Serjuee Z. & Eshraghi H.
P3-15
A STUDY ON THE PROTO-EXPERIENCE IN SPORT
Okuda A.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxix P3-16
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FOUR GROUPS COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FOUR GROUPS
OF ALZAHRA UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ATTITUDE TOWARD PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
AND SPORTS
Azarnoush B. , Mozafari A. , Jafari siavashani F. & Kamani S.
P3-17
THE VALUES IN THE ATHLETIC FIELD AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR FOR THE HANDBALL PLAYERS
Al-wattar N. S. & Al-sumaida'i T. T.
P3-18
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEISURE TIME SPORTS ACTIVITIES WITH MENTAL
HEALTH OF TEACHERS
Rouhani A., Zarei A. & Ghafouri F.
P3-19
THE EFFECTS OF SUCCESSIVE OFFICIAL COMPETITIONS ON SALIVARY CORTISOL
AND IMMUNOGOLOBULIN A IN GIRL HANDBALL PLAYERS
P3-20
SIBLING RESEMBLANCE FOR PHYSICAL FITNESS AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE IN
JAPANESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Okuda E.
P3-21
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS INTENSITY OF SPECIFIC BADMINTON FATIGUE ON SHORT
AND LONG SERVICE ACCURACY IN MEN EXPERT BADMINTON PLAYERS
Samadi H., Seyedahmadi M., Keayvanlou F., Taheri H. & Hambooshy L.
P3-22
VERY HIGH EFFORT INFLUENCE UPON THE LEVEL OF REMEMBERING SENSITIVITY
INTIME AND REACHING THE DISTANCE FOR SOCCER PLAYERS
Mahmood M. A. & Omar A. F.
P3-23
THE PREFERRED ATTACK STYLE OF SABER FENCERS
Juangphanich P., Kluensuwan P., Kluensuwan A., Nanbancha A.
P3-24
IMPACTS OF GENDER AND DOMICLIE ON MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS FOR EXERCISE
PARTICAPTION- A CASE STUDY OF ENGINEERING STUDENTS
Rajeswaran N.
P3-25
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND TENDENCY IN
SPORT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT SCIENCE STUDENTS
Behaeen B. B, Tojarie F. T., Sameh H. S., Taghibeikzadehbadr P. T. & Babaie R. B.
P3-26
THE COMPARISON OF SPORT COMPETITION ANXIETY OF ATHLETES
PARTICIPATING IN THE 2THS STUDENTS SPORT OLYMPIAD OF ISLAMIC AZAD
UNIVERSITIES 9 REGION
Hambooshy L., Seyedahmadi M., Keavanloo F., Kamal ahmadi A., Pymani R., Byhaghi H. &
Keramati H.
P3-27
RELATIONSHIP AMONG SENSATION SEEKING, EXERCISE EMOTION, BEHAVIORAL
ACTIVATION/ INHIBITION AND EXERCISE ADHERENCE IN PARTICIPANTS OF LIFE
TIME SPORTS
Huh J., Lim H., Chung S. & Song K
P3-28
RANKED DICISION FACTORS OF SCUBA DIVING TOURISTS
Teerakathiti P.& Keawaiyut U.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxx December 13, 2010
15:00 – 15:40 hrs.
P4-01
THE SURVEY OF THE EFFECT AEROBIC EXERCISES ON FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE
OF HEART IN DIABETIC MALE RATS OF SPRAGUE DAWELY-ALBINO SPECIES
Khajehlandi A. & Mohammadi domieh A.
P4-03
DESIGN & MANUFACTURING A COMPUTERIZED MULTIFUNCTION DYNAMOMETER
Meamarbashi A.
P4-04
COMPARING THE PERFORMANCE OF SOME BASIC SKILLS AND COGNITIVE
ACQUISITION IN HANDBALL ACCORDING TO THE PREVAILING BRAIN HEMISPHERE
Altaie E. H.
P4-05
COACHING ATHLETES WITH DISABILITIES: IMPORTANT GUIDELINES IN COACHING
AND TRAINING METHODOLOGY
Nagoor M. A, Rozita A.L & Hisyam C.M
P4-06
EFFECT OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA ON DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS (DOMS)
Yusof A. J. & Ahmad N.
P4-07
THE EFFECT OF 8-WEEK AEROBIC AND RESISTANCE TRAINING PROGRAMME ON
PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Aghaie m., Alijani E., Majdi-nassab N., Goharpey S. & Babadi M.
P4-08
EXERCISE THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH MS
Aghaie m., Alijani E., Mamajdi-nassab N., Goharpey S. & Babadi M.
P4-09
THE SURVEY OF SELECTIVE MOVEMENT THERAPY EFFECTIVENESS ON DYNAMIC
POSTURAL CONTROL OF THE PATIENTS WITH PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN SYNDROME
Balouchy R.
P4-10
THE SURVEY OF LOWER EXTREMITY ALIGNMENT IN THE ATHLETES AFFECTED BY
SHIN SPLINT
Balouchy R.
P4-11
THE INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF A PERIOD OF PHYSICAL THERAPY
BASED ON BALANCE AND GAIT IN PATIENTS HAVING PARKINSON
Taherzadeh J., Taheri H., Seyedahmadi M. ,Keavanloo F. ,Pejhan A. & Hambooshi L.
P4-12
ARE NAVICULAR DROP AND GENU RECURVATUM RISK FACTORS FOR INJURY OF
ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT IN ATHLETES
Amini aghdam S. , Baturak K. & Moradi F.
P4-13
A SURVEY OF INJURIES PREVALENCE IN VARSITY VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Singh S. K.
P4-14
COMPARISON OF PASSIVE HEAT AND RELAXATION IMPLEMENTATION TOWARDS
BODYLY RESPONSE (BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART BEAT)
Zainuddin Z. A. , Ibrahim H. & Harme N. H.
P4-15
THE EFFECT OF CORRECTIVE EXERCISE PROGRAM ON FLAT FOOT DEFORMITY OF
MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS.
Kouhi F. , Abbaszadegan M.
P4-16
ASSESSMENT OF THE PREVALENCE OF KYPHOSIS DISORDERS IN STUDENTS
Ghorbani L. & Mohammadi
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxxi P4-17
CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS (CHD) IN NON ATHLETE OBESE YOUTH
Bagheri A., Kamoonzadeh A., Rismanbaf Z. & Salvand G.
P4-18
EXERCISE MAINTENANCE IN WOMEN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS ADOPTING
GUOLIN QIGONG
Tan abdullah N. D.& Muhamad M.
P4-19
MOTIVATION-CREATING METHODS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER TO
IMPROVE THEIR EFFICIENCY
Sedaghati S.
P4-20
STUDY OF SPENDING LEISURE TIME (LT) OF HIGH INCOME YOUNGER GIRLS AGED
20 TO 25 IN TEHRAN WITH EMPHASIS ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES
Jafari siavashani F., Jafari R. & Kamani S.
P4-21
THE METHOD OF SPENDING LEISURE TIMES OF STUDENTS OF ISLAMIC AZAD
UNIVERSITY BRANCH OF BUSHEHR, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON SPORT ACTIVITIES
Hashemi F., Hamidi M. , Ershadi R. & Jahaneyan M.
P4-22
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PERCEIVED GENERAL SELF-EFFICACY AND
PERCEIVED ACHEIVEMENT MOTIVATION OF FEMALE ELITE FOOTBALL PLAYERS.
Poonchob K. & Chanklapruk K.
P4-23
CORRELATION OF RANKED DECISION FACTORS ON PURCHASING CHOICE FOR
SPORTS APPAREL BETWEEN UNDERGRADUATE FEMALE STUDENTS AND WORKING
WOMEN
Teerakathiti P. & Poonchob K.
P4-24
THE COMPARATIVE BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE CONSUMERS' PREFERENCE ON
BUYING DECISION OF SPORTS SHOE.
Poonchob K. & Pholsri N.
P4-25
WOMEN IN SPORT MANAGEMENT: INCREASED PRESENCE THROUGH HRM
STRUCTURES
KAMANI S., TOJARI F., JAFARI SIAVASHANI F. & KAMALI S.
P4-26
STUDY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN MEN SPORT MANAGERS ' PERSONALITY
CHARACTERS WITH JOB SATISFACTION
Kamani S., Jafari siavashani F., Kamani S. & Same H.
P4-27
THE INVESTIGATION OF MANAGERS LEADERSHIP STYLES AND THEIR
RELATIONSHIP WITH EMPLOYMENTS COMMITMENT AND GROUP COHESION IN
PHYSICAL EDUCATION ORGANIZATION OF IRAN
Moharamzadeh M. , Nori S. & Naghshbandi S.
P4-28
INVESTIGATING THE REASONS OF CAUSING BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS IN
WRESTLING AND FUTSAL'S SPECTATORS
Zahedmanesh F.
P4-29
DESIGNING THE SCALE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE FOR THE EXECUTIVE
DIRECTORS IN THE BRANCH'S OF EGYPTIAN SPORTS FEDERATIONS
Mahran K. A. & Mahmoud M. A.
P4-30
TO BUILD WEB 2.0 SPORTS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PLATFORM: A CASE
STUDY OF TAIWAN’S VOLLEYBALL DEVELOPMENT
Huang K. C., Lu Y. J., Huang K. H., Hu W. S. & Lin K. S.
P4-31
RELATION BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION AND PERSONAL TRAITS OF FEMALE
MANAGERS IN PROFESSIONAL SPORTS
Taj A. T., Shojaee F. S., Badami R. B., Afkhami M. A., Beikzadeh P. B. & Kamani S. K.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxxii P4-32
DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE SHARE BRAND LOYALTY FROM BRAND
ASSOCIATION IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE OF IRAN
Javani V., S.hosseini M. & Nasr esfahani D.
P4-33
MOST IMPORT ATTACHMENT TO AND INTEREST IN ORGANIZATION
MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS IN EMPLOYEES OF VARIOUS PHYSICAL EDUCATION
ORGANIZATION IN ESFAHAN PROVINCE
Afkhami M. A., Taj A. T., Taghibeikzadeh P. T. & Etebariyan A. E.
P4-34
A SURVEY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION OF SPORT COMPLEXES IN IRAN:
Tayebisany M., Bahmanpour H. & Abdi H.
P4-35
A STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEMAND FOR WATCHING FOOTBALL IN
STADIUMS
Javanmardi E. & Noghondarian K.
P4-36
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WITH BURN OUT AND
ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION ORGANIZATION OF
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN SPORTS EXPERTS
Khorvash M. , Ehsani M. , Askari A. R. & Botshekan M.
P4-37
THE STUDY OF TEAM INVOLVEMENT INFLUENCING ON FANS BRAND LOYALTY IN
IRANIAN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE
Javani V., S.hosseini M. & Rezaei H.
P4-38
THE INVESTIGATION OF COMPETITIVE BALANCE IN IRAN PRO LEAGUE (1995-2010)
Sadeghi boroujerdi S., Yoosefy B. & Naghshbandi S.
P4-39
THE INVESTIGATION OF COMPETITIVE BALANCE IN IRAN PRO LEAGUE AND
COMPARISON WITH ENGLAND, GERMANY, FRANCE, ITALY AND SPAIN IN 2009-2010
SEASON
Naghshbandi S., Yoosefy B., Sadeghi boroujerdi S., Ahmadi S. & Salavati R.
P4-40
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL SUBSCALES (STRUCTURE AND
TECHNOLOGY) OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION OFFICES IN ISFAHAN PROVINCE WITH
THE STRATEGY OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT (KM)
Askari A. R.& Eshraghi E.
P4-41
EFFECTIVE MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS AND THE ATTRACTION OF SPECTATORS TO
IRANIAN FOOTBALL PRIMARY LEAGUE
Mohammadi A., Torkfar A. & Khajehlandi A.
P4-42
THE EFFECT OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL PRACTICE ON MUSCLE ELECTRICAL
ACTIVITY IN FORCE PRODUCTION TASK
Yadolazadeh A., Namazizadeh M., Vaez musavi S., Behaeen B. & Same H.
P4-43
A STUDY OF HOCHIMINH CITY CITIZENS’ RECREATIONAL SPORT PARTICIPATION
AND CONSTRAINTS
Huynh T., Bui T. H.1 , Bui T. T. & Huang H. Y.
P4-44
RECREATION ACTIVITIES PARTICIPATION NEEDS OF STUDENT AT
RAJAMANGGALA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, CENTRAL ZONE
Mitsumphan C.
P4-45
ADOLESCENTS' EXERCISE BEHAVIOR AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SELFEFFICACY
Kim, Y. H., Na, S.J. & Kang, S.J.
P4-46
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RANK, ANTICIPATION, DURATION VARIBLES OF
PERFORMANCE ON DIFFERENT ANXIETY AND SELF-CONFIDENCE OF ATHLETES
Rahimian Z.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxxiii P4-47
EFFECTS OF CRYOTHERAPY AND PETRISSAGE MASSAGE ON SIGNS OF DOMS OF
KNEE EXTENSORS FOLLOWING STIMULATED PLYOMETRIC EXERCISE IN THAI
MALE
Muanjai P., Sanguanrungsirikul S. & Anomasiri W.
P4-48
EFFECTS OF TWO 8-WK HYDROTHERAPY AND PNF TRAINING PROGRAM ON
PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN
Tadibi V. & Goodarzi M.
P4-49
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUNDAMENTAL MOTOR DEVELOPMENT WITH BODY
COMPOSITION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL AND COMPARISON BETWEEN
SOMATOTYPE IN THE BOYS
Yadolazadeh A.
P4-50
THE RELATIONSHIP OF POSTURE CHARACTERISTIC AND TYPES OF MS DISEASE IN
THE WOMEN AND THEIR COMPARISON WITH HEALTH PERSON
Behaeen B , Sadeghi H., Same H., Jafari R., Jafari siavashani F. & Kamani S.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxxiv December 14, 2010
10:40 – 11:20 hrs.
P5-01
COMPARED IN SOME OF THE BIOKINEMATICS VARIABLES IN AND THEIR
RELATIONSHIP TO THE LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE FOR THE EMBRACING
MOVEMENT JUMP ON A COLT FOR GIRLS 7-8 YEARS
Saeed L. G.
P5-02
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERFORMANCE GENERAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION AT
THE ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITIES OF FARS PROVINCE
Panahi Z.
P5-03
COMPARISON OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL FITNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF
JUNIOR BOY STUDENT WERSTLEN
Kouhi F. & Abbaszadegan M.
P5-04
A COMPARISON THE EFFECTS OF MENTAL PRACTICE AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR
PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON SHOOTING BASKETBALL
Yadolazadeh A., Namazizadeh M., Behaeen B. & Same H.
P5-05
THE ANTHROPOMETRIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE
INDONESIAN MALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Kusnanik N. W.
P5-06
COMPARISON OF OXYGEN KINETIC DURING RECOVERY PERIOD AFTER MAXIMAL
PERMANENT ACTIVITY AND INTERVAL ACTIVITY IN FEMALE BASKETBALL
PLAYERS
Matinhomaee H. & Shahabpoor E.
ADULT OMNI SCALE OF PERCEIVED EXERTION FOR CYCLE ERGOMETER EXERCISE
IN ARABIC LANGUAGE: APPLICATION AND VALIDATION
Dabayebeh I. M.
P5-07
P5-08
MONITORING OF THE PRE-SEASON PREPARATORY TRAINING BY THE MOOD
PROFILE AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN THE MALE SOCCER PLAYERS
Taghibeikzadebadr P. T., Azarbayjani M., Tojari F., Beikzadeh H. & Babaie R.
P5-09
THE EFFECT OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL PRACTICE AND IT 'S COMBINATION ON
CHOICE REACTION TIME OF NO ATHLETES BOY STUDENTS
Abdi H.
P5-10
THE EFFECT OF AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM USING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ON
THE COGNITIVE FIELD AND THE PERFORMANCE OF FORWARD HANDSPRING ON
THE VAULTS TABLE BY THE STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF PHYSICAL
EDUCATION, ASSIUT UNIVERSITY
Mohamdain M. K.
P5-11
CONTRIBUTION RATE OF SOME PHYSICAL FITNESS IN PERFORMING SOME BASIC
SKILLS IN HANDBALL
Amen M. A.
P5-12
THE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE DIVISION A TABLE TENNIS PLAYER'S
CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND COUNSELING DEMAND
Li H. C.
P5-13
THE STUDY OF SWIMMING SCORE ANALYSIS IN 2000-2008 OLYMPIC 100 METERS
FREESTYLE
Kao M., Yang W., Chen P. & Liao P.
P5-14
VELOCITY DURING A 30 M SPRINT RUN AND STARTING BLOCK VARIABLES
Ilbeigi S. & Van gheluwe B.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxxv P5-15
P5-16
KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF FEMALE SABRE FENCING LUNGE DURING
COMPETITION
Limroongreungrat W. , Tongaim R. , Kluensuwan A. & Chottidao M.
THE STUDY OF LOWER EXTREMITY MOVEMENT DURING GOLF SWING IN THAI
AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL GOLFERS
Vanasant T., Mingkumlerd S. & Limroongreungrat W.
P5-17
THE EFFECT OF SYNCHRONIZE AND NON-SYNCHRONIZE ANGLE OF DOUBLE
SCULLING ON ROWING VELOCITY
Rachnavy P.
P5-18
THE IMPACT OF A SPEED ENDURANCE TRAINING PROGRAM ON SOME OF THE
VARIABLES BIOKENMATIC VARIABLES TO PASS THE HURDLES IN THE X RAN 400METER HURDLES FOR MEN
Alhajar S. T.
P5-19
COMPARING SOME BIOMECHANICAL FEATURES AND ACCURACY IN TWOTYPES OF
FAR SHOOTING IN HANDBALL
Mohammed M. & Abdulwahid S. Y.
P5-20
THE IMPACT OF PARTIAL METHOD THROUGH USUAL GRADUATING USING
PERIODIC AND CONTINUOUS TRAINING METHODS ACCORDING TO SOME
BIOKINEMATIC VARIABLES IN ACQUIRING 800M RUNNING LEVEL
Ibrahim H. S.
P5-21
KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF DRAGON BOAT PADDLING: A COMPARISON OF ELITE
MALE AND FEMALE PADDLERS.
Raktavee P. & Hiranrat S.
P5-22
COMPARING SOME KINEMATICAL VARIABLES OF FRONT JUMP SET BETWEEN
MALE AND FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Eltayeb M. M.
P5-23
COMPARISON OF THE BILATERAL DIFFERENCES ON HIP AND KNEE ISOKINETIC
STRENGTH IN MALE TENNIS PLAYERS AND GENERAL POPULATION
Cheng C., Wang Y., Fan chiang W., Liang L. & Lee A.
P5-24
KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF YOUTH WEIGHTLIFTERS DURING THE SNATCH
Hirunrat S. & Raktavee P.
P5-25
ADOLESCENTS' PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES
Alshamli A. K.
P5-26
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN OMAN: HISTORY, CURRENT SITUATION AND FUTURE
CHALLENGES
Alrawahi N. Y.
P5-27
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BIOPHYSICAL RHYTHM AMONG SHORT AND LONG
DISTANCES PLAYERS IN TRACK AND FIELD
Ibrahim H. S. & Qader A. H.
P5-28
GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SPORT IN THE PROVINCE OF
KURDISTAN-IRAQ
Abdullatef D.
P5-29
EFFECT OF A DETRAINING COURSE ON SOME FUNCTIONAL INDEXES AND
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH) AND CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE (CPK)
ENZYMES IN BLOOD SERUM OF ELITE TAEKWONDO PLAYERS
Hashemvarzi S.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxxvi P5-30
THE INFLUENCE OF RESISTANCE, AEROBIC AND CONCURRENT TRAINING ON
SERUM VISFATIN CONCENTRATIONS IN HEALTHY MEN
Sheikholeslami vatani D., Faraji H., Rahimi R. & Ahmadizad S.
P5-31
THE EFFECT OF RESISTANCE TRAINING AT DIFFERENT INTENSITY ON IL-1, IL-6, HSCRP AND FIBRINOGEN IN YOUNG MEN
Sheikholeslami vatani D., Ahmadi S., Ahmadi dehrashid K. & Gharibi F.
P5-32
EFFECTS OF 8 WEEKS RESISTANCE VERSUS ENDURANCE TRAINING ON PLASMA
VISFATIN IN MIDDLE-AGED
Mohammadi domieh A. & Khajehlandi A.
P5-33
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF TARBIAT MODARES ANAEROBIC TEST (TMAT) IN
MALE WRESTLERS
Khaki A. B., Agha alinejad H. A., Mehranpour A. B. & Hasani S. A.
P5-34
KNEE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF TAIWAN FEMALE ROWERS
Chen W. H.
P5-35
THE EFFECT OF UNILATERAL ON BILATERAL LOWER LIMB DYNAMIC BALANCE
TRAINING
Same H. S., Behaeein B. B., Sadeghi. S.& Taghibeikzadehbadr P. T.
P5-36
THE EFFECTS OF WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION TRAINING ON VERTICAL JUMP
PERFORMANCE IN HANDBALL ATHLETES
Chang H., Wang Y., Chang J., Liang L. & Lee A.
P5-37
SIX WEEKS NEUROMUSCULAR TRAINING IMPROVES AGILITY PERFORMANCE IN
FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
P5-38
PERCEIVED EXERTION RATE, BLOOD LACTATE AND VO2MAX RESPONSES TO A
MAXIMUM CYCLING PERFORMANCE AFTER PLYOMETRIC TRAINING
Moahammad nia A., Afzalpour M. E. & Khoshbakhti J.
P5-39
THE INFLUENCE OF LONG RANGE SHOOTING TRAINING TO 3-POINT SHOOTING
PERCENTAGE OF MALE COLLEGE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Chen C.
P5-40
ANKLE WEIGHTS, GRADIENT AND THE WALK-RUN TRANSITION SPEED
Harun H. H. & Kamaruddin A.
P5-41
THE DIFFERENCES OF POSTURAL STABILITY BETWEEN ACCURATE AND
INACCURATE SHOOTING IN ELITE FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Tseng T., Chi L., Wang L., Li C. & Lee A.
P5-42
PREVALENCE RATE OF SPORT INJURIES IN IRAN FEMALE KARATE KA, AND ITS
RELATION IN ANTHROPOMETRICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INDEXES
Narenjchi F. & Boobani B.
P5-43
EFFECT OF 4 WEEKS DETRAINING FOLLOW 8 WEEKS AEROBIC TRAINING ON
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC POWER IN STUDENTS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AZAD
UNIVERSITY OF SHOUSHTAR
Sajadian M. & Shiasi H.
P5-44
EFFECTS OF A FOUR WEEK PLYOMETRIC TRAINING PROGRAM ON MUSCLE POWER
AND SPRINT PERFORMANCE IN MALE KABADDI ATHLETES
Khaothin J. & Jiradechakul K.
P5-45
DETERMINING THE PREVALENCE AND CAUSES OF SPORT INJURIES AMONG
IRANIAN SUPER LEAGUE FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Rahimian mashhad Z. & Attarzadeh hosseini R.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxxvii P5-46
STUDY EFFECT OF BODY WEIGHT AND FOOT WEAR ON FLAT FOOT DEFORMITY
Kouhi F. & Abbaszadegan M.
P5-48
RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF PRINCIPALS, COACHIES AND
ADMINISTRATORS
Khaothin J. & Jiradechakul K.
I C S E S 2 0 1 0 | xxxviii Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010
Journal of Sports Science and Technology
(J. Sports Sci. Technol.)
Official Journal of the Sports Science Society of Thailand (SSST)
and the Sports Authority of Thailand (SAT)
Honorary Advisors
Prof. Dr. Sek Aksaranukroa
Dr. Sakchai Tapsuwan
Assoc. Prof. Dr.Jaroyporn Thoranin
Prof. Dr. Chusak Veschapasn
Asst. Prof. Dr. Nath Indhaparn
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Monthree Chulasamaya
Prof. Dr. Vorasak Peanchop
Dr. Somchai Prasertsiriphan
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wichai Wanadurongwan
Mr. Kanokphand Chulakasem
Editor
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thyon Chentanez
Vice Editors
Dr.Weerawat Limroongreungrat
Asst. Prof. Buarong Lewchalermwongse
Editorial Board
Prof. Dr. Chusak Veschapasn
Prof. Dr. Thirayudh Glinsukon
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pratoom Muangmee
Prof. Dr. Bangon Chomdej
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vijit Kanungsukkasem
Prof. Dr. Ratree Soodsuang
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Supith Samahito
Prof. Dr. Chumpol Pholpramool
Assoc. Prof. Pipat Cherdrungsri
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thyon Chentanez
Prof. Dr. Sombat Karnjanakij
Asst. Prof. Dr. Chalerm Chaiwatcharaporn
Prof. Dr. Arth Nana
Asst. Prof. Dr. Rungchai Chaunchaiyakul
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kornrawee Boonchai
Asst. Prof. Dr. Opas Sinphurmsukskul
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kalaya Kijboonchoo
Dr. Suwat Sithilaw
Managing Editor
Miss Chonlada Sapeeya
Mrs. Pornpimon Surintawong
Mrs. Surachat Artsub
Miss Niphawan Wongyai
Miss Rodjana noojeam
Miss Siraprapa Kunkum
Sub Lt. Phavadol Raktavee
1
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010
ICSES 2010
International Conference of Sports and Exercise Science
ABSTRACTS
2
KEYNOTE LECTURES
3
4
L-02
EXERCISE AS ANTI-AGING
Prof. K. Sathayavelu Reddy and Dr. K. Mallikarjuna
Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University
Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
From the ancient times sports/exercise are being take part in human life in the form of traditional
games or competitions among various societies around the world for social well being. Still now
sports are considering as a best remedy for mental relax and also as medicine for several human
diseases. Research indicates that modest amounts of exercise even just 15 minutes a day helps ease
depression, enhances self-image, relieves stress, and much more. Apart from this, yoga, a well known
exercise medicine, is gaining so much popularity as a medicine for several physiological disorders.
Although yoga originated from India, it spreads all around the world, because of its medicinal
importance. Faith on yoga is still continuing in India that many uncontrolled diseases could possibly
controlled by participating in yoga. This was evidenced by improved blood circulation, paracrine
system and decreased harmful cholesterol in the body. Many countries are now using yoga as a
therapy to treat mental and physical disorders. From the decades, several outstanding reports
demonstrating that regular moderate exercise have several health benefits against age-mediated
diseases. Perceptively from our lab, we reported attenuated oxidative stress in different tissues of aged
rats by exercise training. We also found that alcohol-induced oxidative damage was further
exacerbated in aged rats, and this was completely reversed by treadmill running. In light of exercise
benefits, WHO recommended different exercise protocols for different age groups. Although several
convincing evidences emphasizing the beneficial effects of regular exercise against age-dependent
diseases, still public is not well aware and not participating in regular exercise programs. In this
context, it is necessary to take some clear strategies by the individuals and by the government
agencies to participate in exercise programs to avoid the age-induced diseases and to promote life
quality. In the same way, it is necessary to spread caption among the people that ‘exercise is medicine
and anti-aging drug’.
Dr. Kesireddy. Sathyavelu Reddy had PhD in the year 1985 from Sri Venkateswara
University. He is a Professor of Zoology since 2004
Prof. Reddy is specialized in Exercise and Aging Physiology, Alcohol Toxicology and
Genetic Engineering. He Developed RHBM and CLAM models using freshwater mussels
as biomarker to detect the impact of pesticide pollution .Dr. Reddy’s research group
focusing on two areas. One is, screening of antioxidant compounds from herbal plants under
alcoholic and diabetic induced oxidative stress conditions. Another one Genetic Engineering approach to
understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of Tuberculosis disease. More than 80
articles published in reputed National and International Journals.
Prof. Reddy was awarded Fellow of National Environmental Science Academy (FNESA), Fellow of Andhra
Pradesh Academi of Sciences (FAPAS) in 2008, Commonwealth Fellowship 2009 to work in collaboration
with Prof. Graham Burton, Director, Trophoblast Research Centre, in the University of Cambridge, UK, DBT
Overseas Associate ship, U.S. NIST Biotechnology Fellowship, American Heart Foundation Research
Associate ship, and IUPS Travel Fellowship. He received Certificate of Appreciation for the International
Cooperation in Science and Technology by Department of Commerce of US Government. He is Associated
with the Editorial board of Chinese Journal of Physiology and many other National and International Journals.
He received Research grants from UGC, CSIR, DST, Successfully guided 14 PhD and 4 M.Phil students. At
present he is a Convener of NESA’s District Environmental Centre, Coordinator Bioinformatics program and
Secretary, S.V.University Teachers’ Association in Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India.
5
L-06
EXERCISE FOR BONE HEALTH
Hargens, AR and Stuhr, RM
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California
San Diego, USA
Similar to skeletal muscle, bone is a metabolic tissue that responds to exercise by becoming denser
and stronger. People who are regular exercisers gain more peak bone mass (maximum bone density
and strength) than people who are sedentary. For most people, bone mass peaks about 25 years of age
and thereafter, bone mass falls. Middle-aged women and men can help prevent bone loss with regular
exercise. Moreover, exercising allows women and men to maintain muscle strength, coordination, and
balance, which in turn helps to prevent falls and related fractures. Aerobic and resistive exercise is
especially important for older people who have been diagnosed with osteoporosis. The best exercise
for your bones is load-bearing, variable and high-force exercise. This includes strength training and
upright weight-bearing exercise which provides increased ground reaction forces (GRFs) due to
gravity. Some examples of weight-bearing exercises include weight training, walking, jogging,
hiking, going down stairs, tennis, and dancing. Examples of exercises that are not weight-bearing
include swimming and bicycling. Although these activities help build and maintain strong muscles
and have excellent cardiovascular benefits, they are not the best way to exercise your bones.
According to the US Surgeon General, the optimal goal for overall health is at least 30 minutes of
physical activity on most days, preferably daily.
In terms of deconditioning related to microgravity simulated by bed rest (BR), recent evidence
suggests there are gender differences in bone loss. We hypothesized that supine treadmill exercise
within lower body negative pressure (LBNP) maintains upright physiologic responses and tissue mass
during microgravity as simulated by head-down tilt (HDT) BR. Thirty identical twins (women and
men) and separately, 16 women (age 25-40 years) underwent 30- and 60-days of continuous HDT (-6
degrees) BR, respectively. Volunteers were assigned to either a control group (CON) who performed
no exercise or to an exercise group (EX). EX subjects performed a 40-min, variable intensity (40-80%
pre-BR VO2pk) LBNP exercise protocol at foot-ward forces between 1.0-1.2 times body weight, 3-6
days/week. Post-BR orthostatic tolerance (time to pre-syncope) was less in women than men and
significantly greater in the EX groups than in the CON groups for both genders (p< 0.05). Heart mass
decreased significantly in CON, but increased significantly in EX. Post-BR upright VO2pk, muscle
strength, sprint speed, and endurance decreased significantly in CON, but these parameters were
preserved in EX. Bone losses were counteracted in EX as compared to CON, more so in men than in
women.
Supine treadmill exercise protocol within LBNP maintains orthostatic responses, upright exercise
capacity, heart mass, muscle strength, sprint speed and endurance during 30- and 60-days HDT BR.
By comparison with previous studies, cardiac atrophy occurs similarly in women and men during
HDT BR. Importantly, upright VO2pk is maintained for at least 5 days following the last LBNP
exercise session, despite reduced session frequency (3-4 sessions/week in 60-day BR studies of
women compared to 6 sessions/week in 30-day BR studies of identical twins). However, bone is less
well-protected during our 60-day study (with Flywheel resistive exercise) compared to our twins’
protocol with LBNP exercise alone 6 days/week (without Flywheel resistive exercise). Overall these
results help us understand gender differences associated with BR and space flight as well as the
efficacy of our exercise countermeasure protocol compared to very sedentary condition.
Supported by NASA, ESA, CSA, and CNES; and by NASA Grants NAG9-1425 and NNJ04HF71G
as well as support from the Dept of Orthopaedic Surgery at UCSD. We thank the UCSD-twin and
WISE-2005 volunteers, UCSD GCRC staff, and MEDES staff.
Keywords: bone loss, exercise, ground reaction forces, gender
6
Alan R. Hargens, Ph.D. is Professor and Director of the Orthopaedic Clinical
Physiology Lab at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). He previously
served as Chief of the Space Physiology Branch and Space Station Project Scientist at
NASA Ames Research Center (1987-2000) and Consulting Professor of Human
Biology at Stanford University (1988-2000). His recent research concerns gravity
effects on the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems of humans and animals. He
also investigates exercise devices to maintain astronaut health and performance in
microgravity and partial gravities. This research is translated to aid post-surgical
treatment and rehabilitation of orthopaedic patients and to improve performance of athletes. In addition to his
research on gravitational stress, Dr. Hargens measures tissue fluid and osmotic pressures, including those in
giraffes to understand how they prevent dependent edema, those in skeletal muscle to diagnose compartment
syndromes, and those in intervertebral discs to help understand low back pain. Dr. Hargens has edited seven
books and published more than 270 peer-reviewed articles, 47 chapters, 40 NASA Reports, and 520 abstracts in
general areas of comparative physiology, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal physiology, and orthopaedic
surgery. He also holds eight patents. Dr. Hargens is a Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine and
a Fellow of the Aerospace Medical Association. He is Associate Editor of the Journal of Gravitational
Physiology. He is the recipient of a NIH Research Career Development Award, Elizabeth Winston Lanier
Award from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and Orthopaedic Research Society, Recognition
Award from the American Physiology Society, and two NASA Honor Awards. He is a Board Member and
Past President of the International Society of Adaptive Medicine and a winner of the Hallman Award from the
University of Waterloo, Canada. Dr. Hargens is also a member of other professional societies including
American Physiology Society, Orthopaedic Research Society, International Society for Gravitational
Physiology, American Society of Gravitational and Space Biology, and Aerospace Medical Association. He
has chaired or served on several Veteran’s Affairs, NASA, NIH, International Space Science Review and
National Academy of Sciences Panels. Dr. Hargens received his undergraduate degree, Summa Cum Laude, in
Chemistry from the University of Minnesota, and his Ph.D. in Marine Biology from Scripps Institution of
Oceanography at UCSD. The web site for the Orthopaedic Clinical Physiology Lab is: http://bones.ucsd.edu
SYMPOSIA
7
8
S1-01
RISK AND COSTS OF PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
Prof. K. Sathyavelu Reddy and Dr. K. Mallikarjuna
Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University
Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
In the recent years, physical inactivity is the main concern for many metabolic diseases including
obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension and many others. This is more prevalent
particularly in old people. However, age-dependent diseases are found even in middle or young age
people due to lack of regular physical exercise. Early signs of aging in young population lead to sever
metabolic abnormalities, which certainly cause early fatal. On the other hand, nowadays sophisticated
lifestyle yielding enriched calorie intake and energy deposits in the body in terms of fat. This scenario
has been identically observed in different societies among different age groups all around the world.
In addition, increased medication during aging may also increase the risk of other side effects. This
can be avoiding by the rapid metabolism of the drugs, which can achieve through regular exercise.
Furthermore, evidences from the research reports are increasing that either sports or exercise is highly
beneficial for psychological well being. Regular exercise is well reported as a crucial factor that
could improve the mood and quality of life. On the other hand, participating in sports could facilitate
normal physiological conditions, including balanced hormones regulation, improved insulin
sensitivity, metabolic rate and antioxidant homeostasis. Any fluctuations in these vital systems can
lead to failure several physiological conditions which ultimately cause diseases. By considering all
these enormous health effects, sport or exercise is considering as ‘non-pharmaceutical drug/medicine’
for many human ailments. In this talk we will review the current research on different exercise
regimens for healthy life and well being.
9
S1-02
EXERCISE FOR WEIGHT CONTROL
Prof. Chia-Hua Kuo
Department of Sports Sciences, Taipei Sports University, Taipei, Taiwan
Increased prevalence of obesity has now becoming the major health threat for many developing
countries in Asia. Based on epidemiological evidence, the secular trend of increasing obese
population is best explained by recent technological transition, which leads to less physically active
lifestyle. Exercise training has been recognized as an important intervention to inhibit accumulation
of body fat, based on numerous intervention and longitudinal cohort studies. However, misleading
interpretations of exercise training effect on body composition are often becoming barrier for coach or
health professional to prescribe effective fat-reducing exercise regimen. Both aerobic and anaerobic
exercise training work equally well on reducing body fat, suggesting that exercise training effect is
not be mediated by fat burning. It is generally known that fat is the major fuel under resting
condition, whereas increasing exercise intensity will increase energy reliance on carbohydrate fuel.
Furthermore, exercise training can increase 24-h energy consumption but the rate of fat oxidation
remains unchanged. The underlying mechanism that exercise training can reduce body fat is mainly
due to increased fuel deposition into skeletal muscle, while decreases fuel distribution to adipose
tissue. Exercise training temporally increases insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle and thus increases
partitioning of postprandial fuel into this major fuel storage site of the body. Under training state,
circulatory triacylglycerol (TG) are less likely to be taken up by adipose tissue since lipoprotein lipase
activity (the enzyme help to breakdown circulatory TG) and its gene expression level are decreased,
while exercise causes opposing change in skeletal muscle. Meal time is also important component for
fat-reducing exercise program. Early evidence indicates that delayed meal intake after exercise
decreases the beneficial effect of exercise training on body composition. In conclusion, exercise
training is essential for reducing body fat. This effect is mainly associated with increased fuel
distribution into skeletal muscle, while decreased fuel distribution into adipose tissue.
Chia-Hua Kuo is a professor and chairperson for Department of Sports Sciences in
Taipei Sports University, Taipei, Taiwan. He is currently serves as President for the
Society of Adaptive Science for Taiwan (SAST) and Secretary General for
International Society for Adaptive Medicine (ISAM). As an active sports scientist,
Professor Chia-Hua Kuo published more than 100 peer-reviewed journal papers, and
serves as reviewer for more than 15 international academic journals, such as
American Journal of Physiology, AGE, American Journal of Preventive Medicine,
Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, Obesity Research (Obesity), Diabetes &
Metabolism, Molecular & Cell Biochemistry, British Journal of Sports Medicine,
Clinica Chimica Acta, International Journal of Cardiology, BMC Physiology,
Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, European Journal of
Applied Physiology, Journal of Food Biochemistry. Chia-Hua Kuo received an interdisciplinary doctoral
degree from University of Texas at Austin at 1997, in the area of Exercise Physiology, Molecular Biology, and
Biochemistry. Most of his research works are involved with lifestyle intervention on correcting insulin
resistance and its underlying mechanism.
10
S1-03
EXERCISE FOR HEALTH PROMOTION AND
REHABILITATION OF JOINTS
Hargens, AR
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego
San Diego, California 92103 USA
Our recent NASA and NIH-funded research addresses several risk factors and critical questions in
Critical Path Road Maps related to countermeasures against musculoskeletal and cardiovascular loss
associated with aging, weightlessness (microgravity) and bed rest, an extreme form of sedentary
activity. Also, our exercise findings apply to prevention and rehabilitation of joint disease. We have
evaluated treadmill exercise within lower body negative pressure (LBNP) to prevent deconditioning
during microgravity simulated by bed rest. Fifteen sets of identical twins (16 males and 14 females,
21-48 years) remained in 6º head-down-tilt, bed rest for 30 days to simulate microgravity. One twin
from each pair (EX) was randomly selected to exercise supine in our LBNP chamber for 40 min at
1.0-1.2 body weights for six days per week. Their twin siblings served as non-exercise controls
(CON). Orthostatic tolerance (time to pre-syncope) and sprint speed decreased significantly (p< 0.05)
after 30 days bed rest in the CON group, but was relatively maintained in the EX group. Upright peak
oxygen consumption (VO2pk), muscle strength, and endurance decreased significantly in CON group,
but these functional parameters were preserved in the EX group. Also, the EX group had significantly
higher back muscle strength and lower lumbar-spine compressibility after bed rest than the CON
group. The efficacy of our integrated exercise countermeasure is documented during simulated
microgravity and translated to orthopaedic benefit with respect to rehabilitation of athletes and
orthopaedic patients after joint surgery. For example, lower body positive pressure (LBPP) exercise
(eg, with “Alter-G” trainer) is a useful tool for rehabilitation after sports injuries and after orthopaedic
surgery such as ACL repair and total joint replacement. LBPP rehabilitation preserves gait mechanics
while reducing lower-extremity ground reaction forces in postoperative patients. Future LBPP
rehabilitation studies will focus on elderly hip fracture patients that normally have high rates of
morbidity and mortality. Finally, our studies of identical twins provide quantification of regional and
gender specific heritability of skeletal and calcium-handling traits in health and disease.
Supported by NASA, ESA, CSA, and CNES; by NIH grant M01 RR00827; and by NASA Grants
NAG9-1425 and NNJ04HF71G. We thank the identical twin volunteers and UCSD GCRC staff.
11
S2-01
FUELLING FOR SUCCESS
Alisa Nana
PhD Scholar, AIS Sports Nutrition
Nutrition is one of the key factors known to influence competitive success. Good nutrition and eating
practices are essential in providing fuel needed to meet the demands of training and physiological
adaptations, maintaining the immune function, as well as facilitating growth in adolescent athletes.
Poor attention to nutrition will not only affect performance, but it may compromise the immune
function as well as increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes, for example, iron deficiency
anaemia, stress fractures or osteoporosis later in life.
Building a solid base with good nutrition principles should start at an early stage of an athlete’s
career. The athlete needs to understand the nutrition basics that are essential in supporting every day
bodily functions and able to apply this knowledge by choosing appropriate meals and snacks that meet
his/her individual requirements. Particularly, education messages should also be reinforced through
practical education and “real life” practices, such as cooking class, supermarket shopping or recovery
options etc.
Nutrition is not only essential for every day eating, but it is also vital in supporting the demands and
stress from gruelling training sessions and competition load. It is important to remember that every
athlete is unique, therefore, short term and long term goals should be made clear, and nutrition
strategies and hydration plan should be devised individually. Always consider other additional factors,
such as, increased stress associated with constant travelling or altitude training, food allergies or
unique cultural practices. Many athletes will also likely to have additional goals that they are working
towards, which may require specific requirements (e.g. rehabilitating from an injury, developing
adolescent athlete, trying to improve strength by gaining muscle mass etc). All of these must be taken
into consideration when devising a strategic nutrition plan. Nutrition strategies must be trialled during
training well in advance.
Good nutrition practices are one of the foundations for optimum success and it is not surprising that
many athletes get drawn into the “quick fix” message often promoted by the supplement industry. The
role of supplements and ergogenic aids is seen as the “icing on the cake” and should only be used
under the direction of Sports Dietitian/Sports Physician. Inappropriate or misguided use of
supplements will not only lead to adverse health outcomes (e.g. side effects), but also increases the
risk of positive doping test. However, sports foods such as sports drink, gel, liquid meal supplement
or protein bar can be useful and is seen as a practical way in delivering compact and convenient fuel
during training and competition.
Sports nutrition is still very much a growing field and the need to “stay on top” of the science is
crucial. Working in a multidisciplinary team is very helpful in understanding the athlete environment;
this can be helpful to a Sports Dietitian in devising an individualised nutrition plan that can be
implemented effectively. More importantly, the athlete’s progress should also be tracked and
consistently review over time so that strategies can be adjusted accordingly. Many useful resources
are available (useful websites: AIS Sports Nutrition, Sports Dieititian Australia, PINES, and IOC
etc.).
12
In 2002, Alisa undertook an Honours Degree of Bachelor of Nutrition and
Dietetics at Monash University of which she completed in 2006. From 2007 –
2009, Alisa worked as a Clinical Dietitian at the Research Centre for Nutrition
Support, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Alisa returned to Australia and is
currently doing her PhD through RMIT, and based at the Australian Institute of
Sport’s (AIS) Physique and Fuel Centre in Canberra. Whilst undertaking her
PhD at the AIS, Alisa is privileged to be working with Prof. Louise Burke,
Head of Sports Nutrition at the AIS, Dr. Gary Slater of University of Sunshine
Coast and Prof. John Hawley of RMIT. Her PhD research examines the
reliability of DXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) in monitoring body composition in elite athletes and
hopes to longitudinally track body composition changes over time. Her other research interests include body
composition assessment techniques and sports nutrition. Other qualifications include Accredited Practising
Dietitian (APD), Accredited Sports Dietitian, and ISAK Level 2 Anthropometrist.
13
S2-02
WEIGHT CONTROL IN ATHLETES
Jongjit Angkatavanich, RPh., MS., PhD., CNSC
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok, Thailand
Weight control is a big issue in sports nutrition. Rapid reduction of body weight to achieve desirable
weight class, or to render body slimness in aesthetic sport puts many athletes under pressure thereby
undergo severe diet restriction. Many athlete especially female ones are chronically energy deficient
or malnourished. Stress from body dissatisfaction and dieting can possibly lead to disordered eating.
Disordered eating patterns can negatively impact an athlete's mental and physical well being and
ultimately their athletic performance. The severe form may be ascribed as anorexia athletica, a term
introduced in early 1990s, which is a state of reduced energy intakes and reduced body mass despite
high physical activity. Chronic low or very low energy intakes can result in loss of muscle mass,
menstrual dysfunction, loss of or failure to gain bone density, an increased risk of fatigue, injury, and
illness, and a slow recovery process. Moreover, prolonged intensive training and rapid weight
reduction suppress mucosal immunity and incidence of upper respiratory tract infection is increased
after competition.
Different weight reduction scheme are practiced. Some follow low-carbohydrate diet or low fluid
intake which reduces physical performance. Recognizing the adverse consequences of too extreme
weight control in athletes, the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American
College of Sports Medicine 2009 recommend appropriate selection of foods and fluids, timing of
intake, and supplement choices for optimal health and exercise performance. Carbohydrate
recommendations for athletes range from 6 to 10 g/kg body weight/d. Protein recommendations for
endurance and strength trained athletes range from 1.2 to 1.7 g/kg /d. Increased protein intakes from
1.0 g/kg/d to around 2.3 g/kg/d in a short term exercise experiment reduces lean body mass decline
during weight loss period in athletes. This should be practiced with adequate fluid intake. Fat intake
should range from 20% to 35% of total energy intake. Consuming <20% of energy from fat does not
benefit performance. It is worth considering micronutrient supplementation especially water-soluble
vitamins for athletes who restrict energy intake, use severe weight-loss practices, eliminate one or
more food groups from their diet, or consume unbalanced diets with low micronutrient density.
Dietary supplements claimed as weight-loss aids are popular among athletes. Chromium salts,
conjugated linoleic acids, capsaicin, and caffeine are examples of such agents but efficacy is not
proven. Presence of undeclared substance which could possibly be doping agent put the athletes
under doping risk. Because regulations specific to nutritional ergogenic aids are poorly enforced,
they should be used with caution and only after careful product evaluation for safety, efficacy,
potency, and legality, and doping check.
Weight control is a strategy of the sports team which needs sports guideline and set of regulatory
principles to make it efficacious and beneficial to team as well as to the athletes. In reputable
universities in developed countries, there are written policy on sports management to resort on
medically supervised weight management program in conjunction with the assistance of sports
dietitian. This could be adjusted or adapted as appropriate in other countries where professional personnel is
not easy to find.
14
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Jongjit Angkatavanich was born in 1958 in Bangkok, Thailand. She
obtained B.Sc. in Pharmacy from Mahidol University in 1980 and M.Sc. in Nutrition
from Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University in 1985. She was trained in a short
course from Tuft University in nutrition monitoring and evaluation and acquired 3
credits in international food law (CODEX) from Michigan State University.
She started her career as a lecturer in the Department of Food Chemistry at the
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University for 24 years since 1980. In 2004 she joined
the Nutrition Program in the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn
University as Chairman of Nutrition Curriculum and in late 2004 as Deputy Dean in
Research and International Affairs as well as the Secretary of Halal Science Center,
Chulalongkorn University. She was recruited as an expert in the WHO Planning
Meeting for Global Food Safety Strategy in 2001. She was a visiting scholar in the Department of Resource
Economics, University of Massachusetts, US for research in food safety policy in 2001.
Her research interests and expertise are in various nutritional subjects covering vitamins, calcium, infant
nutrition, and sports nutrition. She has joined numerous expert groups nationally and internationally, the
Committee for Thai RDA, Committee for Essential Drug List and Nutrition Expert in National Committee of
Sports Authority of Thailand.
Currently, she is the Chairman of Nutrition Curriculum, and Deputy Dean in Research and International Affairs
of the Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University.
15
S2-03
PROPER HYDRATION FOR ATHLETES
Jakkrit Klaphajone
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
Chiangmai University, Thailand
Proper hydration at the right time with the right fluid is an important consideration for optimal
exercise performance. The body’s hydration status is determined by the balance between water input
and water losses from the body. Dehydration (loss of 92% body weight) can compromise aerobic
exercise performance, particularly in hot weather like in Thailand, and may impair mental or
cognitive performance. The American College of Sports Medicine’s (ACSM) Position Stand on
exercise and fluid replacement provides a comprehensive review of the research and major points of
proper hydration are suggested as follows:
Before exercise:
At least 4 hours before exercise, individuals should drink approximately 5–7 ml/kg body weight of
water or a sport beverage.
During exercise:
The objective of drinking during exercise is to avoid a water deficit in excess of 2% of body weight.
The type, intensity, and duration of exercise and environmental conditions will alter the need for
fluids and electrolytes. Fluids containing sodium and potassium help replace sweat electrolyte losses,
whereas sodium stimulates thirst and fluid retention and carbohydrates provides energy. Beverages
containing 6%–8% carbohydrate are recommended for exercise events lasting longer than 1 hour.
After exercise:
Rapid and complete recovery from excessive dehydration can be accomplished by drinking at least
450–675 ml of fluid for every pound (0.5 kg) of body weight lost during exercise.It is wiser for
athletes to drink water or sport beverages regularly and prior to the thirst sensation during and after
exercise to replace fluid loss. In Thailand, many commercial sport beverages are available but most of
them contain high concentration of sodium and carbohydrates which are considered as hypertonic,
therefore, these beverages should not be ingested without additional water.
Asst. Prof. Jakkrit Klaphajone received his medical degree and certificate of proficiency
in PMR. He is also a research fellowship in Sports injuries and Sports Medicine &
Science at University of Aberdeen, UK. He is currently a head of the Department of
Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and also a head of Clinical
Electrodiagnosis Section, Northern Neuroscience Center Chiang Mai University. He is a
consultant of several sports organization. His research interests include sports medicine,
sports sciences, electrodiagnostic medicine, Music and sound therapy, Prosthesis and
Orthosis
16
S3-01
GLOBAL VIEW POINT
Asst. Prof. Dr. Nilmanee Sriboon
President
Chair of DBA and MBA.Program in Sport Management
Chandrakasen Rajabhat University
Sports have played an important role in human development for centuries. Sports can increase
healthiness for people and can reduce the major health risks, such as heart disease, obesity, and high
blood pressure. In addition, sports offer positive social behaviors and social skills for all sport
participants, and in the same way competitive sports will provide entertainment for spectators and
residents’ pride for the host city.
Sports also created social equity by offering sports resources to women and girls that are relatively
limited in comparison with those for men and boys as well as providing opportunities for persons with
disabilities to participate. In terms of economic impacts and sport legacy, mega sport events can
induce an impacts of economics for tourism, new jobs, accommodation, local spending for hotel and
restaurants, new sport facilities, and city regeneration.
In sport elite, athletes in sports competition have received opportunities to challenge and to
demonstrate skill mastery; winning in the competition enhances their loyalty and national pride and
reputation among their nations that have been be promoted. However, sports can be depromoted with
their negative consequences, when sport participants extremely focus on winning particularly at the
elite level. Occurrences such as cheating, gambling, violence, performance enhancing drug use, fan
hooliganism are demonstrated. Despite these occurrences, the unhealthy and unwholesome practices
of a few are far outweighed by the good, benefits offered by sports. For the most part, sports should
have been regarded and considered as leisure activities with participation for its own sake rather to
win at all costs.
In conclusion, sport activities orientations should be understood as a tool for human development and
building social values. The concept of sport should be concerned with "the active way of living" by
implementing sports as a tool for improving people daily lifestyles with all ages. For the active way of
life, sports are needed to have national programs which seek to increase the number of citizens that
frequently participate in sports. For examples, Active Australia Program is to increase the number of
physically active people up to the value of 40%; "China National Fitness" program strives to maintain
the percentage of physically active citizens which in 2005 was 34%; "A Sporting Future for All" in
the UK aims for the 40% of physically active population, which is planned for no sooner than the year
2020. 150 different sport- physical education-based programs have been organized worldwide with
the purpose of introducing new ideas and a new lifestyle since 2004.
1. World University Presidents Summit: Reflections on Diversity and Harmonization. Seminar on International Academic
Cooperation: Cultural Awareness and Sport as contributors to Global Peace and Understanding. Bangkok, Thailand, 1922 July 2006.
17
Asst. Prof. Dr. Nilmanee Sriboon received his PhD in Sport Administration from Florida State University. He
is currently a Vice President of Chandrakasem Rajabhat University. In addition, He is also a Chairman of
Doctoral Program and Master Program of Business Administration in Sport Management. He teaches sport
management, sport businesses, and strategic management not only at Chandrakasem Rajabhat University,
But other universities in Thailand including Kasetsart University, Bhurapa University, and Mahidol Univesity.
His research interests include:
- Coach Leadership Behaviors, Cohesion, and Athletes’ Satisfaction in relation to Athlete Performance
- Athlete Satisfaction in relation to Thai League Soccer Athlete Behaviors and Performance
- Decision Making Factors in Selecting University for High School Students in Thailand
- A Comparison of Muscular Strength and Muscular Endurance from High Resistance and Low Competition
and Low Resistance and High Competition Exercise.
- An Evaluation Project for the Training Preparation of SEA Games Athletes at Laos.
- Sport Involvement for Active Participants of Thailand
He is the authors of two textbooks: Fundamental Teaching Tennis for Beginner Level and Kinesiology
He is also the Executive member of Sport Psychology Association of Thailand and also serves as Vice
President of Asian Society of Sport Management (AASM)
18
S3-02
TRENDS OF MASS SPORTS MANAGEMENT:
VIEWPOINT FROM THAILAND
CharuayponTorranin PhD
Merit System Protection Commissioner
Mass Sports or Sports for All Area of Management
Mass sports or sports for all has been identified by Thailand as (1) basic exercise and sports
training in the education setting program and for sports learning beginners, (2) sports for health and
quality of life wellness, (3) traditional games and sports for cultural values, and (4) sports for
recreation, social function, and tourismentertainments. Competitive and professional sports are not
included in sports for all purposes.
Working Thai People Got Exercise Too Little
The 1987- 2007 survey of the National Statistical Office revealed that only approximately 29.6 %
of Thai people over 11 years old regularly exercised. There were an increasing number of exercise
participants during 1987 to 1997. However, when considering the trend in regular exercise from 1997
to 2007, it was found that Thai people had a plateau rate of exercise, at 29 % on average. Considering
the exercise behavior based on the criteria of physical activity for health, it was found that more than
60% of the people exercise more than 3 days a week and approximately 80 t0 90 % exercise for 30
minutes or longer each day.
The National Statistical Office also revealed that in 2004 about 40% of the regular exercising
people have spent their physical activity more than 30 minutes for each work-out. This situation
occurred because of the heavy exercise campaign initiated by the Government led by the Ministry of
Public Health. It was noted that there were differences among age groups: 73.1% of 11-14 years old
exercised, while only 45.4% of 15-24 years old exercised and only 28% of the population of 60 years
old and above exercised. The worst age group was the 25-29 years old in the workforce, only 19.7%
of this group exercised.
It was also revealed that the reason for the 11-14 years old group has their physical education
activities because they attend their school sports lessons and activities. The type of exercises and
sports most favored were jogging and aerobic dancing while other sports were less popular.
Almost all of 76 provinces in Thailand have standard sports playgrounds and public parks at the
community level. Unfortunately, an available database indicates that only one-third of 50,768
stadiums/playgrounds and 12,880 small public parks are currently utilized.
The greatest mass sports management question for Thailand is how to encourage Thai people,
especially, those working age group, to participate in sports for all programmes.
Basic Sport Promotion Management: In case of Thailand the status of physical education in
schools revealed that (1) Qualified physical education teachers, especially, in the primary education
level are seriously needed.; (2) The overwhelming of academic atmosphere, the internet game and
Facebook addicts, and telephone chatting behaviors force children to withdraw from sports activities
in their leisure time; and (3) Obese and unskilled students find Physical Education grading on sports
skills are too hard for them to reach the goals.
Sports for Health Promotion Management: In the 9th National Economic and Social
Development Plan (2002-2006), the 9th Health Development Plan and the 3rd Sports Development
Plan had been integrated for physical activities promotion.The most favorite exercises for health are
calisthenics, jogging and walking. The excuses for not exercise are lack of time, fatigue from daily
working, and lack of motivation. The reasons for exercise participation are for weight control, lower
risk from heart diseases, and relaxation. The motivation to pursue for lifelong exercise is the capacity
in obtaining high level of sports skills, high self motivation and self progress achievement.
Sports for Culture Promotion Management: Muay Thai, (Thai boxing), and Takraw are the
most popular sports among Thai natives. The best ways to promote traditional sports are organizing
the local villages sports festivals and encouraging people to exercise at the available sports
playgrounds nearby.
19
Sports for Recreation, Social Function and Tourism Entertainment Management: Sports
tours are being promoted by the Tourism Authority of Thailand (State Enterprise), Ministry of
Tourism and Sports. In addition private fitness centers and sports club business are growing in
numbers and popularity.
Mass Sports Management Situations in Thailand were reported on (1) the over budgeting on
competitive sports rather than mass sports, (2) The ignorance of sports values appreciation for
culture, social function and sporting spirits on the mass sports participation, (3) Long-term basic skill
trainings are neglected. (4) Social impact assessment are ignored in sports achievement evaluation.
Mass Sports Management General Recommendations to Asian Countries: (1) Making the
Most of Global Organization Partnership (2) Getting the best of Regional Partnership (3)
Strengthening National Partnership (4) Put the strategies into real actions (5) Strengthening Balancing
Government budget on ’Sports for Excellence’ VS ‘Sports for All’ (6) Organising continuous
Campaigns and Knowledge Management and (7) Strengthening Research and development in mass
sports programs.
Dr.Charuaypon Torranin received her PhD from Florida State University.
Currently, she is a commisoner of Merit System Protection. Previously, she was
appointed to be a Secretary General, Office of the Private Education Commission,
Ministry of Education, Director General, Physical Education Department,
Ministry of Education, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education
She is also served in serveral boards and committee including
- Chairman of the International Institute for Trade and Development Board
- Chairman of the Commission for Teachers and Education Personnel Security
and
Welfares
- President of the Rachamongkol Technology University Executive Council
- Vice Chairman for the Thai National Commission for UNESCO. - Member of
the National Assembly for Constitution Nominators (Year 2007)
- Committee Members of the Civil Service Commission, Sports Authority of
Thailand, Thai Health Promotion Organization, National Health Security Office, National Council for
Education, Child Right Protection Commission, Social Welfare, Commission, Commission of Drugs and
Narcotic Control, National Commission of Cigarette Control, National Commission of Alcohol Control,
National Committee of Safety Control, National Committee of Road Safety Control, Parliament Drafting
subcommittee for 5 Educations Acts etc.
She is the author and co-authors of more than 100 books in area of sport, health, education, and administration.
Her supplementary reading books for elementary school level received the winning 2 awards organized by the
Ministry of Education, in area of health and safety education in 1993.
Besides the book award, in 1992 she received award for National Outstanding Administrator in Physical
Education, recognized by the Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Association of Thailand.
20
S3-03
TRENDS OF MASS SPORT MANAGEMENT IN ASIA
Prof. Kong-Ting Yeh
College of management, National Taiwan Sport University
President, Taiwan Society for Sport Management
I. Introduction
Sports focus on the systemically performances of human body. Therefore, many sports are popular
around the world without barriers of languages, races, even geographic locations. In short, sport is a
global language which can shorten the distances and increase the mutual understanding among
peoples.
Due to the modern technology, the influences of sports on the world are getting more tremendous than
ever. Both of the governments and the general public input resources such as financial, land spaces,
and human capitals, to generate the benefits from sports On the other hand, how to manipulate these
resources efficiently has become an international issue.
Asia has been titled as the fastest growing market world wildly in the 21st Century. This advantage
attracts various international groups/individuals attend here to seek their interested opportunities.
Many Asian countries are also willing to take this time to change and improve themselves all in the
environments of hard ware constructions, education conditions, commercials investments, and even
the improvement of peoples’ living qualities. Under such circumstance, mass sports promotion is one
of the fields stimulated by the overseas affects. However, for the efficiency reason, it is inevitable to
be discussed related to its performance from the sport managerial point of view
Professional sport management knowledge was oriented from the USA since 1960’s. After 40 years it
is an important stream of professional knowledge in the field of sport. Up to today, many nations have
set up their professional sport management organizations. In 2010, all the 6 continental sport
management professional units have been established, including North America Society for Sport
Management (NASSM, since 1985), Europe Association for Sport Management (EASM, since 1993),
Sport Management Association of Austral and New Zealand (SMAAZ, since 1995), Asia Association
for Sport Management (AASM, since 2002), Latin America Society for Sport Management (LASSM,
since 2010), and Sport Management Association for Africa (SMAA, since 2010).
Mainly, the contents of sport management include the managerial action processes (such as the
managerial functions: planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and evaluating; or the business
functions: producing, financing, HPR, marketing, and R&D) which can create more efficiencies
(reducing the costs or increasing the revenues) to a specific sport organization (Yeh, 2010).
Although the original sport management professional concepts were generated from the US, they have
been modified by different regions due to their own unique backgrounds. This paper focused on the
impacts of sport management introduced from the west countries on Asia area especially the field of
mass sports and their trends in the future.
II. The Overviews of Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern
hemispheres. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area (or 29.9% of its land area) and with
approximately 4 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population. During the 20th
century Asia's population nearly quadrupled. Asia is traditionally defined as part of the landmass of
Eurasia—with the western portion of the latter occupied by Europe—located to the east of the Suez
Canal, east of the Ural Mountains and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych
Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas. Eurasia, in turn, is part of the yet larger landmass of
21
Afro-Eurasia, whereby Eurasia is joined to Africa at the Isthmus of Suez. It is bounded on the east by
the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Given its
size and diversity, Asia—a toponym dating back to classical antiquity—is more a cultural concept
incorporating a number of regions and peoples than a homogeneous physical entity. The wealth of
Asia differs very widely among and within its regions, due to its vast size and huge range of different
cultures, environments, historical ties and government systems (Wikipedia, 2010).
Asia can be divided into Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Northern Asia (Russia), Southern Asia,
Southeastern Asia and Western Asia regions. The data of these regions are as follows:
Name of region[16] and
territory, with flag
Area
(km²)
Population
(1 July 2008 est.)
Population density
(per km²)
Capital
Central Asia:
Kazakhstan
2,724,927
15,666,533
5.7
Astana
Kyrgyzstan
198,500
5,356,869
24.3
Bishkek
Tajikistan
143,100
7,211,884
47.0
Dushanbe
Turkmenistan
488,100
5,179,573
9.6
Ashgabat
Uzbekistan
447,400
28,268,441
57.1
Tashkent
Hong Kong
1,092
7,008,300[19]
6,417.9
-
Japan
377,835
127,288,628
336.1
Tokyo
Macau
25
460,823
18,473.3
—
Mongolia
1,565,000
2,996,082
1.7
Ulaan Baatar
North Korea
120,540
23,479,095
184.4
Pyongyang
People's Republic of
9,640,821
China[21]
1,322,044,605
134.0
Beijing
Republic of China
(Taiwan)
35,980
22,920,946
626.7
Taipei
South Korea
98,480
49,232,844
490.7
Seoul
26.8
Moscow
Eastern Asia:
Northern Asia:
Russia
17,075,400 142,200,000
22
Southeastern Asia:
Brunei
5,770
381,371
66.1
Bandar Seri Begawan
Burma (Myanmar)
676,578
47,758,224
70.3
Naypyidaw[25]
Cambodia
181,035
13,388,910
74
Phnom Penh
15,007
1,108,777
73.8
Dili
Indonesia
1,919,440
230,512,000
120.1
Jakarta
Laos
236,800
6,677,534
28.2
Vientiane
Malaysia
329,847
27,780,000
84.2
Kuala Lumpur
Philippines
300,000
92,681,453
308.9
Manila
Singapore
704
4,608,167
6,545.7
Singapore
Thailand
514,000
65,493,298
127.4
Bangkok
Vietnam
331,690
86,116,559
259.6
Hanoi
Afghanistan
647,500
32,738,775
42.9
Kabul
Bangladesh
147,570
153,546,901
1040.5
Dhaka
Bhutan
38,394
682,321
17.8
Thimphu
India
3,287,263
1,147,995,226
349.2
New Delhi
Maldives
300
379,174
1,263.3
Malé
Nepal
147,181
29,519,114
200.5
Kathmandu
Pakistan
803,940
167,762,049
208.7
Islamabad
65,610
21,128,773
322.0
Sri JayawardenapuraKotte
Armenia
29,800
3,299,000
280.7
Yerevan
Azerbaijan
86,660
8,845,127
102.736
Baku
Bahrain
665
718,306
987.1
Manama
Cyprus
9,250
792,604
83.9
Nicosia
Georgia
69,700
4,636,400
65.1
Tbilisi
Iraq
437,072
28,221,181
54.9
Baghdad
Iran
1,648,195
70,472,846
42.8
Tehran
Israel
20,770
7,112,359
290.3
Jerusalem
Jordan
92,300
6,198,677
57.5
Amman
Kuwait
17,820
2,596,561
118.5
Kuwait City
Lebanon
10,452
3,971,941
353.6
Beirut
Oman
212,460
3,311,640
12.8
Muscat
4,277,000
683.5
Ramallah
East Timor (TimorLeste)
Southern Asia:
Sri Lanka
Western Asia:
Palestinian territories 6,257
Qatar
11,437
928,635
69.4
Doha
Saudi Arabia
1,960,582
23,513,330
12.0
Riyadh
Syria
185,180
19,747,586
92.6
Damascus
Ankara
Turkey
United Arab
Emirates
82,880
4,621,399
29.5
Abu Dhabi
Yemen
527,970
23,013,376
35.4
Sanaá
Total
23
43,810,582 4,162,966,086
89.07
(Note: Part of Egypt (Sinai Peninsula) is geographically in Western Asia)
III.
The Promotions of Sports in Asia
Like the other countries in the remaining continents, most of the Asian countries promote sports
together with school system (mainly are their PE curriculum). However, the governments in Asian
countries play an important role of promoting the mass sport in their domestic societies. In additions,
most of the Asian races do not have their own sport culture compared with the western peoples, the
Asian traditional social value related to sport are not so high compared with other disciplines,
especially those job-seeking oriented ones. Therefore, the financial resources injected in most of the
modern sports promotion in Asian area are limited (De Vries, 2003).
This weakness has been changed gradually under the supports of popular modern media tools as well
as high tech. equipments, such as internet. Meanwhile, many of the Asian public sectors intend to host
mega international sport games to promote their nations/cities to generate more international
opportunities.
Right now, many Asian countries have their own professional sport leagues, set up more sport
facilities, and the Asian peoples are more willing to spend money to involve sports to improve their
health conditions as well as to enrich their living qualities.
In general the most popular sports in Asia area include football, cricket, basketball, badminton and
table tennis among others. But each Asian country has its own popular sport due to the individual
culture background.
IV.
The Development of Mass Sports in Individual Area within Asia
1. Central Asia: most of the nations in this area are newly. The impacts of international sports on
this area are limited. Traditionally, wresting is the most popular sports among this area. In order
to introduce new concepts as well as to prevent the young people from crime and drug abusing, a
3-year project of U.S.-financed initiative to involve Central Asian young people in healthy team
sports is coming executive from 2002-2005. The Central Asia Sport and Health Education
Program had brought some 22,000 school pupils, both boys and girls, into contact with such
games as soccer, volleyball and basketball.There is also institution-building in the form of
permanent bodies that will arrange sporting events. And schools across Central Asia are already
beginning to organize their own teams, independent of the program (O'Rourke, 2005).
2. Eastern Asia: it is believed that mass sports in this area have highest popularity compared with
other areas in Asia. Especially Japan, Korea, China, and Taiwan. The main reason is that people
in these countries are more internationalized and influenced from western concepts. The popular
sports around this area include soccer, baseball, basketball, badminton, and table tennis. One
aware situation is that the economy of the above mentioned countries are good with higher GDPs
when compared with many other Asian countries. Meanwhile, these nations are facing with aging
societies. Many people within this area pay more attention to their health by taking various
physical exercises. Therefore, the mass sports in this area are getting popular at this moment.
3. Southern Asia: the most popular 2 sports in this area are soccer and cricket. Because of the
traditional concepts and religious reason, the mass sports for promoting regular exercise to
24
people in this area are not very frequently.
4. Southeastern Asia is a newly developing area in Asia. Moderate temperature and open policy in
recent provide an ideally environment for these nations to promote sports. The most popular sport
in this area is soccer, badminton, and cricket. Some of the nations in this area adopt sports (golf
and water sports on islands) to promote themselves around the world to attract overseas tourists,
such as Singapore, Thailand (is starting to establishing its own professional soccer league),
Malaysia, and Vietnam. The mass sport promotion for regular exercise to the people also pays
attention by their respective governments.
5. Western Asia: it is also named as the Arabian World. The development in this area is deeply
influenced by Moslem and climate factor. The most popular sport in this area is soccer. Although
many nations’ GDPs in this area are very high when compared with other countries, the sport
promotion of this area is quite unique. For example, many cities within this area try to promote
themselves by hosting mega sport event (such as Doha), many of the sport facilities in this area
are modernized and expensive (e.g. F1 venue). On the other hand, the dry weather constrains the
sport incentives of Arabian people and the involvement of women in sports is limited because of
the traditional concept.
V. The Applying of Sport Management within these Areas
The applying of sport management professional competencies to the mass sport in Asia is different by
areas.
The most developed area is Eastern Asian, while Southeastern Asia follows by. Eastern Asia always
hires sport management experts from the western nations to manage their sport industries. The
remaining areas seemed to be less developed by adopting modern sport management professional
concepts to promote their mass sports.
One situation needs to be aware is the establishment of AASM in 2002. This professional sport
management operated by Asian scholars and practioners. During the past 8 years, AASM has
generated positives impacts on its member nations. Although most of the members of AASM are from
all the highly sport management developed Asian countries as mentioned above. It has attracted many
professionals from other Asian nations to join it. Therefore, it is anticipated that AASM will play an
important role of supporting the Asian nations to applying the useful professional competencies to
improvement their promotion in the field of mass sport. In additions, the other peer associations, such
as NASSM, EASM, SMAANZ, LASSM, and SMAA, have allied to cooperate one another for the
task of promoting sport management professional knowledge around the world.
VI.
Conclusions
After analyzing the mass sport management development situation in Asia region, the conclusions can
be described as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Most of the mass sport promotion task in Asian area is dominated by public sector.
The developments of mass sport are verified by areas within Asian region.
There is a good potential market related to mass sport in Asia area.
New technologies play an important role to change the ideas and concepts of people related to
sports.
It is necessary to integrate the theories and practices when promoting mass sport.
The more modernized countries/regions tend to adopt sport management to promote mass sport.
The most developed of mass sport management is Northeastern Asia area.
Southeastern Asia is a newly developing region related to mass sport management.
National and International Sport management professional organization is an important element
to support the mass sport promoters.
AASM is anticipated to play an important role to support Asian nations when promoting mass
sport affairs
VII.
25
Suggestions
“THINKING GLOBALLY, ACTING LOCALLY!” The following steps are recommended to
assist those who want to adopt sport management professional knowledge to enrich their academic as
well as practice tasks in the beginning:
1. Referring:
Trying to review information from the sport management related international literatures, such as
textbooks, professional journals, conferences publications, internets to refer and find good ideas or
examples.
2. Connecting:
Attempting to write letters of asking questions or introduce you to the sport management
professionals to generate connections.
3. Interacting:
Asking or discussing questions related to the sport management with professionals, doing sitevisiting or fieldtrip to specific institutes (such as universities, facilities, or sport event sites),
attending sport management related conferences to contact professional people, or. joining
professional organizations as members.
4. Collaborating:
Working with colleagues to write papers, joining research projects, or signing exchange programs
to reinforce the impacts.
5. Integrating
Acting as visiting scholars/students, developing join programs/double degree, forming strategic
alliance, gaining international accreditation, etc.
6. Internalizing
Modifying the outer professional competencies becomes your local root culture.
References
O'Rourke (2005).Central Asia: Sport Program Ending, But Legacy Remains. Retrieved on 2010,
November 4 http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1057642.html.
Vries, D. (2003). Innovative practices in Asia physical education and sports. Bangkok: UNESCO Asia
and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education.
Wikipedia
(2010,
November
4).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia
Asia.
Retrieved
on
2010,
November
4
Yeh (2010).The important issues of sport management.Sport Facility Best Practices Workshop.
Hosted by Sports Authority of Thailand, from September 28-29, Bangkok, Thailand.
26
Kong-Ting Yeh is the professor and Dean of Management College at National
Taiwan Sport University. His major is sport management and focuses on sport
economics, event management, and sport venues management with the doctor
degree from the University of Northern Colorado. He is being the President of
Taiwan Society for Sport Management and the Chief Editor of the official
academic journal of Asia Association for Sport Management (AASM)--Asia
Sport Management Review (ASMR) since 2008. In the past two years, he
together with some of his TASSM colleagues completed the “Civic Sport Center
Planning Project” for the National Sport Council and successfully granted 400
million USDs by the Taiwanese central government.
27
S4-02
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, MENTAL HEALTH AND CHRONIC ILLNESS
Tony Morris
School of Sport and Exercise Science and Institute for Sport, Exercise and Active Living
Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
The importance of mental health for quality of life in the whole population has gained greater
recognition in recent times. The relationship between mental health and chronic physical illness is
complex. There is evidence to suggest that a number of aspects of mental health independently affect
the probability of experiencing major chronic conditions, such as coronary heart disease (CHD), type
2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity, or exacerbate such conditions when they occur. Conversely,
living with chronic medical problems can negatively affect mental health. The role of physical activity
in preventing and managing chronic illness has now been well-established for major conditions,
including CHD, T2DM, and obesity. Mental health, or the absence of it, interacts intricately with the
relationship between physical activity and chronic illness. For example, depression, which has now
been shown to be an independent risk factor for CHD, is more prevalent among people who have
CHD, T2DM and obesity than it is in the general population. Depression is associated with feelings of
lethargy and low motivation that are barriers to being physically active. Thus, people with chronic
illnesses, who particularly need to be active, tend to experience relatively high levels of depression,
which often lead them to be more sedentary. On the other hand, physical activity has been shown to
be as effective as psychotherapy for reducing depressed mood. Thus, if ways can be found to
encourage people with chronic health conditions to be more active, this could reduce their depression
and improve their management of the chronic condition. Similar patterns have been identified for
stress. This ubiquitous condition is a risk factor for CHD and has been shown to increase blood sugar
levels independently of poor diet and lack of exercise, especially in people with T2DM. The demands
placed on people with chronic conditions often lead to elevated stress levels. Acute bouts of physical
activity have been shown to reduce stress levels in the short term, whereas regular physical activity
can reduce stress reactivity, that is, the tendency to respond with elevated physiological symptoms of
stress in pressure situations. Thus, interventions that increase lifestyle physical activity can lead to
reductions in depression and stress, as well as directly benefiting CHD, T2DM, and obesity, making
the testing and implementation of effective lifestyle physical activity interventions critical for the
health and well-being of people with chronic health conditions. In this paper, I report on the research
related to physical activity, mental health, and chronic illness, and describe some studies that illustrate
the application of interventions to increase physical activity in sedentary people with CHD, T2DM, or
who are overweight.
Dr. Tony Morris is Professor of Sport, Exercise and Health Psychology in the
School of Sport and Exercise Science and the Institute for Sport, Exercise and
Active Living (ISEAL) at Victoria University, Melbourne. He has published
10 books, more than 150 peer reviewed journal and proceedings papers and
presented more than 200 papers at international conferences, and has
supervised more than 50 PhD students on psychological issues related to elite
and mass participation sport, and physical activity for health. He has been
President of the Asian South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology for the
last 13 years.
28
S5-02
GUIDELINE FOR INJURY PREVENTION IN SEPAK TAKRAW:
BASED ON OTHER SPORTS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Asst. Prof. Dr. Pornratshanee Weerapong
Faculty of Physical Therapy, Huachiew Chalermprakiet University
Samutprakrn, Thailand
Sports injury is common among recreational and professional athletes. Sepak takraw is one of
Southeast Asia’s most popular sports. Sepak Takraw is very much like a mix between volleyball
gymnastics, acrobatic and soccer, where players require multiple skills and high fitness levels. During
the game, Sepak Takraw players are not allowed to use their hands to touch the ball. They can use
their feet, legs, shoulders, head or even their bottoms to keep the ball in play. Mostly Sepak Takraw
players use their feet to handling the ball. They routinely spike the ball with turning acrobatic
somersault movements or bicycle kicks in mid air to keep the ball in play. Sepak Takraw players need
to be able to jump and kick the ball using their foot over the net. He or she may land on his or her
hand, bottom or foot.
Movement required during the game is likely to cause injuries on to joints as it requires extreme range
of motion of the hip, strength of lower extremities, good balance and excellent landing technique. To
date, there was only one research paper on injury of Sepak Takraw players. Majority of injuries
involve the ankle, knee, hip, and thigh. Once injury occurs, players may not be able to continue the
game or the session. In the long run, injured players have a higher chance of incurring injuries and
lowering their performance. For this reason, injury prevention is more desirable. This paper is,
therefore, intended to provide information on injury prevention on various aspects based on other
sports scientific evidence with the hope to encourage more scientific research on injury prevention on
Sepak Takraw itself.
Stretching
Pre-event stretching is generally performed as a part of warm-up with the aim to reduce the risk of
musculoskeletal injury. Recent research reported that static stretching immediately before physical
activity could reduce muscle strength (Babault, Kouassi et al. 2009; Nordez, McNair et al. 2009) and
power (Pearce, Kidgell et al. 2009). Stretching before and after physical activity did not help to reduce
the risk of sports injury (Weldon and Hill 2003; Weerapong, Hume et al. 2004). Stretching showed
beneficial on reducing the risk of bothersome soreness (Jamtvedt, Herbert et al. 2010).
Acute effect of static stretching on
Range of motion
A single bout of stretching (30 s stretch and 30 s rest, 3 times) produced a small, short-lived
change in dynamic knee joint ROM (3 degrees) (Cronin, Nash et al. 2008). The reason of increasing
range of motion after static stretching may be due to increasing of muscle resting length (Nordez,
McNair et al. 2009). However, the increase in joint range of motion after static stretching lasted only
3 minutes (Depino, Webright et al. 2000). Therefore, acute short duration of static stretching may not
the answer for increasing flexibility before the event with the aim to reduce the risk of
musculoskeletal injury.
Performance
A single bout of acute static stretching (30 s stretch and 15 s rest, 2 times) reduced vertical
jump height for 7.7% (Pearce, Kidgell et al. 2009). This reduction of performance lasted long for 60
minutes. In common practice, athletes usually incorporate static stretching in warm up routine. It was
questioned that whether the adverse effects of static stretching on performance would be lessened if
static stretching was follow by a warm up. Pearce’s study also reported that a secondary warm up did
not reduce detrimental effects of static stretching for a period of one hour.
29
Chronic effect of static stretching on
Range of motion
Static stretching (10 sets, 30 second stretch, 30 second rest, 3 times per week) increased
hamstring flexibility (9.5%) after 4 weeks of training (LaRoche and Connolly 2006; Fasen, O'Connor
et al. 2009). Increasing in frequency of stretching (times per week) was effective to increase range of
motion (Medina, Andújar et al. 2007). This increase in muscle flexibility be attributable to either a
change in viscoelastic properties or a decrease in reflex stiffness (Guissard and Duchateau 2006). If
increasing flexibility is needed, regular stretching is preferred to pre-event stretching.
Performance
Even though pre-event stretching may be contraindicated, regular stretching (10-wk, 40-min,
3-day per week) showed beneficial on muscle flexibility, strength, endurance, and jump performance
(Kokkonen, Nelson et al. 2007). More practically, static stretching (30 second stretch 10 second rest,
4 sets, 4 times per week for 6 weeks) had no effects on drop jump performance (Yuktasir and Kaya
2009). Therefore, chronic stretching can be used to increase muscle flexibility as research did not
show detrimental effects on performance.
Practical recommendation
To ensure muscle flexibility as Sepak Takraw players require for turning acrobatic somersault
movements or bicycle kicks in mid air, routine static stretching should be included in training
program. Flexibility of muscles of lower extremities especially hamstrings, hip adductors, gluteal
groups, piriformis, hip abbuctors, gastrosoleus, hip internal and external rotators is needed. Muscles
of lower back and trunk rotation are necessary to be stretched as well.
Before the game, single stretch (training volume 30 s) for each muscle group may be
appropriated if needed (Zakas, Doganis et al. 2006). Research reported a peak torque remained
unchanged after a short duration of static stretching. Static stretching for 30 seconds is sufficient to
increase range of motion (Zakas 2005).
Preferably, dynamic stretching should be performed before competition. Dynamic stretching
in combination with warm up was beneficial on sports performance (Pearce, Kidgell et al. 2009;
Taylor, Sheppard et al. 2009). It is likely that dynamic warm up would help to increase muscle
temperature, which may help to facilitate powerful muscle contraction (Taylor, Sheppard et al. 2009).
Example of dynamic warm up is high knees, dynamic hamstring swings, sideways low squat walks
(Taylor, Sheppard et al. 2009).
Warm up
Warm up was reported to increase performance (Bishop 2003). The reasons may be that warm
up helps to increase tissue temperature, decrease muscle stiffness, facilitate nerve impulse, and
increase energy resource for muscle contraction. Warm up needs to be specific to sports (Fradkin,
Sherman et al. 2004). Warm up intensity should be 40-60% of VO2max. When the warm up intensity is
too low or too high, performance would be dropped (Bishop 2003). Warm up performed at less than
60% of VO2max for 5-10 minutes, followed by a 5-minutes rest is recommended (Bishop 2003). The
author explained that this warm up protocol would help to increase muscle temperature and allow
resynthesis of high-energy phosphates immediately before physical activity.
Warm up and stretching is routinely performed before training and competition. Specific and
well-structured warm up program could benefit both performance (Fradkin, Sherman et al. 2004) and
injury reduction (Fradkin, Gabbe et al. 2006; Soligard, Myklebust et al. 2008). Well structure warm
up showed that the risk of injury can be reduced by about one third and severe injuries by as much as
one half.
For Sepak Takraw training program, warm up could be jogging or running as the players use
their lower extremity muscles during the game. Coaches should focus to improve awareness and
neuromuscular control during sports performance such as standing, running, attacking, jumping, and
landing. Players should be encouraged to concentrate on the quality of their movements and put
emphasis on core stability, hip control, and proper knee alignment to avoid excessive knee valgus
during both static and dynamic movements (Soligard, Myklebust et al. 2008).
30
Training program
Balance and proprioceptive training
Postural control or balance can be defined statically as the ability to maintain a base of support with
minimal movement and dynamically as the ability to perform a task while maintaining a stable
position (Bressel, Yonker et al. 2007). Factors that influence balance include sensory information
obtained from the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems and motor responses that affect
coordination, joint range of motion (ROM), and strength (Bressel, Yonker et al. 2007). Balance
training might have implications for preventing ankle sprains (Michishita, Shono et al. 2008), anterior
cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries (Owen, Campbell et al. 2006), and hamstrings injury and patella
tendinopathy (Kraemer and Knobloch 2009).
Balance training program should be designed to be specific to Sepak Takraw. Example for balance
training is single foot stand on right and left foot, sideways jumping in single-legged stand, and
jumping forward over a line, landing with flexed knees, and balancing. Upper extremity body balance
and proprioceptive training should be added in Sepak Takraw training program as the players could
land on their hands.
Core stability training
Core stability training is widely recommended with the aim to enhance sports performance. However,
scientific data on this claim is still unclear (Hibbs, Thompson et al. 2008; Lederman 2010). There
was an attempt to find a correlation between core strength and several strength and performance
measures such as sprint, jump, and squat. Unfortunately, the relationships were weak to moderate
(Nesser, Huxel et al. 2008). The author recommended that core stability training was still necessary
for athletic training but a true understanding on the effectiveness of core stability training on the
sports activity was needed. As sports activity is difference from the original aim of core stability
training in low back pain patients, core stability should be designed especially for sports sector
(Willardson 2007).
In my point of view, core stability in Sepak Takraw training could be emphasized both global and
local muscles of the back. The local muscle group consists of deep and small muscles around the
spine such as multifidus, rotators, transversus abdominis, and internal abdominal oblique. This local
group works together to control segmental motion of spine. The global muscle group consists of large
and superficial muscles that work on transferring force between thoracic cage and pelvis. The
example of these muscles is rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, and lattissimus dorsi. Hip
muscles are also important on controlling spinal stability and spinal movement (Wilson 2005). As
spinal stability requires several muscle activation, therefore, core stability training in athletes should
be integrated approach (Gamble 2007). Example of core stability training is bird dog, kneeling side
bridge, side-lying raise and hold exercise.
Landing technique
The landing maneuver is a common task, frequently performed in several sports such as volleyball,
basketball and also Sepak Takraw. As the landing maneuver usually involves large ground reaction
forces (GRF), it was reported that the mean GRF during landing from jumping was 4.5 body weight
(BW) with forces ranging from 2.0 BW to 10.4 BW (McNair and Prapavessis 1999). Therefore,
landing is likely to cause lower extremity injury, especially on the knee. The knee joint, together with
the hip and ankle, contributes to overall shock absorption through their respective flexion motions
during landing (Yeow, Lee et al. 2010).
Muscle co-contraction between flexors and extensors is needed in a proper coordinated patterns to
absorb the force from the ground that might be harmful on the joints (Yeadon, King et al. 2010).
Landing pattern is also important for injury prevention. Male athletes have less incidence of knee
injury from landing. Comparing with female volleyball players, male volleyball players landed onto
floor in a more flexed knee and hip angles; a possibly developed protective mechanism to absorb the
ground reaction force just at landing (Salci, Kentel et al. 2004). Additionally, male volleyball players
had more muscle strength. These may help to reduce the incidence of injury. Muscular fatigue,
31
especially quadriceps, might be a reason for changing landing pattern and therefore increasing the risk
of injury (Kellis and Kouvelioti 2009).
Correct landing technique should be trained in combination with muscular strength and endurance
training in Sepak takraw. The players should land with hip and knee flexion in order to reduce the
ground reaction force on their joints. Knee alignment in frontal plane is also important as it should be
in normal alignment, not varus or valgus.
Conclusions
Injury prevention guideline for Sepak takraw players has not been research. The guideline suggested
in this article aims to encourage further research in injury prevention area. During training period,
static stretching is beneficial on increasing range of motion. Warm up as well as balance and
proprioceptive training, and core stability training will help on injury prevention. In order to minimize
the risk of injury, landing technique needs to be practiced. Before competition period, warm up and
dynamic stretching should be performed with the aim to reduce the risk of injury and enhance
performance.
References
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Fasen, J. M., A. M. O'Connor, et al. (2009). "A randomized controlled trial of hamstrings
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Fradkin, A. J., B. J. Gabbe, et al. (2006). "Does warming up prevent injury in sport?: The
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Jamtvedt, G., R. D. Herbert, et al. (2010). "A pragmatic randomised trial of stretching before and
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Kellis, E. and a. Kouvelioti (2009). "Agonist versus antagonist muscle fatigue effects on thigh
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Kraemer, R. and K. Knobloch (2009). "A Soccer-Specific Balance Training Program for
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Premier League Female Soccer." American Journal of Sports Medicine 37: 1384 - 1393.
32
LaRoche, D. P. and D. A. J. Connolly (2006). "Effects of Stretching on Passive Muscle Tension and
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Medina, F. M. S., P. S. D. B. Andújar, et al. (2007). "Effects of frequency of static stretching on
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Nordez, A., P. J. McNair, et al. (2009). "Static and cyclic stretching: Their different effects on the
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Owen, J., S. Campbell, et al. (2006). "Is there evidence that proprioception or balance training can
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college volleyball players." Clinical Biomechanics 19(6): 622-628.
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and injury prevention." Physical Therapy Reviews 9: 189-206.
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Fitness Professionals." Strength and Conditioning Journal 29(6): 42-49.
Wilson, E. (2005). "Core Stability: Assessment and Functional Strengthening of the Hip
Abductors." Strength and Conditioning Journal 27(2): 21-4.
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Journal of Biomechanics 43(19): 364-369.
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and ankle, and their relative postures during landing." The Knee.
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stretching exercises on range of motion and jump performance." Journal of Bodywork and
Movement Therapies 13(1): 11-21.
Zakas, A. (2005). "The effect of stretching duration on the lower-extremity flexibility of adolescent
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89-95.
33
Pornratchanee Weerapong received her PhD in sports physiotherapy from Auckland
University of Technology, New Zealand. Presently, she is an Assistant Professor at
Huachiew Chalermprakiet University, Thailand, where she teaches physiology of exercise
and therapeutic exercise courses. Her research interests involve therapeutic exercise and
rehabilitation.
Recently, she was appointed to be the Dean of Faculty of Physical Therapy, Huachiew
Chalermprakiet University. In addition, she is presently a member of the executive board of
Thai Physical Therapy Association (PTAT).
34
S7-01
BIOMECHANICAL MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE
Chris Kirtley
The technology available for biomechanical measurement is reviewed with examples of how this can
aid in prevention of sports injuries.
Computerized
3D motion capture now permits rapid kinematic analysis, and when combined with inverse dynamics
modeling outputs kinetic variables, such as joint torque and forces, and muscle/tendon lengths and
tension. The advent of MEMS gyro and acceleration sensors has enabled low-cost real-time motiontracking and when combined with flash memory storage can record for many hours at a time. Finally,
the widespread availability of high-resolution GPS systems allows outdoor tracking over large
distances.
Introduction
This presentation explores the various ways that biomechanical measurement can impact on
prevention, diagnosis and rehabilitation of sports injuries. The technology available for biomechanical
measurement has improved tremendously in recent years. Computerized 3D motion capture now
permits rapid kinematic analysis, and when combined with inverse dynamics modeling outputs kinetic
variables, such as joint torque and forces, and muscle/tendon lengths and tension. The advent of
MEMS gyro, acceleration, compass and dynamometer sensors has enabled low-cost real-time motiontracking and when combined with flash memory storage can provide data for many hours at a time.
Finally, the widespread availability of high-resolution GPS systems allows outdoor tracking over
large distances.
1. Temporal-spatial measures
Until recently, the measurement of variables such as speed, cadence and stride length was restricted to
the laboratory, using crude light-gate systems. With the availability of GPS (global positioning
system) such instruments are now so widespread as to be incorporated into inexpensive wrist-watches.
The information obtained can be rapidly uploaded to a PC for analysis. Maintenance of optimal
cadence or stride/stroke length can help performance in sports such as running or rowing.
Step length and step time are useful measures of asymmetry, but currently require laboratory
instrumentation (e.g. GaitRite). It can be anticipated that these measures will also be incorporated into
ambulatory watch-based systems in future.
2. Kinematics
Tracking joint angles, angular velocities and accelerations etc. is essential for biomechanical analysis.
There are now several approaches available for this: standard video with manual or automated marker
tracking (e.g. Dartfish); 3D computerized infrared video systems (Vicon, Motion Analysis Corp.,
Optotrak); inertial motion trackers (Fastrak, Flock of Birds); ultrasound (Zebris, V-scope); and inertial
systems (xSens). Body alignment (static or dynamic) can be readily estimated from a 2D video image,
if parallax and perspective errors can be minimised. This has applications in sports such as golf and
baseball. Miniature MEMS sensors (e.g. accelerometer, gyro and compass sensors) are now cheap and
readily available and they can be incorporated into clothing, sports equipment or footwear (e.g.
Smartsole). Combination of kinematics with simple modelling allows muscle and tendon lengths to be
derived. This data can reveal such problems as tight hamstrings or gastrocnemius muscles.
3. Kinetics
Perhaps the largest industrial application of biomechanics so far concerns the design of running shoes,
in particular the concept of "shock absorption". This is a controversial topic, but basically involves the
reduction in the transient forces that occur at heel-strike. Such forces aregenerally measured by a six
degree of freedom force platform. Centre of pressure and plantar foot pressure distribution can also be
measured by shoe-based sensors (e.g. Pedar, Tekscan, Parotec). These can indicate areas prone to skin
35
breakdown and ulcer formation, as well as providing pronation/supination information.
Dynamometers can also be directly incorporated into sports equipment (e.g. golf clubs, baseball bats).
In combination with FLASH memory systems, they can record data for many hours at a time.
4. Modelling
Some mathematical modelling is necessary for all but the simplest measurements. Recently, models
have become extremely sophisticated, and
Now provide internal variables such as joint torques and powers. Tracking the flow of energy through
limbs and equipment can reveal great insights into injury causation. However, all such models rely on
assumptions and parameter estimates so the results must be interpreted with caution.
Conclusion
Modern technology now provides exciting opportunities for devising interventions to prevent,
diagnose and rehabilitate sports injuries. It can be expected that these will become common place in
future.
Dr. Kirtley is a medical doctor with a PhD in Bioengineering from Strathclyde
University in the UK. He has spent 15 years teaching and researching at universities in
UK, Australia, Hong Kong, Thailand, Austria, France, Germany and USA, latterly as
Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering at The Catholic University of America
in Washington DC from 2000-2005. His research interest was primarily 3D gait
analysis, bioinstrumentation and tele-rehabilitation, publishing over 20 papers in peerreviewed journals. Since then he has been working in private medical practice in Australia, and
consulting in Shenzhen, China, for Sole Health Care Products Pty Ltd., Australia's largest importer of
health care products. In 2006 he published the textbook, "Clinical Gait Analysis: theory and practice",
and is a Visiting Fellow at the Queensland Gait Laboratory.
36
S7-02
CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
RECONSTRUCTION: BONE-PATELLAR TENDON-BONE VERSUS
SEMITENDINOSUS AND GRACILIS TENDON AUTOGRAFT
Somkiet Malila 2, Sittisak Honsawek 2, Pongsak Yuktanandana 1
1
Department of Orthopaedics, 2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Objectives: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is one of the most common procedures
performed in orthopaedic surgery. The most frequently used autografts are bone-patellar tendon-bone
(BPTB) and semitendinosus and gracilis (ST/C). There is limited data regarding clinical outcomes
after ACL replacement. The aim of the present study was to compare clinical outcomes following
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using either BPTB autograft or ST/C tendon
autograft.
Materials and methods: Thirty-four patients (age between 18 and 46 years) undergoing
arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction were operated to have either a central one-third BPTB
(n=14) or doubled ST/C autograft (n=20) between 2007 and 2009. Clinical outcomes were assessed
postoperatively using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score. Knee laxity to
anterior translation was evaluated by the Aircast® Rolimeter™ applying in 20º of flexion. All
assessments at the follow-up were performed by the same physician.
Results: Although ACL reconstruction improved knee stability and IKDC knee scores significantly,
there was no statistically significant difference between BPTB and ST/C autograft reconstructions in
terms of knee scores or laxity to anterior translation (P=0.5).
Conclusion: We were unable to show any significant difference in clinical outcome of knee score or
laxity to anterior translation with either a BPTB autograft or ST/C tendon autograft. Even BPTB is a
gold standard for ACL reconstruction; we prove that ST/C graft is not inferior to BPTB. However
ST/C reconstruction is associated with less donor site morbidity and hamstring weakness.
Dr. Pongsak Yuktanandana is an orthopedist and an Associate Professor at the Department of Orthopaedics,
King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkron University. He received
numerous certifiation and training including
− FIMS (Sports Medicine)
− Certified Board of Orthopedics
− Arthroscopy Fellowship Eisin Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
− A.O. fellowship (Hamburgh, Germany)
− Sports Medicine fellowship UPMC, Pittsburgh USA
Dr. Pongsak Yuktanandana also serves as members and committee of numerous organizations such as
− Royal College of Orthopaedic Surgeon of Thailand (RCOST)
− Chairman Basic Science section RCOST
− Organizing Committee Sports Medicine section RCOST
− Organizing Committee Metabolic Bone section RCOST
He is interest in the fields of sports medicine, arthroplasty, metabolic bone disease.
37
S7-03
AN OVERVIEW OF INJURIES IN WEIGHTLIFTING
AND WEIGHT TRAINING
Samatchai Chamnongkich
Department of Physical Therapy, Chiang Mai University
Weightlifting is a sport that requires explosive strength and power. Injuries can occur both in training
and competition. The prevalence of injuries in various areas of the body can help explain the pathobiomechanics of the weightlifting techniques and can be used in planning the appropriate treatment
and prevention of injuries that may occur in the future. The prevalence and areas of injuries in 36 Thai
national team weightlifters were surveyed in 2007. In addition to the survey, a physical therapist
performed a physical examination to determine the location and type of injury for each weightlifter. It
was found the most common problems were muscle strain, followed by tendinitis and ligament sprain.
The most affected parts of body were lower back and knee. A survey in 16 Thai junior weightlifters in
Chiang Mai province was conducted in 2008. Similar to the national team weightlifters, it was found
that in Thai junior weightlifters, the back (primarily low back), knees, and shoulders accounted for the
most significant number of injuries. Injuries to the back primarily consisted of strains. Most knee
injuries were tendinitis. The majority of shoulder injuries were classified as strains.
During the snatch lift, the weightlifters reported back pain during the phase of lifting the barbell from
the ground up to the knees. During the clean and jerk lift, the weightlifters reported that back pain
occurred during accepting the barbell on the shoulder prior to the jerk phase. The knee problems in
weightlifters were defied as chronic inflammation (chronic inflammatory) rather than the problem of
stability of the knee (traumatic instability). The shoulder problem has also been reported in
weightlifters. The phase of lifting causing the knee pain occurred while the knee is in fully flexed
position while bearing weight on the shoulders. Information about the phase of lifting associated with
pain and pain location on the body may be used as a basis for better understanding the mechanism of
injury during lift. This will lead to a treatment plan and prevent injuries that may occur in the future.
Dr. Chamnongkich is a physical therapist with a PhD in biomechanics, from University of
Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA. He is currently an Asisitant Professor at the Faculty of
Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University. His research interests are advanced
physical therapy management in patients with neuromusculoskeletal related problems and
evaluation of sports biomechanics using a 3-dimensional motion analysis system.
38
S8-01
SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY FOR
PEOPLE WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES:
OVERVIEW OF SPORTS SCIENCE/MEDICINE CONSIDERATIONS
Ben Johnson, EdD
Kennesaw State University, USA
People with physical disabilities worldwide are increasingly engaged in sport and physical activity
programs as the Paralympic movement expands its influence. The impact of these programs on
society and individuals will be explored. In addition, the numerous benefits of regular physical
activity for people with disabilities and particularly those that engage in very strenuous activity will
be discussed. Likewise, the common physiological and biomechanical challenges as well as those
issues that are more unique to people with physical disabilities will be presented. The presentation
will seek to address and dispel myths and misconceptions about sport and physical activity for people
with disabilities.
S8-02
ATHLETES WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES: ASIA'S POTENTIAL
James Laskin, PhD, PT
University of Montana, USA
Athletes with physical disabilities are athletes first. Make no mistake about the intensity and drive to
be the best that these athletes display. The Paralympic movement has a long and rich history. This
presentation will provide a framework of understanding for the Paralympic movement. It will survey
the history, politics, the evolution of the various sport disciplines, classification, training practices as
well as the unique features of these sports and the challenges that these athletes face. Throughout Asia
as people with disabilities are recognized as equal members of our communities they will also take
their place in representing their Nations as truly elite athletes.
S8-03
SPORTS TECHNOLOGY FOR ATHLETES WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
Weerawat Limroongreungrat PhD, PT, CSCS
College of Sports Science & Technology, Mahidol University, Thailand
Assistive devices not only allow people with disabilities to perform the tasks of daily living but play
important role in sports. From the need to adapt wheelchairs for use in different sports such as
wheelchair racing, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair tennis and wheelchair rugby, to the prosthetics,
the range of technological aids for athletes is continually growing. Advances in technology of
assistive devices have been developed and designed for more efficient, faster and sport specific. This
presentation will describe current technological developments in assistive devices such as prostheses
and wheelchairs used which will be primarily focused on the summer Paralympics Games.
ORAL SESSIONS
39
40
O1-02
LOWER BODY IMMERSION AT DIFFERENT WATER TEMPERATURES
DURING RECOVERY PERIOD ON THERMOREGULATORY PROFILES AND SUBSEQUENT
PERFORMANCE IN SOCCER PLAYERS
Khwankerd A., Chaunchaiyakul R., Chentanez T., Pinthong M.
College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
Introduction: Effective recovery is essential to ensure optimal performance in a subsequent event or match. Water
immersion is gaining popularity recovery strategies after post game or posts training and produces similar benefits to active
recovery. To date there are very few studies investigated effects of water immersion during recovery period between exercise
bouts on subsequent performance and the result showed equivocal result. Purpose: The objectives of this study were to
identify effect of lower body immersion, at different water temperatures, ambient, cold and warm, during 15-min recovery
period on thermoregulatory profiles and the subsequent performance in soccer players. Methods: Twenty-eight soccer
players were voluntarily participated with the study. To simulate soccer game condition, subjects were asked to complete 2
sets of 45-min intermittent sprint-cycling. Various recovery methods during a 15 min half-time period were randomly
intervened with control (rest without water immersion) and water immersions: ambient (27 C), warm (39 C) and cold (15 C)
water temperatures. After recovery intervention, subjects performed a 5-min warm up and repeat the same protocol of
another 45-min intermittent sprint-cycling test. The experimental parameters were measured and recorded every five-minute
intervals until the end of the experiment. For data analysis, ANOVA will be used for comparison among groups at specific
time series. Within the group comparison will be employed using Repeated-Measured ANOVA at different time series of the
same group. Two physical performances, pre- and post-intervention, will be compared using Student t-test. Level of
significance is set at p< 0.05.Results: Rectal temperature in all groups of water immersion showed significantly lower than
control at the end of each trial (p<0.05). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation, peak power, heart rate,
systolic and diastolic blood pressures showed no difference from control (p<0.05). Blood lactate in ambient and warm water
immersions showed significantly lower than in control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Lower body immersion during 15 min
half-time period prevented excessive rectal temperature in the end of first half but did not improve performance during
second half of soccer bout.
O1-04
RAPID PALM COOLING ON PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSES AND ANAEROBIC
PERFORMANCE DURING SIMULATED TAEKWONDO COMPETITIONS
Saovieng S., Widjaja W., Chentanez T., Chaunchaiyakul R.
Purpose: The main purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of rapid palm cooling during 1-min rest period between
3 simulated consecutive bouts on physiological responses and anaerobic performance of Taekwondo athletes. Methods:
Nine male Taekwondo subjects performed 2 sets, separated by a week, of 3 repeated-2 min anaerobic bouts with 1-min rest
using Modified Wingate Anaerobic test, loaded at 0.06/5 body weight (kg). Palm cooling (group 2) was randomly
intervened using rapid thermal exchange unit (RTX) during 1-min rest period between bouts whereas subjects who had no
intervention were sat quietly during rest period (group 1, control). Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory indicators were
collected during exercise bouts, 1-min rest period in between, at 5 and 30 min after the 3rd bout. Results: Both groups
showed significantly dropped of anaerobic peak powers at the 2nd round whereas RTX group showed significantly higher
peak power during the 3rd round (p<0.05). Tympanic temperature, Ttymp, and thermal sensation scale of group 1 showed
significantly increase from the 3rd round (p<0.05), 5 min (p<0.05) but at 30 min post exercise only Ttymp was significantly
lower than in RTX group (p<0.05). No changes in blood flow, heart rate and mean body temperature were detected between
2 groups (p>0.05). RTX group had lower mean skin temperature than control group at 30 min recovery (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Rapid palm cooling method, treated during 1-min rest period, improved anaerobic peak power in Taekwondo
athletes particularly on the 3rd round. This technique offers better thermoregulatory changes during repeated exercise bouts.
O2-01
RELATIONS BETWEEN RESTING METABOLISM AND MAXIMUM FORCE GENERATION
Yamauchi J.
Tmu/Hps, Tokyo, Japan
Introduction: It is known that basal/resting metabolism is associated with muscle mass and that the maximum force
production is related to muscle mass, so that basal/resting metabolism should be associated with the maximum force
production. Accordingly, a deterioration of skeletal muscle function is one of the consequences of increase in adipose tissue
or a risk of metabolic syndrome, due to a lowering of basal metabolism. However, there is no information available whether
a resting metabolism is related to maximum force generation. Purpose: The present study investigated the relations between
resting metabolism and maximum force generation of hand and leg in young men and women. Methods: Thirty-six healthy
young individuals (age, 20.6±0.8 yr; height, 162.3±7.6 cm; body mass, 55.5±7.7 kg, mean±S.D.) participated in this study.
The resting metabolism was measured with the metabolic analyzer. Also, maximum isometric knee extension force of the
right leg was measured with the knee extension dynamometer, maximum isometric handgrip force of the right and left hand
was measured with a handgrip dynamometer and maximum leg power was measured with a distance of horizontal squat
41
jump performance. All measurements were repeated 3 times, and the mean value of the nearest two measurements was used
for further analysis. Data are presented as mean± SD. Results: Lean body mass (LBM) was significantly correlated with
hand grip force, leg power, knee extensor force and resting metabolism (r=0.887(p<0.001), 0.762(p<0.001), 0.687(p<0.001)
and 0.514(p<0.01), respectively). Also, a resting metabolism was significantly correlated with hand grip force, leg power
and knee extensor force (r=0.493(p<0.01), 0.579(p<0.001) and 0.39(p<0.05), respectively). Although there were significant
relationships between a resting metabolism and maximum force generation, it was shown that resting metabolism was
differently related to force generating capacity in upper and lower body and different type of muscle actions (dynamic vs.
static, single joint vs. multi-joint movements). Conclusion: This suggests that resting metabolism is not only related to
muscle mass, but also to other factors such as neural activation level. Measurement of maximum muscle force can be useful
for a simple evaluation of resting metabolism.
O2-02
ENERGY INTAKE AND PERCENT BODY FAT IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS DURING MIDSEASON
Charoenwattana S.1, Salipan M.2
Burapha/Sport Science1, Physiology2 Chonburi, Thailand
Background: The study was done to determine total energy intake (TEI) and percent body fat (%BF) in professional soccer
players as assessed during mid-season and according to playing position. Method: Subjects were sixty-eight males ages 1822 years: five goalkeepers, 16 forwards, 23 midfielders, and 24 defenders, recruited from purposive sampling. 3 Days
nutrition records were taken and %BF were measured in four skin-folds. (Denin & Womersley). Statistics analyses.
Computerized were tabulated for TEI and % BF. INMUCAL-NUTRIENTS were used to determine total energy intake.)
Result: TEI and %BF were Goalkeepers, 6747.3 ± 303 kcal /d and 16.3 ±2.4; Forwards, 4633.3 ± 2001 kcal /d and 12.9
±2.1, Midfielders, 4478.8 ±2239 kcal /d 14.2 ±3.1; and Defenders, TEI was 5444.1± 2176 kcal /d and % BF was 13.6 ± 3.0.
Nutrient distribution (carbohydrate: fat: protein) for the players were low carbohydrate, high protein and high fat
(Goalkeepers, 36:39:25, Forwards, 46:33:21 Midfielders, 45:34:20 and Defenders, 48:32:19). Nutrition data were low
carbohydrate and high fat dishes, that affected player health and performance. Conclusions: We concluded that TEI and
%BF differ according to playing position and workload.An individual's work rate profiles is dependent upon the type of
competition and the playing position. Recommendations for coaches and health professionals include designing nutrition
plans for the maintenance and improvement of health and the enhancement of performance on the field.
O2-03
THE VARIATION OF JUNIOR MALE JUDO PLAYER BODY COMPOSITION, SPECIFIC ABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE DURING WEIGHT LOSS
Kao M.1, Weng C.1, Chen P.1, Lin P.2
National Taiwan College of Physical Education/Physical Education, Taichung, Taiwan1
Ssu Chang Li Elementary School/Teachr, Taichung, Taiwan2
The purpose of this study were to analysis variation in body weight, body composition, anaerobic capacity, and specific
sports performance among male high school judo players pre and post weight loss training. Method: The subjects for this
study were 20 male high school judo players. The variation in their body weight and body composition is analyzed with a
body composition analyzer pre and post weight loss, and they underwent specific judo tests. At the end of exercise, their
blood was sampled to test the blood lactate level for determining their anaerobic capacity and specific judo performance. The
independent sample t test and paired sample t test to determine variation in the variables body weight, body composition,
anaerobic capacity, and specific judo performance with 0.05 between the weight loss group and the non-weight-loss group
before and after training. Results: During the period of weight loss, there were significant differences in the players body
weight and the total body water, muscle weight, fat-free weight, fat distribution, BMI, and BMR below the body
composition variables; There were significant different in the rest lactate level and the rest heart rate. Conclusion: A one
week 5% rapid reduction weight in high school judo players before a competition does not have any significant affect on the
high school judo players’ performance.
O3-1
ACUTE EFFECTS OF HYPO-HYDRATION ON MUSCLE ANAEROBIC PEAK POWER AND STRENGTH
Mohamed nashrudin N., Mohd zulfadli Z., Norazmi R., Ashril Y.
University of Malaya/Exercise Physiology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Introduction: It is common knowledge that adequate hydration is necessary to maintain high performance especially in
prolonged exercises. Many researchers have reported there was significant reduction in endurance performance due to lack
of body water. However, the effects of hydration status on short term-high intensity activity have not been widely studied.
Purpose: We aim to investigate the effect of different levels of hypo-hydration on muscle anaerobic peak power and strength.
We hypothesized that hypo-hydration status will have detrimental effect on muscle anaerobic performance. Methods: Thirty
two (n=32) subjects consented for this study (age; 22.35 ± 1.43, weight; 70.85 ± 1.33 kg; and height; 1.69 ± 0.05 m), and
were grouped into control (euhydrated), 2, 3 and 4 % (2H, 3H, and 4H). The weighing method was employed to determine
different hypo-hydration levels before and after undergone sauna at 40 Co with humidity of 20 %. Peak anaerobic (APP)
42
performance was determined using Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) and strength using 1 RM test. Results and Conclusions:
Our results show that there were significant (p < 0.05) reduction in APP (post & pre) in the 3H (-49.56 ± 13.37 W) compared
to control (7.70 ± 8.45 W), and an increase in 1 RM (post & pre) in the 4H (3.88 ± 1.20 kg) compared to control (0.58 ± 0.39
kg). Interestingly we also observed that there was a progressive reduction in APP in 2H and 3H respectively, however
thereafter in the 4H there was no significant change compared to control; on the other hand the 4H showed a significant
improvement in muscular strength. There seems to be a compensatory mechanism when the body is hypo-hydrated to sustain
muscular performance. This is similar to previous findings where regimented weight loss was shown to increase body
composition and muscle strength. In contrast some studies have shown no changes or slight reduction in muscle strength
following hypohydration procedures. From our study it is suggested that hypo-hydration may benefit certain sporting events
which require single maximal muscle contraction, however may not be strategic for prolonged anaerobic exercises.
O3-02
EFFECT OF RECOVERY POSTURES ON REPEATED SPRINT PERFORMANCE
Pawong C., Chentanez T., Poonchob K. & Pinthong M.
Introduction: Recovery postures may affect the decay rate of core temperature and restoration of subsequent performances.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of recovery postures; upright seated (S) and 45 degree leg-raising
(LR) on repeated-intermittent sprint performance. Methods: Eight males (Age; 20.38 ± 0.74 yr.) performed 45 min of highintensity intermittent exercise; soccer-specific program on treadmill (averaged intensity; 80% HRmax) followed by 15 min
of recovery in either S or LR posture. Rectal temperature and heart rate were measured at baseline, at the end of exercise and
every 1 min until the end of recovery time. Immediately upon completion of the recovery, the subjects were transferred to a
cycle ergometer to complete the 6 x 10 s sprints. Heart rate was measured throughout the repeated sprints. The difference
between pre- and post-exercise body mass was calculated for indicating total sweat loss and degree of dehydration. Results:
Rectal temperature was significantly lower in LR when compared to S during recovery (p < 0.05). Mean peak power output
(watt) was declined with increasing number of repeated sprints for both S and LR (p < 0.001). However, there was no
significant effect of recovery postures on peak power performance during the repeated sprints. Conclusion: The extent of
lowered core temperature in LR at the end of recovery was not sufficient to enhance peak power output during repeated
sprints. Incorporating LR posture to the other strategies i.e. cooling, fluid and nutritional supplement may help achieving full
restoration of performance following the limited recovery time. Further studies are warranted.
O3-03
TIME-DEPENDENT EMG POWER SPECTRUM FEATURES OF BICEPS BRACHII DURING ISOTONIC
EXERCISE
Thongpanja S., Phinyomark A., Phukpattaranont P., Limsakul C.
Prince of Songkla University/Department of Electrical Engineering, Songkhla, Thailand
Introduction: Median frequency and mean frequency (MDF and MNF) are the global used methods of EMG power
spectrum to assess muscle fatigue. However, a disadvantage of these parameters is a non-linear relationship with muscle
load, especially in dynamic contraction and in large muscle. Instead of using a whole signal fast Fourier transformation
(FFT), a concept of using consecutive FFT has been proposed. Purpose: In order to analyze EMG power spectrum in both of
muscle fatigue and muscle load indices, we investigate time dependence of MDF and MNF of a time-sequential data, which
are called Time-Dependent MDF and MNF (TD-MDF and TD-MNF). The performances of TD-MDF and TD-MNF used
determine muscle load are proposed. Furthermore, the effects of window size and window overlapping are evaluated.
Methods: EMG signals were acquired by two electrodes on the biceps brachii. The EMG signals were recorded from four
normal subjects with different loads: 2, 4, 6, and 8 kg. The EMG signals were measured during round-trip isotonic
contraction with 3 seconds in range of 0-180 degrees. The sampling rate was set to 1024 Hz and a 20-500 Hz band-pass filter
was used. After that TD-MDF and TD-MNF were extracted and were compared with MDF and MNF features that were
calculated based on the whole data. Lastly, optimal window size and overlapping were selected. Results and Conclusion:
Results show that the proposed methods have a linear relationship with muscle loads. In other words, a significant difference
between TD-MDF (and TD-MNF) value for different loading conditions (p<0.001) was observed. The TD-MDF and TDMNF of isotonic EMG data shows a dynamical change with respect to time and it was found that there is a certain pattern of
TD-MDFs and TD-MNFs for each data. The selection of suitable range of TD-MDF (and TD-MNF) features vector will
offer better separability of muscle load and will provide less variation of feature value. The methods of overlapping
consecutive windows have better ability than disjoint consecutive methods. Moreover, some statistic parameters are
suggested to apply with selected efficient TD-MDF (or TD-MNF) feature vectors in order to be easily observed and used in
application.
O3-05
DISCRIMINATION OF EYE EXERCISES USING ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY (EOG) SIGNAL
Aungsakun S., Phinyomark A., Phukpattaranont P., Limsakul C.
Prince of Songkla University/Electrical Engineering, Had-yai, Thailand
43
Introduction: Eyes need regular exercise in order to keep them healthy, just like any other muscle in the body. The aims of
the eye exercises are to strengthen the eye muscles and improve the vision. Purpose: Recently, in order to promote the eye
exercises in the daily life of human, the development of eye training recognition system is proposed. Various kinds of eye
exercises can be detected based on the classification of EOG signal. In this paper, the simple and efficient eye exercises are
studied and optimal discriminant algorithm for EOG classification is proposed. Methods: Five surface electrodes are put
around the eyes. Horizontal signals were acquired by two electrodes on the right and left of outer canthi. Vertical signals
were acquired on the above and below of the right eye. A reference electrode is placed on the forehead. The EOG signals are
recorded from three normal subjects with the eleven eye exercises: eyes move-up, -down, -left, and -right, eyes look to left
and right cheeks, eyes look to left and right tail eyebrows, eyes move clockwise and counterclockwise, and eyes close. The
sampling rate is set to 1024 Hz. In order to discriminate these activities, raw bio-electrical signals are separated into two
efficient frequency bands. A 1-10 Hz band-pass filter is used for detecting low frequency band of EOG signal (trend) and a
10-45 Hz band-pass filter is used for detecting EOG signal at high frequency band and electromyography (EMG) signal
(fluctuation). After that unique time domain features i.e. peak amplitude, duration, and integrated EMG were extracted.
Lastly, the optimal threshold values are selected to discriminate these activities. Results and Conclusion: Results show that
the proposed algorithm can successfully classify EOG signals from various eye activities based on the waveform shapes and
frequency components of EOG signals. In other words, the average correctness of classification algorithm is more than 95
%.
O3-06
PHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS DURING FUTSAL MATCH-PLAY OF THAI ELITE AND AMATEUR PLAYERS
Makaje N.1, Ruangthai R.1, Arkarapant A.1 and Yoopat P.2
Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng-Saen Campus, Nakornpathom, Thailand1
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Rangsit University, Thailand2
Introduction: A better of understanding the physiological demands of sports is importance, to assist the creation of sportsspecific training schedules that makes develop optimal training for players. However, there have only been a few scientific
studies that to investigated physiological demand of futsal players and the relation of competitive level and playing position
with its physiological demand is not well known. Objectives: The aims of this study were to examine and compare the
physiological demand during futsal match-play of different competitive level according to positional role. Methods: Fifteen
international and professional futsal players (elite group: age 24.2±5 years) and 15 futsal players of university level (amateur
group: age20.7±3 years) were participated in this study. The participants in each group were divided into three teams, each
team consisting 1 goalkeeper and 4 outfield players and all players were observed two match during highly simulated
competitive games (two half, each half 2×10 min with 5-min recovery and 10 min for half-time interval).The physiological
demands were analyzed by measuring heart rate using telemetric devices, VO2 during the game was predicted from
individual HR-VO2 linear regression equation was determined from a laboratory test and earlobe-blood lactate concentration
was measured before the start of each match, at the half time and at the full time. Results: The result showed that the
outfield players, the elite group was higher (P<0.05) %HRmax (89.8 ± 5.8%) , %VO2max(77.9 ± 9.0%) and blood
lactate(5.5 ± 1.4 mmol) than the amateur players (86.2 ± 6.7% of HRmax,73.1 ± 6.2 % of VO2max, and 5.1 ± 1.5 mmol/l of
blood lactate). There were no differences in most physiological demands between the two competitive level of goalkeeper
(P>0.05). The outfield players of elite group had the spent time at low intensity (1.3 ± 0.8%) during 40 min playing time less
than the amateur players (6.4 ± 2.1%) and the spent time at high intensity of elite group(81.4 ± 16.3%) more than the
amateur players (73.5 ± 21.4%). There was no difference in the any intensity between groups in goalkeepers position
(P>0.05). Conclusion: Futsal is a multiple-sprint sport in which high-intensity exercise that heavily taxes the aerobic and
anaerobic pathways and the elite players seems to require higher physiological demand than amateur player. Such
information may be used in the development of specific training program of athletes.
O3-07
THE EFFECT OF ASPIRIN TABLET INTAKE ON HS-CRP FACTOR OF
NON-ATHLETE MALE'S SERUM, AFTER AN EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
Soleimani M.1, Aghaei F.2
Tabriz University/Physical Education And Sport Sciences, Tabriz, Iran1
Islamic Azad University/Physical Education And Sport Sciences, Karaj, Iran2
Introduction: Coronary heart diseases (CHD) that begins with atherosclerosis process, is the main indicator of cardiac
arrests and mortality. There is increasing evidence that inflammation contributes to the atherosclerosis, then investigation of
inflammatory markers such as high sensitive C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) increase as a prediction factor for atherosclerosis.
It has been assumed that acute exercise augments the risk of vascular thrombotic events and increases inflammatory factors.
However, recently studies are shown that the reduction of myocardial infraction with the use of aspirin was related to the
baseline levels of Hs-CRP. Method: 22 healthy non-athlete males (mean age=24±1.22 years, Height= 170±2.06 cm, weight:
70.3±6.5 kg VO2max= 35.72±4.37 ml/kg/min,) provided written informed consent and divided in tow groups [aspirin (AS)
and placebo (PL)]. Bruce exercise test was performed as an incremental exhaustive protocol. In a double-blind design, each
group received bottle's contains (AS: 325 mgr aspirin in the 300 ml solution and PL: 300 ml solution) and one hour after it,
contributed in test. Venous blood samples were collected 1-h prior to exercise (base-line) and 1-h after completion of trial
respectively. Differences were statistically analyzed t-test using SPSS16.Results: Hs-CRP levels decreased significantly
(P<0.001) after exercise compared with before exercise in aspirin trial.Discussion: Analyzes of data demonstrated that
44
aspirin had significant effect on Hs-CRP levels that is line with, Feldman (2001), Kennon (2001) and Ikonomidis (1999) but,
Dali (2000) have reported that aspirin did not affect the Hs-CRP levels significantly. However, we have few data about
different exercise and training on plasma Hs-CRP levels with aspirin. In conclusion, aspirin consumption decreased Hs-CRP
levels but many factors such as age, gender, aerobic capacity, measuring techniques, dietary regime, subjects and training
characteristics have effects on results.
O4-01
COMPARISON OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE BETWEEN SINGLE AND DOUBLE LEG ROPE JUMPING
EXERCISE
Chottidao, M.& Limroongreungrat, W.
INTRODUCTION: Jumping rope is a simple physical activity that can promote physical health. It is believed that jump
rope can increase agility, coordination, and balance, but it is not improve cardiovascular fitness. Moreover, different jumping
styles may produce energy expenditure. PURPOSE: To investigate differences in energy expenditure between single leg
(SL) and double leg (DL) rope jumps. METHOD: Nine healthy males, age ranged between 19 and 21 years, (Meanage=
20.22 ± 0.66 yr, Meanweight= 65.11 ± 9.19 kg and Meanheight= 174.22 ± 4.38 cm respectively). All participants were
performed jump rope exercises either a SL or DL jump conditions at the intensity of 72 round/min for 5 minutes. The order
of each jump rope condition was randomly assigned. Participants were allowed to have a 15-min rest between each
condition. Prior to the testing, anthropometric data including body weight (BW), height, resting heart rate (RHR) and energy
expenditure (calorie uptake) were collected during exercises. Dependent t-tests were employed to determine differences
between the two conditions. RESULTS: Calorie uptake of SL (151.38±13.77cal) was statistically significant lower than DL
(165.11±23.26 cal) (p =0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Energy expenditure of DL rope jump had higher than SL rope jump in 5
min.
O4-02
EFFECT OF YOGA AND PRANAYAMA PRACTICE ON THE IGA SUBCLASSES SUPPRESSION BECAUSE
OF AEROBIC TRAINING
Rajasekhar K. V.1, Gopikrishna Y.2, Kamalakar K. S.3, Sarojini S.4
Centre For Physical Fitness And Sports Sciences, School Of Medical Sciences, University Of Hyderabad/School Of Medical
Sciences, Hyderabad, India1
Jnt University/Physical Education, Hyderabad, India2
International Institute Of Infromation Technology/Physical Educaiton, Hyderabad, India3
Sp Mahila University/Physical Education, Tirupati, India4
Back Ground: The Immunoglobulin A (IgA) subclass influence the immunity of the upper respiratory tract. Respiratory
tract infections are associated with the IgA1 and IgA2. Aerobic training may suppress the IgA subclasses. Methods: Twenty
four individuals grouped into two groups and one group practiced aerobic running of moderate to high intensity for six
months and the other group practiced selected Yoga and pranayama activities in addition to the aerobic running. Another age
matched group of twelve individuals acted as control group who did not practice any activity. Baseline and post training
period salivary IgA1 and IgA2 values were measured for all the groups and were compared with Analysis of Covariance
(ANCOVA). The self perceived number of symptoms of infections of respiratory tract was verified through the Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA). Results: Significant difference among the three groups was found for IgA1 (obtained F = 3.34: Cr.F =
3.23), and no significant difference was found for IgA2 (obtained F= 1.75: Cr.F= 3.23). Scheffe's post hoc test with a
comparison difference of 5.47 revealed that the aerobic training alone group's IgA1 adjusted post test mean of 36.37 was
significantly lower when compared the inactive age matched group's mean of 45.29., but the post training IgA1 mean of
group practiced yoga and pranayama along with the aerobic training was not significantly lower, indicating that the yoga and
pranayama combined training acted against the suppressive affects of aerobic training on IgA1. Though the analysis of
variance revealed that there was no significant difference (obtained F = 0.54 and Cr.F = 3.23) among the three groups on
their number of perceived symptoms of respiratory tract infections, the comparison of baseline to post training mean values
revealed that the Yoga and pranayama with aerobic training group mean (1.75) was below the mean of age matched inactive
individuals group (1.833). Conclusion: Salivary IgA1 subclass of IgA suppression because of long duration aerobic training
can be controlled through supplementation of Yoga and pranayama practice and thereby immunosuppressive quality of
aerobic training may be effectively countered.
O4-04
THE EFFECTS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING BY
A RESPIRATORY RESISTANCE TRAINING UNIT
Buranapuntalug S.1 , Jalayondeja W. 2 , Chaunchaiyakul R. 3 , Chuaychoo B. 4 , Thanungkul S. 5
Huaciew University/Physical Therapy, Samut Prakarn, Thailand1
Mahidol University/Faculty of Physical Therapy, Salaya, Thailand2
Mahidol University/College of Sport Science and Technology, Salaya, Thailand3
Mahidol University /Department Of Medicine Faculty Of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand4
45
Mahidol University/Institute of Science And Technology For Research And Development, Salaya, Thailand5
Purposes: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of respiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle
endurance, strength, respiratory system compliance and airway resistance by a respiratory resistance training unit. Method:
Twenty females participated in this study (controlled group; n = 10, treated group; n = 10). The treated group was trained by
the respiratory resistance training unit, at 40% of their maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), 3 days/week for 6 weeks.
Maximal voluntary ventilation in 12 seconds (MVV12), maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP)
were measured at pre-training on the 3rd and 6th week. The repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test for the
differences of these variables among the baseline, 3rdand 6th weeks in each group and between groups. Respiratory system
compliance and airway resistance during quiet breathing by transient interruption technique were determined at pre-training
and 6th week. These parameters were use t- test for calculated the differences among baseline and 6th weeks in each group
and between groups.Results: The treated group showed progressive and continuous increase in MVV and MIP throughout
the 6 weeks of training. There were significant differences of MVV and MIP in the treated group on the 3rd and 6th week
when compared to baseline and the controlled group. The percentages of improvements of MVV and MIP in the treated
group on the 3rd and 6th week were 7.44% and 10.57%, respectively for MVV and 20.47% and 29.90%, respectively for
MIP. There's no effect of respiratory endurance training and time on MEP, respiratory system compliance and airway
resistance between the groups in both the treated and controlled group. There were no changes in any variables in the control
group throughout the training period.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that respiratory endurance training by the
respiratory resistance training unit can increase both respiratory muscle endurance and inspiratory muscle strength.
O4-05
EFFECT OF RECOVERY POSTURE ON HEMODYNAMIC AND VENTILATORY RESPONSES AFTER HIGHINTENSITY INTERMITTENT EXERCISE
Petviset H., Pinthong M.
PURPOSE: To investigate and compare effects of recovery postures; upright-seated position and 45 degrees leg-raising on
ventilation and hemodynamic responses after high-intensity exercise. METHODS: Nine male volunteers (mean ± SD: age,
19.6 ± 0.6 yr) completed the high-intensity intermittent; 45 min soccer specific exercise on treadmill. Immediately after
exercise, each subject was assigned to recovery in seated or leg-raised position for 15 min in a randomized order. Each
subject was performed two experimental trials separating at least 1 week. Minute ventilation and heart rate were monitored
via portable metabolic test system (Oxycon Mobile, Germany) and telemetry heart rate monitor (Polar, Finland). These
measures were averaged over 1-min during resting, exercise and after-exercise recovery. During resting and after exercise,
blood pressure was measured by an automatic blood pressure monitor (Omron., Japan) every 1 min and averaged over 5-min
intervals. Perceived exertion during exercise and respiratory discomfort during recovery (1-min intervals) were recorded.
RESULTS: Minute ventilation, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion and arterial blood pressure variables at baseline rest
and during exercise were not significantly different between recovery trials. Post-exercise systolic blood pressure (P<0.05)
and arterial pulse pressure (P<0.01) were greater for the leg-raised recovery compared with the seated recovery. Heart rate
was increased after exercise and remained above resting values after 15 min of upright-seated and leg-raised recovery. The
change in heart rate after high-intensity intermittent exercise was less in the leg-raised recovery (P<0.05) and the absolute
heart rate was lower compared with the seated condition (P<0.01). Minute ventilation, rating of respiratory discomfort, and
diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure were not influenced by the tested recovery postures (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
These data show a greater benefit of leg-raised recovery for reducing cardiovascular strains after high-intensity intermittent
exercise. It is assumed that the seated posture was associated with venous pooling in the dependent limbs, compromising the
cardiovascular function by decreasing the venous return of the blood and stroke volume, reflected by the reduction in arterial
pulse pressure. It is recommended that an evaluation of these mechanisms be further explored.
O4-06
ANTIOXIDATIVE EFFECTS OF THAI HERBACEOUS PLANT (KRACHAI DUM) ON SEXUAL ACTIVITY
AND REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND HINDIMBS BLOOD FLOWS OF EXERCISE MALE RATS
Chaiyakul S.1 & Jaturapanich K.2
Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Science and Public Health, Walailuk University1
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand2
Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Kaempferia parviflora (Krachai Dum, local herbaceous plant
containing flavonoid content and antioxidant activity) on the aphrodisiac (substance that increases sexual desire) activity,
reproductive functions and blood flows to reproductive organs and hindlimbs of male rat. Materials and methods: Alcohol
extracts of K.parvoflora at low (10, 20, 40 and 70 mg/kgBw/day) and high doses of 200 and 1,000 mg/kgBw/day were
administered for 5 weeks in male Wistar rats. Results: Low dose of 70 mg/kgBw/day of alcohol extract of K.parvoflora
significantly decreased mount latency and ejaculation latency whereas it did not alter fertility and sperm motility. High doses
had no effect on mount latency when compared with control group. Interestingly, the alcohol extract potentially reduced the
latency time of treated rat to a value that is not significantly different from that of testosterone treated rat. Administration of
1,000 mg/kgBw/day of K.parvoflora for 4 weeks had higher %fertility than those of intact alcohol treated group, but it failed
46
to improve the fertility when compared with intact control group. To examine the role of alcohol extract of K.parviflora on
haemodynamic parameters, the extract at a dose of 70 mg/kgBw/day was administered to non-exercise and exercise–trained
rats for 4 weeks. While in K.parvoflora treated rat mABP (mean arterial blood pressure) was unaffected. In exercise without
and exercise with K.parvoflora treated groups, in contrast, mABP was significantly decreased. Basal spermatic and femoral
blood flows were increased in the following order: exercise without and exercise with K.parvoflora groups > K.parvoflora
group > intact control and intact alcohol groups. After treatment with alcohol extract of K.parviflora (10, 20 and 40
mg/kgBw iv), K.parvoflora, exercise without and exercise with K.parvoflora groups had lower mABP than those of intact
control and intact alcohol groups. On the other hand, all doses of alcohol extract of K.parviflora induced an increase in
spermatic and femoral blood flow in all groups of treated rats. Conclusion: K.parviflora had only a slight effect on
aphrodisiac activity and male reproductive functions, but markedly enhanced blood flow to reproductive organs and
hindlimb of male rats.
O5-01
RELAXATION MUSIC ON RECOVERY PERIOD
Pattanapornchai P.1, Juangphanich P.1, Pidokrajt N.2
College of Sport Science and Technology1
College of Music2, Mahidol University, Nakhon Phathom, Thailand
Introduction: During games bouts there are brief recovery periods for return to complete again .Therefore, the way to
decreasing recovery period is necessary for the sport field. Purpose: The aim of this present study was to examine the effects
of relaxation music on recovery period. Method: Male and female 12 healthy who have regularly exercise (3-5 times per
weeks. Then give the treatments to each subjects by randomized control in resting period by each subjects were receive 3
treatments in 15 minutes recovery period ; without music, listen to relaxation music and listen to preferred music (each
subjects will receive 3treatments by randomized control). Each condition started with exercise to exhaust and then rest for 15
minutes; exercise by Bruce's Protocol to exhaust according to 85-90%MaxHRR. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate,
mood were measured after exhaust from exercise. Heart rate recovery in 15 minutes resting period was determined by
percent change. Mood was assessed by Thai version of the Brunel mood scale (Choosakul, 2008). Each condition was
performed week after week. ANOVA was analyzed heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and mood.Result: The results
showed percent change in HRR with relaxation music was higher than without music and preferred music. Nevertheless, non
significant on BP and RR were different among 3 treatments. Discussion: The results found that the relaxation music can
improve recovery period by leading to the complete rest which is the best way to encourage way to recovery. Therefore can
enhance and facilitate body function via emotion or feeling follow to the rhythm of music.
O5-02
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS ON
MULTIDIMENSIONAL STATE ANXIETY PRIOR TO COMPETITION IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Hooi L. B.1, Singh Gill B.2
University Of Malaya/Sports Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia1
Sports Centre, University Of Malaya /Sports Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia2
Introduction: Anxiety is one of the most fundamental of all constructs in sport psychology and has been one of the most
extensively researched topics in sport psychology and it continues to attract a considerable amount of research attention in
the discipline of sport psychology. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in the effects of
psychological interventions on multidimensional state anxiety prior to competition in Malaysian volleyball players.
Instrument: The Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory Revised (CSAI-2R) was employed to examine the pre-competition
multidimensional state anxiety one day before competition at the competition venue. Participants: Participants were youth
state volleyball players (N=96; boys = 48; girls = 48; Age: M= 16.35 yr., SD = .89 yr) competing in the under 18 National
School Sport Council of Malaysia Volleyball Tournament. Procedures: The group with the highest group mean scores in
cognitive state anxiety was assigned to a cognitive intervention group (n=24; 12 boys & 12 girls) where subjects underwent
breathing techniques and autogenic relaxation with music lasting 30 minutes per session; the group with the highest group
mean scores in somatic anxiety component (n=24; 12 boys & 12 girls) completed the somatic intervention with progressive
muscular relaxation lasting 30 minutes; the self-confidence group (n=24; 12 boys & 12 girls) which rated the lowest mean
group scores in self-confidence component carried out the intervention with positive self-talk and goal setting exercises
lasting 30 minutes; and a control group (n=24; 12 boys & 12 girls). Results: The MANOVA indicated that the interaction
effect for gender and type of intervention on CSAI-2R components was significant (Wilks's Lambda = .69, F (7, 88) = 3.73,
p < .001). The results indicated significant main effect for gender (Wilks's Lambda = .79, F (7, 88) = 7.57, p < .001) and type
of intervention (Wilks's Lambda = .13, F (7, 88) = 30.85, p < .001). Conclusion: The male athletes in the present study
displayed lower somatic state anxiety, lower cognitive state anxiety and higher self-confidence scores than female athletes
one day prior to competition, gender did influence anxiety responses.
O5-03
MENTAL TOUGHNESS AND SUCCESSIVE IN SPORT WITH THAI ATHLETES
Choosakul C.1, Julvanichpong T.2
Mahasarakham University/Health and Sport Science, Mahasarakham, Thailand1
47
Srinakharinwirot University/Department of Psychology, Bkk, Thailand2
Mental toughness is ability in controlling and responding to mind properly of moodes, concentration, commitment and
attention in various situations. Originally, in foreign countries have studied it continually for understanding of their
appropriate structures and explaining of athlete mental toughness and a success in a sport, especially in the professional or
champion’s level of sport. For Thai athletes, an extending of this knowledgeable to deeply and specify is undoubtedly
important as well. This study mainly aimed to study the mental toughness structural relationships affecting to their success in
sport. The samples used in the study were 2,030 Thai athletes (1,051 males, 979 females). They were chosen through
random sampling. The tools used in this study were the Thai Version of Mental Toughness Inventory (MTI) (Middleton,
2005a) and Athlete Successive Inventory (ASI) that had been proved as good content and construct validities and
reliabilities. The results found that: 1). The MTI shown it concurrent criterion-related validity and could predict the athletes'
mental toughness for Thai athletes by the model fit to the data well (X2= 561.22 (df = 78, p = .00) RMSEA = .056, CFI =
.99, TLI = .99) and the standard coefficient of sport players mental toughness affecting a success was at .77, and .68 for male
and female athletes respectively 2). MTI had a construct validity which showed the well model fit indices (X2= 4,347.60, df
= 548, p = .00 CFI = .98, TLI = .98, RMSEA = .069 and RMSEA = .069, and 3). The structural relationships of athletes'
mental toughness between males and females was invariance (X2= 561.22, df = 78, p > .05 CFI = .99 TLI = .99 and RMSEA
= .056). In conclusion, the MTI was effective. In terms of reliability, construct validity, concurrent validity could predict and
measure the success and the mental toughness of Thai athletes which was very important to develop Thai athletes' mental
ability to a success in the future.
O5-05
STUDY OF STUDENTS MOTIVATION FOR DOING PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES
(HEALTH-RELATED FACTORS AGAINST APPEARANCE RELATED FACTORS)
Jafari siavashani F.1, Kamani S.2, Behaeen B.2
Ma, physical Education, central Tehran Branch and Member of Young Researchers Club1
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran2
If we believe that Student do exercise only for its benefits and not for its external aspects, it is possible to find out the
necessity of activities performed by a normal person. What motivates such people to choose a physical activity and continue
it is worth considering. This research aims at studying the effective factors on continuing or choosing a physical activity by
non-athletic student. The aim of this research is study factors related to health against appearance factors which encourages
people to continue exercise program. The data was obtained from 62 graduates and graduate students of bachelor (M= 25/83,
Sd 2/93) includes (N= 30 female and = 32 male) .Within 3 days Jenilee A. Hlavenka's questionnaire was completed by
volunteers. The findings showed that men and woman have same motivations for exercise and also women have strong
motivation to exercise to keep their body shape, while men exercise to gain health. the results have shown that people who
exercise for their health do very exercise respect to people do it for their body shape of course many people do exercise due
to sport advertisement and after couple days they give up exercise so this is suggested that people do exercise with
awareness and don't deceive by advertisement in having beauty and proper body shape and consider health aspect of
exercise.
O6-01
HOW TO SURVIVE IN A PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE?
THE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FOR UNIVERSITY-BASED PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL CLUBS IN
THAILAND
Kutintara I.
Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng-Saen Campus, Nakornpathom, Thailand1
Professional football leagues in Thailand have been developing and gaining attentions from football spectators, media and
sponsors since Asian Football Confederation (AFC) revolutionized Asian football system in 2008. AFC required Association
members to improve the standard of their professional football leagues in meeting AFC criteria in order to participate in the
continent tournaments including the AFC Champions League and the AFC Cup. Inevitably, football clubs in Thailand
Premier League, Division I and Division II needed to upgrade their operations from an amateur to a professional level. After
two seasons, several provincial-based or community-based teams showed great improvements in terms of supports from
thousands of local fans, attentions from media, sponsorship from corporations and performance on the pitch. Localism was
referred as the key success for a rapid improvement of these community-based football clubs, leaving several corporatebased football clubs, university football clubs in particular, encountered numbers of challenges. Most clubs from private
universities were fully operated under the university executives who employed football as an advertising tool, while public
university counterparts relied on an alumni association in managing the teams. The structure and management of these clubs
were far from being professional. Most of them struggled in drawing fans into stadiums and in securing sponsorship deals
48
from sponsors. The propose of this study was to identify the problems that the university-based football clubs are
encountering as well as develop a strategic management model for these clubs to survive in professional football league.
Executives and team managers from five out of eight university football clubs currently participating in Thailand football
leagues are in-depth interviewed regarding their situations and current strategy. Four areas are investigated including
organizational structure, financial management, marketing and technical aspect. Recommendations from five experts are also
collected in developing strategy for sustainability in professional football leagues.
O6-02
SPORTS BUSINESS: PERSPECTIVES OF MALAYSIAN WOMEN'S EXPERIENCES IN SPORT TOURISM
PURSUIT
Khor P. H.1, Tham Y. C.1, Lim K. C.2
Universiti Teknologi Mara/Sports Science and Recreation, Arau, Malaysia1
Universiti Utara Malaysia/College of Arts and Sciences, Sintok, Malaysia2
Introduction: In Malaysia, sport tourism has carved a significant niche in promoting Malaysia globally, with yearly growth
of eight to ten percent. Sport tourism experienced by Malaysian women differed significantly from those experienced by the
global population as they have to adhere to cultural tradition to a greater extent than others. It is forecasted that tourism
could generate receipts of 59.4million and provides 520,700 jobs by 2010. As it is capable of rejuvenating other sectors of
the economy, this research could guide sport tourism operators in formulating strategies to enhance competitiveness on the
multiracial markets. Purpose: The hypotheses generated were: (i) There is difference in each component of leisure
constraints perceived by Malaysian women participating in event-based sport tourism in terms age, ethnic, and monthly
family income groups, and (ii) There is difference in each component of negotiation strategies adopted by Malaysian women
participating in event-based sport tourism in terms of age, ethnic, and monthly family income groups.Methods: The adapted
self-administered questionnaire was administered to a sample of 636 Malaysian women from all walks of life using
multistage cluster random sampling with proportion design. Results: Malaysian women perceived a combination of
interpersonal, structural, intrapersonal, and cultural constraints with interpersonal constraints most highly perceived in sport
tourism participation. Culture plays major role in influencing sport tourism business prospect. A combination of
interpersonal coordination, skill acquisition, financial resources, and time management strategies places some Malaysian
women in a better position to negotiate the leisure constraints with majority adopting interpersonal coordination strategies.
Their interests were partially influenced by age, ethnic, marital status, and monthly family income factors.Conclusion:In
view of the evidence that the world of sport tourism in Malaysia is highly impacted by dollar driven society and culture,
future research could determine where differences in outcomes of the components of constraints may exist and the different
behavioral outcomes which could influence the multiracial sports business.
O6-04
RELATIONSHIP AMONG ATTITUDE, SELF-EFFICACY, MOTIVATION, AND LEISURE-TIME PHYSICAL
ACTIVITIES PARTICIPATION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Chiu L. K.1, Khor H. P.2, Tham C. Y.2
Universiti Utara Malaysia/College of Arts and Sciences, Sintok, Malaysia1
Universiti Teknologi Mara/Faculty of Sport Science and Recreation, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia2
Introduction: Leisure-time physical activities participation can be predicted by many factors. Some of these factors include
the attitude, perceived self-efficacy, and motivation which have been found to be the major instigating forces in forming
intentions to participate in leisure-time physical activities. Currently, there is little research investigating the relationships
among these variables in Malaysia universities students. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the relationships
among each of these variables in regard to leisure-time physical activity participation of undergraduate students. The theory
of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1987) and self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977, 1986) were used as a theoretical
framework. Methods: The study samples comprised of 1352 undergraduate students aged 19 ± 5 years (mean ± s) whom
were selected by means of random cluster sampling. Self-administered questionnaires were utilized to collect data. Results
and Conclusion: Correlational analysis revealed significant positive relationships with attitude, motivation, self-efficacy,
and leisure-time physical activities participation in overall study samples. Findings of the study also indicated that
motivation and self-efficacy factors were the best predictors of leisure-time physical activities participation. Furthermore, the
results of path analysis showed that contribution of attitude and self-efficacy had direct and indirect effects through
motivation on leisure-time physical activities participation among the undergraduates. Hence, this study suggests that in the
effort to encourage the student's leisure-time physical activities participation and involvement, the university management
should plan and organize programmes to develop positive attitude among students, increase their self-efficacy and
motivation level for physical activities participation
O6-05
A STUDY ON THE RECREATIONAL SPORTS' PARTICIPATION OF STUDENTS AT THU DUC AREA,
HOCHIMINH CITY IN VIETNAM
Huynh T. T.1, Bui T. H.1, Bui T. T.2
Hochiminh City University Of Sport /Sport Management, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam1
Hochiminh City University Of Sport /International Relation, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam2
49
Introduction: The population of participating in recreational sports is rapidly increasing in Hochiminh city, the largest and
most dynamic city in Vietnam, and it also affected to students as well as the managers of universities' opinions. Therefore,
the demand of understanding recreational sports for students is absolutely necessary, especially at Thu Duc area known as
"the universities village".Purpose: This scientific research in recreational sports aims to determine the situation of students'
recreational sports participation, leisure behavior as well as their opinions about need for recreational sports centers at Thu
Duc area. Methods: Research objects involve 1,000 participants from students of five universities at Thu Duc area. The
researchers used questionnaires including four parts (1) general information, (2) recreational sports' participation, (3) leisure
behavior, and (4) the need for recreational sports centers as instrument to get data. In order to analysis the data, researchers
use descriptive statistics, inferential statistics. Data were coded, put in and analyzed by SPSS Program 16.0. Results: (1) The
current situation of recreational sports includes the most of participants take part in these activities about 1 to 2 times per
month; the most common activities are walking, jogging and football; and they monthly pay about $US15 for the activity in
current and are willing to pay over $US30 in the future; (2) Relaxation and releasing tension from other classes are the
highest motives; conversely, "lack of time" is the most common perceived constraints which affected to the students'
participation in universities; and(3) Swimming, badminton and football are the highest desirable activities of students in the
future; and, the majority of students think that the recreational sports clubs can help me to develop a lifelong interest in
sport.Conclusions: Regarding the findings, the students' demand for recreational sports and the centers are very potential.
This information is also helpful for the managers to improve the students' healthy life at universities in the future.
O7-02
EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON ENHANCING EXERCISE PERFORMANCE
Suwannate C.1, Juangphanich P.1, Pidokrajt N.2
Mahidol University/College Of Sports Science And Technology, Nakhon Pathom,Thailand1
Mahidol University/College Of Music, Nakhon Pathom,Thailand2
Introduction: Music can extend exercise time of the subject on cycling (Sriwibool, 2003). Music has various tempo; fast
tempo, slow tempo, etc. (Kamien, 2006). Fast music showed a great performance, more exciting and pleasant to audience
(Mohammadzadeh, 2008). Aerobic music is one kind of fast music which has strong rhythm and continuation of the tracks.
Therefore exercising with aerobic music should encourage emotional motivation to MaxHRR. Purpose: This study was to
compare the effects of exercising without and with music (aerobic music and preferred music) on enhancing performance.
Methods: Thirty healthy participants (Age: M = 20.73 yr., SD = 1.1 yr.) performed all three conditions (3 times in
3conditions). Each walks/runs with aerobic, preferred music and without music until exhausted by Bruce's protocol.
Wilcoxson Signed-Rank test was compared the vigor score between pre performance and 70%MaxHRR. Friedman TwoWay ANOVA was analyzed time to exhaustion and ratings of perceived exertion. Results and Conclusions: The results
revealed that exercising with music both aerobic and preferred took longer time to exhaustion than exercising without music
(p<0.001; Mean ± SEM; aerobic music = 12.71 ± 0.3 min.; preferred music = 11.93 ± 0.3 min.; and without music = 11.44 ±
0.2 min.). It could be concluded from the existing data that music effects on enhancing exercise performance.
O7-03
ASSESSMENT OF SHYNESS AND MANIFEST ANXIETY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP AMONG
UNIVERSITY ATHLETES IN DIFFERENT GAMES
D'souza L. 1
University Of Mysore/Psychology, Mysore, India1
In the present study an attempt is made to assess the shyness levels and anxiety among male and female athletes and to
establish relationship between shyness and anxiety. A total of 240 male and female athletes (120 male+ 120 female) were
selected from different colleges under university of Mysore. They were classified into five groups based on their
involvement and nature of games-Cognitive skilled games, ball games, racket games, human powered games and multiple
games. They were administered shyness scale (D'Souza, 2006) and manifest anxiety scales (Taylor, 1993). Shyness among
athletes was measured in 3 components- cognitive/affective, physiological and action oriented. Further anxiety was
measured in 3 levels-low, normal and high. Results revealed that 28.6% of the sample had lower levels of shyness, 58.6% of
them moderate shyness and remaining 12.8% of them had high levels of shyness. In manifest anxiety, 14.3% of them had
high anxiety, 78.3% had normal anxiety and remaining 7.4% of them had low anxiety. Game wise comparison reveled that
those who were involved in cognitive skills had high levels of shyness and anxiety, where as athletes in human powered
games had least shyness and anxiety. Anxiety correlated significantly and positively more with cognitive/affective domain
and physiological domain and less correlated with action oriented domain of shyness. Further, female athletes were found to
be shyer than male athletes. Even in anxiety female athletes expressed more anxiety than male athletes. Lastly, effective
techniques to reduce anxiety and shyness among athletes through behavioral medicine are highlighted.
50
O7-05
ASSESSING THE EXERCISE BEHAVIOR OF MALAYSIAN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Kee K. M.1, Abdllah N. D.2
Universiti Teknologi Mara/Faculty Of Sports Science And Recreation,Shah Alam,Malaysia1
Universiti Teknologi Mara/Faculty Of Sports Science And Recreation,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia2
Introduction: Regular practice of physical activity and sports provide people with wide range of physical, social and mental
health benefits (Berger, Pargman, & Weinberg, 2002). Schools and colleges are said to have the unique opportunities to
provide ample necessary physical activities for both children and young adults through physical education classes as well as
school sport programs and after school physical activities (WHO, 2003). Despite the recognized benefits of exercise,
physical activity continues to be extensive. Only about 35% of college students reported having regular exercise (Pinto,
1995). Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the exercise behavior of the Malaysian college-age students using the
transtheoretical model (TTM) constructs comprising of the stages of change, the self-efficacy, and the decisional balance for
exercise. Methods: Two hundred and ten (N = 210) predominantly Malay (93.3%) college-age students pursuing teacher
education program (mean age = 19.2 ± 0.55 yrs) from two teacher training institutions participated in this study. Data were
collected through a set of self-report questionnaires adapted from previous studies. Results and Conclusions: Participants
consisting of 40% male and 60% female were classified into three stages of exercise change as followed
precontemplation/contemplation 4.3% (9), Preparation 66.7% (140), and Action/Maintenance 29.0% (61). Male students
were noted more likely to be in action/maintenance (41.7%) compared to only 20.6% for females. MANOVA result revealed
significant differences in Self-efficacy, Pros, and Cons of exercise among the college students across the three stages [F (6,
410) = 5.56, p <.05]. Generally, this study supports the use of the stages of change (transtheoretical model) for assessing
exercise behavior. However, it worth to note that the distribution pattern of exercise stages of change for this sample was
quite similar to the findings of Callaghan, et al (2002) on Asian respondents but different and less active compared to other
college students from the west (Cardinal, Tuominen, & Rintala, 2004) suggesting that Asians youth are less active in regular
exercise. Nevertheless, more cross-cultural studies are required to support these findings.
O8-01
THE DIFFERENCES OF KNEE/ANKLE PROPRIOCEPTION BETWEEN WEIGHT/NON-WEIGHT BEARING
CONDITIONS IN HEALTHY FEMALES
Wang C.1 , Li C. 1 , Tsai Y. 1 , Lin W. 2 , Lee A. 1
National Hsinchu University Of Education/Department Of Physical Education, Hsinchu City, Taiwan1
National Chiayi University/Department Of Physical Education, Chiayi County,Taiwan2
Introduction: Proprioception is a kind of perception from various mechanoreceptors within the muscle, tendon, and skin to
sense the relative position and movement of body segments and joints. Purpose: To examine the differences of knee/ankle
proprioception between weight-bearing and non-weight bearing conditions in healthy females. Methods: Thirty-two female
colligate students (age: 21.4±1.6 yrs, height: 165.3±3.6 cm, weight: 53.1±10.4 kg) without regular exercise habits were
volunteered as participants. Knee joint reposition test (flexion 20, 45, and 60) and ankle joint reposition test (dorsiflexion 80,
plantarflexion 100 & 110) were conducted in standing (weight-bearing, WB) and sitting (non-weight-bearing, NWB)
position. Performance of joint proprioception was evaluated by the absolute errors (AE) between target angle and actual
angle during the joint reposition test. Repeated-measured t test was used to analyze the differences between WB and NWB
condition bilaterally. Significant difference level was set at p < .05. Result: 1). No significant bilateral differences were
found at knee reposition test during NWB condition; 2). Significant smaller reposition AE angle during ankle WB flexion 45
than others; 3). No significant differences were found between each test angles between WB and NWB at ankle joint.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that significant better knee proprioception at WB flexion 45 in healthy females. More
muscle activation and muscle spindle recruitment in upper legs during WB condition result in improving knee joint
proprioception might be the reason.
O8-02
EFFECT OF 6 WEEKS WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION EXERCISE ON FUNCTIONAL FITNESS IN THE
ELDERLY
Chen W. C.1, Chen W. C.2, Chia P. S.3, Chiu P. K.4 , Wang S. W.5
Chang Gung Institute Of Technology/General Education, Tao Yuan, Taiwan1
National Taiwan Sports University/Adapted Physical Education, Taoyuan, Taiwan2
Southern Taiwan University/Physical Education Center, Tianan, Taiwan3
National Taiwan Sports University/Sports Training Science-athletics, Taoyuan, Taiwan4
Chang Gung University/Physiology/College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan5
Introduction: Impairment of muscle strength and dynamic balance, and walking ability have been found to be important
risk factors for fall. These parameters are known to become impaired with aging. Whole body vibration (WBV) training is
being used as a new method for improving strength, power and body balance for the young people and athletes. However, it
is not known long-term and short time training of WBV will affect the elderly functional fitness which including lower limbs
strength, cardio function and body balance. Purpose: To determine the long-term six weeks WBV training effect on the
elderly functional fitness which including three test: six meter up and go, thirty seconds chair stand and six minutes walk.
51
Methods: 24 healthy elderly people (only 19 people completely finished the training that were 10 males age 84.3±6.7 yrs,
63.8±7.6 kg, 164.8±7.1 cm; 9 females age 79.7±5.0 yrs, 60.6±6.8 kg, 157.2±6.4 cm) were volunteered to participate in this
study which were six weeks WBV training. Elderly people were performed in standing position on a BodyGreen whole
vertical vibratory machine (Taiwan), at an intensity of the 1st week to the 4th week: frequency set at 12 Hz, amplitude set at
3mm, exercise time was 10minutes, during the 5th week: frequency set at 9 Hz, amplitude set at 4mm, exercise time was
15minutes and during the 6th week : frequency set at 8 Hz, amplitude set at 5mm, exercise time was 15minutes, for every
Monday, Wednesday and Friday morning in a week. We analyze the data before 6 weeks WBV training and after the
training for using Paired Samples T-test. Results and Conclusions: : After 6 weeks WBV exercise program, the 6 minutes
walking distance, the time of six meter up and go and the times of thirty seconds chair stand were all significantly
improved(p<.05). Thus, the present study showed the beneficial effect of the 6 weeks WBV exercise in the elderly functional
fitness. This easy WBV exercise program maybe can be promoted to the community to prevent the elderly falling.
O8-03
BLOOD CHEMISTRY AND MUSCLE PROFILES IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS FOLLOWING 3 MONTHS
HOME-BASED WALKING PROGRAM
Ponngeon O.1, JalayondejaW.2, Chaunchaiyakul R.3, Vareesangthip K.4, Lumlertgul D.5, and Nakum S.6
1
Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University
2
Faculty of Physical Therapy, 3College of Sports Science and Technology,
4
Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
5,6
Faculty of Medicine, Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Chiang Mai University
Introduction: Chronic kidney disease patients who were treated with hemodialysis were suffering from low physical
capacity. Walking is the most familiar physical activity which can improve physical health. Purpose: To determine the
effects of walking program intervention on blood chemistry and muscle profiles in chronic kidney disease patients with
maintenance hemodialysis phase. Methods: Thirteen, 2 females and 11 males, hemodialysis patients from hemodialysis
setting voluntarily participated in this study. All subjects passed medically screening from one of investigators who is a
physician. Methods: Blood chemistry including blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) and muscle profiles
including physical endurance and strength of lower extremity were identified prior to, at 4th, 8th, and 12th week of homebased walking training program. Physical endurance was estimated using 6 minutes walk test and lower extremity muscle
strength was measured using a back and leg dynamometer. The individually prescribed walking exercise program at the
progressive intensity, number of steps, of 10% increment was continuously monitored and added every 2 weeks. Repeated
Measured Analysis of Variance was employed for statistical analysis. Results and Conclusions: No significant changes,
from initial, of walking distance at 4th and 8th wk were detected. However, 6-minutes walking distance gradually increased
from 425 ±15 (initial, mean± SEM) to 467 ±13 meters at 12th wk of training (p<0.05). Similarly, lower extremity muscle
strength showed tendency of gradually increased from 52 ±5 kg at initial to 68 ±4 kg at 12th wk of training (p<0.05). No
significant changes of muscle strength at 4th and the 8th wk to initial value, however, strength at 12th wk was significantly
higher than 4th wk (p<0.05). Apparently, there was no change of BUN (baseline = 51.15 ±3.81 mg/dL, 4th = 44.15 ±2.98
mg/dL, 8th = 47.54 ±3.92 mg/dL, 12th = 44.54 ±3.43 mg/dL) and creatinine (baseline = 11.32 ±0.87 mg/dL, 4th = 9.84 ±1.18
mg/dL, 8th = 10.39 ±1.07 mg/dL, 12th = 9.89 ±0.63 mg/dL) after the completion of 12th week exercise training (p>0.05).
Home-based walking program gradually improves muscle performance, whereas there is no change in blood chemistry in
maintenance hemodialysis patients. Minimum effective duration for exercise rehabilitation for this patient is defined as 12
weeks.
O8-04
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ANKLE TAPING AND BRACING ON PLANTAR PRESSURE DURING RUNNING
Lin W., Kuo C., Hung Y., Cheng J.
National Chiayi University/Department of Physical Education, Chiayi County, Taiwan
Introduction: The repeated plantar foot overloading increase the risk of lower extremity injuries and high plantar pressure
also increases the risk of foot skin breakdown and ulceration in patients with diabetes or lower extremity neuropathies. It
was questioned whether the ankle taping and bracing would influence the plantar pressure during running. Purpose: To
investigate the influence of the application of ankle taping and bracing on plantar pressure during treadmill running and
compare the difference of plantar pressure in subjects with ankle taping and ankle brace during running. Method: Eight
healthy male adults (height: 175.6 ± 5.1 cm; weight: 71.4 ± 7.6 kg; age: 25.0 ± 3.9 yrs) were recruited and screened without
any physical impairments and acute musculoskeletal disorder. The peak plantar pressure was evaluated by an in-shoe
measurement system (F-Scan mobile system, Tekscan Inc., Boston, USA) while subjects underwent 6-minute treadmill
running at the speed of 10 km• h-1 with 3 different conditions (bracing, taping, no taping). All the subjects ran in
standardized shoes and the in-shoe plantar pressure was recorded over an average of 10 gait cycles after 5 min of running.
ANOVA with repeated measures were used to assess the difference among variables and the statistic significances were set
at p < .05. Results: No significant difference in plantar pressure was found among taping, no taping and bracing conditions.
Conclusion: The application of ankle taping and ankle bracing did not significantly change the plantar pressure during
running.
O8-05
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THE EFFECTS OF INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING AND THORACIC MUSCLE STRETCHING ON
INSPIRATORY MUSCLE STRENGTH AND LUNG FUNCTION IN STROKE PATIENTS
Sriwannawit P.1, Suvannapura A.2, Leelasumlan W.1
Pince of Songkla University/Orthopedic Surgery and Physical Medicine, Songkhla, Thailand1
Pince of Songkla University/Physiology, Songhkla, Thailand2
Introduction: Most common symptoms of stroke patients are weakness or paralysis of one side of the body as well as
abnormal function of respiratory muscles on the affected side. Purpose: The aims of this study were to investigate the
effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) using the loaded breathing device (Water Pressure Threshold Bottle (WPTB))
and respiratory muscle gymnastic stretching (RMSG) on inspiratory muscle strength and lung function in stroke patients.
Methods: Male and female stroke patients, 45-70 years of age, which had incidence of stroke between 6 months to 5 years
were included in this study. Patients were divided into two training groups, IMT (n=8) and RMSG (n=7) groups by
randomized control trial. IMT group was trained using the WPTB beginning at 20% of maximal inspiratory mouth pressure
(MIP) and gradually increased up to 50% MIP by the end of 6 weeks. Two training sessions of WPTB were performed each
day, 5 days/week in IMT group. RMSG group was trained using a set of 5 patterns of respiratory muscle stretching. Six sets
of stretching/session were performed twice a day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Pre- and post-training values of inspiratory
muscle strength (MIP), three levels of chest expansion (axilla, xiphoid and lower costal chest levels), vital capacity (VC) and
maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) were measured in all patients. Results and Conclusions: MIP was significantly
increased after 6-week training in the IMT group (32.25+9.72 cmH2O vs. 49.38+12.98 cmH2O, p<0.05) as well as in
RMSG group (42.43+15.68 vs. 62.29+14.59 cmH2O, p<0.05). Three levels of chest wall expansion were significantly
increased after training in both groups (p<0.05). VC and MVV, indicators of lung function, tended to be higher after training
in both groups, but no significant differences were found. In conclusion, the data indicated that both training methods are
effective in improving inspiratory muscle strength and chest expansion in stroke patients and might be appropriate to use as a
routein training program in these patients.
O8-06
THE EFFECTS OF TABLE TENNIS TRAINING ON DYNAMIC VISUAL ACUITY
Lin K.1, Liu Y.2, Lin W.3, Lee A.1
National Hsinchu University of Education/Department Of Physical Education, Hsinchu, Taiwan1
Chungcha University/General Education Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan2
National Chiayi University/Department Of Physical Education, Chiayi, Taiwan3
Purpose: To investigate the effects of ten weeks table tennis training on dynamic visual acuity (DVA) in general population.
Methods: Fourteen collegiate students were volunteered as participants (age: 19.6 ± 0.9 years, height: 159.9 ± 7.3 cm,
weight = 53.6 ± 6.3 kg) and randomly assigned equally as training group or control group. Training group underwent a ten
weeks table tennis training program with 500 balls twice a week, but control group did not received any kind of exercise
training during this period. DVA was measured with commercial software Athlevision to evaluate the performance in four
directions: right, left (DVA-L), up, and down, and calculated as horizontal (DVA-H), vertical, and total (DVA-T)
performance. A single factor ANCOVAs were used to examine the differences between before and after training in each
DVA parameters using the pretest values as a covariate. The statistic significance was set at p < .05. Results: Training group
showed significant improved DVA performance in DVA-L (2.29±0.49 level vs. 3.14±0.69 level, F = 7.09, p < .05), DVA-H
(4.71±0.76 level vs. 6.29±1.25 level, F = 9.64, p < .05), and DVA-T (9.57±0.98 level vs. 11.29±1.60 level, F = 6.17, p < .05)
after ten weeks table tennis training. Conclusions: Ten weeks regular table tennis training can improve the DVA
performance on general population. It is possible that during this training, participants have to continual visual
focusing/tracking the moving ball, and correctly predict the distance/space between the line, net, and the direction of coming
ball, therefore, improved the rapid senses of fovea and the control of oculomotor system.
O8-08
COMPARISON OF BALANCE BETWEEN STRIDE LEG AND TRAIL LEG IN BASEBALL PITCHERS
Cheng J.1, Lin W.1, Chung Y.1
National Chiayi University/Dept Of Physical Education, Chiayi County,Taiwan1
Introduction: To make the process of pitching motion of baseball smooth and stable, stride leg and trail leg must be the
stable base to stabilize the body's center of gravity. Purpose: To investigate the differences between the dynamic and static
balance of the stride leg and trail leg in baseball pitchers. Methods: Six college baseball pitchers (age = 20.0 ± 1.5 years,
height = 174.3 ± 4.9 cm, weight = 78.3 ± 8.1 kg, life expectancy of baseball player = 9.3 ± 2.2 years) participated in this
study. The athletic single leg stability testing mode of the Biodex Balance System (BBS) was used to evaluate the dynamic
and static balance. Medial-lateral stability index (MLSI), Anterior-posterior stability index (APSI) and an Overall stability
index (OSI) were measured using the BBS and the subjects performed single-leg standing with eyes opened, hands on their
waists during the static (level statics) and dynamic balance (level six) measurement. Also, the average radius, velocity and
area of the center-of-pressure (COP) was measured using AMTI force plate to evaluate the static balance in single-leg
standing with eye-opened and eye-closed conditions. The paired t-test was used to compare the MLS, APSI and OSI from
BBS and the average radius, velocity and area of the COP from force plate between stride legs and trail legs. Results: The
results demonstrated that whether the MLS, APSI and OSI or the average radius, velocity and area of the COP, there was no
53
differences between stride leg and trail leg in static balance (p>0.05); however, a significant difference was found in OSI
between stride leg and trail leg (p<0.05) in dynamic balance. Conclusion: The dynamic balance performance of the trail leg
is better than the stride leg and the dynamic balance in baseball pitchers might be a better indicator than static balance while
comparing the balance performance between stride leg and trail leg.
O9-01
KINEMATICS AND EMG ACTIVITIES DURING FREE-THROW SHOOTING IN BEGINNER AND
ADVANCED WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Jamkrajang P., Limroongreungrat W., Pinthong M. & Jalayondeja W.
College of sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
Introduction: Free throw shooting (FTS) is one of important fundamental wheelchair basketball (WCB) skills since it
provides an opportunity to score points for a team. Although previous studies have been focused on kinematic of FTS, the
electromyograpy (EMG) of upper extremity muscle has not been reported. Understanding EMG of upper extremity muscles
can gain insights of muscle coordination pattern which may lead to improve shooting performance. Purposes: To investigate
upper extremity muscle activation patterns and to compare kinematics differences of successful and unsuccessful WCB freethrow shooting and comparing the differences between beginner and advanced. Method: 9 male WCB athletes (meanage
30.11±5.84 yrs, meanwt 58.22±5.88 kg, meanht 141.33±5.72 cm) volunteered in the study. Participants were divided into two
groups: beginner and advanced high class (3.0-4.5 points) and performed FTS for 10 trials. Two successful and two
unsuccessful trials of FTS were selected and analyzed. Activities of the anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii,
brachioradialis, wrist flexors and wrist extensors were collected via surface EMG at the sampling rate of 1000 Hz. The ratio
of normalized EMG activity to maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) was computed for each muscle. Six
electrodes and markers were attached on the shooting arms. Three 60 Hz cameras were used to collect kinematic data were
collected. The Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were employed to determine statistical significance.
Results: Showed that significant difference wrist extensor both during preparation phase and shot phase in successful FTS
between groups but significant difference only brachioradialis during shot phase in unsuccessful FTS between groups.
Although all two groups have good trunk control but some of the muscle activities and kinematics that use for FTS are
different. Conclusion: No statistical differences of EMG activities between successful and unsuccessful within group but
some muscles difference between groups. Moreover, no significant difference about release angle was found. However,
future investigation with various subjects’ classification is warranted.
O9-02
DIFFERENCES OF SHOULDER ISOKINETIC STRENGTH BETWEEN FEMALE TENNIS ATHLETES AND
HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS
Fan chiang W.1, Cheng C.2, Huang M.1, Liang L.1, Lee A.1
National Hsinchu University Of Education/Department Of Physical Education,Hsinchu City ,Taiwan1
National Hsinchu University Of Education/Department Of Chinese Language And Literature Studies, Hsinchu City ,Taiwan2
Introduction: A vital aspects of the tennis serve is ability to exert high muscular force and power. Purpose: To evaluate the
relationships between shoulder isokinetic strength between female tennis athletes and healthy population. Methods: Ten
female tennis athletes (age: 20.4 ± 1.4 yrs, height: 163.2 ± 6.6 cm, weight: 60.6 ± 9.5 kg, experience: 7.9 ± 2.2 yrs) and 11
healthy populations (age: 21.6 ± 2.6 yrs, height: 159±5.1 cm, weight: 51.4 ± 4.4 kg) volunteered and underwent series tests
of shoulder isokinetic strength. The shoulder flexion/extension and shoulder 90 internal / external isokinetic strength was
evaluated by the Biodex System 4 at 60/s 120/s 240/s test. Independent t tests were used to compare the differences peak
torque (peak torque, PT) and agonist / antagonist ratio (agonist and antagonist ratio, AAR) of shoulder strength. Results:
Tennis athletes PT significant higher than healthy population (+5-10%), but no significant AAR between dominant and nondominant. Conclusion: tennis athletes have imbalance condition in shoulder strength and should be caution to avoid injury.
O9-03
IMPULSE MOMENTEM RELATIONSHIP IN PERFORMING SPRINT START FOR SPRINTERS
Kilani H. A.1, Abu al-tuieb M. 2
Sultan Qaboos University/Phed, Muscat, Oman1
Hashemite University/Sort Science College, Zarqa, Jordan2
INTRODUCTION: The direction of the force must coincide with the direction of body push off at sprinting. This law can
be achieved with minimum torque and moments at ankle joint. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship
and the differences between the impulse and the momentum and its directions for sprinters during takeoff from the starting
block. METHOD: Three sprinters, from the Jordanian national team were filmed using a digital video camera (Sony)(25Hz) from the sagittal plane of their execution of three trials of starting sprint from an AMTI force platform synchronized
with APAS system for analyses. The best trial according to best time recorded for starting take off was digitized and an 18
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point body model was used for determining the CG of the sprinters for analysis. Cameras were field synchronized by light
bulb diot using the frame matched. Digitized data were smoothed with a Butterworth digital filter at 2-4Hz. The CG location
of the subject was determined by segmental analysis and described graphically. CG velocities and accelerations were also
calculated. Means, standard deviation, sequence, percentage, Kndalls tau-b (non parametric) correlation coefficient and
Mann Whitney test (non parametric) were calculated for comparative purposes. RESULTS: there no statistically-significant
relationship was found between impulse and momentum for all subjects of the study, and there were some statisticallysignificant differences between the directions of the resultant force impulse and the direction of the trajectory CG velocity
momentum at the instant of take off from the block. Thus sprinters are not perfect in optimising their technique to the best
implementation of conserving energy transform to the direction desired of their CG of their body.CONCLUSION: Since
one tenth of a second is very important to the sprinters performance without the expense of injury risk potential, more
feedback of their impulse curve need to be mastered in order to develop the right orientation to the geometry of the body at
the push off, and to discover weakness and improve the performance in safety technique.
O9-04
THE EFFECTS OF PILATES TRAINING ON DANCE AND JUMP PERFORMANCE IN YOUNG DANCER
Wang Y.1, Guo S. 2 , Lin W. 3 , Lee J. 2
National Taiwan Sport University/Graduate Institute of Coaching Science, Taoyuan County, Taiwan1
National Hsinchu University of Education/Department Of Physical Education, Hsinchu City, Taiwan2
National Chiayi University/Department of Physical Education, Chiayi County, Taiwan3
Introduction: Pilates training is a kind of exercise to strength core muscles and improve movement control. Purpose: The
purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Pilates training on Ballet and jump performance in young dancers.
Methods: Twenty-six elementary young dancers volunteered and obtained permission from their parents as participants.All
young dancers were enrolled in the same dance lessons and randomly assigned as experimental group (EG, n=13, age: 10.9 ±
0.8 yrs, height: 147.5 ± 4.9 cm, weight: 37.9 ± 5.8 kg) and control group (CG, n=13, age: 11.2 ± 0.6 yrs, height: 146.1 ± 6.4
cm, weight: 36.1 ± 6.9 kg). During this study, the EG received extra 8 weeks of Pilates Mat exercise, 3 times aweek, each for
40 minutes. The jump performance was evaluated by the maximum vertical jump height during the countermovement jump
(CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) on force plate. The Ballet performance was evaluated by 3 experts based on a serious of Ballet
basic skills. Single-factor ANCOVA was used to analyze the differences between groups after training. Results: Results
showed that after 8 weeks Pilates training EG had significant improvements in the Ballet (78.7 point vs. 85.7 point & 71.7
point vs. 73.8 point) and CMJ (20.0 cm vs. 21.3 cm vs. 18.9 vs. 19.1) performance than CG. Conclusion: Strengthened core
strength and improved postural stability after regular Pilates training might be the main reasons.
O9-05
A DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC AGILITY TESTING EQUIPMENT FOR THAI ELDERLY
Lawsirirat C.1, Suputtitada A.2, Janwatanakul P.3, Tongterm T.4
Chulalongkorn University/Faculty of Sports Science, Bangkok, Thailand1
Chulalongkorn University/Depeartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand2
Chulalongkorn University/Department of Physical Therapy, Bangkok, Thailand3
Chulalongkorn University/Inter-department of Biomedical Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand4
Thailand is now experiencing a dramatic demographical shift where many experts estimate that in the next 10 years 20% of
Thai population will be an elderly. Hence, several challenges and problems will follow the severe shift of population
structure. As the elderly age, the dependency of the elderly on others and the cost of health care for the elderly will be
increased. Thus, it is the responsibility of sports and exercise scientists to promote, prolong, and improve good health, reduce
dependency, and prevent preventable sickness through exercise and physical fitness. A need for physical fitness test and its
related equipment that can accurately and easily evaluate the physical fitness is necessary. Without an appropriate test and its
related equipment, we cannot hope to have a valid measure and understanding of the health of an elderly. We, thus, attempt
to find an appropriate agility test that is safe and most suitable in the context of the Thai elderly. Agility is an important
physical fitness for the elderly because the agility can possibly prevent a fall which is a severe problem for the elderly.
Delphi technique by eighteen experts, whose specialties are in aging society and physical fitness, is used for finding the most
appropriate agility test. The experts find an eight-foot up and go is the most suitable agility test for Thai elderly. We also
develop electronic equipment associated with the eight-foot up and go test. The reliability and the objectivity of the
equipment are 0.943 and 0.952, respectively, which indicate that the equipment is very reliable and consistent among testers.
O10-01
THE EFFICIENT MODELS AND LEARNING BEHAVIOR FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
Kuna-apisit W.
Srinakharinwirot University/Faculty of Physical Education, Bangkok, Thailand
Introduction: On April 2008, The National Statistical Office, Ministry of Science and Technology had reported the results
of investigation about exercise behavior of Thai population. It was noticed that they exercised between studying age much
more than working age, while male exercised much more than female and the majority of patients did not exercise also. So I
had the inspiration to search for the critical success factors of the best practice in school for reducing these problems and
55
developing students to be healthy children, love to exercise and to play sport as healthy lifestyle as the part of holistic
health.Purpose: This qualitative research purposed to investigate the efficient models and learning behaviors for school
physical education and sport, and to investigate students' affective and exercise behavior for health. Methods: The target
groups were in five secondary schools in five provinces. They were school administrators, physical education teachers,
chairperson of seven learning areas, students, parents, community, alumni, and the school committee board (SCB) of
Kamphaengphet School, Mahidolwittayanusorn School, Benjamatep-utis School, Mahavajiravudh School, and Yupparaj
Wittayalai School. They were selected with six criterions from eleven schools in every region using observation,
interviewing, document analysis and synthesis, taking notes, audio and video recording to collect data. Quantitative data
were analyzed in to means while qualitative data were analyzed in to essay. Results and conclusion: The model of physical
education and sport learning management (MPESLM) in each school comprised the SCB, school-based management (SBM),
good quality of physical education and sport management. There are 1) the constructing of school curriculum content plan
(CSCCP), 2) the curriculum implementation plan (CIP), and 3) the participating plan (PP) in each school. There were three
parts of physical education teachers' learning management behavior; 1) general behaviors, 2) classroom behaviors, and 3) the
five-programs management behaviors. All the stakeholders had the opinions on those behaviors at the good level (from three
levels-good, moderate, low). The students' affective and exercise behavior for health were at good level.
O10-02
PHYSICAL FITNESS OF WAI KHRU RAM MUAY THAI AND YOGA TRAININGS IN YOUNG THAI
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Krasaesieng P.1, Widjaja W.2, Thanee N.1
Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasrima, Thailand1
College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand2
Introduction: In the past decades, Yoga and Wai Khru Ram Muay Thai (WKRMT) have been performed as an exercise to
improve body and mind. Besides being used for paying respect to the teachers, WKRMT is performed as a warm up and also
for praying for safety and victory before starting Thai boxing match. Although much research has been devoted to physical
fitness of Yoga, effects of WKRMT have not been fully investigated. Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the
effects of WKRMT and Yoga on physical fitness in Thai university students. Methods: 26 subjects were divided into three
groups: WKRMT (n=8), Yoga (n=9) and control group (n=9). Both WKRMT and Yoga groups performed training with
intensity 60% of maximum heart rate, 30 minutes/day and 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Body weight, BMI, maximum oxygen
consumption (VO2max), leg and back strength, flexibility and vital capacity were determined as mean + standard deviation
before and after the 8 weeks of training. Result and Conclusion: Body weights of WKRMT, Yoga, and the control groups
before trainings were 57.37 + 13.24 kg, 55.26 + 10.15 kg and 47.72 + 7.29 kg, respectively. After trainings, they became
56.29 + 12.09 kg, 53.87 + 9.39 kg and 48.00 + 7.58 kg, respectively. Body weight decreased significantly in Yoga (p<0.05)
and WKRMT (p<0.01) groups. While it increased insignificantly after 8 weeks of training in the control group. BMI values
also decreased significantly in Yoga (p<0.05) and WKRMT (p<0.01) groups. BMI in the control group did not change after
8 weeks of training. VO2max of WKRMT, Yoga, and the control groups before trainings were 38.50 + 7.21 ml/min/kg,
35.78 + 6.04 ml/min/kg and 38.56 + 3.64 ml/min/kg, respectively. They became 41.87 + 7.92 ml/min/kg, 40.00 + 5.10
ml/min/kg and 39.56 + 7.27 ml/min/kg, respectively, after trainings. VO2max in both training groups increased significantly
(p<0.05) compared to that of control group. The results showed that WKRMT can improve physical fitness as well as Yoga.
Therefore, it can be used as one kind of exercise for having a better health.
O10-04
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CLASSROOM OF BACHELOR DEGREE'S STUDENT IN FACULTY OF PUBLIC
HEALTH, KHON KAEN UNIVERSITY, THAILAND
Sota C.
Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University/Health Education, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Objectives: To study physical activities behavior in the classroom and their health status among student in Faculty of public
health, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was performed on 120 bachelor’s
degree student in the year 2009. Data was collected by using questionnaire for general characteristics, knowledge, attitude,
health status, including physical activity in the classroom. Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient was analyzed
for correlation of variables. Data analysis by SPSS program.Results: Bachelor degree’s student had mean score of
knowledge and attitude toward excercise including physical activity were in high level meanwhile health status was middle
level. There was non significant relationship between knowledge, attitude and health status, but significant between attitude
to word exercise and health status was positive middle level related at significance P< 0.001 (r = 0.31). They needed and
appreciated to integrate physical activities in classroom and should to integrate in every subjects, for relaxation during study.
Conclusion: This study highlighted an important variable that attitude is very important and related of health status
.Therefore, In order to establish good health status should focus increasing concern on attitude toward exercise for all
student.
POSTER SESSIONS
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P1-02
THE EFFECT OF SHORT- TERM COCOA SUPPLEMENTATION ON CYCLIST'S BLOOD'S FIBRINOGEN
AFTER AN AEROBIC EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
Soleimani M. 1, Aghaei F. 2, Atashak S. 3, Mehdivand A.4
Tabriz University/Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tabriz, Iran1
Islamic Azad University/Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Karaj, Iran2
Islamic Azad University/Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Mahabad, Iran3
Payame Noor University/Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Babolsar, Iran4
Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main indicator of cardiac arrests and mortality. Current evidence
implicates fibrinogen in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular diseases and as an independent cardiovascular risk
factor. Habitual, regular physical activity has been postulated to reduce the incidence of CVD. However, high intensity
exercise may precipitate acute cardiac events and sudden cardiac death through an occlusive platelet-rich thrombus.
However, it has been shown that flavanol-rich foods, such as cocoa promote health and attenuate, or delay the onset of CVD.
Methods: Thirteen athlete (trained cyclist) male (mean age: 24.6±1.3 years; height: 180±4.5 cm, weight: 69.8±5.3 kg;
VO2max: 67.6±5.4 ml.kg-1.min-1) provided written informed consent. Bruce exercise test was performed as an incremental
exhaustive protocol on two occasions, one week apart. In a double-blind design, each participant received either a volume of
cocoa solution (CS) or flavoured solution (PLA) based on his body mass before exercise trial. Venous blood samples were
collected 2-h prior to exercise (base-line), pre, post and 2-h after completion of each trial. Differences were examined using a
two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures as appropriate.Results: Fibrinogen decreased (Cocoa:
from 198.30±23.28 to 196.00±31.03; Placebo: from 189.14±17.07 to 189.36± 19.19) after exercise compared with before
exercise in both trials, but was not significantly different between conditions (P>0.05). Therefore, fibrinogen levels were
unaffected by condition and did not differ at any time after exercise protocol (P>0.05).Discussion: This study showed that
cocoa powder did not decrease fibrinogen levels in trained cyclists. In addition, very little is known about cocoa and it's
effecting on fibrinogen. However, we conclude that trained subjects show decreased fibrinogen when received cocoa
solution but short- term cocoa supplementation did not decrease significantly in response to an incremental exhaustive
exercise.
P1-05
METHYLPHENIDATE AND EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE: A STUDY ON NEUTROPHILES OF MALE RAT
Kamoonzadeh A. , Aziziyeh N.
Islamic Azad University- Dezful Branch /Sport Science ,Dezful,Iran
Introduction:The purpose of this research is to examine Methylphenidate effect on male rat's Neutrophiles with an
exhaustive exercise session, since the misuse of such drugs among athletes is increasing and less informing that its harmful
effect occurs.Methodology:In order to do this research samples randomly in five groups, each group that there were ten
members, age 3/5 months and mean weight 282+ 52 grams were divided. Control group (without exercise, without drug),
exercise group (without drug) the third, drug group (With 44.5 mg/kg dose), the fourth group, exercise-drug (With 44.5
mg/kg dose) and placebo drug group values formed. Drug dose in each group with appropriate weight to oral received. After
appearing drug effects (duration of drug effect 15 - 20 minutes) each sample placed inside the treadmill with speed 35
m/minutes to complete exhaustion activity were. After complete exhaustion of the blood samples were
obtained.Results:Neutrophiles of each sample were determined by differential counting and after statistical
calculation(ANOVA and TUKEY), between the control and exercise group with exercise-drug groups, results indicated that,
control group and exercise group had to Average number of Neutrophiles higher than the exercise-drug group (p
<0.05).Conclusion:Difference between control and exercise groups with this fact that physical activity increases
Neutrophiles are same with the other research. But the drug and exercise-drug groups to control and exercise groups reduced
the number of neutrophiles can be seen. Perhaps its reason was use Methylphenidate with physical activity.
P1-06
ACUTE RESPONSES OF SERUM CORTISOL & IMMUNOGLOBULIN A AFTER MAXIMUM PROGRESSIVE
ACTIVITY
Ghaderi M. 1, Azarbayjani M.2, Faraji H.3, Atashak S.4, Sharafi H.4
Azad University Mahabad Branch/Physical Education & Sport Science, Mahabad, Iran1
Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch/Physical Education & Sport Science, Tehran, Iran2
Islamic Azad University Marivan Branch/Physical Education & Sport Science, Marivan, Iran3
Islamic Azad University Mahabad Branch/Physical Education & Sport Science, West. Azerbaijan, Mahabad, Iran4
Introduction Immunoglobulin’s (Ig) are a part of immune system components, which are produced by the lymphocyte B in
blood serum and tissue liquids in primates.Purpose The purpose of this research was to evaluate the Serum Cortisol &
Immunoglobulin A Responses after maximum progressive activity in elite male and female athletes. MethodsThe members
of this research were contained of Twenty-four male and female athletes of handball teams of which 11 males of super
league, The first league of basketball, second league of soccer (13 female) of W. Azerbaijan province. (Mean ± SD, ages:
22.46±3.375 yr, height: 175.54±8.683cm, weight: 70.02±13.606 kg, body fat percent: 15.86±5.78 and maximum
consumptional oxygen: 55.14±7.396 ml/kg/min) to progressive exercise, voluntarily participated run on the treadmill.
58
Cortisol & Immunoglobulin A concentration was measured after incremental exercise in both cases. To analyse date we used
T.test for correlated groups the significant level was (P<0.05). Results Regarding to the findings, there was significantly
higher after incremental exercise in both group, but IgA concentration was fixed in both groups. The finding showed a
significant increase in serum cortisol concentration on both groups among males and females. The findings showed that the
any high intensity activite can ultimate increase of secretory of cortisol concentration. However Immunoglobulin A was no
change after incremental activite. In general, the result of this study demonstrated that is maybe no effect on
Immunoglobulin A concentration, but induced increase in cortisol concentration after incremental activates in elite male and
female athletes. Conclusion The results of present study show that serum cortisol concentration is sensitive to physical
exercise than Immunoglobulin A.
P1-10
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ALTERATION AND VASOMOTOR RESPONSES OF HYPERTENSIVE
SUBJECTS TO STIMULI USED IN CONVENTIONAL VASCULARRESPONSE TESTING
Chentanez T. 1, Suknantasak P. 1 , Kaimuk P. 1 , Yimlamai T. 2
Faculty of Science, Physiology Department, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand2
The present study aimed to investigate the changes in psychophysiological alterations and vasomotor responses of the left
arm and left leg. Twenty healthy male subjects (age ranged between 35-65 yr) were divided into groups of ten normotensive
(NTG) and ten hypertensive (stage1)(HTG). The left arm and left leg of both groups were acutely stimulated with hot water
(40°C), cold water (15°C), six-minute walk test and cuff occlusion blood flow. The volume changes in the vasomotor
responses were determined using a volumeter. The degree of stress was measured by stress test questionnaire from the
Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health (1998), and it was found out that HTG had higher stress level than
NTG. Results from the psychophysiological parameter assessment before and after exercise showed that the NTG warned
auditory reaction time of the right big toe (WARTrbt), warned tactile reaction time at the level of 7th cervical spine and the
right index finger response (TRTrC7), the right big toe response (TRTrbtC7) and the left big toe response (TRTlbtC7) and
warned tactile reaction time at the right lateral malleolus level in the right big toe (TRTrbtH) and the left big toe (TRTlbtH)
were significantly lower than HTG. Vasomotor responses of blood vessels of left upper and lower extremities in NTG were
significantly higher than HTG after stimulation by hot water (40°C), cold water (15°C), six-minute walk test and cuff blood
flow occlusion, from these findings, it can be concluded that hypertensive patients had a decreased
neuropsychophysiological performance and vasomotor response of arm and leg which might be an indication of
atherosclerotic vascular increased risk. Therefore, the psychophophysiological test and vasomotor responses to heat and
cold, blood vessel cuffing and exercise of muscles in organs by methods mentioned above may help in early detection of
possible artherosclerosis.
P1-12
EFFECT OF CHANGES OF THE MUCOSAL IMMUNE FACTORS IN SOCCER PLAYERS
Mehdivand A. 1, Soleimani M. 2, Barzegari A. 3
Payame Noor University /Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Babolsar, Iran1
Tabriz University/Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tabriz, Iran2
Payame Noor University /Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Babol, Iran3
Introduction: Immunosuppression in athletes involved in heavy training is undoubtedly multifactorial in origin. Training
and competitive surroundings may increase the athlete's exposure to pathogens specially upper respiratory tract infections.
The aim of this study is investigation mucosal immune responses of one half and complete time soccer match in soccer
players. Materials and methods: Two soccer teams of Pro-league (22 players) With average (age 21±2 yr, BMI 24.6±2.1
kg/m2 ,VO2max 51.1± 3.3 ml.kg-1.min) was chosen directly and participated in a match soccer(90 minute). Timed
unstimulated saliva samples were collected at Before, inter half time and immediately post-exercise. For description of
statistical indicators, descriptive static has been used and changes of immune parameters between tow half and full time of
the
match
were
statistically
analyzed
by
t-test
using
software
SPSS18(P<0.05).
Results: The data shows a noticeable difference in indicators IgA, mucosal osmolality, cortisol ,saliva rate and the rate of
IgA to salvia osmolality between half time and full time of the match (P<0.05). In the other word, from start to the end of the
match, there was a noticeable increase in the rates of osmolality and salvia cortisol and also a noticeable decrease in salvia
rate, IgA density and the rate of IgA to osmolality. However no difference in the solute secretion rate has been found.
Conclusion: Acording to the findings of this study, we can claim that time factor can have inappropriate effects on mocusal
immune function and soccer players must pay attention to the recovery between the tow half time of the match.
P1-13
THE EFFECT OF METHYLPHENIDATE WITH AN EXHAUSTIVE SESSION ON THE MONOCYTE AND
LEUKOCYTE'S OF MAL RAT.
Kamoonzadeh A., Aziziyeh N.
Islamic Azad University- Branch Dezful/Sport Science, Khouzestan/dezful, Iran
59
Introduction: considering the increased drug misuse in sports especially stimulant drugs and lack of enough insight into
their elects on the body and immune system, the present study aims to exam in the effect of methylphenidate on the rat's
leukocytes and monocytes with an exhaustive exercise session.Methodology: subjects were divided randomly in five groups
with weighed 282+ - 52 gr. groups included control, exercise, drug sham, drug (44.5 mg/kg), and finally exercise exercise &
drug group (44.5 mg/kg). Exercise group were placed in treadmill and were exercised to exhaustion. Also, exercise & drug
group, considering their weights received appropriate dose of the orally and after the appearance of the drug effects, the
subjects were put in the treadmill and were exercised to exhaustion.Risualts: after Obtain blood Samples, the number of
leukocytes and monocytes of each group were determined through diff counting. By doing statistical calculations (ANOVA
and TUKEY) between different groups the results revealed that the groups which toothed drug had lower of blood
leukocytes and monocytes, compared to control and exercise groups(p<0.05).Conclusion: As the research results
demonstrate, physical activity increases the number of leukocytes and monocytes. These results are similar to the results of
other researches. However, on increase was noticeable in exercise & drug and drug groups, which can be the result of using
the drug especially in high doses.
P1-14
CONSTRAINT TOWARDS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION AMONG
ADOLESCENT IN TAIPING, PERAK
Abdul latif R.1, Mohd nor M. 2, Zid A. 2, Shahudin N. 3
University Technology Mara/Faculty of Sport Science And Recreation, Selangor, Malaysia1
University Technology Mara/Sport Management, Selangor, Malaysia2
University Technology Mara/Sport Science, Selangor, Malaysia3
The study conducted to determine the constraints factors that restrain the 286 adolescents in Taiping, Perak to engage with
physical activity using 7-days Physical Activity Table and Leisure Activity Constraint Questionnaire (LACQ). This study is
focused on constraints factor based on structural, intrapersonal and interpersonal factors towards physical activity during
leisure time. Data obtain was processed using SPSS 16th Version and the associations of physical activity levels with
constraints factor, gender, ethnicity and body mass index (BMI) were determined. Adolescents were not physically active
(41.3%) with less than 150 minutes of physical activity; the largest group is not active (43.0%) with total of 151 to 419
minutes of physical activity per week. Adolescents who are physically active (12.6%), total of 420 to 629 minutes
participations per week. Lastly there is only 3.1% of respondent considered as highly active with total of 630 minute or more
physical activity per week. Males (11.2%) were physically active than females (4.6%). Twice as many female adolescents
(58.4%) were inactive and low physical activity level category compared to the male adolescents (25.9%). There is also
strong relation between constraints factor and respondents BMI category (r>0.50), however it is not significant (p>0.01). The
main constraints factor that influence adolescents physical activity participants is structural factor (M=3.18, SD=0.70),
compared to interpersonal (M=2.78, 0.67) and intrapersonal (M=2.63, SD=0.72) however, results shows that there is no
significant differences of adolescents constraints factors towards gender differences, however there are significant difference
towards physical activity intrapersonal constraints of racial differences with Indian respondents (p<0.05). Results also found
that, there is strong negative correlation (r>0.50) of persons Body Mass Index (BMI) and their physical activity level. This
study suggests that physical activity intervention to promote regular physical activity is needed since a high proportion of the
adolescents fall within the inactive and low physical activity level category.
P1-16
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF WATER INTAKE WITH DIFFERENT
TEMPERATURES DURING HOT YOGA
Auamchan C., Widjaja W., Chaunchaiyakul R.
College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Thailand
Introduction: Yoga is traditional physical and mental disciplines originated in India. It uses breathing, exercise and
meditation techniques. In recent years, hot yoga exercise becomes very popular, because it is believed that hot yoga can
reduce weight and increase energy, flexibility and endurance. However, there is a few scientific research in this area.
Purpose: To study physiological responses of water intake with different temperatures during hot yoga. Materials and
Methods: Eight healthy female hot yoga practitioners participated in this study. Their age and height were 38.63+ 5.73 yrs
and 154.63 + 3.54 cm, respectively. Subjects gave their informed consent before testing and the study protocol was approved
by the Ethic Committee of Mahidol University. The experimental trials were randomized and separated by 3 days to avoid
losing heat acclimatization. The subjects received the following treatments during the exercise: 1) without water intake
(WW), 2) with water intake at temperature 25° C (WN) and 3) water intake at 45° C (WH). All exercise trials were
performed in the environmental room (Ta= 37° C, RH = 50-60%) for 60 min. Subjects followed a video taped yoga exercise
by a certificated yoga instructor. Body weight, urine volume, urine specific gravity and brachial artery blood flow were
measured before and after the exercise. Heart rate, skin and tympanic temperatures were measured throughout the
experiment. Thermal comfort and thermal sensation were recorded every 10 min during the exercise. Results and
Discussions: After the end of exercise, body weight in the heat without water replacement has tendency to reduce more than
that with water intake at temperature 25° C and 45° C, respectively. The tympanic temperature in WW trials increased more
than those in WN and WH at the end of exercise. Brachial artery blood flow and mean skin temperature in WW trials were
60
higher than those in WN and WH. These results showed that the dehydration status during exercise in the heat without water
replacement. Consequently, water replacement is very important to reduce physiological strain during hot yoga.
P1-18
ISOMETRIC FORCE DYNAMOMETRY AND ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF YOUNG ELITE ASIA
AND WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP WEIGHTLIFTERS
Meamarbashi A., Azimi F.
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili/Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
Nineteen male elite weightlifters participated in this study. The subjects' mean age was 17.9±1.9 years with 94.1±17.6 kg
weight and 174.9±5.6 cm height. Before study, weight, height and anthropometric parameters were measured (21
parameters). Body fat percent was estimated by measurement of seven skin fold thicknesses (triceps, biceps, subscapular,
abdominal, suprailiac and medium calf). After ten minutes warm-up maximum isometric force was recorded on memory
card at 100 Hz by using computerized isometric force dynamometer (max. 500 kg). Each subject performed nine isometric
muscle tests (squat, torso, shoulder, arm and toes lifts and forearm, wrist and right & left shank extensions). Rate of force
development was measured by integral of force-time curve (FTint.) by dynamometer software. After ten minutes rest,
dynamic explosive force was measured by asking the subject to perform a maximal vertical squat jump and recorded with
videography method (140 Hz) to measure jump height. Subject's age, expert and his current weightlifting record were taken
for further assessment. Results shown significant correlation between squat lift with subject records for snatch, clean and
jerk and squat lifts. There was good correlation between back lift isometric force (torso) and snatch record. Waist and chest
circumstances had good correlation with elbow flexion. Squat lift showed highest isometric force (205.1±50.1 kg force) and
lowest force was recorded by isometric elbow flexion (57.9 ±15.8). There was no correlation between jump height and jump
work (j) with weightlifters record and isometric forces.
P1-21
THE CONTRIBUTION OF SELECTED BODY COMPOSITION, BODY SHAPE, AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC
VARIABLES TO PERFORMANCE
Matinhomaee H.
Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch/Physical Education, Tehran, Iran
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between selected anthropometric and Physiological variable and
3 k running time .Thirty male (age ranged 17-26 years) and middle distance runners in training for Iran national team were
selected as subjects. 33 anthropometric and 7 Physiologic data was collected; the laboratory data were analyzed for
correlation with the best 3 k time of each subject during the test period. The subjects averaged 8 min 56 sec 1 hundredth
second for their 3 k races, %11.26 fat, 46.36 ml lit.kg min-1 V02max. V02max (r= -0.728), (Rhr) (r = 0.711), frequencies of
respiration (Fr)(r = 0.485), anaerobic power (AP) (r=- 0.796), Fat mass (Fm) (r= 0.5), fat %( r=525), Fat distribution Fd (r= 0.397), Vo2max on lactate Threshold (Vo2 max LT) (r= -0.396) were significantly correlated with 3 k time. These Variables
may be useful in evaluating training programs for improving race performance and talent navigation of distance and middle
distance runners.
P1-22
THE EFFECTS OF PILATES TRAINING ON DYNAMIC AND
STATIC POSTURAL CONTROL IN YOUNG DANCERS
Wang Y. 1, Ching H. 2, Lin W. 3, Lee A. 2
National Taiwan Sport University/Graduate Institute Of Coaching Science, Taoyuan County, Taiwan1
National Chiayi University/Department Of Physical Education, Chiayi County, Taiwan3
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 8 weeks Pilates training on dynamic and static postural
control (PC) in young children. Methods: Fifteen elementary students (age: 10.9 ± 0.8 yrs, Ht: 147.5 ± 4.9 cm, Wt: 37.95 ±
5.83 kg, Experience: 3.5 ± 0.9 yrs) volunteered and underwent the mat Pilates training three times a week for 12 weeks. The
dynamic and static PC were evaluated by the BBS as limits of stability and the AccuSway as COP sway radius/velocity/area.
Repeated-measures t test was used to examine the changes before and after training in each measure. Results: The results
showed that after training, 1). the LOS performance in each direction of level 8 and in total, forward-right, left direction of
level 2 were significant improved; 2). The COP sway radius/area in bilateral open/closed eyes standing and single limb
standing were also significant decreased. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 8 weeks regular Pilates training can
improved the dynamic and static PC in young dances, especially in the stable open eyes situation.
P1-24
THE EFFECTS OF ACTIVITY RELATED FATIGUE ON ATHLETE’S DYNAMIC POSTURAL CONTROL
ABILITY
Mohd Hashim, A. H.1, Ibrahim, H.1, Zainuddin, Z. A 1, Lee, A. C. 2
1
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
2
61
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia
Introduction: Balance is an important element of almost all sports activities and activity daily living (ADL). Balance can be
measured based on individual postural control which consisted of static, semi-dynamic and dynamic. These aspects were
controlled by neuromuscular and reduction in the neuromuscular ability such as muscular fatigue may alter the postural
control ability. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of activity related fatigue on athlete’s dynamic
postural control. Method: In this study, there are thirty university athletes (30 males, age = 23.32 ± 0.85 years, height =
163.5 ± 2.3cm, and weight = 62.3 ±2.4 kg) voluntarily participated. The modified Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) also
known as Y Balance Test was used for assessment of athlete’s dynamic postural control. Subjects were assessed during the
pre and post-test of SEBT in three directions with the average of three trials calculated for each direction. Subjects also were
asked to complete a 20 minutes fatigued protocol. The rating of perceived exertion was measured before, during and after the
fatigue protocol by using the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. Result: The difference in fatigue scores was
analysed using repeated measure ANOVA and post-hoc (Banferoni). The differences between pre and post-test in dynamic
postural control were analysed using paired sample t-test. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between
direction, distance reached on the SEBT. It also showed that the fatigue protocol contributed a significant decline in athlete’s
dynamic postural control ability. Conclusion: Therefore, coaches should rearrange their training protocols appropriately
since the activities that related to fatigue may contribute to the athlete’s performance to decline since most of sports require
dynamic postural control.
P1-28
EFFECT OF TOW MONTHS AEROBIC TRAINING ON SERUM HS-CRP IN NON- ATHLETE FEMALES
Aghaei F. 1, Soleimani M. 2
Islamic Azad University/Physical Education & Sport Science, Tehran, Iran1
Tabriz University/Physical Education & Sport Science, Tbriz, Iran2
Introduction: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main indicator of cardiac arrests and the majority cause of mortality that
begins with atherosclerosis. With the recognition that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process, investigation of markers of
inflammation such as high sensitive C- reactive protein (Hs-CRP) as a potential tools for prediction of this process, is
increasing. However, physical training program offers protections against disease through modify the inflammatory markers
-especially Hs-CRP. Methods: seventeen healthy non- athlete females (mean age=24±1.28 years, Height= 168±1.06 cm,
weight: 70.2±9.5 kg, VO2max= 33.72±4.37 ml/kg/min,) provided written informed consent. After the first blood sampling,
all subjects trained for tow months in aerobic training protocol. The second blood sampling was obtained 48 hours after the
end of training program. Our data were statistically analyzed by t-test, and Pearson test (p<0.05) using SPSS16. Results: HsCRP levels decreased significantly (P<0.001) after exercise compared with before exercise. Discussion: Analyzes of data
demonstrated that physical training had significant effect on Hs-CRP levels that is line with Oberbach (2006) and Kohut
(2006).but, Kondo (2006) and Taylor (2004) have reported that physical training did not affect the Hs-CRP levels. In
conclusion, tow months (8 week) aerobic training decreased Hs-CRP levels but many factors such as age, gender, aerobic
capacity, measuring techniques, dietry regime, subjects and training characteristics have effects on results.
P1-30
A DEVELOPMENT OF METHOD AND AN ELECTRONIC FLEXIBILITY
TESTING EQUIPMENT FOR PEOPLE
Tongterm T. 1, Suputtitada A.2
Chulalongkorn University/Biomedical Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand1
Chulalongkorn University/Rehabilitation Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand2
Introduction: Physical fitness tests have been continuously improving in terms of testing personnel, equipment, technology,
and procedure in order to deliver and provide accurate physical fitness to growing number of participants. To match up with
higher demand, the process of physical fitness tests must be faster and more convenient without sacrificing validity,
reliability and safety. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop the flexibility testing protocol and create an
electronic flexibility testing equipment for the people. Method: The developed equipment use encoder sensor to detect the
movement that is required by the testing protocol. Face validity of the equipment was assessed by three experts. Sixty
student were used to check for the criterion validity, reliability and objectivity of the equipment. A test-retest method was
used to find the reliability. The objectivity of the equipment was assessed by using two different administrators. Result and
Conclusion: The results showed that the modified sit and reach test have more accurate than the traditional test in case of the
principle and assessment process. The equipment was proved to be accurate, convenient, and easy to use whose criterion
validity, reliability and objectivity were 0.96, 0.98 and 0.97, respectively.
P1-32
FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENT INSTRUCTIONS INTERVENTION ON GROSS MOTOR TO GROUP WITH
LEARNING DIFFICULTIES
Zainuddin Z. A., Ibrahim H., Latif M. F.
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia/Faculty of Education, Skudai, Malaysia
62
Introduction: Conducting physical activities simultaneously among group with learning difficulties at different level of
fundamental movement skills is demanding high commitment. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of
fundamental movement instructions on performance changes related to gross motor skill. The fundamental movement
instructions utilized available facilities surrounded the subjects. Methods: A one-group pretest-training-posttest design was
utilized in the study. A total of 13 subjects from various level of learning difficulties received a six-week movement-based
instructions sessions, in which gross motor skill tests pertaining to body balance and ball skill manipulations were reinforced
through activities. The Ball Skills Test and the Static and Dynamic Balance Test of the Movement Assessment Battery for
Children (MABC) were used for both pre- and posttests sessions. Results: Wilcoxon statistical analysis system was used to
compare the gross motor skill levels before and after the fundamental movement instructions program. Significant
differences were found in the Ball Skills Test and the Static and Dynamic Balance Test in pre and post test results (p<0.01).
Conclusion: Subjects demonstrated different pace of capability to accomplish the gross motor tasks. The execution of the
fundamental movement instructions was found supporting the motor development of the group with learning difficulties
P1-35
CLOSED-KINETIC CHAIN EVALUATION OF ANKLE JOINT PROPRIOCEPTION IN ATHLETES WITH
FUNCTIONAL ANKLE INSTABILITY
Amini aghdam S.1, Sheikh esmaeili S.2, Behpoor N. 2
Islamic Azad University- Saghez Branch/Physical Education, Saghez, Iran1
Razi University/Physical Education, Kermanshah, Iran2
Introduction: The term Functional Ankle Instability (FAI) is defined as the giving-way sensation, weakness, more pain, or
loss of function at the ankle than before injury. In studies that have conducted in context of ankle Joint Position Sense (JPS),
contradictory results have been observed as any, low or high proprioception deficits in injured ankle. It has been suggested
that closed kinetic chain and weight bearing proprioception evaluation may detect proprioception deficits in subject with
FAI. Purpose: to compare both within-groups and between-groups ankle JPS. Methods: Using an adjustable slope-box, JPS
of injured ankle compared with intact ankle of 15 athletes with FAI (23.5±2.5 yrs) and with matched leg of 15 healthy
volunteer athletes (24.8±3.6 yrs). Results: The mean absolute errors of angle estimation on slope-box in plantarflexion (PF),
dorsiflexion (DF), inversion (IN) and eversion (EV) positions of ankle were significantly greater in comparison to the
unaffected side in subject with FAI (p<0.01) and matched leg of healthy athletes (p<0.001). Also a statistically significant
difference was found among the four ankle positions (PF, DF, IN & EV) in mean absolute estimate errors of injured ankle
(p<0.01). Mean absolute estimate errors of injured ankles in inversion position were significantly greater than dorsi-flexion
and eversion positions. Conclusions: The athletes with FAI had the deficit of JPS in affected side in comparison with intact
side and healthy subjects. Inversion Position has higher amount of proprioception impairment than other ankle positions.
Since the initial mechanism of recurrent lateral ankle rolling-over and sprain is excessive inversion, then ankle
proprioception deficit in inversion position may increase the risk of recurrent ankle sprain in sport activities that include
running, jumping and cutting maneuvers.
P1-37
COMPARISON OF MEN'S AND WOMEN'S VARSITY SWIMMING INJURIES
Singh D. K.
Department of Physical Education
School Of Educational Sciences, S.r.t.m.university, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
Objectives:The primary aim of the investigation was to compare the Men's and Women's Swimming injuries at varsity level
with regard to various stages viz. injuries with respect to location, injuries in different strokes, nature of injuries, and injuries
occurred during training and competition. Methods:Information on injuries were collected from different universities team
which were participating in All India Inter-varsity Aquatic tournament held at Kerala University Trivendrum from 25 to 29th
February- 2008, by questionnaires prepared by Cromwell F.J. Walsh Gromley for Elite Gaelic footballers (2000). It was
modified by the investigator and utilized for present study. T-ratio was utilized to compare the injuries. The Swimmers were
asked to recall injuries over the proceeding three years. Result: In this study total 150 questionnaires were administered. Out
of 150 questionnaires 75 belong to Men's Swimmers and 75 belong to Women's Swimmers. In all 222 injuries out of 150
players were found out over the period, 123 and 99 injuries found out in Men's and Women's Varsity Swimmers
respectively. Significant injuries difference were found between Men's and Women's varsity swimmers (t=5.4, P<.001).
Significant injuries deference were found with respect to location in Knee (t=7.66, P<.001) and back (t = 4, P < .001). No
significant injuries differences were found between training and competition period as combined sample (t=1.75), while
considering the injuries in competition period separately, significant injuries difference were found between men's and
women's swimmers (t=6.13, P<.001). when the difference of injuries considering with respect to strokes significant injuries
difference were found in Back Strokes (t=6.5, P<.001) and butterfly (t=6.09, P<.001). However, no significant different were
found in Breast Strokes (t=1.66) and Crawl (t=1.23) Conclusion:The Men's varsity swimmers have got more injuries than
the Women's varsity swimmers, significant injuries difference were found in Back stroke and Butterfly stroke to Men's and
Women's swimmers. The results of the research provide a useful insight into the injuries in swimming.
P1-38
63
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ERGONOMICS DESIGN, BURNOUT, WORK-RELATED
MUSCULOSKELETON DISORDERS AND JOB SATISFACTION OF FINANCIAL WORKERS IN BANGKOK
AND VICINITY
Poonchob K., Teerakathiti P., Pinthong M.
Work-related stress antecedents continue to present a major challenge to workers and theirs employers in every industry
sector. Many studies have been involved in providing suggestions and recommendations on interventions to reduce workrelated musculoskeleton disorders and its consequences for reduction of corporate health care cost. The purposes of this
study were to investigate the affecting factors on burnout, work-related musculoskeleton disorders and job satisfaction in
workplace. Data were obtained from full-time office workers in two organizations located in Bangkok Metropolitant and
vicinity. The participanting organizations were in financial services and the survey instrument was questionnaire for
collecting the data by stratified randomly selected from 200 full-time employees. The results of the hierarchical regression
analysis revealed that 41.6% explained variance in burnout was accounted by sex, chair/office seating, workload, and workrelated musculoskeleton disorders symptoms that were found to have a statistical significance. The chair and workload were
explained variance in work-related musculoskeleton disorders with 23.7%. The difference in job satisfaction was explained
by regular exercise and workload by 7.5%. These findings indicated that corporate policy for increasing employees wellbeing and their productivity in financial service industry must be considered or revised such as corporate fitness, workplace
ergonomics and job redesign. In the long term, these actions taken by management authorities would produce benefits for
both employees and employers in terms of minimizing the outcomes work-related stress.
P1-40
METHYLPHENIDATE AND EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE: A STUDY ON NEUTROPHILES OF MALE RAT.
Kamoonzadeh A., Aziziyeh N.
Islamic Azad University- Dezful Branch /Sport Science ,Dezful,Iran1
Introduction: The purpose of this research is to examine Methylphenidate effect on male rat's Neutrophiles with an
exhaustive exercise session, since the misuse of such drugs among athletes is increasing and less informing that its harmful
effect occurs.Methodology: In order to do this research samples randomly in five groups, each group that there were ten
members, age 3/5 months and mean weight 282+ 52 grams were divided. Control group (without exercise, without drug),
exercise group (without drug) the third, drug group (With 44.5 mg/kg dose), the fourth group, exercise-drug (With 44.5
mg/kg dose) and placebo drug group values formed. Drug dose in each group with appropriate weight to oral received. After
appearing drug effects (duration of drug effect 15 - 20 minutes) each sample placed inside the treadmill with speed 35
m/minutes to complete exhaustion activity were. After complete exhaustion of the blood samples were
obtained.Results:Neutrophiles of each sample were determined by differential counting and after statistical
calculation(ANOVA and TUKEY), between the control and exercise group with exercise-drug groups, results indicated that,
control group and exercise group had to Average number of Neutrophiles higher than the exercise-drug group (p
<0.05).Conclusion:Difference between control and exercise groups with this fact that physical activity increases
Neutrophiles are same with the other research. But the drug and exercise-drug groups to control and exercise groups reduced
the number of neutrophiles can be seen. Perhaps its reason was use Methylphenidate with physical activity.
P2-03
EFFECT OF COCOA SUPPLEMENTATION ON PLATELET FACTORS
(PLT, MPV, PDW) OF ATHLETE MALE’S BLOOD AFTER AN AEROBIC EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
Soleimani M.1, Aghaei F.2
Tabriz University/Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tabriz, Iran1
Physical Education and Sports Sciences/Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran2
Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and special Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main indicator of cardiac
arrests and mortality and is the most common complication in the contemporary world. Platelets play an important role in the
pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors. Habitual, regular physical activity has been
postulated to reduce the incidence of CVD. However, strenuous exercise augments the risk of vascular thrombotic events
and primary cardiac arrests through an occlusive platelet-rich thrombus. In addition, it has been shown that flavanol-rich
foods, such as cocoa promote health and attenuate, or delay the onset of CVD. Methods: Thirteen karate-ka male (mean age:
24±1 years; height: 1.70± 0.23 m; body mass: 68.1±9.5 kg; BF%: 22.68±2.1; VO2max: 53.6±2.4 ml.kg-1.min-1) provided
written informed consent. Bruce exercise test was performed as an incremental exhaustive protocol on two occasions, one
week apart. In a double-blind design, each participant received either a volume of cocoa solution (CS) or flavoured solution
(PLA) based on his body mass before exercise trial. Venous blood samples were collected 2-h prior to exercise (base-line),
pre, post and 1-h after completion of each trial. Differences were examined using a two-factor analysis of variance
(ANOVA) with repeated measures as appropriate. Results: Platelet counts increased (Cocoa: from 188.30±33.28 to
244.00±41.03; Placebo: from 178.14±22.07 to 251.36± 42.22) significantly (P<0.001) after exercise compared with before
exercise in both trials, but was not significantly different between conditions. Mean platelet volume (MPV) and PDW were
unaffected by condition and did not differ at any time after exercise protocol (P>0.05). Discussion: This study did not show
that increased platelet activity in response to an incremental exercise could be decreased with oral supplementation of cocoa
64
that is line with Singh (2006). Murphy et al. (2003) and Rein et al. (2000) have reported decreases in platelet activation, but
with a higher concentration of 900 mg/day. In conclusion, short-term cocoa supplementation did not decrease platelet
activity in response to an incremental exhaustive exercise.
P2-04
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SLEEP
QUALITY OF TAIWAN MIDDLE-AGED PEOPLE
Chen W. H.1, Yu C. F.2
Tamkang University/Office Of Physical Education, Tamsui, Taiwan1
Institute Of Education/National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan2
Purposes: This study was to compare the differences on sleep quality among the middle-aged people to explore the
relationship between sleep quality and varied physical activities. Method: Total of 11,409 people in the age of 45 to 64year-old middle-aged, (5,864 women, 5,545 men, age = 53.06 ± 5.59 years, height: 161.92 ± 7.52 cm , weight : 62.81 ±
10.49 kg), using the cross-sectional survey data was drew from the 2005 Social Trend Survey. Simple linear regression
Model analyses were conducted to explicate the associations between exercise time and sleep. Results: (1) Middle-aged
women of poor sleep quality than men, and gender issues faced by the various sleep. (2) The majority of middle-aged people
have no regular exercise habits. However, women are still the regular exercise higher than men. (3) Middle-aged exercise
and the quality of sleep score significant negative correlation, indicating that more frequency and longer time to exercise
have a better quality of sleep. Conclusion: One verifies that physical exercise and good sleep quality are vital for a good life
quality and for the physical and mental recovery of the human being. As a result, this study suggests that middle-aged to
establish habits of exercise to promote good personal quality of life and quality of sleep.
P2-05
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND NUTRITION BEHAVIORS
AND FAMILY BASED WITH OBESITY AMONG 12-14 YEARS OLD GIRLS IN TEHRAN
Matinhomaee H., Alipour S.
Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch/Physical Education, Tehran, Iran
The aims of this study areas to assess obesity prevalence and its relationship with the different factors economical- social and
cultural areas among12-14 year's old girls in the 4th district of Tehran during 2010-2011. The study conducted crosssectional survey .Case study there was Random sampling and multistage among 12-14 years old 1029 student at the aged
average 13 year old SD±2. By physical activity, inactivity and nutrition behaviors Teen and height, weight measuring by
researcher. Calculating BMI is based on CDC2000 and Iranian resource. Index Comparison in BMI four groups by KruscalwallisTest and in two groups by Mann-Whitney U Test was analyzed. The results shown overweight and obesity prevalence
was %18.9 and %11.7 respectively (p<0.001). Independent elements such as sweetened beverage times, soda amount,
3meal,fast food amount and times ,milk, eating if not hungry, good self-feeling ,night sleeping hours ,having food in front of
TV, eating with family , full eating, TV watching on the weekend, graduating of the parent, activity kind and job father,
school service ,areas, have direct relation with obesity. Factors such as physical activity, TV on 6 day /week, fruits,
vegetables, milk kind, chips, soda times, water, eating excitement, parents physical activity, mother job, don't have any
relation with obesity. It seems, that increasing daily physical activity, restricting low energy activity (TV watching ,computer
game playing), development family lifestyle activities, increasing house-made foods eating, not using fast food and
restaurant fat foods can prevent obesity. Key words: Physical activity, inactivity, Nutrition behaviors, girl adolescents.
P2-08
THE EFFECT OF BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION BEFORE EXERCISE ON SERUM
CREATINE KINASE
Chen S. Y.1, Lin J. C.2
National Taiwan Normal University/Department of Physical Education, Taipei, Taiwan1
Chinese Culture University /Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Taipei, Taiwan2
Introduction: The last few years there have been many studies describing the effect of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)
on the muscle damage. Recently, scientists have demonstrated that continuous BCAA supplementation before or during
exercise can reduce muscle damage. However, very little attention had ever been paid to short-term intake of BCAA before
exercise.To better address this question, we have evaluated serum creatine kinase (CK) as muscle damage biomarker before
and after moderate cycling exercise between two treatments. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect
of BCAA supplementation on serum creatine kinase. Methods: Eight healthy active college students participated in a doubleblinded crossover study. Each subject had to complete 2 trials, separated by 7 days. The subjects ingested either 92 mg/kg
BW of BCAA (BCAA) or placebo (PLA) capsules60 min before exercise respectively. They exercised at 70% VO2 max on
cycle ergometer for 30 minutes. Blood samples collected prior to supplement intake (Pre 60), immediately prior to exercise
(Pre exe), and 0, 15, 60 min after cycling (P0, P15, P60) for analysis of creatine kinase (CK). After starting exercise, rating
perceived exertion (RPE) test was conducted every 5 min. During cycling, the polar heart rate monitor was used to measure
the heart rate. All data obtained during the period were analyzed with repeated measure one-way ANOVA by SPSS17.0 and
65
paired t-test. All significant levels were set at p<.05. Results and Conclusions: After cycling, PLA's response of CK (P0,
P15, P60) were significantly higher than BCAA (p<.05). The extent of the blood CK increase in the BCAA trial was less
than that of the placebo trial. There was no significant difference in RPE and summation of heart rate during exercise
between BCAA and PLA. The extent of RPE increase in the BCAA trial was less than that of the placebo trial. These results
indicate that supplementary BCAA 60 min before cycling decrease serum concentrations of the intramuscular enzymes CK
after exercise. The effect of BCAA supplementation is suggested to have positive effect on muscle damage.
P2-09
The EFFECT OF HONEY SUPPLEMENTATION ON RPE, HR, GLUCOSE, INSULINE AND
SERUM CORTISOL BEFOR CYCLING ACTIVITY
Seyyedi K.1, Sharafi H.2, Ghaderi M. 2, Atashak S.2, Rahimi R.2
Islamic Azad University, Mahabad Branch/English Department, West Azarbaijan/mahabad, Iran1
Islamic Azad University, Mahabad Branch/Department Of Physical Education And Sports Science, West Azarbaijan,
Mahabad, Iran2
Introduction There are a lot of researches regarding consumption of sugar materials and carbohydrate liquid and its vital
role in delaying exercise-induced fatigue. Purpose The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Honey
Supplementation on ratings of perceived exertion, heart rate, glucose, Insulin and serum cortisol before cycling activity until
exhaustion.Methods Sixty male cycling athletes (Mean ± SD, age=22.56±1.75 yr, height: 176/62±6/93cm, weight:
71/06±7/03 kg) voluntarily participated in two groups of experiment (8 male) and control (8 male). The group of experiment
and control during the times of 45-60-75-90 minutes before a cycling activity used the carbohydrates drinks produced from
honey with the %10 – % 10 – %10 - % 50 concentrations respectively. (5 ml per kg of body weight) Then, there were blood
sampling after 45 minutes absolute reset. After warm-up they cycled on a fixed laboratory bicycle with 2.5 watts per a kg of
body weight. Results Regarding the findings, Consumption of carbohydrate drinks pre-exercise there were significant
reduction of rating of perceived exertion and were increased in heart rate and and blood glucose. But amount of secretary of
insulin and cortisol concentration was fixed. Conclusion In general, the result of this study demonstrated that Consuming of
drinking carbohydrate produced from honey due to index of low glycemic can improve exercise performance.
P2-10
EFFECT OF COCOA SUPPLEMENTATION ON ATHLETE'S BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS AFTER AN
INCREMENTAL EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
Soleimani M.1, Sattarzadeh L.1 , Aghaei F.2
Tabriz University/Physical Education And Sport Sciences, Tabriz, Iran1
Islamic Azad University//Physical Education And Sport Sciences, Karaj, Iran2
Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main indicator of cardiac arrests and mortality. Disruption of the normal
rheological properties of blood is considered an independent risk factor for CVD. Platelets play an important role in the
pathophysiology of CVD and its associated risk factors . In addition, Current evidence implicates fibrinogen (Fib) in the
pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular diseases and as an independent cardiovascular risk factor .Also, Haemoglobin (Hb)
and haematocrit (Htc) factors have the key and important role in whole blood viscosity. Habitual, regular physical activity
has been postulated to reduce the incidence of CVD. However, high intensity exercise may precipitate acute cardiac events
and sudden cardiac death through an occlusive platelet-rich thrombus However, it has been shown that flavanol-rich foods,
such as cocoa promote health and attenuate, or delay the onset of CVD. Methods Twenty athlete (football player) male
(mean age: 22±1.3 years; body mass: 71.1±4.5 kg; VO2max: 54.6±2.4 ml.kg-1.min-1) provided written informed consent.
Bruce exercise test was performed as an incremental exhaustive protocol on two occasions, one week apart. In a doubleblind design, each participant received either a volume of cocoa solution (CS) or flavoured solution (PLA) based on his body
mass before exercise trial. Venous blood samples were collected 2-h prior to exercise (base-line), pre, post and 1-h after
completion of each trial. Differences were examined using a two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated
measures as appropriate. Results Platelet counts, fibrinogen, Haemoglobin and haematocrit decreased significantly
(P<0.001) after exercise compared with before exercise in cocoa trials fibrinogen (Fib) were unaffected by condition and did
not differ at any time after exercise protocol (P>0.05). Discussion This study showed that increased platelet activity in
response to an incremental exercise could be decreased with oral supplementation of cocoa that is line with Murphy et al.
(2003) and Rein et al. (2000). In addition, very little is known about cocoa and it's effecting on fibrinogen, Haemoglobin and
haematocrit levels. However, the findings showed that cocoa supplementation decreased fibrinogen, Haemoglobin and
haematocrit levels. In conclusion, short-term cocoa supplementation decreased blood coagulation in response to an
incremental exhaustive exercise.
P2-11
EFFECT OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CHALLENGE ON CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN WOMEN
WITH DIFFERING FITNESS
Mehranpour A. B.1, Hasani S. A.1, Azarbayjani M. A.2, Tojari F. A.2,
Marjani M. E.3, Didari J. A.4, Ghasemi S. H.5
Srinakharinwirot University (swu) /Faculty Of Physical Education, Bangkok, Thailand1
66
I A University, central Tehran Branch/Faculty Of Physical Education, Tehran, Iran2
University Putra Malaysia (upm)/Faculty Of Educational Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia3
I A University, central Tehran Branch/Facult Of Educational Studiesy, Tehran, Iran4
Islamic Azad University (iau)/Facult Of Educational Studiesy, Karaj, Iran5
Introduction: In recent years much attention has been focused on the relationship between physical and psychological
factors to expelenation differences between physical active and inactive physicaly subject.A number of studies over recent
year have assessed physiological responses to mental challenge during exercise and rest ,most of them have been carried out
in men.Numerous studies have shown that aerobic fitness is associated with enhanced cardiovascular efficiency at rest and
also in sport activity .It seems that degree of fitness is important factor for cope with stress and pressure of induce
exercise,on the other hand the effect of aerobic training on Cardiorespiratory reactivity to combine physical and mental
activity is unclear. Purpose: This study was determine Cardiorespiratory Responses to combined physical and mental
challeng (MC) in women with difference aerobic fitness. Methods:Terefore10 well-above average fitness as a Hi fit girl and
10 below average fitness as a low Fit girl,were elected randomly as subject,and participated in two separated assigned trials
sessions by 48 hour in between.In both of session subject performed 32minute aerobic running on tredmill by 70-80% of
maximal heart rate (MHR).Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in minutes 5,14,19,24,31, and heart reat (HR)in minutes
4,13,18,23 ,30, and blood pressure(BLP) before and after trials were recorded.Also state anxiety scale (A-Stat) were
measured in before and after trials by Spielberger questionnaire.Aditionaly in second session subject during running answer
to twotype of puzzle as a MC (A:mathematical,B:graphical)for involving their mind during exercise. Results and
conclusion:The result showed that regardless increasing hear rate in both group with MCduring running.There is no
significantly difference between low Fit and Hi Fit subjects in,HR,BLP and A-Stat during combine physical and MC
condition (p<0.05). But RPE in Hi Fit subjects was significantly lower than low Fit subject (p<0.05).As a matter of fact, Hi
Fit subject experienced less RPE during running with MC,which can be interpreted that degree of fitness is a important
factor to cope with RPE induce MC condition in women.
P2-12
CORRELATES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: FOCUS ON FUN SEEKING
AND GENERAL SELF-EFFICACY
Suh K.
Sahmyook University/Counseling, Seoul, South Korea
Iintroduction: Most of people recognize the health benefits of physical activity. But, they could not enhance their level of
physical activity if they are not intrinsically motivated. Fun or enjoyment is middle of certain behavior, and perceived
competence or self-efficacy may play an important role in certain physical activity. Purpose: Thi study aim to investigate
the relations of fun seeking and general self-efficacy to physical activities of mal college students, in orders to provide
valuable information to professionals in health promotion. Methods: The participants were 32 al ollege students whose age
ranged from 18 to 32 (M=22.61, SD=2.11). The questionnaires and psychological tests use in thi research included the
following: Korean Version of BAS/BIS Scale, The General Self-Efficacy Scale, International Physical Activity
Questionnaires, and The Intrinsic Motivation Inventory for physical activity. Results: Results revealed malr college students
who had moderate level of fun seeking were more likely to engage with physical activity that those who showed low or high
level of fun seeking. And students with trong general self-efficacy were more likely to do physical activity that students with
low level of general self-efficacy, especially the sharp difference found in high level of physical activity. Students who had
greater interest in physical activity were more likely to engage with physical activity that those who were no interested in
physical activity. A regression analysis indicated that interest in physical activity accounted for the most variance of physical
activity, it accounted for around 14.5% variance of actual physical activity with self-efficacy. The interaction effect of selfefficacy and interest in physical activity was significant for physical activity. Conclusion: This study reiterates the roles of
general self-efficacy and the interest in physical activity on physical activity, and found that there would be non-linear
relation of fun seeking to physical activity.
P2-13
THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN RECOVERY FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL
EXERCISE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS
Park J. 1, Suh K.2, Lee J.3
Sahmyook University/Music, Seoul, South Korea1
Sahmyook University/Counseling Psychology, Seoul, South Korea2
Sahmyook University/Leisure & Sports, Seoul, South Korea3
Introduction: Most of people are exposed to music their everyday lives and some people use music for emotional regulation
purposes. Music is known to relieve stress as well as promote excitement. We can say that music has been used as a
treatment of the physical and psychological problem, even from early age of human history. Thus, we assumed that people
use music to regulate their moods and emotions. Purpose: This study is to examine whether listening to music could
facilitate relieving cardiac and affective response to physical exercise and psychological stress. We assumed that music
could reduce the magnitude of cardiovascular and affective responses to exercise and cognitive and emotional stress.
Methods: Participants of this study were 60 college students (30 males & 30 females), whose mean age was 21.78
67
(SD=2.67). Twenty students (10 males & 10 females) were assigned for in each group, no music, classical and pop music
groups. They were interviewed and given a survey that included a consent form, demographics profile sheet and
psychological tests. After treadmill exercise (15 minutes) and the application of cognitive and emotional stress stresses (20minutes), participants in two treatment group were going through with a course of listening classical or pop music, 5 minutes
during the 10-minutes recovering period, while participants in control group were not listening anything during the 10minutes recovering period. Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were
used for measuring participants anger and anxiety level before and after experiment. Cardiovascular reactivity was measured
by automatic and manual instrument produced by Schiller Company, Switzerland. Results: Results indicated that systolic
blood pressures of two listening music groups.
P2-18
STUDY ON THREE TYPES OF CONCURRENT (STRENGTH & ENDURANCE ), STRENGTH AND
ENDURANCE TRAINING LOAD CHANGES ON THE PERFORMANCE AND MOOD INDICES IN THE MALE
FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Alborz S. A.1 , Ravasi A. R.2 , Nikbakhsh R. N.3 , Taghibeikzadeh P. T.4
Azad Univercity/Physical Ecucation,Tehran,Iran1
Tehran Universtiy/Exercise Physiology,Tehran,Iran2
Azad Universiy/Sport Managment,Tehran,Iran3
Azad Universty/Physical University,Tehran,Iran4
Evaluation of performance indices such as, aerobic and anaerobic capacities and the over strength can provide a proper
imagination about the training program to the instructors and researchers of sport sciences. The aim of the present study was
to investigate the effect of training load changes on the mood and performance indices in the male athletes. The society
under study were all male athletes participating the first football leaque matches of Tehran province clubs in 2009 - 2010 . In
this study, 30 male football players mean age of 25 ± 2.21 years, height 180.27 ± 2.58cm and weight 81.13 ± 5.49kg with 5
years football playing were enrolled. The study subjects were divided in three concurrent (10 persons), strength (10 persons)
and endurance (10 persons) training by simple random method. The 1600 meters running test was used for evaluation of
aerobic capacity (the excess oxygen uptake), The repeat excess IRM test was used for evaluation of over strength, RAST test
was used for evaluation of anaerobic capacity and fatique indices. For evaluation of mood profile condition the 24- question
Mood Profile Condition Questionnaire (BRUMS) was used. Data showed that 5 weeks concurrent training had significant
effect on the aerobic and anaerobic capacities, the over strength and the mood of male football players ( P<0.05). Also 5
weeks endurance training had insignificant effect on the over strength in male football players, but with significant effect on
the aerobic and anaerobic capacities and on all of mood conditions ( p<0.05 ). Results showed that the concurrent trainings
have more effect on the performance and mood indices compared to the endurance or strength training.
P2-20
THE EFFECT OF STRENGTH AND VELOCITY TRAINING ON RANGE OF MOTION IN THE MALE ELITE
FIGURE SKATERS
Behaeen B. B.1 , Taghibeikzadeh P. T.1 , Sameh H. S.1 , Babaie R. B.2 , Ebrahimi F. E.3
Azad Univercity/Physical Education, Tehran, Iran1
Azad University/Exercise Phisiology, Tehran, Iran2
Azad University/Sport Biomechanics, Tehran, Iran3
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the strength and velocity training on the range of motion in the male
elite skaters. In this study, 45 male elite figure skaters, the member of Tehran Skate Academi with at least 3 years experience
were selected by random simple method and divided in three strength training, velocity training and control groups. The
height, weight, BMI and Skin folds of the participants were measured. Also the range of motion was measured with gonia
meter from different aspects of: the dorsal flexion motion, foot wrist planter flexion, the Knee flexion and extension, flexion,
extension, abduction, and thigh adduction, flexion and extension and the trunk lateral flexion.The strength and the velocity
groups, each performs 8-week the strength and velocity training respectively, but the control group did not perform any
training. The obtained data indicated that the difference of pre and post tests in the strength group for the foot wrist dorsal
flexion motion, knee flexion, thigh flexion and adduction were not significant p>0.05. In the other motions, the difference
between the pre and post tests of the joint range of motion in the strength group was significant p<0.05. The difference of pre
and post test in the velocity group in all motions of joint range of motion excluding trunk extension was significant. In this
study no change was observed in the control group. Between the strength and velocity groups at the post test of joint range of
motion, only in the foot wrist planter flexion motion, thigh extension and adduction, significant difference was observed
(P<0.05). The obtained data indicating the higher influence of velocity training on the range of motion in the elite figure
skaters compared to the strength training.
P2-22
THE EFFECT OF LEG-RAISING RECOVERY ON BODY TEMPERATURE FOLLOWING HIGH-INTENSITY
INTERMITTENT EXERCISE
Tikamram J., Chuanchaiyakul R., Widjaja W. & Pinthong M.
College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom Thailand
68
Introduction: Recovery postures may reduce the decrease of sweat rate and facilitate the decrement of post-exercise core
temperature. Various studies have been shown the effective of recovery postures following high- and low-intensity-constant
load. Purpose: To investigate the effect of recovery postures; upright seated (S) and 45 degree leg-raising (LR) following
high-intensity intermittent exercise on core temperature. Methods: Eight males (Age; 20.38 ± 0.74 yr.) performed 45 min of
soccer-specific program on treadmill followed by 15 min of recovery in either S or LR posture. All experimental trials were
conducted at an ambient temperature of 25 ± 0.43 °C and a relative humidity of 49.14 ± 5.23%. Rectal temperature was
measured at baseline and every 1 min throughout the exercise and recovery period. Results: Rectal temperatures at baseline
and immediately at the end of exercise between S and LR were not different (37.07 ± 0.30 °C Vs. 37.12 ± 0.41; 38.69 ±
0.46 °C Vs. 38.66 ± 0.39 °C). Rectal temperature was declined greater during LR relative to S recovery at 12 and 15 min
following high-intensity intermittent exercise (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The application of LR may help to reduce heat stress
and prevent hyperthermia following intense exercise and sports game.
P2-24
THE COMPARISON OF ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCE SYSTEMS, LIPID PROFILE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS
OF ZOURKHANEH ATHLETES, KARATECA PRACTITIONERS AND SEDENTARY MEN
Naghizadeh, H.1, Afzalpour, M.E 2., Zarban, A,3
Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University-Taft- Branch, Iran
2
Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Iran
3
Department of Biochemistry, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Iran
It is believed that intensive exercises may induce tissue damages due to production of free radicals and other reactive oxygen
species. Zourkhaneh (Ancient) sport is a traditional sport in Iran and many people interested to perform it in the sport
location named Zourkhneh. Karate is a popular and new sport in Iran and many youngers people interested to perform it in
the sport clubs. The physiological consequences of Zourkhaneh and karate is not known yet, therefore it is important to
explore the effects of Zourkhaneh and karate sports on the antioxidant systems (such as antioxidant enzymes) and lipid
profile.The purpose of this study is to compare of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme
activity, lipid profile and physical fitness of Zourkhaneh athletes, Karateca practitioners and sedentary men.14 Zourkhaneh
athletes, 17 Karateca practitioners and 20 sedentary men were voluntarily participated in the study. Fasting serum TAC,
SOD activity, total Cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDLc), and physical fitness (maximal oxygen uptake and leg anaerobic peak power) of participants were determined by the
standardized methods and precise instruments. It is applied the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney U test for comparing
groups and statistical significance was considered if P<0.05. Results showed that TAC and legs anaerobic peak power of
Zourkhaneh athletes and SOD activity of Karateca practitioners are significantly higher than to sedentary individuals
(p<0.05). Besides, there were no significantly differences between lipid profile of three groups. On the other hand, it is
established that Vo2max, legs anaerobic peak power of Karateca practitioners are significantly higher and its body mass
index (BMI) and body fat percent are significantly lower than to other groups (p<0/05). Special trainings of karate caused
karateca practitioners obtain beneficial antioxidant systems, Vo2max and body composition, but it seems that the
Zourkhaneh athletes should modify their training patterns to achieve more usefulness.
P2-26
EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM GLUTAMINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON SERUM HS-CRP OF NON-ATHLETE
MALES, AFTER AN INCREMENTAL EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
Aghaei F.1, Soleimani M.2
Islamic Azad University/Physical Education & Sport Science, Karaj, Iran1
Tabriz University/Physical Education & Sport Science, Tabriz, Iran2
Introduction: Coronary heart diseases (CHD) that begins with atherosclerosis process, is the main indicator of cardiac
arrests and mortality. There is increasing evidence that inflammation contributes to the atherosclerosis, then investigation of
inflammatory markers such as high sensitive C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) increase as a prediction factor for atherosclerosis.
It has been assumed that acute exercise augments the risk of vascular thrombotic events and increases inflammatory factors.
However, it has been shown that glutamine can increase body ability against inflammation and infectious.Method: Eighteen
healthy non-athlete males (mean age=22±1.22 years, Height= 174±2.06 cm, weight: 68.2±6.5 kg VO2max= 38.72±4.37
ml/kg/min,) provided written informed consent and divided in tow groups [glutamine (GL) and placebo (PL)]. Bruce
exercise test was performed as an incremental exhaustive protocol. In a double-blind design, each group received bottle's
contains (GL: 5 gr glutamine in the 250 ml solution and PL: 250 ml solution) and one hour after it, contributed in test.
Venous blood samples were collected 1-h prior to exercise (base-line) and 1-h after completion of trial respectively.
Differences were statistically analyzed t-test using SPSS16. Results: Hs-CRP levels increased significantly (P<0.001) after
exercise compared with before exercise in both groups, but was not significantly different between conditions. Therefore,
glutamine supplementation had no effect on Hs-CRP levels (P>0.05).Discussion: This study showed that increased Hs-CRP
levels in response to incremental exhaustive exercise could not be decreased with oral supplementation of glutamine, but
69
Stenvinkel (2005) has reported decreases in Hs-CRP levels. Many factors such as age, gender, aerobic capacity, measuring
techniques, dietary regime, subjects and training characteristics have effects on results. However, very little is known about
different exercise and training on plasma Hs-CRP levels with glutamine. In conclusion, short-term glutamine
supplementation did not decreased Hs-CRP levels.
P2-27
THE EFFECTS OF NEUROMUSCULAR TRAINING ON SPEED AND AGILITY PERFORMANCE IN FEMALE
INDIVIDUALS
National Hsinchu University of Education/Department Of Physical Education, Hsinchu City,Taiwan
Introduction: Neuromuscular training programs are effective for improving measures of performance and used by athletes
in all types of sports to increase sports performance. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of neuromuscular training on speed (S)
and agility (A) performance. Method: Eleven healthy collegiate female students (height: 163.0±4.2 cm, weight: 56.1±4.8 kg,
age: 20.0±1.2 yrs) volunteered and underwent a series of core stability and plyometric exercise training. The S and A
performances were evaluated by the 20-meters sprint test and T agility test with handhold stopwatch. The neuromuscular
training was combined with the Swiss ball, and low-intensity plyometric jumping training, fifty minutes, triple a week, for
six weeks. Repeated-measured t test was used to analyses the differences in each parameter before and after training. Result:
No significant difference was found between before and after training in the 20-meters sprint test performance (3.56 seconds
vs. 3.53 seconds), but the T agility test performance was significant smaller in after training than before training (10.41
seconds vs. 10.03 seconds). Conclusion: Neuromuscular training can improve the A performance in the population of
healthy colligates female students. More researches are needed to examine the training method to improve the S performance
in general population.
P2-28
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAXIMUM STRENGTH LOWER EXTERIMITY WITH BALANCE IN
YOUNG MEN ATHLETES
Sokhangooei Y. 1, Sadeghiboroujerdi S.2, Hajebi H.1, Boobani B. 3
Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch/Faculty Of Sport Scince, Tehran, Iran1
University Of Kurdistan/Faculty Of Literature And Human Scince, Kurdistan, Iran2
Karaj Azad Universtity/Faculty Of Sport Scince, Karaj, Iran3
Introduction: Balance is a very important factor in many sports and one of the most factors that reduces the injury and
causes good sport performance. Purpose: considering the importence of balance in this study the purpose of this study is to
investigate the relationship between maximum strength lower exterimity with balance in young men athletes.for this purpose
30young men athletes with mean age17±2years and mean weight 63±2 KG were selected randomly. Method: Maximum
strength lower extremity tested with 1 Repetition Maximum legpress and istatic balance measured with Stork Stand and
dynamic balance tested with Star excursion balance test. The pearson correlation coefficient in a significant in a level
(p<0.05) were used inorder to analyze data. Results: The results of this study indicated that there is no significant correlation
between strength in lower body and balance in athletes. Conclusion: considering the importence of balance in this study it
seems that Strength is not an importenet index factor for balance in athletes, and the other training program is beter than
strength training for balance.
P2-29
THE EFFECTS OF SWIMMING INSTRUCTION ON BALANCE OF BLIND WOMAN
Ebrahimi F. E.1, Sadeghi H. S.2, Taghibeikzadehbadr P. T.3, Babaie R. B.4
Azad Univercity/Exercise Biomechanics, Tehran, Iran1
Tarbiat Moalem University/Exercise Biomechanics, Tehran, Iran2
Azad University/Physical Education, Tehran, Iran3
Azad University/Exercise Physilogy, Tehran, Iran4
Aim: Balance is the ability to keep body's position on the reliance level that is a complex process which the sense of seeing,
the sense of body, auricular and skeletal muscular system play an important role in it. Debility in balance is one of the risky
causes of falling and impairment and even this can lead to blinds death. Swimming and exercises in water is one of the
considered methods to improve balance. The goal of this research was to see the effect of learning swimming on the balance
of blind women. Material and methods: Eight blind women with the average age of 27.7 + 2.18, 162.06+2.57 centimeter
length and 67.12+3.26 kilogram weight participate in this research as a participant. These participants had no experience of
attending in swimming classes. The exercise schedule include 6 week of swimming exercise in the form of 3 session of 90
minute during a week. The participants static balance measured by Romberg Test and the dynamic balance measured by
afore T.G.U.G.T test, in the third week (midterm) and after finishing exercises. We use correlative T Test and statistic
ANOVA test in the significant level of p<0.01 in order to evaluate information. Originate in: We see no different in the static
and dynamic balance of 3 participant group before doing exercises. Static balance improved in a significant level in every 3
groups while dynamic balance improved just in blind and partially sighted women.Result: According to the result of this
70
research we can recommend learning swimming as a tool in order to improve balance in the blind and partially sighted
women.
P2-33
THE EFFECTS OF BODY FAT ON RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS IN THE NORMAL AND
OVERWEIGHT WOMEN
Afzalpour M., Keshtidar M., Pirghazi E.
University Of Birjand/Physical Education And Sport Sciences, Southern Khorasan, Birjand, Iran
Introduction: Obesity can cause various deleterious effects on the respiratory functions such as alterations in respiratory
mechanisms, decrease in respiratory muscle endurance, decrease in exchange of gases, lower control of breathing, and
limitations in pulmonary function tests or exercise capacity. Purpose: The purpose of study is to evaluate the effects of body
fat on the respiratory function tests in normal and overweight women. Methods: 60 girl students participated in the study.
Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were measured using by tape and scales;
respiratory function including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1 / FVC
ratio and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were determined using by spirometery tests; and maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max)
was measured using by the Storer-Davis protocol. Participants were divided into two groups including normal weight (18.5
BMI<25) and overweight (25 BMI<30) groups based on the body fat; and also fit (VO2max 24.66 ml/kg/min) and non-fit
(VO2max 24.65 ml/kg/min) groups based on the mean of VO2max. Collected data were analyzed using by Pearson's
correlation coefficients, stepwise multiple regression analysis and t-test. Statistical significance was considered if P<0/05.
Results: It is observed a significant negative correlation between BMI and FVC (r= -0.55, p=0.000), FEV1 (r= -0.41,
p<0.001) or PEP (r= -0.34, p<0.007). There were significant negative correlation between WC and FVC (r= -0.59, p=0.000),
FEV1 (r= -0.46, p=0.000) or PEP (r= -0.35, p<0.005); and also between WHR and FVC (r= -0.56, p=0.000), FEV1 (r= 0.50, p=0.000) or PEP (r= -0.31, p<0.01). Significant positive correlation were found between VO2max and FVC (r=0.57,
p=0.000), FEV1 (r=0.49, p=0.000.), or PEF (r=0.47 p=0.000) as well. On the other hand, FVC (t=2.6, p<0.01) and PEF
(t=2.6, p<0.01) of fit group were significantly higher than non-fit group in the normal, not in the overweight, subjects.
Finally, we observed that it is possible to predict the respiratory function by WC, WHR and VO2max. Conclusion: Obesity,
specially central fat, has a major contribution to the limitation of lung functions; and it's improvements could potentially
achieved independently by control of obesity and enhacement of aerobic fitness.
P2-39
THE EFFECT OF COCOA POWDER ON FIBRINOGEN AND PLATELET FACTORS OF NON-ATHLETE
MALE'S BLOOD, AFTER AN INCREMENTAL EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
Soleimani M.1, Aghaei F.2, Mehdivand A.3, Atashak S.4
Tabriz University/Physical Education And Sports Sciences, Tabriz, Iran1
Islamic Azad University/Physical Education And Sports Sciences, Karaj, Iran2
Payame Noor University/Physical Education And Sports Sciences, Babolsar, Iran3
Islamic Azad University/Physical Education And Sports Sciences, Mahabad, Iran4
Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main indicator of cardiac arrests and mortality. Platelets play an
important role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors. In addition, Current evidence
implicates fibrinogen (Fib) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular diseases and as an independent cardiovascular risk
factor. Habitual, regular physical activity has been postulated to reduce the incidence of CVD. However, It has been assumed
that strenuous exercise augments the risk of vascular thrombotic events and primary cardiac arrests through an occlusive
platelet-rich thrombus. However, it has been shown that flavanol-rich foods, such as cocoa promote health and attenuate, or
delay the onset of CVD. Methods: Eighteen non-athlete healthy male (mean age: 29±1 years; height: 1.70± 1.23 m; body
mass: 70.1±4.5 kg; BF%: 23.98±2.1) provided written informed consent. Bruce exercise test was performed as an
incremental exhaustive protocol on two occasions, one week apart. In a double-blind design, each participant received either
a volume of cocoa solution (CS) or flavoured solution (PLA) based on his body mass before exercise trial. Venous blood
samples were collected 2-h prior to exercise (base-line), pre, post and 2-h after completion of each trial. Differences were
examined using a two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures as appropriate. Results: Fibrinogen,
Platelet counts, Mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width decreased (Fib: from 218±3.17 to 181±2.13; Plt: from
264.26±33.14 to 204.06±18.13; MPV: from 8.80±00.58 to 6.90± 0.22; PDW: from 40.60±2.67 to 34.36± 1.72) significantly
(P<0.001) after exercise compared with before exercise in cocoa trials. Discussion: This study showed that increased platelet
activity in response to an incremental exercise could be decreased with oral supplementation of cocoa that is line with
Murphy et al. (2003) and Rein et al. (2000). They have reported decreases in platelet activation with a higher concentration
of 900 mg/day. In addition, very little is known about cocoa and it's effecting on fibrinogen. However, the findings showed
that cocoa supplementation decreased fibrinogen levels. In conclusion, short-term cocoa supplementation decreases platelet
activity and fibrinogen in response to an incremental exhaustive exercise.
P3-02
COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY COMPARED BEFORE PRACTICE WITH BEFORE COMPETITION IN
FREE STYLE WRESTLERS
Salvand G. 1 , Kamoonzadeh A. 2 , Bagheri A. 2 , Rismanbaf Z. 2
71
Islamic Azad University - Dezful Branch/Physical Education,Dezful,Iran1
Islamic Azad University - Branch Dezful/Physical Education,Dezful,Iran2
Background:This study was compared competitive anxiety before competition and training wrestlers free style young.
Methodology:The samples for this research, 100 free style wrestlers that to the stage were selected randomly. This research
measuring tool was a questionnaire competitive state anxiety (Rainier and Martinez, 1990). Validity and reliability of this
tool in this study has been approved. Testing the research level was p < 0.05 and was used dependent t test, independent
group's t-test and Pearson correlation.Results:Showed that state anxiety of competitive wrestlers before practice and before
the race there is a significant difference.Conclusion:Therefore, coaches and officials are recommended in addition to
physical fitness wrestler's attention to their psychological fitness and physical training combined with mental exercises to
control anxiety and improved performance by athletes to help. This anxiety can be controlled in learning and acquiring skills
is an effective champion
P3-05
COMPARISON OF TRAIT AGGRESSION OF MALE STUDENT IN SOLO STAND OF BADMINTON WITH
VOLLEYBALL TEAM PAYAM NOOR UNIVERSITY OF SARI
Barzegari A. 1, Mehdivand A. 2, Abedi phiruzjayi G.3
Payam Noor University Of Babol/Sport Management, Babol, Iran1
Payam Noor University/Sport Psycology, Ghemshahr, Iran2
Payam Noor University/Sport Psycology, Polsephid, Iran3
Introduction: aggressive is one of the important social phenomena-mental psychology in the area that today have come to
realize physical education specialize and expert to the importance of these factors. Therefore, healthy exercise has the
inevitable psychological impact on the improving skills and performance capabilities of athletes. we decided to study the
amount of aggression in the terms of individual and athletes team. Purpose: The present study describes the Comparison of
trait aggression of male student in solo stand of badminton with volleyball team payam noor university of sari. Method: in
this study 30 athletes were volleyball and badminton players with on average of 20 to 24 years participated at payam noor
university of sari (hostile, instrumental and total). In this study were used of two independent groups of double sporting for T
test of independent group. Results: in general, the result showed significant difference between boys of volleyball and
badminton against with hostile aggression was (p<0/011). So many times badminton players with fast rate of aggression
were higher than volleyball players. But significant differences in aggression between the two groups were instrumental.
Also, the result showed significant difference in total scale of aggressive between volleyball players and badminton players
(P<0/015). Conclusion: according of this study, badminton players with higher levels of overall aggression than volleyball
players.
P3-06
STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPETITION EMOTIONS AND SELF TALK PERFORMANCE IN
ELITE MALE WRESTLING
Jafari siavashani F.1, Tojari F.1, Kamani S.1 , Jafari siavashani F. 2, Abdolvahabi Z.1
Faculty of Physical Education, Central Tehran Branch/Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran1
Clinical Psychology/Allameh Tabatabaee University, Tehran, Iran2
Psychology discussion with scientific advances in the implementation of mental skills, sports skills, great importance is the
already stressed the importance of physical preparation was. Each component can psychological and technical aspects of
physical activity they move overshadowed. Generally cause mental skills in athlete can feel the progress and allow the
athlete during competition to find confidence. The aim of this study was to comparing Relationship between competition
emotions and self talk performance in elite male wrestling. 28 wrestling (7 athletes from 4 times) with mean age 25±1.9
years old were selected via purposeful sampling. For measuring variables according to prepared questionnaire Self Talking
questionnaires (Zervas) and Competition Emotions questionnaires (Jones ) used for data collection. To analyze considered
variables, descriptive statistic (average and frequency percentage) and Pearson correlation test in level p<5% and confidence
level 95% have been used. To analyze findings Spss 15 soft ware has been used. The results showed that there are
relationship between emotion, wrath, wishes total emotional position of wrestlers and their cognitive self talk performance.
There are relationship between emotion, wrath, wishes total emotional position of wrestlers and their motivating self talk
performance. We concluded that emotions can affect the elite wrestlers cognitive and motivating self talk performance.
Between its regulatory components and their overall level of arousal and emotional intelligence with athletic performance
elite male wrestlers significant correlation exists. Despite the significant relationship between its regulatory and selfmotivation to coaches and sports psychologists ship Course is recommended for wrestlers to improve the performance
improvement of these components are emphasized. Key words: Competition Emotions, Self Talk, Elite Wrestler.
P3-07
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY TRAITS AND CREATIVE THINKING WITH STUDYING
HABITS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION APPLICATION STUDENTS & TEACHERS
Salman T. D., Mahmoud B. K.
College Of Physical Eduction/Sports, Baghdad, Iraq
72
Introduction: Since the teaching process requires application teachers to be well aware of the academic curriculum thus
teachers should be equipped with proper styles of teaching and a well build personality. The importance of the research lies
in identifying the personality traits and creative thinking with its three dimensions (fluency, flexibility and authenticity) with
the studying habits of application student & teacher. The aims of the research: 1. Identifying the relationship between
personality traits with studying habits of application student & teachers. 2. Identifying the relationship between creative
thinking with its three dimensions (fluency, flexibility and authenticity) with the studying habits of application students &
teachers. Method: The subjects of the research was (65) forth year students of the college of physical education/University
of Baghdad of the academic year 2009 - 2010. Many tests were used like Katel's personality tests, creative thinking tests and
studying habits scale). The data was treated using the proper statistical methods. The researchers came up with the following
Results: 1. There is a significant correlation among many traits like (introversion, mental abilities, leadership, self & control,
subjectivity, creativity, independence, energy, etc) with studying habits.2. There is a significant correlation relationship
between the three dimensions of creative thinking (fluency, flexibility and authenticity) and studying habits scale for the
students & teachers of the college of physical education. Conclusions: 1. Teacher of Physical Education College should
guide their students towards good studying habits. 2. Providing instructions for first year students to identify the university's
values, its teaching styles, its studying habits to complete their knowledge through their way to the fourth year to facilitate
field application.
P3-08
A COMPARISON OF THE HAPPINESS BETWEEN ATHLETE GIRL STUDENTS AND NON ATHLETE GIRL
STUDENTS
Reshadaoghani Z.1, Syamikhezri M.2
Islamic Azad University/East Tehran Branch, Ghyamdasht, Iran1
Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, Iran/School Of Physical Education, Shahrood, Iran2
Introduction Including exercise for the prevention and treatment of mental disorders is a promising area of research for
exercise scientists since data indicate that many of these disorders are not treated at all, and there is a significant delay in
treatment. Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the happiness between happiness athlete girl students and non
athlete girl students at Islamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch, Iran. Methods In order to this study, students 280 were
selected randomly (145 athletes and 135 non athletes). In order to investing their happiness degree, Oxford happiness
inventory was used and it validity has been determined in our country and also personal information questionnaire was used
determined athlete and non athlete. Results After distribution of the above questionnaire among athlete and non athlete
students the results were analyzed the results of this study suggested that girl athlete students are better than girl non athlete
students in mental health, position mood, efficiency life satisfaction and happiness. Conclusion However in self-esteems
parameters, two groups were the same, but in all girl athlete students had the most degree of happiness of all that was
significant.
P3-10
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORMS FOR MENTAL TOUGHNESS IN THAI NATIONAL ATHLETES AND THAI
ATHLETES
Pattanamontri C.1
Sports Autholity of Thailand/Sports Science Division, Bangkapi, Trinidad And Tobago1
The purposes of this research were: To develop norms by measuring mental toughness in Thai national athletes and Thai
athletes and develop the meaning translation of score in order to measure mental toughness in Thai national athletes and Thai
athletes. A group of sample which used in this research was 215 Thai national athletes who participated in physical fitness
test at Sport Science Section during March - June, 2009. In addition, another sample also included Thai athletes who
participated in Thailand Championship, Sport Region 1-5 before National Sport Championship 2009, 25th National Youth
Games, Kanchanaburi and 37th National Sport Championship, Phitsanulok, which contained 35 sports and 428 participants
in total. The method of data collection was random, and the instrument that use in this research was mental toughness
measurement that was developed by Loehr (1986) and translated into Thai by Amornrat Siripong (1997). The data was used
to find Mean and Standard Deviation for finding Z-Score and T-Score then used T-Score and Raw-Score to develop norms
and establish the meaning translation of score in order to measure mental toughness in Thai national athletes and Thai
athletes. The result of this research found that: 1. Thai national athletes had the Mean of mental toughness higher than Thai
athletes were significant different at the .01 level all of aspects. 2. Thai national males athletes had the Mean of mental
toughness higher than Thai national females athletes were significant different at the .05 in visualization/imagery and
positive energy.3. Thai males athletes had the Mean of mental toughness higher than Thai females athletes were significant
different at the .05 in self-confidence, visualization/imagery, positive energy, and all of aspects. Conclusion, The
development of norms and the meaning translation of score by measuring mental toughness was divided into 6 criterions
including Thai national athletes, Thai athletes, Thai national males and females athletes, and Thai males and females
athletes.
P3-11
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-EFFICACY AND EXERCISE ADHERENCE IN BEHAVIORAL
ACTIVATION/ INHIBITION SYSTEM
Lim H., Huh J., Song K., Chung S.
73
Dankook Univ/Sports Psychology, Gyeonggi-do/yongin-si, South Korea
Behavioral activation/inhibition is involved in exercise adherence because it is closely related to emotion or tendency of
human in the sport achievement process. This system decides direction and intensity of behavior through changing of self
efficacy which, involving belief and value of individual.The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between
self-efficacy and exercise adherence in the behavioral activation/ inhibition system. In order to obtain purpose of the study,
subjects (N=288: avg +20) were recruited from public business sport centers of Seoul and Gyeonggi-Do area by using the
convenience sampling technique. The data were recorded and analyzed using SPSS ver. 14.0 to perform Frequency Analysis,
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Multiple Regression Analysis. Results are as follows.First, drive and fun seeking
factors of behavioral activation/ inhibition have influence on self-regulatory efficacy and task difficulty preference.
Behavioral inhibition factor has influenced on self-efficacy. Second, self-regulatory efficacy factor of self-efficacy has
influenced on tendency and reinforcement of exercise adherence. Third, drive and fun seeking of behavior activation/
inhibition have influenced on the tendency and possibility of exercise adherence. Self-confidence factor of self-efficacy has
influenced on a tendency in exercise adherence. Task difficulty preference has influence on the possibility in exercise
adherence. Overall results indicate that exercise behavior is activated by drive and fun seeking and maintained by selfregulatory efficacy in participation of life time sports.
P3-13
GENDER DIFFERECES IN THE EFFECTS OF AROMA ON MOOD STATES AND EXERCISE
PERFORMANCE AFTER SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE
Nanbancha A.1, Juangphanich P. 1, Choosakul C. 2
Mahidol University/Sports Science, Nakhon Phathom., Thailand1
Mahasarakham University/Health And Exercise Science, Mahasarakham, Thailand2
Introduction: Coaches and athletes try to use ergogenic aids to improve sport performance as usual (Muongmee, 1984).
Aroma is one of ergogenic aids to reduce stress, create calmness and enhance vigorous mood in patients and normal people
(Wiebe, 2000; Kuroda, 2005). It was hardly appeared in research focusing on intermittent sport. Therefore, this study was
aimed to investigate the effects of aroma on athletes recovery from intermittent exercise and enhancing performance. The
reasons behind this study are the apparent positive effects of aroma on emotional and physiological state (Buckle, 2003;
Hongratanaworakit, 2004). Purpose: This research was to examine gender differences in the effects of aroma on mood
states, heart rate recovery and exercise performance after submaximal exercise. Method: Twenty-four university basketball
players, age between 18-22 years participated in this study. They were divided into 2 groups; 12 males and 12 females. They
were assigned to perform 2 conditions of experiment; 1) 10-minute resting with inhaling aroma after submaximal cycling on
bicycle ergometer and 2) 10-minute resting without inhaling aroma after submaximal cycling. Each condition consisted of
three sections; exercise to exhaust according to YMCA protocol, then rest for 10 minute, and exercise to exhausted again.
Heart rate recovery in 10-minute resting period was determined by percent change of heart rate. Mood change was assessed
by Thai version of the Brunel mood scale (Choosakul, 2008), and workload of exercise was indicated subject's performance.
Each condition was performed week after week. Unpaired t-test and Mann Whitney U-Test were employed to determine
aroma effects on gender differences. Results & discussion: The result indicated that aroma significantly affected more on
females mood; increasing vigor and decreasing fatigue. These could be explained with sex hormones, gender stereotypes of
expressively greater olfactory sense and styles of responding in females. Moreover, aroma could be accelerating heart rate
recovery and enhancing exercise performance, nevertheless, it was not difference on gender. These findings suggested that
inhaling aroma could modify apparatus to useful aids for sport and exercise in both sex.
P3-15
A STUDY ON THE PROTO-EXPERIENCE IN SPORT
Okuda A.
Biwakogakuin University/Education and Welfare, Shiga, Japan
Background and Purpose: Sport participation is expected to help to form desirable personality development. Various
experiences/incidents are considered as affecting personality development. For a fuller understanding, we need to propose a
research framework that addresses in a comprehensive way how these experiences/incidents affect each person's personality
development; while previous works tend to mainly focus on the adolescent period, we also take into account the period prior
to the adolescence. This study defines proto-sport experiences, including every factors relating to the sport participation, as a
childhood experience that a person considers as the most impressive and significant, and attempt to analyze its structure and
elements. Method: The data were collected from 50 college students, who were asked to describe their childhood sport
experiences freely. The descriptions obtained were classified into types following the standards proposed by the original
scenery research (OH 2001). Results and Conclusion: Through the free descriptions, the following three key properties
were found: (a) settings, (b) concrete events/incidents and (c) self-evaluations. Further, we notice that in their descriptions,
the respondents tend to depict their emotions and excitements together with their event descriptions themselves, which is
considered as a reflection of coping style concerning how each respondent mentally handled the situations. The differences
of coping style among the participants should be regarded as leading to the differences of how proto-sport experiences
extend in later stages and the differences of individual personality development.
P3-16
74
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FOUR GROUPS COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FOUR GROUPS OF ALZAHRA
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ATTITUDE TOWARD PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORTS
Azarnoush B.1, Mozafari A. 2, Jafari siavashani F. 3, Kamani S. 4
MChalos Branch/Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran1
Faculty of Physical Education, olom Tahghighat Branch/Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran2
Central Tehran Branch And Member Of Young Researchers Club/Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 3,4
The Purpose this study was to compare the attitude of university students toward physical activity and sports. The subject
were 320 female who randomly selected and then assigned to four groups wich per groups include 80 students. The
instrument for collecting data was an attitude inventory containing 60 response item and based on a subdomain conceptual
frame work developed by Kenyon(1963)was adminstred to each subject. For analyzing of data, descriptive and infrential
statistical methods were applied. The important finding of research were:There was significant differences between attitudes
of four groups toward physical activity and sports .Subsequent analysis showed that there was significant difference attitudes
in subdomains of the social experience and aesthetic experience between an athlate students who and the students have
passed (1)and(2) foundation course of physical education. There were significant differences in subdomains of health and
fitness and catharsis between athlate students with the students who have passed (1) and (2) foundation course of physical
education.No significant differences was between attitude four groups in domains of the pursuit of vertigoand as an ascetic
experience. There were significant differences in attitudes of four groups student by including age,size of family,
incomes,expences and family sport expenses significant variables
P3-17
THE VALUES IN THE ATHLETIC FIELD AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR FOR
THE HANDBALL PLAYERS
Al-wattar N. S., Al-sumaida'i T. T.
College Of Physical Education/Sport Sciences, Mosul, Iraq
Introduction: The study of values in sport and their relationship to social behavior one recent trends in sport psychology and
interest in this subject has increased with the recent period in Iraq by the need to build a measure of the values in the sports
field for the purpose of its application to players Iraqi universities. The research aims: 1. Establishing a scale for the values
in the athletic field. 2. Realizing the values order in the athletic field and the social behavior for the handball players.
Method: The researchers has adopted the descriptive methodology for its convenience with the nature of the research. So,
the sample consisted of the players of the teams of the universities in the North of Iraq for the term (2009-2010). The
construction sample consisted of (455) players corresponding to (72%) of the research society. the researchers has used the
social behavior scale prepared by (Shwan 1998) after being modulated taking into account the views of the experts and the
specialists in the field of the physical psychology and the educational psychology. Results: 1. The efficiency of the scale of
values in the athletic field which was established by the researcher according to the scientific norms of constructing the
psychological scales in the field of physical education. 2. The social vale is considered the first prevailed value in the
physical field in such a manner that it beat out the other values adopted by the researchers. Conclusion: 1. Adopting the
scale of values in the athletic field in measuring this concept for the players of the universities in the north of Iraq .2.
Confirming the dimensions of the values in the athletic field and the social behavior which have the superiority on the other
dimensions.
P3-18
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEISURE TIME SPORTS ACTIVITIES WITH MENTAL HEALTH OF
TEACHERS
Ali Zarai 1, Farzad Ghafouri 2, Afsaneh Rouhani 1
1) Islamic Azad University- Tehran Central Branch, Iran
2) Allame University- Tehran, Iran
Introduction: Nowadays, regular physical activity and nutrition in order to Mental Health, part of the national health
objectives developed countries and the public are encouraged to get on this program, to increase longevity and improve
quality of life to reach. Purpose: This study reviews the relationship between sport, leisure and mental health in teachers.
Method: 500 teachers (male and female) with mean age (50 ± 10) a 54 question questionnaire, quality of life and activity
physical voluntarily responded. Pearson correlation coefficient of α = %1 level to determine the relationship between
research variables were used. Results: The results obtained through Pearson correlation (r: 0.33) were reported and the
numerical value (p<0.05) significant and positive relationship between exercise and mental health were observed.
Conclusion: This finding Menzyk Research (2008), Maton (2007) Tornine (2007) Elavsky (2005) Mo'adi (2005) is in
parallel. The new findings confirm that recreational sports in the age of 40 years are offered to improve conditions, including
mental and emotional states of AP had a close relationship and physical exercises suitable tool to achieve mental and
psychological conditions are suitable. Many sport psychologists to address the elimination of anxiety, impatience and
stressed recommend. So people feel good after the implementation of this exercise reported feeling of well being and lead to
more satisfaction from life.
P3-20
75
SIBLING RESEMBLANCE FOR PHYSICAL FITNESS AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE IN JAPANESE
CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Okuda E.
Shiga University/Education, Shiga, Japan
Purpose: We also estimated the relative contribution of genetic and environmental effects on physical fitness and motor
performance from Japanese twins data (Okuda, et al., 2005). One of the methods used for investigating the genetic effects of
trait and ability in an individual involves calculation of the correlation between siblings. The purpose of this study was to
investigate the sibling resemblance for physical fitness and motor performance in Japanese sibling samples. Method:
Subjects for this study were 496 pairs of full-sibling between 11 and 15 years of age, including 102 brother, 137 sister and
257 brother-sister pairs. The measures included the grip strength (kg), the sit-ups (number of times), the sit and reach (cm),
the side steps (points), the 50 meter run (in seconds), and the standing broad jump (cm). Age- and sex-specific means and
standard deviations were used transform an individual subject's performance score to a standard score for each measure item
before calculating sibling correlations.Results and Discussion: Sibling correlations for all measurements varied between
0.08 and 0.44. The four sibling correlations for grip strength, sit-ups, side step and 50 meter run were moderate, while the
sibling correlation for sit and reach was low. Siblings have one half of the same genes. The expected value of the coefficients
of correlation between siblings ought to be 0.5. Because actual sibling resemblance is influenced by genetic and non-genetic
factors, the sibling correlations are lower than expected. According to the this results, all sibling correlations were below 0.5.
In this study sibling correlations for grip strength, sit-ups, side step and 50 meter run were moderate. This may means that
these traits were determined genetically. However, this results of sibling correlations are higher than that of the previous
study (Malina and Mueller, 1981). On the other hand, the flexibility measured by sit and reach test is more sensitive to the
environmental effects. This study found the no difference among three types of sibling pairs.
P3-22
VERY HIGH EFFORT INFLUENCE UPON THE LEVEL OF REMEMBERING SENSITIVITY INTIME AND
REACHING THE DISTANCE FOR SOCCER PLAYERS
Mahmood M. A.1, Omar A. F.2
College Of Physical Eduction/Sports Team, Al-anbar, Iraq1
College Of Physical Education/Sport Sciences, Al-anbar, Iraq2
Introduction: The research aims at knowing the influence of the very high effort upon the level of remembering sensitivity
in time and reaching the distance for soccer players. Both researchers supposed that the existence of moral differences
among the very high effort, the level of remembering and sensitivity in time and reaching the distance for soccer players.
Method: A sample of research had been vertically chosen their NO. (18) players representing sport education college team
of soccer for the years 2009-2010. the tests made on the college stadium. The described course used with its survey style to
be fitted with the problem nature and for the sake of implementing the research a whistling board used to implement the
research for measuring the level of remembering level of soccer players testing the sensitivity in time and reaching the
distance. The results had appeared after the statistical treatment realizing. Results: The research thought due to the existence
of moral differences among the very high effort, the level remembering sensitivity in time and reaching the distance for the
soccer players between both tests before and after and for the interest of the before test indicating that the increase of effort
against the player leads to decrease the mentioned marks in research (remember, sensitivity, distance) which lead to decrease
in performance. Conclusion: Apparently the influence of the very high effort appeared in remembering test followed by the
reaching distance test then sensitivity in the test. Therefore; both researchers recommend the necessity of ensuring the
players to be trained and accustomed of the most significant psychological aspects some of them directly relating to the
performance like remembering, sensitivity in time and reaching the distance so as not to miss the players effort.
P3-23
THE PREFERRED ATTACK STYLE OF SABER FENCERS
Juangphanich P.1, Kluensuwan P. 1, Kluensuwan A. 2, Nanbancha A. 1
Mahidol University/Sports Science, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand1
Amateur Fencing Association of Thailand under the Royal Patronage of
His Royal Highness the Crown Prince, Bangkok, Thailand2
Introduction: Fencers tact is important on immediate act of selecting appropriate style to scored during the game. Limited
of time has forced athlete to select their right move and act which most of the case all acts has been planed and chosen
depend on the field and time of the competition. Knowing of competitor and choosing right offensive or defensive act are
important to gain advantage over the game, directive repeat training pattern designed by trainer to serve well on “practice
76
makes perfect” scheme. Most offensive skill base will be a close skill which has been planed ahead and can turn to open skill
once situation and time change. Defensive skill base will be on open skill to watch, prepared and learn of competitors
offense act of regular moved to gain advantage and score. Saber Fencing technique can be clarified in 12 patterns as simple
attack, tempo (timing), defense by distance, defense by parries and riposte, attack non correct, remise – reprise –
redoublement, stop hit, point in line, compound attack, beat attack,simultaneous, and attack on preparation. Purpose: The
purpose of this study is to find the fencing score hit techniques of the 38th National Games Woman athletes in the round 8 at
Trang Province. Participants: Thai female saber fencers who competed in semi-final bout in the 38th National Games (N =
8; Age: M = 20.62 yrs.; Experience in competition: M = 5.25 yrs.). Instrument: Digital video camera 300 Hz was used to
record the competition in semi-final bout. The technique committee of fencing from Amateur Fencing Association of
Thailand had analyzed the attack styles of all participants. The reasons to choose and use those styles were asked every
single fencer by the researcher. Data collected in frequency and percentage. Results: The results showed that only 5 attack
styles was used to beat the rivals and gained score. The simple attack was the most preferred attack style (40.86 % or 38
times in use). The defense by distance, the defense by parries and riposte, the tempo, and the attack on preparation were
performed respectively (18.27% or 17 times, 12.9% or 12 times, and 10.75% or 10 times for the rest). All offensive fencers’
fencing styles for score hit had been planed ahead by training. Conclusion: The most technique for score hit “The simple
attack” comes from familiarity and memorize from training. Key word: Attack style, saber, score hit.
P3-25
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND TENDENCY IN SPORT IN PHYSICAL
EDUCATION AND SPORT SCIENCE STUDENTS
Behaeen B. B., Tojarie F. T., Sameh H. S., Taghibeikzadehbadr P. T., Babaie R. B.
Azad Univercity/Physical Education And Sport Science, Tehran, Iran
Introduction: previous research was showed that high level emotional intelligence make success in person who enter to the
new environment like college (Schutte 1997). What has been said in this research was that whether membership in sport
teams of university could impact to scale of scores in emotional intelligence and play the most effective roles in friendship
patterns. Methodology: population of this research composed of girl and boy scholars in third term that studying in azad
university center of Tehran in Physical education and sport science that was the member of sport teams of university or not.
Statistical sample composed of 36 girls and 37 boys that were studying in third term and were member of sport teams in
college and 46 girls and 45 boys that were not member of sport teams in college. In order to measure emotional intelligence
was used from 33 items Schutte EQ scale that Schutte made it in 1998 and evaluated its validity and reliablity. statical way
for finding the relationship between research variable was Spearman Rank-Order correlation. Results: result showed that
there are not any significant relationship between emotional intelligence with academic performance (p>0.05). This is when
there are friendly related between emotional intelligence with tendency in sport team membership in university (p<0.05).
Moreover, there was not any significant relationship between tendency in membership and academic performance and there
was showed that there are not any significant relationship between emotional intelligence and friendship patterns with
sexuality. Discussion: emotional intelligence have relationship with tendency in sport team membership in university and
have not relationship with academic performance and gender.
P3-27
RELATIONSHIP AMONG SENSATION SEEKING, EXERCISE EMOTION, BEHAVIORAL ACTIVATION/
INHIBITION AND EXERCISE ADHERENCE IN PARTICIPANTS OF LIFE TIME SPORTS
Huh J. 1, Lim H. 2, Chung S.2, Song K.2
Dankook University/Physical Education, Yongin, South Korea1
Dankook University/Physical Education, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea2
Sports have an effect to contribute to the participation of sports by providing desire and pleasures of movement, such as
sensation seeking. Exercise adherence of people can be continued or stopped according to the emotional change and
activation/inhibition of exercise behavior that are influenced by sensation seeking disposition, which is seeking change and
interest stimuli. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the relationship among sensation seeking, exercise
emotion, behavioral activation/inhibition, and exercise adherence. To obtain the purpose, 244 participants of life time sports
from Seoul's area answered a questionnaire using convenient sampling method. Data which is obtained through selfadministration was analyzed using by the frequency analysis, factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and multiple
regression with SPSS WIN Ver. 14. Results are as follows. First, thrill and adventure and experience seeking of sensation
seeking variable have significantly influenced on exercise emotion. Second, thrill and adventure, disinhibition and
experience seeking variable have significantly influenced on behavior activation. Thrill and adventure have negatively
influenced on behavior inhibition, and positively influenced on disinhibition. Third, fun, pride, catharsis of exercise emotion
had significantly influenced on predisposing while achievement has influenced on only enabling factor. Fourth, fun seeking
of behavioral activation/inhibition has significantly influenced on exercise adherence. Fifth, thrill and adventure, and
disinhibition of sensation seeking variable have significantly influenced on exercise adherence. Overall results of this study
indicated that exercise adherence is maintained by perceiving the sensation seeking disposition and reinforced by behavioral
activation/inhibition and positive emotion, such as fun, pride, and catharsis. Therefore, it is necessary to do additional
research in terms of multi psychological factors in order to improve exercise adherence.
P3-28
77
RANKED DICISION FACTORS OF SCUBA DIVING TOURISTS
Teerakathiti P.1, Keawaiyut U.2
Mahidol University/Sport Business and Management, Bangkok, Thailand1
Kasetsart/Sports Management, Bangkok, Thailand2
The purpose of this study was to investigate ranking orders on decision-making choices of scuba diving tourists between
male and female and to compare their decision-making choices. Of the purposive sampling from scuba diving tourists, 44
respondents had completed the questionnaires. The survey instrument was a questionnaire including the demographic
background, ranked decision factors influencing on purchasing the scuba diving package, and scuba diving image. The
descriptive statistics and spearman's rank correlation coefficient were use to conduct the research purpose. The top five ranks
of male decision making choices were security of system control, quality of service, price, varieties of activities/programs,
and accommodation; while those of female decision making choices were price, security of system control, easiness and
rapidity of contact, quality of service, and emergency transfer system and availability of tools. Hereupon, the comparison of
ranked decision factors influencing on purchasing the scuba diving package between male and female were not different.
Based on these findings, it would be recommended that scuba diving operators should seriously consider on their service
quality and pay attention to formulate the business strategies on scuba divers’ satisfaction, scuba divers’ revisit, and
customers' loyalty, which will be beneficial to the scuba diving industry.
P4-03
DESIGN & MANUFACTURING A COMPUTERIZED MULTIFUNCTION DYNAMOMETER
Meamarbashi A.
University Of Mohaghegh Ardabili/Physical Education And Sports Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
Introduction: In our technological world, there are plenty of opportunities to use science and engineering to enhance athlete
performances. The Dynamometer is a scientific instrument designed to measure the muscle strength. Purpose: The aim of
this project was to build a new computerized dynamometer to measure the back-leg & chest isometric force with special
sensor and accessories for hand dynamometry. Methods: In the electronic hardware implemented an isometric force
transducer (500 kg) and high speed microcontroller equipped with high capacity MicroSD card, USB port and graphic LCD.
Results: A platform, handle and adjustable chain made for back-leg & chest muscles isometric force. A hand grip was made
for the hands dynamometry. Additional leg strap provided for leg extension isometric force test. A professional program
designed for online and offline data acquisition. The data either online or offline can be demonstrated by line chart and it can
be save on database. Software utilities also provided to compare the results of an athlete or in the group. Data can be save on
MicroSD card so this device can be use without computer and offline data processing can be done using the dynamometer
software. Device was tested on twenty two national and world class championships. Conclusion: This dynamometer is
applicable for many of strength tests in the field of sport or rehabilitation.
P4-04
COMPARING THE PERFORMANCE OF SOME BASIC SKILLS AND COGNITIVE ACQUISITION IN
HANDBALL ACCORDING TO THE PREVAILING BRAIN HEMISPHERE
Altaie E. H.
College Of Physical Education /Handball, Baghdad, Iraq
Recent years have witnessed significant interest in prevailing brain hemisphere studies and great attention is paid to identify
differences between the two halves of the brain, whether their structure or psychological treatment in the field of sports.
Identifying the functions of brain hemispheres and the pattern of thinking in sports "gives both the player and coach useful
information on the various ways in which the mind affects on athletic performance" (6, 142). In Physical Education There
are two aspects of sports that the students have to deal with; the theoretical aspect and the practical aspect and the amount of
interaction between them to get better results. The aims of study are to identify the differences between women with right
hemispheric prevalence, left hemispheric prevalence and integrated hemispheric prevalence in the performance of some
basic skills and learning handball. The subjects were (90) students of the Physical Education college/ Baghdad University.
The researcher used the descriptive method and used brain hemispheric prevalence measurement (Torrance's scale). The
basic skills of handball were also specified as well as their tests (passing and receiving on the wall for 30 seconds, dribble in
a straight line for 30m, high jump scoring on the goal). A test for cognitive achievement was conducted too for all handball
basic skills. The researcher used the handball cognitive tests designed by Dia-Khayyat and Mohammed Nofal (5, 560). After
applying the main experiment, collecting the data and treating it statistically using proper statistical tests, the researcher
concluded the following: 1. Dividing the subjects of the study according to hemispheric prevalence was as follows: right
brain hemispheric prevalence (20) female students, left brain hemispheric prevalence (37) female students and integrated
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brain prevalence (33) female students. 2. There are no significant statistical differences in the performance of some basic
skills in handball for female students with right left - integrated) brain prevalence. 3. There are significant statistical
differences in cognitive achievement among handball female students with (right - left - integrated) in favor of integrated
prevalence.
P4-05
COACHING ATHLETES WITH DISABILITIES: IMPORTANT GUIDELINES IN COACHING AND TRAINING
METHODOLOGY
Abdullah N., Boateng D., Abd latif R., Che mat H.
University Technology Mara/Sports Science And Recreation, Shah Alam,Malaysia
The article examines the coaching techniques that are suitable for athletes with disabilities. In particular, it discusses how
their disabled conditions could be matched with appropriate activities to allow them to participate in physical activity and
sports. Furthermore, the article aims at providing coaches of disabled persons with information that will help them to
understand their disabled athletes conditions first, before proceeding to devise training programs that are appropriate for their
conditions. The article also highlights the barriers and factors that constrain athletes with disabilities participation in sports,
as they relate to health, safety, and medical issues and the necessity for their coaches to understand and manage them
carefully. Finally, we offer recommendations on techniques that coaches could use to train athletes with disability.
P4-06
EFFECT OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA ON
DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS (DOMS)
Yusof A. J., Ahmad N.
University Of Malaya/Exercise Science, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Introduction: Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS), sometimes called fever, is the pain or discomfort often felt 24 - 72
hours after exercising and subsides generally within 2 - 3 days. In western medication synthetic drug such as Ibuprofen has
been widely prescribed to reduce the effect of DOMS. Traditionally the use of natural herbs and remedies to cure muscle
pain has been accepted by all cultures. Morinda Citrifolia or Noni is a common plant in South is Asia grows naturally in
Malaysian oldest rain forest has been used as folk medicine to reduce pain during childbirth. Purpose: We aim to investigate
the effect of Noni in reducing the effect of DOMS in 30 male subjects (age, 22.00 ± 4.35; height, 169.33 ± 17.03; weight,
70.37 ± 8.69) and compare it with the effect of Ibuprofen. Methods: The subjects range of motion (ROM) and pain numeric
rating (PNR) were measured periodically (prior to induction, post, 24h, 48h and 72h after). Results and Conclusions: Our
results show that there was no significant change in ROM was after 24 h between the groups, however after 48 h Noni group
(37.26 ± 4.98) showed significant reduction compared to Ibuprofen (41.57 ± 5.91 and control group (42.96 ± 3.30). PNR
showed significant reduction 24h in Ibuprofen (1.0 ± 0.04) and Noni (0.7 ± 0.56) groups. Subsequently 48h both groups
showed significant recovery compared with control and furthermore Noni group (0.0 ± 0.04) showed furthest drop in PNR
compared with Iburofen group (1.0 ± 0.04). In conclusion Noni seem to show better improvement in DOMS and PNR
following an induced pain exercise with shorter recovery time. This anti-inflamatory action of Noni warrants further
investigation and is suggested for use in synergy with Ibuprofen. Being readily available in Asian markets making Noni a
natural green alternative for usage to reduce muscle pain as to synthetic drugs.
P4-12
ARE NAVICULAR DROP AND GENU RECURVATUM RISK FACTORS FOR INJURY OF ANTERIOR
CRUCIATE LIGAMENT IN ATHLETES
Amini aghdam S., Baturak K., Moradi F.
Islamic Azad University-saghez Branch/Physical Education, Saghez, Iran
Introduction: Lower extremity malalignments are associated with increased risk of ACL injury because they may place
increased strain on the ACL. Research suggests that excessive pronation of the foot contributes to the incidence of ACL tears
by increasing internal tibial rotation. Genu recurvatum can produce tensile strain on the ACL and result in ACL
impingement in the intercondylar notch. Purpose: 1) to compare the static lower extremity postural malalignments of
athletes with a history of ACL tears with healthy controls, and 2) to study their predictive relationships with ACL injuries
history. Methods: Twenty athletes (age = 24.7 ± 4.5 yrs, height = 177.6 ± 8.2 m, weight = 2.9 ± 8.5 kg) previously diagnosed
with a torn ACL were matched by age and limb to twenty noninjured athletes (age = 23.4 ± 4.1 yrs, height = 179.4 ±7.7 m,
weight = 72.1 ± 5.7 kg). Demographic, medical, and athletic backgrounds and injuries history were obtained from a
questionnaire. Angle of genu recurvatum was measured by lateral x-ray of the knee by loading in the standing position and
navicular drop was assessed by the Brody method. Data were statistically analyzed using independent t test and logistic
regression with the significance level of P<0.05. Results: The independent t test showed statistically greater amounts of
pronation in the ACL group. No statistical differences were found between genu recurvatum values of ACL and control
79
groups (P< 0.05). Increased navicular drop and was found to be statistically significant predictors of ACL injury history.
Athletes who had previously suffered from ACL ruptures were found to have increased navicular drop compared to
uninjured athletes. Conclusion: Based on the results of this retrospective study, excessive subtalar joint pronation, measured
as navicular drop was considered to be the important etiologic factor of ACL injury.
P4-13
Singh S. K.
S.r.t.m. University, Nanded, Maharashtra,inida/Department Of Physical Education, School Of Educational Sciences,
S.r.t.m.university, Nanded, Maharashtra, India.,Nanded,India
The primary objectives of the study were to quality the injuries of varsity volleyball players and to determine the nature,
location, causes, outcome of injuries and the possible risk factors involved. Information on injuries were collected through a
questionnaire from member of twelve Indian varsity teams which were participating in all India Inter Varsity tournament
held in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad Maharashtra in December 2007. The age range was
18 to 25 years. 58% of players were in the range to 22 to 25 years. The volleyball players were asked to recall injuries over
the preceding one year period. A total of 121 out of 144 volleyball players sustained injuries. One hundred seventy eight
injuries were recorded of which 36% were recurring injuries. Lower limb injuries were found to be predominant; the ankle
and knee being the most commonly injures anatomical site. A most injuries were of soft tissue in nature and related to
muscle and tendon. Most common situation giving rise to injuries were spiking (33.70%), blocking (24.15%), Diving
(17.41%) and setting (11.23%). Those volleyball players directly involved in attack or defense are more likely to be injured.
Muscle injuries being the most common type. Spiking is common causes of injuries. The results of the research provide a
useful insight into the nature, incidence and sites of injuries in varsity level volleyball players.
P4-18
EXERCISE MAINTENANCE IN WOMEN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS ADOPTING GUOLIN QIGONG
Tan abdullah N. D.1, Muhamad M.2
Universiti Teknologi Mara Malaysia/Faculty Of Sports Science And Recreation, Shah Alam, Malaysia1
Universiti Putra Malaysia/Educational Studies, Serdang, Malaysia2
Introduction: With the increased rate of cancer patients in Malaysia, breast cancer is the most common cancer among the
women with the chance to get breast cancer is 1 in 24 for Malays, 1 in 14 for Chinese and 1 in 15 for the Indians (Gurjeet,
Rosli, Lee, Subathra, & Noorani, 2007). Although exercise has been proven in past studies to be able to reduce the risk of
getting disease, lengthening survival rate and enhance quality of life for cancer survivors, the exercise participation rates and
exercise maintenance among women breast cancer survivors is still relatively low. Purpose: To understand what contributes
to the exercise maintenance of women breast cancer survivors who adopted Guolin Qigong. Methods: Qualitative and indepth interview approach was carried out to better understand the personal experiences of these women who chose Guolin
Qigong as their self care therapy. Selection criteria included: (i) women breast cancer survivors, (ii) Chinese, English or
Malay speaking, (iii) have adopted Guolin Qigong more than 6 months and having to engage in the exercise with minimum
of 3 days per week. Data were collected through interviews with 20 women from four regions in West Malaysia and
members of the Malaysia Guolin Qigong Association. Field notes and transcriptions of audio taped interviews were coded
and analyzed for recurring patterns and themes. Results and conclusions: Results revealed that the reasons that kept these
informants maintaining practising their Guolin Qigong were: (1) self empowerment, (2) adaptable form of exercise and (3)
social support. A major finding of this present study was that self-efficacy and exercise supports to be the most salient
determinant of exercise maintenace among these women breast cancer exercisers. All of the participants regardless of age,
years since diagnosis, or life circumstances spoke of increased physical and emotional health and a sense of aliveness that
kept them exercising.
P4-20
STUDY OF SPENDING LEISURE TIME (LT) OF HIGH INCOME YOUNGER GIRLS AGED 20 TO 25 IN
TEHRAN WITH EMPHASIS ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES
Jafari siavashani F. 1, Jafari R. 2, Kamani S. 3
physical Education,central Tehran Branch And Member Of Young Researchers Club/Islamic Azad University ,Tehran,Iran1,3
Cultural Management, Olom Tahghighat/Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran2
Leisure time is closely related to spiritual and cultural life of man and society since one can do whatever he prefers to do and
can display his capabilities in his leisure time. This study aims at review status of physical activities in leisure time of young
girls high incomes in Tehran. The data collected from 238 young girls aged 20 to 25 (M=22). The questionnaire prepared by
the researcher was completed within 2 weeks. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-Squere, Freidman) were used for
comparing the concerned variables between both incomes. The results showed prioritized activities between interest groups
paying girls leisure time is a significant difference. Paying girls watching TV, reading non-tuition and computer to prefer
other activities, and unfortunately in physical activity among the seven priorities were for it. Study results show that, who
was watching TV as a leisure timepriority is for girls, was consisted. But the research because oftuition and not enough time,
place physical activity for girl's students in the ninth to the eleventh rank, respectively. This finding result from the position
80
of research in leisure time physical activity, girls were inconsistent. To pay about type of physical activity, girls high income,
respectively; aerobics, walking, gym and dance their most important priorities are named. Moreover, research showed that
people pay to physical activity were more active, with higher education and belong to middle or higher class of society were
the results of this research study showed that educational level of physical activity in leisure time girls paying effect was
inconsistent.
P4-21
THE METHOD OF SPENDING LEISURE TIMES OF STUDENTS OF
ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY BRANCH OF BUSHEHR, WITH AN
EMPHASIS ON SPORT ACTIVITIES
Hashemi F.1, Hamidi M.2, Ershadi R.1, Jahaneyan M.1
Islamic Azad University/Bushehr, Branch, Iran1
Tehran University/Physical Education, Tehran, Iran2
This research is aimed at determining sport status in leisure times and comparing the leisure activities of students of Azad
University, branch of Boushr. Biology Methods: The statistic sample of this research was 390 boy and girl student of
Islamic Azad University branch of boushehr who was educating in this university unit in2009-2010. For data gathering, the
personnel identification form and research questionnaire was used. The admissibility of questionnaire was determined
considering the experts of physical education; its permanency was counted and determined by Alpha Kronbakh 0/83
technique. 390 students completed the research questionnaire as the sample member. The statistic sample was selected
randomly. And also for data analysis and evaluation, descriptive statistic and Khi2 and Manvitni inferential statistic was
used. Research findings: 0/52 percentage of boys and 47/8 percent female, mean age 19 years participated in the study. The
average duration of students graduating 4/5 hours per day. Girls watching television, listening to music, talking with friends
and watching TV for boys, sports, computer use in the first place were Tasvm. Favorite sports students, respectively are:
football, swimming and walking zinc. Discussion Conclusion: The results show the average daily leisure times of students
was 4/5 hours, and they passed their time for watching TV, working on computer, listening to music, talking to friends and
sports, respectively. Sport show grade seventh for girls and grade second for boys in leisure times. 1/76 percent of girls and
3/31 percent of boys had no physical activity. The favorite sport for boys and girls was football and swimming respectively.
There were meaningful differences between the method of spending leisure times of boys and girls for activities such as
listening music, visiting relatives, free study and sporting. Finally non movement activities have the main effects on leisure
time. In this case sport has insignificant effects such as cultural social conditions, causes different leisure time activities
between boys and girls.
P4-22
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PERCEIVED GENERAL
SELF-EFFICACY AND PERCEIVED ACHEIVEMENT MOTIVATION OF
FEMALE ELITE FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Poonchob K.1, Chanklapruk K.2
Mahidol University/Sports Business Management & Administration, Nakorn pathum,Thailand1
Poly Thechnic Krung Thep Commercial School/Electric Techician,Bangkok,Thailand2
This study investigated the correlation between perceived general self-efficacy and perceived acheivement motivation in
female elite football players that participated in "Thailand Women's Premier Leaque 2010". The samples were the Thai
female elite football players from 13 clubs. The players were selected from each football clubs by using stratified random
sampling method and the sample sizes were 260 players. The research instrument of study was the questionnaire. The
descriptive statistics were min, max, percentage, means, and standard deviation. Inferential statistic was Pearson's r
correlation for testing the hypothesis. The findings revealed that most female elite football players were age between 15-21
years, studying in bachelor degree, winning the leagues were between 5 to 10 competitive matches, mostly average income
per month was 1,000 - 3,000 baths , perceived general self-efficacy level was high and perceived achievement motivation
level was high and found that perceived general self-efficacy and perceived acheivement motivation were correlated with
statistical significant. The recommendations for club administers should promote and redesign of training program for theirs
players and improving human relation skills for sports coaches, revise the compensation package for players to motivate and
encourage them. The important thing was the management system design for internal clubs focusing on increasing sense of
belonging of female players and club members.
P4-23
CORRELATION OF RANKED DECISION FACTORS ON PURCHASING CHOICE FOR SPORTS APPAREL
BETWEEN UNDERGRADUATE FEMALE STUDENTS AND WORKING WOMEN
Teerakathiti P., Poonchob K.
Mahidol University/Sports Business and Management, Bangkok, Thailand
The purpose of this study was to investigate ranking order on purchasing choice for sports apparel between undergraduate
female students and working women and compare their purchase decision. 111samples were purposive sampling from
buyers. The survey instrument was the questionnaire including the demographic background, ranks decision factor on
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purchasing, quality, and appearance purchasing choice for sports apparel. The descriptive statistics and spearman's rank
correlation coefficient were used for investigated research purposes. Comparing ranking order on purchasing choices
between undergraduate female students and working women were not difference. For top three ranks for undergraduate
female students purchasing choice were quality, price and brand and the top three of working women were quality, price and
good appearance. Based on these findings, it would be recommended that manufacturers could be considered the market
survey for consumer's characteristic for preparing the market plan.
P4-24
THE COMPARATIVE BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE CONSUMERS' PREFERENCE ON BUYING
DECISION OF SPORTS SHOE
Poonchob K. 1, Pholsri N. 2
Mahidol University/Sports Business Management & Administration, Nakornpathum, Thailand1
Kasardsart University/Ph.d. Student In Sports Management Program, Bangkok, Thailand2
In dynamic competitive environment, quickly responded to the customer need is a very important thing that every businesses
could be done. Footwear has become a more complex, competitive, and global industry than before. Successful
manufacturers and retails are challenged on maintaning or increasing theirs market share. The purpose of this study was to
investigate the factors affecting customer's decision for buying attributes of sports shoes. Data was collected using a
convenience sampling method and a self-administered questionnaire from 280 university students. The spearman's rank
correlation coefficient was used for testing hypothesis. The findings indicated that difference did not exist between male and
female consumers on purchasing criteria of sports shoe characteristics. They considered quality such as comfortable, design
and styl, brand name, and durability that were important in their purchasing criteria for sports shoe. The comparative' ranked
order of sports shoe attributes between male and female customers found that the sports shoe buying decision factors of male
& female customers were the same.An understanding of consumer involvement and the importance of sports shoe's attributes
utilized in the evaluation and buying decision has the potential to benefit both the manufacturers and retailers in effctively
developing marketing strategies to increase customer satisfaction, retention rate, and market share.
P4-25
WOMEN IN SPORT MANAGEMENT: INCREASED PRESENCE THROUGH HRM STRUCTURES
Kamani S.1, Tojari F.1, Jafari siavashani F.2 , kamali s.1
Central Tehran Branch /Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran1
Central Tehran Branch And Young Researchers Club/Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran2
According to sports organizations rankings, sexual discrimination is influenced by human resources management (HRM)
systems and tendency of traditional experiences of HRM to reinforce such discrimination has been fully documented and
separation of the two sexes and different incomes of men and women particularly in sports industry is obvious. This research
aims at surveying the effects of organizational particulars, philosophical supports and human resources management plans
on improving sexual equality in women's sports management A questionnaire developed by the researcher has been used in
this research (reliability of 87%) to collect some data about philosophical supports and experiences of HRM in sports
organizations of Tehran. To achieve the specified objectives, the above-mentioned questionnaire was randomly distributed
among 31 managers (14 women and 16 men) of sports complex of Tehran within 10 days. The data was then assessed by
path analysis method and authentic statistical methods and spss15. The questionnaire specify was determined via collecting
comments of the scholars and using internal equalization method and the sensitivity of the questionnaire were determined
viaAlpha Korenbach (72%).The results of table show that null hypothesis based on correlation n of litigation and sports
management variables together with HRM is sig<.05 that is litigation has been effective on HRM and this dependency is .326 means that by decreasing litigation ,HRM increase to 33% (correlation rate) and this correlation is of reverse type.
Sports management variable is also effective on HRM because its SIG is less than .05 and correlation. The results show that
HRM specialists need to train female managers in connection with specifications of operative plans. Because the chief
managers are trained on operative plans, the concerned experts may increase supports for innovations on increasing sex
equality in management ranking. The results show that philosophical supports of chief managers lead to improvement of
HRM plans to increase sex equality among chief managers and it will be more efficient to introduce female managers.
P4-26
STUDY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN MEN SPORT MANAGERS' PERSONALITY CHARACTERS WITH
JOB SATISFACTION
Kamani S.1, Jafari siavashani F.2, Kamani S. 1, Same H.1
Central Tehran Branch and Member of Young Researchers Club/Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran2
Select one of the factors studied Personality characteristics of their managers. Many of the researchers in your studies and
research regarding individual characteristics and personality traits successful policies around human power and the need for
policies have focused belong. The present study was carried out aiming at investigating the relation between men sport
managers' personality characters with job satisfaction at sport structures. The R.Stertez & D. Brown Stein and Minnesota job
satisfaction questionnaires were employed for determining the women sport managers' personality characters( success seeker
,power seeker, need of dependence) respectively. The questionnaire specify was determined via collecting comments of the
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scholars and using internal equalization method and the sensitivity of the questionnaire were determined via Alpha
Korenbach of the personality test and the occupational satisfaction test in amount of 77 and 81% respectively. The statistical
sample comprised of 157 men sport managers selected via stratified random sampling out of all women managers employed
at sport organizations, federations, committees and halls in Tehran Results shows, between success and job satisfaction
politics of sports managers directly rate 0/37 exists. The power politics and job satisfaction among managers directly related
to sports organizations rate 0/278 there is. Results indicated that job satisfaction influenced by managers' salary and work
experience is. This means that increasing the salary and experience level managers increased satisfaction. The results also
showed that between power characteristics and the success of policies and policies with the job satisfaction of sport
management is a significant relationship. Therefore, said that the power characteristics and the success of policies to policies
that personality characteristics of sport managers in this study is that managers with job satisfaction was directly related to
sport organizations and has significant. Although the results of this study in many cases compatible with a similar research
results, but it seems the field study and understanding of characteristics and athletic directors and its effects on job
satisfaction they require more research than we are.
P4-30
TO BUILD WEB 2.0 SPORTS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PLATFORM A CASE STUDY OF TAIWAN’S
VOLLEYBALL DEVELOPMENT
Huang K. C.1, Lu Y. J.2, Huang K. H.3, Hu W. S.1, Lin K. S.4
Tamkang University/Office of Physical Education, Taipei, Taiwan1
Tamkang University/Computer Science and Information Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan2
National Taiwan Sport University/Adapted Physical Education, Taoyuan, Taiwan3
Tamkang University/ Management Sciences and Decision Making, Taipei, Taiwan4
The core concept of Web 2.0 is commonly associated with web applications that facilitate interactive information sharing,
interoperability, user-centered design, and collaboration on the World Wide Web. We use this method to broadcast the
content of volleyball on-line museum. Finally, we create a website which can extend the content through the activities of the
network community to share the knowledge about the developing history of volleyball in Taiwan. By the long time of data
collection, heritage collection and case interviews, we find out the development procedure of the volleyball history in
Taiwan. Besides, we show the results of the researches via a series of digital processes, including web platform
development, heritage restoration, digital imaging set specifications, file scanning, heritage photography, old photos
photographing, image color correction and post-production industry, meta data management, collection and presentation.
The digital results will be shown on the website which we create for this research specifically. We enhance the concept of
web 2.0 into the website design of the virtual museum. The website proposes the function of the interaction communication
between the builder and the browsers. The browsers can not only visit the website and obtain the information about the
content which we present in the database, but also give the comment to specific object. In the side of website creation, we
choose WordPress to be the website platform. We build the virtual museum on this platform and share restrictedly the digital
content of the culture objects, which including old photos, Guidebooks (Handbooks), memorial flags, badges, judgment
cards and magazines. There are 544 pieces from 1922 to 2007, and we give 6 categories and 22 sub-categories according to
the kind of the events. The procedure of collecting history antique is long time and complex. We investigate the events by
the interview with the person involved. However, some important information has been lost in time. Moreover, since the
most objects of volleyball developing procedure are owned in private, the information is hard to be transmitted. Hence we
build the virtual museum through website in the internet to share the information we obtain from each investigation and
improve the diversity of the activity culture in Taiwan.
P4-31
RELATION BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION AND PERSONAL TRAITS OF FEMALE MANAGERS IN
PROFESSIONAL SPORTS
Taj A. T.1 , Shojaee F. S.2 , Badami R. B.3, Afkhami M. A.1, Beikzadeh P. B.4 , Kamani S. K.4
Sport Managment1, Physical Education4, Azad Univercity, Tehran, Iran
University Of Alzahra/Sport Managment, Tehran, Iran2
Azad University/Sport Managment, Esfahan, Iran3
Human resources having motivation to be fruitful are one of the most important factors in productivity. In the present
study,the satistical subjects included 345 sports managers that were chosen randomly from all managers working in
organizations,federations and sports boars in Tehran.They were given some questionnaires.300 questionnaires were filled
out and sent back.They were used to satistical analysis.Two main questionnaires were used in this study i.e.Minesuta job
satisfaction questionnaire(MSQ) and Brown Estin personality test.The results of study showed that there is a significant
relation between personal traits and job satisfaction with the increase in personal traits.In other words there is positive and
significant relation between these two variables.The results of the study show that success seeking is higher in female
managers with the job experience of about five to ten years.Therefore,it is suggested that sports organizations provide
necessary infrastructures to improve the working situations for these people and cause more productivity in future.
P4-33
MOST IMPORT ATTACHMENT TO AND INTEREST IN ORGANIZATION MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS IN
EMPLOYEES OF VARIOUS PHYSICAL EDUCATION ORGANIZATION IN ESFAHAN PROVINCE
83
Afkhami M. A.1, Taj A. T.1, Taghibeikzadeh P. T.2, Etebariyan A. E.3
Sport Managment1, Physical Education2, Azad Univercity, Tehran, Iran
Azad University/Sport Managment, Esfahan, Iran3
The objective of this research is to identify the most important motivational factors in the employees of various physical
education organizations in Esfahan Province in terms of attachment to and interest in organization, and offer a model. This
research is a survey type descriptive study conducted in 2009-10. The statistical society included 412 employees of physical
education organizations in proportion to which 202 employees were estimated as sample using the Jersy- Morgan table and
The statistical society included 114 experts of physical education organizations in proportion to which 30 experts were
estimated as sample and selected through the classified random method. The research used two researcher- made
questionnaires one used to identify the most important motivational factors in organizational components and the other to
determine the suitableness of each organizational component. The Cronbach coefficient was used to measure the validity of
the research questionnaires. The coefficient was estimated at 81for the first questionnaire for each of the factors respectively,
and. 84 for the second questionnaire. The reliability of the contents of the questionnaires was judged up to par by experts,
advisor and counselor. As for the fulfillment of, for attachment to and interest in organization, security .The model
suitableness test confirmed the relationship between the factors of each aspect with that aspect in efficient fulfillment of in
attachment to and interest in organization .90.
P4-34
A SURVEY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION OF SPORT COMPLEXES IN IRAN
Seyedmosatafa Tayebisany 1, Hassan Abdi 2, Hooman Bahmanpour 2, Afsaneh Rouhani 1
Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch1, Shahrood Branch2, IRAN
Introduction: A sport complex can be considered as ideal and clean among the community when it carries on its activities
sustainability towards reducing Environmental pollution, and using resources efficiently and optimally without wasting
them.Purpose: The aim of this study was the survey of environmental condition in Iranian Sport Complexes based on
implementation of D.O.E guidelines such as Environmental System and Green management. Methods: The methodology is
applied and descriptive one and the sampling society was public Sport Complexes in the city of Semnan, Iran. Questionnaires
and standard checklists, which consist of 14 major questions and 83 minor ones was used to evaluate the samples. Results: The
results show that 88% of all the complexes use fluorescent lamps. There are no energy saver lamps. 90% of all buildings have
radiators for the heating system. All the complexes have one-layer windows. There is not any environmental communicating
and educational materials in most of the buildings (90%). 95 % of all the complexes use plastic dishes. Toilets of 12% percent
of the buildings have poor sanitary conditions. Also, the results show that the sport complexes has not a good condition in
regard to resource and energy saving, but the conditions of minimizing of environmental pollution, and sanitary principles are
fairly acceptable. Conclusion: The most critical point is that the managers of the complexes do not consider promoting
environmental awareness and education.
P4-38
THE INVESTIGATION OF COMPETITIVE BALANCE IN IRAN PRO LEAGUE (1995-2010)
Sadeghi boroujerdi S.1, Yoosefy B.2, Naghshbandi S.2
Kurdistan University/Faculty Of Literature And Human Science, Sanandaj, Iran1
Razi University/Faculty Of Sport Science, Kermanshah, Iran2
Introduction: The more competitive balance is among teams comprising league, the harder predicting the games is,
resulting in more attractive league. An attractive competition leads to selling more tickets, more capitalizing on TV
broadcast and attracting more and better sponsors. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to investigate changes of
competitive balance in Iran pro league from 1995 to 2010. Data are secondary derived from the final tables of 1995-2010.
Methodology: Data analysis was based on C5ICB index. The more C5ICB is, the less balanced league is. Therefore, C5ICB
is inversely related to competitive balance. Results and conclusions: For easier analysis, the findings of research have been
presented as 3 five year periods; First five years (1995-2000): 128, second five years (2000-2005): 131, third five years
(2005-2010): 129.6. It had the most balance in first five years. Sever competition leads to high quality of league and function
of teams. Iranian national team's entrance to 1998 world competitions can be one of consequences of high balance in league
then. C5ICB demonstrates least balance in second five years. In this period, there was no success in national team nor clubs.
Competitive balance of recent period has increased in comparison to previous period. In this period, four teams were
champions. Entrance of 2 teams from Isfahan, 1 team from Kerman and only 1 team from Tehran to competitions of Asian
champion league shows vanishing traditional state (bipolar) of football in Iran (concentrated in Tehran) and developing
rapidly in all parts of Iran. These cities are industrial and profit from financial support of industrial sectors. But this is
suitable in short term and some clubs don't have such financial support so can't compete with industrial clubs and afford their
expenses. In fact, professionalism is financial independence. In Iran, football clubs receive no money from TV broadcast so
running them privately is difficult. If a budget is provided by governmental or industrial sector for clubs, it must be delivered
to a governmental institution consequently distributed among all clubs. Then all clubs can use financial resources devoted to
them.
84
P4-39
THE INVESTIGATION OF COMPETITIVE BALANCE IN IRAN PRO LEAGUE AND COMPARISON WITH
ENGLAND, GERMANY, FRANCE, ITALY AND SPAIN IN 2009-2010 SEASON
Naghshbandi S. 1 , Yoosefy B.1 , Sadeghi boroujerdi S. 2 , Ahmadi S. 1 , Salavati R. 2
Razi University/Faculty Of Sport Science, Kermanshah, Iran1
University Of Kurdistan/Faculty Of Literature And Human Science, Kurdistan, Iran2
Introduction: Asia 2002 World Cup and Africa 2010 World Cup show that people are more and more interested in football
worldwide(3). In recent decades, football has changed into a multi-billion dollar industry and football federation statistics
show that there are more than 200 million football players worldwide. Football industry has occupied 3% of world trade.
Most sports are attractive because they are almost unpredictable. The more the competitiveness of league teams, the harder
to predict the games and as a result, that league will be more attractive. Competitive balance refers to the balance in sport
capabilities of teams. Purpose: The aim of this paper was to compare the competitive balance in football premier leagues of
Iran, England, Germany, Spain, France and Italy in 2009-2010 season. Methodology: The data were secondary and collected
from the final tables of premier leagues of those countries in 2009-2010 season. The five-club concentration ratio (C5) and
C5 index of competitive balance (C5ICB) were used to analyze the data. The less C5ICB and C5 are, the more competitive
balance is, and conversly. Results and conclusion: The C5ICB results showed that the leagues were ranked (ranging from
most balance to least balance) as follows: Iran Pro League (129.60), Germany Bundesliga (135.37), French 1st League
(138), Serie A, Italy (140), English Premier League (148) and Primera Liga, Spain (149.60). As a result, Iran premier league
enjoyed the most balance and Primera Liga, Spain the least balance.
P4-42
THE EFFECT OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL PRACTICE ON MUSCLE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN FORCE
PRODUCTION TASK
Yadolazadeh A.1, Namazizadeh M. 2, Vaez musavi S. 3, Behaeen B. 4, Same H.4
Azad University, Tehran, Iran1
Esfahan Branch2, Central Tehran Branch4, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Emom Hossin Universioty, Tehran, Iran3
The aim of this study was to comparing the effects of mental and physical exercises on muscle electrical activity in force
production task This research is fundamental in nature and in terms of methodology it is quasi-experimental. In this research,
different exercise methods (physical, "clear - vague" mental practice and integrative) in 10 kg force values, at acquisition,
retention and transfer stages, against a hand grip task, were studied. To achieve research objectives, 75 girls (18-28 years
old) University, were selected according to simple random and purposive elective schemes using questionnaires. Having
been taught criteria task, subjects participated in practice methods at 10 kg force values measured by a dynamometer, while
being exposed to force physically and practicing mental visualization. Explanations on methodology were given and pretests
of force production in three physical, clear-vague mental and integrative modes were registered using Encoder
Electromyography System. According to the instructions, experimental groups practiced 18 grab practices for each session,
three sessions per week, 4 weeks long, in 2 blocks. Progresses were registered during practicing, repeatedly. At the end of
the 4th week, acquisition test, like that of pretest, and immediately, transfer test at 10 kg values were administered and
electronmyography (IEMG) were obtained. Three days after the last practice, retention test, like acquisition test, was
administered and electronmyography (EMG) of contractions in the respective ranges were registered. Results showed that
physical practice and clear mental practice, integrative practice at 10 kg force significantly caused electromyography
changes at acquisition stage. Tukey's test showed a significant difference between physical group and control group, between
physical group and vague mental practice group and between physical group and integrative group, in hand grip task
acquisition at 10 kg force. None of physical practice, clear mental practice, vague mental practice and integrative practice
groups caused significant changes in electromyography at retention stage, at 4 kg and 8 kg. forces. Thus, physical practice,
clear mental practice and integrative practice had significant effects on electromyographic changes in transfer stage at 10 kg.
P4-43
A STUDY OF HOCHIMINH CITY CITIZENS’ RECREATIONAL SPORT PARTICIPATION AND
CONSTRAINTS
Huynh T. 1, Bui T. H.1 , Bui T. T.2 , Huang H. Y.3
Ho Chi Minh City University Of Sport/Sport Management,Ho Chi Minh,Vietnam1
Ho Chi Minh City University Of Sport/International Relation,Ho Chi Minh,Vietnam2
National Taiwan College Of Physical Education/Sport Management,Chiayi,Taiwan3
85
Introduction Recreational sport have been strongly developing in many countries over the world; and the population of
participating in recreational sports is rapidly increasing in Hochiminh city (HCMC), the largest and most dynamic city in
Vietnam, and it causes the development of recreational sport services agencies. With the leading roles of political –
economic and commercial, the demands of scientific researches on recreational sport such as participation, motivations,
constraints, customer behavior, and so on are probably essential. Purpose This scientific research in recreational sport aims
to study the current situation of the participation and constraints in recreational sport activities for HCMC’s citizens.
Methods The situations of demographics, time of participants, the levels of attendance in recreation, and the constraints
which affect participants. Research objects involve 3,000 participants from 24 districts in HCMC. The researchers used
questionnaires as instrument to get data from the objects in eight kinds of recreational sport (Lam, 2008). In order to analysis
the data, researchers use descriptive statistics, inferential statistics as t-test, Internal Consistent Reliability Analysis. Data
were coded, put in and analyzed by SPSS Program version 16.0. Results (1) The current situation of recreational sport
includes the most of participants is male from 31 to 40 years old who are still single and got bachelor degree, they also has
monthly income from 2 to 5 millions VND; (2) The recreational sport agencies should focus on services, human resources at
the period time from 03 p.m. to 07 p.m. in order to well serve for the most of participants; and (3) Sport facilities,
transportation conditions, and recreational sport equipments are three most important constraints which were affected to
HCMC’s citizens in participating recreational sport. Conclusion According to these findings, the information which related
to recreational sport activities of HCMC's citizens is the useful guideline for the managers or agencies to improve the
recreational sport movement at the best.
P4-44
RECREATION ACTIVITIES PARTICIPATION NEEDS OF STUDENT AT RAJAMANGALA UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY, CENTRAL ZONE
Chaichana M.
Physical Education and Recreation, Faculty of Liberal Arts,
Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, THAILAND
This study was aimed to examine need to participate in recreation activity of Rajamangala University of Technology, central
zone, including Phra Nakhon campus (RMUTP), Krungthep campus (RMUTK), Rattanakosin campus (RMUTR),
Thanyaburi campus (RMUTT) and Suvarnabhumi campus (RMUTSB). Two thousand first to forth year undergraduate
students were stratified randomized to be included in the study. Study variables included gender, age, year of study, faculty,
monthly allowance, parent occupation, most preference time to participate in the activity, frequency of participation, and
place of doing the activity, decision making factor and influent person to participate. The three-section questionnaire with 70
items of 5 point rating scale type was employed to examine the study purposes. The last session was a 4 items open-ended
question asking for students’ recommendations. The questionnaire reliability was .87. The t test and analysis of variance
were employed with Scheffe post hoc test. Study results indicate that A. The participation students’ age was from 18 to 22
years with a range of 3,001 to 5,000 baht for their monthly allowance/expense. Their parents’ occupation is generally daily
work. The most frequency hours to participate in the physical activity are from 17.00 to 18.00 with approximately of one
hour time period. Most of their physical activity was done at home or resident dormitory. Time of exercise and friends were
decision making factors of students to participate in the recreation activity. The individual need of students to participate,
and facilities and equipments factor levels were high. The university administration, human resources, and participation
problem were at moderate level from these participated students. B. T test analysis on need to participation of students
indicated with no significant differences between males and females, and faculties were found. C. F tests were employed for
an analysis of variance on age group, year class, average of monthly allowance, period of time to participation preference,
frequency of activity and place of activity, influent persons on students’ decision making to participate in the activity. There
were no significant differences found at .05 levels. Students’ parent occupations and Rajamangala University of Technology
however were significant different at .05
P4-45
ADOLESCENTS EXERCISE BEHAVIOR AND ITS RELATIONSHIP
WITH SELF-EFFICACY
Kim, Y. H., Na, S.J., Kang, S.J.
Department of Sport Sciences, Seoul National University of Science and Technology
1
The present study examined adolescents’ exercise behavior and revealed the differences in self-efficacy by the stages of
exercise behavior. 228 students (male: 111, female: 117) randomly selected from 3 junior high schools were surveyed. All
participants in the age cohort were 14–16years old (M = 15.72 years, SD = 1.80). Two Korean-version questionnaires were
used to identify the stage of exercise behavior and self-efficacy of adolescents. The results indicated that the exercise pattern
of Korean adolescents were different by each stage of exercise behavior: Precontemplation (n=37, 16.9%), Contemplation
(n=38, 17.0%), Preparation (n=49, 21.0%), Action (n=65, 29.0%), and Maintenance (n=39, 17.2%). In addition, the results
indicated that self-efficacy were significantly different across the stages of exercise behavior. Exercise self-efficacy
gradually increased from the Precontemplation through the Maintenance stages. This study has the potential to influence the
development of better exercise interventions and health promotion programs for adolescents.
86
P4-47
EFFECTS OF CRYOTHERAPY AND PETRISSAGE MASSAGE ON SIGNS OF DOMS OF KNEE EXTENSORS
FOLLOWING STIMULATED PLYOMETRIC EXERCISE IN THAI MALE
Muanjai P., Sanguanrungsirikul S., Anomasiri W.
Chulalongkorn University/Sports Medicines, Bangkok, Thailand
Introduction: Delay onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) is the unaccustomed activity, which may last for several days postexercise. So, a fast recovery may be important for athletes involved in a training program. Cryotherapy is the way to reduce
inflammation, edema and pain sensation. Massage is also to be a way to enhance blood flow and reduce muscle pain.
Purpose: this study focused on effects of cryotherapy and petrissage massage on functional signs of DOMS of knee
extensors following stimulated plyometric exercise in Thai male aged 17-25 years old. Methods: Forty-five participants
were equally randomized into 3 groups; cold-water immersion at 15°C (CWI) group, petrissage massage (MAS) group, and
control (CON) group. Participants performed 100 drop jumps exercise. Treatments were given within 10-15 min after the
exercise for 20 min. Serum creatine kinase analysis, soreness sensation, thigh circumference (TC), range of motion (ROM),
strength test and vertical jump performance were measured 7 times; immediately before exercise, after exercise, after
intervention, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after exercise. Results: All variables were significant change compared to baseline (p<0.05)
after the exercise. There were no significant different between treatment groups on serum creatine kinase and TC at
musculotendinous junction point (p>0.05). By the way they showed significant different between groups on soreness
sensation, TC at mid-belly point, ROM, MVC (maximal voluntary contraction), leg isometric strength, and vertical jump
(p<0.05). Conclusion: These data reveal that CWI at 15°C was seem to be an ineffective method to relieved DOMS.
However, petrissage massage could be reduced some functional signs of DOMS following the exercise, but its effect remains
unclear about muscle function
P4-50
THE RELATIONSHIP OF POSTURE CHARACTERISTIC AND TYPES OF MS DISEASE IN THE WOMEN
AND THEIR COMPARISON WITH HEALTH PERSON
Behaeen B.1, Sadeghi H.2, Same H.1, Jafari R.3, Jafari siavashani F.4, Kamani S.1
Tarbiat Moalem University/Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Tehran, Iran2
Cultural Management, Olom Tahghighat/Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran3
Central Tehran Branch and Member of Young Researchers Club/Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran4
MS is a lifelong disease that could involve the person in different forms. Knowing posture characteristics of different types
of this chronic disease helps the specialists in controlling their complications. The purpose of this study was finding the
relationship between posture characteristics and types of MS disease in the women. 54 female patients with MS in three
groups (PPMS*, SPMS*, RRMS*) participated as subjects in this study. Reedco, posture score sheet and grid-sheet were
used for scoring the dysplasia, talk powder and black plate to determine the foot curvature and Collis for determination of
knee dysplasia. Kolmogorov-Smirnov inferential statistic test was used to test the normality of the data distribution and the
chi-square test was used to examine the relation between the study parameters and the type of disease for comparison
between women in the normal group and the MS group regarding variables that had a normal distribution. The parametric
statistics tests including independent t-test were used forvariables with normal distribution and non-parametric statistics was
used for variables with non-normal distribution. The findings showed that among posture dysplasia only the relation of the
uneven shoulder lesion and the MS disease in the women was significant.There was no significant relation between the
women with MS and normal women regarding the degree of suffering from Genu Varum, Genu Valgum, torticoltis, forward
head and ankle (extraversion) (P>0.05), while the differences were significant regarding posture dysplasia, including pes
cavas, flat feet, uneven shoulder, scoliosis, lateral pelvic tilt, kyphosis, posterior trunk bending and lordosis (p<0.05).
Considering the findings of the study, the women with RRMS, have posture dysplasia similar to the progressive types. The
prevalence of the onset of posture disorders in the women with MS disease was significantly more than the normal women.
P5-01
COMPARED IN SOME OF THE BIOKINEMATICS VARIABLES IN AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP
TO THE LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE FOR THE EMBRACING MOVEMENT
JUMP ON A COLT FOR GIRLS 7-8 YEARS
Saeed L. G.
College of Physical Eduction/Sports Team, Mosul, Iraq
Introduction and aims: The research aims to determine the importance of athletic training organized based on analysis
biokinematics by identifying the differences in some biokinematics variables and determine the relationship between the
level of performance and some of these changes for females 7-8 years old on the annexation movement jump on a pony. The
researchers assumed that there were no significant differences between females, but there is a link between the level of
performance and some biokinematics variables Method: Research sample was selected in the manner of the age of 6 players
who possess the first place for the last championship in Iraq 2009. Movement was filmed on two horizontal and sagittal
87
using the Sony video camera and a speed of 25 per second and using the following programs I Film, Image ready, Auto Cad
and processed the data statistically using the computer. The movement Divided into the glove hit phase the touch moment
and the take-off phase were determined angle of the knee joint and hip and trunk inclination angle and height of the hip joint.
Results: The researchers concluded that the angle of the knee joint and hip in the process of hitting the glove was 119.3
degrees, 107 at the left glove became 159.7 degrees, 134.7 degrees, in the first flight 153.7 degrees, 151.3 degrees and the
highest vertical rise over the pony 72.7 degrees, 38.7 and landing phase, 155, 156.3 The inclination angle of the trunk placed
at the value of 122.7 degrees in the higher stage high above the colt. Conclusion: The possibility of using the display video
and cutting the picture of the players in the performance of this movement as well as using self-evaluation and negative
flexibility of joints of the body.
P5-05
THE ANTHROPOMETRIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE INDONESIAN MALE
VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Kusnanik N. W.
State University of Surabaya/Faculty of Sport Scence, East Java, Indonesia
The aim of this research is to evaluate the physical and physiological performance of the Indonesia national male volleyball
players. This study was conducted on 15 male volleyball players who attended the national training centre. Data was
collected by test and measurement on physical including height, body mass, and body mass index; physiological
performance including anaerobic power capacity: vertical jump, leg strength, back strength, and grip strength (right and lef
hand), and aerobic power: VO2max. Data was analysis by using mean and standard deviation.The result of this study was
found that mean of height and body mass of the players were 185,0±3,7 cm, 78,0±4,3 kg, and 22,8±1,4kg/m2, respectively.
Mean vertical jump, leg strength, and back strength of the players were74,5±6,5cm, 173,6±34,1kg, and 136,2±20,4kg,
respectively. Mean grip strength of the right hand and left hand of the players were 74,5±6,5kg and 50,1±5,1kg, respectively.
Mean VO2max of the players was 37,8 ± 5,4ml/kg/min. It can be concluded that the national male volleyball players were
less in aerobic power.
P5-06
COMPARISON OF OXYGEN KINETIC DURING RECOVERY PERIOD AFTER MAXIMAL PERMANENT
ACTIVITY AND INTERVAL ACTIVITY IN FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Matinhomaee H. 1, Shahabpoor E.2
Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch/Physical Education, Tehran, Iran1
Islamic Azad University Centeral Tehran Branch/Physical Education, Tehran, Honduras2
The purpose of the present study is to compare oxygen kinetic during recovery period after maximal permanent activity and
interval activity in female basketball players .The subjects participated in the study included seven female basketball players(
Mean ± SD, age 21 ± 1.527 yr, body mass 60.714 ± 5.726 kg , height 168.3 ± 5.678 cm, BMI 21.714 ± 1.729 kg/m2 ,
Vo2max 41.442 ± 3.403ml/kg/min) were chosen .The subjects took part in the study in 3 separate sessions with an interval
of 24 hours between every session .The first session examined the increasing training protocol to determine maximal uptake
oxygen ,the second session dealt whit examined Balk and ware (1959) ,s maximal training protocol and the third session
examined the interval maximal training protocol with intervals of 1 minute running on on the treadmill with the intensity of
120 percent VVOmax and 2 minutes resting which was performed up to the exhaustion limit .To evaluate the variables of the
study ,changes in respiratory gases were registered all through the activity and 10 minutes of the recovery period .The
analysis of the data in the present study was conducted using kolmogorov-smirnov test and the paired samples t-test . The
spss (statistics software for windows, version 13), computes software was utilized to tabulate and analyze the data at the
level of p<0.05. The results of the study showed no significant difference in half-time recovery of VO2 (p>0.05) and halftime recovery of oxygen pulse (p>0.05) and total oxygen consumption during recovery (p>0.05) in the two activities
,maximal performance activity and interval activity .It can be concluded that the process of changes in the uptake oxygen
during recovery period is the same after the two training activities.
P5-07
ADULT OMNI SCALE OF PERCEIVED EXERTION FOR CYCLE ERGOMETER EXERCISE IN ARABIC
LANGUAGE: APPLICATION AND VALIDATION
Dabayebeh I. M.
Mu'tah University/Exercise Rehabilitation, Mu'tah, Jordan
Introduction: Adult OMNI scale of perceived exertion for cycle ergometer was formatted in English language and validated
among American adults but it has not been validated in Arabic language nor in Arabic culture. Purpose: A perceptual
estimation paradigm was employed to determined the validity of an Arabic translated version of OMNI scale to measure
perceived exertion among young adult healthy females (N=25) and males (N=25) aged 18-26 yrs. Methods: Heart rate (HR,
beats min-1), and ratings of perceived exertion (OMNI-Cycle Scale; RPE) for the overall body (RPE-O), legs (RPE-L), and
chest (RPE-C) were determined at the end of each of the four (three for females) continuously administered 3-min exercise
stages. Power output (PO) of cycling intensity stages started at 50 Watt (W) with 50W increments per stage. Subjects
performed the exercise test up to 200 W for males and 150 W for females. Results: Exercise responses ranges for all stages
88
were: Heart rate HR: 111.26-167.48 beat/min; and OMNI RPE: 1.59- 9.04. Linear regression and correlation showed that
RPE-O, RPE-L and RPE-C for each of the two groups, and for the combined sample of all subjects, distributed as a positive
linear function for HR (beats min-1). Correlations of RPE and HR (.87-.94) and regression functions were statistically
significant (p < 0.01) for both males and females and for RPE-O, RPE -L, and RPE-C. Differences between undifferentiated
(RPE-O) and differentiated (RPE -L & RPE-C) between intensities and at each stage were examined using ANOVA for
repeated measures for the combine sample and for each group. At all four/three stages, RPE-Legs was higher than RPEOverall and RPE-chest for the combined sample and for each group (P<.01). RPE-O was higher than RPE-C at 100W for
females and at 150w for males (P<.01). ANOVA showed a progressive intensity effect on all RPEs (P<.01). Conclusion:
The Arabic translated version of the adult OMNI-Cycle scale of perceived exertion concurrent validity is established. The
scale may be used by adult females and males of Arabic origin and is a valid mean to measure perception of exertion.
P5-11
CONTRIBUTION RATE OF SOME PHYSICAL FITNESS IN PERFORMING
SOME BASIC SKILLS IN HANDBALL
Amen M. A.
College Of Physical Eduction/Sports Team, Erbil, Iraq
Introduction: Handball is one of the sport activities that need physical fitness elements. The physical variables have an
important role in developing the level of skill performance through directing training and raising the player level. The highly
efficient player could make many skillful and planning requirements in the match with high efficiency. The current study
aims at identifying: The relation of some physical fitness elements in performing some of the basic skills in handball. The
contribution rate of some physical fitness elements in performing some of the basic skills in handball. Method: Descriptive
approach is used in the study and the study sample consisted of Erbil Handball team. After conducting the pilot experiment,
the basic experiment consisting of physical tests (the explosive force of the legs muscles, the explosive force of arms
muscles, speed endurance, force endurance) and skill tests (passing and receiving from 3m distance, whip passing from head
test, passing test on external limits at the moment of the free throw, whip shooting from head level test, body simple
deceiving and then shooting at the goal test) were conducted. Results: There is a correlation was found between the
components of fitness and performance of some basic skills handball, also shows that the variable explosive power ranking
as variable as the percentage contribution is higher than the total, how many shows the input variable explosive power of the
two men as well, and the contribution of variable Mtaulp speed a key variable in the performance of some basic skills
handball. Conclusion: 1.There is a nonsignificant relation between the explosive force of the arms muscles represented by
throwing medical ball with one hand from movement (2kg) and passing and receiving from 3m. 2. There is a nonsignificant
relation among whip passing from head level test, 150m running test and flexing and stretching arms till fatigue. 3. The
explosive force of arms muscles and throwing medical ball with one hand from movement contribute differently in
performing passing and receiving from 3m and whip shooting from head level.
P5-12
THE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE DIVISION A TABLE TENNIS PLAYER'S CAREER
DEVELOPMENT AND COUNSELING DEMAND
Li H. C.
Tamkang University/Office Of Physical Education, Tamsui, Taiwan
The purpose of this study is to confer university and college (Division A) table tennis player's career development and
counseling demand. Through different background analysis of variables and comparison of divergence of their career
development and counseling demand, conference of both correlations will be undertaken. With questionnaire, 278 copies
have been issued and 211 effective copies retrieved. According to descriptive statistics, single factor variance and typical
related model, further discussion with five interviewees have been proceeded. After integration and discussion, following
conclusion has been obtained: 1) Due to university and college players are in career exploration, their development is better
while those with long-term coach and parents arrangement formed worse career direction and decision of development.
However, in order to the best development afterward, various career counseling demand are needed. 2) As restriction of
athletics environment and knowledge difference of each school, as well as change of ecological market, different gender and
school, players have obvious variation of career and counseling requirements. 3) University and college (Division A) table
tennis player's career development and counseling demand have been presented positive relations. Among career
development,environment exploration, career exploration and career direction will influence (career preparation), (selfexploration) and (career planning).
P5-13
THE STUDY OF SWIMMING SCORE ANALYSIS IN 2000-2008 OLYMPIC
100 METERS FREESTYLE
89
Kao M. 1, Yang W. 2, Chen P. 1, Liao P. 1
National Taiwan College Of Physical Education/Physical Education, Taichung, Taiwan1
Affire Of Physical Education/Feng-chia University, Taichung, Taiwan2
Purpose: The purpose of this study were to compared 2000-2008 Olympic 100-meter swim competition male and female
score differences; and to explore the differences and the correlation between the various sub-scores. Method: Data collection
range from 2000 to 2008, 100-meter swim final competition male and female scores. There were collected total 48
participates for each competition. Using SPSS ver 12.0 for descriptive statistics, One-way ANOVA to examine the score
differences between 2000, 2004 and 2008. Results: The results from 2000 to 2008 Olympic 100-meter men's and women
swimming results by ANOVA it showed that both male and female of the 100-meter freestyle performance significantly
difference (F = 7.22, p =. 004 <.05; F = 18.45, p =. 001 <.05). The 2008 100-meter freestyle for male and female score were
significantly lower than 2004 and 2000. It showed that the female's competition between 2000-2008 in the first 50 meters of
the race results are significant differences (F = 12.25, p =. 001 <.05). Male's 2000-2008 final Results on the Reaction time
(RT) (F = 5.936, p =. 009 <.05) , first 50m (F = 8.227, p =. 002 <.05) and post 50m (F = 7.071, p =. 004 <. 05) were
significant differences. The correlation in RT and first 50m find high correlation (r =. 65). the first 50 m for males and
females (r = 0.77, r = 0.78) and post 50 m ( r = 0.84, r = 0.78) with 100 m final results were significant high correlation.
Conclusion: the Olympic 100-meter freestyle swimming competition 2008 score were significant better then 2004 and 2000
in male and female competition; the sub-scores in the first 50m the 2008 were significantly better than the other results; the
2008 male's scores were significantly better than 2004 and 2000 scores in terms of RT were the first 50m, post 50 m; There
can be predicting the results by sub-scores. And it can be and reference at speed and intensity of training.Keywords:
swimming, 100 meters, reaction time, the Olympic Games.
P5-14
VELOCITY DURING A 30 M SPRINT RUN AND STARTING BLOCK VARIABLES
Ilbeigi S.1, Van gheluwe B.2
Birjand University/Physical Eucation, Birjand, Iran1
Vrije Universiteit Brussel/Biomechanics, Brussels, Belgium2
Introduction Performance in sprinting is mainly determined by the ability to accelerate, to increase maximal velocity and to
maintain velocity during the race. These factors are strongly influenced by structural and metabolic characteristics,
anthropometric components but also certainly by biomechanical considerations (Mero et al., 1992). Methods Sixty Flemish
adolescent sprint athletes (mean age 14.8 ± 1.7 years) volunteered. Anthropometrical measurements were used to calculate
corrected thigh girth (CTG), corrected calf girth (CCG) and total body skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (Poortmans et al.,
2005). The running velocity and time during a 30-meter sprint was recorded using a laser device
(IBEO - Lasertechnik). The horizontal propulsion forces while in contact with the start blocks was registered by two start
blocks (Berg - Olympia). Results The velocity of the sprinters after leaving the blocks continuously increased during the 30
m sprint. Moreover, the results presented a significant influence of age, gender and other anthropometrical parameters on
block velocity, block acceleration, force and impulse, where the older boys displayed significantly higher block variable
values than girls. Discussion In the present study, age, skeletal muscle mass and thigh girth circumference were found to be
the best predictors for the velocity during 30 meters sprints, block velocity, and maximal forces applying on the blocks. In
this way, it has been well documented that a successful sprint start has can be attributed to the ability of an athlete to exert
large horizontal forces (Baumann, 1976; Harland & Steele, 1997). This is made evident by the strong relationship between
block velocity and horizontal force production. Therefore the horizontal force production that is related to muscle mass and
muscle volume can be a good predictor for the velocity of the sprinters.
P5-15
KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF FEMALE SABRE FENCING LUNGE DURING COMPETITION
Limroongreungrat W., Tongaim R., Kluensuwan A., Chottidao M.
Introduction: The fencing lunge is one of the most fundamental movements in the sport which can be used to attack as well
as to avoid or reduce counterattack action by the opponent athlete. Most previous researches reported kinematics of fencing
lunge during laboratory settings. Purposes: To present valuation of 3-dimensional kinematic analysis of lower and upper
extremity movements of the execution of the fencing lunge during competition. Method: 9 female Sabre fencers competed
during a national game (meanage = 19.8±2.8 yrs, meanwt = 56.2±4.6 Kg, meanht = 167.6 ±3.3 cm) volunteered in the study.
Two digital video cameras were used to collect kinematic data at the sampling rate of 300 Hz. Only fencing lunges during
attack and score were selected and analyzed. Fencing lunges between 2 groups (those who qualified for semi-final (SG) vs.
those who did not (UG)) were compared. The Mann-Whitney U test was employed to determine statistical significant
difference (p<0.05). Results: No statistical differences between the two groups during competition. Conclusion: SG moved
their elbow joints and consequently their upper limbs with their knee joint simultaneously.
P5-16
THE STUDY OF LOWER EXTREMITY MOVEMENT DURING GOLF SWING IN THAI AMATEUR AND
PROFESSIONAL GOLFERS
90
Vanasant T.1, Mingkumlerd S.1 , Limroongreungrat W.2
Spots Research and Development, Sports Authority of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand1
College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Patom, Thailand2
The study of Biomechanics is much employed in Golf in order to explain the movement of golf swing and remedy the error
of the swing. However, the problems that happen to the Golfer's lower body are considered important also because it is the
part of body that creates stability and generates force during golf swing. Purpose: to study and compare the types of
different joint movement from the lower body during swinging in amateur and professional golfers in Thailand. Method: 20
athlethes, age range between 18 to 25 years of age (10 amateur golfers and 10 professional golfers) participated in the study.
All athletes are right-handed. No injuries or previous injuries related to the lower extremities during the time of data
collection. The professional golfers must pass the test and are registered, while the amateur golfers must receive handicap
between 0 to 8. Fifteen retroreflective markers devices would be placed upon the participators hip joint, side of thigh, side of
shin, knee joint and ankle, and another one on the neck of the head of golf club. The golfer would begin the test by creating
three normal swings using number 1 golf club while the information of the swings would be recorded with 4 high speed
cameras operating at 500 Hz. The result would be processed via movement analyzing software. Indepentdent t-test was used
to find the statistical differences at .05 level. Results: Data analysis of both golfers groups finds that the rotation angle and
the length movements of the hip are significantly different in statistic (P< .05), while the bends and rotations of knee joint of
the leading leg are also statistically significant differences in (P< .05). However, there is no statistical difference in the
movement patterns of the following leg and two ankles. Conclusion: It is concluded that amateur and professional golfers
have similar lower-body movements but the movements of hip and the bends and rotations of leading-leg are different.
P5-17
THE EFFECT OF SYNCHRONIZE AND NON-SYNCHRONIZE ANGLE OF DOUBLE SCULLING ON ROWING
VELOCITY
Rachnavy P.
Suranaree/Sports Science, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
The computer simulation approach to the analysis of sculling angle provides athletes and coaches with unique advantages.
The aim of this study was to use a computer simulation model of rowing to investigate the velocity of synchronize and nonsynchronize angle of double sculling. The velocity of the boat was calculated during vary each angle. As a result of
comparing, it was found that maximum velocity of the boat not occur only on synchronize angle but also in non-synchronize
angle.
P5-18
THE IMPACT OF A SPEED ENDURANCE TRAINING PROGRAM ON SOME OF THE VARIABLES
BIOKENMATIC VARIABLES TO PASS THE HURDLES IN THE X RAN 400-METER HURDLES FOR MEN
Alhajar S. T.
College of Physical Eduction/Sports, Erbil, Iraq
Introduction: The process of training have an important role in the process of refining the player in terms of physical,
psychological and meet the requirements with in all respects for the purpose of service and access the player to the best level
is the athletic training educational process meaningful and directed a planning practical to prepare the players of different
levels of achievements. The research aims to: 1. Prepare a training curriculum for speed endurance runners (400-meter
hurdles). 2. Identified to accomplish Mtaulp speed and some of the variables Biokenmatic to run (400-meter
hurdles).Method: Research sample was selected purposively way they represent the research community and the number (5)
runners ran in the high (400-meter hurdles) and they advanced the runners in the Kurdistan region of Iraq and who have
participated in many tournaments within tournaments Kurdistan region. The researcher Was the use of camera video type
(Sony) at a distance (8) meters from the hurdles X inside the stadium and at altitudes of (120 cm) and that this dimension and
height to ensure the movement of the player before upgrading until the arrival of leg coverage of the land after the barrier so
that the lens cover the step barrier as a whole. Results: There is no significant differences between the mean pre and post
tests in Biokenmatic variables (horizontal velocity and vertical velocity) in the research sample used the training program
speed endurance. Conclusion: The speed endurance training program developed in the Biokenmatic following variables
(angle of the leading men, the trunk angle, knee angle of the leading men, a knee angle of coverage) for the step to pass the
barrier in the X ran the 400 meters hurdles.
P5-19
COMPARING SOME BIOMECHANICAL FEATURES AND ACCURACY IN TWO TYPES OF FAR SHOOTING
IN HANDBALL
Mohammed M., Abdulwahid S. Y.
College Of Physical Eduction/Sports Team, Mosul, Iraq
Introduction: Applied sciences have contributed in planning training programs. Competition has become fierce among
states to invent modern scientific tools to develop sport levels in all sport activities, perform many researches and studies,
and taking care of the basic factors which are connected with skilful performance. This research aims at: 1) Identifying the
91
values of some kinematic variables for two types of far shooting (Jump shot and leaning shot). 2) Identifying the differences
among the values of some kinematic variables for the two types of far shooting (Jump shot and leaning shot).
Method:Research sample consists of five advanced players in Nineveh province. The researcher has used the descriptive
method for its convenience to the nature of the research. Data collection methods have been also use such as (Questionnaire,
measurement, test, technical scientific observation), besides using force platform to measure ground reaction, which is used
for the first in the field of handball in Mosul University. Two digital video cameras (SONY) have been also used. The first
camera was put (6.5 m.) away from the player and the platform. The second one was put in a distance of (14 m.) in order to
measure the variables of the ball. The focus of the camera was on (1.3 m.) height. The camera speed was (25 pictures /
second). Results: There are significant differences in the values of the two variables of the last step length and its velocity
between the two types of far shooting (Jump shot and leaning shot) in favor of jump shot. Conclusion: It is important to take
care of the approaching steps in the far shooting skill in handball for its significance in the rising process in the jump shot,
and the process of pushing the ground in the leaning shot.
P5-20
THE IMPACT OF PARTIAL METHOD THROUGH USUAL GRADUATING USING PERIODIC AND
CONTINUOUS TRAINING METHODS ACCORDING TO SOME BIOKINEMATIC VARIABLES IN
ACQUIRING 800M RUNNING LEVEL
Ibrahim H. S.
College Of Physical Eduction/Sports, Erbil, Iraq
Introduction: Teaching methods and styles have a role and impact on how to deliver information for the learner and
achieving the necessary comprehension both the educational and the skillful. Teaching relies on the impact of the
educational methods and means reinforcing the performance and achievement in sports activities to reach the necessary level
in performance within time. Teaching methods, including the usual graduating through partial method, are of the main
aspects in the success of the teaching curricula and various training methods have a role in acquiring middle distances
running. Aims of Search: The research aims to the following: To identify some indicators of the research sample
Albaiukinmetekip Identify the impact of the way the partial progressive manner usual my way of training (interval - and
continuous) on some of the indicators according to Albaiukinmetekip attain a level of performance of the 800-meter run.
Method: The experimental approach is used in the study and the study sample consisted of (30) students of the fourth stage/
College of Physical Education/ University of Salahaddeen. Using test means differences were obtained. Results: In section
IV Results will be displayed and discussed in the light of data obtained by the Research sample, as shown in below, The
presentation of the results between pre and post tests in some indicators Biokinematic of the first group (in a training
interval) in ran 800 meters and analyzed and discussed, as were the results of the pre and post tests in some indicators
Biokinematic of the first group (in a continuous training) ran in 800 AD, analysis and discussion has been introduced results
between pre and post tests in some indicators Biokinematic between the two my way (training interval - continuous) ran in
800 meters . Conclusions: The two experimental groups are better in post tests than the pre tests in some of the biokinematic
indicators. The second experimental group using the continuous training is better in post tests than the first experimental
group using the periodic training in some biokinematic indicators.
P5-21
KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF DRAGON BOAT PADDLING:
A COMPARISON OF ELITE MALE AND FEMALE PADDLERS
Raktavee P., Hiranrat S.
College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Phathom, Thailand
Movement of the dragon boat is achieved by the generation of power by each of 20 paddlers. In this study, 20 male and 20
female elite paddlers paddling at 1,00 meter at Mardprachun Reservoir, Chonbur Province of Thailand. Vide was conducted
for two-dimensional kinematics analysis. K les were measured in every 25 paddling and found thatthe average velocity of
paddling of male and female paddlers at 1,000 meterwas 4.10±0.70, and 3.68± 0.61 m/s (p = 0.006), and the average
acceleration of paddling of male and female paddlers at 1,000 meter was 5.46±1.33, and 4.62± 0.92 m/s (p = 0.001).
Significant difference was found (p<0.05) between average velocity and acceleration of paddling of male and female
paddlers at 1,000 meter. Both male and female paddlers increased the frequency of paddling before the last 250 meter of
finish line. The velocity and acceleration of the paddling are the basis for prescribing in dragon both padding, and a
comprehensive analysis of a paddlers' techniquemust be obtained by combining video data with force data collected from the
blade during on-water paddling.
P5-23
COMPARISON OF THE BILATERAL DIFFERENCES ON
HIP AND KNEE ISOKINETIC STRENGTH IN MALE TENNIS PLAYERS
AND GENERAL POPULATION
Cheng C.1, Wang Y.2, Fan chiang W.3, Liang L.3, Lee A.3
National Hsinchu University of Education/Department Of Chinese Language and Literature Studies, Hsinchu City, Taiwan1
National Taiwan Sport University/Graduate Institute of Sports Science, Taoyuan County, Taiwan2
National Hsinchu University of Education/Department Of Physical Education, Hsinchu City, Taiwan3
92
Purpose: To comparison the bilateral differences on hip and knee isokinetic strength in male tennis players and general
population. Methods: Ten male tennis players (age: 22.9 ± 3.1 yrs, height: 176.3 ± 3.7 cm, weight: 69.4 ± 4.4 kg) and 10
general sedentary male students (age: 21.7 ± 1.6 yrs, height: 173.5 ± 5.1 cm, weight: 71.5 ± 13.6 kg) were recruited as
participants. The isokenetic strength of the hip abduction/adduction and knee extension/flexion were evaluated by Biodex S4
at 30 and 120 for 5 times as peak torque/body weight, PT/BW. Independent t test was used to analyze the differences
between groups. Results: The tennis players had significant larger isokinetic strength (174.2 ± 33.6 % vs. 150.7 ± 31.9 %, p
< .05) and the bilateral differences (30 /s: 0.30 ± 0.23 % vs. 0.12 ± 0.11 %; 120 /s: 0.27 ±0.22 % vs. 0.11 ± 0.09 %, p < .05)
in hip abduction than general population. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that long term tennis training can improve
the strength performance in hip and knee joints. In addition, this training may also increased the bilateral difference in hip
abduction, therefore, equally training and monitoring is needed.
P5-24
Hirunrat S., Raktavee P.
College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Phathom, Thailand
The majority of the research to date on weightlifting has focused on senior competitors. Thailand has two women
weightlifters received two gold medals from the Olympic Game in 2004 and 2008. The performances of 6 women
weightlifters were Thai Youth National Team and performing in the final selected for the representative of Thailand national
weightlifter in the Youth Olympic Game 2010 competition in Singapore 2010. The kinematics data were recorded and
analyzed using Peak 5. 2D Motion Analysis system from the snatch lift in this study included barbell resultant trajectory,
vertical and horizontal displacement, peak height, velocity, and acceleration. The performance of the athletes competing in
69-kg class and 48-kg class and the average age 15.8 years old the snatch attempts only once performance with the
maximum lifting. The results showed the women in this study on average barbell peak height 1.29±0.1m, vertical barbell
displacement 0.144±0.03m, horizontal barbell displacement 0.180±0.28 m, maximum vertical barbell velocity 2.84±0.26 m/s
at 31±4 time % snatch, and maximum vertical barbell acceleration 23.59±4.34m/s*s at 29±6 time % snatch. The results of
this study suggest that the appearance of the second pull in maximum vertical velocity and acceleration with time % snatch
of weightlifters could be used as a criterion of lifting skill and a measure of performance.
P5-27
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BIOPHYSICAL RHYTHM AMONG SHORT
AND LONG DISTANCES PLAYERS IN TRACK AND FIELD
Ibrahim H. S.1, Qader A. H.2
College of Physical Eduction/Sports, Erbil, Iraq1
Dean Of The College Of Physical Education Salah Alddin University.erbil.iraq/Dean, Erbil, Iraq2
Introduction: Coaches remark that their players achieve distinctive results in certain periods and decrease in others despite
the similar conditions surrounding the players. All these indicators made the specialists to examine such phenomena and
concluded that there are various currents differ with the activity. Search aims: disclosure of the physical abilities of the
rhythm of the vital players in the short and long distances in Games track and field detect differences in physical abilities in
the level of achievement of the two phases of positive and negative to the players short and long distances in Games track
and field. Method: Descriptive approach is used by the two researchers and the study sample consisted of (16) players of
short and middle distances in Kurdistan Province. Physical tests, derived from reviewing these by experts to select the most
suitable, measuring physical characteristics having 70% as a minimum were selected: - 50m running test from high starting
to measure transitive speed, Long jumping from fixture, Seating test through flexing legs for 30 seconds, Running walking
test for 12 minutes. Results: In the light of statistical analysis used by the researchers appeared to have a set of results will
be dealt with, respectively, as follows, the results of the differences between the variables of physical fitness and emotional
and mental health according to the phases of the rhythm is vital, as it was put description and statistical values (v) calculated
for the test (50) m The differences between the stages of rhythm is vital / to measure a speed of transition, and explained the
description and statistical values (v) calculated to test the (long jump of stability / m and the differences between the stages
of rhythm is vital for the measurement of explosive power. Conclusions: There are significant differences among the
physical abilities (speed, explosive force, muscular force endurance, respiratory circulatory system endurance) for short and
long distances players.
P5-28
GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SPORT IN THE PROVINCE OF KURDISTAN-IRAQ
Abdullatef D.
College Of Physical Eduction/Sports Team, Erbil, Iraq
Introduction: Globalization sports kind of trade, commerce and the economy means the policy, agree on the views of many
that the sport was among the fields the first to apply the concept of globalization through the Olympics and international
sports tournaments. But it seems that the spread of the concept of globalization in the current era brought with it more ideas
and propositions that are trying to open the borders and the abolition of barriers to the regulations applicable in the Western
93
world order imposed by or distributed to others, which led to the division of views between the pro-globalization and afraid
of the negative aspects and their impact on the sport of the Arab in general. Aims: 1. identify the general goals of the
university sport. 2. realizing the negative impact of globalization on the general goals of the university sport. Method: The
researcher used the descriptive, the sample of the research on some sports teams in the province of Kurdistan (Arbil - Mosul
- Dohuk - Sulaymaniyah) and by (54) player and (24) coaches and officials who work in sports clubs in the Territory
mentioned has been taken years of experience and field experience and local championships and international already
Lebanon and coaches that participated to ensure the achievement of objectives of the research. Results: By analyzing the
results of the study show that the goals of university sports, clarified points of the previous mentioned In the light of
globalization of social, economic and media will be pointing these reflections, both direct and indirect, and then we get to the
final analysis, it serves as the conclusions and suggest solutions to address globalization and reduce its impact. Listen Read
phonetically. Conclusion: Coping with globalization in all its forms and to resist impact through awareness and anticipation
and planning to address them. develop and enhance aspects of sport undergraduate preparation for the requirements to
exercise.
P5-33
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF TARBIAT MODARES ANAEROBIC TEST (TMAT) IN MALE
WRESTLERS
Khaki A. B.1 , Agha alinejad H. A.1 , Mehranpour A. B.2 , Hasani S. A.2
Faculty Of Physical Education/I A University, central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran1
Faculty Of Physical Education /Srinakharinwirot University (Swu), Bangok, Thailand2
Introduction:Variety of anaerobic tests have been developed to indirectly quantify different component of anaerobic
metabolic processes.Tests include laboratory tests and filed test.The most frequently used and accepted anaerobic test is
Wingate anaerobic test.teadmil test accuracy is questionable for the following reason 1-inability to run at maximum speed 2difficulty finding an optimal stide 3-A decreased energy requirement. Therefore,The use of jump tests for anaerobic power
assessment has more application as a sport-specific test than cycle or tredmill tests.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to
determine validity and reliability of Tarbiat Modares Anaerobic Test ( TMAT ) in senior elite wrestlers. Methods: Thirty
male wrestlers, age:(23.3±2.4)y:m;body mass:(24.91±6.19) kg;height:(176.86±4.71) cm; body fat percent:(13.21±2.31)
participated in this study. TMAT consists of 6 bouts of 8 peer zigzag jump with 10 second rest between them. The height of
hurdle was 20 cm and the distance of jumping line to hurdle was 10 cm. the changes of blood lactate and heart rate was
measured in the 30s wingate test and TMAT.Peak, average and minimum power values and fatigue indices was determined
in two tests. Also, subjects were tested on 2 separate occasions for reliability assess of TMAT.Results and conclusion: The
results showed that there is a significant correlation in peak, average and minimum values of anaerobic power this
correlation was no a significant in fatigue index between two test (p<0.05).There was no a significant difference in changes
of blood lactate amounts between two tests from rest to 3 min after test (p<0.05). Also there was no significant difference in
heart rate changes between two tests from rest to immediately after tests but the moderate correlation was shown of fatigue
index(p<0.05).The finding of the present study showed that the TMAT is a valid and reliable field test to assess anaerobic
power of male wrestlers performance because there was significant correlation between the peak, average and minimum
power indices of the TMAT and the 30s wingate anaerobic test (validity) and the significant correlation between TMAT test
and retest its (reliability).
P5-34
Chen W. H.
Tamkang University/Office of Physical Education, Tamsui, Taiwan
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present information whether asymmetry of the strength of leg musculature is more
prominent for Taiwan female rowing athletes. Method: Seven female college athletes (age = 20.7 ± 1.0 years, mean height =
166.1 ± 1.8 cm, mean weight = 58.3 ± 4.2 kg) performed the Cybex 6000 testing at three test speeds, comparisons were
performed using a one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc validation. Results: (1) Around each leg extensor and
flexor than in terms of torque parameters, the angle parameters and time parameters, there was no significant difference
compared with the different angular velocity; (2) In the unilateral leg extensor peak torque significantly greater than flexor,
but angle parameters and time parameters, there was no significant difference compared with the different angular velocity.
Conclusion: Based on the long-term training, the peak torque of the extensors of Taiwan rowers is larger than that of the
flexors, and the states of two legs is balanced. However, the ratio of extensors/ flexors is not good enough, which leads to the
risk of LBP easily. Also, the characteristics of high speed strength are not obvious, and the time of the force cannot be
prolonged, which means that Taiwan rowers do not have enough training in the speed strength.
P5-35
THE EFFECT OF UNILATERAL ON BILATERAL LOWER LIMB
DYNAMIC BALANCE TRAINING
Same H. S.1, Behaeein B. B.2, Sadeghi . S.3, Taghibeikzadehbadr P. T.4
Azad Univercity/Exercise Physiology, Tehran, Iran1
Azad Univercity/Exercise Physiology, Number29, nabard Street, Tehran, Iran2
94
Tehran Tarbiat Moalem University/Department Of Physical Education And Sport Science, Tehran, Iran3
Azad Univercity/Physical Education And Sport Science, Tehran, Iran4
Since balance is one of the effective factors in physical fitness and has been included in sport skills, it is attractive in any
planning & performing of training programs. The purpose of this study was considering the effect of unilateral lower limb
dynamic balance training on bilateral lower limb dynamic balance of Physical Education Students. About 30 students were
participated voluntarily, and divided randomly into two exercising & control groups. Exercising group had one set advanced
exercises of dynamic balance on single leg for four weeks, while control group had no special balance training through the
mentioned of time. Both groups passed the SEBT at the end of 2nd and 4th weeks. According to the results it was revealed
that there is a significant increase in training leg of exercising group after two and four weeks. The increase of balance in
non-training leg in exercising group was signifiant. No significant differences found between 2nd and 4th tests in both legs.
Pre/post tests balance had no significant change in one or both legs in control group. Due to results, it seems that balance
exercising programs may cause an increase in balance of exercising leg than non- training one through a short-term period.
P5-36
THE EFFECTS OF WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION TRAINING ON VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE IN
HANDBALL ATHLETES
Chang H. 1 , Wang Y. 2 , Chang J. 1 , Liang L. 1 , Lee A. 1
National Taiwan Sport University/Graduate Institute Of Sports Science, Taoyuan County, Taiwan2
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of eight weeks of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on
vertical jump performance in handball athletes. Methods: Sixteen collegiate Level I handball athletes volunteered for this
study. They were divided equally as control group and experimental group (EG). During the period of the study, all athletes
underwent the same handball training, but the EG received additional WBVT (amplitude: 2 mm, frequency: 20 Hz -40 Hz)
three time per week for eight consecutive weeks. The vertical jump performance was evaluated according to the maximum
height of squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ). Single factor ANCOVA was used to examine the differences
in each parameter between the groups after training with the pretest values as a covariate. The statistic significance was set at
p < .05. Results: Results showed that after 8 weeks WBVT, the EG had significantly improved the maximal height of SJ
(40.92 ± 2.96 cm vs. 48.40 ± 4.70 cm, F = 5.14, p < .05), the maximal height CMJ (47.25 ± 7.48 cm vs. 52.20 ± 6.25 cm, F =
5.31, p < .05). Conclusions: It is concluded that 8 weeks of additional WBVT can improve the jump performance in
handball athletes. Enhanced motor unit firing rates and synchronization, facilitated muscular contraction stretch-shortening
cycle, and improved lower extremity neuromuscular coordination could account for these improvements.
P5-37
SIX WEEKS NEUROMUSCULAR TRAINING IMPROVES AGILITY PERFORMANCE IN FEMALE
BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Tsai Y., Lee C., Chen M., Liang L., Lee A. J.
National Hsinchu University Of Education/Department Of Physical Education, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
Introduction: Neuromuscular training programs are effective for improving sports performance and preventing injuries in
athletes. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of 6 weeks neuromuscular training on agility (A) performance. Method: Eleven
healthy collegiate basketball players (height: 163.0±4.2 cm, weight: 56.1±4.8 kg, age: 20.0±1.2 yrs) volunteered and
underwent a series of core stability and plyometric exercise training. The A performances were evaluated by the 20-meters
sprint test and T agility test with handhold stopwatch. The neuromuscular training was combined with the Swiss ball, and
low-intensity plyometric jumping training, fifty minutes, triple a week, for six weeks. Repeated-measured t test was used to
analyses the differences in each parameter before and after training. Result: No significant difference was found between
before and after training in the 20-meters sprint test performance, but the T agility test performance was significant smaller
in after training than before training (10.41 seconds vs. 10.03 seconds). Conclusion: Neuromuscular training can improve
the A performance in the population of healthy colligates female basketball players.
P5-38
PERCEIVED EXERTION RATE, BLOOD LACTATE AND VO2MAX RESPONSES TO A MAXIMUM CYCLING
PERFORMANCE AFTER PLYOMETRIC TRAINING
Moahammad nia A., Afzalpour M. E., Khoshbakhti J.
University Of Birjand/Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Southern Khorasan, Birjand, Iran
Introduction: Plyometric trainings are used for making higher ability, better conditioning and enhancement of explosive
power; they may, however, exposure athletes to the high stresses. It has been postulated that the increase in lactic response
and rating of perceived exertion following vigorous exercises is more pronounced at higher explosive trainings and may
influence exercise performance. Purpose: Aim of this research is determine of perceived exertion rate, blood lactate
concentration and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) responses to a maximum cycling performance 8 and 168 hours after
plyometric training. Methods: 28 physical education and sport sciences students volunteered for research and were divided
into two groups including experimental (n=15) and control (n=13) groups. Perceived exertion rate, blood lactate and
95
Vo2max were measured by using the Borg scale, Scout lactometer and Storer-Davis protocol on the Monark bicycle
respectively. Collected data were analyzed using by repeated measure ANOVA test (p<0.05) and statistical significance
considered if P<0/05. Results: Result revealed that blood lactate concentration (p<0.01) and perceived exertion rate
(p<0.006) significantly increased at 48 h, while VO2max at 48 h; and VO2 max, blood lactate concentration and perceived
exertion rate at 168 h after plyometric training bout, remained unchanged (P>0/05). Conclusion: Results suggests that
performing of plyometric training attenuate anaerobic capacity, but not VO2max, 48 h. post plyometric exercise and it is
possible to occure performance enhacement due to lean on anaerobic mechanisms.
P5-39
THE INFLUENCE OF LONG RANGE SHOOTING TRAINING TO 3-POINT SHOOTING PERCENTAGE OF
MALE COLLEGE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Chen C.
Tamkang University/Office Of Physical Education, Taipei, Taiwan
The purpose of this study is to explore how the male college basketball players would be adapting themselves in long range
shooting training load, to increase the percentage, efficiency and stability of 3-point shooting. There were 18 males college
basketball players (average age: 21.78±2.64 years old; average height: 177.67± 5.06cm; average weight: 72.33± 6.74kg)
participated in this study, and these players were divided in three groups: long range training group (8 meters); 3-point line
training group (6.25meters); and the control group according to the pre-test results. All of the groups were given shooting
training for 8 weeks (150 shots for each time, twice a week); the mid-test was given at the end of the four weeks. The data
collected were processed and analyzed using 2-way mixed design, 2-way repeated measure ANOVAs and Trend Analysis
with SPSS 10.0 (Windows Edition). The significant level was set for.05. The finding of this study goes as follows:1. The
shooting percentage in different tests is significantly different, and there is interaction between different groups and tests
(p<.05). 2. The shooting efficiency of long range group is better than control group in post-test (p<.05).3. The ANOVA and
Trend Analysis of the 3-point group is significantly different among testing period; and the players in position 3 has higher
grades in the mid-test and the post-test than the pre-test (p<.05). 4. The shooting efficiency and percentage of the 3-point
group is significantly better than control group, and the post-test of the 3-point group in position 1 and 3 are significantly
better than the ones of control group (p<.05).
P5-40
ANKLE WEIGHTS, GRADIENT AND THE WALK-RUN TRANSITION SPEED
Harun H. H.1 , Kamaruddin A.2
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia/Faculty Of Education, Johor Bahru, Malaysia1
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia/Komputer Science, Johor, Malaysia2
Introduction: The aims of exercise and training are fitness and aerobics conditioning. Training using different gaits, speeds,
and gradients while adding ankle weights expend energy differently. Purpose: This study investigated the affect of load
carriage on locomotion at continuously increasing speeds (walk and run inclusive of the gait transition speeds) and different
gradients of a motorised treadmill. Methods: Ten young female participants (age 19.0 ± 0.97 years, height 165.6 ± 5.48 cm,
weight 59.49 ± 6.01 kg) walk and run in weighted and non-weighted conditions on three gradients (0%, 8%). The treadmill
protocol lasted 12 minutes and consisted of six 2-minute increments (+ 0.1 m.s). Values of oxygen consumption (mlO.kg.
min) and post blood lactate (BLa) concentrations were collected during and after each trial. Results: Both measurements
were rigorously examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). We found significant gradient effects but limited effects of
ankle weights carriage on the training parameters. In the post-hoc t-test, the uphill +8% decreased the gait transition speed by
a maximum of 12% and increased both energy cost and blood lactate concentration by 45% and 68% respectively. Using
weights were significant around the speed of gait transition on all gradients. Conclusion: The effect of increase metabolic
energy expenditure and blood lactate concentrations were more pronounced with speed and gradients than with loads. For
purpose of exercise, training or rehabilitation athletes can capitalize on the low impact benefits of walking or slow running
on the gradually inclined gradients using relatively light weights but at the appropriate speeds around gait transition.
Exercise benefits include higher energetics but avoidance of oxidative stress workout.
P5-41
THE DIFFERENCES OF POSTURAL STABILITY BETWEEN ACCURATE AND INACCURATE SHOOTING
IN ELITE FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Tseng T.1, Chi L.2 , Wang L.3 , li C.1 , Lee A.1
National Hsinchu University Of Education/Department Of Physical Education, Hsinchu, Taiwan1
Tahwa Institute Of Technology/Physical Education Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan2
National Taipei University Of Nursing & Health Sciences/Department Of Exercise And Health Science, Taipei, Taiwan3
Introduction: In order to win the basketball game, players have to compete against opponents and shoot the ball into basket.
Purpose: To test the differences of postural stability (PS) between accurate and inaccurate shooting in elite female
basketball players. Methods: 21 female professional basketball players recruited as subjects (age: 21.2 ± 4.0 yrs, height:
173.3 ± 2.7 cm, weight: 66.8 ± 6.2 kg, basketball experience: 8.3 ± 2.7 yrs). The PS was evaluated by the sway radius,
velocity, radial and 95% area of center of pressure (COP) during standard penalty line shooting. Each player shoot 5 times
96
and the best one in accurate and inaccurate shooting were chosen for data analysis. Paired t test was used to evaluate the
difference between situations for each COP parameter. Results: The results showed that the COP sway area during accurate
shooting was significantly smaller than during inaccurate shooting (74.0 ± 37.9 vs. 110.6 ± 49.1, p < .05). Moreover, no
significant differences were found between situations in the COP radius and velocity. Conclusion: During the accurate
shooting, elite female basketball player had better PS than in accurate shooting in small COP sway area which might be
related to better segmental proprioception function.
P5-44
EFFECTS OF A FOUR WEEK PLYOMETRIC TRAINING PROGRAM ON MUSCLE POWER AND SPRINT
PERFORMANCE IN MALE KABADDI ATHLETES
Khaothin J., Jiradechakul K.
Faculty of Sports Science/Kasetsart University, Nakhon Prathom, Thailand
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of plyometric training following a four week training program on
muscle power and sprint performance in male kabaddi athletes. The subjects included 20, healthy, injury free, male kabaddi
athletes from Chiang Mai provincial team, and between the ages of 17-25 years old. All subjects were tested in the counter
movement jump and 10 meter sprint prior to starting the plyometric training program. The subjects then completed a four
week plyometric training program and were retested. There were significant differences in the counter movement jump
height, but not significant differences in 10 meter sprint times following a four week training program. The findings
suggested that two days of plyometric training a week for four weeks is sufficient enough to show improvements on muscle
power in male kabaddi athletes. In contrast plyometric training two days a week for four weeks was not sufficient enough to
show improvements on sprint performance in male kabaddi athletes.
97 PROCEEDINGS
Journal of Sports Scienceand Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010
98
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BIOPHYSICAL RHYTHM AMONG SHORT AND
LONG DISTANCES PLAYERS IN TRACK AND FIELD
Ibrahim Hussein Sadie Ibrahim; Qadir, Azad Hassan Qadir
College of Physical Education, University of Salahaldeen, Erbil, Iraq
-
Abstract Provided and the importance of Search
also illustrated description and statistical values (v)
Coaches remark that their players achieve distinctive
calculated for the test (ran - Pedestrian (12) min / m)
results in certain periods and decrease in others
of the stages of rhythm is vital to measure Mtaulp
despite the similar conditions surrounding the players.
circulatory tract.
All these indicators made the specialists to examine
The Researchers sums up with the following
such phenomena and concluded that there are various
conclusions
currents differ with the activity. Coaches could utilize - There are significant differences among the physical
biorhythm courses in determining training load and
abilities (speed, explosive force, muscular force
size degrees. Coaches give high intensities when
endurance, respiratory–circulatory system endurance)
physical and biological activities increase and
for short and long distances players.
decrease. As biorhythm courses differ in their - There are significant differences among the five
duration, levels achieved could differ also. This is
biorhythm stages as related to speed represented by
why it is important to make comparative study of the
50m running from the flying start in short distances.
biophysical rhythm among short and long distances - There are significant differences among the five
players in track and field.
biorhythm stages as related to muscular force
endurance represented by 30 seconds seating test in
Search target:• disclosure of the physical abilities of
short distances.
the rhythm of the vital players in the short and long - There are no significant differences among the five
distances in Games track and field• detect differences
biorhythm stages as related to respiratory–circulatory
in physical abilities in the level of achievement of the
system endurance represented Running–walking test
two phases of positive and negative to the players
for 12 minutes.
short and long distances in Games track and field
Descriptive approach is used by the two
I. INTRODUCTION
researchers and the study sample consisted of (16)
players of short and middle distances in Kurdistan
That the different body systems vary in the
Province. Physical tests, derived from reviewing
rhythms, the heart changes the rhythm within a few
these by experts to select the most suitable, measuring
seconds or even parts of a second, and breathing
physical characteristics having 70% as a minimum
needs to be a few seconds while the rhythm of
were selected:
secretions of the stomach and small intestine requires
several hours to change rhythms while to change the
50m running test from high starting to measure
rhythms of sleep and vigilance needs to be several
transitive speed.
days.
Long jumping from fixture.
Seating test through flexing legs for 30 seconds.
Also that the rhythm is vital which is linked to
Running–walking test for 12 minutes.
the activity of biological and change regular with
In the light of statistical analysis used by the
short and long term and increasingly through or
researchers appeared to have a set of results will be
minus physical activity in humans, and that as a result
dealt with, respectively, as follows, the results of the
of technical progress, the massive live it rights now
differences between the variables of physical fitness
associated with paced dynamic evolution of the
and emotional and mental health according to the
rhythm of contemporary life and Alttoralhail that
phases of the rhythm is vital, as it was put description
occurred in the transport and communications
and statistical values (v) calculated for the test (50) m
technology has become the rhythm of human more
The differences between the stages of rhythm is vital /
speed, which led to increased human effort and the
to measure a speed of transition, and explained the
short rest periods and instability and the transition
description and statistical values (v) calculated to test
between noise and quiet in the human race to
the (long jump of stability / m and the differences
Tauferaid material and this has become the largest
between the stages of rhythm is vital for the
bio-rhythm more vital to man (Abu Alklamamed,
measurement of explosive power, as was illustrated
1997.393).
description and statistical values (v) calculated for the
test (sit from lying down / repeat) of the stages of
This has touched many coaches that their athletes
rhythm is vital to measure Mtaulp force characterized
achieve outstanding results in specific periods and
by the speed of the muscles of the abdomen, were
down these results in other periods, despite the
similarity of the circumstances surrounding Bhola
players and all of these indicators prompted
Almtakchin to see the reality of this phenomenon and
reached the that there is different waves depending on
activity, so the Trainers can take advantage of courses
rhythm vital in determining the degree of pregnancy
training and size as it gives coaches militancy high
when high biological activity physical fitness of the
player and reduce it down this activity, including the
sessions of paced dynamic is different in duration so
it may vary the levels that can be achieved and that
Nbarzahmip on the subject studied comparison of the
bio-physical patterns of rhythm between the players
short distances and long games at the arena and the
field.
Problem:
Since the curves paced dynamic monthly
determined according to the number of days,
consisting of each session of its various sessions, so
the every curve of these curves, two positive and the
other negative, and since rhythm is vital influence in
the vitality of the individual, so the rise and fall in the
levels of performance from race to other places, many
questions on this phenomenon by the trainer on the
performance of players, in order to control for
individual differences through courses physical
rhythm and vital knowledge of rhythm, positive
sessions and exploited for the development of levels
of achievement as well as to detect the rhythm and
negative treatment and help trainers to fill the gap if it
appears at some of the players, and Hana highlight
the problem of the research is vital in determining the
rhythm and the positive and negative diagnosis
service for achievement in sports and athletics field.
Target of Search:
Detect the physicalϖ abilities of the rhythm of the
vital players in the short and long distances in track
and field games. Detection p differencesϖ through
physical abilities in the level of achievement of the
short and long distances in track and field games.
Research Hypotheses:
Individuals achieveϖ their birthdays on the day of
the highest level in the physical abilities of the
rhythm is vital.
There are significantϖ differences between the
physical abilities and the level of achievement of the
short and long distances in track and field games.
Areas of Research:
99
Domain urinary: a sample of players short distances
and long for the Games track and field temporal
domain: the period from 07/24/2010 until 08/28/2010
Spatial domain: the outside courts for the athletics
events and the field
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Theoretical studies
Concept of bio-rhythm
(Rhythm is vital for the word composed of two
words Igriqitin (Bio Bio, which means Aalehiap, and
Rzm Rhythm and meaning-cyclical), a science that
studies the biological cycles characteristic of the
nature of all living organisms, Scientists have proven
that the human adapt to the effects of rhythm dynamic
daily, weekly, monthly, yearly and multi-year natural
factors, The change responses around (100), and
physiological function of the organs of the human
body, and Aigtasralaiga vital to a mere change in the
level of efficiency of the organs of the body over a
full day, but extends to include periods of time may
be longer or shorter, including rhythm vital all
configurations of human biological, psychological
and social) (Shalaby, 2000.182)
Overview of the Rhythms of Life
The life that we live and which continue to
sequence a regular day and night and the earth's
rotation around the sun and repeat the four seasons
and sequencing is a sessions of rhythmic and this
whole is reflected in the growth rates of trees, plants
and all other aspects of life, and from within the
rhythms of life repeated always is the case of tidal
The moon re-emerge each (25 hours) and periods of
pregnancy for females (9) months, and most women
have menstrual cycle each (28) days. note that there
are specific changes regularly in humans, starting
from body building and even mental performance and
capricious affect more than (100) The function and
structural factor. The renewal of the skin (Skin
Remens) per se occur especially in the middle of the
night and four in the morning, and a peak of activity
representative of the liver (Metubotie ablitypeak
Liver) reaches its peak before or after the sun directly,
and may be more sessions known as the session
associated with the earth's rotation on its axis, which
produce them day and night (dark and light), a
session of repetitive daily) (Shalaby, 2000.183).
"All the fluctuations of the level of a phenomena
on Earth occurring rhythmic, and the cosmic energy
with the ground a significant impact on all living
things, and that the biggest impact of the sun be when
increasing the amount of palms solar (*) and
biological factors in the external nature of concurrent
can that includes all of the strong currents of the
particles loaded with energy, radio waves,
radioactive, infrared, and ultraviolet radiation, all of
this is emitted directly from the sun. This part of both
the gravity and radiation on the moon, and the
synchronization of rhythms vital and compatibility
with the rhythms of nature of terrestrial and cosmic
occur by electromagnetic factors, as well as the nature
of the land has made it surrounded by magnetic
attraction magnetic force that in itself is the most
important factors connected solar influences to the
earth. " (Pike, Omar, 1994.26-37)
100
Fifty‐physical
23
(23) days
Fifty‐emotional
28
Sessions of dynamic rhythm
The cyclical rhythms are the recipe is very basic
to the physiology of humanity and human behavior,
there are courses biological in living organisms, as
some are very simple and easy to recognize and there
are very complex many details and this complexity
called scientists, thinkers and researchers to attempt
to draw the nature of the natural cycles of the human
person.
"The pioneers of rhythm is vital, who began to
deepen the theory and the development of the basics
of it, and reach a resolution, and stand on the results
that have been applied to study they always tend to
the same results, hence the theory of rhythm and vital,
which provides content (that human activity is subject
physical, emotional and mental cycles three
frequency (23.28, 33) days in a row". (Neutaver &
Frevbenthaler, 1995, p 11)
"There is a fourth session was added for the three
sessions I discovered recently is intuitive session and
length (38) days." (Httpi: / / WWW geocities, 2002,
p. 1)
The sessions of the rhythm bio starts on the date
and start these courses from scratch or from a line
start, it gradually increases to reach the summit in the
activity of these courses and then return these tunes
back to the line start and down to a minimum of
activity when they reach this session to the bottom,
and vary in height in these rhythms and declines on
from one person to another and repeated all these
courses and to all persons, as shown in figures (1) and
(2).
+ 0 Fig (1) Shows the courses of physical (P), emotional (E)
and mental (I), which starts since the day of birth. (Gold et
al, 1995.21)
Mental session (mental) (33) days
33
Fig. (2) Shows the three sessions and the number of days in
each cycle (Http: / / WWW. Gecties. Com, 2002, p.2).
There are those who "refers to the rhythms bio
appeared in the configuration before the birth of the
child, is the rhythm is vital for the mother is the main
source of rhythm is vital to the child, therefore, the
future of tunes vital to the child depends on those
tunes that formed during his time in the womb of the
mother, and after 24 weeks must that the child can
distinguish voice of the mother, father and other
sounds. (Abdel-Fattah, Hassanein, 1997.401)
The sports field of the most important areas in
which they were applied theories of rhythm and vital
became the coach now knows when a match or
tournament is organized by the daily life of the athlete
so that the rhythm is vital at the highest level in time
for the competition, and it is very useful to change the
dates for training to become timing of the competition
itself, so get used to the rhythm of the body to these
times, as it turns out that the organization of rhythm is
vital daily sports helped him to sleep on a regular
basis and directed activity required in a timely
manner, and helps to lead the digestive system to
work at certain times during mealtimes, this
regulation alone achieves of the athlete the best
conditions for the organization of his training.
"(Abdel-Fattah, Hassanein, 1997.418-419)
"And applied the theories of rhythm is vital in
many countries, was used as Switzerland kart
dynamic (Card - Bio) and calculator (Bio Colculter)
as it was used this theory in the airline Swiss, when
the pilot or his assistant are going through days of
critical not allowed to fly these days . In Japan,
applied the theory of rhythm is vital by the
availability of computer automation, has won the
Japanese graphics are cheap and clear curves rhythm
dynamic has been used by many companies to control
the rate of accidents, including transport companies,
aviation, and insurance companies to reduce the
accident rates for our customers." (Http://WWW.
Realrunes. Com. 2002, internet)
Cycle rhythm for a period of physical (23) days
The course introduces the physical "as any
phenomenon related to the physical condition of the
individual energy and different motor skills, as well
as the physical elements which is also the maximum
energy can be made by the individual" (Bastawisi,
1990.466).
This rhythm includes the physical strength and
stamina and energy, resistance to disease, during the
first quarter of the session (11.5) on the first can be
likened to ordering a battery is working to give
energy, and all systems are in their maximum, as
there is better coordination and greater resistance to
disease and, in general conditions of physical best
characterized the first half of the session, the
individual is willing to work hard for longer periods
of time, during (11.5) on the second of this session,
then it seems like the battery charge status, and have a
sense of the individual in most cases is decreasing in
biotechnology, and athletes For example, they are
vulnerable to low level at this time, and most of the
time they are not at the same level of effectiveness as
they are in the first half, which is positive in the days
of the session. Individuals who are in good conditions
you must expect problems in the course of their days
negative, but they will be exposed simply a drop in
potential physical and it helps to see half a cycle,
which occurs when the recharge of the session
physical as a negative contrast of the first half of the
session, which will be very active.
The attention and care during the negative cycle of
the physical should not be in most cases effective
agents for the individual.
If the individual is in very good conditions, there
will be problems in general, but only during the
critical days of the session, any time that the change
in the rhythm of vital positive to negative and from
negative to positive, and this sudden change in the
rhythm of the physical is not fixed and unexpected .
(Shalaby, 2000.188)
Studies similar
101
deviation and standard-class amended. and shown the
search results match the rhythm is vital for the two
physically and mentally for the players with regard to
the number of days the two sessions and the rise and
fall with the rhythm-based bio by computer as well
there was a difference in physical ability as it
appeared that physical and mental ability to be the
best in today's zero-day critical and there was a
difference in the secretion of the hormone (T3, T4)
and the catalyst for the hormone secretion of the
thyroid gland (TsH) and secreted from the pituitary
glands by the presence of significant differences of
the hormone at the top positive and bottom of the
physical cycle. (Jawad, 2002)
A Study of Azad Hassan unable 2003
"Dynamic rhythm of the sessions of physical,
emotional and mental health of the volleyball players
and its impact on the level of achievement"
This study aimed to identify courses of physical,
emotional and mental health of the vital rhythm of the
volleyball players, as well as to identify differences in
the level of achievement during the sessions of
physical, emotional and mental health. Reached the
sample (12) for the player "has been chosen
intentionally used the descriptive approach and
treated the data using software (SPSS) statistical
computer to identify the relationships and the
differences under discussion. And shown search
results that there is no divergence" in the curve
rhythm Dynamic Real-mail to the player with curve
rhythm is vital to the player learned from the results
of the tests, as well as there were differences
"significant in the rhythm of the vital sessions of
physical, emotional and mental health with the
achievement level of skill, and there was a correlation
significant at the rhythm is vital with the achievement
level of skill (Qadir, 2003).
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The researchers used a descriptive approach to
the suitability with the nature of the research problem.
The sample consists of (12) players from the
players club Arbil sports events in the short and long
distances were chosen the way intentional.
Study Mona Abdul Sattar Jawad 2002
"The relation between rhythm Bdortih vital physical
and mental accomplishment Sport"
Methods of collecting data:
The study aimed to determine the pace of the
sessions of variables is vital for middle-distance
runners and short and to identify the relationship
dynamic rhythm Bdortih physical and mental
accomplishment sports. Reached the sample (10)
runners, athletes applicants Barakd medium and short
distances. The researcher used the following
statistical means the arithmetic mean, standard
The researchers used the tests as a means of data
collection included the following:
Testing
Physical tests:
measuring the physical characteristics and mobility
have been reached through a series of physical tests
and motor to the experts (•) to choose the right ones
have been the adoption of tests that took place on the
70% minimum was chosen as the following tests:
3-3-1-1 physical tests included
A - test run (50 m) high from the beginning to
measure the speed of transition.
- Objective: To measure the speed the transition in
the running:
Tools: the space is suitable for testing a length of at
least (50) m and a width of at least (5) m and
preferably increase the distance to achieve safety
factors.
Method of performance:
Take laboratory standby mode from the beginning
of higher behind the starting line and when you give
the reference lab running at full speed until the finish
line
cut.
Registration: register for lab time (in seconds) that cut
the distance specified.
- Evaluating the test: Register test reliability
coefficient 0.80 and the coefficient of true coefficient
of 0.90 and 0.98 objective (Qasim and two others,
1989.80)
B - the long jump test of stability:
Objective test: A measure of explosive power in the
muscle of the two men to jump in front of Tools:A
tape measure and a place to bounce display (1.5) m
and a length not less than (3.5 m) and take into
account that the place is free of obstacles.
Method of performance: lab stands behind the
starting line and little feet are widely spaced and
parallel to comb the feet touching the starting line
from the outside. Start lab Bmrjehp arms back with
bent knees and lean forward slightly and then Balothb
forward to the maximum possible distance by
extending the knees and feet with payment weighted
arms forward.
Registration: The measurement from the starting
line until the last part of the body touch the ground on
the one hand this line, measured every attempt to the
nearest (5 cm), and given to the lab three attempts in a
row and calculated the degree of his best in these
attempts.
Calendar test:
Laboratories for testing truth (0.60) and reliability
coefficient (0.96) and coefficient of objective 0.96).
(Allawi and Radwan, 1982.93)
C - a test of the sit lie down two men for Flex (30)
seconds.
Objective test:
102
Featured measure muscular endurance of the
muscles of the abdomen as soon as
Tools used: Mat is placed on a flat surface with a
stopwatch Performance Method: lying laboratory on
his back on the rug and put hands behind the neck and
annexes Mtnian Upon hearing the signal to start the
lab bend the trunk to gain access to the sitting
position and then repeat it more possible through (30)
seconds and is a fellow of the Laboratory installed the
feet of the laboratory on the groundRegistration:
registered in the correct number of times through (30)
seconds.
D - a test run - for a walk (12 minutes).
- The purpose of the test: measuring the efficiency
of the league and respiratory organs.
- Tools: stopwatch, whistle, and a playground for
the Games track and field or any space or any flat
piece of land.
- Method of performance: take the laboratory
standby mode behind the line to start, and when
giving a signal to start the jogging and walking for
more possible number of courses around the pitch and
duration (12) minutes at a time until its timer
Beseverth the end of the scheduled time and then a
government record the number of courses and parts of
the course close to
- To the nearest (10 m).
- Recording mode: The timer will launch the test of
time and the end of Besavrp timer, the timer and then
declare the rest of the time on the laboratory from
time to time, shall be entitled to the laboratory when
walking feels in need is necessary to do so.
- Evaluating the test: For the test reliability
coefficient (0.64), and coefficient of sincerity
(0.9 (Allawi, Radwan, 1982:215)
Exploratory experiment:
In order to identify the extent to which the sample
to apply the vocabulary test and know the mechanism
of action and application, the researchers conducted
experiment reconnaissance (4) players from the
players short distances and long, and the application
of the tests that were selected by experienced and
competent mentioned previously and the aim was to
what the following:
1 - to know the time it takes for the testing and
implementation.
2 -Identify the extent to understand and
accommodate students for the vocabulary tests.
3 -make sure of the validity of the instruments used
in the main experiment.
4 - Identifying the difficulties and disadvantages
that may be encountered when a researcher for the
purpose of the tests exceeded.
5 - Knowing the number of team members who
may need assistant researcher.
how to implement the action steps:
After taking the information from the members of
the sample and the history of birth (day, month, year)
information has been entered this to program your
rhythm is vital to the computer and, as in Figure (13).
And who can provide us with indicators (physical).
As we get the relative values of the desired day of the
month, including days, adopted by the researcher.
- Christmas Day.
- On the summit.
- On down to the start line.
- On down to the bottom.
- Ascension Day to the start line
It complements the test sample and the required
variables are independent of this indicator and this
means that each student will be exposed for five days
for this indicator and five Ashreoma of the three
curves.
The trial began with the President in 24/7/2010
according to the conditions of scientific tests, it was
physical testing has been followed researchers in the
conduct of physical tests the following order, which
includes the first day only
(Christmas Day): Speed (50) m
Mtaulp abdominal muscles
The rest of the tests were conducted on the second
day,
namely:
broad jump
Mtaulp circulatory system respiratory
- This was followed by testing individually and
according to the website each day of measurement
on the three curves marked by a computer
automated according to the program by
(Mohammad Omar Sabri, 1990).
- The researcher has identified the time of
measurement day at ten in the morning and
continued the tests until the last member of the
sample as of 28/08/2010.
-
Statistical treatments:
- Data were treated statistically using the program
(spss), which addresses all of these data.
IV.CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions:
In the end, the researchers reached the following:
1.
• There are significant differences between the
physical abilities (speed, explosive power, Mtaulp
muscle strength, cardiovascular respiratory Mtaulp)2.
between the players short and long distances.
103
• the absence of significant differences between the
five stages of dynamic rhythm in Mngeranasr speed
of an enemy (50 m) from the beginning, flying short
distances
five stages of dynamic rhythm in Mngeranasralqop
explosive of the two men of the long jump test of
stability in the short distances • the absence of
significant differences between the five stages of
dynamic rhythm in Mngeranasr Mtaulp muscle
strength testing of sitting through a prone (30)
seconds short distances.
five stages of dynamic rhythm in Mngeranasr Mtaulp
circulatory system - testing of respiratory ran - for a
walk (12 minutes)
five stages of dynamic rhythm in Mngeranasr speed
of an enemy (50 m) from the beginning, flying short
distances
five stages of dynamic rhythm in Mngeranasralqop
explosive of the two men of the long jump test of
stability
in
the
short
distances
muscle strength testing of sitting through a prone (30)
seconds
short
distances.
circulatory system - testing of respiratory ran - for a
walk (12 minutes).
Recommendations:
• taking into account the dynamic rhythm cycles
in the distribution of degrees of pregnancy to training
so that they are high intensity and high volume during
the summit stage and severity of low-lying during the
start line.
• The use of bio-rhythm curves in the evaluation
of cases of physical players when approving
participation in competitions.
• The need to take into account the biological
nature of the unit in stages (day of birth, the summit,
drop a line to the initiate) in view of the relative
superiority of a number of links and realized that in
the process of testing and sports training.
• coverage of the curriculum in colleges of
education mathematical concepts of rhythm is vital
for use in education, training and evaluation.
• Conduct a similar study dealing with
specialized samples of certain types of sporting
activities and procedures of the study itself
REFERENCES
Shalaby, Elham Mohammed⎫ Ismail (2000): the basics of general
public health and health education for sport, Helwan University,
Faculty of Education, Sport for Girls, Cairo.
Albeck, Ali Fahmi⎫ Sabri, Omar (1994): Dynamic rhythm and
athletic achievement, facility knowledge, Alexandria.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
104
Abdel-Fattah, Aboul-Ela⎫ and Hassanein, Mohamed Sobhi (1997)
Physiology and morphology of sports and methods of measurement
and calendar, i 1, House of the Arab Thought, University of
Helwan, Cairo.
Ahmed, Bastawisi⎫ (1999): the foundations and theories of sports
training, House of the Arab Thought, Cairo
Moufarrej, conciliator⎫ Shafiq (1999): digit level and some
physiological variables to the swimmers, unpublished Master
Thesis, University of Jordan.
Bernard Ginelson: biorhythm a personal science, sixth Edition,
Future publications, London, 1990.
Neutaver& Frevbenthaler , 1995,P 11
.http://wwwgeocities com./Atens. A cropolis, 8756/biotalk. Html.
2002. Homl/p.1-2. (internet).
http://www.Realrunes.com/bio.htm/new
deas
thories
and
approaches,biorhythms,2002,(internet)
Journal of Sports Scienceand Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 105
ACUTE EFFECTS OF HYPOHYDRATION ON MUSCLE ANAEROBIC
PEAK POWER AND STRENGTH
Mohamed Nashrudin Naharudin, Mohd Zulfadli Zahir, Norazmi Ramliy, Ashril Yusof
University of Malaya, Sport Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract - Introduction: It is common knowledge that
adequate hydration is necessary to maintain high
performance especially in prolonged exercises. Many
researchers have reported there was significant
reduction in endurance performance due to lack of
body water. However, the effects of hydration status
on short term-high intensity activity have not been
widely studied. Purpose: We aim to investigate the
effect of different levels of hypo-hydration on muscle
anaerobic peak power and strength. We hypothesized
that hypo-hydration status will have detrimental
effect on muscle anaerobic performance. Methods:
Thirty two (n=32) subjects consented for this study
(age; 22.35 ± 1.43, weight; 70.85 ± 1.33 kg; and
height; 1.69 ± 0.05 m), and were grouped into control
(euhydrated), 2, 3 and 4 % (2H, 3H, and 4H). The
weighing method was employed to determine
different hypo-hydration levels before and after
undergone sauna at 40 oC with humidity of 20 %.
Peak anaerobic (APP) performance was determined
using Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) and strength
using 1 RM test. Results and Conclusions: Our results
show that there were significant (p < 0.05) reduction
in APP (post-pre) in the 3H (-49.56 ± 13.37 W)
compared to control (7.70 ± 8.45 W), and an increase
in 1 RM (post-pre) in the 4H (3.88 ± 1.20 kg)
compared to control (0.58 ± 0.39 kg). Interestingly
we also observed that there was a progressive
reduction in APP in 2H and 3H respectively, however
thereafter in the 4H there was no significant change
observe compared to control; on the other hand the
4H showed a significant improvement in muscular
strength.
Keywords: Hypohydration, Dehydration, Hydration,
Anaerobic, Strength.
I. INTRODUCTION
Do different level of hydration affects athlete’s
performance? Is there any certain level of water that
can impair anaerobic and strength (short term ≤ 30
second) performance or can we call as hydration
threshold? Or do certain level of hypo hydration
beneficial for short term less than 30 second
performance?
Hydration is one of the factors that contribute to
skeletal muscle performance. Previous researches
indicated that hypohydration during prolonged
endurance exercise was the main reason of fatigue
and decreased in aerobic performance. The slightest
dehydration can contribute to the decline in metabolic
efficiency [1]. Water is the medium for various
enzymatic and chemical reactions in the body. It
moves nutrients, hormones, antibodies and oxygen
through the blood stream and lymphatic system. The
proteins and enzymes in our body function more
efficiently in solutions of low viscosity. Beside an
important substance in metabolic process, water is
important for lubricating athlete’s muscles and joints
[2]. Noticeable muscle aches/pains/cramps can occur
from the slightest bit of dehydration and become
debilitating as dehydration becomes more severe.
Hypo-hydration
Hypo-hydration (a body water deficit) is a
common consequence of sport. It may be used
purposely by athletes in weight-class sports such as
weight lifting. The effect of hypo-hydration on
anaerobic exercise performance is often measured
using a single-bout Wingate Test or similar
supramaximal cycle ergometer test [3], but body
mass-dependent tests like the vertical jump and track
[4] or treadmill sprinting have also been used. It is
also known that similar levels of hypo-hydration
attained using passive heat exposure, exercise, or
diuretic administration can produce different effects
on exercise performance. Therefore, the purpose of
this study is to compare anaerobic and strength
performances at different levels of hydration. Hypohydration appears to consistently satisfy strength,
suggesting alteration in total body water affect some
aspect of muscles force generation.
Muscle Strength
More fluid inside the muscle cell, the larger the
muscle cell will be and muscle tissue is approximately
70 % of water [2]. Increasing fluid volume just a few
percent can have a big impact on muscle size, tone,
strength and theoretically protein and amino acid
turnover. Although some variability exists, more than
two-thirds of uninfluenced results show negative
effects, suggesting that 3-4 % hypo-hydration reduces
muscular strength by approximately 2 % [5].
II. METHODS
Subject: Thirty two, physically fit college male
athletes (n = 32), with 21–25 year of age consented
for this study and was randomly assigned to group 1
(2H), 2 (3H), group 3 (4H) and control group (EU).
Preliminary Procedure: All subjects were being
brief and given several practice sessions to familiarize
with the experimental procedures. In the morning on
the day of testing subject’s were required asked to
consume enough water to remain euhydrated which
Journal of Sports Scienceand Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 was determined using Body Impendence Analysis
(BIA).
Dehydration Procedure: Body weight loss
method was used in estimating hypohydration level in
this study [6]. Prior to the process of dehydration,
subject’s semi nude body weight were recorded
(euhydrated body weight). Once weighed, the athletes
then were asked to enter into the sauna (40oC with
humidity of 20 %) for 15 minutes [7]. Then, subject’s
body weight was measured again and hydration level
checked using BIA. The process was repeated until
the desired level was achieved. The Equation 1 was
used the calculated the percentage loss [7].
[(Body Weight before – Body Weight after)/Body
Weight Before] x 100%
(Equation 1)
After undergoing the process of dehydration,
subjects will perform strength testing protocol using
the 1RM and Anaerobic testing using the Wingate
test protocol.
Bench Press One Rep Max Procedure: For 1 RM
testing, Bench Press method for determining
muscular was chosen using the method described by
Adams [8]. Ideally, subject’s 1 RM was reached
within five trials and if more attempts needed,
subjects should be rested on the other day [9].
Wingate Anaerobic Test Procedures: The
Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) protocol has five
distinct time periods which are warming up, recovery
interval, acceleration period, Wingate Test and cool
down period. The warming up includes 5 minutes of
low to moderate intensity pedaling at about 50 to 60
rpm, interspersed by four or five all out sprints of 4-6
second duration, the sprints should progressively
increase in resistance for the Wingate Test is reached
[8, 10]. The recovery interval between the end of the
warming up and the beginning of the Wingate Test
should not be less than 2 minutes or more than 5
minutes after the warming up period. The activity
during the recovery interval may consist of simply
resting while seated on the bike or pedaling at a
minimal resistance. The acceleration period starts
with the subject paddling with hundred percent efforts
without any resistance. Once reached at the maximal
repetition, subject pressed the button to drop out loads
that have been calculated before. Starting from this
moment, subject continued paddling with same effort
until 30 second.
Statistical analysis: For anaerobic peak power
and 1RM analysis, comparison between each group’s
delta changes between pre test and post test were
being done using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post
hoc test.
106
It is observed that there were significant difference
between BW Pre and Post for 2H, 3H and 4H (p <
0.5) However, there is no significant difference for
EU group (p = -0.73).
Table 2 shows all scores for Anaerobic Peak
Power and muscular strength (1RM) for each group
pre and post test. In this study, results show that there
were significant reduction in APP (post-pre) in the
3H (-49.56 ± 13.37 W) compared to control (7.70 ±
8.45 W). This data notify that in 3H level, subjects in
this group experienced in anaerobic fatigue. For
muscular strength an increase in 1 RM (post-pre) in
the 4H (3.88 ± 1.20 kg) compared to control (0.58 ±
0.39 kg) were observed. As shown in Figure 2, it is
observe that towards greater percentage of
hypohydration subjects seem to increase their
muscular strength performance and finally at the
stage of 4H, significant changes were obtain
compared to EU.
Table 1: Statistics descriptive of mean and standard
deviation for subject’s characteristics
III. RESULTS
Subject’s Characteristics: Table 1 shows the
characteristics of mean ± SD for subject’s age, height,
and body weight (BW) before and after dehydration.
Journal of Sports Scienceand Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Table 2: Means and Standard Deviation for All
Variables.
Figure 1 shows the Anaerobic Peak Power (APP)
difference post-pre test.
* Denotes significant
between EU and 3H (p < 0.05).
One
1RM
RM(Post
(Post-Pre)
-Pre)
*
* Figure 2: This Graph shows the 1 Repetition
Maximum (RM) difference post – pre test. * denotes
significant between EU and 4 % Hypohydration p <
0.05 (one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test)
Anaerobic Peak Power (Post -Pre)
* *
IV. DISCUSSION
107
increased active muscle mass and/or altered muscle
efficiency. An association between anaerobic capacity
and active muscle volume or mass should exist,
because anaerobic energy is released within the active
musculature and is not dependent on oxygen supply
[11].
In our study we get to compare water
euhydration and hypohydration on muscle strength
and
anaerobic
performance.
The
data
demonstrated
that
relatively
modest
hypohydration (-2.7 %) as a result of exerciseinduced dehydration (EID), significantly impairs
sport performance [12]. Furthermore, anaerobic
performance has been shown to be negatively
affected by hypohydration; however, the method
by which hypohydration is achieved seems to be
of greater importance than the actual degree of
water deficit [13]. A reduction in anaerobic
performance is likely to occur when exercise
together with exposure to a hot environment is
employed as the dehydration method [14]. There
seems to be a compensatory mechanism when the
body is hypohydrated to sustain muscular
performance. This is similar to previous findings
where regimented weight loss was shown to
increase body composition and muscle strength. In
contrast some studies have shown no changes or
slight reduction in muscle strength following
hypohydration procedures. From our study it is
suggested that hypo-hydration may benefit certain
sporting events which require single maximal
muscle contraction, however may not be strategic
for prolonged anaerobic exercises.
V. CONCLUSION
There are many scientific reports which
supported our result that have examined the
influences of hypohydration on endurance
exercise performance, many fewer have quantified
the effects of reduced total body water on strength,
power or short-duration bouts of maximal
muscular activity. Those few studies successfully
isolating the influence of total body water from
other confounding factors (e.g. caloric restriction
or increased body temperature) produce mixed
results: some show that hypohydration decreases
performance [15], while others show that
hypohydration has little effect [16]. This study had
shown that hypohydration increase strength in
isometric muscle contraction which may help
power athletes in improving their performance. In
contrast, anaerobic performance seemed to
decrease which may not be beneficial to sprint
athletes.
The mechanism responsible for the increase in
one repetition maximal with an increase in bench
press is unknown but has been hypothesized to reflect
Journal of Sports Scienceand Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 108
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A lot of thanks to my supervisor Dr Ashril Yusof, my
parent Mr. Naharudin Musa and Mrs. Kamarul
Ashikin Muhd Piah and last but not least to my best
friend Mohamad Hassim Mohd Khazan. Allah blesses
all of us. Jazakallahukhair.
9.
10.
11.
REFFERENCES
12.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Scott JM, Sinclair AS, Ralph, PM, Garry PZ, Ferenc AJ and
Michael N.S. Hypohydration effects on skeletal muscle
performance and metabolism: a 31P-MRS study. Retrieved on
Springer link database. 2 April 15, 2009.
Powers SK and Howleys ET (2007). Exercise Physiology: Theory
and Application to Fitness and Performance 6th Ed.
Jacobs, I. (1980). The effects of thermal dehydration on
performance of the Wingate Anaerobic Test. Journal of Sports
Medicine. 1, 21–24.
Watson G, Judelson DA and Armstrong LE (2005). Influence of
diuretic-induced dehydration on competitive sprint and power
performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 37: 1168-74.
Daniel W, Luc JC van-Lun, and Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbe.
(2007). Thermoregulation during Exercise in the Heat Strategies
for Maintaining Health and Performance. Journal of Sport
Medicine 37 (6); 649-682.
King, RFGJ, Cooke, CS, Carroll, S, and O'Hara, J. (2008).
Estimating changes in hydration status from changes in body mass:
Considerations regarding metabolic water and glycogen storage.
Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(12), 1361-1363.
Scott JM, Sinclair AS, Ralph, PM, Garry PZ, Ferenc AJ and
Michael N.S. Hypohydration effects on skeletal muscle
performance and metabolism: a 31P-MRS study. Retrieved on
Springer link database. 2 April 15, 2009.
Adams, GM, & Beam, WC. (2008). Exercise Physiology
Laboratory Manual (5 ed.). New York: Mc Graw Hill.
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Wilmore, J. H., and Costill, D. L. (1988). Training for
sport and activity. Dubuque. IA: Wm. C. Brown.
McKeena et al. (1987). Test of anaerobic power and
capacity. Australian journal of Science and Medicine in
Sports. 19, 13-17.
Sloniger MA, Cureton KJ, Prior BM, Evans EM.
(1997). Anaerobic capacity and muscle activation
during horizontal and uphill running. Journal Applied
Physiology, 83: 262-269.
Lamb DR, Gisolfi CV. (1990). Fluid Homneostasis
during Exercise. Endianapolis: Cooper, pp. 1-31.
Magal MMJ, Webster LE, Sistrunk MT, Whitehead RK,
Evans J, Boyd C. (2003). Comparison of Glycerol and
Water Hydration Regimens on Tennis-Related
Performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 35, No. 1,
pp. 150-156.
Nielsen B, Kubica R, Bonnesen A, Rasmussen IB,
Stoklosa J, Wilk B. (1981). Physical work capacity after
dehydration and hyperthermia. Scandinavian Journal of
Sports Science, 3: 2—10.
Schoffstall JE, Branch JD, Leuholtz BC, Swain DP.
(2001). Effects of dehydration and rehydration on the
onerepetition maximum bench press of weight-trained
males. J Strength Cond Res 15:102–8.
Cheuvront SN, Carter R, Haymes EM, Sawka MN
(2006). No effect of moderate hypohydration or
hyperthermia on anaerobic exercise performance. Med
Sci Sports Exerc; 38:1093-7.
Corresponding author:
Author: Mohamed Nashrudin Naharudin
Institute:Sport Center, University of Malaya
Street: Lembah Pantai
City: Kuala Lumpur
Country: Malaysia
Email: nesh_1211perdanamail.com
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 109
ADOLESCENTS EXERCISE BEHAVIOR AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SELFEFFICACY
Kim, Y. H., Na, S.J., Kang, S.J.
Department of Sport Sciences, Seoul National University of Science and Technolog
Abstract- The present study examined adolescents’
exercise behavior and revealed the differences in
self-efficacy by the stages of exercise behavior. 228
students (male: 111, female: 117) randomly selected
from 3 junior high schools were surveyed. All
participants in the age cohort were 14–16years old
(M = 15.72 years, SD = 1.80). Two Korean-version
questionnaires were used to identify the stage of
exercise behavior and self-efficacy of adolescents.
The results indicated that the exercise pattern of
Korean adolescents were different by each stage of
exercise behavior: Precontemplation (n=37, 16.9%),
Contemplation (n=38, 17.0%), Preparation (n=49,
21.0%), Action (n=65, 29.0%), and Maintenance
(n=39, 17.2%). In addition, the results indicated that
self-efficacy were significantly different across the
stages of exercise behavior. Exercise self-efficacy
gradually increased from the Precontemplation
through the Maintenance stages. This study has the
potential to influence the development of better
exercise interventions and health promotion
programs for adolescents.
Keywords- Exercise, Self-efficacy, Adolescent
I. INTRODUCTION
Physical activity in adolescence is an important
public health issue and regular participation in
physical activity for adolescents can enhance their
physical, psychological and social well-being [1].
Nevertheless, there is an alarming trend of physical
inactivity occurring in many countries, and the
adolescents we see each day in our society are a part
of it. While the evidences are clear that physical
activity is good for adolescents' health, few
adolescents are able to realize the benefits of being
physically active because few adolescents engage in
physical activity on a regular basis. To improve our
limited understanding of physical activity behavior
change, promotion and retention process, researchers
in the area of health and exercise psychology have
recently begun to examine physical activity using
theories from the behavioral sciences [2]. One
promising theory is the Stage of Change Model
(SCM) in exercise [3].
The Stages of Change Model (SCM) describes
intentional health behavior adoption and maintenance
as a process that occurs over time as a function of
behavioral history and motivation. Exercise
researchers have applied the SCM to better
understand the shift from predictive to process
models of exercise behavior change and to apply
interventions tailored to stage of motivational
readiness [4].
The SCM consisted of the five stages of exercise
behavior change: (1) Precontemplation (individuals
are physically inactive and do not intend to initiate an
exercise within the next 6 months), (2)
Contemplation (individuals are physically inactive
and intend to begin regular exercise within the next 6
months), (3) Preparation (individuals are irregularly
active below a criterion level (three or more times
per week for at least 30 min. each time), (4) Action
(individuals have been regularly active for less than 6
months), and (5) Maintenance (individuals have
sustained regular exercise for more than 6 months
after initial exercise) [5].
Self-efficacy construct shown to be associated with
exercise participation and can be imbedded with the
SCM for exercise. Self-efficacy is one's perceived
confidence in the ability to carry out a specific
behavior successfully. An individual's efficacy is
situation specific and may vary in relation to personal
circumstances (i.e., sickness, change in schedule [6].
A large volume of research has generally shown
that self-efficacy increase from the precontemplation
stage to the maintenance stage of exercise behavior
[7].
In this regard, on a basis of the SCM, adolescents’
exercise behavior in the western cultures has
frequently been identified. However, the same level
of research has not been focused on the Korean
adolescent populations. The purposes of the present
study were to determine the proportion of Korean
adolescents in each of the five exercise stages as
defined by the SCM and to reveal the differences in
self-efficacy by the stages of exercise behavior.
II. METHODS
Subjects
A total of 228 secondary school students were
randomly recruited into this study. In the initial stage,
250 students gave their consent to participate in the
study. Of those, 228 students (90.8%; male: 111,
female: 117) completed the survey form. The
remaining 23 (9.2%) were disqualified because they
failed to complete the survey form. All participants
in the age cohort were 14– 16years old (M = 15.72
years, SD = 1.80). The exercise behavior distribution
for the study participants was classified into 5 stages
on a basis of stage of change construct:
precontemplation (106, 46.5%), contemplation (17,
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 7.5%), preparation (80, 35.1%), action (21, 9.2%),
and maintenance (4, 1.8%).
Table 1 Stages of Exercise behavior Distribution
Instruments
For the exercise behavior of adolescents, Stages of
Exercise Behavior Change Questionnaire, developed
by Marcus, Selby, Niaura, and Rossi was translated
into Korean, and used in the study [5]. In this
questionnaire, stage of exercise behavior change was
assessed using 5-item, dichotomous scale (yes/no)
related to regular exercise behavior and intentions
(Marcus, Selby, Niaura, & Rossi, 1992). Individuals
were categorized into one of five stages of exercise
behavior change described previously. Pilot test
results using the Korean-version questionnaire
indicated that Cronbach α was .85 for internal
consistency.
Exercise Self-efficacy Scale, developed by Bandura
(1997) was revised for the Korean sample and used
in this study [8]. The revised exercise self-efficacy
scale consisted of 18 items with a 100-point scale
ranging in 10-unit intervals from 0 (cannot do)
through intermediate degrees of assurance such as 50
(moderately certain can do) to complete assurance,
100 (certain can do) (Shin et al., 2001). Two weeks
test-retest γ for the Korean version of exercise selfefficacy scale was .86.
III. RESULTS
Stages of exercise behavior for adolescents
Table 1 shows the result of the frequency analysis
concerning the stages of exercise behavior
distribution in the adolescents. The following stages
of exercise behavior change emerged overall:
Precontemplation (n=37, 16.9%), Contemplation
(n=38, 17.0%), Preparation (n=49, 21.0%), Action
(n=65, 29.0%), and Maintenance (n=39, 17.2%).
Differences in self-efficacy by the stages of exercise
behavior
Table 2 illustrates the results of ANOVA to identify
the differences in self-efficacy of the adolescents by
the stages of exercise behavior. Overall, exercise
efficacy differentiated individuals at different stages
of change [F(4, 657)]=10.49, p<.001). Turkey's post
hoc tests revealed significant increases in exercise
self-efficacy from the Precontemplation through the
Maintenance stages. Interestingly, in most cases
individuals in the Precontemplation stage were
substantially different from those in all of the other
stages. A clear pattern emerged with individuals in
Precontemplation scoring the lowest and those in
Maintenance scoring the highest on the exercise selfefficacy.
110
Stages of exercise behavior
Case(n)
(%)
Precontemplation
37
16.9
Contemplation
38
17.0
Preparation
49
21.0
Action
65
29.0
Maintenance
39
17.2
Total
228
100.0
IV. DISCUSSION
The study identified that physical inactivity of
Korean adolescents could seriously affect their health
status in the future, considering the findings that
overall 54.5% of the sample reported being inactive
(Precontemplation or Contemplation) or exercise
irregularly (Preparation).
Table 2 Means and Standard Deviations on Exercise
Self-efficacy in Relation to Stage of Exercise
Behavior
Pairwise1
comparison
Stages of change
Var
PC
Self
effi
cac
y
C
28.78
31.63
(14.51) (17.32)
P
37.46
(16.90)
A
M
49.72 52.73
(20.3) (19.57)
F
10.4
9*
PC,
C,
P<M;
PC,
C<A
*P<.001. 1Mean differences for the Turkey HSD pairwise
comparisons. PC: Precontemplation; C: Contemplation;
P:Preparation; A:Action; M:Maintenance. Standard deviations are
in parentheses.
Wallace and Buckworth [9] supported this finding
and argued seriousness of physical inactivity in
adolescence, and reported that 52% of adolescents
did not exercise with no intention to initiate their
physical activity or participated in exercise on a
irregular basis.
The present study indicated that exercise selfefficacy
scores
were
lower
during
the
Precontemplation
and
Contemplation
stages
compared to the Action and Maintenance stages.
These findings are consistent with other research by
Wallace, Buckworth, Kirby, and Sherman [10]
demonstrating that self-efficacy scores for exercise
have been found to generally increase from
Precontemplation to Maintenance. This finding can
be explained that individuals with a high level of
confidence to engage in physical activity, even when
they are tired, in a bad mood, or have little time can
be seen as having high self-efficacy for exercise.
On the basis of these findings, this study provides
significant information, specifically information not
previously obtained on Korean adolescents'
exercise behavior change. For Korea, this study has
the potential to influence the development of better
exercise interventions and health promotion
programs for adolescents.
6. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise and control.
New York: W.H. Freeman.
7. Sarkin, J.A., Johnson, S.S., Prochaska, J.O., & Prochaska, J.M.
(2001). Applying the transtheoretical model to regular
moderate exercise in an overweight population: validation of a
stage of change measure. Preventive Medicine, 33, 462-469.
8. Shin, Y.H., Jang, H.J., & Pender, N.J. (2001). Psychometric
evaluation of the exercise self-efficacy scale among Korean
adults with chronic diseases. Research in Nursing and Health,
24, 68-76.
9. Wallace, L.S., & Buckworth, J. (2001). Application of the
transtheoretical model to exercise behavior among
nontraditional college students. American Journal of Health
Education, 32(1), 39-47.
10. Wallace, L.S., Buckworth, J., Kirby, T.E., & Sherman, W.M.
(2000). Characteristics of exercise behavior among college
students: Application of social cognitive theory to predicting
stage of change. Preventive Medicine, 31, 494-505
REFERENCES
1. Biddle, S.J.H., Sallis, J.F., & Cavill, N. (1998). Young and
active? Young people and health-enhancing physical activity:
Evidence and implications. London: Health Education
Authority.
2. Glanz, K., Lewis, F.M., & Rimer, B.K. (1997). Health behavior
and health education: Theory, research and practice, San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
3. Prochaska, J.O., & DiClemente, C.C. (1983). Stage and
processes of self change of smoking: Toward and integrative
model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51,
390-395.
4. Rodgers, W.M., Courneya, K.S., & Bayduza, A.L. (2001).
Examination of the transtheoretical model and exercise in 3
populations. American Journal of Health Behavior, 25(1), 3341.
5. Macus, B.H, Selby, V.C., Niaura, R.S., & Rossi, J.S. (1992).
Self-efficacy and the stage of exercise behavior change.
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 63(1), 60-66.
Corresponding author: Youngho Kim
Institute: Seoul National university of Science and Technology
Street: 172 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu
City: Seoul
Country: Korea S.
Email: yk01@snut.ac.kr
THE INFLUENCE OF LONG RANGE SHOOTING TRAINING TO 3-POINT
SHOOTING PERCENTAGE OF MALE COLLEGE BASKETBALL PLAYERS
Chen C. H.
Tamkang University/Office of Physical Education, Tamsui, Taiwan
Abstract — The purpose of this study is to explore
how the male college basketball players would be
adapting themselves in long range shooting training
load, to increase the percentage, efficiency and
stability of 3-point shooting. In this experiment, from
the different stages of training, the experimental data
presented, the test results and trend analysis, longdistance training group is better than 3-point group,
while the 3-point group was better than the control
group. When doing shooting training, lengthen the
distance and improve the adaptation of physiological
and psychological, breaking the rules has long been
attached to the training, and thus to achieve the goal
of field goal percentage.
I.INTRODUCTION
Basketball is a popular sport in the world. This
is evident from the audience level of NBA. Not only
a complete organization, but also technical needs,
tactic, agreement, experience and the potential for
contest is shown in a game (Chiou, 2001).
Hitting a jump shot in basketball is an amazing
accomplishment. Unlike in other far aiming tasks
(such as rifle shooting,pist ol shooting and archery),
the body is in full motion and,the distance to the
target is never exactly the same from one shot to the
next. Shooting is the basic way to get score in
basketball and for this reason it is the most frequently
used technical action (Hey, 1994). Several studies
have examined shooting technique at different
distances from the basket (e.g. Miller and Bartlett,
1993).
The jump shot is distinguished as the most
important of all the shooting actions (Hess, 1980).
Miller (1996) has discussed the relationship between
basketball shooting kinematics, distance and playing
position. Chin (2002) also analyzed the basketball
shooting of different distances and movements.
However, none has been done on the effect of
distances improvement on basketball shooting
accuracy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to
explore how the male college basketball players
would be adapting themselves in long range shooting
training load, to increase the percentage, efficiency
and stability of 3-point shooting.
II. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Participate
There were 18 males college basketball players
(average age: 21.78±2.64 years old; average height:
177.67± 5.06cm; average weight: 72.33± 6.74kg)
participated in this study, and these players were
divided in three groups: long range training group (8
meters); 3-point line training group (6.25meters); and
the control group according to the pre-test results.
2.2 Shooting Training
All of the groups were given shooting training
for 8 weeks (150 shots for each time, twice a week);
the mid-test was given at the end of the four weeks.
2.3 Data Collecte and Analysis
The data collected were processed and analyzed
using 2-way mixed design, 2-way repeated measure
ANOVAs and Trend Analysis with SPSS 10.0
(Windows Edition). The significant level was set for
α＝.05.
III. RESULTS
The finding of this study goes as follows:
3.1 Three different stages and different positions of
test hit rate
Table 1 shows the shooting percentage in
different tests is significantly different, and there is
interaction between different groups and tests
(p<.05), and the players in position 3 has higher
grades in the mid-test and the post-test than the pretest (p<.05).
3.2 Different stages between the three groups
differences in test scores at each position
Table 2 shows the shooting efficiency and
percentage of the 3-point group is significantly better
than control group , and the post-test of the 3-point
group in position 1 and 3 are significantly better than
the ones of control group (p<.05). The shooting
efficiency of long range group is better than control
group in post-test (p<.05).
3.3 Trend Analysis of 3 Point a Groups at different
stages and different positions.
Table 3 and 4 shows the ANOVA and Trend
Analysis of the 3-point group is significantly
different among testing period; and the players in
position 3 has higher grades in the mid-test and the
post-test than the pre-test (p<.05).
IV. DISSCUSSION
Either from the coach's ideas or the research of
Sports Biomechanics, innovative technology should
meet all the needs of match. Therefore, the training
mode must always be consistent with the
characteristics of competition. Because of the
tension, characteristics and intensity of competitions
are different with the opponent's preparation and the
environment, players must adjust the technical model
and game technology all the time. Technology can
not only applicable to normal and ideal competition
conditions, but also in a complex competition
environment can still be adjusted.
The experimental design is to increase the
training load to simulate the actual game, and explore
the effect on the training of 3-point shot field goal
percentage. From a biological point of view, training
is systematic training on athletes and applies load,
the results of the training make athletes get adaptive
changes in the formation of a biological
transformation process. It improves the function of
the body of the athletes, thus achieving the training
goa.l In this experiment, from the different stages of
training, the experimental data presented, the test
results and trend analysis, long-distance training
group is better than 3-point group, while the 3-point
group was better than the control group.
Table 1 Three different stages and different positions
of test hit rate statistics
Position 1
Position 2
Position 3
Shooting efficiency
Shooting average
pre-test
24.33 ± 8.04
22.50 ± 7.97
22.50 ± 4.46
69.33 ± 16.94
0.46 ± 0.12
Baseline group mid-test
25.33 ± 6.65
25.83 ± 8.13
21.67 ± 5.65
72.83 ± 19.50
0.44 ± 0.13
post-test
24.50 ± 4.72
26.17 ± 6.01
25.33 ± 6.31
76.00 ± 14.89
0.41 ± 0.10
pre-test
Long distance
mid-test
group
post-test
20.33 ± 3.50
24.50 ± 11.95
24.33 ± 6.22
69.17 ± 14.76
0.45 ± 0.10
19.33 ± 4.55
20.83 ± 3.43
20.00 ± 4.73
60.17 ± 8.33
0.51 ± 0.07
20.00 ± 4.69
16.83 ± 6.34
18.50 ± 4.51
55.33 ± 10.27
0.56 ± 0.10
0.45 ± 0.09
pre-test
21.50 ± 10.99
24.00 ± 10.75
24.00 ± 9.33
69.50 ± 13.94
3-point group mid-test
19.50 ± 5.32
18.00 ± 4.56
15.17 ± 2.79*
52.67 ± 6.92
0.58 ± 0.09
post-test
17.33 ± 3.88
23.17 ± 7.36
17.00 ± 4.65*
57.50 ± 12.72
0.54 ± 0.12
Table 2 Different stages between the three groups
differences in test scores at each position
Source
SS
df
MS
F
sig
Test of different stages
.166
2
.083
11.335
.003*
Position
.047
2
.023
.989
.406
Interaction
.109
4
.027
1.209
.338
.450
20
.023
Error（Test of different
stages×Position）
Table 3 3-Point a Groups at different stages and
different positions two factor dependent samples
Summary of ANOVA
Test group
Mid-test of 3-point
group
Post-test of 3-point
group
Post-test of long
distance group
Pre-test of baseline Mid-test of baseline
group
group
Post-test of baseline group
Position 3
Efficiency
Position 1
Position 3
Efficiency
Position 3
efficiency
Shooting
average
Position 1
Position 3
-7.33*
--
-20.17*
---
-10.17*
--
--23.33*
Shooting
average
---
--
--
--
--
--
0.17*
---
---
7.17*
--
-8.33*
---
---
efficiency
--
--
--
--
20.67*
--
Table 4 3-Point Groups at different stages and different positions Summary of Trend Analysis
Source
Test
Position
Linear trend
Linear trend
quadratic trend
Linear trend
quadratic trend
Linear trend
quadratic trend
Linear trend
quadratic trend
Test of different
stages
Position
Interaction
quadratic trend
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
MS
F
Sig.
.076
1
.076
.076
.018*
.091
.002
.045
.026
.030
.048
.005
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.091
.002
.045
.026
.030
.048
.005
.002
.791
.026
.030
.048
.005
.241
.212
.113
.753
REFERENCES
V. CONCLUSION
The distance of 3-point line that set up by FIBA is
expect the player to shoot outside the 3-point line.
But it only requires the shortest distance of 6.25
meters away from the basket, but don’t set up the
limit of farthest distance. Therefore, there should be
different thinking for shooting training: give up the
maximum profit, but also the most vulnerable
position, which is closest to the location of 3-point
line. When doing shooting training, lengthen the
distance and improve the adaptation of physiological
and psychological, breaking the rules has long been
attached to the training, and thus to achieve the goal
of field goal percentage.
df
SS
Tah-Tzong Chiou (2001). Techniques and Tactics of
Professional Basketball－Huang- Kao Elephant Team;
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, National college of
physical education and sports, Taipei,Taiwan.
Miller, S. A., & Bartlett, R. M（1993）. The effects of
increased shooting Kinematics, distance and playing
position. Journal of sport Sciences, 14, 285-293.
Hey, J. G. (1994). The Biomechanics of Sports Techniques.
(Englewood CliVs, NJ: Prentice-Hall).
Hess, C. (1980). Analysis of the jump shot. Athletic Journal,
61(3), 30 - 33, 37 - 38, 58.
MILLER, S. and BARTLETT, R. M. (1996). The
relationship between basketball shooting kinematics,
distance and playing position. Journal of Sports Sciences,14,
243 - 253.
Su-Li Chin (2002 ).The Analysis of Basketball Shooting on
Different Distance and Movement; Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, National college of physical education and
sports, Taipei, Taiwan.
ANTHROPOMETRIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF THE
INDONESIAN
MALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Kusnanik, N.W.
State University of Surabaya, Faculty of Sport Science, Surabaya, Indonesia
Abstract—Introduction: The anthropometric and
physiological performance of athletes in different
categories have been an interesting area of research
in sport science. Anthropometric, physiological
performance and the skill level of individual athletes
are probably the most important factors which limit
the technical and tactical potential of teams during
competition. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to
evaluate the physical and physiological performance
of the Indonesian national male volleyball players.
Methods: This study was conducted on 15 male
volleyball players who attended the national training
centre. Data was collected by test and measurement
on anthropometric including height, body mass, and
body mass index; physiological performance
including anaerobic power capacity: vertical jump,
leg strength, back strength, and grip strength (right
and lef hand), and aerobic power: VO2max. Data was
analysis by using mean and standard deviation.
Results: The result of this study was found that mean
of height and body mass of the players were
185,0±3,7 cm, 78,0±4,3 kg, and 22,8±1,4kgxm2,
respectively. Mean vertical jump, leg strength, and
back strength of the players were74,5±6,5cm,
173,6±34,1kg, and 136,2±20,4kg, respectively. Mean
grip strength of the right hand and left hand of the
players were 74,5±6,5kg and 50,1±5,1kg,
respectively. Mean VO2max of the players was
37,8±5,4ml/kg/min. Conclusion: It can be concluded
that the Indonesian male volleyball players were less
in aerobic power.
Keywords-- anthropometric, physiological, male,
volleyball players
I.INTRODUCTION
The anthropometric and physiologial performance of
athletes in different categories have been an
interesting area of research in sport science. It is a
well a known fact that the performance in a sportive
or athletic activity is determined mainly by the
constitutional factors in addition to the training and
motivation of the players. Consequently, a great
variability in physique and body composition has
been reported among different categories of athletes
[1]. Anthropometric, physiological performance and
the skill level of individual athletes are probably the
most important factors which limit the technical and
tactical potential of teams during competition. In
volleyball, the height of individual players and
vertical jumping ability are important variables in
both defence (block) and offence (spike) [2].
The
anthropometric
and
physiological
performance of top volleyball players in many
countries have been reported by some researchers.
However, detailed analyses of anthropometric and
physiological performance of volleyball players in
Indonesia are rare. The purpose of the present study
was to evaluate both anthropometric and
physiological performance of the Indonesian male
volleyball players.
A. Anthropometric
Although characteristics body size and shape is
apparent among different sports and in specialist
positions within those sports, there are many sports
where height is a key determinant of success. In
volleyball, height is very important especially for
attacking and deffending. Volleyball players are
generally higher than gymnastics athlete and weight
lifters, this is benefit for the players in smashing,
blocking, and jumping serve. In many sports small
increases in body size and mass can impact
significantly on performance. Assuming constant
body composition, increased body mass increases
both the energy demand as well as energy supply in
most sports activities.
The mean height and body mass of 10 male
volleyball players for national team in England was
195±5,7 cm and 85,9±7,7 kg [3]. The mean height
and body mass of 8 male volleyball players for USA
national team was 192,7±3,9 cm and 85,5±4,5 kg [4].
In addition, the mean height and body mass of 15
male volleyball players for national team in Canada
and 24 male volleyball players for national university
were 193±4,0 cm, 89,6±5,4 kg, and 194±4,0 cm,
89,3±5,0 kg, respectively [5]. The height of 14 male
volleyball players for national team in Finland and 10
male volleyball players Russia national team who
won gold medalist for Olympic Games 1980 in
Moscow were 192,2±5,8 cm, 85,7±6,8 kg and
192,7±5,4 cm, 90,1±7,9 kg, respectively [2]. The
weighted mean value for height and body mass of
male volleyball players from previous study was
194,6±4,7 and 88±6 kg cm
The body mass index (BMI) is a simple measure of
the lean weight and fat weight components. It is used
in epidemiologic research and has a moderately high
correlation (rxy≥.69) with body density. Body mass
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 index is determined by calculating (body mass/(body
height)2). The following ratings have been applied to
the body mass index: desirable (20-25), grade 1
obesity (25-29,9), grade 2 obesity (30-40), and
morbid obisity (>40) [6]. Although not alwalys
reported in a study of anthropometric of volleyball
players, body mass index can be calculated from
reported values for height and body mass.
The mean value of body mass index volleyball
players for national team in England was 22,6 kgxm2
[3]. In addition, mean body mass index of volleyball
players for USA national team was 23,1 kgxm2 [4].
The mean body mass index of volleyball players for
national team in Canada and volleyball players for
national university were 24,1 kgxm2 and 23,8 kgxm2,
respectively [5]. The mean body mass index of
volleyball players for national team in Finland and
volleyball players for national team in Russia were
23,2 kgxm2 and 24,3 kgxm2, respectively [2]. It can be
said that the volleyball players from the literatures
are likely to be a desirable body mass index.
B. Physiological Performance
The performance of volleyball players relies
heavily on the adenosine triphosphate-phospocreatine
and glycolytic pathways, including players’
movements that involve explosiveness such as
jumping. Volleyball demands a great deal of
accelerative thrusting off with the legs in sudden
burts of jump such as smash, block, and jump serve.
Therfore, explosive power of the limbs and hips are
important for volleyball players. Vertical is an
established measured of explosive or anaerobic
power of the lower limbs and hips that is easy to
perform, requires limited equipment, and is common
to many power-related sports. The mean vertical
jump of male volleyball players was 67,0±11,5 cm
[4].
Strength is defined as the maximum muscular
force which can be exerted in a single effort [7]. The
roles of muscularity and strength as contributors to
power and playing ability have received some
attention. The more muscular and stronger players
were better able to to survive the rigours of the
prolonged competition. There was no data have been
reported for leg and back strength in the volleyball
players. Volleyball players require adequate strength
in both quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups
because strength is important for the players due to
the large involvement of jumping during the games.
Grip strength may have importance in smashing,
blocking, serving, and tossing during the practice and
competition in volleyball. The mean grip strength of
70 male volleyball school teams which have degrees
in provincial tournament in Turkey was 24,46±10,51
kg (right hand) and 24,35±10,38 kg (left hand) [8].
For volleyball games in which the use of the hand is
essential, it could be important for the performance
especially to smash, block, serve, and toss.
116
VO2max is defined as the region where oxygen
uptake plateaus and shows no further increase or
increases only slightly with additional workload [9].
VO2max is one of the longest standing fitness indices
established for the measurement of human
performance. VO2max is generally agreed to be the
best indicator of maximum aerobic power. Aerobic
power is the rate at which oxygen is utilised by
tissues during prolonged bouts of exercise. The mean
VO2max of male volleyball players was 56,1±2,2
ml/kg/min [4]. In addition, the mean VO2max of
male national volleyball players and male national
university were 56,7±4,5 ml/kg/min and 50,3±4,3
ml/kg/min, respectively [5].
II.METHODS
A. Subjects
This study was conducted on 15 national
Indonesia male volleyball players with mean age
24±3,1 years. These players included 2 tossers, 1
libero, and 12 smashers, with playing experience
ranging from 3-7 years.
B. Procedures
All testing were conducted at the laboratory of
Sports Science and Fitness Centre State University of
Surabaya, Indonesia. Measures taken included
anthropometric (height, body mass, and body mass
index). Height (cm) and body mass (kg) were
measured by using a stadiometer. During the
measurement, players wore shorts and t-shirt with no
shoes. Body mass index was determined by
calculating
(body
mass/(body
height)2).
Physiological performance test included (anaerobic
power capacity: vertical jump, leg and back strength,
grip strength (right and left hand) and aerobic
power: VO2max). Vertical jump was tested by using
a Jump MD, leg and back strength were tested by
using leg and back dynamometer. An estimated of
static strength of the hands was obtained using a
Harpenden Handgrip dynamometer. VO2max was
estimated by using the 20 metre shuttle run test.
C. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis of the data was conducted
using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS 11.01 for Windows). All data were reported as
Mean±Standard Deviation (X±SD).
III.RESULTS
The mean value for anthropometric (height, body
mass, and body mass index) of the national Indonesia
male volleyball players in the present study were
185,0±3,7 cm and 78,0±4,3 kg, 22,8±1,4kgxm2
respectively. In addition, the mean value for
physiological performance (anaerobic power
capacity: vertical jump, leg strength, back strength,
grip strength (right hand) and grip strength (left
hand) were 74,5±6,5 cm, 173,6±34,1 kg, 136,2±20,4
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 kg, 74,5±6,5 kg, and 50,1±5,1 kg, respectively. The
mean value for aerobic power: (VO2max ) were
37,8±5,4 ml/kg/min. Table 1 presents the mean
values for anthropometric and physiological
performance of the national Indonesia male
volleyball players in this study.
The mean VO2max was lower than national USA
team, national Canada team and national university
team in Canada [4,5]. Volleyball is a game which
needs long duration (5 sets), requiring players to
sustain high level of continues effort. A high degree
of aerobic power is therefore necessary to meet
energy demands within a game, whether it directly
contributes to energy requirements or aids recovery
from anaerobic effort. Aerobic power enables the
athletes to play and practice longer and at higher
intensities.
Table 1. The mean values for anthropometric and
physiological performance
Measurements
Anthropometric:
- Height
- Body Mass
- Body Mass Index
Physiological Performance
- Anaerobic
Power
Capacity:
Vertical Jump
Leg strength
Back strength
Grip strength (right hand)
Grip strength (left hand)
- Aerobic Power: VO2max
X±SD
V.CONCLUSION
185,0±3,7 cm
78,0±4,3 kg
22,8±1,4 kgxm2
The results of this study have established some
new findings data which need to be considered by the
male volleyball players, coaches, physiologists, and
other researchers in Indonesia in relation to
anthropometric and physiological performance of the
players.
The national Indonesia male volleyball players in
this study were found to have shorter and lighter
values for height and body mass compare with the
national team from the literature review. It was also
found that the players in the present study were less
values for vertical jump and VO2max compare with
national team in Canada and USA, but they have
higher value in grip strength for right and left hand.
Although extensive research has been conducted
into anthropometric and physiological performance
of the volleyball players in many countries, there has
been only limited investigation in Indonesia.
Therefore, future research is recommended in
anthropometric and physiological performance of
volleyball players in Indonesia.
74,5±6,5 cm
173,6±34,1 kg
136,2±20,4 kg
74,5±6,5 kg
50,1±5,1 kg
37,8±5,4
ml/kg/min
IV.DISCUSSION
The mean height of the national Indonesia male
volleyball players in the present study was shorter
than national volleyball players in England, national
USA team, national Canada team and national
university team in Canada, national team in Finland
and national team in Russia [2, 3,4,5]. It is
approximately 10 cm shorter than those players in the
literature review. The mean body mass of the
national Indonesia male volleyball players was
lighter than national volleyball players in England,
national USA team, national Canada team and
national university team in Canada, national team in
Finland and national team in Rusia [2, 3,4,5]. The
volleyball player in the present study was likely to
have desirable rating (between 20 – 25) body mass
index.
The mean grip strength of the volleybbal players
were similar to those of other top class volleyball
players from the literature reviews. The mean vertical
jump of the national Indonesia male volleyball
players was lower than national volleyball players in
USA [4]. Vertical jump is very important for the
volleyball players in order to be able to do repetition
efforts in jumping during the game such as smash,
block, and jump serve. The grip strength
measurements showed stronger right than left hand
grips. This is to be expected as most of the players
had dominant right hands. The grip strength of the
players in this study was higher than those volleyball
players in Turkey [8], it because the players have
different level for competitions.
117
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wish to acknowledge the Director of
Sports Science and Fitness Centre State University of
Surabaya (Prof. Dr. Hari Setijono, M.Pd) and the
Indonesian Volleyball Coach (Drs. Machfud Irsyada)
for supporting and assisting the data.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Kansal DK, Verma SK, Sidhu LS, et al. (1983) Physique of
Hockey, Kabbadi, Basketball and Volleyball Players, J Sports
Med, 23:194-199
Viitasalo J.T, (1982) Anthropometric and Physical Performance
Characteristics of Male Volleyball Players, Can J App Scie,
7;.3:182-188.
Wang H.K, Macfarlane A, dan Cochrane T, (2000) Isokinetic
Performance and Shoulder Mobility in Elite Volleyball Athletes
from the United Kingdom, Brit J Sports Med, 34:39-43.
Puhl J, Case S, Fleck S, et al (1982) Physical and Physiological
Characteristics of Elite Volleyball Players, Res Quart for Ex and
Sp, 53;.3:257-262.
Smith D.J, Roberts D, and Watson B, (1992) Physical,
Physiological and Performance Difference between Canadian
National Team and Universiade Volleyball Players, J Sports
Sci,10: 131-138.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 6.
7.
8.
9.
Jequirer E, (1987) Energy, Obesity, and Body Weight
Standards, Am J Clin Nut, 44:1033-1047.
Roberts A.D, (1991) Physiological Capacity fot Sports
Performance, in Pyke F.S: Better Coaching Advanced
Coach’s Manual, Aust Coach Coun, pp43-53.
Barut C, Demirel P, Kiran S, (2008) Evaluation of Hand
Anthropometric Measurements and Grip Strength in
Basketball, Volleyball, and Handball Players, Int J Exp and
Cli Ana, Oct 31.
McArdle WD, Kacth FI, and Katch VL, (1996) Exercise
Physiology, Williams and Wilkins, USA.
Corresponding Author:
Nining Widyah Kusnanik
State University of Surabaya
Faculty of Sport Science
FIK UNESA Kampus Lidah Wetan Surabaya Indonesia
60321
Email: nining_kusnanik@yahoo.com
118
ARE NAVICULAR DROP AND GENU RECURVATUM RISK FACTORS FOR
INJURY OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT IN ATHLETES?
Amini-Aghdam, S.1, Baturak, K.2, Moradi, F.3
1, 2, 3
Islamic Azad University–Saghez branch, Saghez, Iran
Abstract
Introduction:
Lower
extremity
malalignments are associated with increased risk of
ACL injury because they may place increased strain
on the ACL. Research suggests that excessive
pronation of the foot contributes to the incidence of
ACL tears by increasing internal tibial rotation. Genu
recurvatum can produce tensile strain on the ACL
and result in ACL impingement in the intercondylar
notch. Purpose: 1) to compare the static lower
extremity postural malalignments of athletes with a
history of ACL tears with healthy controls, and 2) to
study their predictive relationships with ACL injuries
history. Methods: Twenty athletes (age = 24.7 ± 4.5
yrs, height = 177.6 ± 8.2 m, weight = 2.9 ± 8.5 kg)
previously diagnosed with a torn ACL were matched
by age and limb to twenty noninjured athletes (age =
23.4 ± 4.1 yrs, height = 179.4 ±7.7 m, weight = 72.1
± 5.7 kg). Demographic, medical, and athletic
backgrounds and injuries history were obtained from
a questionnaire. Angle of genu recurvatum was
measured by lateral x-ray of the knee by loading in
the standing position and navicular drop was
assessed by the Brody method. Data were statistically
analyzed using independent t test and logistic
regression with the significance level of P<0.05.
Results: The independent t test showed statistically
greater amounts of pronation in the ACL group. No
statistical differences were found between genu
recurvatum values of ACL and control groups (P<
0.05).Increased navicular drop and was found to be
statistically significant predictors of ACL injury
history. Athletes who had previously suffered from
ACL ruptures were found to have increased
navicular drop compared to uninjured athletes.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this
retrospective study, excessive subtalar joint
pronation, measured as navicular drop was
considered to be the important etiologic factor of
ACL injury.
Key words: navicular drop, genu recurvatum, ACL
injury, athlete
I.INTRODUCTION
The contribution of abnormal biomechanics in the
lower extremity to the development of knee
pathology is clinically important in the prevention
and treatment of injury. Several factors have been
hypothesized to be related to this heightened injury
risk including gender differences in lower extremity
anatomical
structure,
movement
patterns,
neuromuscular
recruitment
strategies,
and
reproductive hormone levels [1].
The contribution of abnormal biomechanics in the
foot to the development of knee pathology is
clinically important in the prevention and treatment
of injury [2,3]. During weightbearing, the foot and
knee act as interactive segments, with pronation of
the foot and internal rotation of the tibia occurring
simultaneously [4]. One mechanical function of the
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee is to
limit the internal rotation of the tibia [2]. Studies
suggest a contributing mechanism to ACL injury is
excessive tibial rotation due to hyperpronation of the
subtalar joint, with the resulting strain on the ACL
increasing the risk of a tear [5]. Navicular drop (ND)
is a clinical measure of foot pronation, defined as the
change in height of the navicular bone when the foot
moves from subtalar neutral to a relaxed
weightbearing stance [6].
Another risk factor involving lower extremity
alignment considerations that may increase an
athlete's susceptibility to ligamentous injury is genu
recurvatum, or knee hyperextension. It is usually an
acquired structural abnormality secondary to changes
in distal skeletal joint alignments and compensatory
movement patterns and is characterized by soft tissue
laxities of the posterior, posteromedial, and
posterolateral joint structures [7]. Genu recurvatum
results from an occasional hyperextension moment
during ambulation that stresses the soft tissue
ligamentous structures with repetitive and chronic
loads [8]. Each degree of deformation over time can
produce tensile strain on the ACL and result in ACL
impingement in the intercondylar notch [7]. Loudon
et al demonstrated that genu recurvatum in
combination with excessive foot pronation can result
in greater strain on the ACL. They found an
increased susceptibility for ACL injury in female
athletes displaying a combination of these variables
as compared with those subjects displaying only
pronation or no postural faults [9]. There is a lack of
definitive evidence-based associations between
different lower extremity malalignments and ACL
injury risk. Purpose: 1) to compare the navicular
drop and genu recurvatum of athletes with a history
of ACL tears with healthy controls, and 2) to study
their predictive relationships with ACL injuries
history. We hypothesized that increased ND and
genu recurvatum will be significantly associated with
having a history of ACL injury.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 II.METHODS
Twenty athletes (age = 24.7 ± 4.5 yrs, height =
177.6 ± 8.2 m, weight = 2.9 ± 8.5 kg) previously
diagnosed with a torn ACL were matched by age and
limb to twenty noninjured athletes (age = 23.4 ± 4.1
yrs, height = 179.4 ±7.7 m, weight = 72.1 ± 5.7 kg).
All ACL injuries occurred during sport participation
between 3 and 84 months before the study and no
subjects had a history of knee trauma during the 3
months before testing. Injury mechanism and length
of
time since injury were obtained from a
questionnaire. Each subject provided informed
consent prior to the beginning of the study. Lateral
radiograph of the knee joint by loading in the
standing position were examined for assessment of
GR angle. In the lateral radiograph of patients angle
between anatomic axis of femur and tibia was
easured. Normally,this angle must be 180 degrees
[10].
Navicular drop was measured using the
Brody (1982) method. The subject sat in a chair with
their bare feet flat on the ground. The examiner held
an index card on the floor and marked the point of
the subject's navicular drop. The subject then stood
up and the position of the navicular tuberosity was
again measured. The examiner then measured the
distance between the two points. Data were
statistically analyzed using independent t test and
logistic regression with the significance level of
P<0.05 [11].
III.RESULTS
Mean, standard deviations, t value for navicular
drop and genu recurvatum are summarized in Table
1. The independent t test showed a statistically
(P<0.05) larger navicular drop in the ACL group.
The noninjured limb of the ACL group also had a
statistically (P<0.05) larger navicular drop than the
ipsilateral limb in the control group (Table 1). The
means of genu recurvatum of injured and noninjured
limbs of ACL group were highr than control group’
ones, but these differences were not significant.
Table 2 summarizes the results of the logestic
regression. Navicular drop (t = 2.58, P<0.05) was
found to be the statistically significant predictor of
ACL injury.
120
Table 1 Navicular drop and genu recurvatum
values of ACL and control groups
Variable
Navicular
drop
Genu
recurvatum
Group
Mean
SD
I L (ACL)
Ip L
(control)
N L (ACL)
Ip L
(control)
I L (ACL)
Ip L
(control)
N L (ACL)
Ip L
(control)
10.6
3.10
8.25
3.34
10.1
2.21
8.11
3.34
-3
1.21
-1
1.11
-2.5
1.21
-1
1.34
t
P
2.58
0.02
3.29
0.03
1.06
0.28
1.09
0.32
Abbreviations: I L=Injured limb; Ip L=Ipsilateral limb; N
L=noninjured limb
*Statistically significant difference from controls (P<0.05)
Table 2 Results of the logestic regression
*Statistically significant difference from controls
Measure
ß
SD
Wald
P
Exp
(ß)
Navicular Drop
0.22
0.09
5.76
0.02
1.84
Genu
recurvatum
-0.49
0.59
0.68
0.4
0.61
(P<0.05).
IV.DISCUSSION
The results of our study show increased ND is
significantly associated with a history of ACL
rupture. Navicular drop has been reported to be
between 6 and 9 mm of movement in healthy, normal
subjects [12].The mean navicular drop value of
control group in our study were (8.18 mm) fell within
this range.
In our study, the similarity in navicular drop
values between the injured (10.60 mm) and
noninjured limb (10.10 mm) of the ACL group
support the suggestion that the higher values were
not due to the injury or surgical repair but inherent in
the individuals with ACL injury. A bilateral
comparison of the control group’s navicular drop
values also demonstrated similarity (8.11 and 8.25
mm). These values were significantly lower than
those of the ACL group, supporting the concept that
excessive pronation may be a factor in ACL injury.
This is consistent with previous findings of Hertel et
al and Allen [13,14]. Further study is needed to
determine if this is a causal relationship or related to
generalized tissue laxity. We did not identify
significant relationship between ACL injury and
genu recurvatum. This suggests that genu recurvatum
is not a risk factor of ACL ruptures. Genu
recurvatum is operationally defined as knee
extension greater than 5 degrees [9]. In our study,
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 genu recurvatum values of injured (-3 mm) and
noninjured limb (-2.5 mm) of the ACL group were
lower than 5 degree and were approximately the
same. The mean genu recurvatum values of control
group (-1 for both limbs) were lower than ACL
group’s ones, but no significant difference between
two groups was observed. Hsiu et al. demonstrated
that hyperextension knees are at greater risk of
sustaining an ACL injury [14]. This finding contrasts
with with our result.
V.CONCLUSION
We found that there was apparent relationship
between the ACL injury and increased navicular
drop. Based on the result of this retrospective study,
excessive subtalar joint pronation, measured as
navicular drop was considered to be the most
important etiologic factor of ACL injury sustaining
an ACL injury.
REFERENCES
1.
Huston L, Greenfield M et al. (2000) Anterior cruciate
ligament injuries in female athletes. Clin Orthop 372: 50-63.
2.
McClay I, Manal K. (1997) Coupling parameters in runners
with normal and excessive pronation. J Appl Biomech 13:109 –
124.
3.
Busseuil C, Freychat P, Guedj E et al. (1998) Rearfootforefoot orientation and traumatic risk for runners. Foot Ankle Int
19:32–37
4.
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Donatelli R (1996) Normal anatomy and biomechanics. The
Biomechanics of the Foot and Ankle. Philadelphia:3–31
5.
Loudon J, Jenkins W, Loudon K (1996) The relationship
between static posture and ACL injury in female athletes. J Orthop
Sports Phys Ther 24:91–97
6.
Menz H (1998) Alternative techniques for the clinical
assessment of foot pronation. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 88:119 –
129.
7.
Fish D, Kosta C (1998) Genu recurvatum: identification of
three distinct mechanical profiles. J Prosthet Orthop 10:26-32
8.
Ireland M, Gaudette M, Crook S (1997) ACL injuries in the
female athlete. J Sport Rehabil 6:97-1 10
9.
Loudon J, Goist H, Loudon K (1998) Genu Recurvatum
syndrome. J Sports Phys Ther l27(5): 361-67
10.
Kelly J (2004) Comparison of two static assessments of foot
pronation in a sample with ACL rupture and reconstruction and a
matched control. J Am Phys Ther 227(7): 325–329
11. Moul J (1998) Differences in selected predictors of anterior
cruciate ligament tears between male and female NCAA Division
I collegiate basketball players. J Athl Train 33:118 –121
12. Jay H, Jennifer H, Rebecca A (2004) Lower extremity
malalignments and anterior cruciate ligament injury history. J
Sports Sci & Med 3: 220 – 225
13. Mary K, Ward M (2000) Metrecom measurement of navicular
drop in subjects with ACL injury. J Athl Train 35 4: 403-406
14. Hsiu C, Weng-Hang L, Yi-Fen S et al. (2009) Physiological
anterior laxity in healthy young females: the effect of knee
hyperextension and dominance. J Knee Sur Sports Trau Arth 17:
345-353.
Author: Soran Amini-Aghdam
Institute: Islamic Azad University-Saghez branch
Street: Saghez-Sanandaj boulevard
City: Saghez
Country: Iran
Email: soran942@gmail.com
DK.G. Jadhav 1, V. Muluk 2, Sinku S. K 3
1
2
Director & Head, Dept. of Phy. Edu. Dr. B.A.M. University, Aurangabad (MS) India
Dept. Director Of Sports Govt. Of Maharashtra, India, 3S.R.T.M. University, Nanded (M.S.) Indi
Abstract - The primary objectives of the study were
to quality the injuries of varsity volleyball players
and to determine the nature, location, causes,
outcome of injuries and the possible risk factors
involved. Information on injuries were collected
through a questionnaire from member of twelve
Indian varsity teams which were participating in all
India Inter Varsity tournament held in Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad
Maharashtra in December 2007. The age range was
18 to 25 years. 58% of players were in the range to
22 to 25 years. The volleyball players were asked to
recall injuries over the preceding one year period. A
total of 121 out of 144 volleyball players sustained
injuries. One hundred seventy eight injuries were
recorded of which 36% were recurring injuries.
Lower limb injuries were found to be predominant;
the ankle and knee being the most commonly injures
anatomical site. A most injuries were of soft tissue in
nature and related to muscle and tendon. Most
common situation giving rise to injuries were spiking
(33.70%), blocking (24.15%), Diving (17.41%) and
setting (11.23%). Those volleyball players directly
involved in attack or defense are more likely to be
injured. Muscle injuries being the most common
type. Spiking is common causes of injuries. The
results of the research provide a useful insight into
the nature, incidence and sites of injuries in varsity
level volleyball players.
I.INTRODUCTION
Volleyball is a game that can be played by
all ages and both sexes indoors and outdoors. It can
be highly competitive, requiring a high level fitness,
agility and co-ordination, or it can be a relaxing and
highly enjoyable recreation.
Players competitively the game requires
concentration, quick thinking and a great deal of
movement the speed of the game means that players
must be thinking one movement about attack and the
next about defense. (Nicholls 1978)
Volleyball requires a variety of physical
attributes and specific playing skills therefore
participants need to train and prepare to meet at least
a minimum set of physical, physiological and
psychological requirements to cope with the demands
of the game and to reduce the risk the injuries.
Volleyball playing largely involves,
jumping, stretching, twisting. Diving, spiking and
turning movements’ that place the players to greater
risk of injuries. (Waston A 1993)
In the epidemiological studies, injury occurs
in training or matches, interrupt or hampered play
(Sinku 2006 & 2007). Special treatment is required
in order to continue the game, or if the injury has
mode playing impossible.
Volleyball has received a little interest in
the sphere of sports medicine. Volleyball is low risk
sports, dominated by overuse injuries while recovery
time from injuries is relatively long, but only a few
working days are lost by the players to return back to
play, thus leading to abuse of the injured sites. In
volleyball overuse injuries are the most frequent
occurrences of injury. In volleyball, injuries are
traditionally divided into contact and non-contact
mechanism in which case contact refers to player
contact. Some of the forces involved in a non contact
injury are transmitted from the playing surface to the
injured body part.
Keeping in view the paucity of information
about sports injures in general and volleyball playing
in particular, an attempt has been made in this area to
investigate the possible risk factors involved in
volleyball.
II.MATERIAL AND METHODS
Information on injuries was collected from
twelve Indian varsity teams, which were participating
in all India varsity volleyball tournament held in
December 2007, in the city of Aurangabad,
Maharashtra. A questionnaire prepared by Crombell
and Gromely (2000) for elite Gaelic football players
and modified by the investigator was given to the
subjects for completion. The volleyball players were
asked to recall injuries over the preceding one year
period. The study was conducted on 144 volleyball
players. Mean scores, standard deviation and
percentage were calculated and utilized to identify
the nature, location and cause of injury in volleyball
players.
The investigator personally contacted with
the team mangers and coaches of the twelve teams
and the purpose of the study was explained to them.
Further instructions were given by the investigator to
the players for the completion of the questionnaire. A
total of 152 questionnaires were administered and
128 were returned by the players after completion
thus giving an over all response rate of 84.21%.
III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mean, age, weight and height of the volleyball
players were 22.33 (SD± 2.66) years, 63.01 (SD±
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 9.12) kg and 179.54 (SD± 12.77) cm. respectively.
Average training duration was 2.08 (SD±.89) hours.
A total of 121 out of 144 volleyball players
reported of having sustained injure. A total of one
hundred and seventy eight injuries were reported by
the players. The results of volleyball players with
respect to their injury details are presented in figure
1.4
Figure – 1 Parentage of injuries of varsity volleyball
players With respect to location
35
32.4
30
24.71
25
20
15
9.55
10
6.17
23.03
7.4
2.8
5
0
Muscle
25
123
Ligaments
Tendon
Fracture
Braises
Others
Nature of Injury
21.91
Injuries
20
15
11.79
10.67
9.55
10
6.74
6.17
5.61
3.93
5
O
th
er
s
Ha
nd
Sh
ol
de
r
ng
er
n
Fi
G
ro
i
rin
g
Ba
ck
Ha
m
st
Kn
ee
An
ke
0
Location
Figure – I illustrates the most commonly injured
anatomical in volleyball players. Maximum injured
site in volleyball players was found to be the region
of Ankle (23.03%) followed by Knee (21.91%),
Shoulder (11.79%), Back (10.67%) Hamstring
(9.55%), Groin (6.74%), Finger (6.17%), hand
(3.93%) and other (5.61%). Figure shows that the
ankle, knee and shoulder were the most involved
sites of injury in volleyball players.
Figure-2 Percentage of injuries of volleyball Players
due to causes
Figure 3 demonstrate the nature of injuries incurred
by volleyball players. Maximum incidence of injuries
reported by the volleyball players relate to the
muscles (32.40%) followed by Ligaments (24.71%),
Tendon (9.55%), Facture (2.80%), Braises (6.17%),
and other (7.40%) Muscle and Ligament injuries
were the most frequently occurring injuries in
volleyball players.
Figure -4 Percentage of Recommendation of
treatment of Volleyball injuries
50
45
43.82
40
35
30
25
19.1
20
15
10.11
10
2.24
5
0
Doctor
physiotherapist
Sports Masseur
Others
40
35
33.7
30
24.15
25
17.4
20
14.04
15
11.23
10
5
0
Spiking
Blocking
Diving
Setting
Others
Causes of Injury
Figure – 2 depicts the common causes of injury in
volleyball players. It can be observed that the most
common cause was Spiking (33.70%), Blocking
(24.15%), Diving (17.41%), Setting (11.23%) and
others (14.04%)
Figure – 3 Percentage of injuries of volleyball
players With respect to their Nature
Figure 4 compares the method of treatment obtained
by the volleyball players for the injuries incurred by
them. It is observed that 57.33% of volleyball players
got their injuries treated by a doctor followed by
24.71%, 2.24% of volleyball players who went to
physiotherapist & sports masseur for treatment. It is
observed that doctor treated maximum volleyball
players than physiotherapist and sports masseur.
IV.DISCUSSION
This study reveals that 67.33% injuries
occurred during the competition while 32.22% were
occurred during training. The relatively high
incidence of injuries during competition was
probably due to bad technique, low fitness, and large
amount of over training and competitive
temperament by the volleyball players.
The players who are directly involved in
attack or defense are most likely to be injured. This is
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 event from the fact that most injuries were sustained
by the volleyball players due to spiking and blocking.
In this study, most injuries were acquired in
the lower limb of which 23.03% related to ankle and
17.59% to knees. Waston (1993) also found that
lower limb injuries were most common in sports. A
significant proportion of injuries occurred in the
upper limb region of which shoulder injuries,
predominated (11.79%), relatively high incidence of
shoulder injuries is due to fact that the shoulder
charge is permitted while smashing in volleyball
playing.
Muscle and ligament injuries were the most
common types of injuries to the volleyball player. It
may be due to bad technique, and low fitness level of
volleyball players.
The least common injuries were of the most
serious types and included fractures (2.80%). About
75.28% of injuries required treatment of which
doctor treated 43.82% of the injuries. Finally it is
concluded that injuries are a very serious problem for
varsity volleyball players.
V.CONCLUSION
Most of injuries of volleyball player are
sustained in lower limb; ankle and knee injuries are
the most community occurring injuries among
volleyball players.
Study also commanded that
1.Most injuries were sustained to the spikers and
blockers.
2.Regarding the nature of injuries, muscle and
ligament injuries are the most commonly
reported ones in volleyball players.
3.Upper limb injuries occurred in the shoulder
and finger region.
4.Maximum injures occur during competition.
5.Regarding treatment of injuries, doctor is the
most common attention provider of volleyball
players.
This research provides a platform for further
research in the field of physical education sports
sciences and sports medicine.
REFERENCE
1. Bahr R, Lian O, Bhar 1A, A twofold reduction in the
incidence of Ankle spains in volleyball after introduction
of a prevention program : A prospective chorot study :
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2. Bhairo NH, Nihstn MW, Van Daken KC, et al Hand
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Brimer WW, Benjamin HJ, Volleyball injuries: Managing
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4.Goodwin Gerberich SG, Whmanns, Finke C, et al.
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to football ers at low and high level of achievement. An
unpublished M.Phil. Thesis. Kurukshetra university,
Kurukshtra.
7.Sinku S.K. (2007) A survey of Injuries to the inter varsity
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8.Waston A (1993) Incidence and nature of sports injuries
in Ireland. American Journal of Sports medicine 21: 137143
9.Watkins SJ, Green BN, Volleyball Injuries : A survey of
injuries of Scottish National League male players. Br. J
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10.Winter Grith H. (1989) Complete Guide to Spots
Injuries Metropalitan Books Co. (p).
A STUDY ON THE RECREATIONAL SPORTS' PARTICIPATION OF STUDENTS
AT THU DUC AREA, HO CHI MINH CITY IN VIETNAM
Bui, T. H., Huynh, T. T., and Bui, T. T.
Ho Chi Minh City University of Sport, Vietnam
Abstract – This scientific research in recreational
sports aims to determine the current situation of
students' recreational sports participation, leisure
behavior as well as their opinions about need for the
recreational sports centers at Thu Duc area. Research
objects involve 1,000 recreational sports participants
from students of five universities at "the universities
village" Thu Duc area. The researchers used
questionnaires including four parts (1) general
information, (2) recreational sports' participation, (3)
leisure behavior, and (4) the need for recreational
sports centers as instrument to get data. In order to
analysis the data, researchers use descriptive
statistics, inferential statistics as multiple responses,
Internal Consistent Reliability Analysis. Data were
coded, put in and analyzed by SPSS Program 16.0.
Results of this research are (1) the current situation of
recreational sport activities includes the most of
participants take part in these activities about 1 to 2
times per month; the most common activities are
walking, jogging and football; and they monthly pay
about $US15 for the activity in current and are
willing to pay over $US30 in the future; (2) relaxation
and releasing tension from other classes are the
highest motives; conversely, "lack of time", "have no
companion to participate with", and "fear of injury"
are the most common perceived constraints which
affected to the students' participation in universities;
(3) swimming, badminton and football are the highest
desirable activities of students in the future; and, the
majority of students think that the recreational sports
clubs can help me to develop a lifelong interest in
sport.
Keywords – Recreational sports, Participation,
Motivation, Constraints, and Sport Center.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recreational sports within our society reflect a
multifaceted socioeconomic system. It also represents
tremendous diversity in participation – from a child’s
frolic, to under-structured play at home, to the dream
fulfillment of winning a tournament championship, to
a healthy lifestyle through sports participation.
According to Mull, R., et al. (1983), recreational sport
includes programming sport activity for fitness and
fun. Maintenance of physically active leisure
lifestyles will be increasingly important in developed
societies. Although people are aware of the benefits
of regular active recreation and wish to be more
physically active during their leisure time, many of
them remain sedentary.
A growing body of leisure behavior research was
developed in the 1980's and has been continually built
upon the 21st century. Research on leisure behavior
has grown steadily over the past several years,
representing a coherent body of literature that has
evolved and changed with new and emerging
understandings (Samdahl and Jekubovich, 1997). At
the present time, a limited number of recreational
courses are offered as most universities slowly
transform from offering traditional P.E. courses such
as track and field to course such as tennis or aerobics
(Hsu, 1993; and Huang, 1998). Since schools are the
primary source where students can learn sports skills,
they should take the responsibility to educate students
about the close relationship between recreational
sports and the quality of life (Tsai, 1998).
Recreational sports have been strongly
developing in many countries over the world;
however, it is quite a new field in Vietnam although
its tendency will be considerably improved belong to
the laws and international integrated trend in this era.
The population of participating in recreational sports
is rapidly increasing in Ho Chi Minh city, the largest
and most dynamic city in Vietnam, and it also
affected to the managers of universities' opinions.
People's lifestyles change when society changes
(Chang, 1998). If they can learn to regularly
participate in recreational sports at the college or
university level, this will definitely improve their
quality of life in the future. Therefore, the demand of
understanding recreational sports for students at
university is absolutely necessary, especially at Thu
Duc area known as "the universities village" which
gathered many universities and thousands of students.
And, hopefully, the results of this study will impact
the courses that will be offered as well as enhancing
awareness of the importance of participation in
students' recreational sports.
Objectives. This research aimed to determine the
current situation of students' recreational sports
participation, leisure behavior as well as their
opinions about need for the recreational sports centers
at Thu Duc area.
Research questions
1.
What are the current situation of participation in
recreational sports activities of students at Thu Duc
area?
2.
What are the recreational sports motivations
and constraints affected students when they
participated in these activities at Thu Duc area?
What are the students' opinions about the need
for recreational sports centers at Thu Duc area?
II. METHODS
Subjects. This research studied on recreational
sports participation, leisure behavior and opinions of
the need for recreational sports centers of students at
Thu Duc area. So that these information will be the
valuable recommendation to universities' managers in
developing recreational sports to meet the students’
demands in this field. The researchers and volunteer
group went to meet 1,000 students who were studying
at five universities at Thu Duc area in order to
directly give and receive questionnaires.
Research instruments. The researcher used data
from the survey questionnaires for recreational sport
participation, leisure behavior and opinions of the
need for centers. There are three parts in this
quantitative questionnaire including (1) demographics
(such as gender, place of residence, monthly income),
(2) recreational sport participation (such as level of
students' participation, types of recreational sports
activities, and monthly expense for recreational sport
activities), and (3) types for ideal recreational sport in
the future and opinions of the need for recreational
sports center. By using the Likert five-point scale,
from (1) Strongly disagree to (5) Strongly agree, for
the third part of questionnaire to let participants
answer questions referring to their current thought.
Validity and reliability. In order to establish the
goodness of measures used in this research; validity
and reliability test were conducted (Sekaran, 1992).
The validity method for this questionnaire was
checked by the expert panel including 10 experts
(three professors from Ho Chi Minh City University
of Sport; five head of P.E. Department at the five
surveyed universities at Thu Duc area). After that, the
researcher sent this questionnaire to 100 students of
Faculty of Sport Management (Ho Chi Minh City
University of Sport) for pilot study. The reliability of
the scales measuring recreational sport’s constraints
were established by an internal consistent reliability
analysis method, indicating the homongeneity of the
measurement items. A standard measure of inter-item
consistency reliability is the Cronbach’s α coefficient.
Data analysis. The available collected
questionnaires were analyzed by using the software of
SPPS for Windows 16.0 of which details are as below
1.
Factor analysis and internal consistent
reliability analysis were used to check reliability of
the questionnaire.
2.
Descriptive analysis was used to study about
the characteristic of demographics, recreational
sports participation and opinions.
3.
Using multiple response analysis to determine
the motivations and constraints which affected to
the students' participation at the universities.
126
III. RESULTS
First of all, we will briefly present a few general
results of the study, as background information. This
study utilized a simple random sample from the
students who took part in recreational sport activities
at Thu Duc area, Ho Chi Minh City. The participants
distributed to all 5 normal universities in this area
excepted HCMC University of Sport cause of the
difference on educating characteristics. Male
comprised 55.6% of the sample, while females
amounted to 44.4%. Students in four academic years
were surveyed, however, the biggest group was
freshman with more than a half of participants
(54.4%). Responses were also asked to respond to an
item related to their living place. In the sample,
49.3% indicated that they live at HCMC center (far
from Thu Duc area around 15km), and more than a
half of them live at Thu Duc area including in
dormitories and surrounding areas.
Due to the majority of respondents were the first
year students, so two-thirds of them had no part-time
job, which accounted 77.1%. Therefore, the monthly
income or the amounts of money they got from
family was not so much. A majority of the
respondents earned less than $US50 per month
(41.7%). Next to this group, the one who got income
around $US50 to $US75 occupied 37.1%. The group
who received income from $US76 to $US100 and
more than $US100 accounted 14.5% and 6.7%,
respectively.
32
43
47
48
56
69
72
79
Activities are too competitive
Activities are inappropriate for my gender
Fear of failure
I do not enjoy recreational sports activities
I feel uncomfortable about participating
Fear of violence
I do not have the will to participate
I am too shy to participate
Intrapersonal
Constraints
111
140
I lack the skill to participate
Fear of injury
My friends do not like recreational sport activities
35
236
I have no one to participate with
Parking inconvenience/ unsafety
Facilities are too crowded
60
68
81
100
139
155
163
168
Inability to manage personal time
Physically unable to participate
Lack of time because of other leisure activities
I do not know what is available
Lack of money
Lack of transportation
Interpersonal
Constraints
Structural
Constraints
451
Lack of time because of work, school or family
0
100
200
300
400
500
Fig. 3 The types of constraints experienced by students to participate in recreational sports activities
A. The students' participation in recreational
sports.
The level of students' participation. In this
section, the responses were asked about the frequency
that they participated in recreational sports activities.
Figure 1 indicates that the most of students took part
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 in these activities just 1 to 2 times per month,
accounted 29.3%. The group of students who
participated in recreational sports from 2 to 3 times
per week was the second highest group (occupied
25.7%). The participation at level of almost every and
from 1 to 2 times per moth were 21.3% and 15.7%,
respectively. The group who never enjoy these
activities just accounted 7.9% only.
21.3
7.9
Never
29.3
1 - 2 times per month
Once a week
2 - 3 times per week
Almost everyday
25.7
15.7
Fig. 1 The level of students' participation 127
"for physical health" was the third reason why
students participated in recreational sports, with 388
responses. The fourth and fifth ranking were "to have
fun" and "for mental health" with 382 and 354
feedbacks, respectively. The other motivations were
described in the Fig. 2 following
Constraints. The constraints for participants took
part in recreational sports were surveyed by 21
questions at three main groups of constraints
including structural constraint, interpersonal
constraint and intrapersonal constraint.
As the result in Fig. 3, with the structural
constraints, "lack of time because of work, school
and family" was the biggest constraint which
influenced students to take part recreational
186
To meet curriculum requirements
253
To learn sports skills
l
The types of recreational sport activities. In this
section, researcher used the list of 17 recreational
sports activities as the instrument to examine the
frequency of participants who take part in these
activities.
As research results, walking, jogging and football
were the top 3 ranking of activities that students
participated in almost everyday. At the level from 2
to 3 times per week, the same kinds of activities
means jogging, walking and football were the top
three. However, the kinds of activities in top there
were different at the level of participation once a
week and from 1 to 2 times per month.
The monthly expense for recreational sport
activities. In this section, respondents were surveyed
about the amount of money which paid for
recreational sports in current and the cost they are
willing to pay for these activities in the future. As the
results in the cost, currently, students just only used
around $US 15 per month for their recreational
sports. However, this amount doubled in the future, at
$US 32 per month, which students are willing to pay
for the recreational sports at clubs.
B. Motivations and constraints affected the
students' recreational sports participation.
In order to study which factors affected students
to enjoy recreational sports in university, the
researcher used the multiple response questionnaires
to ask participants on the motivations and constraints.
Motivations. As the results in Fig. 2, there were
two main motivations which highly attracted students
were "to relax" and "to release tension from other
classes", with 491 choices. Next to these motives,
To re-invigorate myself
282
For social purposes
282
Motivations
354
For mental health
To have fun
382
For physical health
388
To release tension from other classes
491
To relax
491
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Frequency of motivations
Fig. 2 The motivations affected students to participate in recreational sports activities sports, with 451 responses. As regards to
interpersonal constraints, “I have no one to
participate with” was the highest feedbacks at 236
choices when asked the participants.
And, in terms of intrapersonal constraints, “fear
of injury” was the largest constraint to affect the
students, with 140 answers.
C. The students' opinions about recreational
sports centers.
The ideal types of recreational sports activities.
In Section 3 of this study, the researcher also asked
students about the ideal recreational sports which they
want to enjoy in the future.
As the results in Fig. 4, swimming, badminton
and football were the highest desirable activities of
students in the future with accounted 190, 167 and
164 choices, respectively. The choices of other sports
were described in Fig. 4 above.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 The students' opinions about the recreational
sports centers. After, students were surveyed about
the issues related the operation of recreational sports
centers in universities. According to the results in
Table 1, "I think the recreational sports clubs can help
me to develop a lifelong interest in sport" was the
Track & Fields
X-Games
Bowling
Tennis
Dance/ Aerobics
Body-building
Table-tennis
Basketball
Sport-climbing
Traditional dance
Camping
Martial arts
Volleyball
Football
Badminton
Swimming
51
53
58
60
65
80
98
118
126
145
159
164
167
50
100
150
Frequency
Fig. 4 The types of recreational sports activities
highest agreed by participants, with µ = 3.89. The 2nd
and third highly opinion were "I think my school
should have a campus recreational center" and "If a
campus recreational center is built, I think people
who use it should pay reasonable membership fees",
with the same mean score at 3.87. The other results
were described in Table 1.
Table 1. The students' opinions about the recreational
sports centers
Items
N
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions were drawn as a result
of the research findings of the study regarding the
recreational preferences of universities at Thu Duc
area.
1. Most students at Thu Duc area participate
in recreational sports about 1 to 2 times a month.
Walking, jogging, and football are the three most
popular recreational sports among these students.
In addition, students monthly pay around $US15
for their recreational sports activities in recent,
but, they are will to pay double for the recreational
sports at clubs in the future.
38
41
0
2. Relaxation and releasing tension from other
classes
are the highest motives for which Thu Duc
190
area's
students
participate in recreational sports
200
and take recreational sports courses. Conversely,
"Lack of time", "Have no companion to
participate with", and "Fear of injury" are the most
common
perceived
constraints
including
structural, interpersonal and intrapersonal which
barrier students come to recreational sports.
3. Swimming, badminton and football are the
highest desirable activities of students in the future.
And, the majority of students think that the
recreational sports clubs can help me to develop a
lifelong interest in sport. Moreover, the need of
recreational sports centers at universities is really
necessary according to this research.
Mean S.D.
REFERENCES
I think the recreational sports clubs can
help me to develop a lifelong interest in
sport
750
3.89
.961
1.Hsu, Y. M (1993). First research on school leisure physical
education. Physical Education Quarterly, Taipei, Taiwan, 22(4),
16-25.
I think my school should have a campus
recreational center
750
3.87
.933
If a campus recreational center is built, i
think people who use it should pay
reasonable membership fees
2.Huang, Y. C. (1998). School physical education and leisure
education. Physical Education Quarterly, Taipei, Taiwan, 27(3),
16-23.
750
3.87
.990
3.Mull, R. F., Bayless, K. G., and Jamieson, L. M. (2005).
Recreation Sport Management (4th ed.). Human Kinetics.
think it should offer courses to the public
750
3.80
.936
think it should be open to the public
750
3.77
1.024
I like to take recreational sports clubs in
school
750
3.59
1.062
5.Searle, M., and Jackson, E. (1985). Recreation non-participation
and barriers to participation: Considerations for the management of
recreation delivery systems. Journal of Park and Recreation
Administration, 3, 23-35.
I like to take recreational sports clubs
outside school
750
3.48
.977
6.Tsai, C. H. (1998). Make physical education teaching of
entertaining sports practically. Physical Education Quarterly,
Taipei, Taiwan, 27(3), 9-15.
My school does not offer the kind of
recreational sports clubs that i want to take
750
3.17
1.187
I am very satisfied with the recreational
sports clubs that are offered in school
750
3.02
1.029
128
4.Samdahl, D. M., and Jekubovich, N. J. (1997). A critique of
leisure constraints: Comparative analyses and understandings.
Journal of Leisure Research, 29(4), 430-452.
ASSESSING EXERCISE BEHAVIOR OF MALAYSIAN COLLEGE STUDENTS
Kee, K. M. 1 , Nadiah Diyana T.A. 1 and Palaniappan, A. K. 2
1
Universiti Teknologi MARA / Faculty of Sport Science and Recreation, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
2
Universiti Malaya / Faculty of Education, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract— Introduction: Regular practice of
physical activity and sports provide people with wide
range of physical, social and mental health benefits.
Schools and colleges are said to have the unique
opportunities to provide ample necessary physical
activities for both children and young adults through
physical education classes as well as sport programs
and after school physical activities. Despite the
recognized benefits of exercise, physical activity
continues to be extensive. Only about 35% of college
students reported having regular exercise (Pinto,
1995). Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess
the exercise behavior of the Malaysian college-age
students using the transtheoretical model (TTM)
constructs comprising of the stages of change, the
self-efficacy, and the decisional balance for exercise.
Methods: Two hundred and ten (N = 210)
predominantly Malay (93.3%) college-age students
pursuing teacher education program (mean age = 19.2
± 0.55 yrs) from two teacher training institutions
participated in this study. Data were collected through
a set of self-report questionnaires adapted from
previous studies. Results and Conclusions:
Participants consisting of 40% male and 60% female
were classified into three stages of exercise change as
followed precontemplation/ contemplation 4.3% (9),
Preparation 66.7% (140), and Action/ Maintenance
29.0% (61). Male students were noted more likely to
be in action/maintenance (41.7%) compared to only
20.6% for females. MANOVA result revealed
significant differences in Self-efficacy, Pros, and
Cons of exercise among the college students across
the three stages [F (6, 410) = 5.56, p <.05]. Generally,
this study supports the use of the stages of change
(transtheoretical model) for assessing exercise
behavior. However, it worth to note that the
distribution pattern of exercise stages of change for
this sample was quite similar to the findings on other
Asian respondents but different and less active
compared to other college students from the west
suggesting that Asians youth are less active in regular
exercise. Nevertheless, more cross-cultural studies are
required to support these findings.
Keywords —
college students, transtheoretical
model, physical activity, self-efficacy, decisional
balance, exercise behavior.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Exercise regularly has been constantly reported to
provide significant benefits both physically and
psychologically [1]. The physical health benefits
derive from regular exercise include from
cardiovascular health, body composition and weight
management, musculoskeletal fitness and bone
health. From the psychological perspective, regular
exercise provides individuals with avenue for stress
management, mood alteration, improve self-efficacy
and enhanced self-concept. Participation in physical
activity through play and sports provides young
people the openings for natural self-expression, to
build self-confidence, relief of tension, achievement,
social interaction and integration as well as
understanding the spirit of solidarity and fair play [2].
The World Health Organization further emphasized
that by getting involved in properly guided physical
activity and sports can also foster the adoption of
other healthy behavior including avoidance of
tobacco, alcohol and drug abuse use and violent
behavior as well as the adoption of healthy diet,
adequate rest and better safety practices.
Despite the recognized health benefits of regular
exercise, physical inactivity continued to be
widespread. The U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services [3] estimated approximately 25% of
the U.S. adult population is sedentary, 53% exercise
irregularly, and only 22% engage in sustained
physical activity regularly. In Malaysia, the overall
prevalence of physical inactivity among adults was at
43.7%. It has been reported that among those who do
begin a physical activity program, 50 % will
eventually drop out within the first three to six
months [4, 5]. In addition, inactivity at early age will
most probably lead to an inactive adult life. For most
people, engaging in moderate physical activity (as
recommended 30 minutes) on most of the days per
week require a change of behavior. For physical
activity promotion to be successful, people must have
the willingness or readiness and the ability to change
[6]. Generally, schools and colleges provide the
primary opportunity for promoting physical activity
in youth. Some researches [7] have suggested
physical activity programs during school and colleges
should prepare students for a lifetime of habitual
physical activity.
Exercise researchers have recommended the
Transtheoretical Model be applied to assess exercise
behavior in view of its applicability and
generalizability to measure exercise behavior time
and again [8, 9]. The Transtheoretical Model
incorporates elements of various theories of therapy,
learning, and behavior change and hence the term
“transtheoretical”.
The Transtheoretical Model
integrates four related concepts considered central to
behavioral change, namely stage of exercise change,
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 self-efficacy, decisional balance and the processes of
change but for this study, only the first three
constructs were investigated.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate
the characteristics associated with the different stages
of exercise behavior change among a sample of
college students in Malaysia. This study specifically
attempt to ascertain the proportion of the Malaysian
students in each of the different stages of exercise, the
differences in their self-efficacy, and their decisional
balance for exercise by the stages of exercise
behavior.
II.
METHODOLOGY
This study employed the cross-sectional survey
design using the self-report questionnaire method to
collect the data.
Participants
Two hundred and ten (N = 210) predominantly Malay
(92.3%) college-age students pursuing teacher
education program (mean age = 19.2 ± 0.55 yrs) from
two teacher training institutions participated in this
study. Eighty four (40.0%) of the respondents were
male while the rest of the 126 (60.0%) respondents
were female.
Measures
The data for this study was collected through a set of
questionnaires which was translated earlier into the
local language (Bahasa Malaysia). These measures
include:
The Courneya’s [10] version of Stage of Exercise
Change Questionnaire (SECQ) was employed to
describe the participants’ current stage of exercise.
The participants select the statement that best
describes their current exercise status based on the
five statements each representing the different stage
of exercise change. The Exercise Self-efficacy
Questionnaire (SEQ) developed by Nigg and
Courneya [11] was used to measure participants’
situational confidence in the ability to persist with
exercising in various situations using to a 5 point
Likert Scale. The Decisional Balance Questionnaire
(DBQ) designed by Marcus, Rakowski, and Rossi
[12] was used to measure individuals assessment of
the perceived importance of the benefits (Pros) and
costs (Cons) of changing exercise behavior among the
participants also using a 5 point Likert scale.
Statistical Methods
Analysis of data was carried out using the SPSS ver.
16.0 program. Frequency and chi-square (X2) analysis
was conducted to examine the stages of exercise
change distribution in relation to the demographic
data (gender, age, and ethnicity) of the participants.
130
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) along
with Tukey’s post hoc analysis was conducted to
determine if there are any differences in the
psychological variables in terms of (a) self-efficacy
and (b) decisional balance (pros and cons), across the
stages of exercise change. The p value was set at 0.05
for all conditions with Bonferroni–type adjustment.
III.RESULTS
Stages of Exercise Change
Overall, only 29.1% (N = 61) of the respondents
reported being actively engaging in physical activity
(action/ maintenance), while 66.6% (N = 140) were
irregularly active (preparation) and 4.3% (N = 9) of
the respondents reported being in an inactive stage
(pre-contemplation or contemplation).
Table 1 illustrates the stages of exercise behavior
change in term of gender, age-group and ethnicity
(collapsed into two groups) of the sample.
Table 1: Stages of exercise changes distribution by
gender, age-group and ethnicity
Variables
Stages of exercise change
PC/C
P
A/M
Total
Gender
Female
Male
9
91
26
126
7.1%
72.2%
20.6%
100.0%
0
49
35
84
0.0%
58.3%
41.7%
100.0%
Age
Under 20
Above 20
7
110
44
161
4.3%
68.3%
27.3%
100.0%
2
30
17
49
4.1%
61.2%
34.7%
100.0%
9
130
55
194
8.6%
69.8%
21.6%
100.0%
0
10
6
16
0.0%
62.5%
37.5%
100.0%
Ethnicity
Malay
Non-Malay
Total
9
4.3%
140
61
210
66.7%
29.0%
100.0%
PC/C = Precontemplation/contemplation, P = preparation,
A/M = action/maintenance
Due to the small number of students in some of the
cells, the ethnicity was reduced to two categories;
Malay and Non-Malay categories in order to facilitate
statistical analysis. The stages of exercise change was
also collapsed into three categories specifically the
precontemplation/ contemplation, preparation, and
action/maintenance.
In term of gender, the male students indicated that
they were likely more active than their female
counterparts.
Chi-square (X2) test revealed a
significant difference between the male and female
students in their stages of exercise change distribution
(X2 = 15.13, df = 2, N = 210, p < .001). Male students
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 were more likely to be in later stages of exercise
change as compared with the female students. More
than two-fifth (41.7%) of the male students were in
the
later
stages
of
exercise
change
(action/maintenance) as compared to only 20.6% for
the female students. However, chi-square test
indicated no significant difference in term of their age
groups (X2 = .992, df = 2, N = 210, p > .05) and
among the three ethnic groups in their stages of
exercise change (X2= 1.213, df = 2, N = 210, p > .05).
Correlations among the Transtheoretical Model
Constructs
Table 2: Correlations for the Transtheoretical
Model constructs
TTM constructs
Stages of Exercise
(SEC)
SEC
1.00
Self-Efficacy (SE)
SE
Pros
.32**
-.25**
1.00
.32**
-.062
1.00
-.27**
Benefits of Exercise
(Pros)
1.00
Barriers of Exercise
(Cons)
M
SD
Cons
.20**
2.25
2.77
4.17
0.52
0.64
0.54
2.50
0.73
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 2 shows the results of the correlation analysis
to
identify
the
relationships
among
the
Transtheoretical model constructs. Overall, most of
the constructs analyzed were statistically correlated
among each of the constructs except between selfefficacy and Cons (r = -.062).
All of the constructs were significantly correlated
with the stages of exercise change (r = 0.20 for selfefficacy, r =0.32 for Pros and for Cons construct (r =
- 0.25, p < 0.01). The Pros (benefits of exercise)
construct has the strongest correlation with the stages
131
of exercise change among all the constructs analyzed.
The Cons (costs to exercise) is the only construct to
have a negative correlation with the stages of
exercise.
Differences in self-efficacy and Decisional Balance
across the Stages of Exercise Change
Table 3 shows the means and the standard deviations
of the constructs across the stages of exercise change.
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
revealed that there was significant effect for the
stages of exercise change (Wilks’ λ = 0.855, F[6,
410] = 5.56, p < .001)
Generally, mean scores for all the transtheoretical
model constructs increased across stages of exercise
change. The self-efficacy constructs differentiated the
students at different stages of exercise change (F [2,
207] = 4.66, p < .05). Tukey’s post hoc test revealed
significant increases in exercise self efficacy across
the stages of exercise from the precontemplation/
contemplation
to
action/maintenance
stages.
Similarly, significant differences were also detected
in Pros (the perceived benefits of exercise) construct
(F [2, 207] = 11.93, p < .001) and Cons (perceived
costs of exercise) construct, (F [2, 207] = 6.67, p <
.001). Further analysis by way of Tukey’s post hoc
test revealed significant increases in the Pros
construct across the stages of exercise from the
precontemplation/contemplation
to
action/
maintenance stages while Cons increases in the
opposite direction.
In addition, standardized effect sizes (eta squared 2)
were calculated to determine the meaningfulness of
the results. Using Cohen’s classification [13] of effect
size with equivalent values of eta squared (0.01 ≤ 2
< 0.06 = small, 0.06 ≤ 2 < 0.14 = medium, 2 >
0.14 = large) the effect sizes in the present study
ranged from small to large (see Table 3). Medium
effect sizes were detected for pros (0.103) and cons
(0.067), while small effect size (0.043) was detected
for self-efficacy and cons.
It has also been hypothesized that the younger
students are more likely to engage in physical activity
than the older students. However, this expectation
was not supported in the present study. A possible
explanation was that this sample was a homogenous
IV. DISCUSSION
The purpose of the present study was to investigate
the characteristics associated with the different stages
Table 3: Means and standard deviations of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) constructs across the stages
of exercise
Stages of exercise
TTM
constructs
Self Efficacy
PC/C
(N = 9)
M
SD
Pros
M
SD
Cons
M
SD
P
( N = 140)
A/M
(N = 61)
Total
(N = 210)
2.56
2.69
2.97
2.77
0.79
0.58
0.71
0.64
3.81
4.08
4.42
4.17
0.59
0.54
0.41
0.54
2.89
2.59
2.23
2.50
0.83
0.72
0.67
0.73
F (2, 207)
2
Tukey’s
HSD
Post hoc
PC/C =
P < A/M
4.46**
.043
11.93**
.103
PC/C =
P < A/M
6.76**
.067
PC/C=P
> A/M
Note: PC = precontemplation, C = contemplation , P = preparation, A = action, M = maintenance , ** p < .05
of exercise behavior change among a sample of
college students in Malaysia. This study specifically
attempted to ascertain the proportion of the Malaysian
college age students in each of the different stages of
exercise, the differences in their self-efficacy, and
their decisional balance for exercise by the stages of
exercise behavior.
This study revealed that overall, only 29.0% of the
Malaysian students surveyed in this study reported
they were in action or maintenance stages (actively
exercising), another 66.7% in preparation stage
(exercising occasionally but not regular) and 4.3% in
the precontemplation/ contemplation stages (do not
exercise or not active in exercise). The percentage of
students who reported being “active” (29.0%) in this
study were very close to the 29.2% for young Hong
Kong Chinese, [14], but was much lower than that
reported elsewhere, 44.3% for British students [15],
44.2% for the New Zealand adolescents [5], 45.5%
for Korean adolescents [16], and 65% for Canadian
High Schools [11]. Taking both studies into
consideration (the present study and study on Hong
Kong students [14]), it could somewhat suggest that
Asian students are less active in regular exercise
compared to their counterparts in other regions of the
world. It is therefore imperative that actions be taken
by the relevant authority to overcome this unhealthy
situation in Malaysia. Nevertheless, more crosscultural studies are required to support these findings.
It has been hypothesized that female students will be
less active when compare with the male students and
findings from this study has supported this view. The
male students indicated that they were more active
than their female counterparts and this was consistent
with previous studies.
group in term of their age (max age 21 and min age
18, range age = 3) and hence was unable to draw out
the differences in them.
This study also confirmed findings from previous
studies [11, 14, 16] that self-efficacy for exercise
would increase across the stages of exercise change.
Generally, students with high scores in self-efficacy
are more active in physical activity. This probably is
due to the high level of confidence and the feel of
more readiness for exercise possess by the individual
with high self-efficacy. Hence, in promoting exercise
adoption, intervention programs should also focus in
helping individuals in increasing their self-efficacy
for exercise than just providing them with physical
activity program to participate. This present study
indicated that while the benefits of exercise (Pros)
was positively and significantly related to the stages
of exercise, the costs of exercise (Cons) was
negatively related to the stages of exercise. This
finding is consistent with previous studies and
suggests that focusing on the personal benefits of
exercise may be helpful for facilitating exercise
adoption. Hence, the promotion of participation in
physical activity should include variety of activities to
prevent boredom, a continued sense of mastery and
competence, continued enjoyment, and the avoidance
of injury [17].
There are several limitations that need to be
addressed. The accessible sample was confined to
only two teacher training colleges with predominantly
Malay students and hence need to exercise caution
when generalizing to the overall Malaysian college
students. The measures used in this study relied on
the self-report format and may be subjected to
biasness or socially desirable responses. However,
self-report format is still one of the most practical
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 approach especially involving big group study and
has been found to be accurate in areas of healthrelated behaviors studies [17]. Follow-up studies
should also utilize bigger sample size to examine the
constancy of the physical activity predictors across
time.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was funded by Postgraduate Research
Grant (2009) from Universiti Malaya, Ministry of
Higher Learning, Malaysia.
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the Transtheoretical Model of Change to exercise in young
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133
Y. Kim, B. J. Cardinal, and J. Lee, “Understanding
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Kee Kang Mea
Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor
Malaysia
Email:kee@salam.uitm.edu.my
A STUDY OF HO CHI MINH CITY CITIZENS’ RECREATIONAL SPORT
PARTICIPATION AND CONSTRAINTS
Bui, T. T.1, Huynh, T. T.1, and Huang, Y. H.2
1
2
Ho Chi Minh City University of Sport, Vietnam
National Taiwan College of Physical Education, Taiwan
Abstract – This scientific research in recreational
sport aims to study the current situation of the
participation and constraints in recreational sport
activities for Ho Chi Minh city’s citizens. The
situations of demographics, time of participants
including free time in normal days and weekend, the
suitable time for taking part in leisure and recreational
sport activities, the levels of attendance in recreation,
and the constraints which affect participants.
Research objects involve 3,000 recreational sport
participants from 24 districts in Ho Chi Minh city.
The researchers used questionnaires as instrument to
get data from the objects in eight kinds of recreational
sport (Lam, 2008). In order to analysis the data,
researchers use descriptive statistics, inferential
statistics as t-test, Internal Consistent Reliability
Analysis. Data were coded, put in and analyzed by
SPSS Program 16.0. Results of this research are (1)
the current situation of recreational sport activities
includes the most of participants is male from 31 to
40 years old who are still single and got bachelor
degree, they also has monthly income from 2 to 5
millions VND; (2) the recreational sport
agencies/places should focus on services, human
resources at the period time from 03 p.m. to 07 p.m.,
and before 7 a.m. in order to well serve for the most
of participants; (3) sport facilities, transportation
conditions, and recreational sport equipments are
three most important constraints which were affected
to Ho Chi Minh city’s citizens in participating
recreational sport.
Keywords
–
Leisure,
Recreational
sport,
Participation, Constraints.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sport within our society reflects a multifaceted
socioeconomic system. It also represents tremendous
diversity in participation – from a child’s frolic, to
under-structured play at home, to the dream
fulfillment of winning a tournament championship, to
a healthy lifestyle through sport participation.
According to Mull, R., et al. (1983), recreational sport
includes programming sport activity for fitness and
fun. Maintenance of physically active leisure
lifestyles will be increasingly important in developed
societies. Although people are aware of the benefits
of regular active recreation and wish to be more
physically active during their leisure time, many of
them remain
sedentary
(Australian
Sports
Commission Standing Committee on Recreation and
Sport, 2007; Leung et al., 2007). The contrasting low
uptake but high valuing of recreational sports (i.e.,
leisure time physical activity or active leisure)
suggests the need for more research on the psychosocial antecedents of engagement in these leisure
behaviors. Researcher from North America (e.g.,
Godbey, 1985; McGuire and O’Leary, 1992; Searle
and Jackson, 1985) have raised the issue of
application of leisure constraints research to sport and
recreation management and suggested that field has
tremendous potential to link theory with practice.
Research on aspects of sport and leisure constraints
has been prominent in the leisure, recreation, and
exercise literature recently, because it has been well
documented that it has tremendous potential to link
theory with practice (Howard & Crompton, 1984;
Hultsman, 1992; Searle & Jackson, 1985).
Recreational sport have been strongly developing
in many countries over the world; however, it is quite
a new field in Vietnam although its tendency will be
considerably improved belong to the laws and
international integrated trend in this era. The
population of participating in recreational sports is
rapidly increasing in Ho Chi Minh city, the largest
and most dynamic city in Vietnam, and it causes the
development of recreational sport services agencies.
With the leading roles of political – economic and
commercial in Vietnam when we joined World Trade
Organization (WTO) in 2006, the demands of
scientific researches on recreational sport such as
participation, motivations, constraints, customer
behavior, and so on are probably essential.
Especially, it will be the effective and efficient
database for building solutions and developing
strategies for recreational sport in Ho Chi Minh city
in the future.
Objectives
1. To study the current situation of participation in
leisure and recreational sport activities of Ho
Chi Minh city’s citizens.
2. To examine the recreational sport constraints of
Ho Chi Minh city’s citizens.
Research questions
1.
2.
3.
What are the current situation of participation in
leisure and recreational sport activities of Ho Chi
Minh city’s citizens?
What are the recreational sport constraints of Ho
Chi Minh city’s citizens?
What are differences between inner and suburb
districts in citizens’ constraints?
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 II. METHODS
Subjects. This research studied on recreational
sport participation and constraints of citizens in
HCMC for recommendations to the city government
in developing recreational sport to meet the citizens’
demand in this field. The researchers and volunteer
group went to meet 3,000 citizens who participated in
recreational sport in 24 inner and suburb districts in
order to directly give and receive questionnaires.
Research instruments. The researcher used data
from the survey questionnaires for recreational sport
participation and constraints in HCMC. There are
three parts in this quantitative questionnaire including
(1) demographics (such as gender, age, marital status,
monthly income, education background, and career),
(2) recreational sport participation (such as
participating level of leisure & recreational sport
activities; suitable time for recreational sport;
working time and free time of participants; the
suitable time and types for ideal recreational sport in
the future), and (3) recreational sport constraints
(contain 18 factors base on leisure constraints scale).
By using the Likert five-point scale, from (1)
Strongly uninfluenced to (5) Strongly influenced, for
the third part of questionnaire to let participants
answer questions referring to their current situation.
Validity and reliability. In order to establish the
goodness of measures used in this research; validity
and reliability test were conducted (Sekaran, 1992).
The validity method for this questionnaire was
checked by the expert panel including 10 experts (six
professors from Ho Chi Minh City University of
Sport; three officials from Ho Chi Minh City
Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism; and one
official from Ho Chi Minh City Department of
Science and Technology). After that, the researcher
sent this questionnaire to 100 students of Faculty of
Sport Management (Ho Chi Minh City University of
Sport) for pilot study. The reliability of the scales
measuring recreational sport’s constraints were
established by an internal consistent reliability
analysis method, indicating the homongeneity of the
measurement items. A standard measure of inter-item
consistency reliability is the Cronbach’s α coefficient.
Data analysis. The available collected
questionnaires were analyzed by using the software of
SPPS for Windows 16.0 of which details are as below
135
a)
Factor analysis and internal consistent reliability
analysis were used to check reliability of the
questionnaire.
b) Descriptive analysis was used to study about the
characteristic of demographics, recreational sport
participation and constraints.
c) Using t-test to analyze the discrepancy of
recreational sport constraints between inner and
suburb districts.
III. RESULTS
First, we will briefly present a few general results
of the study, as background information. This study
utilized a simple random sample from the participants
who took part in recreational sport activities in Ho
Chi Minh city. Male comprised 65.0% of the sample,
while females amounted to only 35.0%. The
participants distribute to all ages, from under 20 years
old to above 60 years old, the largest group
represented in the sample was “from 31 to 40 years
old” (38.1%).
Both undergraduate and high school
of education background were the highly represented
for participants, however, the biggest group was
undergraduate with a half of participants (55.4%).
Responses were also asked to respond to an item
related to their marital status. In the sample, 65.7%
indicated that they were single, 31.7 % were currently
married. The monthly income of participants was
divided by five groups from under 2 millions VND to
above 20 millions VND. A majority of the
respondents earned from 2 to 5 millions VND per
month (52.1%). Both employment and student/pupil
of occupation were the highly represented for
participants with 34.0% and 26.7%, respectively.
A. Recreational sports participation.
The using time of participants. In this section, the
survey of participant’s time include hours of working
time per week, and leisure time per day (both
weekdays and weekend). Figure 1 indicates hours of
working time per week, there are eight choices from
under 15 hours to over 60 hours. Participant’s
working time is quite unequally distributed in Ho Chi
Minh city; in fact, the highest time group, “from 40 to
44 hours”, which gets approximately 10 times as
much as does the lowest group, “over 60 hours”,
1,143 participants (38.1%) and 109 participants
(3.6%) respectively. Others are shown in Figure 1,
following
As research result, the top 10 ranking of leisure
activities for each of activities, base on mean scores.
From top 10 ranking of activities; five were evaluated
and ranked as “usually” (i.e. mean score of 3.50 to
less than 4.49) including watch television (3.96),
listen music (3.86), read newspaper (3.77), chatting
(3,56), and see movies (3.50); and the rest of five
activities were evaluated and ranked as “sometimes”
(i.e. mean score of 2.50 to less than 3.49) including
browse internet (3.44), visit friends (3.22), watch
video program (3.06), read books (2.92), and go to
shopping (2.68).
Fig. 1 Distribution on hours of working time per week
Table 1 describes hours of participant’s free
time per day (both weekdays and weekend) which
used for leisure and recreational sport activities,
include eight time groups from under 2 hours. There
are gradually decrease from the highest group to
lowest group in weekdays, “from 2 to 3 hours” group
involved 717 participants (23.9%), which is larger
five times than “from 7 to 8 hours” ones involved 146
participants (4.9%). In contrast, there are dramatically
change from the highest group to next second group
in weekend, the highest group, “over 8 hours”
involved 1349 participants (45.0%), which is larger
four times than the next second group, “from 7 to 8
hours” involved 334 participants (11.1%); however
there are the gently change from the next second
group to other ones. Other information about this
section are shown on Table 1, following
Table 1. Frequency analysis in Free time in one day
(weekdays and weekend)
Hours of free
time
in
one day
Weekdays
Weekend
Freq.
%
Freq.
%
Under 2 hours
396
13.2
123
4.1
From 2 to 3 hours
717
23.9
150
5.0
From 3 to 4 hours
639
21.3
249
8.3
From 4 to 5 hours
468
15.6
293
9.8
From 5 to 6 hours
256
8.5
272
9.1
From 6 to 7 hours
158
5.3
230
7.7
From 7 to 8 hours
146
4.9
334
11.1
Over 8 hours
220
7.3
1349
45.0
Types of leisure and recreational sport activities.
In this section, the researcher used the list of 50
leisure and recreational sport activities as the
instrument to examine the frequency of participants
who take part in these activities.
With recreational sport activities, the top 10
ranking for each of activities, base on mean scores.
From top 10 ranking of activities; two were evaluated
and ranked as “sometimes” (i.e. mean score of 2.50 to
less than 3.49) including watch sports program (3.30),
and go health fitness club (2.76), and eight activities
were evaluated and ranked as “seldom” (i.e. mean
score of 1.50 to less than 2.49) including jogging
(2.30), go swimming (2.30), play chess (2.03), play
billiards (1.99), hiking (1.87), play football (1.78), go
camping (1.72), and do martial art (1.69).
In addition, the researchers studied on the types
of ideal recreational sport from the participants in the
future. After that, the comparison were conducted
between inner and suburb districts in order to
determine the difference in participants. As the result,
the participants desire to enjoy the balls recreational
sport (such as futsal, triple player basket ball,
pentange and tennis, etc.) in the first ranking, there
are the same choice in results of inner and suburb
districts’ participants. In the second ranking, the
participants want to participate in the luxury
recreational sport (such as golf, bowling, hunting,
etc.), and there are also the same choice in results of
inner and suburb districts’ participants. However, in
the third ranking, the participants, in whole of Ho Chi
Minh city and suburb districts, want to participate in
the health recreational sport (such as Yoga, music
martial arts, cycling, swimming, etc.), and there are
change in the inner districts’ participants whom
choose the adventure recreational sport (such as XGames, jetski sport, surfing, bungee, etc.) as the third
ranking choice.
Suitable time for recreational sport activities. In
order to clearly understanding about the participants’
suitable time when they take part in recreational sport
in present and in the future, the researchers studied
and represented in this result. There are eight periods
of time for participants to choose, from before 7 a.m.
to after 7 p.m. The most suitable time for Ho Chi
Minh city’s citizens to take part in recreational sport
activities is “from 3 to 5 p.m.” (33.6%), next to
second suitable time is “from 5 to 7 p.m.” (28.0%),
and the third one is “before 7 a.m.” (13.8%).
As the results about the suitable time for ideal
recreational sport, there are the same choices with the
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 time for participating recreational sport in present.
However, Ho Chi Minh city’s participants trend to
increase in the time “before 7 a.m.”, from reality
(13.8%) to desire (18.3%); to decrease in the time
“from 3 to 5 p.m.” and “from 5 to 7 p.m.”, from
reality (33.6%) to desire (29.6%), and from reality
(28.0%) to desire (25.0%), respectively. Finally, the
most suitable time for both is still from 3 to 5 p.m.
B. Recreational sport constraints of Ho Chi Minh
City’s citizens.
The constraints for participants take part in
recreational sport were evaluated and ranked
individually using the following scale (a) strongly
influenced, 4.50-5.00; (b) influenced, 3.50-4.49; (c)
normal, 2.50-3.49; (d) uninfluenced, 1.50-2.49; and
(e) strongly uninfluenced, 1.00-1.49. Table 2
represents the rankings for each of the constraints
identified, based on mean scores. From 13 constraints
identified, eleven were evaluated and ranked as
normal (i.e., mean score of 2.50 to less than 3.49)
including facility/services condition (3.17), traffic
condition (3.16), equipment (3.14), facility safety
(2.97), climate/weather condition (2.95), and others
are shown in Table 2. And, the rest of two constraint
factors were evaluated and ranked as uninfluenced
(i.e., mean score of 1.50 to less than 2.49) including
family obligations (2.37) and family members’
recreational hobbies (2.14).
Table 2. The participation constraints of
recreational
sport
Recreational sport
constraints
N
Mean
SD
Facility/services condition
Traffic condition
Equipment
Facility safety
Climate/weather condition
Transportation/Distance
Services instruction
Time in general
Information acquisition
Friends support
School/work pressure
Family obligations
Family members’ hobbies
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3.17
3.16
3.14
2.97
2.95
2.93
2.81
2.77
2.77
2.64
2.56
2.37
2.14
1.301
1.294
1.312
1.371
1.328
1.261
1.314
1.285
1.362
1.356
1.320
1.335
1.237
To compare the recreational sport constraints
with different districts, the mean values are examined
by t-test in order to test the null hypothesis that the
means are equal between sub-samples. In terms of the
whole sample, the overall means of thirthteen
constraints yielded from the inner districts and suburb
districts are shown at Table 3.
137
Table 3. Comparison between inner and suburb
districts on recreational sport constraints
Inner
districts
Recreational sport
constraints
Suburb
districts
t
P
µi
2.62
2.81
2.36
SD
1.347
1.301
1.362
µs
2.28
2.62
2.41
SD
1.141
1.193
1.204
6.079
3.263
-.802
.000**
.001**
n.s.
Family members’
recreational hobbies
2.15
1.263
2.13
1.112
.285
n.s.
Facility safety
Friends support
Climate/weather condition
Transportation/Distance
Traffic condition
2.90
2.57
2.98
2.97
3.23
1.395
1.373
1.339
1.260
1.289
3.29
2.99
2.84
2.74
2.83
1.199
1.217
1.274
1.250
1.271
-6.575
-7.107
2.095
3.778
6.509
.000**
.000**
.036*
.000**
.000**
Facility/services condition
3.12
1.309
3.43
1.234
-4.962
.000**
Equipment
3.07
Services instruction
2.77
Information acquisition
2.74
Note: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01
1.325
1.318
1.373
3.48
2.98
2.89
1.194
1.286
1.304
-7.112
-3.344
-2.396
.000**
.001**
.017*
School/work pressure
Time in general
Family obligations
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this scientific research, the researchers
interviewed 3,000 participants who take part in eight
types of recreational sport in 24 districts of Ho Chi
Minh city.
1. Watch television, listen music, and read
newspaper, are the most popular leisure activities of
participants. On the other hand, watch sports program
(indirectly participate in recreational sport), go health
fitness club, and jogging are three recreational sport
which are the highest participating.
2. Almost subjects have hours of working time
from 40 to 44 hours (38.15). In addition, the best
suitable time for Ho Chi Minh city’s citizens when
they participate in recreational sport is from 3 to 5
p.m. in present.
3. There are no differences on types of
recreational sport in the first and second ranking
(balls and luxury recreational sport, respectively)
between the inner and suburb districts. However,
from the third ranking, it has differences between two
groups of participants.
4. With recreational sport constraint factors,
facility/services condition is the strongest affected to
participants in general. Almost recreational sport
constraint factors are statistically significant
differences between inner and suburb districts.
School/work pressure is the greatest affected
participants in the inner district; whereas, with people
in the suburb districts, facility safety is the most
influenced.
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Recreation Sport Management (4th ed.). Human Kinetics.
8.Searle, M., and Jackson, E. (1985). Recreation non-participation
and barriers to participation: Considerations for the management of
recreation delivery systems. Journal of Park and Recreation
Administration, 3, 23-35.
138
BLOOD IS SHUNTED FROM BONE TO MUSCLE DURING
POST-EXERCISE HYPEREMIA IN THE HUMAN LEG
Neuschwander, T. B.1, Macias, B. R.1, Zhang, Q.2, and Hargens, A. R.1
1
2
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Abstract- The purpose of this study is to compare large
arterial inflow, muscle microvascular flow, and bone
microvascular flow in the human leg during postexercise hyperemia. We tested the hypothesis that
anterior tibialis muscle microvascular flow would
correlate with anterior tibialis arterial flow velocity
during post-exercise hyperemia, and that post-exercise
hyperemia would preferentially increase muscle
microvascular flow at the expense of bone
microvascular flow. Immediately following 1 min of
50N isometric dorsiflexion of the ankle joint, ten
healthy subjects (5 men, 5 women, age range: 19 – 63)
had left anterior tibialis muscle and artery flows
measured with photoplethysmography (PPG) and
pulsed ultrasound Doppler; six subjects (3 men, 3
women, age range: 23 – 44) had left anterior tibialis
muscle and bone blood flows measured with PPG.
Relative increases in muscle microvascular flow
measured by PPG correlated linearly with maximum
blood flow in the anterior tibialis artery as measured
with pulsed ultrasound Doppler, R2=0.78 (p<0.001).
Immediately following exercise, muscle microvascular
flow increased significantly to 265±36% (p<0.01),
while bone microvascular flow decreased to 58±10%
(mean±SE compared to baseline of 100%, p<0.01).
Muscle microvascular flow was significantly different
from bone flow (p<0.05). Understanding the direct
linear relationship between macro and microvascular
blood flow in the lower extremity may be of use in
procedures in which tissue perfusion is affected by
surgical manipulation of arterial inflow. In addition,
this is the first study in humans demonstrating that
decreases in bone microvascular flow may indicate
shunting of blood to hypoxic muscle.
Keywordsmacrocirculation,
microcirculation,
anterior tibialis, photoplethysmography, ultrasound
Doppler
I. INTRODUCTION
During forceful exercise, metabolic demand of
muscle greatly increases, and intramuscular pressure
is often greater than microvascular perfusion
pressure.
Termed post-exercise hyperemia,
vasodilatation and vascular recruitment of muscle
microvasculature must occur during rest immediately
following contraction [1]. Arteriolar vessels maintain
resting vascular tone in response to vessel transmural
pressure, which is the pressure difference across the
vessel wall. This local regulatory mechanism was
first described by Bayliss in 1902 [2]. Known as the
myogenic response, it is an important contributor to
blood flow autoregulation [3].
In addition to
maintaining resting vascular tone, the myogenic
response has been implicated in post-exercise
hyperemia. As arterioles enter the skeletal muscle
compartment, the contracting muscle decreases
arteriolar transmural pressure to the point of vessel
collapse, and the vessel responds by smooth muscle
relaxation so that upon skeletal muscle relaxation,
hyperemia is present. Clifford et al (2006) recently
showed that mechanical deformation of rat soleus
feed arteries using external compression resulted in
significant dilation of the artery [4]. Kirby et al
(2007) recently showed that pneumatic compression
around the human forearm increased brachial artery
blood flow by as much as 185% [5].
Since acute changes in transmural pressure
change vessel wall tension, a mechanotransducer in
the vascular smooth muscle cell must transduce the
pressure difference across its wall. The myogenic
response is independent of the endothelium and
requires calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle
cells. The integrin macromolecule has been favored
as
the
likely
protein
responsible
for
mechanotransduction; the α5ß1-integrin is known to
increase L-type calcium current, which increases
intracellular calcium ion concentration in vascular
smooth muscle cells. Intracellular calcium influx is
responsible for maintaining vascular tone and
increases in calcium trigger vascular smooth muscle
contraction [6]. Recent work by Balasubramanian
and colleagues suggests that integrin molecules in
vascular smooth muscle cells transduce mechanical
force to calcium ion release via the ryanodine
receptor [7].
Both
photoplethysmography
(PPG)
and
ultrasound Doppler have both been previously used to
measure micro and macrovascular blood flow
associated with post-exercise hyperemia [8-11].
PPG, while a convenient method for measuring
relative changes in muscle microvascular flow, has
not been validated against ultrasound Doppler for
measurement of post-exercise hyperemia.
Using microspheres in several animal models, it
is demonstrated that long bone diaphyseal blood flow
responds to exercise with decreases in microvascular
flow and increases in vascular resistance [12-15].
However, these findings have not been documented
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 in humans due to the invasive nature of the
experiments. The diaphysis of the human tibia
follows the general vascular pattern of human long
bone and has three separate systems of blood supply:
the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal arteries, and the
periosteum [16]. The nutrient and metaphyseal
arteries provide endosteal blood flow, while the
periosteum supplies the external layers of the cortex.
The nutrient artery branches off the posterior tibialis
artery, while the diaphyseal periosteal blood supply
originates from both the posterior and anterior tibialis
arteries. The endosteal and periosteal arterioles
anastomose in the central layers of the cortex,
allowing a dual blood supply to the cortex [17].
Approximately 2/3 of blood flow to the cortex of the
tibial diaphysis is endosteal, originating from the
nutrient artery. In the uninjured human tibia, blood
flow through the cortex is centrifugal, flowing from
inner cortex to outer cortex. PPG likely measures a
combination of periosteal and cortical bone blood
flow [18]. Periosteal blood flow to the anterior tibial
diaphysis is mostly supplied by the anterior tibialis
artery.
We hypothesize that during post-exercise
hyperemia of the anterior compartment of the leg,
anterior tibialis muscle microvascular flow will
positively correlate with anterior tibialis artery
inflow. Moreover, we hypothesize that during postexercise hyperemia, tibial diaphysis microvascular
flow will decrease as blood is preferentially shunted
to muscle.
II. METHODS
I. Comparison of anterior tibialis artery inflow to
anterior tibialis muscle microvascular flow
The University of California San Diego (UCSD)
Institutional Review Board approved this study and
all subjects gave informed written consent prior to
participation. Ten healthy volunteers (5 men, 5
women, age range: 19 – 63 years) had the left leg
measured simultaneously with PPG and pulsed
ultrasound Doppler. All volunteers had normal body
mass indices and no history of prior surgery or trauma
to the left leg. To measure anterior tibialis muscle
microvascular flow, a PPG probe was placed on the
skin overlying the muscle belly, then wrapped loosely
with a dressing to occlude ambient light (Fig. 1).
Anterior tibialis artery flow velocity was assessed
using color flow duplex imaging (HDI 5000, Philips
Medical Systems). A 7.75 MHz linear array probe
measured anterior tibialis arterial flow velocity
proximal to the anterior tibialis muscle and 1cm distal
to the origin of the anterior tibilais artery from the
popliteal artery. The angle of insonation was held
constant at approximately 60 degrees and degree
correction was used to ensure angle of insonation was
perpendicular to the flow of blood. A single
investigator (TN) performed all duplex measurements
as well as analysis of all duplex data.
140
Prior to any measurements, subjects rested supine
for 5 min with their legs in a non-dependent position.
One minute of resting baseline measurement was
taken with PPG and Doppler simultaneously. PPG
peak height amplitudes were averaged for the entire
minute of baseline measurement and normalized to
100%. Three arterial waveforms collected during 1
min of baseline were used to calculate time-averaged
velocity with included software. Following 1 min of
baseline measurement, 1 min of continuous 50N
isometric dorsiflexion of the ankle joint was
performed using a custom-built ergometer.
Immediately following relaxation, PPG and pulsed
ultrasound Doppler measurements were performed
simultaneously for 3 min. The maximum PPG peakto-peak amplitude over the 3-min interval was
recorded and plotted against the maximum flow
velocity recorded with ultrasound Doppler. Five
exercise trials were averaged for each subject to yield
a single data point. Five min of rest occurred
between each trial.
II.Comparison
of
anterior
tibialis
muscle
microvascular flow to bone microvascular flow
Relative changes in muscle and bone
microvascular flows of 6 healthy subjects (3 men, 3
women, age range: 23 – 44) were measured. One
PPG probe was placed on the skin overlying the
anterior tibialis muscle, and one PPG probe was
placed on the skin overlying the diaphysis of the
anterior tibia. Initial resting baseline flows for both
muscle and bone were measured. Following baseline
measurement, subjects performed 1 min of isometric
dorsiflexion of the ankle joint, and measurements
were continued until 1 min following exercise.
Dorsiflexion of the ankle joint was standardized to
50N by using a custom-built ergometer (as shown in
Fig. 1). For each subject, the mean PPG value
obtained at the initial resting period was used as a
reference value. All subsequent PPG data were
normalized by dividing the reference value and
multiplying by 100, thus giving an initial value of
100% for normalized data. A repeated measures
ANOVA was used for statistical comparisons, and
statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
III. RESULTS
I. Comparison of anterior tibialis artery inflow to
anterior tibialis muscle microvascular flow
Fig. 2 contains original arterial waveforms from
one subject recorded during 1 min of baseline (Fig.
2a) and immediately following cessation of exercise
(Fig. 2b). Fig. 3 shows original PPG waveforms from
the same subject recorded during 1 min of baseline
(Fig. 3a) and during peak muscle hyperemia (Fig. 3b).
During rest, each subject’s average baseline arterial
flow velocity was plotted against his or her average
muscle microcirculatory flow. Following exercise,
each subject’s average peak hyperemic value for
arterial inflow was plotted against his or her average
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 peak hyperemic value for muscle microcirculation.
Maximum muscle microvascular flow measured by
PPG correlated linearly with maximum blood flow in
the anterior tibialis artery as measured with pulsed
ultrasound Doppler, R2=0.78, p<0.001 (Fig. 4).
Doubling
of
PPG
peak-to-peak
amplitude
corresponded to about a 5-fold increase in arterial
flow velocity (linear regression, least squares
analysis). Maximum muscle microvascular flow and
maximum arterial flow velocities did not occur at the
same time, however. Anterior tibialis arterial flow
velocities always peaked immediately following
exercise, while maximum muscle microvascular flow
had a latency of 46s±3.1s (mean±SE, p<0.01
compared to arterial flow velocity peak) following
cessation of exercise.
II.Comparison
of
anterior
tibialis
muscle
Immediately following exercise (Fig. 5), muscle
microvascular flow increased significantly to
265±36%, while bone microvascular flow decreased
to 58±10% (mean±SE compared to baseline of 100%,
p<0.01). Throughout the entire timecourse following
exercise, muscle microvascular flow was significantly
different from bone flow (p<0.05, repeated measures
ANOVA). Following cessation of exercise, peak
muscle microvascular flow occurred at 38±7.0s, while
bone microvascular flow was lowest in the initial
10±3s following contraction (mean±SE). Over the
course of 1 min following contraction, bone
microvascular flows approached baseline but did not
return to pre-exercise baseline. Muscle microvascular
flows also began to normalize but at the end of the 1min interval were still elevated (Fig. 5). Comparison
of peak muscle microvascular flow latency (46s±2.7s
in I and 38±7.0s in II) showed no significant
difference between the two experiments (p=0.37,
two-sample t-test).
141
Fig. 2: Baseline duplex flow velocities in the anterior
tibialis artery (2a) and flow velocities immediately
following 1 min of isometric contraction (2b).
Following contraction there is obliteration of
backflow and arterial flow-velocity assumes the
characteristic low-resistance waveform associated
with post-exercise hyperemia.
Fig. 3: Baseline photoplethysmography (PPG)
waveforms from the subject in Fig. 2 (3A) and PPG
waveforms during peak hyperemia (3B).
Raw
millivolt (mV) output is plotted on the ordinate and
time is plotted on
the abscissa.
Fig. 4: Muscle microvascular flow by
photoplethysmography (PPG) correlates well with
peak arterial flow using ultrasound Doppler (n=10).
Each point represents peak hyperemic values of
PPG and ultrasound Doppler blood flow following
1 min of isometric contraction. Resting baseline
values are circled.
There is a direct linear
relationship during post-exercise hyperemia
between
PPG
and
ultrasound
Doppler
measurements of blood flow (R2=0.78).
Fig.
1:
Experimental
Setup.
A
photoplethysmography (PPG) probe was placed on
the skin overlying the anterior tibialis muscle belly
and under a dressing to occlude ambient light.
Anterior tibialis arterial flow velocity was measured
with a 7.75 MHz linear array probe held constant at
approximately 60 degrees. A custom-built ergometer
was calibrated to provide 50N of force with the ankle
joint dorsiflexed at 90 degrees.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Fig. 5: Post-exercise hyperemia of anterior tibialis
muscle and corresponding decreases in bone
microvascular flow. Baseline measurements were
normalized to 100%. Mean muscle microvascular
flow (± SE) was significantly different from mean
bone microvascular flow (± SE), repeated measures
ANOVA, p<0.05.
IV. DISCUSSION
I. Comparison of anterior tibialis artery
inflow to anterior tibialis muscle microvascular flow
This study demonstrates the linear correlation
between anterior tibialis arterial flow velocity and
anterior tibialis microvascular muscle perfusion in the
human leg. Peak arterial flow velocity occurred
immediately after contraction and is consistent with
published reports demonstrating peak arterial flow
velocity occurring on the first heartbeat following
relaxation [19]. Latency to maximum capillary blood
flow following exercise has been reported by
Gorczynski and colleagues (1978) as 80-100s in
hamster cremaster muscle, with capillary recruitment
beginning at 15-30s following stimulation [20]. In
our experiments, peak microvascular muscle flow
occurred at 46s±3.1s and 38±7.0s after peak arterial
inflow and is likely related to microvascular filling
time and capillary recruitment following cessation of
isometric contraction.
Since the anterior tibialis artery and muscle are
relatively isolated from surrounding tissue by fascial
planes, our study was able to simultaneously compare
macrovascular blood flow measurement to
measurement of muscle microcirculation. PPG, a
relatively new technique for monitoring muscle
microcirculation, correlates well with the “goldstandard” arterial blood flow measurement by
ultrasound Doppler. This study adds to the growing
body of evidence that continues to validate PPG as an
accurate, non-invasive technique for measuring
muscle microvascular flow.
II.
Comparison of anterior tibialis muscle
Post-exercise hyperemia in muscle is well
documented with PPG and other methods, but to our
knowledge, this study is the first to measure bone
142
microvascular response to post-exercise hyperemia in
humans [11]. Similar results in animal studies using
microspheres demonstrate that bone blood flow
decreases in response to a nearby exercising muscle
[12-15].
Several mechanisms may contribute to postexercise hyperemia in muscle but not in bone. The
exercising muscle pumps venous blood towards the
heart, decreasing venous pressure and increasing the
effective perfusion pressure of the muscle upon
relaxation [21, 22]. Since most of the venous
drainage of the tibia is intramedullary, venous
pumping likely contributes more to increases in
muscle microvascular flow than to bone
microvascular flow. However, our subjects were
supine, minimizing a venous pressure gradient.
Exercising skeletal muscle releases vasoactive
substances
which
act
on
local
muscle
microvasculature [22]. Diffusion through fascial
layers and cortical bone would likely require too
much time to account for the rapid decreases in bone
blood flow [3]. Other mechanisms of microvascular
control include the neural and humoral control
systems, but it is thought that both muscle and bone
microcirculations respond similarly [12].
High intramuscular pressure during contraction
does not explain the decreases in bone blood flow
immediately following contraction since bone blood
flow is isolated from the pressure generated by
muscle. The anterior tibialis artery, shown to be
hyperemic following contraction in Experiment I,
supplies the periosteum of the anterior tibial
diaphysis. Although the inflow artery is hyperemic,
bone microvascular blood flow does not increase
following exercise. It is likely that immediately
following exercise, muscle vascular resistance greatly
decreases while bone vascular resistance is
unchanged. Blood is then shunted toward tissue with
the least vascular resistance; thus, bone flows
decrease at the expense of muscle flows.
Our study has several limitations. All subjects
received the same workload of 50N and maximum
voluntary contraction was not measured. As such,
post-exercise hyperemia measurements will be
different for each subject depending on the exercise
capacity and strength of each subjects anterior tibialis
muscle.
V. CONCLUSION
The linear relationship between peak large artery
inflow and peak muscle microcirculation established
during post-exercise hyperemia may be helpful in
clinical applications such as vascular anastomoses or
free flaps where an artery must be of sufficient caliber
to supply tissue demand. Following exercise, large
artery inflow increases, muscle microvascular flow
increases, but bone microvascular flow decreases.
The differential changes in vascular resistance
between bone and muscle likely lead to shunting.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by grants from NIH
Kirschstein T32 Training Grant, NASA NAG9-1425
and NNJ04HF71G, the Gothenburg Medical Society,
and the Swedish Society of Medicine.
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Author: Alan R. Hargens, PhD
Institute: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,University of
California, San Diego
Street: 350 Dickinson Street, Suite 121, San Diego, CA
92103-8894
City: San Diego
Country: USA
Email: ahargens@ucsd.edu
143
COACHING ATHLETES WITH DISABILITIES: IMPORTANT GUIDELINES IN
COACHING AND TRAINING METHODOLOGY
*Nagoor M. A, Rozita A.L & Hisyam C.M
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia, Malaysia
Abstract - The article briefly discusses athletes with
disabilities and how their condition can be matched
with suitable activities to allow them to participate in
physical activity and sports. The article also aims at
assisting coaches who conducts training for people
with disability to understand their condition first, and
then devise programs that are appropriate for their
condition. Furthermore, it highlights the barriers and
conditions that affect athletes with disabilities
participation in sports, especially those related to the
health, safety, and medical considerations that
coaches should understand and manage carefully. The
article offers recommendations on how coaches
should train athletes with disability.
Keywords- athletes with disability, conditions
(disabilities), coaching, sports
I.INTRODUCTION
Sports for the persons with disabilities like the able
bodied, provide many benefits, including; increase
strength and endurance, improvement in performance,
restoration of activity of mind, increased selfconfidence, and overall improvement in their quality
of life. Moreover, sports play a major role in social
medical, educational, and vocational aspects of
comprehensive rehabilitation programs for people
with disability. Due to these reasons, the first
competitive sports for the physically disabled were
introduced by Sir Ludwig Guttmann at Stoke
Mandeville Hospital in 1948 called the Stoke
Mandeville Games (SMG) which continues currently
as the International Stoke Mandeville Games [1].
Although, all able-bodied and persons with
disabilities focus on their quality of life and wellbeing
[2], persons with disabilities generally are less likely
to have opportunities to be active, making their health
concerns due to inactivity greater than the ablebodied [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. For example, persons who are
visually-impaired use more energy during activities
of daily living [8] and tend to have lower levels of
physical activity and health-related fitness than those
who are sighted [9, 10, 11, 12]. Furthermore,
impairments affect muscle strength and motor control
performance for those with motor impairments and
these limit their participation in sports.
With the special needs of persons with disabilities in
mind, coaches should design their training programs
to deal appropriately with these needs. In fact,
coaching athletes with disabilities is not a difficult
task if a coach is able to accept each participant as an
individual and deal with their specific needs and
conditions. As a coach, it is important to be aware of
each person’s disabilities and the level at which these
athletes are capable of functioning. Remember that
even people with the same physical condition
(throughout this article the term condition(s) is used
synonymously with disability (disabilities)) may
choose different activities and develop the skills
associated with those activities, albeit to different
levels of performance. Coaches should also
understand the definitions of different types of
disabilities. For example, coaches should understand
athletes with Cerebral Palsy (CP), amputations, and
spinal cord injury (SCI). Coaches should also be
aware that mental disabilities can be grouped into
various conditions such as Down syndrome, slow
learner, autism, dyslexia, and mental retardation.
There are also other categories of disabilities,
including athletes who are visually-impaired and
hearing-impaired. Physical disabilities may also
affect mobility, balance, agility, strength, endurance,
cardiovascular or combination of these capabilities.
The foregoing lists different types of disabilities that
might influence sports participation and performance
which coaches should consider as they train athletes
with disabilities.
Important factors to consider in training athletes
with disabilities
Below are some important suggestions that coaches
need to include in their training programs for athletes
with disabilities.
•
•
•
•
•
Keep a good balance among mind,
technique, and body of athletes with
disabilities in training programs.
Accept each athlete’s disabilities/physical
conditions as unique and design appropriate
training programs for them.
Have adequate knowledge of the rules and
laws of sport and how they might affect
athletes with disabilities.
Develop an awareness of the equipment that
athletes with disabilities use including
gloves, rams, and wheelchairs and make sure
they are suitable for the particular sports.
Compared to coaches of able-bodied
athletes, coaches of athletes with physical
disabilities require greater flexibility and
lateral thinking in order to attain the best
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 possible movement patterns for their
athletes.
• Coaches of athletes with physical disabilities
have to address the added dimension of
analyzing the movements of an asymmetric
body with a restricted range of movement
(ROM).
While, the above are general advice for coaches for
training athletes with disabilities, we now discuss
athletes with specific disabilities and their specific
needs that coaches must incorporate into their
training. These athletes with specific disabilities are,
visually-impaired athletes, athletes with amputations,
athletes with neurological conditions, athletes with
cognitive disabilities, and athletes who are deaf.
II.VISUALLY-IMPAIRED ATHLETES
Most of the studies related to visually-impaired
athletes suggest that athletes’ who are visuallyimpaired, are prone to inactivity throughout their life
span, and this is confirmed by studies focusing on
children with visual impairments that indicate that
they engage in less physical activity than persons
with other disabilities [13, 14]. Moreover, they also
demonstrate delayed motor development, such as
poor balance and inefficient gait, which may be due
to their sedentary behaviors during the developmental
years [15, 16]. Concomitantly, vision loss may affect
most of the skill acquisitions, such as running,
throwing, and jumping techniques in several ways
[15, 16]. It is also more difficult to learn physical
skills through verbal instruction than demonstrations,
and this limits the opportunities available to visuallyimpaired athletes to learn new skills [15].
Many athletes who are totally or partially blind are
unable to use vision to determine the proper direction
while running, throwing, or adjusting the direction of
the throws. Throwing direction may also be affected
in terms of the direction of the implements and balls.
Moreover, throwing implements in track and field,
throwing and placing balls in lawn bowls and tenpin
bowling, playing goalball, and using effective stroke
in swimming are all limited by visually-impaired
athletes’ inability to use vision. In athletics and
swimming events, visually-impaired athletes need to
know when they are approaching at the end of the
race. The use of a full hand of verbal descriptions by
a coach during demonstrations would be ideal. Using
the hand-body manipulation and brailing technique
during the warm-up and skill sessions will make it
easier for coaches to conduct the training sessions.
Coaches should understand that the sports
participation by the visually-impaired athletes
requires the use of a guide or partner. Sports like lawn
bowl require using a director to assist athletes to
know and maintain the direction of the throws.
Running in athletics of visually-impaired athletes
145
requires the use of a guide runner, and also the tether
(rope) to guide the athlete to the finish line.
For field events, especially jumping events, the coach
have to train a visually-impaired athlete to use step
counts to estimate the length of the runaway. It is
suggested that a coach should instruct assistants to
use the device called bonk/tapper, in order to tap at
the back of visually-impaired athletes in swimming
events, to make them aware that they are approaching
at the end of the pool. In cycling event, a front rider
(sit at the front) pedal together with the visuallyimpaired athlete (sit at the back) using the tandem
bicycle. Using methods such as hand-body
manipulation technique and brailing technique would
also be beneficial in assisting a visually-impaired
athlete learn new skills. For example, with regard to
hand-body manipulation, a coach could manipulate
the athletes’ limbs in such a way as to allow the
execution of a skill or movement, while brailing
technique could help athletes use their kinesthetictactile sense to feel the movement or skill that their
coach is executing.
III.ATHLETES WITH AMPUTATIONS
Amputations refer to a condition in which part or all
of one or more extremities are missing. An athlete
with arm or leg amputations might experience
problems with balance and speed while executing
running, jumping, and throwing motion. Therefore,
coaches must be creative when applying principles of
biomechanics for these athletes. One example is when
coaching an athlete or sprinter with a single above
elbow (AE) amputation, his or her performance in
balance and the sprinting ability decrease because
without upper limb(s), the body cannot propel
efficiently to generate force. Using hand prosthesis
might be a good solution but wearing prosthesis
requires good skin care including skin checks to
avoid skin stress due to abnormal shearing force. The
same thing applies to leg prosthesis. Using leg
prosthesis can increase speed of the athlete as it is
biomechanically efficient.
In jumping events, an athlete does not want to use leg
prosthesis because they are uncomfortable with it,
and are also afraid the prosthesis might give them
problems during jumping. It is also not advantageous
to use prosthesis in an event such as high jump, since
the force from the amputated leg will be transferred to
the jumping leg during the take-off phase. In running
events, using the J-shape prosthesis might give an
advantage to the runner, especially those with below
knee (BK) amputations. Even though Oscar Pistorius
(who has double below-knee amputations and run
using a carbon-fiber blades) wished to run at the
Beijing Olympics 2008, was not allowed, due to his
additional mechanical aids, but he is still known as
“the fastest man on no legs”. He has also run the
fastest 400 meters with a time of 46.90 seconds, and
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 has created a phenomenon by proving that running
techniques is not always the same as our previous
understanding from theories and books. For example,
in November 2007, German professor Gert-Peter
Brueggemann began testing Oscar Pistorius
advantages, and his study found that the artificial
limb used 25% less energy than able-bodied runners
to run at the same speed, and they led to less vertical
motion combined with 30% less mechanical work for
lifting the body. These findings were used by the
International Association of Athletics Federations
(IAAF) to ban Oscar Pistorius from participating in
the Olympics, but later they reversed the verdict to
allow him to compete in the Olympics, but to qualify
on merit by achieving the qualifying time of 45.55
seconds in the 400meter. He, however, failed to
achieve the qualifying time.
In swimming, using artificial limb would not be
advisable since it will make the swimmer experience
difficulty in movement, by using more drag force and
jeopardize the recording of fast time. So it is better
for an amputee-athlete to swim without using it. It is
also vital for an amputee-athlete to use prosthesis in
badminton, cycling, lawn bowl, table-tennis and even
archery. In throwing events, it is necessary for a shot
putter or a discus thrower to use prosthesis leg in
order to gain ground reaction force.
IV.ATHLETES WITH NEUROLOGICAL
CONDITIONS
146
stretching in a seated position or get help from others
to assist them.
Athletes with paraplegia, can utilize their upper limbs
to do exercise, whether using isokinetic machine,
resistance band, or engaged in active and passive
stretching. This is to enhance their fitness level, blood
circulation and also prevent blood pooling especially
at the lower limb. Paraplegic athletes should also
avoid sitting too long on wheelchair, since it will lead
to the development of pressure sores that can be
detrimental to their health.
For athletes with disabilities who are involved in the
sport of Boccia, integration of strength training into
their training program would be vital. Persons with
lower-limb disability who have to rely on manually
propelled wheelchair for locomotion, have a limited
mobility and range of action compared to able-bodied
individuals. It is, therefore, suggested that wheelchair
mobility of disabled athletes can be optimized by
improving the vehicle mechanics of the wheelchair,
adjusting the wheelchair design to be appropriate for
the user, as well as improving the individual’s
functional capacity [18]. In this respect, the
assessment of cardio respiratory fitness of wheelchair
users has emerged as an important area of interest in
the field of sports performance evaluation. Using
arm-crank ergometer or modified shuttle run test can
be used to assess those athletes with paraplegia and
tetraplegia with neurological conditions or spinal cord
damage.
Athletes with disabilities such as Cerebral Palsy (CP),
Acquired Brain Injury (ABI), Stroke and Spinal Cord
Injury (SCI) have some difficulties coordinating and
controlling their movements. This is because the
more severe the condition, the more likely that these
athletes will also experience limitations in functional
range of motion (ROM). The coach’s aim is to help
these athletes achieve greater motor control and
greater flexibility.
In order to produce aerobic effects, the amount of
effort expended by athletes with some disabilities
may have to be greater than that required for athletes
without disabilities. Hooker and Wells [19], for
example, found that producing training effects for
persons with spinal cord injuries requires higher
maximal heart rate levels of 70 percent than the
general population.
CP describes a group of disorders that affect the
development of movement and posture, causing
activity limitation, and are attributed to nonprogressive disturbances that occurred in the
developing fetal or infant brain. The motor disorders
of CP are often accompanied by disturbances of
sensation, cognition, communication, perception,
and/or behavior and/or by a seizure disorder [17]. CP
can be classified by motor involvement and its
distributions or pattern. The most common patterns
are spastic. Coaches should be aware of some
components of movement such as balance,
coordination, and muscle tone of spastic athletes are
affected by their condition and appropriate training
programs should be designed for them. It is
recommended that if spastic athletes experience
problems in balance while in standing position during
stretching, the coach should allow them to perform
For athletes with SCI condition, using resistance
training such as bands and cords could help them
develop a better feel for the desired movement. SCI
athletes, who uses sport/racing wheelchair can propel
them well, provided that they have their upper body
strength and arms. Coaches have to make sure that
the paraplegic athletes can throw using the rotation of
their waist because some higher classes of SCI
athletes depend only on their arms and wrist to throw.
Some SCI athletes lose their thermoregulation system
function due to their high level of spinal injury. The
higher and more complete the spinal cord damage
above T6, the greater the strain to the cardiovascular
system and temperature regulation system when the
body is exposed to the heat [20]. Most people with
paraplegic do not sweat below the level of the injury,
because with the loss of the ability to sweat [16]. This
condition is known as poikilothermic [16]. The best
way to deal with this condition is for the coach to
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 advise the athlete to wrap cold towel behind the neck,
and would be considered as artificial sweat. These
athletes should not be exposed too long under the hot
sun, and should drink plenty of water and always cool
themselves. If training under the hot sun, the coach
should reduce the intensity or bout of the training.
Another possible option would be to train them in an
indoor arena.
Those athletes, who have high level of injury, tend to
loss their bowel and bladder control [20]. So hygiene
is very important, to make the athletes comfortable
during their activity. A coach should make sure to
provide extra catheter and urine bag for them. A
coach should always focus on the athletes’ strength,
and not on their weaknesses. It is also recommended
that during training under hot humid environment, a
coach should decrease the intensity and duration of
the training session, while advising athletes to
consume more fluid to ameliorate the effect of the
heat.
V.ATHLETES WITH COGNITIVE DISABILITIES
Athletes with disabilities such as mental retardation,
severe learning disabilities, Down syndrome, autism,
and dyslexia generally have physical ability to
perform running, throwing and jumping motion using
the correct technique. Resistance exercise programs
for individuals and also athletes with mental
retardation are especially important because they have
positive impact relative to normal activities of daily
living [21, 22]. However, coaches will need to give
extra attention to principles of motor learning, when
introducing a new skill because these athletes tend to
forget whatever skills they have learned yesterday [6].
A coach should use simple one-part or two-part
direction, to introduce new skills gradually and
review their progress frequently. Especially in
running events, to describe using the right or left leg
need some time to be understood by the athletes, and
this make demonstrations extremely important in
describing and explaining every skill. Since such
athletes cannot read or write properly, or even
differentiate between each limbs well, a coach needs
to explain many times until they know what to do,
how to execute every skills.
VI.ATHLETES WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT
Athletes with hearing-impairment have the physical
ability to perform running, jumping and throwing
motions. However, frequent demonstrations are very
useful for training them, and a coach should instruct
them to repeat the desired motions to ensure
understanding of correct techniques or skills that they
are taught. Using peer/partner to demonstrate skills to
them would be an ideal way to help them understand
and learn new skills. Because of their hearingimpairment, some movement that involves balance
may be affected and this should be considered by a
147
coach when designing training programs for them. A
coach should also remember to teach the athlete to
use the flag or light or cues such as writing on a piece
of paper, books, whiteboard, or even writing imagery
on hands to show or communicate the right way to
perform particular skills. Learning sign language by a
coach is not necessary but knowing some important
cues would make it easier to handle them in training.
Using methods such as video recording, interpreters,
illustrations and pictures would be beneficial for a
coach to train the hearing-impaired.
A coach should learn to recognize non-verbal cues
such as posture, facial expressions, gestures, and
movements and also observe the athlete’s response to
instructions, explanations, and/or demonstrations to
help them learn new skills. During verbal
communication, a coach should position himself or
herself so that the athlete can see you. A lot of
messages can come from a coach’s facial expressions
and body movements. The message should be clear,
concise and presented in an interesting manner
through demonstrations or sign language. Modeling
can also be a good way to teach skills to enhance the
performance of athletes with hearing-impairment, by
instructing them to observe quality performances by
others. It is better for a coach to allow athletes a few
minutes to observe new drills from a model and try to
ensure that you use competent models so that the
athletes copy the desired movements or drills
effectively. A coach should avoid or reduce some
activities that focus on the movements such as agility
and balance since they tend to lose some balance due
to their disability. In achieving this, the main
questions to be asked are as below. First, why is that
athletes’ on wheelchair race tend to have very low
heart rate levels even with high intensity of training?
This is because wheelchair-bound athletes have
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) which is damage to the
spinal cord that results in loss of functions such as
mobility or feeling. Immediately after the spinal cord
injury, the loss of movement, sensation, and reflexes
below the level of the spinal cord injury can occur.
Sexual dysfunction and loss of bowel and bladder
control may also occur, depending on where the
spinal cord injury occurred and if the spinal cord was
completely severed or partially severed. The
sympathetic nervous system generally excites the
body by doing things such as increasing both the
heart rate and blood pressure. The parasympathetic
nervous system generally calms the body down by
doing things such as decreasing both the heart rate
and blood pressure. Both sympathetic and
parasympathetic systems are affected by spinal cord
injury. As a result, spinal cord injury patients
represent a very specific population, whose
physiological responses differ significantly from
those of normal, able bodied persons [23]. Coutts [24]
investigated the heart rate responses of SCI patients
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 during several different wheelchair sport activities to
investigate which activities produced the highest
heart rates over sustained periods. Coutts found that
the average heart rate elicited during a wheelchair
basketball game was 148 bpm. This was the highest
average heart rate. Other sports elicited lower rates,
including volleyball (115), tennis (128), and
racquetball (134). Newly spinal cord injured patients
usually have a very low fitness level following
hospitalization which put them at risk for adverse
reactions to maximal training including the risk of
vertebral fractures. Coutts also stressed the need for a
standardized piece of equipment such as the
wheelchair ergometer to accurately predict aerobic
power and establish norms for wheelchair-bound
athletes. Some of their significant findings was that
the maximal heart rate for paraplegic patients was
only approximately 5 bpm lower than the predicted
maximum (220 - Age). A larger upper body muscle
mass allows a higher efficiency of physiological
adaptation to wheelchair exercise, while a smaller
muscle mass may induce inappropriate adaptations to
exercise such as poor muscle blood flow, higher
muscle tension, and rapid contribution of anaerobic
metabolism [23]. From the foregoing, it is clear that it
is difficult to monitor athletes with SCI to ensure
they have reached their training zone or capacities, as
even with strenuous training, their heart rate will not
elevate above 120-140 beats per minute(bpm). It is
imperative to design appropriate methods to accurately
measure their training capacities.
Second, how about missing a finger or two, can such
disabled persons compete in disability sports?
In medical term, amputation can be defined as
surgical removal of all or part of a limb, an organ, or
projecting part or process of the body. In Paralympics
sports, there are various categories of disability, and
in a specific category, like amputation, there are also
classifications that are different to cater for each
group in the amputation. In sports classifications,
amputations can be defined as at least one limb
missing. Missing limb here referred to the lost of the
functional joint or joints. Example, if a person loses a
finger, he or she still manages to lift objects, but if he
or she lost all his or her fingers, then it would be
difficult to lift objects.
In sports classification, there are four (4) categories of
amputations:
•
•
Below elbow (BE) amputations- an
amputation that is categorized from elbow
joint and down up to the palm.
Above elbow (AE) amputations – an
amputation that is categorized from elbow
joint and up to the shoulder.
148
•
Below knee (BK) amputations – an
amputation that is categorized from knee
joint to the foot.
• Above knee (AK) amputations – an
amputation that is categorized from knee
joint to the hip joint.
Thus, if a person lost his or her finger or two, then he
or she cannot be considered to participate in
Paralympics sports.
Third, who do you think will ran faster than the
other; an athlete who has below knee (BK)
amputation or above knee (AK) amputation? Why?
The higher the level of amputation the more difficult
for a person to walk, jog or even run. Even using a
prosthetic makes it difficult to maintain his or her
body balance and may have difficulties moving from
one place to another, and becomes more difficult for
fast movement such as running or sprinting. For
example, athletes with above knee (AK) amputations
have difficulties when it comes to getting a great push
on the backside of the running cycle and to gain a
quicker and more powerful knee drive in the swing
phase on the front side of running phase since they
cannot flex their knee joint, so they will perform in a
‘chopping’ movement. Athletes with below knee
(BK) amputations will have more freedom to run,
since they can flex their knee joint to gain ground
reaction force to run or sprint much better and in a
balanced way.
Finally, in a creative way, how do you teach a
learning disabilities (LD) athlete the direction of
movement or the location of the limb (for example,
which is right or left)?
Athletes with LD or intellectual disabilities tend to
forget whatever techniques or skills that have been
explained or taught to them for the first time. They
will have certain level of abilities. It is preferable not
to make assumptions about what they can do or
cannot do as each of the athletes has their own unique
ability. Some even may have additional impairments
such as hearing impairments. So there are some
important methods to use to teach and make them
understand what we are teaching them and exhibit
them. As a coach, it is important to make sure that the
levels of instructions and directions that can be
understood by your intellectually-challenged athletes
are provided. This can be done through the use
simple, brief, concise language, while avoiding the
use of jargons and complicated language. If you use
complicated language, intellectually disabled athletes
might not understand you at all. It is also
recommended that colored ribbons are used to
differentiate between athletes’ left hand and right
hand. For example, you may tie different colored
ribbons to their hands and clarify that red ribbon
represents their left hand, or the blue ribbon
represents their right hand.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 VII.PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT
Satisfaction with performance appears to be of vital
concern to athletes with physical disabilities. To date
most research are performed by biomechanists,
particularly those interested in wheelchair propulsion.
Higgs [20] found that proficiency in wheelchair
racquetball corresponded with ‘greater distances
covered per rally, greater wheelchair speed, and a
higher degree of maneuverability”. He also stated that
peak velocity of a hand-pushed wheelchair is
influenced by a variety of interrelated factors,
including stroke frequency, range of contact of the
handrim, and the amount of percent of time in contact
with the handrim. It also appears that the greater the
stroke frequency, the greater the range of contact on
the handrim, and the less time in contact with the
handrim, the greater the peak velocity of the
wheelchair. Another study by Gehlsen et al. [19]
demonstrated that changes in trunk position produced
greater peak velocity among wheelchair athletes.
VIII.CONCLUSION
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Most of the suggestions in this article are not intended
to offer complete explanation or detail techniques for
coaching athletes with disabilities. There are also
many things that coaches have to consider and
acquire knowledge through research and education
that would be ideal for them to help athletes with
disabilities to improve their performance. Most of the
research findings are also on able-bodied athletes and
coaches may not be able to apply directly to athletes
with disabilities. It is, therefore, important for
coaches of disable athletes to find aspects of the
available research findings on able-athletes that they
can transfer into sport programs for athletes with
disabilities. Research related to sport and physical
activity offers important, practical information for
people with disabilities to enjoy and excel in sports.
People with disabilities should be able to choose to
participate in separate or parallel sports [12], and
leaders or coaches of these activities must be kept
informed from time to time about scientific
developments in training of disabled athletes to help
them improve their competitive performance.
16.
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Corresponding author
Nagoor Meera Abdullah
Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Academic
Building 3, University Technology MARA,
Malaysia
40450, Shah Alam,
Malaysia
Tel: +60132048492
Email: nameera_ab@yahoo.com.my
150
COMPARISON OF BALANCE BETWEEN STRIDE LEG AND TRAIL LEG IN
BASEBALL PITCHERS
Cheng Jen-Hao 1, Lin Wei-Hsiu 1, Chung Yu-Cheng 1
Department of physical education, National Chiayi University, Chiayi County, Taiwan
Abstract— To make the process of pitching motion of
baseball smooth and stable, stride leg and trail leg
must be the stable base to stabilize the body's center
of gravity. The study investigated the differences
between the dynamic and static balance of the stride
leg and trail leg in baseball pitchers. Six college
baseball pitchers (age = 20.0 ± 1.5 years, height =
174.3 ± 4.9 cm, weight = 78.3 ± 8.1 kg, life
expectancy of baseball player = 9.3 ± 2.2 years)
participated in this study. The athletic single leg
stability testing mode of the Biodex Balance System
(BBS) was used to evaluate the dynamic and static
balance. Medial-lateral stability index (MLSI),
Anterior-posterior stability index (APSI) and an
Overall stability index (OSI) were measured using the
BBS and the subjects performed single-leg standing
with eyes opened, hands on their waists during the
static (level statics) and dynamic balance (level six)
measurement. Also, the average radius, velocity and
area of the center-of-pressure (COP) was measured
using AMTI force plate to evaluate the static balance
in single-leg standing with eye-opened and eyeclosed conditions. The paired t-test was used to
compare the MLSI, APSI and OSI from BBS and the
average radius, velocity and area of the COP from
force plate between stride legs and trail legs. The
results demonstrated that whether the MLSI, APSI
and OSI or the average radius, velocity and area of
the COP, there was no differences between stride leg
and trail leg in static balance (p>0.05); however, a
significant difference was found in OSI between
stride leg and trail leg (p<0.05) in dynamic balance. It
is concluded that the dynamic balance performance of
the trail leg is better than the stride leg and the
dynamic balance in baseball pitchers might be a better
indicator than static balance while comparing the
balance performance between stride leg and trail leg.
of transformation of energy and the support in
pitching [2]. Linear wrist velocity at ball release
correlated highly with the horizontal thrust is
generated by stride leg and trail leg [4]. Motor control
and sports mechanics affect the accuracy of the
pitching [1]. In order to make the pitching process
smooth and stable and take the ball velocity and
accuracy into consideration, the stride leg and trail leg
must be the stable base to stabilize the pitcher's center
of gravity. However, the postural control abilities of
the stride leg and trail leg might be different from
each other. Therefore, the study investigated the
differences between the dynamic and static balance of
the stride leg and trail leg in baseball pitchers.
Keywords— dynamic balance, static balance, singleleg standing
Also, the average radius, velocity and area of the
center-of–pressure (COP) were measured using
AMTI AccuSway Balance Platform (Advanced
Mechanical Technology, Inc.) to evaluate the static
balance. The subjects performed single-leg standing
on fore plate with eyes-opened and eyes-closed,
hands on hips for ten seconds (Fig. 2) and a tensecond rest with a two-footed stance was required
between each trial. Three trials were performed for
each limb.
I. INTRODUCTION
Technical requirement for pitching contains two
keypoints: ball velocity and accuracy [1]. The
pitching motion of baseball pitchers is a structural
work, the linkage starts from the lower limbs, through
the trunk, and finally reaches the upper limbs [2,3].
The contributions of the lower limbs are considered
to be vital components in pitching [3]. The major
work of trail leg is the propulsion and supply of the
initial power and the stride leg provides the function
II. METHODS
Subjects: Six college male baseball pitchers (age =
20.0 ± 1.5 years, height = 174.3 ± 4.9 cm, weight =
78.3 ± 8.1 kg, life expectancy of career = 9.3 ± 2.2
years) participated in this study.
Data collection: The Athletic Single Leg Stability
Testing mode of the Biodex Balance System (BBS)
(Biodex Medical System, Shirley, NY) was used to
evaluate the dynamic (Level six) and static balance
(Level statics) and Medial-lateral stability index
(MLSI), Anterior-posterior stability index (APSI) and
an Overall stability index (OSI) were measured using
the BBS. The order of the testing level was
randomized before testing. The subjects performed
single-leg standing on BBS with eyes-opened, hands
on hips for twenty seconds (Fig. 1), and a ten-second
rest with a two-footed stance was required between
each trial. Six trials were performed for each limb.
Before testing, all the participants practiced three
trials to familiarize with the testing procedure.
PASW Statistics Version 18 (SPSS, Inc; Chicago,
Illinois) was used for statistical analysis. We used the
paired t-test for comparing the differences of OSI,
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 APSI and MLSI of level six and level static and the
average radius, velocity and area of the COP between
stride leg and trail leg in baseball pitchers. An α level
of 0.05 was set for the analyses.
152
between stride leg and trail leg (p<0.05) in dynamic
balance (Table 1).
Table 1 Comparison of mean values for Trail and
Stride leg on different balance parameters
Trail Leg
(Mean ±
SD)
Stride leg
(Mean ±
SD)
RCOP (in)
0.31 ± 0.07
0.30 ± 0.07
VCOP (in/sec)
1.82 ± 0.36
Balance Test
Eye-opened
ACOP (in sq)
1.18 ± 0.67
1.78 ± 0.49
1.02 ± 0.46
Eye- closed
RCOP (in)
0.33 ± 0.05
0.45 ± 0.14
VCOP (in/sec)
1.84 ± 0.25
2.72 ± 1.20
ACOP (in sq)
1.25 ± 0.34
2.48 ± 1.62
Level statics
MLSI
0.85 ± 0.60
0.77 ± 0.32
APSI
0.65 ± 0.19
0.58 ± 0.12
OSI
1.15 ± 0.60
1.02 ± 0.32
Level six
MLSI
1.45 ± 0.48
1.70 ± 0.59
APSI
1.23 ± 0.08
1.45 ± 0.37
OSI
2.07 ± 0.43*
2.38 ± 0.69
SD = standard deviation, CI = confidence interval, RCOP = the
radius of COP, VCOP = the velocity of COP, ACOP = the area of
COP, MLSI = Medial-lateral stability index, APSI = Anteriorposterior stability index, OSI = Overall stability index,
“*” indicates p < .05
Fig. 1 The testing posture while performing the
Biodex Balance System (BBS) test.
IV. DISCUSSION
Static balance: The result was consistent with
previous study [5]. They used Zebris force plate
(Zebris Force Measuring Platform, zebris Medical
GmbH, Germany) to measure the swing area, total
length track, horizontal and vertical deviation of the
center-of-focus (COF) to evaluate the static balance
and the results also indicated that there was no
differences between the stride leg and trail leg. The
pitching has always been a dynamic process; the
static balance might not be a good indicator while
comparing the balance performance between stride
leg and trail leg in baseball pitchers.
Fig. 2 The testing posture while performing the
AMTI force plate test.
III. RESULTS
The results demonstrated that whether the MLSI,
APSI and OSI or the average radius, velocity and area
of the COP, there was no differences between the
stride leg and trail leg in static balance (p>0.05);
however, a significant difference was found in OSI
Both trail leg and stride leg performed single-leg
standing to support the body weight respectively
while pitching [6]. The trail leg performed single-leg
standing during wind-up and stride phase in pitching
while the stride leg performed single-leg standing
after ball release (i.e. arm deceleration and followthrough phase). Therefore, it might be the reason that
no significant difference was found between stride leg
and trail leg in static balance in baseball pitchers.
Dynamic balance: The results showed that only
significant difference in OSI was found between
stride leg and trail leg in dynamic balance. The MLSI
and APSI indicate the fluctuations from horizontal
along the medial–lateral (ML) and anterior–posterior
(AP) axes of the BBS, respectively and the OSI is a
composition index of the MLSI and APSI [4]. It is
possible that fluctuations from other directions other
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 than ML and AP axes were ignored. The reliability
of the OSI measures was higher than the reliability of
both the MLSI and APSI measures [7, 8].
The dynamic balance performance of the trail leg is
better than the stride leg in baseball pitchers. Since
the pitching has always been a dynamic process, the
evaluation of the dynamic balance between stride leg
and trail leg in baseball pitchers is strongly suggested.
V. CONCLUSION
It is concluded that the dynamic balance
performance of the trail leg is better than the stride
leg and the dynamic balance might be a better
indicator than static balance while evaluating the
balance performance in baseball pitchers.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
Chang Shih-Ch'uan, Chiang Chin-Yen, Chung Yu-Cheng et
al. (2008) The correlation between accuracy and lower
limbs balance in baseball pitchers. In Hsu T'ai-Yen (Eds.).
Information research: 2008 Taiwan So ciety of
Biomechanics
and
Taiwan
So ciety
of
Biomechanics in Sports Conf eren ce, TSB and
TSBS Conf erence (pp . 12 9–130 ). Taichung:
Nation al Taichung Un iv ersity of Edu cation
Lin Chun-Lung, Chen Chung-Yu (2006) The work of lower
limbs in baseball pitchers. Quarterly of Chinese Physical
20:102–107
Stodden D F, Campbell B M, Nixon M K (2010). Lower
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
153
Extremity Muscle Activation During Baseball Pitching.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 4: 964–971.
MacWilliams B A, Choi T, Perezous K M et al. (1998).
Characteristic ground-reaction force in baseball pitching.
American Journal of Sports Medicine 26:66–71
Chang Hsiao-Yun, Chung Yu-Cheng, W Wan-Ling (2008)
Comparison of static balance between trail leg and non-trail
leg in baseball pitchers. In Hsu T'ai-Yen (Eds.). Information
research: 2008 Taiwan So ciety of Biomechan ics
and Taiwan Society of Bio me ch anics in Sports
Conferen ce, TSB and TSBS Conf erence (pp.
127 –12 8 ).
Taichun g:
Nation al
Taichung
University of Education
Fleisig G S, Escamilla R F, Barrentine S W (1997)
Biomechanics of Pitching: Mechanism and motion analysis.
In Andrews J R, Zarins B, Wilk K E (Eds). Information
research: Injuries in Baseball (pp. 3–22). Philadelphia:
Lippincott–Raven
Arnold B L, Schmitz R J (1998) Examination of balance
measures produced by the biodex stability system. Journal
of Athletic Training 33:323–327
Cachupe W J C, Shifflett B, Kahanov L et al. (2001)
Reliability of Biodex Balance System measures.
Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science
5:97–108
Corresponding author: Cheng, Jen-Hao
Author:Cheng, Jen-Hao, Lin, Wei-Hsiu and Chung, YuCheng
Institute: Department of physical education, National
Chiayi University
Village: Wenlung
Township: Minxiong
County: Chiayi
Country: Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Email: s0981026@mail.ncyu.edu.tw
COMPARISON OF MEN’S AND WOMEN’S VARSITY SWIMMING INJURIES
R.P. Tuppekar 1 & Sinku Kumar Singh 2
1
Lecturer, S. R. T. M. University, Nanded (M.S.) India
Head Department of physical education, S. R. T. M. University, Nanded (M.S.) India
2
Abstract - Objectives: The primary aim of the
investigation was to compare the Men’s and
Women’s Swimming injuries at varsity level with
regard to various stages viz. injuries with respect to
location, injuries in different strokes, nature of
injuries, and injuries occurred during training and
competition. Methods: Information on injuries were
collected from different universities team which were
participating in All India Inter-varsity Aquatic
tournament held at Kerala University Trivendrum
from 25 to 29th February- 2008, by questionnaires
prepared by Cromwell F.J. Walsh Gromley for Elite
Gaelic footballers (2000). It was modified by the
investigator and utilized for present study. T-ration
was utilized to compare the injuries. The Swimmers
were asked to recall injuries over the proceeding three
years. Result: In this study total 150 questionnaires
were administered. Out of 150 questionnaires 75
belong to Men’s Swimmers and 75 belong to
Women’s Swimmers. In all 222 injuries out of 150
players were found out over the period, 123 and 99
injuries found out in Men’s and Women’s Varsity
Swimmers
respectively.
Significant
injuries
difference were found between Men’s and Women’s
varsity swimmers (t=5.4, P<.001), Knee (t=7.66,
P<.001) and back ( t = 4, P < .001). No. significant
injuries differences were found between training and
competition period as combined sample (t=1.75),
while considering the injuries in competition period
separately, significant injuries difference were found
between men’s and women’s swimmers (t=6.13,
P<.001). when the difference of injuries considering
with respect to strokes significant injuries difference
were found in Back Strokes (t=6.5, P<.001) and
butterfly (t=6.09, P<.001). However, no significant
difference were found in Breast Strokes (t=1.66) and
Crawl (t=1.23). Conclusion: The Men’s varsity
swimmers have got more injuries than the Women’s
varsity swimmers, significant injuries difference were
found in Back stroke and Butterfly stroke to Men’s
and Women’s swimmers. The results of the research
provide a useful insight into the injuries in swimming
I.INTRODUCTION
Swimming is a sports that can be played by all ages &
both sexes indoor & outdoors, it can be highly
competitive sports requiring a high level fitness,
agility & co ordination or it can be relaxing & highly
enjoyable recreation.
Swimming requires a variety of physical attributes &
specific playing skills, therefore, participants need to
train & prepared to meet at least a minimum set of
physical, physiological & psychological requirements
to cope with the demands of the game & to reduce the
risk of injuries. (Mc. Master wc. 1999)
In the epidemiological studies, injuries occur in the
training or matches, interrupt or hampered play (
Sinku 2006,2007) Special treatment is required in
order to continue the game or if the injury has mode
playing impossible.
Swimming has received a little interest in sphere of
sports medicine. Swimming is low risk sports,
dominated by overuse injuries while recovery time
form injuries is relatively long, but only a few
working days are lost by the players to return back to
play. (Rechardson et. al. 1991), thus leading to abuse
of the injured sites.
In swimming, overuse injuries are the most frequent
occurrence of injuries acute injuries are relatively rare
as there is lack of bodily contact and swimming is at a
slow speed (rechardson Alen B. 1987)
The majority of injuries that effect swimmers causing
disruption to training and performance are chronic in
nature. These are related to repetitive micro trauma or
overuse (kenal K. A, KnappLD1996)
Keeping in view the paucity of information about
sports injuries in general and swimming playing in
particular, an attempt has been made in this area to
investigate the possible risk factors involved in
swimming.
II.METHODS
Two group of swimmers were targeted; Men’s and
Women’s varsity swimmers. Who were regularly
participating for three years in All India inter-varsity
swimming tournament aged between 17 to 25 years.
Information on injuries was collected from 150
swimmers who were participating in All India Intervarsity Aquatic tournament which was held in Kerla
University Trivendrum from 25 February to 29th
February 2008. a questionnaire was prepared by
Cromwell F.J. Walsh Gromely (2000) for elite Gaelic
football players and it was modified by the
investigator. T-ration was computed to compare the
injuries between Men’s and Women’s varsity
swimmers. The investigator personally contacted the
team managers and coaches of the various varsity
teams and the purpose of the study was explained to
them. Further instruction was given by the
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 investigator to the players to the completion of the
questionnaire.
Competition
Men
Wo
’s
men’
s
III.RESULT
A total of 222 out of 150 Swimmers sustained injuries
in varsity Men’s and Women’s swimmers. Their age
range was 17 to 25 years. The mean (S.D) age of
Men’s and Women’s swimmers was 23.33 (1.78) and
23.10 (1.66) years, their height was 172.54 (8.33) cm.
and 158.66 (7.78) cm. their weight was 62.25 (85.33)
kg. and 54.99 (4.78) kg. Their training duration was
3.98 (.88) hours and 2.33 (.42) hours and their
competition in one year 9.98 (3.33) and 5.28 (2.28)
respectively.
The results of swimmer’s injuries are shown in table I
to IV.
TABLE – 1 Mean Scores, Standard Deviation and tratio of injuries to Men’s and Women’s Swimmers.
Swimmers
No
Mean
S.Ds.
Men’s (123)
75
1.64
.52
Women’s (99)
75
1.32
.43
S.
Ed.
t-ratio
.07*
4.57*
*Significant at .001 level.
With regard to injuries of Men’s and Women’s
varsity swimmers obtained the mean values of 1.64
and 1.32 respectively, were observed Table-I.
The obtained t=4.57 was significant at .001
level, indicating that swimmers and greater incidence
of injuries than the women’s swimmers.
TABLE – 2 Mean Scores, Standard Deviation and tratios of injuries to Men’s and Women’s Varsity
Swimmers with respect to Location
* Significant at .001 level. NS = Not significant.
Table –II Clearly indicates that significant
injuries differences were found with regard to
location of which Shoulder (t=5.4, p<.001), Knee
(t=7.66, p<.001) and Back (t=4. p<.001) while others
(t=1.33), not significant injuries difference were
found between Men’s and Women’s varsity
swimmers.
TABLE – 3 Means Scores, Standard Deviation, and tratios of injuries between competition and training
period to Men’s and Women’s Varsity Swimmers.
Numb
er
Means
155
Training
Me
Wom
n’s
en’s
Total
Trainer
Co
mp
etiti
on
92
58
26
32
49
43
2.07
1.15
1.4
0
.39
1.44
1.42
.48
.09
.44NS
.49
S.Ds.
S. Ed.
t-ratio
.72
.32
15
4.13*
1.5
6
.52
.08
1.75NS
* Significant at .001 level, NS = Not Significant.
Table 3 depicts the statistical information of
incidence of injuries recorded in the Men’s and
women’s swimmers during competition and training
periods. No significant difference in the occurrence of
injuries are found out in relation to both the
competition and the training period in the combined
sample (t=1.75)
Women’s swimmers incur significantly less
number of injuries as compared to the men’s
swimmers during the competition period (t=4.13, pc.
ort), whit list no significant difference in the
incidence of injuries sere found between the Men’s
and Women’s swimmers during training period.
(t=.44)
Sr.
No.
Locat
ion
1
Shoul
der
2
Knee
3
Back
4
Other
s
Swim
mers
No.
Mean
S.Ds
.
S.
Ed
.
trati
o
Men’s
Wome
n’s
Men’s
Wome
n’s
Men’s
Wome
n’s
Men’s
Wome
n’s
47
35
.62
.35
.20
.13
.05
5.4*
34
22
.45
.22
.16
.08
.03
7.66
*
19
17
.25
.14
.09
.07
.02
4*
22
25
.29
.25
.11
.10
.03
1.3N
S
TABLE – 4 Mean Scores, Standard Deviation, and t-ratios ofinjuries to Men’s and Women’s Varsity Swimmers
with respect to Stroke.
Sr. No.
Stroke
1
Breast Stroke
2
Back Stroke
3
Butterfly
4
Crawl
Swimmers
Men’s
Women’s
Men’s
Women’s
Men’s
Women’s
Men’s
Women’s
No.
21
22
18
16
10
08
26
29
Mean
1.47
1.22
1.66
.81
1.9
.62
1.65
1.86
S.Ds.
.57
.42
.62
.29
.63
.21
.59
.68
S. Ed.
t-ratio
.15
1.66 NS
.16
6.5*
.21
6.09*
.17
1.23NS
*Significant at .001 level, NS = Not significant.
As Table IV shows that, injuries differences were
found with respect to Back Stroke (t=6.5, p<.001),
and Butterfly (t=1.09, <.001) of Men’s and Women’s
varsity swimmers, while Breast Stroke (t=1.66) and
Crawl (t=1.23) were found not significant injuries
differences between Men’s and Women’s varsity
swimmers.
IV.DISCUSSION:
whenever required by me. The success of the study
was largely due to the high degree of co-operation
and assistance received from the swimmers and
coach. We are very great full to them.
Finally, thanks to all who helped us directly
or indirectly in completion of this pilot study.
REFERENCES
1.
Cromwell, F.J. Walsh Gromely “A Pilot Study
examining injuries in elite gaelic footballers” British
Journals of sports medicine 2000, 34: 104-108.
2.
Johnson, Jettery, Frankinh, Sim and Stevera G. Scott
(1987) Musculoskeletal injuries in competitive
swimmers, Subject review mayo clin proc. 62:289-304.
3.
Kenalka Knappal D (1996) shoulder in competitive
swimmers. Clinics in Sports medicine, Vol. 22 (5)
337:347.
4.
Mc. Mster wc. (1999) shoulder in competitive
swimmers. Clinics in Sports medicine, Vol. 18(2)349357.
5.
Rechardson, Allen B, andJames W. Miller (1991)
swimming and the older athlete Clinics in Sports
medicine, 10:2.
6.
Richardson, Alen B. (1987) Orthopedic aspects
competitive swimming Clin sports Med., 6:3.
Despite the limitations of this study, the
results provide a useful insight into the nature,
location and outcome of injuries in swimming at
highest level. It is the first study to examine
exclusively problem such as injuries to Men’s and
Women’s swimmers. This research provides a
platform for further research in the field of Physical
Education, Sports and Sports Medicine. Finally,
injuries are very serious problem for competitive
swimmers.
7.
Singh S.K. & Pagere S.B. (2007), “ A Pilot Study
Examining injuries in Relation to field postion of
competitive football players” Ntional level seminar on
management of Physical Education and Sports: Benefits
& Challenges M.C.C. Mumbai.
8.
Singh, S.K., “A study of injuries prevalence in Aquatic
players” A published master thisis. Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi 2004.
9.
Singh, S.K. etc. Al. “Injury prevalence in competitive
swimmers” Indian journal of sports study 2006 Vol. 6
40-44.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
10.
Waston A. Incidence and nature of sports injuries in
Ireland American journal of sports Medicine 1993;
21:137-143.
11.
Zelisko JA, Noble HB, et.Al. A Comparison of Men’s
and Women’s professional basketball injuries. Americl
journal of sports medicine 10 (5) : 297-299, 1982.
This study reveals that Men’s varsity
swimmers suffered more injuries as compared to
Women’s varsity swimmers. This may be due to the
Men’s varsity swimmers spend more time in training
and competition period. While compare the injuries
difference with respect to location significant injuries
difference were found in shoulder (t = 5.4, P<.001),
Knee (t = 7.66, P<.001) and Back (t = 4, P<.001) in
favour of Men’s varsity swimmers. While comparing
injuries between training and competition period
significant injuries difference were found during
competition (t=6.13, P<.001). Men’s swimmers were
found to have got more injuries as compared to
Women’s swimmers.
V.CONCLUSION
We are immensely indebted to the
organizing committee and the players of All India
Inter-varsity Aquatic tournament who spared much of
their valuable time and provided all possible help
COMPARING THE PERFORMANCE OF SOME BASIC SKILLS AND
COGNITIVE ACQUISITION IN HANDBALL ACCORDING TO
THE PREVAILING BRAIN HEMISPHERE
Al-Taie, Iman Hussein
University of Baghdad/ College of Physical Education / Baghdad/ Iraq
Abstract – Lack of interest in the prevailing brain
hemisphere in female students leads to weakness in
learning some basic skills of the game that negatively
affects the students' ability to use theoretical
information given to them to serve the practical
aspects of performance. Thus, the aims of the
research are; identifying brain hemispheric
prevalence (left, right and integrated) the students of
Physical Education College / University of Baghdad
and the level of performing some basic skills in
handball in the students according to brain
hemispheric prevalence and identifying the
differences among students with right hemispheric
prevalence, left hemispheric prevalence and
integrated hemispheric prevalence in the performance
of some basic skills and learning in handball. The
researcher concluded that dividing the subjects of the
study according to hemispheric prevalence was as
follows: right brain hemispheric prevalence (20)
female students, left brain hemispheric prevalence
(37) female students and integrated brain prevalence
(33) female students and there are no significant
statistical differences in the performance of some
basic skills in handball for female students with right
– left - integrated) brain prevalence. Finally she
concluded that there are significant statistical
differences in cognitive achievement among handball
female students with (right - left - integrated) in favor
of integrated prevalence.
Keywords – cognitive acquisition, brain hemisphere,
handball, basic skills, and performance.
I. INTRODUCTION
In Physical Education There are two approaches to
deal with students, the theoretical and practical
approaches and the amount of interaction between
them to get better results. In addition to that, each
student has his unique pattern of thinking and
learning that is dependent on the prevailing half of the
brain. Whether the left, right or integrated. Each part
of the brain has a special way of receiving
information, organizing it, storing it and retaining it
and then retrieving it in some way. Accordingly, lack
of interest in the prevailing brain hemisphere in
female students leads to weakness in learning some
basic skills of the game that negatively affects the
students' ability to use theoretical information given
to them to serve the practical aspects of performance.
The presence of two halves of the brain is known
for a relatively long time ago, but recently many
differences in mental functions between the two
halves emerged thus it is called hemispheric
prevalence (7, 633) "each half of the brain is in
control of the voluntary movements of the other half
and receives the cognitive information from that half
and distinction is clear when one hemisphere prevail
over the other in the power of movement." Several
noted studies to the idea that the hemispheric of the
brain lead different operations from each other,
including (3, 43) "the left hemisphere of the brain
analyzes the information from the part to the whole,
gather, organized and arranged in a logical manner.
While the right half analyzes the information from the
whole to the part, concentrates on the image as a
whole image. The left half analyzes information in
continuous series while the right hemisphere analyzes
information in a random style."
(Martinez) have noted the functions of brain
hemispheres in the field of sports stating that (9, 111143) the left half of the brain is called the analyst, it
used in learning new skills and correcting errors, it
working to supply him with information for each step
on time, with verbal instructions that help in guiding
the human body to the type and sequence of
movements to be performed. The right half is called
the complementary it controls the way in which the
player
interdependence
between
vocabulary
consisting of skill within a holistic framework
composite. the left side of the work becomes the
focus internally on past performance and planning for
the next performance when the right side of work is
the focus of attention on the current performance of
the skill "when the player learns a skill he must use
the analyst but when he is performing the skill in
competitions he must use the complementary. If
needed, periods of analyses can exist within a
competition
during
time-outs
or
between
competitions" (6, 144).Similar studies:
A Study by (Salah Ahmed Mourad, Mohamed Abdel
Kader) (4) entitled (thinking and learning styles in
college students and their relationship with academic
achievement).
The aim of the study was to learn the patterns of
learning and thinking in the students of Egypt
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 University. The Subjects consisted of (842) students
and he used a scale to observe Torrance patterns of
learning and thinking. The results showed that the
students used the left pattern more than right and
integrated. That there is a statistically significant
difference between boys and girls in with integrated
prevalence in favor of girls.
Another Study by (Abu Muslim) (1) entitled (brain
hemispheric prevalence and internal - external control
and their relationship with academic achievement in
secondary school students).
The aim of the study was to identify the differences
between the groups that were classified on the basis
of one or both hemispheric prevalence of the brain in
education. The subjects consisted of (169) boys and
(169) girls from first grade secondary school students.
And he used Torrance's scale to identify brain
hemispheric prevalence. The results showed
statistically significant differences between the group
with left half prevalence and right half prevalence in
favor of the left. And there are also statistically
significant differences between the left half
prevalence group and integrated prevalence group in
education and in favor of the left half prevalence.
II. METHODS
The researcher used the descriptive method.
The subjects were (90) female students selected
randomly from the second year of the College of
Physical Education for the academic year 2008 –
2009. The researcher, after consulting many studies
and sources on brain hemisphere prevalence, used
Torrance's scale. The scale was applied on young and
adult subjects by Salah Ahmed Murad (4). This scale
has been standardized according to our Arab
environment. The researcher conducted many tests
for testing basic handball skills like (passing and
receiving on the wall for 30 seconds, dribble in a
straight line for 30m, high jump scoring on the goal).
A test for cognitive achievement was conducted too
for all handball basic skills. The researcher used the
handball cognitive tests designed by Dia-Khayyat and
Mohammed Nofal (5, 560) for second year students
of Physical Education College / University of Mosul.
Torrance's scale was applied to determine the
prevalence of one brain hemisphere over the other in
the subjects of the study. The subjects were divided
into three groups as follows; right brain hemispheric
prevalence (20) female students, left brain
hemispheric prevalence (37) female students and
integrated brain prevalence (33) female students. A
cognitive achievement tests was applied then the data
was collected using proper statistical methods. The
researcher used (SPSS) by finding the mean, median,
standard deviation, analysis of variance, etc
158
III. RESULTS
After apply the tests, the data was collected
and treated statistically to find the results. The data
collected was the results of performance tests
(passing, dribbling and shooting) taking only one
degree, by converting raw scores to standard scores
(Z value) and then modified to (T value) where the
researcher gave (10) degrees. Each test was changed
to have one degree to perform basic skills. The degree
of cognitive achievement in handball basic skills has
been set by taking the highest degree of the test which
was (33) degrees. Below are some descriptive
statistics for the variables of the research:
Table (1) Shows the descriptive statistics of basic
handball skills performance variable
N
right
20
left
37
integrat
ed
33
Mea
n
Media
n
18.8
7
18.7
2
18.5
3
8.18
Std.
Deviatio
n
2.99
18.1
2.46
0.756
18.7
2.69
0.189 -
Skewnes
s
0.070
Table (2) Shows the descriptive statistics for
cognitive achievement in handball
N
right
20
left
37
integrat
ed
33
Mea
n
18.0
5
21.4
1
25.8
5
Media
n
Std.
Deviatio
n
17.50
2.012
21
229.2
0.551
26
3.032
0.148 -
Skewnes
s
0.820
Tables (1) and (2) show that there are differences in
the means and standard deviations between the
groups in the tests used in the research. To compare
between the groups in the results of performing
handball basic skills and identifying the best group,
the researcher used analysis of variance as shown in
table (3).
Table (3) An analysis of variation ( ANOVA ) of
basic handball skills' performance variable
Sum of
Squares
DF
Mean
Square
Between
Groups
1.457
2
0.729
Within
Groups
621.061
87
7.139
F
Sig.
0.102
0.903
as shown in table (3) that the results of analysis of
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 variance indicated the there are no significant
statistical differences between groups in the
performing the basic skills of handball. The value of
significance was (0.903) which is greater than the
level of significance used (0.05). The random
differences may be due to the students' ability to learn
according to the prevailing brain hemisphere. It may
also be due to the traditional curriculum and methods
adopted by the college that did not take into account
the hemispheric brain prevalence.
To compare between the groups in the result of
cognitive achievement in handball and to identify
which group is the best, researcher used the analysis
of variance as shown in table (4).
Table (4) Shows analysis of variance of cognitive
achievement in handball variable
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Sum of
Squares
DF
Mean
Square
806.378
2
403.189
806.378
87
6.323
F
Sig.
63.76
0.000
Table (4) shows the results of analysis of variance
that indicated the existence of significant statistical
differences between groups in cognitive achievement
in handball. The value of significance (0.000) is
smaller than the adopted significance level (0.05).
This proves the existence of significant differences
between brain hemispheric prevalence (right - left –
Integrated). The researcher used (L.S.D.) to identify
the significance as shown in Table (5).
Table (5) Shows the results
There are lest significant difference between the
means of hemispheric prevalence (right - left integrated) in cognitive achievement test in handball
group
Tools sovereign right
brain - left
Tools sovereign right
brain - integrated
Tools of sovereignty to
a left brain - integrated
Mean
Difference
sig
*3.35
0.000
* 7.79
0.000
* 4.44
0.000
Table (5) shows that the differences between the
groups are significant, because the significance of all
values is lesser than the adopted level (0.05). This
shows that significant differences in cognitive
achievement in handball was the highest in students
with integrated brain hemisphere prevalence with a
mean (25.85), students with left hemisphere
prevalence came second as they reached the mean
(21.41) and students with right hemisphere
prevalence came third with a mean (17.5).
IV. DISSCUTION
The researcher attributes these differences to the
way the brain operates during information processing
in receiving, storing and retrieving are all linked one
or both hemispheres of the brain. That means that
everyone has his own way in processing information
(each half of the brain is specialized in certain
activities, treatment a matter that makes the person
dependant upon that half of the brain more than the
other) (10, 771). Referring to the previous source (the
person when processing information uses a particular
method in processing as well as using a particular
method for learning and thinking linked to one of the
hemispheres of the brain, or both of them) (11,381).
Although the left half have tasks and functions that
are different from the right half, (8.3 - 4) there is a
part in the brain that allows them to share their
capabilities, knowledge, and data, therefore each
hemisphere processes the information differently, and
they are implementing different functions and
because of these differences in information
processing, each hemisphere of the brain became of
equal importance in learning and perception.
This point of view is consistent with the research
results that refer to the prevalence of integrated
model. Students with integrated prevalence have
mixed qualities which helped better retention. More
over, to involve more than one sense in the learning
process strengthens learning. These results also agree
with Barbara's study, quote in (Jerre Levy) "the brain
do its work best when both brain hemispheres, the left
and right work together that is when the two
hemispheres are integrated" (2, 24).
V. CONCLUSION
The researcher finally concluded dividing the subjects
of the study according to hemispheric prevalence was
as follows: right brain hemispheric prevalence (20)
female students, left brain hemispheric prevalence
(37) female students and integrated brain prevalence
(33) female students. There are no significant
statistical differences in the performance of some
basic skills in handball for female students with (right
– left – integrated) brain prevalence. There are
significant statistical differences in cognitive
achievement among handball female students with
(right - left - integrated) in favor of integrated
prevalence.
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Muslim, Abu. Sovereignty and mid-term point of internal
control - the outer and their relation to the collection to the
academic secondary school students. Cairo, the world of
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Barbara Clark. Activation of Education, Alnmodj integral
education in the classroom. (Translation) Jacob Hussein
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Nashwan Mohammed Address: (Amman, Dar Al-Furqan
Publishing and Distribution, 2004).
3.
Reyes session to revive the student and the consolidation of
education in Iraq. Influential teaching in secondary schools
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Salah Ahmed Mourad Mohamed Abdel Kader Abdel-Ghafar
said. Learning styles and Altvkirltalab University and their
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of the Faculty of Education, p5,c.1,1982).
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Diaa Al-Khayyat and Mohammed Nofal. Handball.
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Abdul Sattar Jabbar Aldmd. Physiology of mental processes
in sport. I 1 (Amman: Dar al-Fikr of Printing and Publishing,
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7.
Kamal Dessouqy. Djerp psychology. Volume I: (Cairo, Dar
International Publishing, 1988).
8.
Hainer, E . V. & B Fagan. Learning styles: Anew approach to
teaching limited English proficient students. NABE New,
1990,pp 3-4
9.
Martens, R. Coaching guide to sport psychology. Champaign:
Human Kinetics, 1987 .pp 111-143.
10. Ishizawa, S. Hemispheric Specialization Reflected on task.
requiring spatial and American students, 1994 , P.771.
11. Zenhausern, R. Imagery, cerebral dominance and style of
thinking. Aunified field: PSYchonomic society, 1996, p. 381.
160
CONSTRAINTS OF PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AMONG
ADOLESCENTS IN TAIPING, PERAK
Rozita¹, A.L., Azlina Z¹, Nurul Nadiah, S¹, and Maizan M.N¹
¹Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia, Malaysia
Abstract- Everybody generally would want to have an
ideal and healthy body, and in order for them to
achieve their desired body image, consistent and
systematic physical activities are pivotal. However,
recent studies regarding the trends of physical
activities worldwide show a decline in number
especially in advanced countries and the fact that this
deterioration prevails among adolescents. This study
is conducted to determine the constraining factors for
286 adolescents in Taiping, Perak to engage
themselves in physical activities. Data obtained
through the 7-days Physical Activity Table and
Leisure Activity Constraint Questionnaire (LACQ).
Adolescents have been found to be physically
inactive (41.3%), active (12.6%) and 3.1% were
highly active. Males (11.2%) have evidently been
physically active than females (4.6%). The main
factors of constraints that have affected these
adolescents from getting involved in physical
activities are mainly structural (M=3.18, SD=0.70),
compared to interpersonal (M=2.78, 0.67) and
intrapersonal factors (M=2.63, SD=0.72). Results
show, however, that there is no significant differences
of constraint based on gender differences, although
there is a significant difference in the domain of
ethnicity, which serves to be an intrapersonal factor
(p<0.05). This study suggests that an intervention to
promote regular physical activities is needed since a
high proportion of the adolescents fall within the
inactive and low involvement of physical activity
group.
Keywords - physical activity, adolescents, structural
constraint, interpersonal constraint, intrapersonal
constraint
I. INTRODUCTION
The direct association of physical activity and health
has always been widely accepted [1]. Physical
activity has been regarded as an instrument to help
the body build and maintain healthy bones, muscles
and joints. A weight-bearing physical activity is
important for a normal skeletal development,
especially in children and adolescents [2]. The target
is the continuation of the physical activity that comes
from strong base of physical activity habits developed
in stages of childhood and adolescence to be
maintained into the adulthood [3].
Health behaviors such as levels of weekly physical
activity, daily fruit and vegetables consumption, and
daily television viewing are known to potential
contributors to obesity. Current guidelines
recommend at least 30 minutes of moderate physical
activity 5 days per week or 20 minutes of vigorous
physical activity 3 days per week as well as the
consumption of at least 5 servings of fruit and
vegetables per day. Individuals who fail to meet these
recommendations are at greater risk of obesity [5]
Even though most of the studies focus on the adult
population, there are also studies established among
the adolescent population showing significant
similarities of physical activity patterns with the adult
population, although the activities they have done are
inadequate [6]. Extensive studies about the
inadequate physical activities particularly among
adolescents have shown evidence of a relationship
with the factors of constraints that contribute towards
this problem [7]. Constraints faced by this particular
group are found to vary across individuals.
According to ‘Leisure Exercise Constraints Model’
by Crawford & Godbey [8], there are three main
constraints that restrict or stop a person from getting
involved in a physical activity. The first is the
‘structural’ factors, which are factors of physical
inadequacy such as lack of facilities or sports
equipment, also the monetary factor and information
about any upcoming events relating to any physical
activity. The second constraint is ‘intrapersonal’; this
factor highlights the individual’s psychological state
that contribute to the physical inactivity, due to the
influence of the person’s culture, belief, way of life,
ability and skills relating to any sports or physical
activity. The third one is the ‘interpersonal’ factor,
this constraint involves more than the person
him/herself, and commonly it is a result of interaction
or relationship with a peer group, colleagues or
school friends.
There has been a significant shift towards a sedentary
lifestyle. The lack of physical activity is evident in all
strata of the community, including children and
adolescents. Recent trends of physical activity among
the latter shows declined graphs not only in advanced
countries such as United States, but also in some
developing nations [9]. In the Malaysian setting, the
sources and information regarding the adolescents’
physical activity level is very minimal, therefore
cross-sectional studies related to identifying the
factors that have been barriers to the physical activity
is crucial [10].
Therefore this study will look into the adolescents’
level of participation in physical activities and the
strength of the constraining factors in distancing the
adolescents residing in Taiping, Perak, Malaysia from
being more actively involved in physical activities.
serving as constraints: structural (15 questions),
intrapersonal (14 questions) and interpersonal (15
question).
II. METHODS
Youth are encouraged to do moderate to vigorous
physical activities (MVPA) of accumulated 60minutes per day and up to several hours of activity
each day of the week which accumulates to the
recommended total 420 minutes per week. These
youngsters are divided into four groups which are
inactive, less active, active and highly active.
Research design
This research design is descriptive, where it gives
exact explanation systematically and precisely
regarding facts and characteristics in the area of
study.
Sampling
The researcher uses the non-probability technique
which is a deliberate undertaking since the samples
are not selected at random. There are 300
questionnaires distributed to six schools around
Taiping and after screening, only 286 can be used for
data analysis. Gender-wise, males total to 106
(37.1%) and females 180 (62.9%). There are 3
respondents at the age of 13, 16 years old (96.2%)
and only 8 accounts for respondents aged 17 years old
(2.8%).
The majority of respondents are Malay with total 202
(70.6%). The second largest ethnic group is the
Chinese with 41 respondents (14.3%). The third one
is the Indian group with 13.6% participating in this
study and the exact figure is 39 people. Lastly, only 4
respondents (1.5%) come from other ethnic groups,
such as the Pan-asian and Eurasian.
III. RESULTS
Figure 3.0 shows that the majority of them are not
physically active, that is with 118 respondents
spending less than 150 minutes for physical activity,
the majority of them are female respondents (31.5%)
and male respondents (9.7%). The second category is
less active with the total of 151 to 129 minutes of
participation, represented by 123 respondents with
male (16.1%) and female (26.9%).
Active
respondents are formed by 36 people with total of 420
to 629 minutes of participation of physical activity
throughout the week that this study is being
conducted with male (8.7%) respondents exceeding
the female (3.8%). Lastly is the highly active category
with the total of 630 minutes and above of physical
activity practised by male (2.4%) and female (0.7%).
Instrumentation
A questionnaire has been adapted and modified based
on previous self-reports such as the demographic
questionnaire; the 7-Day Physical Activity Table [11]
(α=0.70) Leisure Exercise Barrier Questionnaire [12]
(α=0.83) which functions are to measure the physical
activity and the elements of barriers that have
restricted the adolescents to engage themselves in
various physical activities.
The 7-Day Physical Activity Table to create a
physical activity inventory of a self-report method,
based on a diary concept. This table consists of 7-day
physical activities beginning with Monday until
Sunday and illustrates three columns, whereby the
respondents should fill in the columns with the
frequency (none, once, more than once, duration (in
minutes) and type of activities.
The Leisure Activity Constraints Questionnaire had
been modified and translated to Bahasa Melayu to
suit the target group (adolescents) and the Malaysian
culture setting [13]. The questionnaire consists of 44
items scored on Likert scale of “1 = strongly
disagree” to “5 = strongly agree”. There are 3 factors
Figure 3.0 : The Physical Activity Participation Status
Table 3.1 below points out that these youngsters
commonly practise physical activities weekdays
(M=8.17, SD=2.11) (69.9%) rather than during
weekends (M=3.37, SD=2.11) (30.1%).
Table 3.1: Physical Activity during Weekdays and
Weekend
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Days
(f)
Means (SD)
%
Weekdays (5 days) 969
8.17 (2.11)
69.9%
Weekend (2 days)
418
3.37 (1.11)
30.1%
________________________________________________
TOTAL
1387
11.55 (2.71)
100%
_______________________________________________
The constraints behind doing physical activity is
defined as the reasons typically given by respondents
for not being active. The analysis in Table 3.2
highlights the constraints for doing physical activity
claimed by adolescents which were structural factors
(M=3.18,
SD=0.70),
interpersonal
(M=2.78,
SD=0.72) and intrapersonal factors (M=2.63,
SD=0.67). From the gender perspectives, the result
indicates that female adolescents are challenged more
by structural constraints (M=3.24, SD=0.67) but not
so much in Intrapersonal (M=2.68, SD=0.68) and
Interpersonal (M=2.68, SD=0.67) constraints.
Table 3.2: Leisure Constraint towards Physical
Activity
Structural
M
SD
Intrapersonal
M
SD
Interpersonal
M
SD
2.54
2.69
0.68
GENDER
M
0.74
0.71
F
3.24
0.67
2.68
0.68
2.68
0.67
14
3.38
0.33
3.00
0.33
3.31
0.87
16
3.18
0.72
2.61
0.33
3.31
0.68
17
3.13
0.40
3.12
0.98
2.29
0.53
Malay
3.23
0.70
2.65
0.72
2.85
0.63
Chinese
3.14
0.62
2.65
0.68
2.82
0.77
Indian
3.10
0.77
2.52
0.77
2.43
0.71
others
2.82
0.86
2.45
0.77
2.46
1.07
3.18
0.70
2.63
0.72
2.78
0.67
AGES
ETHNICI
TY
3.08
TOTAL
POPULATION
Next is the statistics based on age, indicating that
respondents at the age of 14 and 17 feel that structural
constraints have affected them the most (M=3.133.38, SD=0.33-0.40) while the respondents aged 16
feel that the stated interpersonal constraint (M=3.31,
SD=0.68) does affect them the most compared to
structural (M=3.18, SD=0.72) and intrapersonal
factors (M=3.31, SD=0.68).
From the ethnicity aspect, the Malay has stated that
the main constraints are structural (M=3.23,
SD=0.70) and it is similar to other ethnic groups,
Chinese (M=3.14, SD=0.62), Indian (M=2.82,
SD=0.77) and others (M=2.82, SD=0.86). However,
the Malay respondents have raised a point that their
second constraint is interpersonal (M=2.85, SD=0.63)
and it is similar with Chinese (M=2.82, SD=0.77) and
other ethnic groups (M=2.46, SD=1.077) while the
Indians report that their second constraints originate
from the intrapersonal factors (M=2.52, SD=0.77).
163
Table 3.3: Physical Activity Constraints among
Adolescents ( Ethnicity )
Constraints
Structural
Ethnicity Mean
SD
F-Ratio P
Malay
3.23
0.70
Chinese 3.14
0.62 1.087 0.355
Indian
3.10
0.77
Others
2.82
0.86
Intra
Malay
2.65
0.72
Chinese 2.65
0.68 0.386 0.763
Indian
2.52
0.77
Others
2.45
0.77
Inter
Malay
2.85
0.63
Chinese 2.82
0.77 4.076 0.007
Indian
2.43
0.71
Others
2.46
1.07
____________________________________________________
* Significant at p<0.05
Referring to the previous data, there have been
significant differences of physical activity and
intrapersonal constraint factor regarding the ethnicity
variables. The results in Table 3.3 show that there are
no significant differences on the structural (F = 1.087,
p>0.05), interpersonal group (F = 4.076, p>0.05) and
intrapersonal (F = 0.386, p>0.05) among ethnicity
groups but Turkey-HSD test indicates a significant
difference between the Malay and Indian groups
(Mean Diff= .388, p<0.05), while other groups
indicate no difference (p>0.05) between each other.
For another demographic variable, no significant
difference (p>0.05) is found, pertinent to the main
constraint faced by the adolescents when it comes to
getting involved in physical activities.
IV. DISCUSSION
The finding has proven that only a small number of
adolescents, 45 out of 286 respondents in this study
do practice an adequate amount of physical activity
during their leisure time as recommended by the
guidelines suggesting 60 minutes of physical
activities every day. This is measured based on their
minutes spent per day, and 7-day per week. This
statement is based on the findings whereby only
15.7% of respondents can be considered as active and
highly participatory in physical activities while the
majority (84.3%) admit that their practice only takes
up lesser than 420 minutes per week with 14 of them
unfortunately do not engage themselves with any
physical activity at all, despite the fact that they are
equipped with adequate facilities around the town.
Adolescents in Taiping area, have been found to
hardly get involved with physical activities during
weekends (30.1%) compared to weekdays (69.9%). It
is not a surprising fact as the respondents may have
an opportunity to engage with various activities
during school times, especially involving school
activities such as the physical education class, cocurriculum, and even via their modes of
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 transportation to schools as some of the respondents
are cycling or walking to schools. Apart from that,
respondents who represent their schools in sports
such as football, basketball and hockey tend to have
to follow training schedules and normally this kind of
activity occurs during weekdays. However, the graph
of ‘physically active’ declines at weekends because
some of the respondents tend to spend their time
attending tuition classes, family activities or even
simply resting.
The study has also discovered that there are more
boys engaging in physical activities than girls. This
finding is similar with other researchers [14] where
they find that male respondents practice more
physical activities during their leisure time as
compared to female respondents. There are many
factors contributing to this situation and it is mainly
about the personal attitude and perception towards
undertaking physical activity [15]. This is not only
because of the girls’ perceptions and attitude towards
the physical activity, but also the influence played by
their surroundings especially their families who
commonly believe that it is more appropriate for the
boys to engage themselves in sports’ activities
compared to the girls [16].
Based on findings, structural constraints affect the
respondents more compared to interpersonal and
intrapersonal factors. Previous studies also stated that
the structural factors tend to be at the top of the
constraints’ list especially in developing countries
such as Malaysia [17]. This situation is
commonplace, faced by the children and adolescents
as their accessibility to the recreational park is
sometimes limited [18]. Since the structural factor
tends to focus on the facilities, equipment and
financial supports, it is found that these are the
demographic factors that commonly occur in
developing countries due to lack of appropriate sports
and recreation facilities and equipment especially in
sub-urban or rural areas, where there is not only
limited sports facilities but there are also some
accessibility issues there [11].
Other constraints that affect the respondents in
Taiping is the interpersonal and intrapersonal factors,
which are time constraints added with the burden of
piles of homework. This, in effect, leads to them not
having enough time to participate in physical
activities. This phenomenon is similar with the
findings of survey by [6] as they find that the main
factor affects the physical inactivity among secondary
school students in the United Kingdom (UK). Also
the study by [14] in Turkey demonstrates that the
major barrier among Turkish adolescents were time
constraints due to school work, social and family
activities apart from school activities. This aspect is
even more apparent in the Malaysian educational
setting which is based on exam-orientation [11].
164
These adolescents need to attend extra classes or
tuition after their school sessions.
This research is only targeted at this sample group
therefore these findings only apply to this sample and
cannot be generalized to the whole population. Based
on the findings, structural constraints have evidently
affected the respondents more, compared to
interpersonal and intrapersonal factors.
V. CONCLUSION
Physical activities undertaken during childhood
and adolescence are important as they exert many
health benefits. Sedentary behavior often originates
from childhood continuing to adolescence and may
well persist into adulthood. As Malaysia is
undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization
that lead to the population becoming more affluent
and mechanized, a decline in doing physical activities
is inevitable. To overcome the problem, various
government and non-government agencies need to
take the initiative in conducting many programmes
instilling various physical activities and trainings
among adolescents and giving more exposure to this
younger generation, to upgrade their knowledge and
positive attitudes towards the benefits of these
activities.
REFERENCES
1.
Warburton, D.E., Nicol, C.W. and Bredin, S.S. Health
Benefit of physical activity.CMAJ, 2006, 14;14 (6):801-9.
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Ward, D.S., Saunders, R., Felton, G. M., William, E., Epping,
J. N & Pate, R. R. Implementation of a School Environment
Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in High School
Girs. Adcance Access Pblication. 2006, Vol. 21 (6): 896-910.
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Hallal, P. C., Wells, J. C. K., Reichert, F. F., Anselmi, L. &
Victora, C. G. Early Determinants of Physical Activity in
Adolescence. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd:, 2006, 1-6.
4. Lubans, D.R., Sylva, K., and Morgan, P. J. Factors associated
with Physical Activity in a Sample of British Secondary
School Students. Australian Journal of Eucation &
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Ries, A. V., Voorhees, C. C., Gittelsohn, J., Roche K. M., &
Astone, N. M. Adolescents’ Perception of Environmental
Influences on Physical Activity. Am J Helath Behav. 2008,
Vol. 32 (1) : 26-39.
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Boyle, S. E., Jones, G. L. & Walters, S. J., (2008) Physical
Activity Among Adolscents and Barriers to Delivering
Physical Education in Cornwall and Lancashire, UK. BioMed
Central Ltd, 2008, Vol 8: 273.
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Crawford, D. & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing
barriers to family recreation. Leisure Sciences, 9 (3), 119127.
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Gebel, K., Bauman, A. F., and Petticrew, M. The Physical
Environment and Physical Activity. American Journal of
Prev. Medicine. 2007, Vol 32 (5): 361-369.
9.
Wilson, N. C. Pilot Study Report for Survey of Physical
Activity & Sport in Malaysian Children (KAFS08).ISN:
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia., 2008.
10. Rozita, A.L. Influence of social support (parents, peer,
schoola) and physical environment towards leisure physical
activity among adolescents. Unpublished thesis, University
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2009.
11. Jaflus, M. B. Faktor-Faktor Menghalang Penglibatan Pelajar
Dalam Kegiatan Kokurikulum Sukan Di Kalangan Pelajar
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Daerah Seremban.
Unpublished thesis: Maktab Perguruan Islam. 2006.
12. Vu, M. B., Murrie, D., Gonzalez, V., & Jobe, J. B. Listening
to Girls Talk About Girl’s Physical Activity. Helath Educ
Behav., 2006, Vol 33(1):81-96.
Author:
Rozita Abdul Latif
Institute:
Faculty of Sports Science &
Recreation,
Universiti
Teknologi
MARA Malaysia
City:
Shah Alam
Country:
Malaysia
Email:
65.roland@gmail.com
165
CONTRIBUTION RATE OF SOME PHYSICAL FITNESS IN PERFORMING SOME
BASIC SKILLS IN HANDBALL
Anwar, Mudhafar
Abstract Handball is one of the sport activities that
need physical fitness elements. The physical variables
have an important role in developing the level of skill
performance through directing training and raising the
player level. The highly efficient player could make
many skillful and planning requirements in the match
with high efficiency. Identifying the contribution rate
of some physical fitness elements for some physical
fitness elements related with the skill performance is
important as it provides the coaches with more focus
on the physical variables that could be useful for the
players and help them in reaching the highest level of
performance. The researcher aims at the study to find
a practical method relying on the physical variables
contribution rate to raise the skill performance of the
players.
The current study aims at identifying:
-
The relation of some physical fitness elements in
performing some of the basic skills in handball.
- The contribution rate of some physical fitness
elements in performing some of the basic skills
in handball.
Descriptive approach is used in the study and the
study sample consisted of Erbil Handball team. After
conducting the pilot experiment, the basic experiment
consisting of physical tests (the explosive force of the
legs muscles, the explosive force of arms muscles,
speed endurance, force endurance) and skill tests
(passing and receiving from 3m distance, whip
passing from head test, passing test on external limits
at the moment of the free throw, whip shooting from
head level test, body simple deceiving and then
shooting at the goal test) were conducted.
In section IV show that there is a correlation was
found between the components of fitness and
performance of some basic skills handball, also
shows that the variable explosive power ranking as
variable as the percentage contribution is higher than
the total, how many shows the input variable
explosive power of the two men as well, and the
contribution of variable Mtaulp speed a key variable
in the performance of some basic skills handball.
Using the statistical means, the researcher sums
up with the following:
1.
There is a non–significant relation between the
explosive force of the arms muscles represented
by throwing medical ball with one hand from
movement (2kg) and passing and receiving from
3m.
2.
3.
There is a non–significant relation among whip
passing from head level test, 150m running test and
flexing and stretching arms till fatigue.
The explosive force of arms muscles and
throwing medical ball with one hand from
movement contribute differently in performing
passing and receiving from 3m and whip
shooting from head level.
I. INTRODUCTION
Introduction and the importance of research
That the element of technology is characterized
by highly competitive between the different world
countries in order to achieve further development in
all fields including the field of physical education,
and therefore interested in the scientists to the
different specialties to study the factors affecting the
performance of the individual, whether these factors
are physical or physical, functional or psychological
or mechanical, for clarify the interrelationship
between these factors and how they relate to access to
the instructions from which to guide the process of
training to improve the level of motor performance, to
achieve the best results and high levels of sports that
we see today.
It depends upgrading of players in sports
activities, including the handball game on the
elements of physical fitness of the player because of
their great importance in the performance skills as the
most important factors that determine the skill in
performance, and plays an important role in the
training process and gave them access to higher
levels.
Therefore, the process of linking the elements of
fitness performance skills are important in order to
reach the required level. That’s why this study is
important in determining the contribution of some
elements of physical fitness performance skills in
order to reach scientific results serve the minutes of
the game of handball in the area and an addition game
experts to meet the requirements for optimal
performance.
Problems:
The game of handball is one of the sports
activities that require physical fitness, as it plays the
variables physical influential role and important role
in the development of the level of performance
Almhar through the guidance of the training process
and improve the level of the player, The player with a
high efficiency can be based many of the skill
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 requirements and throughout the game tactically and
efficiently, therefore, to identify the proportion of the
contribution of some elements of physical fitness
performance skills are important, which gives more
room for trainers to focus on the physical variables,
which according to the players and help them to reach
higher level of performance. Therefore, the researcher
felt that a study to find a scientific method depending
on the proportion of the contribution of physical
variables for the Advancement of performance skills
to the players in the future, which will provide the
effort made by the trainers to get players to higher
levels.
Target of Search:
- To identify the relationship of some elements of
fitness in the performance of some basic skills of
handball.
- Determine the proportion of the contribution of
some components of fitness in the performance
of some basic skills of handball.
Search Hypothesis:
- There is a significant correlation relationship
between some elements of physical fitness to
perform some basic skills of handball.
- Contribute to some elements of fitness at
different rates in the performance of some basic
skills of handball.
Areas of research:
The human domain: the players club Arbil sports in
the game of handball.
Temporal domain: 01.03.2010 until 20.04.2010
Spatial domain: Hall of Interior to Erbil club sports.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Theoretical studies
Fitness
That fitness is defined as the ability of the body,
especially the circulatory system and respiratory
muscle and structural work at the level of ideal
Components of fitness in handball
See (Kamal et al, 1999) the physical fitness
necessary for the handball players are as follows (1):
1 - Endurance.
2 - Force.
3 - Speed.
4 - Flexibility.
5 - Fitness.
167
Basic skills of handball
Handball has become today the main task of the
games that are practiced in all walks of sports and all
grade levels in schools in the developed world, so it
became necessary to take the space Manmas sources
of scientific interest in clarifying and teaching
fundamentals(1).
Handball contain multiple skills have addressed many
of the references and sources are accurate, have tried
to experts classified each according to his opinion,
and I have differing views of experts and theorists in
terms of labels and divisions, and states (Hassan et al
1983)(2)and (Zahir Ismail 1989)(3) skills in general.
The divided (Khayat and Azal 1988)(4) (Ibrahim,
1990)(5) to partition in more detail by classifying
skills offensive ball and without as well as the detail
in the attitudes defense and through the nature of
performance skills in handball classified skills
according to the nature of their performance on as
follows (6)
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Methodology:
The researcher used the descriptive manner
(correlation relationships) appropriate to the nature of
the research problem, and the curriculum and
descriptive study based on fact or phenomenon as
there are in fact interested in as an accurate
description of expression and are expressed
qualitatively or quantitatively the expression (1)
Study Sample:
Test sample for the consideration of Irbil Sports
Club players in the game of handball,'s (12) have
been chosen way intentional.
1. (1) Hamid Mustafa Hamad, the use of complex learning
and self-revision in learning some skills of handball
and their impact on learning outcomes: (PhD thesis,
Faculty of Physical Education, Mosul University,
2006), p. 37.
2. (2) Solomon Hassan and others, the principles and tactical
training in handball: (Mosul, Library of Printing and
Publishing, 1983), p. 58.
3. (3) Zahir Arif Kamal, Saad improve Ismail, Handball:
(Mosul Library of Printing and Publishing, 1989), p. 56
4. (4) Zia Qasim Abdul Karim Qassim and Al-Khayyat,
Handball: (Mosul, Department of Library, 1988), p. 76
5. (5) Mounir Ibrahim Zarzis, handball for all: (Alexandria,
Triumph Press, 1990), p. 42
6. (6) Qasim Zia Al-Khayyat and Mohammed Nofal
Hayali;: Handball: (University of Mosul, Library Press,
2001), p.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Research Tools and Apparatus Search tools and
means of collecting information:* Arab and foreign
sources. * Tests and measurement. * Form a poll the
views of experts to identify the most important
elements of fitness.* Form a poll the views of experts
to identify the most important tests of skill. *
Adhesive
tape.
* Pencils. * Whistle * Coaches* Whistle.
Devices used in research: * Electronics-hour
arrest type (Casio) (2). * Type electronic calculator
(Casio).Search procedures by field Identify the
elements of fitness and skill tests.
In order to identify the elements of physical
fitness tests of skill, which is characterized by the
players of the handball game, and after reviewing the
scientific literature, the researcher to prepare a form a
poll of experts on the identification of the most
important elements of fitness, as shown in the
Appendix (2,1) has been a form survey those on the
Professors and experts and specialists in the terms of
reference (knowledge of sports training, and tests and
measurements, and handball) and building on the
results of expert opinion was accepted variables
obtained by the proportion of expenditure (75%),
what is above.
The results of this survey identifying the elements of
fitness and skill tests for the handball players
according to the following order: First: the elements
of fitness.1 - Mtaulp speed. 2 - Mtaulp force.3 - the
explosive power of the muscles of the two men. 4 the explosive power of the arm for. II: tests skill 1 test handling and delivery of distance (3 m). 2
clapotement in continuing in the direction of winding.
Tests of physical fitness Identifying the components
of fitness and, after consultation with the researcher
to many sources of scientific and taking the views of
experts and ) and then selecting the appropriate tests
for each item:
Testing 3-5-1 (40 ran Tha) The purpose of the test: A
measure of lengthy speed Tools used:* Stadium
handball in meters divided by (zero -40 m). * Hourly
arrest* Whistle
Method of performance: the beginning from the
situation of higher, as stands the player and his feet,
both behind the starting line (the final line of the
stadium handball), after preparing of the provision
gives to instruct the player to take off at full speed to
the end of the pitch the other, then back the same way
to the starting point, and so on back and forth until
end of the period of time b (40 sec) Half performance:
the player must be touching the finish line in one of
his feet during the coming and going. Registration:
improve Almsavpalte player travels through time to
the nearest meter crossed Player (1).
168
Sit of lie down in 20 seconds The purpose of the test:
measure the strength of the abdominal muscles and
Aladila Holding. Tools required: stopwatch.
Specifications Performance: lying laboratory on the
back top of the vehicle (or flat level) with the opening
of his feet by thirty (30 cm) so that touching the
shroud the neck from behind and annexes Montnian
(a fellow Bushtein men) upon hearing the reference to
start from scratch the laboratory bend the trunk to
gain access to the sitting position length, and then
repeat this as many times as possible in (20 seconds).
Registration: registration number in the correct
Mrataat performance (20 seconds)
Test broad jump The purpose of the test: A measure
of explosive power of the muscles of the two men.
Tools: a tape measure. Method of performance: the
player stands directly behind the start line then takes
the situation to start so as not to touch the foot
starting line, and when you point the player begins to
Balothb Amama far away as possible.
Conditions:
* Each player has three attempts recorded his best. *
Jump distance is measured from the starting line up to
place the end of the football player's background. *
You should not use any approach by the jump.
Joined: Recording the distance proven player in
centimeters.
Test throwing the ball medical Zen 800 gm The
purpose of the test: A measure of explosive power of
the arm for Tools used:* Medical ball size 800 gm *
Tape measure
Method of performance: Player starts to perform three
steps to approximate to reach the starting line and
then the player throwing the ball at full strength for
the far distance and gives the player three attempts
and accounted for his best try. Joined: Registration
attempt is the best player and a tape measure in
meters measured from the starting line up to place the
ball touching the ground.
Alikpatarrat skill used in the research The researcher
in determining the skill tests on the opinions of
experts and specialists ) In∗( the field tests,
measurements and sources on the game and the
division of the reception areas, according to the
degree
of
difficulty.
First: Test handling and delivery on the wall from a
distance (3 m)
The objective of the test: A measure of compatibility
and speed handling on the wall Tools used:
* Handball. Stopwatch. And wall level. Method of
performance:
Laboratory stands at a distance (3 meters) from the
wall handles the ball to the wall and the continuation
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 of handling the most possible number in a specified
amount of time (30 seconds).
Joined:
Withdraw the number of Manipulators in the allotted
time (calculates the number of times to receive the
(1).
ball)
Third: clapotement continuing in the direction of
inding The objective of the test: A measure of the
level of clapotement
Tools:
* Ten Coa_khas.
* Handball.
* Stopwatch.
* Burke.
Method of performance: Prove ten Coa_khas on the
ground in a straight line, the distance between each
two of which (2) meters and draw plans for the
beginning and the last to the end and after (2 meters)
of the pillar first, and stands quarterback written the
beginning and at the signal to start the player
Btabtabp the ball with the running in the direction of
winding between pillars back and forth until the
finish line skip.
Joined: Calculates the time from the moment the
player start to skip the finish line, so the player may
cut area (40 m) (20 meters forth, forth 20 meters)
169
III.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
1 - There is significant correlation between the explosive
power of the muscles of the arms and tests the performance
of the basic skills of b (handling and delivery) handling the
level of the head of the flagellum, flagellum development
level of the head, and clapotement.
2 - There is significant correlation between the explosive
power of the muscles of the feet and the performance of
tests of basic skills (handling delivery of a distance of 3 m)
whip handling the level of the head, shooting the dog on the
level of the head, clapotement continuing in the direction of
the winding).
3 - There is significant correlation between Mtaulp speed
and performance tests of basic skills.
4 - resulted in the level of contribution to the performance
of some tests of basic skills of handball.
Recommendations
Through the findings of the researcher in the analysis,
discussion and conclusions, recommends the following:
1 - the need to emphasize on the coaches work on the use of
explosive power exercises the muscles of the arms and legs
and strength characterized by the speed. Mtaulp and Mtaulp
speed and strength in their curricula, teaching Allaobei
handball.
2 - Working on developing skills for the performance of the
players who will enhance the performance of tactical and
strengthened.
3 - Conducting studies similar to this study include the
variables as the researcher and did not address other aspects
of science.
ISCRIMINATION OF EYE EXERCISES USING
ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY (EOG) SIGNAL
Aungsakun, S., Phinyomark, A., Phukpattaranont, P. and Limsakul, C.
Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
Abstract— Eyes need regular exercise in order to
keep them healthy, just like any other muscles in the
body. The aims of eye exercises are to strengthen the
eye muscles and improve the vision. Recently, in
order to promote the eye exercises in daily life of
human, development of an eye training recognition
system is proposed. Various kinds of eye exercise can
be
detected
based
on
classification
of
electrooculography (EOG) signal. In this paper,
simple and efficient eye exercises are studied and
optimal discriminant algorithm for EOG classification
is proposed. Five surface electrodes are put around
the eyes. Horizontal signals are acquired by two
electrodes on right and left of outer canthi. Vertical
signals are acquired on above and below of right eye.
A reference electrode is placed on forehead. The
EOG signals were recorded from three normal
subjects with eleven eye exercises: eyes move-up, down, -left, and -right, eyes look to left and right
cheeks, eyes look to left and right tail eyebrows, eyes
move clockwise and counterclockwise, and eyes
close. The sampling rate is set to 1024 Hz. In order to
discriminate these activities, raw bio-electrical signals
are separated into two efficient frequency bands. A 110 Hz band-pass filter is used for detecting low
frequency band of EOG signal (trend) and a 10-45 Hz
band-pass filter is used for detecting EOG signal at
high frequency band and electromyography (EMG)
signal (fluctuation). After that unique time domain
feature from fluctuation are extracted. Lastly, the
optimal threshold values are selected to discriminate
both of trend and fluctuation of these activities.
Results show that the proposed algorithm can
successfully classify EOG signals from various eye
activities based on the waveform shapes and
frequency components of EOG signals.
Keywords— Eye exercise, Eye movement, Threshold
analysis, Classification, Electrooculography (EOG)
signal.
I. INTRODUCTION
Eyes are one of the most important organs of the
body. Hence, they need regular exercise for maintain
them healthy, just like any other part of the body. The
aims of eye exercises are to strengthen the eye
muscles, and maintain the flexible lenses and sharper
vision. Unfortunately, over the last decade the
number of people who wear glasses and the number
of computer users and television viewers have been
drastically increased. For this reason, people who
spend hours on the computer or television each day
should take 5-10 minutes per day for a few of the eye
exercises [1]. In this study, in order to promote the
eye exercise in daily life of human, development of
the eye exercise recognition is proposed. EOG signal,
a bio-electrical signal from the change in eye
position, is used to record eye movements. It is an
electrical signal generated by the potential difference
between the cornea and the ocular fundus which is
commonly referred to as cornea-retinal potential
(CRP) [2]. This potential difference comes from the
large presence of electrically active nerves in the
retina equate to the front of the eye and the potential
can be considered as a steady electrical dipole with a
positive pole at the cornea and a negative pole at the
retina [3]. Because of its relatively large amplitude
(15–200 µV) compared to other bio-electrical signals,
about linear relationship between EOG signal and eye
movements, and easy waveform detection, the EOG
signal may look like an ideal candidate for an eye
exercise recognition system. Therefore, the various
kinds of eye activities can be detected based on the
classification of EOG signal. Finally, the simple and
efficient eye trainings are selected and optimal
discriminant algorithm is proposed.
II. METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A. Data acquisition
Independent measurement can be obtained from
both eyes. However, two eyes move in conjunction in
the vertical direction. Hence, for the vertical signal,
only one eye is used. Five surface electrodes were put
around the eyes, as shown in Fig. 1. Vertical leads are
acquired on the above and below of the right eye
(Ch.V+ and Ch.V-). Horizontal leads are acquired by
two electrodes on the right and left of outer canthi
(Ch.H+ and Ch.H-). A reference electrode is placed
on the forehead (G). All EOG signal recordings were
carried out using a Mobi6-6b (TMS International BV,
Netherlands). A band-pass filter of 1-500 Hz
bandwidth and an amplifier with 19.5 times are set
for the system. The sampling rate is set to 1024 Hz.
The EOG signals were recorded from three
normal subjects with thirteen eye exercises: eyes
move-up, -down, -left, and -right, eyes look to left
and right cheeks, eyes look to left and right tail
eyebrows, eyes look to left and right shoulders, eyes
move clockwise and counterclockwise, and eyes
close. All of these activities were hold 3 seconds. The
direction of these eye exercises are shown in Table 1.
Each activity was performed ten times throughout a
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 trial.
For
every subject, there are two trials. As a result, the
total datasets are 60.
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the proposed system
Table 1 Characteristics of raw EOG signals
Input
Signal waveform
Ch.H
Ch.V
Output
Up
Down
Right
Left
Right tail
eyebrow
Left tail
eyebrow
Right cheek
Left cheek
Clockwise
Counterclockwise
Eye close
B. Eye movement detecting algorithm
In order to discriminate these activities, raw bioelectric signals are separated into two efficient
frequency bands. Normally the EOG signal is also
contaminated with different sources of artifact such as
electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalograph
(EEG), electrodes placement and head movement.
Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate some noises
and remain a useful signal. In this study, a 1-10 Hz
band-pass filter is used for detecting low frequency
band of EOG signal (trend) and a 10-45 Hz band-pass
filter is used for detecting EOG signal at high
frequency band and electromyography (EMG) signal
(fluctuation). In this study, the threshold analysis is
employed to discriminate the activities. Firstly, two
EOG trend waveforms, both of Ch.H and Ch.V, are
detected through the threshold conditions as defined
in Table 2. When the EOG trend waveforms exceed
on of the thresholds, the logic output assumes ON.
Simultaneously, if one of the outputs is active ON, a
unique time domain feature viz. integrated EMG
(IEMG), is extracted from the fluctuation signal of
Ch.V during the setup time. The optimal IEMG
171
threshold value is selected to discriminate activities.
The setup time in this work is the predefine time
interval of eye exercises. Finally, the logic outputs are
converted to thirteen kinds of eye exercises. The
process of transforming these trend and fluctuation
EOG signals to above description is as follow:
1. Output Up when threshold V2 becomes ON
during setup time after V1 becomes ON, whereas
thresholds H1 and H2 remain OFF.
2. Output Down when threshold V1 become ON
during setup time after V2 becomes ON, whereas
thresholds H1 and H2 remain OFF.
3. Output Right when threshold H2 become ON
during setup time after H1 becomes ON, whereas
thresholds V1 and V2 remain OFF.
4. Output Left when threshold H1 become ON
during setup time after H2 becomes ON, whereas
thresholds V1 and V2 remain OFF.
5. Output Right tail eyebrow when threshold H2
become ON during setup time after H1 becomes
ON, whereas thresholds V2 become ON during
setup time after V1 becomes ON.
6. Output Left tail eyebrow when threshold H1
ON, whereas thresholds V2 become ON during
setup time after V1 becomes ON.
7. Output Right cheek when threshold H2 become
ON during setup time after H1 becomes ON,
whereas thresholds V1 become ON during setup
time after V2 becomes ON.
8. Output Left cheek when threshold H1 become
whereas thresholds V1 become ON during setup
time after V2 becomes ON.
9. Output Clockwise when threshold H2 become
whereas thresholds V2 and V1 become ON
respectively during setup time after V1 becomes
ON.
10. Output Counterclockwise when threshold H1
ON, whereas thresholds V2 and V1 become ON
respectively during setup time after V1 becomes
ON.
11. Output Eye close when threshold V3 become ON,
whereas thresholds H1 and H2 remain OFF.
Subsequently, IEMG threshold is ON.
C. Experimental results
Generally, when the eyes move to the left, the
positive cornea moves closer to the left electrode,
which becomes
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Table 2 Discriminant algorithms of trend and fluctuation signals where upper and lower thresholds of the Ch.H
are H1 and H2, respectively, and the upper and lower thresholds of the Ch.V are V1 and V2, respectively.
Eye movement
labels
Trend, Ch.H
Typical waveform
Trend, Ch.V
Fluctuation, Ch.V
Up
IEMG = 30,355.12 µV
Down
IEMG = 30,985.67 µV
Right
IEMG = 21,378.65 µV
Left
IEMG = 28,171.69 µV
Right tail eyebrow
IEMG = 9,783.02 µV
Left tail eyebrow
IEMG = 10,247.02 µV
Right cheek
IEMG = 13,141.49 µV
Left cheek
IEMG = 12,001.22 µV
Clockwise
IEMG = 9,967.25 µV
Counterclockwise
IEMG = 9,515.33 µV
Eye close
IEMG = 83,801.93 µV
172
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 more positive with zero potential at the right
electrode, and vice versa. As a result, eye movement
will generate voltage in horizontal and vertical
directions. Raw signals obtained from thirteen
activities are shown in Table 1. From the waveform
observation and trial experiments, the optimal
threshold values and setup time were found. Firstly,
the setup time is set to duration between one and
three seconds because the maximum exercise duration
is defined as three seconds in the experiment set up
and the minimum value is set to one second for
avoiding of involuntary movements. The threshold
V1, V2, H1 and H2 values are defined as 40% of
maximum value for each channel. Following that the
threshold H3 is determined as 80% of maximum
value. The IEMG threshold is assigned through the
experiment which is 50,000 µV. In addition, the
average value of IEMG for each movement is shown
in Table 2. It is clearly that the proposed algorithm
can successfully classify EOG signals. In other
words, the average correctness of classification
algorithm is more than 95 %.
Moreover, an optimal frequency bands will be
evaluated with the idea of two effective signals i.e.
trend (low frequency of EOG) and fluctuation (high
frequency of EOG and EMG signal).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported in part by the Thailand
Research Fund (TRF) through the Royal Golden
Jubilee Ph.D. Program (Grant No. PHD/0110/2550),
and in part by NECTEC-PSU Center of Excellence
for Rehabilitation Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Prince of Songkla University.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
III. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.
EOG signal is widely used in many clinical
applications such as the evaluation of eye injuries and
the diagnosis of eye diseases [4] and engineering
applications such as eye-controlled wheelchair and
eye-writing system [5]. In this paper, we employ the
EOG signal as the eye exercise recognition tool. From
experimental results, we found that EOG signals can
be used to discriminate the eye activities based on
threshold analysis. Peak, duration, and integrated of
fluctuation were used in the classification. In the
future works, EOG recognition program should be
implemented and development of a threshold
discriminant algorithm should be improved.
173
Vision Exercise at http://visionexercise.net
Measurement of Eye Movement Using Electro Oculography
at http://ee.ucd.ie/~smeredith/EOG_Frameset.htm
Brown M, Marmor M, Vaegan et al. (2006) ISCEV standard
for clinical electro-oculography (EOG). Doc Ophthalmol
11:205-212
Lin CJ, Yang CH, Yang CM et al. (2002) Abnormal
electroretinogram and abnormal electrooculogram after
lightning-induced ocular injury. Am J Ophthalmol 133:578579
Barea R, Boquete L, Mazo M et al. (2002) System for assisted
mobility using eye movements based on electrooculography.
IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 10:209-218
Author: Siriwadee Aungsakun
Institute: Biomedical Engineering and Assistive Technology
Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Prince of Songkla University
Street: 110/5 Kanjanavanid Road, Kho Hong, Hat Yai
City: Songkhla
Country: Thailand
Email: siriwadee.a@hotmail.com
Website: http://saturn.ee.psu.ac.th/~beatlab
EFFECTS OF MORINDA CITROFOLIA ON DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE
SORENESS
Yusof A and Ahmad NS
Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract - Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS),
is the pain or discomfort often felt 24 – 72 hours after
exercising and subsides generally within 2 - 3 days.
In western medication synthetic drug such as
Ibuprofen has been widely prescribed to reduce the
effect of DOMS. Traditionally the use of natural
herbs and remedies to cure muscle pain has been
widely used in all cultures. Morinda Citrifolia or
Noni, a common plant of Southeast Asia grows
naturally in Malaysian oldest rain forest and has been
used as folk medicine to reduce muscle pain during
childbirth. We aim to investigate the effect of Noni in
reducing the effect of DOMS in 30 male subjects
(age, 22.00 ± 4.35; height, 169.33 ± 17.03; weight,
70.37 ± 8.69) and compare it with the effect of
Ibuprofen. The subjects range of motion (ROM) and
pain numeric rating (PNR) were measured
periodically (prior to induction, post, 24h, 48h and
72h after). Our results show ROM was restricted by
18.63 %, 13.08 % 24h and 48h and showed
improvement by 6.34 % 72h after the pain induction
in the control group, and restricted by 6.23 % and
2.06 % 24h and 48h and showed improvement by
6.65 % 72h after the pain induction in the Ibuprofen
group, and improvement by 1.16 %, 12.85 % and
18.22 % following 24h, 48h and 72h in the Noni
group. The PNR results show increase in perceived
rating following 24h, 48h and 72h in the control
group. The Ibuprofen group showed increase in PNR
following 24h, and 48h, however the Noni group
showed increase in PNR only after 24h. In conclusion
Noni seem to show better improvement in DOMS and
PNR following an induced pain exercise with shorter
recovery time. Being readily available in markets all
over Asia makes Noni a natural green alternative for
usage to reduce muscle pain as to synthetic drugs
Keywords – DOMS, Noni, Ibuprofen.
I INTRODUCTION
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also
sometimes in most severe cases mistakenly called
‘muscle pull’, is the pain or discomfort often felt 2472 hours after intense of unfamiliar exercise and
subsides generally within 2-3 days.
The cause of DOMS is unknown, although it is
generally described as the consequence of mechanical
and/or metabolic stress [1]. In the past it is commonly
thought to be caused by increased lactate
concentrations. However, this is a misconception as it
has been shown that elevated levels of lactic acid
rarely persist after an hour of rest. Although the
precise cause is still unknown, the type of muscle
contradiction seems to be a key factor in the
development of DOMS. A theory that has recently
been postulated states that DOMS is caused by
breakdown of muscle fibres. This is particularly
apparent is strength and resistance programs.
Exercises that involve many eccentric contractions,
such as downhill running will result in the most
severe DOMS.
Since we don’t know what causes DOMS, it's
unsurprising that a reliable cure has yet to be
discovered. Among the unconvincing treatments that
have been tried are:
• Ultrasound [2]
• Warmup and/or stretching [3]
• Transcutaneous and microcurrent electrical
nerve stimulation [4]
• Exercise (working it out) [4]
Ibuprofens (and other anti-inflammatory drugs;
NSAIDs) have been shown to reduce the pain of
DOMS [5]. Theoretically, NSAIDs have a strong case
for helping to combat the inflammation and swelling
which occurs with exercise induced muscle damage.
Despite this strong theoretical backing, research done
on the effectiveness of NSAIDs has provided mixed
and conflicting results. Massage has also been
postulated as promising intervention for the reduction
of DOMS. Unfortunately, there is no convincing
evidence to support this and some that contradicts it
[6]. A common factor to several of these proposed
mechanisms may be the increased production of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) [7] although few
findings are equivocal [8, 9]. The role of free radicals
in DOMS is still unclear with some research groups
claiming they are pathological, whilst others suggest
they are physiological
Morinda citrifolia, native plant of Southeast
Asia, commonly known as Noni is a plant from the
coffee family, Rubiaceae (Fig 1). The plant has fruit
which at first is green, the fruit turns yellow then
almost white as it ripens. Despite its strong smell and
bitter taste, the fruit is traditionally used to treat
menstrual cramps, bowel irregularities and urinary
tract infections [10]. To date there is no study that has
investigated the effects of Noni on DOMS. Therefore
we aim to compare the effect of Noni on exercised
induced muscle pain and compare it with Ibuprofen a
known anti-inflammatory agent.
administered to determined pair wise significance.
The significant level was set at p < 0.05. One sample
Kolmogorov-Smirnov was conducted for normality of
data and also Levene’s test of equality of error
variances ran for homogeneity checking.
III RESULTS
Figure 1 shows flower and fruit of Morinda citrifolia.
II METHODS
Subject. Thirty male (n=30) college students
consented for this study. They were randomly
assigned into 3 groups namely; Noni, Ibuprofen and
Control. The study was approved by the ethical
committee of the Sports Centre at the University of
Malaya.
Muscle Pain Induction. The subject’s 1RM bicep
curl strength was determined using the protocol
described by Adams [11]. Muscle pain was induced
using a modification method described by Armstrong
[1] beginning from full flexion position, 1RM load
was lowered as slow as possible until full extension is
reached. The process was repeated for as many times
as the subject could control the speed of descent of
the weight. Another 30 sec rest was followed by a 2nd
bout of exercise, again to exhaustion. Third and 4th
bout were conducted similarly. Exhaustion was taken
as the point at which the subject could no longer
lower the weight under such control.
Measurements. The elbow range of movement
was measured using a universal goniometer with the
subject standing. The lines of humerus and radius
were used as standardization points with the lateral
epicondyle acting as the axis of rotation. For all
measurements, 180o of extension was taken as the
zero position. A pain numeric rating (PNR) was used
to determine the level or intensity of pain felt based
on colored gradient and graduated line.
Measurements were taken immediately after the pain
induction (IP), 24, 48, and 72 hour after.
Table 1 shows the stature characteristics of the
subjects. There were no significant difference
between the groups in age, height and weight. There
were significant difference in Noni group 24h – IP,
48h-24h, and 72-48h when compared with both
Ibuprofen group and control (p < 0.05) as shown in
Figures 2,3 and 4. Following 24h after ingestion Noni
group showed no sign of ROM restriction with
relative angle difference of 0.5 ± 2.92o, compared to
Ibuprofen (-2.54 ± 0.75o) and control group (-7.08 ±
1.22o). In percentage wise our results show ROM was
restricted by 18.63%, 13.08% 24h and 48h and
showed improvement by 6.34% 72h after the pain
induction in the control group, and restricted by
6.23% and 2.06% 24h and 48h and showed
improvement by 6.65% 72h after the pain induction
in the Ibuprofen group, and improvement by 1.16%,
12.85% and 18.22% following 24h, 48h and 72h in
the Noni group. The PNR results show increase in
perceived rating following 24h, 48h and 72h in the
control group. The Ibuprofen group showed increase
in PNR following 24h, and 48h, however the Noni
group showed increase in PNR only after 24h
Table 1 shows the stature of the subjects expressed as
Mean (SD).
Group
n
Age
year
Height
cm
Weight
kg
Noni
10
Ibuprofen
10
Control
10
22.5
(1.84)
21.7
1.84)
21.80
(1.99)
168.4
(4.22)
171.3
(9.57)
168.30
(6.45)
67.6
(7.09)
74.3
(25.88)
69.2
(12.93)
Administration of Noni and Ibuprofen. The
respective groups were given either 2 ml
(recommended by the manufacturer) of Noni extract
(Bio-Vigor Sdn Bhd MAL) or 600 mg (recommended
dose for adult) of Ibuprofen 1 hour before
commencement of pain induction.
Statistical analysis. One way repeated measure
ANOVA was used to the examined any significance
changes and a Bonferroni post hoc test was
Figure 2 shows the relative change in ROM in control
group
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Figure 3 shows the relative change in ROM after
consumption of Ibuprofen.
Our results seem to suggest that the anti-oxidant
potential of Noni may have prevented the generation
of ROS and hence the disappearance of DOMS 24
hours after.
In conclusion our preliminary study on the
effects of Morinda Citrifolia showed significant
effect in reducing the generation of DOMS and PNR
following an induced pain exercise with shorter
recovery time. This anti-inflamatory action of Noni
warrants further investigation and could be suggested
for use in synergy with Ibuprofen. Being readily
available in markets all over Asia makes Noni a
natural green alternative for usage to reduce muscle
pain as to synthetic drugs.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Figure 4 shows the relative change in ROM after
consumption of Noni.
IV DISCUSSION
The study revealed that, after an intense bout of
eccentric exercise, administration of Noni and
Ibuprofen both decreased the level of muscle soreness
and pain perception. As expected, levels of muscle
soreness increased significantly following the bout of
eccentric activity. However, the Noni group
experienced lower levels of muscle soreness
compared to the Ibuprofen and control group after at
24 and 48 hours.
Noni fruit contains a number of phytochemicals
including flavonoids and alkaloids which could be
associated with antioxidant potentials. Furthermore
the Malaysian variety of Noni exhibited presence of
Selenium which is important in the synthesis of
gluthathione peroxidase and gluthathione transferase
enzymes. Gluthathione enzymes are important in
removing hydrogen peroxide radicals formed during
exercise. In relation to DOMS, it should be noted that
the mitochondrial pathway of ROS generation is
highly associated with increases in repeated bout of
exercises [12]. It is without question that ROS are
produced following lengthening muscle actions; this
has been clearly demonstrated in human studies using
indirect markers [7, 13], and using EPR spectroscopy
[8]. It is also clear that lengthening muscle actions are
often associated with skeletal muscle damage [9, 14].
176
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Armstrong RB. (1984). Mechanisms of exercise-induced
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Weber MD, Serevedio FJ, Woodall WR. (1994) The Effects
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Tokmakidis SP, Kokkinidis EA, Smilios I, Douda H. (2003).
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Maughan RJ, Donnelly AE., Gleeson M, Whiting PH., Walker
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Petersen EW, Ostrowski K, Ibfelt T, Richelle M, Offord E,
Halkjaer-Kristensen J, Pedersen BK. (2001). Effect of
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Yamaguchi T et al. (1998) Preliminary investigation of the
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Adam GM and Beam WC. (2007). Exercise Physiology
Laboratory Manual 5th ed. McGraw-Hill companies.
Lovlin R, Cottle PI, Kavanagh M, Belcastro AN. (1987). Are
indices of free radical damage related to exercise intensity.
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Appell HJ, Soares JM, Duarte JA. (1992) Exercise, muscle
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Beaton LJ, Allan DA, Tarnopolsky MA, Tiidus PM, Phillips
SM. (2002). Contraction-induced muscle damage is
unaffected by vitamin E supplementation. Med. Sci. Sports
Exerc.
34:
798–
805.
ENERGY INTAKE AND PERCENT BODY FAT IN PROFESSIONAL SOCCER
PLAYERS DURING MID-SEASON
Sukanya Charoenwattana 1, Maliwan Saleepan 2
Faculty of Sport Science, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand1,2
Abstract— Background. The study was done to
determine total energy intake (TEI) and percent body
fat (%BF) in professional soccer players, as assessed
during mid-season and according to playing position.
Method. Subjects were sixty-eight males ages 18-22
years. Three days of nutrition records were taken and
%BF was measured in four skin-folds. The computer
program, Inmucal-Nutrients, was used to determine
TEI, while the Durnin program was used to tabulate
%BF. Result. TEI and %BF for Goalkeepers was
6747.3 ± 303 kcal /d and 16.3 ±2.4; Forwards, 4633.3
± 2001 kcal /d and 12.9 ±2.1; Midfielders, 4478.8
±2239 kcal /d 14.2 ±3.1; and Defenders, 5444.1±
2176 kcal /d and 13.6 ± 3.0. Nutrient distribution
(carbohydrate: fat: protein (C:H:O)) for the players
were, in general, found to be: low carbohydrate, high
protein, and high fat (Goalkeepers, 36:39:25;
Forwards,
46:33:21;
Midfielders,
45:34:20;
Defenders, 48:32:19). Conclusions. The data showed
that TEI and %BF differ according to playing
position and workload, and that low carbohydrate and
high fat dishes affected player health and
performance. Recommendations for coaches and
health professionals include designing nutrition plans
for the maintenance and improvement of health and
the enhancement of performance on the field.
Keywords—total energy intake, nutrient distribution,
percent body fat, soccer players
I. INTRODUCTION
Soccer players can remain healthy and achieve
their performance goals by adopting good dietary
habits and maintaining a solid body composition.
During a soccer match, a player is engaged in many
energy-demanding activities—e.g. running, jumping,
stopping and starting, turning, accelerating. These
high-intensity and short bursts of activity do not have
calculable energy demands. But it's been determined
that the total distance covered during a game is about
10-13 km, and this has been employed as an overall
index of work-rate [3]. The total energy intake (TEI)
thus required for a soccer player is based on his total
work output. In addition, FIFA/F-MARC has shown
that the energy costs of training or match-play in elite
male soccer players are about 1500 kcal (6MJ) per
day [4].
However, a player's work rate profile is dependent
upon other individual factors. The level of
competition and the playing position are the most
basic considerations. Some position players may have
energy output and TEI requirements that are different
from others [1], [8]. For example, it's been found that
midfield players cover a significantly greater (p<.05)
distance than forward players (midfield, 9826 ± 1031
m; forward, 7736± 929 m), and, therefore, have
different energy demands [2]. Other physiological
factors such as basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of
food, general physical activity, and, in some cases,
the growth stage (i.e. age) of the young player can
also be considered. Thus, a more precise evaluation of
the total energy demand for individual players may be
done by performing these additional physiological
measurements.
Two of the most important factors to be
considered are total energy intake and body fat
percentage. In competitive sports such as soccer,
players with a lower body-fat percentage invariably
perform better. As body fat decreases players
generally become faster. Several studies have
evaluated the alterations in body composition at the
start and end of a competitive season, suggesting that
most soccer players accumulate fat in the off-season.
[15,16]. However, there is no adequate information
regarding changes in body fat percentage during a
season. This fact should allow trainers and coaches to
make periodic measurements of %BF and BMI
[9],[12]. Along with a consideration of the current
training and competitive schedule, dietary habits, and
physiological and psychological changes, trainers and
coaches can adjust their training and nutrition
programs accordingly. [14]. Because there is little
information about the total energy intake and body-fat
percentage of professional soccer players in Thailand
during mid-season play, this study was undertaken.
The study was done to determine total energy intake
(TEI) and percent body fat (%BF) in professional
soccer players, as assessed during mid-season and
according to playing position.
II. METHODS
The subjects were 68 professional soccer players
in the Thai professional league. Their ages were from
18 to 22 years and included five goalkeepers, 16
forwards, 23 midfielders, and 24 defenders. All
players understood and completed an informedconsent form and were approved for the study by a
sport science faculty advisory commission. Various
medical and computer assessment tools, as well as the
anthropometric indirect method, were used to obtain
and evaluate data.
Dietary assessments. Based on studies that have
used similar time tables in nutritional assessments
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 (r=0.93) [5, 7, 20], three days of dietary records on
each player were used to determine nutrient
distribution from macronutrients (carbohydrate: fat:
protein (C:H:O)) and to estimate total energy intake
(TEI). The data was obtained by nutritionists who
interviewed each player on three separate occasions
over the course of three months. The data was
tabulated using the Inmucal-Nutrients computer
program [6].
Anthropometric methods. Anthropometric indirect
methods were used to measure physiological
characteristics such as weight, height, BMI, and
skinfold. Based on Durnin's and Womersley's [17]
standard recommendations, body-fat percentages
were measured in four skin-folds of the players:
biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac. The
measurement of skinfolds provides a relatively quick,
convenient technique for the assessment of body
composition. It is generally recommended that the
sum of the measurements from three or more skin
folds be used in a quadratic equation to estimate body
density [17, 18, 19]. The sum of skinfolds is also used
to avoid errors in the estimation of percent body fat
[21].
Data Analysis. Mean and standard deviations for
physiological characteristics and body fat were based
on player position. Data for each player was
reacquired on three separate occasions during the
middle part of the season, in the months of July
through September.
III. RESULTS
Basic physiological characteristics of the soccer
players evaluated in the study are shown in Table 1.
The goalkeepers were found to have the highest
weight, height, and BMI. However, we found that
BMI values were very similar for all positions, with
midfielders and defenders having almost identical
values. Soccer players at all positions were high
percentage body fat (%BF=12.9-16.3).
Table 1 Physiological characteristics by position.
Variabl
e
Age
(yrs)
Weight
(kgs)
Height
(cms)
BMI
kg/m 2
% Body
Fat
Forward
s
n=16
25.4
±3.7
70.7
±8.21
172.4
±6.63
23.7±1.4
6
12.9
±2.1
Midfielder
s
n=23
24.6 ±4.27
67.6 ± 5.08
Defenders
n=24
25 ±3.8
Goalkeepe
rs
n=5
23.± 1.17
77.4 ± 7.82
172.6
±6.58
22.7±1.21
71.1
±7.38
176.8
±
6.37
22.7±1.19
14.2 ±3.1;
13.6 ± 3.0
16.3 ±2.4
179.4
±5.12
23.9±1.18
178
Table 2 shows energy intake for the players
expressed in kilocalorie per day (kcal/d).
Macronutrients and micronutrients were expressed in
grams/day (g/d). Goalkeepers had the highest energy
intake. For macronutrients, carbohydrate intake was
determined to be inadequate for all players since it
did not counter the amount of sprinting they did nor
balance the high demand for glycogen storage.
Protein and fat were high compared to RDA figures
for their body types. And caloric distribution based on
carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake was imbalanced.
Calcium was also found to be inadequate to meet
RDA requirements.
Table 2 Total Energy Intake (TEI), Macronutrients
and Calcium by position.
Variable
Caloric
Intake
(kcal/d)
CHO (g/d)
Fat (g/d)
Protein(g/d)
Calcium
(mg)
% Caloric
disturbance
(CHO:F:P)
Forwards
n=16
Mean
± SD
4633.3
(19 MJ)
± 2001
522.54
±228.74
259.85
±143.47
167.12
±93.54
1243.92
±567.3
Midfielders
n=23
Mean
± SD
4478.8
(18MJ)
±2239
516.4
±345.9
227.8
±121.48
165.1
±73.68
1322.6
±936.31
Defenders
n=24
Mean
± SD
5444.1
(22MJ)
± 2176
676.5
±332.16
262.5
±186.6
186.5
±65.91
1526.4
±1007.72
Goalkeepers
n=5
Mean
± SD
6747.3
(28 MJ)
± 303
576.8
±208.6
335.46
±126.6
437.10
±119.7
1734.2
±452.71
46:33:21
45:34:20
48:32:19
36:39:25
IV. DISCUSSION
Results from Table 1 show higher %BF than the
(FIFA) recommended 10%. Soccer players at all
positions were above that percentage, with midfield
players having %BF=14. Because this position covers
greater distance, it requires limited energy turnover.
This means that % BF for midfielders should be
lower than other positions. Defenders (13.6 ± 3.0), on
the other hand, cover shorter distances than other
players while running at a higher intensity (11). Their
body fat percentage was also too high, but better in
relation to midfielders.
The ideal low body-fat percentage is based on
improvements in the speed and agility of players and
should be assessed at different times during the
soccer season. Among all players, there was found to
be significant in-season variations in %BF—i.e.
between the beginning- and mid-season, and between
the mid- and end-season. (13) Changes in body-fat
percentage during the season were based on differing
degrees of training and competition [14], and altered
dietary habits.
For professional players that undertake multiple
training sessions in a day or more than one match in a
week, the energy cost of training and in games are
important factors of assessment. Recommendations
for male soccer players performing at optimal levels
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 are 13-16 MJ per day or 160-200 kj per kilograms per
day (kJ/kg/d) [7].
Results from Table 2 showed total energy intake
(TEI) for professional soccer players was over the
standard requirements of 18-28 MJ per day
(1kcal=1000 cal =4.18 J =4.18kJ [10]). The dietary
patterns from the three recorded days show high-fat
dishes with low-fiber intake and higher-thanrecommended alcohol consumption.
Recommended distributions of carbohydrate, fat,
and protein intake for endurance sports are as follows:
CHO=60-70%, fat= 20-25% and protein=10-15 %.
In this study, we found that TEI were high with
respect to the percentage caloric disturbance. In this
study, CHO: F: P at all positions showed low
carbohydrate (CHO=36-46 %), high fat (fat=3239%), and high protein (protein 19-25%).
Energy from CHO was only maintained at slightly
above the minimum requirements for endurance
sports of 5-7 g CHO ( Forwards = 7.4g/kg/d
Midfielders = 7.4g/kg/d, Defenders = 9.5g/kg/d,
Goalkeepers = 7.4g/kg/d). Since the data shows low
carbohydrate but high fat distribution, male soccer
players in mid-season, during periods of moderate
training, can raise their CHO by 10 g/kg and increase
energy during match play to the recommended 1500
kcal (6MJ) per day [4]. It may investigate due to
intensive training and competition schedule, dietary
habits and psychological effects.
V. CONCLUSION
We concluded that the total energy intake (TEI)
during mid-season in professional soccer players is
higher than the requirement (18-28 MJ per day), and
the caloric disturbance (CHO: F: P) showed a low
percentage of CHO and high percentage of fat and
protein. The percent body fat (%BF) was higher than
recommended (10%). This higher fat percentage can
affect glycogen storage in the muscle and lead to poor
performance on the field. In relation to playing
position, a difference in average %BF and BMI
values was observed.
We suggest professional soccer players, coaches,
trainers, and medical staff should look closely at
individual players and their positional role when
interpreting body composition data during mid-season
and should consider the carbohydrate consumption
needed to adapt to the energy demands of their sport.
Further studies should investigate individual
physiological changes over three consecutive seasons
and take note of any substantial differences observed
in and among goalkeepers, midfielders, defenders,
and forwards.
179
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We want to acknowledge and thank Chonburi
F.C, Sriracha F.C. and Pattaya Utd., their coaches and
players. We also want to thank the several graduate
students in Exercise and Physiology and school
officials at Burapha University who assisted in
collecting data for this study.
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5. Charoenwattana S, Muongmee P (2009). Nutritional status of
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6. Vanichakul, K. (2009). Manual of Inmucal-Nutrients Program
Edit 4. Institute of Nutrition Mahidol University. 42-51
7. Burke, L.M., Loucks, A.N, Broad, N. (2006). Energy and
carbohydrate for training and recovery. J of Sports Sciences. July;
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8. Manore M, Thomson J. (2006).Energy requirement of the
athletes: Assessment and evidence of energy efficiency. Clinical
Sport Nutrition.(3rd ) Sydney, NSW McGraw-Hill: 113-134.
9. Rico-Sanz. J, Frontera W.R., Mole P.A., Rivera-Brown A,
Merediith C.N. (1998). Dietary and performance assessment of
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Exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.550
11. Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. (2003). Match performance of
high-standard soccer players with special reference to development
of fatigue. J of Sport Science. 21 (7): 519-28
EXERCISE MAINTENANCE IN WOMEN BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS
ADOPTING GUOLIN QIGONG
Nadiah Diyana, T. A.¹ and Mazanah, M.²
¹Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia, Malaysia
²Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Abstract- With the increased rate of cancer patients in Malaysia, breast cancer is the most common cancer
responsibilities [8], time constraints, and major life
among the women [1]. Although exercise has been
changes or trauma [9].
proven in past studies to be able to reduce the risk of
getting disease, lengthening survival rate and enhance
During the last 10 years, interest in complementary
quality of life for cancer survivors, the exercise
medicine has grown in the Western world and
participation rates and exercise maintenance among
physiotherapists have shown an interest in Qigong for
women breast cancer survivors is still relatively low.
pain treatment. This exercise is a series of relaxation,
Therefore, it is important that by understanding the
breathing, gentle movement and walking exercises. It
factors that contribute to exercise maintenance among
is a low-impact movement meditation therapy
women breast cancer exercisers, it could be of help to
performed with deep concentration on the movement
those engaged in health-promotion campaigns and
or qi-flow in the body. It has potential benefits for
others involved in encouraging and motivating more
health promotion and is suitable for older adults [11]
cancer patients and survivors to be physically active
and is claimed to be more suitable for some patients
and maintain in their exercise. Results revealed that
with chronic disease such as cancer [12]
the reasons that kept these informants maintain
exercising Guolin Qigong were categorized into three
Quantitative researchers have measured changes in
components (i) self empowerment, (ii) adaptable form
activity levels of women with metastatic breast cancer
of exercise and (iii) social support. A major finding of
[13], focusing on care activities and interventions
this present study was that self-efficacy and exercise
aimed at improving women’s quality of life [14, 15].
supports to be the most salient determinant of
However, research that explores the exercise
sustainability in exercising among these women
maintenance on Guolin Qigong for breast cancer
breast cancer exercisers.
survivors is lacking. Therefore, there is a need to
study on the exercise maintenance among breast
Keywords - Guolin Qigong, maintenance, women
cancer survivors in a low intensity exercise such as
breast cancer survivors, self-efficacy and exercise
Guolin Qigong.
supports
I. INTRODUCTION
II. METHODS
In Malaysia, breast cancer is the most common and
deadliest form of cancer among Malaysian women
[2]. It shows that breast cancer in Malaysia is the
common cause of cancer in all ethnic groups with the
chance of getting breast cancer for the women is 1 in
19 with the rate of 1 in 24 for Malays, 1 in 14 for
Chinese and 1 in 15 for Indians.
This study employed in-depth interview to draw upon
the rich, descriptive, personal narratives of the life
experience on the exercise maintenance in Guolin
Qigong among breast cancer survivors. This study
was guided by: What factors contribute to exercise
maintenance in Guolin Qigong among breast cancer
survivors?
Physical exercise is emerging as an important therapy
for cancer survivors because of its proven
psychological and physical benefits [4-6]. Despite of
the benefits of exercise,
Criterion and purposive sampling were used in
recruitment for the interviews. The informants were
identified from the Malaysia Guolin Qigong
Association based on the following criteria: 1)
female breast cancer survivors who have practiced
Guolin Qigong for more than six months; 2) capable
and willing to share her experience and 3) English or
Malay speaking informant. The interviews were
approved by the Malaysia Guolin Qigong
Association.
maintenance to exercise among cancer survivors is
difficult because of the stresses of a cancer diagnosis
and the side effects of treatments [7]. For many
healthy individual, maintaining participation in a
physical exercise can be difficult, what’s more for the
cancer survivors. Relapse back to inactivity is very
common. Among the many barriers in physical
activity for cancer survivors include fatigue, family
Triangulation method was used including observation
and in-depth interview to overcome the intrinsic bias
produced by single method. The researcher herself
has interest in Guolin Qigong for cancer, evolved
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 from the researcher’s experience with her 80 years
old mother who survived breast cancer and had been
practicing Guolin Qigong since she was diagnosed
with cancer at the age of 73. The researcher herself is
a life member with the Malaysia Guolin Qigong
Association and therefore, the researcher’s
relationship to the data as a practiced Guolin Qigong
exerciser equips her with some knowledge of the
theory and practice of Qigong. This enabled the
researcher to observe, experience and understand how
sustainability are embedded from ‘insider’s’ point of
view.
A brief questionnaire was used to collect
demographic information from each informant and
the informants were given approximately 5-10
minutes to complete it. Each interview was taperecorded with the permission obtained from the
informants. Questions asked during the interview
were centered on the research informants’
sustainability and participation in Guolin Qigong
exercise.
The interviews of the participants were recorded and
the analysis involved transcription of taped
recordings. Data analysis began with the first
interview. Field notes were also written immediately
after each interview and this included the researcher’s
impressions and reactions, and notes on the nonverbal
aspects of the interviews [16].
The researcher read the transcript one after another;
notes were taken to capture reflection, tentative
themes, ideas and things to pursue that derived from
the first set of the data. Then the researcher set
tentative categories or themes and answered to the
research question in this present study. Coding was
assigned to various aspects of the data for the
researcher to retrieve specific pieces of the data
gathered to whatever scheme that was relevant to this
study. Coding was repeatedly modified and verified
until the common elements in the data had been
captured. Nvivo 7 was used to help in managing and
retrieval of data.
In terms of credibility, multiple and different
resources were used. Members’ checks involved
taking data and interpretations back to the informants
and received feedback regarding the accuracy of the
information.
III. RESULTS
Demographic profile of respondents: Informants’
profiles which present the evidence of exercise
maintenance from the time since diagnosed with
breast cancer are shown in Table 1. To protect
confidentiality, these informants were identified using
pseudonyms.
181
Informants’ accounts on the factors that contribute to
exercise maintenance: The informants were very
happy with the outcome gained from the Guolin
Qigong exercise that they adopted when they first
diagnosed with cancer. Many suggested that the
initial reason that led them to what they are today
were their needs to survive and to hold on to the
belief that Guolin Qigong was one of the many self
care therapies that can help them.
Feeling control of one self, feeling good with the
exercise and having friends around were associated
with exercise maintenance in these women. Three
major themes emerged: (1) self empowerment; (2)
adaptable form of exercise; and (3) social support.
Self empowerment: Themes of self empowerment of
seeking information on how to survive cancer and
self care. The informants wished to control their own
approaches in living with their cancer without being
dependent on others. With the practice of Guolin
Qigong, most of these women changed their health
behavior and are more independent.
As supported by CSI, she said “I feel that to help
ourselves, nobody can help us, only we ourselves can
help ourselves.” Another informant has the same
view when she related that “I don’t know whether it
can cure me or not but at least I am doing something
for myself...”, said Doreen.
Honey strongly commented the importance of
exercise:
...I mean with my experience, I have
confidence with this Qigong...that’s why I
felt that I should do it. If you are sick and
yet you don’t want to exercise is really very
stupid, right?
Another informant who was discouraged by her
colleagues when she told them of the Guolin Qigong
exercise related her experience on how she brushed
her colleagues’ beliefs towards Guolin Qigong, “...is
okay, is not your body, is mine, so is up to me. I am
gambling with my life, not you people. So I am
going to try this Guolin Qigong”.
In the process of doing everything for themselves and
be independent, the researcher found that another best
predictor to the exercise maintenance was these
women’s
self-efficacy.
The
participants’
engagement, determination and exercise maintenance
in Guolin Qigong exercise was clearly to indicate the
importance of exercise to them and the needs to be
independent and self-help.
Adaptable form of exercise: Choosing the right type
of exercise was said to be of vital in determining the
maintenance of an exercise program. In this study, it
was found that several informants reported that
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 initially they chose this exercise because they had no
other choices and they just grabbed whatever that was
recommended. However, after practicing several
classes of Qigong workout, these women found that
this exercise suits them.
182
Freedah, a Muslim who had been practicing Guolin
Qigong for the past 9 years related how she felt
towards Guolin Qigong and how she had maintained
with this exercise:
Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of informants
Name
Age
Religion
Marital
Status
No. of
kids
Abby
52
Buddhist
Married
4
Annlee
62
Buddhist
Single
-
Belay
69
Buddhist
Married
3
Betty
59
Buddhist
Single
Cavendish
61
Christian
Celine
54
Buddhist
Chin Chin
52
Doreen
Farhani
Florence
Education
Occupation
Time since
diagnosed
MCE
Draftsperson
13
Years
adhere
to
Qigong
13
MCE
Retired teacher
9
9
HSC
Retired Manager
15
14
-
MCE
Retired Clerk
6
6
Married
2
Degree
Retired teacher
9
5
Married
3
Std. Six
Housewife
16
12
Buddhist
Married
2
Std. Six
Hair Dresser
6
5
51
Buddhist
Married
4
MCE
Housewife
6
5
55
54
Islam
-
Married
Married
2
3
Master
MCE
Community volunteer
Senior Merchandiser
12
7
12
7
Freedah
54
Islam
Single
-
Master
Asst. Director
10
10
Honey
55
-
Married
3
HSC
Program Manager
5
5
Keen
66
Buddhist
Married
5
Std. Six
Housewife
7
7
Lily
62
Buddhist
Married
3
MCE
Clerk
15
5
Mek
61
Buddhist
Married
4
LCE
Housewife
5
5
Pearl
57
Christian
Married
1
Degree
HR Director
10
10
Suanny
48
Buddhist
Married
-
Degree
Teacher
14
13
Sue
62
-
Married
4
Master
Retired Lecturer
12
12
Suri
57
Buddhist
Married
2
LCE
Hardware Clerk
2
1
Teresa
54
Christian
Married
2
Degree
Businesswoman
14
13
I feel that this Qigong really suits my body and is the
best exercise. I take Qigong as one of my exercise for
my sickness. I have to decide to do one exercise, so I
picked up Qigong. This Qigong is slow and not like
some aerobic exercises which could be very
aggressive. When you are tired, you can rest and later
continue with your Qigong after the short break. It
really suits me.
Another informant who has experienced other form of
exercise reported how she felt the differences of both
the exercise she had experienced. She reported that:
the first time I just walk one round, then I started to
realize that this Guolin Qigong is totally different
from the Qigong that I practiced last time. This really
affects my internal organ. I have learned that when
you jog, it only to get you sweats and tired but by
doing this Qigong we can feel body different as there
are chi inside.
The exercise outcome of feeling good and became
more energetic kept these women to maintain
exercising Guolin Qigong. They strongly belief the
efficacy of Guolin Qigong in enhancing their physical
strength and kept them going and alive living with
cancer. Some informants felt that a day without
practicing Guolin Qigong, they felt uneasy, less
energetic and having the thought of recurrence which
some cancer survivors fear most.
Social support: Majority informants viewed the
support from partners, family and friends to be
extremely crucial during their process to adopt an
exercise program, to practice and to maintain with the
exercise. Exercise support may come in the forms of
encouraging them to exercise and regain fitness and
health, transporting them to Qigong classes and
helping out with the childcare responsibilities and
household chores during practices.
Farhani, a married Malay survivor who has been
practicing Guolin Qigong for the past 12 years
thanked her late husband for the encouragement and
support showered to her when he was alive. She
described how her husband demonstrated his love for
her through emotional and exercise support. With his
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 level of care and concern she felt that it sort of aided
her recovery and survival:
My husband was the motivator to my practicing of
Qigong. He said to me that we need to try with this
exercise and God always tell us to do something...he
said why not because this exercise is harmless, you
don’t have to take any drugs or herbs, you just do
it...maybe cured or control, who knows? He gave me
a lot of support. It was him that really makes me
survive.
In terms of friends’ support, many informants related
that they regard Qigong class as a place for them to
gain support from other cancer survivors. During
each time they meet up for Qigong practice, they
shared the steps of doing, and getting feedback of
their doings, besides gaining other health related
information in regards to the illness. They felt that
they were able to share their information as they
shared the same experience of living with cancer and
they understand each other better.
Mei Mei felt that she gained confidence through
Guolin Qigong when she reported that, “you gained
the confidence and then you get the support from
people who knows about cancer”.
This was
supported by Honey who claims that:
...coming here you feel you are part of the family. I
do my Qigong every Sunday then we gather, we talk,
we share our experience and it is very good. We
encourage each other you know...so in a way it helps
me to get out of the fear and loneliness that I have
before this.
Majority women emphasized their supportive
husbands and family members made them maintained
with the exercise, this account was rather unusual and
different from the rest of the women in this findings.
Teresa found that with the ignorance from her partner
and son, it has shaped her into being more
independent person. Besides that it strengthened her
determination to prove that she can live a better life as
she believed that she was given a second chance to
appreciate and value life. This kept her motivated in
fighting cancer and continuing practicing Qigong:
Actually the only reason I don’t want to die, I
practiced Qigong so hard, it’s because I worked so
hard for so many years. Now that the condition of
our life is so much better, if I don’t enjoy for few
years and died so soon, then it’s not worth it.
IV. DISCUSSION
It appeared that most of the women in this study
found that making decision for themselves and taking
care of their own health was important. They stood
up and have the belief in themselves that they were
going to adopt Guolin Qigong no matter what, when
183
life and death is concern. They felt that they need to
do something to reduce the pain that they encountered
for survival sake.
Self-determination and self
efficacy was crucial in exercise maintenance among
these women that made them survived till today.
Similarly to previous research, motivational
constructs such as self-efficacy and selfdetermination is a convincing evidence to affective
response to exercise that would positively reinforce
exercise behavior [17]
Self-efficacy played a major role in the course of
exercise behavior of these women in maintenance of
exercise. With their health condition after their
cancer treatment and with physical limitations that
they faced, self-efficacy of an individual’s confidence
in overcoming the barriers to exercise is crucial.
This was supported by past research on self efficacy
related to physical activity [18, 19]
Knowing and understanding the type of exercise that
match the course of the illness suffered by the
survivors enhances belief in one’s ability to perform,
especially home-based and community-based
exercise. Guolin Qigong is one low intensity exercise
and it was chosen as their only workout as the
workout fits the physical abilities and age of these
women. With its low intensity but yet has great
benefits, suits the physical condition of these cancer
survivors. Rest in between steps made it more
acceptable by these women as less strenuous and non
aggressive exercise.
With its flexibility of exercise and doing, the
informants were able to perform the Qigong exercises
according to their own needs and abilities, which
most of them noted with satisfaction. This finding
was consistent with Wenneberg, et al (2004) study
where a flexibility and adaptable exercise program is
important and recommended for patients with
physical disabilities or chronic illness. Gaining the
exercise support was an important aspect of exercise
maintenance in Guolin Qigong. This finding is
consistent with other studies where social support
constituted a powerful factor for [20] and a predictor
of exercise behavior [19]. Feeling close to each other
and being understood were important during this most
difficult time in their lives and during exercise. They
felt that the support from their friends and family help
them to continue practicing Qigong and encourages
them to fight cancer. This finding is consistent to
previous studies [8].
V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the accessibility of healing through
self-empowerment with less dependent on medication
and strength to live on and the attention given to
practicing Qigong amaze the researcher. With the
transformation of Qigong in the lives of the breast
cancer survivors, it has lessened the anxiety, feeling
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 of peacefulness, connected and feeling full of energy.
To enhance exercise maintenance, it is therefore
important to strengthen their beliefs in their own
ability in exercise and by enhancing selfdetermination among cancer patients and survivors.
12.
13.
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Author:
Nadiah Diyana Tan Abdullah
Institute:
Faculty of Sports Science &
Recreation, Universiti Teknologi
MARA Malaysia
City:
Shah Alam
Country:
Malaysia
Email:
nadiahdiyana@yahoo.com
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECTS OF AROMA ON MOOD STATES AND
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE AFTER SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE
Nanbancha A.1, Juangphanich P.1, Choosakul C.2
College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Phathom, Thailand1
Mahasarakham University/Health and Exercise Science, Mahasarakham, Thailand2
Abstract-: The research purposive was to examine
gender differences in the effects of aroma on mood
states, heart rate recovery and exercise performance
after submaximal exercise. 24 university basketball
players participated in this study, divided into 2
groups; 12 males and 12 females. They were
assigned to perform 2 conditions of experiment;
resting with and without inhaling aroma after
submaximal cycling on bicycle ergometer. The
result indicated that aroma significantly affected
more on female mood; increasing vigor and
decreasing fatigue. These could be explained with
sex hormones, gender stereotypes of expressively
greater olfactory sense and styles of responding in
females. These findings suggested that inhaling
aroma could modify apparatus to useful aids for
sport and exercise in both sex.
Keywords— aroma, gender difference, exercise
performance, submaximal exercise.
related gender stereotypes, females are greater
expressed of emotion than males [10]
Smell is one of the chemical sense, the other
being taste. The chemicals detected by sensory
systems need to have certain properties [7]. In
human odor threshold test show those females
perform better than male and have larger olfactoryevoked potential amplitudes and greater volume of
activation than male [3,17]. A gender difference in
behavioral reactions to different smell has been
reported, with females being more affected. Theses
suggest that female possess greater sensitivity to
odorants [15].
Moreover, female has more acute sense of
smell than male in reproductive age, their smell
sensitivity of most female varies across the
menstrual cycle, peaking at ovulation. During
pregnancy, smell sensitivity is peaked with
increasing of estrogen [7].
II. METHODS
I. INTRODUCTION
Coaches and athletes try to use ergogenic aids
to improve sport performance as usual [12]. Aroma
is one of ergogenic aids to reduce stress, create
calmness and enhance vigorous mood in patients
and normal people [8,16]. It was hardly appeared in
research focusing on intermittent sport. Therefore,
this study was aimed to investigate the effects of
aroma on athletes recovery from intermittent
exercise and enhancing performance. The reasons
behind this study are the apparent positive effects
of aroma on emotional and physiological state
[1,6].
The differences between males and females
transcend reproductive functions, are evident in the
structural and functional organization of the brain,
and are reflected in cognitive abilities and
behavior. Sex hormones have organizational and
activation effects on brain development and
function. Therefore brain function and sex
differences in various parameters are linkage, such
as: sensitivity to pharmacological agents and
addictive substances; activity of certain metabolic
pathways; and cognitive strategies employed in
problem-solving, all of which have significant
effects on cognition and overall behavior. The
identification of sex differences in brain and
behavior will elucidate mechanisms that underlie
behavior [13]. The differences in styles of
responding to or coping can be explained with
gender-specific emotion socialization and emotion-
Twenty-four university basketball players,
age between 18-22 years participated in this study,
volunteered as subjects for this investigation. They
were divided into 2 groups; 12 males and 12
females. Each subject received information
regarding the risks and benefits of the investigation
and gave written consent to participate. Inclusion
criteria; 1) healthy and normal cardiovascular,
orthopedic, or metabolic disorders 2) participants
no have history of smell problems 3) no
contraindications to essential oil. Exclusion
criteria; subject wanted to retire from this
investigation or allergic to the essential oil used in
this study.
The subjects were assigned to perform 2
conditions of experiment; 1) 10-minute resting with
inhaling aroma after submaximal cycling on
bicycle ergometer and 2) 10-minute resting without
inhaling aroma after submaximal cycling. Each
condition consisted of three sections; exercise to
exhaust according to YMCA protocol [4], then rest
for 10 minute, and exercise to exhausted again.
Heart rate recovery in 10-minute resting period was
determined by percent change of heart rate. Mood
change was assessed by Thai version of the Brunel
mood scale [2], and workload of exercise was
indicated subject's performance. Each condition
was performed week after week. Unpaired t-test
and Mann Whitney U-Test were employed to
determine aroma effects on gender differences.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 This research selected the essential oils which
the main effects are refreshing, fortifying, uplifting
and strengthening. So, bergamot and rosemary
smells were used in this study. The essential oils
are pure essential oil from the natural, which
product from school of essential oil in Thailand
[14]
III. RESULTS
The result of mood changing indicates that, no
difference was found in the male group. Male’s
vigor decreased in resting without aroma, but
increased in resting with aroma while fatigue
decreased in both conditions. Vigor of female in
both conditions was significantly increased and
fatigue was significantly decreased in both parts.
The results illustrate percent change in heart
rate recovery and workloads were significantly
increased. This suggested that, heart rate recovery
and performance were more improved in resting
with aroma
IV. DISCUSSION
A previous study reported that females
possessed greater sensitivity to odorants [15], and
smelling of aroma induced greater brain activation
in females than males [9,11,17]. This corresponds
with Evan et al (1995), who stated that the larger
evoked potential in females is related to the
superior performance in olfactory test.
The comparison between males and females in
this study, significant difference in workload in
both parts was found. The vigor of males and
females was elevated after aroma smelling, but that
of females increased more. The fatigue of males
and females were decreased in both parts.
Therefore, it can be concluded that inhaling aroma
had effects on both genders’ mood states but effect
more in females. This finding agreed with several
past studies [5,9,15,17]. Moreover, the changing of
mood state in females was significant difference in
both parts; these can be explained with sex
hormones, gender stereotypes of greater females
expressively and styles of responding [7,10,13].
Furthermore, heart rate recovery was significantly
faster in both male and female groups after aroma
inhalation. This might be the effect of the essential
oil on physiological mechanism, but the changes
were not significant between males and females.
V. CONCLUSION
This study indicated that aroma significantly
affected more on female’s mood; increasing vigor
and decreasing fatigue. In addition, aroma could be
accelerating heart rate recovery and enhancing
exercise performance, nevertheless, it was not
difference on gender. These findings suggested that
186
inhaling aroma could modify apparatus to useful
aids for sport and exercise in both sex.
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Author: Asst. Prof. Dr.Pranomporn Juangphanich
Institute: Mahidol University
Street: Puthamonthon 4 Rd
City: Nakhon Prathom
Country: Thailand
Email: hyingjiab@gmail.com
EFFECTS OF CRYOTHERAPY AND PETRISSAGE MASSAGE ON FUNCTIONAL
SIGNS OF DOMS OF KNEE EXTENSORS FOLLOWING STIMULATED
PLYOMETRIC EXERCISE IN THAI MALE
Muanjai P. 1, Sanguanrungsirikul S. 2, Anomasiri W. 3 and Nakhanakhup C. 4
1
Master of Science in Sports Medicines, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
2
Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicines, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
3
Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicines, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
4
Department of Sports Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
Abstract— Introduction: Delay onset of muscle
soreness (DOMS) is the unaccustomed activity,
which may last for several days post-exercise.
Cryotherapy is the way to reduce inflammation,
edema and pain sensation. Massage is also to be a
way to enhance blood flow and reduce muscle pain.
Purpose: This study focused on effects of cryotherapy
and petrissage massage on functional signs of DOMS
of knee extensors following stimulated plyometric
exercise in Thai male aged 17-25 years old. Methods:
Forty-five participants were equally randomized into
3 groups; cold-water immersion at 15°C (CWI)
group, petrissage massage (MAS) group, and control
(CON) group. Participants performed 100 drop jumps
exercise. Treatments were given within 10-15 min
after the exercise for 20 min. Serum creatine kinase,
soreness sensation assessment, thigh circumference
(TC), range of motion (ROM), strength test and
vertical jump performance were measured 7 times;
immediately before exercise, after exercise, after
intervention, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after exercise.
Results and Conclusions: All variables were
significant change compared to baseline (p<0.05)
after the exercise indicating the presence of muscle
damage, especially in 24-48 h. The results showed
that there were significant different between groups
on soreness sensation, significant greater on ROM in
CWI and MAS compared with CON groups,
significant greater on knee extensors strength and leg
strength in CON compared with CWI and MAS
groups, and significant lower in CWI compared with
MAS and CON groups on vertical jump (p<0.05).
These data reveal that petrissage massage could be
reduced some signs of DOMS following the exercise,
but its effect could not improve muscle function.
Keywords— Delayed onset of muscle soreness,
Petrissage massage, Cryotherapy, Plyometric exercise
I. INTRODUCTION
According to strenuous training programs, that
contributes to delayed onset muscle soreness
(DOMS). DOMS, one of the most common types of
muscle pain is identified by a dull and aching pain,
which begins 8-24 hours post exercise, and increases
in intensity, it peaks at 24-72 hours and subsides
within 5-7 days post exercise [1-2] on individuals
following unaccustomed or intense exercise involving
eccentric contractions during preseason training.
Other functional signs associated with DOMS are
consistent of swelling, a reduction in muscle strength,
and a decreased range of motion. Therefore, it was
due to interrupted muscle functional performance,
and also was be a risk factor of undesirable injury.
According to Thomas et al. [3], massage is one of
the treatments commonly used to alleviate DOMS
because it is contribute to increase local blood,
neutrophils, and decrease oedema, pain sensation, and
blood creatine kinase [4]. Significant reductions in
soreness sensation of DOMS after massage have been
reported [5-9]. By the way, these results have been
inconsistency effect on muscle performance yet.
Attractively, one of the most efficient techniques for
relieving DOMS is petrissage massage [10]. It is a
sequence of compression and decompression exerted
on muscular tissue in reducing muscle tone, local
swelling, soreness sensation, and also providing
muscle blood flow.
Another way to focus on relieving DOMS, coldwater immersion has become a popularly used muscle
recovery method in competitive sport. It is contribute
to reduce inflammation, tissue metabolism, pain
sensation, edema, local blood flow, and muscle spasm
[11] after induced muscle damage from eccentric
exercise [12-14]. However, research examining about
this is equivocal; some studies have shown no
reduction in the signs of muscle damage following
cryotherapy [15-18].
Therefore, the aim of this study focused on
effects of cryotherapy and petrissage massage on
functional signs of delay-onset of muscle soreness of
knee extensors following stimulated plyometric
exercise in Thai male for being the optional ways and
application to promote athletic performance, who has
done the same as a training program likes this
protocol.
II. METHODS
Participants were consent for the study when they
aged between 17 and 25 years, who did not resistance
exercise regularly at least 3 months before
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 investigation, were not joining in sports and had no
certified conditions listed in the exclusion criteriasick or injured, had a problem associated with
neuromuscular or skeletal in lower extremities, had
contraindication for received massage therapy or
cryotherapy from underlying disease.
After the screening process, 45 male were
eligible and all of them remained to complete the
study.
A. Procedure
Prior to each test session, all participants were
asked to refrain from vigorous physical activity. All
test procedures and experimental protocols were
explained, demonstrated and familiarized to
participants.
The processes of research were separated into 6
variables. These variables were measured 7 times;
immediately before exercise, after exercise, after
intervention, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after exercise.
Serum creatine kinase analysis
Five milliliters of whole blood sample were collected
via puncture from the antecubital vein and
immediately transferred to blood clot tube for
minimized haemolysis, then transferred to Chonburi
RIA Laboratory for assay of creatine kinase. The
assays were using an automated kinetic UV test strip
analyser (OLYMPUS CK-NAC Analyser, Clare,
Ireland). The normal reference ranges of total CK
using this method are 55-170 U/L.
Soreness sensation assessment
Participants rated their muscle soreness using a 0-100
mm visual analogue scale (VAS) that they felt on
Quadriceps muscle group for these activities;
standing, passive quadriceps stretched, quadriceps
isometric strength test and vertical jump test of nondominant leg. Distance from the left border of the line
(0) to the marked point was measured in millimeters,
and this value was used for the analysis.
Thigh circumference (swelling assessment)
The two swelling measurements of the non-dominant
leg were determined mid-way between the inguinal
crease and the superior border of the patella
(represented mid-belly of rectus femoris muscle
point) and above 5 cm of superior pole of the patella
(represented musculotendinous junction point of knee
extensors group) using an anthropometric tape
measure. The mean of three measures each position
was used for data analysis.
Range of motion (ROM)
Participants lay prone on a couch, and were asked to
perform full active flexion at the knee of the non-
188
dominant leg. The knee joint angle was determined
between the lateral epicondyle of the femur, lateral
malleous of fibula and greater trochanter [19] using a
goniometer. The mean of three measurements were
used for data analysis.
Isometric strength test
Quadriceps muscle strength was examined while they
were performing maximum isometric contraction by
using Baseline hydraulic push–pull handheld
dynamometer with analog gauge (White Plains, New
York, USA). Before the test, participants performed
warm up for 2 min. Participants sat against seatback
tilt at 90° and knee flexed at 90°. Participants
performed slowly and smoothly a maximal leg
extension effort exerted against a stationary push-pull
dynamometer. For each trial was held for 4 sec and
rested 30 sec (Protocol adopted from [19]). The best
strength of quadriceps muscle from 3 trials was
recorded in Kg. And the total force values were
normalized based on body weight (weight
normalized) in kg/BW.
Apart of leg isometric strength of participants were
tested by using Back-leg dynamometer. Participants
stood on a base of equipment with their feet apart at a
comfortable distance of shoulder width. Their hands
grasped each end of a bar. The participant was asked
to flex their knees approximately 135°. The
participant attempted to extend their knees smoothly
and as forcefully as possible. Three trials were done
and the best score was recorded and rested 15 sec
between times.
Vertical jump performance
Vertical jump displacement was assessed using a
device known as the Yardstick, (Swift Yardstick,
Australia).The participants stood directly under the
Yardstick with the dominant upper extremity,
reaching upward. They were then asked to jump as
high as he could without taking a step, touching the
highest bar possible. Three trials were performed for
each participant and the best vertical jump
displacement was recorded.
B. Exercise- induced muscle damage protocol
Muscle damage was induced through the use of a
drop jump protocol similar to that used by [17,18,20].
Participants stood in training shoes and dropped from
a 60 cm box and upon landing jumped up maximally,
landing on the same surface. Five sets of twenty drop
jumps (100 drop jumps) were performed, in time with
a set of recorded allowing 10 seconds rest between
each jump and 2 minutes rest between each set.
C. Intervention programs
Cold water immersion group (applied from [17, 21])
Participants were long seated (the cold water
level to the iliac crest) in an inflatable ice bath for a
period of 20 min wearing short trousers and their legs
were kept apart in the cold water to ensure a
maximum surface area exposure within 10-15 min
after the plyometric exercise protocol. The
temperature of the water was maintained at 15 ± 1°C
by adding crushed ice.
Petrissage massage group (applied from [10])
Petrissage was applied as massage technique for
20 min after the exercise of boths knee extensors by
physical therapist or a senior sports science student.
The Petrissage technique was divided into 3 subtechniques; compression (5min), picking-up (5min),
skin rolling (5min), and finishing with compression
(5min). For each stroke consisted of a sequence of 12
strokes within 1 min by listened the metronome
rhythm direction from distal to proximal. The
therapist intermittently asked the participants
feedback about sensations of pain or displeasure.
D. Data Analysis
The results were shown as mean, mean difference
and standard deviation (S.D.). The results of strength,
ROM, thigh girth and vertical jump height were
showed percentages change from baseline (i.e.
relative % change). The comparisons of all variables
between 3 groups were used Kruskal-Wallis Test and
Mann-Whitney U tests for non-parametric variables.
An alpha level of 0.05 was used to determine
statistical significance by using SPSS for Window
version 16.0 (Chicago, IL, USA)
III. RESULTS
Baseline characteristics of the participants were
shown in Table 1. The age of 45 participants ranged
from 19 to 22 years.
Fig. 1 Mean serum CK activity for the cryotherapy
(CWI Δ, n=15), massage (MAS , n=15) and control
(CON ○, n=15) groups after stimulated plyometric
exercise.
Fig. 2 Mean soreness sensations with vertical jump
for the cryotherapy (CWI Δ, n=15), massage (MAS
, n=15) and control (CON ○, n=15) groups after
stimulated plyometric exercise.
IV. DISCUSSION
The plyometric exercise was successful in
inducing muscle damage, which was observed from
the significant change of all variables from baseline to
24-48 h follow the exercise in 3 groups and concurs
with previous research that reported quite similar
trends following a like mode of exercise
[17,18,20,21].
Serum CK data and soreness sensation were
shown in mean (figure 1-2). MVC were expressed to
relative % change from baseline (figure 3).
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants
Control
(CON)
(n=15)
Cryotherapy
(CWI)
(n=15)
Massage
(MAS)
(n=15)
Age (years)
21.4 ± 0.5
20.2 ± 0.9
20.3 ± 1.4
BMI (kg/m2)
23 ± 2.7
21.3 ± 1.4
22 ± 2.7
Characteristics
Weekly exercise
3.4 ± 2.0
3.7 ± 1.8
3.9 ± 1.8
day (n)
Serum CK
314.6 ±
318.5 ±
299.8 ±
(U/L)
232.4
494.9
299.3
Values are Mean ± SD. BMI, body mass index; CK, creatine kinase
Fig. 3 Mean percentage change in maximal voluntary
contraction of knee extensors muscle for the
cryotherapy (CWI Δ, n=15), massage (MAS , n=15)
and control (CON ○, n=15) groups after stimulated
plyometric exercise.
* Significant different between groups between CWI
and CON groups
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 # Significant different between groups between MAS
and CON groups
§ Significant different between groups between CWI
and MAS groups
† Significant time different from baseline by
Friedman test and Wilcoxon’s signed ranks tests,
*#§ tested by groups by Kruskal-Wallis Test and
Mann-Whitney U tests (p < 0.05).
Serum CK was tested in this study, as a widely
used indicator of muscle damage. The peak median
CK occurred at 24 h from baseline, which similar to
the other previous study using the same like this
protocol [17, 18, 20, 21].
Soreness sensation (VAS) were showed a similar
pattern immediately increased intensity after the
exercise, peaked at 24-48 h after exercise, then they
were gradually decreased into baseline level,
especially completely full recovery for MAS group,
which is the same response in previous data [17, 21].
In the massage groups had the lowest in the soreness
sensation, in conversely the VAS of CWI group was
showed greater than another groups, which showed in
previous report [15]. It is unclear why pain increased
in CWI group, but it might be speculated that it is
stimulated from a noxious cold receptor by taking
prolong cold water [15]. Thigh circumferences (TC)
of 3 groups showed only a significant increase for
CON group compared with CWI group at 48 h after
exercise. Therefore, both of treatments had no effect
to reduce some swelling of the damaged muscle.
In contrast to previous study using the same as
protocol [17,18,20,21], the results in this study
showed a significant greater on range of motion in
CWI, MAS compared with CON groups. Therefore,
both of treatments had an effect to improve ROM of
the damaged muscle after the exercise. Maximal
voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee extensors was
showed a significant greater in MAS group, which
also concur with other the same as protocol reports
[17,18,20,21]. Therefore, the massage had an effect to
improve knee extensors strength after DOMS, which
similar to other studies [5-6]. Leg isometric strength
was showed greater in CON compared with CWI and
MAS groups. A significant lower in CWI compared
with MAS and CON groups were found on vertical
jump performance after treatment. Therefore, the
massage was contributed to improve vertical jump
performance following plyometric exercise, which is
the same respond as previous study using a different
protocol [5].
In contrast to the positive effects of cold water
immersion, which have been shown in previous
literatures [12-15]. Cryotherapy is used to diminish
the inflammatory response, and pain [11]. Besides, it
190
may include psychological benefits or feel relaxation
from decreasing body temperature after strenuous
exercise. However, these changes were not observed
in this study.
Petrissage massage improved some muscle
function recovery and reduced functional signs of
DOMS following plyometric exercise, which is the
same respond in other forms inducing exercise [5-10].
These effects were observed because the massage is
contributed to reduce in prostaglandin production [4].
Moreover, the massage may reduce the concentration
of cortisol and rise in plasma beta-endophins
following strenuous exercise [10].
V. CONCLUSION
These investigations reveal that petrissage
massage could be reduced soreness sensation and
improved ROM, vertical jump performance and MVC
following the exercise, However, its effect could not
improve leg strength. Therefore, this investigation
should be more elucidate the benefits on recovery and
application for athletic populations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to acknowledge my
advisor,
Associate
Professor
Sompol
Sanguanrungsirikul, M.D., MSc. and my co-advisor,
Associate Professor Wilai Anomasiri, Ph.D. for their
valuable advice and guidance. I offer a sincere thank
you to Faculty of Sport Science Burapha for their
student participation.
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Author: Pornpimol Muanjai
Institute: Master in Sports Medicines, Chulalongkorn
University
Country: Bangkok, Thailand
Email: ballloveball5@hotmail.com
191
EFFECT OF MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CHALLENGE ON
CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN WOMEN WITH DIFFERING FITNESS
Mehranpour, A.B.1,Hasani, S.A.1, Didari, J.V.3, Marjani, M.E.2 ,Ghasemi, S.H.3
1
2
Faculty of physical Education ,Srinakharinwirot University( SWU) Bangkok,Tahiland
Faculty of Educational Studies,University Putra Malaysia(UPM)Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
3
Faculty of Physical Education,IA University,Central Tehran Branch, IRAN
I. INTRODUCTION
Abstract - Introduction: In recent years much
attention has been focused on the relationship
between physical and psychological factors to
explination differences between physical active and
inactive physicaly subject.A number of studies over
recent year have assessed physiological responses to
mental challenge during exercise and rest ,most of
them have been carried out in men.Numerous studies
have shown that aerobic fitness is associated with
enhanced cardiovascular efficiency at rest and also in
sport activity .It seems that degree of fitness is
important factor for cope with stress and pressure
induce of exercise,on the other hand the effect of
aerobic training on Cardiorespiratory reactivity to
combine physical and mental activity is unclear.
Purpose: This study was determine Cardiorespiratory
Responses to combined physical and mental
challenge(MC)in women with difference aerobic
fitness. Methods: Terefore10 well-above average
fitness as a Hi fit girl and 10 below average fitness as
a low Fit girl,were elected randomly as subject,and
participated in two separated assigned trials sessions by
48 hour in between.In both of session subject performed
32minute aerobic running on tredmill by 70-80% of
maximal heart rate(MHR).Rate of perceived exertion
(RPE) in minutes 5,14,19,24,31,and heart reat(HR)in
minutes 4,13,18,23 ,30, and blood pressure(BLP)
before and after trials were recorded.Also state anxiety
scale (A-Stat) were measured in before and after trials
by Spielberger questionnaire.Aditionaly in second
session subject during running answer to two type of
puzzle as a MC(A:mathematical, B:graphical)for
involving their mind during exercise. Results and
Conclusions: The result showed that regardless
increasing hear rate in both group with MC during
running.There is no significantly difference between
low Fit and Hi Fit subjects in,HR,BLP and A-Stat
during combine physical and MC condition (p<0.05).
But RPE in Hi Fit subjects was significantly lower than
low Fit subject (p<0.05).In fact, Hi Fit subject
experienced less RPE during running with MC,which
can be interpreted that degree of fitness is a important
factor to cope with RPE induce MC condition in
women.
Keywords
Mental challenge,
Responses, Stress ,Fitness
Cardiorespiratory
The influence of psychological states on
physiological responses during exercise is often
considerable importance to individuals for which
the efficiency of energy production and cope with
stress is critical to occupational performance and
professional coach (1,7 ).A number of studies over
recent year have assessed physiological responses
to mental stress during exercise and most of them
have been carried out in men(2,4,5 ). Numerous
studies have shown that aerobic fitness is associated
with enhanced cardiovascular efficiency at
rest.Degree of fitness is good factor for deal or
cope with mental stress(17,15). And the other hand
there is a evidence of increasing sensitivity (relative
increase in HR response) and enhanced efficiency
(a decrease in absolute HR) in subject with high
fitness level(8 ).Although the effects of mental
challenge on HR in both resting and exercising
conditions are well known, far less attention has
been directed to the mechanisms involved .Some
study have analyzed the psychological endocrine or
outonomic responses to physical and mental
laboratory stressores after coparing trained and
sedentary people to determine whether physical
fitness
moderates
the
psychophysiological
reactivity to stress (10).There is also a good body of
published evidence concerning the impact of
multiple types of mental challenge (MC) on HR. It
has been shown that involvement in complicated
mental tasks rather than simple topics, can lead to
greater increases in HR during exercise ( 7,6,9).
One study(2)indicated that prediction and
individual expectations about the difficulty of the
mental task to be done can affect HR; it was
interpreted as an anticipatory effect. Additionally,
the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and (BLP) can
be also important in determining the duration and
intensity of performance (3). The lower the
RPE,lead longer duration of the activity and the
greater the delay in fatigue(11,13,14).Nevertheless
no studies have compared Hi Fit to Low Fit subject
women in similar combination.Indeed in some
situations, particularly during highly intensive
aerobic exercise, HR might be limiting to
performance.Thus, if both HR and RPE are
increased during exercise because of mental tasks,
one of the aim in this study was to determine
whether the different level of fitness could also
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 affect the response to physical and psychological
stress in women after comparing a groupe of Hi Fit
and Low Fit women it seems plausible that exercise
performance might be reduced. However, the effect
of aerobic fitness and its impact on
cardiorespiratory (CR) responses to psychological
stress during exercise has not been investigated in
women with difference degree fitness. Therefore,
the purpose of this study was determine effect of
MCC during exercise,on (HR) and (RPE), and (AStat) and systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diystolic
blood pressure (DBP) from rest to exercise with
mental challenge between two groups of healthy
women with differing fitness (Low Fit) and wellabove average fitness (Hi Fit) individuals at a
similar relative intensity.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Subjects
INTERVENTION
Two experimental conditions were applied: a)
running with concurrent MC and b) running without
NMC. To avoid the effects of circadian rhythm, both
sessions were conducted at the same time of the day
(11 a.m.). The sequence of experimental conditions
was counterbalanced between the subject groups to
minimize any order effects Both sessions involved
32 minute running on the treadmill (Technojim,
1700; Japan) at a speed calculated from the
familiarization trial to elicit 80-85% of HRmax. RPE,
HR, and total running distance were measured during
each trial. It is necessary to mention that maximum
heart rate was evaluated by 220 - age. The second
session was identical to the first, except that the
subjects were required also to complete special
puzzles to provide an MC condition during exercise
MEASUREMENTS
MENTAL CHALLENGE (MC)
SAMPLES
10 female physical education students in high
school as a Hi Fit subject and 10 female student in
high school as a Low Fit subject volunteered to
participate in the study. All were healthy and none
indicated that they were taking any medication.
Subject physiological characteristics are shown in
Table 1.The volunteers read and signed an informed
consent form and completed a medical history
questionnaire before the beginning of the study.
Table 1 Body composition and physiological
characteristics of the Hi Fit subject subjects
(n=10).
Age (yr)
17.23±7.4
Height (cm)
164.4±2.87
Body mass (kg)
58.1±4.75
Body fat (%)
28.86±4.78
VO2max(ml/kg/min)
37.84±1.3
HR rest (Beat.min-1)
75.42±3.67
Table 2 Body composition and physiological
characteristics of the Low Fit subject subjects
(n=10).
PRE-INTERVENTION
This study was conducted as two laboratory
experimental sessions which were separated by at
least 48 hours. All subjects participated in a
familiarization session one week prior to the first
experimental session. During this visit to the
laboratory, the subjects’ physical characteristics
(height, weight, body fat, VO2max and resting heart
rate) were measured
193
Subjects were required to complete two types of
puzzles whilst running – A: arithmetic, B: graphical,
which required mental calculations (100 questions in
all). Questions were displayed in front of the subjects
as a computer slide show. The subjects began to
answer the questions four minutes after they had
started running and they answered different questions
continuously until the end of running. Answers were
provided orally. The maximum time allowed for
response was one minute, after which another
question was offered. Heart rate (HR) was recorded
at minutes 4,13,18,23 30,with a Polar ‘Beat’ apparatus
(T31-N2965, model CE 0537, Finland) in both
condition and both of each session. State anxiety
scale (A-Stat) were measured in before and after both
condition and both of each session by Spielberger
questionnaire in both of session systolic blood
pressure(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure(DBP)
was measured before and after both condition and
both of each session. Rate of perceived exertion
(RPE) was measured by corrected 10 point Borg
Index test at minutes 5,14,19,24,31intervals during
the running trial in both condition and both of each
session.
Age (yr)
17.08±4.83
Height (cm)
166.2±2.14
Body mass (kg)
55.5±2.83
Body fat (%)
22.86±3.54
VO2max(ml/kg/min)
52.61±1.66
HR rest (Beat.min-1)
65.42±3.47
III. RESULTS
HR changes during activity in various stages was
significant. But these changes wasnot affected by MC
and physical Fitness (F(1,38) = 0.022, P > 0.05,
€=0.892, µ2=0.912) Changes in RPE affected by
physical fitness and wasnot affected by MC.This
interpreted that there is significantly difference
between Hi Fit and Low Fit subject in RPE (F(1,38) =
103.36, P<0.05, €=0.929, µ2=0.948). Boneferroni test
showed that theses difference had been related to
minute
5,24,31.changes
of
anxiety
during
measurement was significant. But these significant
wasnot affected by influenced by MC and physical
fitness.(F(1,38)= 8.973, P>0.05, €=0.929, µ2=0.987).
changes in BP (SBP-DBP) wasnt affected by MC or
physical fitness (F(1,38)(1.397, P>0.05, €=0.992,
µ2=0.931.
Before activity
after activity
Figure 1.The changes in heart rate( ChartA),Rate
of perceived exertion( ChartB),State Anxity(Chart
C)Sistolic blood pressure(Chart ِDِ), Diastolic blood
pressure(Chart E),during mental challenge and
without mental challenge in Hi Fit and Low Fit
subjects.*denotes statistical difference between Hi Fit
and Low Fit with mental
IV. DISCUSSION
9
B
8
)e
7
r
o
cs
(n
o
it
r
ex
e d
ev
ie
cr
ep
f o
e
t
aR
Min5
*
6
5
Min14
*
4
Min19
3
2
1
Min24
*
0
Min31
MC
Hi_ Fit
NMC
MC
NMC
Low_ Fit
The main finding of this study was that RPE in Hi Fit
subject during running with MC was significantly
lower than Low Fit subject which could be
interpreted that degree of fitness is important factor to
cope with combine physical and mental challenge.
Another finding of this study was that MC can
increase the HR running exercise in both subjects. We
assume that running with mental challenge may
increase significantly heart rate in Low Fit subject to
compare with Hi Fit subject. But these increasing of
HR wasn’t significant between two groupe in MC
condition
during running .The effects of mental challenge on
HR in both resting and exercising conditions are well
known.These researchers attributed the MC could
increasing of heart rate in rest and during exercise
(12,18,17).But seems that difference fitness wasn’t
effect in HR during running with MC condition. The
observed increases in HR during exercise
accompanied with MC could be as a consequence of
changes in autonomic nervous system by effect on
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems (2,16).
Lower vagal activity related to MC could contribute
to the increases observed in HR during running or rest
. Another finding of this study was that there wasn’t
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 significant differences between the exercise induced
mental challenge in SBP and and DBP.
V. CONCLUSIONS
As matter of fact stress condition (MC) in this
study couldn’t any significant affect in BP in two
group of women with difference fitness.This finding
agrees contrasts with the reports of ( 19).This study
did not support our hypotises that MC may increase
(A-Stat) and BP and also HR in subject women with
Low degree of fitness.But less RPE in Hi Fit subject
during running with mental challenge could
interpreted that degree of fitness is a important factor
to prevent more stress induce of combination mental
and physical condition in women.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Acevedo E , Tomi F et al. (1999). Effect of proposed
challenge on effort senses and cardio respiratory responses
during exercise, Med Sci Sport, 31, 1460-1465.
Acevedo E , jan D et al. (2006). Cardiorespiratory responses
of hi fit and low fit subjects to mental challenge during
exercise. Int J Sport Med, 27, 1013–1022
Borg G , Divid K (1982) Psychophysical bases of perceived
exerition. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 5 (14), 377-381.
Boutcher S , Nurhayati Y (2001). Cardiovascular response of
trained and untrained old men to mentall challenge. Med Sci
sports Exerc, 33, 659 – 664.
Boutcher S , Stocher D et al.(1996). Cardiovascular
response of young and older males to mental challenge. Med
Sci sports Exerc, 51 (5), 261-30.
Boutchers S, Nurhayati Y . (2000). Cardiovascular response of
trained and untrained old men to mentall challenge. Med Sci
sports Exerc, 33, 659–664.
Calorill D, Turner R (2003). Effects of level of difficulty of
mental arithmetic challenge on heart rate and oxygen
onsumption. International Journal of pysychophysiology, 167173
Crews D, Landers M (1987). A meta-analytic review of
aerobic fitness and reactivity to psychosocial stressors. Med
Sci sport Exerc, 19, 114-20.
Degeus E , Doornen L (1990). Existing and training induced
differences in aerobic fitness: their relationship to
physiological response patterns during different types of stress.
Pysychophysiology, 27, 457-78.
Franks P, Alen E (2003). Cardiovascular Response of Trained
Preadolescent Boys to Mental Challenge. Med. Sci. Sports,
35(8). 1429-1435.
11. Furedy J. J. (1987). Beyond heart rate in the cardiac
psychophysiolo gicalassessment of mental effort: the Twaveamplitude component of the electrocardiogram.
Hum. Factors, 29, 1833194 .
12. Hamer M , Boutcher Y (2006). Cardiovascular and
renal responses to mental challenge in highly and
moderately active males with a family history of
hypertension , MayDe Montfort University, Bedford,
16, 5, 319-326
13. John G , Rousselle A (1995).Cardiorespiratory response
under
combined
psychological
and
exercise
stress,International Journal of Psychophysiology, 20,
49-58.
14. Klavora P , Alis J (1994). State anxiety and Athletic
competition. Unpublished doctoral Thesis, University of
Alberta.
15. Light K, Dolan C(1992).Cardiovascular responsesto an
active coping challenge as predictors of blood
pressurepatterns 10–15 years later. Psychosom Med,54,
217–30.
195
16. Lorna S , Morg T et al. (1995). The effect of music on
the perception of effort and mood doring aerobic type
exercise. Physiotherapy, 81, 592-596.
17. Lovaloo W, Smit I (2006). Cortisol responses to
mental stress, exercise, and meals following caffeine
intake in men and women. Biochemistry and behavior,
83, 441-447.
18. Martens R , Gill D et al.(1976). State anxiety among
successful and unsuccessful competitors who differ in
competitive trail anxiety. Journal Research Quarterly
(AAHPER), 47(4), 698-708.
19. Matthews K , Woodall K, Allen M et al. (1993).
Cardiovascular reactivity tostress predicts future blood
pressure status. Hypertension, 22, 479–85.
Abbas Mehranpour
Faculty of physical Education
Srinakharinwirot University( SWU)
Bangkok,Tahiland
E-mail: mehranpour49@gmail.com
THE EFFECT OF STRENGTH AND VELOCITY TRAINING ON RANGE OF
MOTION IN THE MALE ELITE FIGURE SKATERS
Hadi Same1, Heydar Sadeghi², Bahareh Behaeen³, Fatemeh Jafari Siavashani4 , Pejman
Taghi beikzadeh badr 4
1- MA, Physical Education, Islamic Azad University -Central Tehran Branch. Iran
2- Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Tehran, Tarbiat Moalem
University
3- PhD MA, Physical Education, Islamic Azad University -Central Tehran Branch
4- MA, Physical Education, Islamic Azad University-Central Tehran Branch and member of young
researcher’s club, Iran
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate
the effect of the strength and velocity training on
the range of motion in the male elite skaters. In
this study, 45 male elite figure skaters, the
member of Tehran Skate Academi with at least 3
years experience were selected by random simple
method and divided in three strength training,
velocity training and control groups. The height,
weight, BMI and Skin folds of the participants
were measured. Also the range of motion was
measured with gonia meter from different aspects
of: the dorsal flexion motion, foot wrist planter
flexion, the Knee flexion and extension, flexion,
extension, abduction, and thigh adduction,
flexion and extension and the trunk lateral
flexion. The strength and the velocity groups,
each performs 8-week the strength and velocity
training respectively, but the control group did
not perform any training. The obtained data
indicated that the difference of pre and post tests
in the strength group for the foot wrist dorsal
flexion motion, knee flexion, thigh flexion and
adduction were not significant p>0.05. In the
other motions, the difference between the pre and
post tests of the joint range of motion in the
strength group was significant p<0.05. The
difference of pre and post test in the velocity
group in all motions of joint range of motion
excluding trunk extension was significant. In this
study no change was observed in the control
group. Between the strength and velocity groups
at the post test of joint range of motion, only in
the foot wrist planter flexion motion, thigh
extension and adduction, significant difference
was observed (P<0.05). The obtained data
indicating the higher influence of velocity
training on the range of motion in the elite figure
skaters compared to the strength training.
Key words: Strength training, velocity training,
range of motion, figure skating
I.INTRODUCTION
Skate playing like other branches is a fun sport
which creates joy and happiness with different
artistic aspects and aspects of fitness parameters is
useful for sports such as improved balance,
agility, strength and flexibility, aspect of art and
elegance has also been considered perfectly.
Resistance training aspect of historical concept
increased power and size of muscle but recently
different people used this training to increase the
power, speed and endurance, increase firmness
and muscle power, contributing to the
rehabilitation and prevention of injuries, enhance
coordination nervous muscle and help to preserve
muscle function in old age and use of strength
training (Wilson 2003). But that strength training
is the effect on joint range of motion and the
question is that it needs much research. Limited
range of motion for the reduced ability to move a
joint is perfect example. Moves may reduce a
mechanical problem with a particular joint or may
be due to diseases such as ostheoarthrisis.
Rheumatoid arthritis or Type of arthritis, swelling
and stiffness associated with arthritis that can
move a particular joint range limit. To addition,
defective performance and ability to perform
everyday tasks restricts (Quinn 2009).
During the past two decades, speed training
programs for sport activities, which is running a
basic skill to used, to have successfully developed.
But recently, nursing instructors whose athletes in
other sports are activities to speed up its
performers have used similar methods and have
achieved very good results. Sprint exercises like
strength training, flexibility and mental skills now
an important part of the overall program forms,
especially where speed is essential in sports
activities (Bloom field, 2003). Evidence available
shows a relationship that between speed and
flexibility of power. (Bloom field, 2003).
In most conducted studies flexibility stretching
exercises effects were investigated consistently
and the effect of promoting other aspects of
physical fitness like speed or power, improving
flexibility has been investigated. With a review of
research studies that impact speed and power
training on joint range of motion in sport is
observed with skate playing . It is expected that
the results of this study, experts and instructors in
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 all of the various training exercises such as speed
and power athletes on the field of joint range of
motion, especially athletes skate plying , more
than others is related to flexibility can help.
Therefore, the present intends to determine the
effect of speed and power training on joint range
of motion of elite men Skaters Dramatic.
II.METHODOLOGY
The study population of elite male skater’s
dramatic, with minimum 3 years experience in a
career with no neurological disease or physical
disability were not formed. Skilled athletes in this
study are called a club team skate play in Tehran.
30 skilled skaters skating Tehran Dramatic
Academy at least three years had gone by the start
of their work available to randomly into two
groups: strength training (n = 15) and sprint (n =
15) groups. Mean age, height and weight of power
group subjects, respectively 2 / 25, 5 / 173, 8 / 76
and the average age, height and weight sprint
group subjects, respectively 3 / 27, 4 / 175, 2 / 80
were considered. Strength training group subjects
for eight weeks under the strength training and
speed training group subjects for eight weeks
under the sprint exercises. Before and after
completion of joint range of motion exercise of
the subjects were measured. To direct measure
static flexibility of the in this study rule meter was
used. Protocol of exercises for strength training,
and Garrett Jay Krug proposed method Pyramid
for special sprint training speed training technique
of skating was skating federation.
Descriptive statistics was used to determine the
central parameters mean and standard deviation
and inferential statistics, inferential statistical
methods to test normal distribution of data was
used. Paired sample t-test to compare pretest and
posttest for each group was used to exercise power
and speed. Exercise to compare two groups of
power and speed Independent sample t-test was
used. This study analyzed data for software Spss
(Version 11) in a meaningful 0 / 05 was used.
III.FINDINGS
Table 2 Indices of dispersion data and trends
related to the center of joint range of motion group
pretest and post test speed and power have been
reported. Results indicate the mean index being
higher in the pre-test to test in both groups except
ankle dorsi flexion was in power. The highest
increase was related to the average hip flexion in
the group velocity (70 / 2 degrees).
197
Table 1: Mean (standard deviation) pre and post test joint
range of motion (degrees):
Velocity
Strength
Post tes
Pre te
Post tes
Pre test
20.68
(4.27)
29.53
(5.65)
135.30
(11.48)
10.47
(3.24)
109.90
(10.94)
26.07
(3.91)
44.93
(9.59)
20.27
(5.16)
109.30
(10.91)
36.00
(9.70)
37.20
(9.11)
19.73
(3.80
28.33
(5.34
134.1
(11.36
9.93
(3.47
107.2
(11.54
24.53
(4.17
43.00
(9.55
18.80
(5.25
107.9
(10.52
35.53
(10.22
35.73
(9.43
24.54
(11.12
39.08
(12.60
129.40
(18.29
9.66
(1.94)
94.37
(28.46
36.00
(7.68)
46.13
(6.01)
32.67
(10.89
95.40
(27.12
39.93
(14.12
34.27
(7.52)
24.87
(9.40)
37.80
(13.12)
129.10
(16.81)
8.93
(1.27)
93.33
(28.61)
34.87
(7.61)
45.20
(5.99
32.33
(11.36)
93.93
(27.35)
38.73
(13.57)
32.27
(7.17)
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
Flexion knee
Extention knee
Flexion leg
Extention leg
Abdaction leg
Addaction leg
Flexion trunk
Extention trunk
Lateral Flexion trunk
Results of Table 3 shows the differences between pretest
and posttest groups dorsi flexion strength in the ankle
movements, flexion and knee flexion And Ron was not
significant (P> 0.05). In other moves, the difference
between pretest and post test joint range of motion in
power were significant (P <0.05). Difference between
pretest and post test speed groups in all A movement,
except extension shaft joint range of motion was
significant
Velocity
Strength
0.000
0.009
0.001
0.015
0.027
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.610
0.003
0.768
0.029
0.665
0.023
0.095
0.006
0.010
0.442
0.001
0.009
0.012
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
Flexion knee
Extention knee
Flexion leg
Extention leg
Abdaction leg
Addaction leg
Flexion trunk
Extention trunk
Lateral Flexion trunk
Table 2: Test results of T-test Paired joint range of
motion tests to compare groups (pre and post test):
the results of Table 4 indicate that among the test groups
and test power sprint group in joint range of motion
movements only Plantar ankle extension and flexion
thigh there was a significant difference (P <0.05)
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Table 3: Comparison of pretest and post test joint range
motion speed and power groups of
Post test violence a Pre test violence
power groups
power groups
0.219
0.012
0.302
0.416
0.060
0.000
0.658
0.000
0.076
0.381
0.344
0.060
0.055
0.348
0.304
0.093
0.054
0.456
0.076
0.075
0.472
0.267
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
Flexion knee
Extention knee
Flexion leg
Extention leg
Abdaction leg
Addaction leg
Flexion trunk
Extention trunk
Lateral Flexion tru
IV.DISCUSSION
Strength training improves the seventh movements in 11
joint range of motion of skaters were evaluated in this
study. What is certain is that if strength training in the
full joint range of motion can not be performed,
flexibility and reduced risk of injury increase. Workman 7
(2004) reported that the theory that weight training
reduces flexibility is not true. This theory was confirmed
by some research. Lehmann in 2006 reported that upper
extremity strength training improves joint range of
motion stability and progress in golf is turning motion.
Lehman 8 et al. (2005) concluded that while the nine
weeks on the practice range of motion isometric leg is
ineffective, but that dynamic strength training is
increased for increased joint range of motion. Mirbagheri
et al in 2005 also concluded that ankle exercises
locomotors maximum speed increase range of motion of
ankle dorsi flexion to full Plantar flexions is completed.
Before the Graves et al in 1992 were as dynamic exercise
increase flexibility in moving Lumbar extension.
In 2010 Caserotti noted that
strength training on
flexibility is ineffective. . Osteras, Helgerud & Hoff
(2002) in a study conducted on rat’s skiers observed that
resistance concentric training with 85% (1RM) on joint
range of motion did not influence on these athletes.
Some other studies also showed negative effect on range
of motion joint strength training which have been
reported. Hayland 1992 assessed on effect range of
motion exercises on the joints of athletes negatively.
Vazi et al in 2009 evaluated the effect of high intensity
resistance training on joint range of motion and
7. 7 . Workman 2004
8. 8 . Lehman 2006
198
flexibility and discussed and concluded that heavy
resistance exercise reduces joint range of motion.
It is likely that dynamic strength training to increase
strength while increasing flexibility also it is helpful. If
strength training decreased muscle flexibility is the
person in the full range of training on joint not given. On
the other hand, some studies have shown that strength
training can increase or at least help maintain flexibility
(does not affect me in 2004). Heterogeneity because
some recent research study results probably due to
choosing the type and intensity of strength training and
speed it has been. It seems that high intensity strength
training and range of motion, especially smaller
isometric exercise caused a negative impact on flexibility
continuously.
Another significant impact of research results on the
speed range of motion exercises in all the joints were
tested in the study. Mirbagheri et al in 2005 considered
impact factor on speed of motion significantly.
Mirbagheri reported that strength training with high
speed and low-impact more heavily on the flexibility to
practice low speed and intensity. De vries (1689)
reported Differences in actin fibers slide speed on the
fiber myosin and good reason for the difference in speed
of muscle at time of contraction. Leverage muscles in the
human body are the driving force. For that to happen fast
motion, which requires the optimal length and optimal
leverage to develop (Bloom Field, Auckland 1992). Then
there is the possibility that exercise increases the speed
of muscle length is that this, in turn, would enhance
flexibility. Another possibility interconnected energy elasticity is
speed. Conducted programs to some extent to increase
the tensile range of motion around a joint, because the
extra range of motion, the members of the moves will
come more quickly on the move will create. The stored
elastic energy, when the muscle is placed slightly under
tension is released the athlete and player will more
quickly (Wilson 1992). Can be inferred that these
exercises improve range of motion speed by increasing
muscle length and muscle elasticity is increased energy.
V.CONCLUSION
Exercise training improves the speed and power
in the range of motion in joints of male Skaters.
REFERENCES
1. Caserotti P. (2010). Strength training in older adults: change
in mechanical muscle function and functional performance.
The open sport science Jornal; 3: P 62-66.
2. Farthing J.P, Chilibeck P.D. (2003). The effects of eccentric
and concentric training at different velocities on muscle
hypertrophy. European Journal of Applied Physiology; 89(
6): p 578-586.
3. Folland J.P, Hawker K, Leach B, Little T, Jones D.A.
(2005). Strength training: Isometric training at a range of
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 4. joint angles versus dynamic training. Journal of Sports
Sciences; 23(8): p 817 – 824.
5. Garrett J. K. (2004). Favorite Strength Training Exercises
For Skaters. J Appl Physiol. 24(6): 712-720.
6. Graves J.E, Pollock M.L, Leggett S.H, Carpenter D.M, Fix
C.K, Fulton M.N. (1992). Limited range of moton lumbar
extention strength training. Med & Sci Sport & Exercise;
24(1).
7. Highland T.R, Dreisinger T.E, Vie L.L, Russell G.S. (1992).
Changes in isometric strength and range of motion of the
isolated cervical spine after eight weeks of clinical
rehabilitation. Spine; 17 (6s).
8. King D.L. (2005). Performing triple and quadruple figure
skating jumps: Implications for training. Can J Appl
Physiol. 30(6): 743-753.
9. Kovacs E J., Birmingham T. B.,Forwell L., Litchfiel R.B.
(2004). Effect of Training on Postural Control in Figure
Skaters. Sport Medicine. 14(14): 134-142.
10.Lehman G.J. (2006). Resistance training for performance
and injury prevention in golf. J Can Chiropr Assoc; 50(1).
11. Marques M.C, Tillaar R.V, Vescovi J.D, Gonzalez-Babillo
J.J. (2007). Relationship Between Throwing Velocity,
Muscle Power, and Bar Velocity During Bench Press in
Elite Handball Players. International Journal of Sports
Physiology and Performance; 2:p 414-422.
12.Mirbagheri M.M, Tsao C, Pelosin E, Rymer W.Z. (2005).
Therapeutic Effects of Robotic-Assisted Locomotor
Training on Neuromuscular Properties. 9th International
Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics June 28 - July 1,
2005, Chicago, IL, USA.
13.Olmsted L.C., Carcia C.R.,Hertel J.,Shultz S.J. (2002).
Efficacy of the Star Excursion Balance Test in detecting
reach deficits in subjects with chronic ankle instability.
Athletic Train.37(4): 501–506.
14.Osteras H, Helgrerud J, Hoff J. (2002). Maximal strengthtraining effects on force-velocity and force-power
relationships explain increases in aerobic performance in
humans. Eur J Appl Physiol ; 88:p 255–263.
15.Vaczi M, Costa A, Racz L, Tihanyi J. (2009). Effects of
consecutive eccentric training at different range of motion
on muscle damage and recovery. Acta Physiologica
Hungarica; 96 (4): P 459-468.
16.Workman J. (2004). Benefits and Limitations of Strength
Training. Advanced Fitness Assessment & Exercise
Prescription. www.Vertex Fitness.com
Author: Hadi Same
Institute: Islamic Azad University -Central Tehran
Branch. Iran
Street: Azadi
City: Tehran
Country: Iran
Email: hadi_same@yahoo.com
199
EFFECT OF YOGA AND PRANAYAMA PRACTICE ON THE IGA SUBCLASSES
SUPPRESSION BECAUSE OF AEROBIC TRAINING
Rajasekhar, K.V. 1, Gopikrishna, Y.2, Kamalakar, K.M.3, Sarah, S.4
1.
Centre for Physical Fitness and Sports Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
2.
Department of Physical Education, JNT University, Hyderabad, India
3.
Department of Physical Education, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India
4.
Department of Physical Education, Sri Padmavathi Mahila University, Tirupati, India
Abstract— The immunoglobulin A (IgA) subclasses
influence the immunity of the upper respiratory tract.
Respiratory tract infections are associated with the
IgA1 and IgA2. Aerobic training may suppress the
IgA subclasses. Methods: Twenty four individuals
grouped into two groups and one group practiced
aerobic running of moderate to high intensity for six
months and the other group practiced selected Yoga
and pranayama activities in addition to aerobic
running. Another age matched group of twelve
individuals acted as control group who did not
practice any activity. Baseline and post training
period salivary IgA1 and IgA2 values were measured
for all the groups and were compared with the
analysis of covariance(ANCOVA). The self perceived
number of symptoms of infections of respiratory tract
was
verified
through
the
Analysis
of
Variance(ANOVA). Results: Significant difference
among the three groups was found for IgA1
(obtained F = 3.34: Cr.F = 3.23), and no significant
difference was found for IgA2 (obtained F= 1.75:
Cr.F= 3.23). Scheffe’s post hoc test with a
comparison difference of 5.47 revealed that the
aerobic training alone group’s IgA1 mean of 36.37
was significantly lower when compared the inactive
age matched group’s mean of 45.29, but the post
training IgA1 mean of group practiced yoga and
pranayama along with aerobic training was not
significantly lower, indicating that the yoga and
pranayama combined training acted against the
suppressive effects of aerobic training on IgA1.
though the analysis of variance revealed that there
was no significant difference (obtained F = 0.54 and
Cr.F = 3.23) among the three groups on their number
of perceived symptoms of respiratory tract infections,
the comparison of baseline to post training mean
values revealed that the yoga and pranayama with
aerobic training group mean(1.75) was below the
mean of age matched inactive individuals
group(1.833). Conclusion: Salivary IgA1 subclass of
IgA suppression beause of long duration aerobic
training can be controlled through supplementation of
Yoga and pranayama practice and thereby
immunosuppressive quality of aerobic training may
be effectively countered.
Key words-- Immunoglobulin, Upper respiratory tract
infection, aerobic training, Yoga and pranayama..
I. INTRODUCTION
Antibodies present in the mucosal secretions like
saliva show considerable effect on the immunity of
respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Salivary
antibodies like Lactoferrin and Immunoglobulin
subclases have been viewed as important factors in
the innate mucosal immune system in preventing
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections [1]. General
exercise is beneficial in terms of providing health by
regulating several biomarkers of several diseases
because of its hormesis effect [2]. Exercise is
beneficial hormesis thorugh which several
adaptations will occur and the health status is
enhanced. Several studies examined the effect of
different intensities of exercise on the IgA subclasses
established strong evidences that exercise has
influence on the resting levels of salivary IgA and it’s
subclasses IgA1 and IgA2[3]. Though substantial and
conclusive evidences are not available, open window
theory suggests that upto 72 hours post strenuous
exercise session the immunity levels are
compromised for the entry of viruses and Bacteria
[4]. Studies which examined the effect of high
intensity acute physical exercise established that the
post acute exercise session immunosuppression could
be because of reduction in secretary levels of Salivary
IgA1 and IgA2 and other forms of mucosal antibodies
[5]. Though the mechanism how the IgA subclasses
level becomes normal post recovery period is not
understood properly, sufficient recovery has been
advocated to counter the immunosuppressive effect of
severe acute exercise [6, 7 and 8]. Recurrent severe
high intensity exercise programs could place the
individuals under the threat of mucosal
immunosuppression due to suppressed IgA subclasses
and this could happen during a prolonged training
competitive period at considerably high intensity [9].
Hence, high density training program with high
intensities as like the training schedules of athletes
and health fitness seekers could lead to immune
impairment and could lead to increased risk for Upper
Respiratory Track Infections [10, 11]. To offset this
aspect of compromised immunity due to high
intensities of aerobic exercises nutritional probiotic
supplements like Bovine Colostrum
are
recommended[12]. The objective of the study was to
analyse the effect of yogasanas and pranayama in
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 offsetting
the
supplementation.
effect
without
nutritional
Table 1 ANCOVA for IgA1
Source
II. METHODS
Twenty four individuals who joined for fitness
activity were randomly assigned to two groups after
explaining the details of the study. All individuals
actually registered only for the aerobic training. They
were explained about the possible compromise of
mucosal immunity and written acceptances were
obtained. As the study involves the collection of
saliva, all the regulations as stipulated in the Helsinki
declaration of medical ethics of sixth revised edition
of 2008 were followed and local ethics clearance was
obtained. One group practiced the aerobic running
progressing from medium intensity to high intensity
with in six months and by the end of sixth month the
individuals were doing high intensity aerobic running,
the intensity was very close to seventy five percent of
maximum heart rate. Another group practiced the
high intensity aerobic running as like the first group
and also practiced selected yogasanas and pranayama
for six months. The yogasanas selected were
Sarvangasana,
Halasana,
Bhujangasana,
SuptaVazrasana, Mayurasana, Shirsasana. After
asanas the group practiced Nadisodana and
Kapalabathi pranayama and finally practiced
Vipareeta karani mudra and Jalandhara banda.
Another age matched twelve individuals were acted
as control group, who did not practice anything.
Salivary IgA subclasses were measured in a standard
laboratory and the freezing of saliva was also done by
lab experts. Saliva was collected twice of all the
individuals, one at the beginning of the study and
second at the end of sixth month. Saliva was collected
during the morning before the breakfast. Post training
period saliva was collected after a rest period of
seventy two hours. Radial immunodiffusion (RID)
method was used to measure the IgA1 and IgA2. Self
perceived Upper Respiratory Track Infections (URTI)
rate was drawn from the individuals by a
questionnaire for every two months and averaged for
six month period. Baseline and post training period
values of IgA1 and IgA2 were analysed through
Analysis of Covariance and the URTI through the
Analysis of Variance at 0.05 level of significance.
III. RESULTS
Significant difference among the three groups was
found for IgA1 (table I; obtained F=3.34: Cr F=
3.23), and no significant difference was found for
IgA2 (table II; obtained F=1.75: Cr F=3.23).
Scheffe’s post hoc test with a comparison difference
of 5.47 revealed that aerobic training alone group’s
adjusted post test mean on base line mean of IgA1 of
36.37 was significantly lower when compared to the
201
SS
Total
MS
F
Cr.F
550.823
275.41
3.34
3.23
2801.299
82.394
3352.223
BG
WG
inactive age matched group’s mean of 45.29, but the
post training IgA1 mean of group which practiced
yoga and pranayama along with high intensity aerobic
running was not significantly lower.
Table 2 ANCOVA for IgA2
Source
Total
SS
MS
F
Cr.F
54.702
27.351
1.75
3.23
530.29
15.596
584.99
BG
WG
Table 3 ANOVA for URTI
Source
SS
MS
F
Cr.F
Total
36.75
BG
1.1667
0.5833
0.5409
3.23
WG
35.583
1.0782
Mean Upper respiratory tract infections
2.17
2.5
1.83
1.75
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Control
Aerobic Alone
Aerobic with Yoga
Fig. 1 Means of UTRI
Though the analysis of variance revealed that there
was no significant difference that there was no
significant difference (table III; obtained F = 0.54: Cr.
F = 3.23) among the three groups on their number of
perceived Upper respiratory tract infections. The
comparison of mean values revealed that the yoga
supplemented groups mean (1.75) was below the
mean of age matched inactive individuals group
(1.833), where as the mean of aerobic training alone
group was 2.17.
IV. DISCUSSION
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Aerobic running for six months with progression to
high intensity lead to the significant reduction in the
salivary IgA1 but not in IgA2 [13]. The mean value
of UTRI during the period for high intensity aerobic
training alone group was also high when compared to
the yoga supplemented and control group indicating
the high intensity longitudinal training of aerobic
running may lead to the suppression of salivary IgA1
and could lead to immunosuppression of Upper
respiratory tract leading to increase in the frequency
of the UTRI [14]. The progressive high intensity
aerobic running for six months could not bring
significant reduction in the salivary IgA2 subclass.
The reduction in the mucosal immunity during the
high intensity training period [15] could cause for
frequent disturbances in the training schedule of
athletes [16] and health fitness freaks and could lead
to the disruption of the training program apart from
the danger of getting severe viral and bacterial
infections. The suppressive effect of the high
intensity longitudinal aerobic training is tackled by
nutritional supplementations like Probiotics. The
yoga and pranayama as practiced in India since
centuries has been highly effective in preventing
several diseases through functional changes in
various bodily systems of the individuals [17, 18, and
19]. IgA1 subclass resting values were normal when
compared to the control group individuals when the
Longitudinal aerobic training progressing to high
intensity was complimented with selected Yoga and
pranayama activities. The massaging effect of
Sarvangasana, Halasana, vipareeta karani mudra and
Jalandhara bandha could have promoted the salivary
IgA1 secretion at restored levels, though this should
be investigated more scientifically on molecular level.
V. CONCLUSION
Salivary IgA1 subclass of IgA suppression because of
long duration aerobic training can be controlled
through supplementation of Yoga and pranayama
practice and thereby immunosuppressive quality of
aerobic training may be effectively countered.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
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1.
2.
Cristine V Crooks, Clare R Wall, Martin L et al. (2006)
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Author: Kali Venkata Rajasekhar, Ph.D.
Institute: University of Hyderabad.
Street: Prof. C.R. Rao road
City: Hyderabad
Country: India
Email:jatinsriraj@yahoo.co.in
FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENT INSTRUCTIONS INTERVENTION ON GROSS
MOTOR TO GROUP WITH LEARNING DIFFICULTIES
Halijah bte Ibrahim, Mohd Firdaus bin Latif, Asha Hasnimy bte Hashim, Zainal Abidin bin
Zainuddin
Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, MALAYSIA
average [1, 2, 3] as well as locomotor and object
Abstract
-Conducting
physical
activities
control [4]. This special needs group also have a high
simultaneously among group with learning
difficulties at different level of fundamental
incidence of motor delay including manual dexterity
movement skills is demanding high commitment. The
and ball skills [5], motor coordination, fine and gross
purpose of this study is to examine the effect of
motor skills [3, 6, 7].
fundamental movement instructions on performance
Physical activities and fundamental movement
changes related to gross motor skill. The fundamental
instructions program are proposed to the PDK to
movement instructions utilized available facilities
stimulate the motor development of the participants.
surrounded the subjects. A one-group pretestBy acquire fundamental movement skills with variety
training-posttest design was utilized in the study. A
of movement experiences hope will influence
total of 13 subjects from various level of learning
individual perception towards oneself. Therefore, the
difficulties received a six-week movement-based
purpose of this study is to examine the effect of
instructions sessions, in which gross motor skill tests
fundamental movement instructions on performance
pertaining to body balance and ball skill
changes related to gross motor skill. The selection of
manipulations were reinforced through activities. The
the activities for the fundamental movement
Ball Skills Test and the Static and Dynamic Balance
instructions are based on the availability of facilities
Test of the Movement Assessment Battery for
provided by the PDK.
Children (MABC) were used for both pre- and
II.METHODS
posttests sessions. Wilcoxon statistical analysis
system was used to compare the movement
The study was approved by the Department of
performance levels before and after the fundamental
Walfare, Malaysia. A one-group pretest, training and
movement
instructions
program.
Significant
posttest design was utilized in the study. Particiants
differences were found in the Ball Skills Test and the
performing the gross motor assessment component of
Static and Dynamic Balance Test in pre and post test
Movement Assessment Battery of Children (MABC)
results (p<0.01). Subjects demonstrated different pace
[8] and analyses were done using the standardized
of capability to accomplish the gross motor tasks.
score of MABC.
The execution of the fundamental movement
Participants: Using purposive, non-probability
instructions was found supporting the motor
sampling, 13 subjects (11 girls, 2 boys) from various
development of the group with learning difficulties.
level of learning difficulties aged between 4-41 years
(mean = 11.24) participated in this study. They were
Keywords - fundamental movement skills, learning
selected according to the following criteria (i)
difficulties, fundamental movement instructions,
participating in the PDK with at least 80% of
Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC)
attandance (ii) able to ambulate independently; and
I.INTRODUCTION
(iii) able to follow simple instructions. Informed
written consent was obtained from the parent of each
The government of Malaysia provides many
participant. The participants were classified into three
facilities at the Community Center Program or known
subgroups according to the age and level of
as Pusat dalam Komuniti (PDK) as an alternative
fundamental skills classified by the PDK: Level 1,
place where individual with special needs can learn
aged 0-12 years (n = 2); Level 2, aged 13-18 years (n
and acquire general and academic skills with no
= 6); and Level 3, aged 19-60 years (n = 5).
limitations on age and types of disabillities. These
Procedures: Each student performing pretest and
post test of movement assessment battery and
individual are expected to acquire the fine and gross
recieved four times of movement-based instructions
motor skills, language skill and development,
sessions in six weeks between the tests. The MABC
academic skills, personal care skills, social skills,
were used for both pre- and post tests sessions.
domestic training skills, recreation and leisure
However, only the gross motor components that are
experiences and vocational skills and training by
the the Ball Skills Test and the Static and Dynamic
attending the PDK.
Balance Test of the MABC were conducted to the
Studiess on individuals with intelectual
participants based on their group level of skill
processing information impairment shown that their
performance classifications (See Table 1).
fundamental gross motor performance are below
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Table 1 Gross motor components of the Movement
Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) test items
Skill Performance Classification
One-hand Bounce & Catch
Ball skills
Two-hand Catch
(n=2)
One-hand Catch
Strok Balance
Static
balance
One-board Balance
(n=6)
Two-board Balance
Jumping in square
Heel-to-toe walking
Dynamic
balance
Hopping in Squares
(n=5)
Jumping and Clapping
Walking Backwards
1
x
2
3
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
The movement-based instructions are related to
gross motor skill tests pertaining to body balance and
ball skill manipulations were reinforced through
activities. The list of activities is described below.
Fundamental movement instructions activities
WALKING
1. Walk slowly or quickly within 3 meters.
2. Walk in a circle, square, triangle, etc.
3. Walk forwards and backwards
4. Walk sideways - left and right within 3 meters
5. Walk along the tape marked on the floor.
6. Walk with a bean bag on the head and both hands
holding cups
RUNNING
1. Run about in space informally
2. Run with knee high
3. Run in a circle or zig zag pattern
4. Run backwards
5. Run on tiptoes
RUNNING
1. Run about in space informally
2. Run with knee high
3. Run in a circle or zig zag pattern
4. Run backwards
5. Run on tiptoes
CRAWLING
1. Crawl and imitate the style of a horse or a turtle
2. Crawl through the box or under the seat
3. Crawl through the hole in the box
4. Crawl forward and backward through the chair
ROLLING
1. Roll with the hands and feets are in a straight line
2. Roll with the hands and feet are holding balls
3. Roll with both hands at the side of the body
4. Roll over the bolster
5. Roll with one hand above and another one hand
on the side
HOPPING
1. Hop quietly
2. Hop highest possible
3. Hop-scotch
4. Hop on left foot
5. Hop on right foot
204
BALANCE ACTIVITIES
1. Walk forwards with assistance
2. Walk backwards with assistance
3. Walk forward, backward and turn without falling
without assisstance
4. Walk and holding an object without assistance
STAIRS ACTIVITIES
1. Crawl up
2. Crawl down
3. Step up with assisstance
4. Step over with assisstance
5. Step down with assisstance
6. Step to the top without assisstance
7. Step down without assisstance
BALL SKILLS ACTIVITIES
1. Throw the ball as highest as possible
2. Throw the ball, clap hand and catch back the ball.
3. Throw the ball to the wall and catch with one
hand; two hands; and clap hands before catch the
ball. Throwing distances - 3, 6 and 9 feet.
4. Bounce the the ball with one hand, or two hands
alternately and catch with both hands.
III.RESULTS
Participants Demography: Thirteen participants
with learning disabilities that fulfill the requirement
of purposive sampling were selected. However, more
than half of the participants (n = 8), are having
multiple disability. Besides of having learning
diabilities, six of the participants are mentally
retarded, one participant is hyperactive and one
participant is having cereberal palsy.
Movement Skills Performance: Only two
participants are shown better movement skill
performance on the pre test of the gross components
of the MABC test (n = 1, score 2 on two hand catch
and n =1, score 4 on one hand catch of the ball).
Other participants score 5 on ball skills, static balance
and dynamic balance of the MABC test items (See
Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3). On the post test
results, majority of the participants were shown
improvement on their movement skill performance.
Figure 2 Pre and post test results on static balance
among participants
Figure 1 Pre and post test results on balls skills based
on skill performance classification among
participants.
Figure 3 Pre and post test results on dynamic balance
among participants
Wilcoxon statistical analysis system was used to
compare the fundamental movement skills
performance levels before and after the fundamental
movement
instructions
activities.
Generally,
siginificant differences performance were shown on
ball skills, static balance and dynamic balance test
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 before and after participant participated in the
physical activity. Positive rank were shown that the z
score (Ball skills = -2.972, p = 0.003; Static balance
= -2.646, p = 0.008; Dynamic balance = -2.810, p =
0.005) indicated that the performance score on the
ball skills, static balance and dynamic balance were
declined after participated in the fundamental
movement instructions. These scores indicated that
participants that received four times of movementbased instructions sessions in six weeks have shown
an improvement of their fundamental movement
skills.
4.
5.
6.
7.
IV.CONCLUSION
The limitations of this study should be recognized.
Participation in the movement skills activities as well
as assessement focusing only on the gross motor
component of the MABC test permitted limited
assessment on the fine motor skill and other motor
functions. The full range of participants’ fundamental
movement skills were not explored, evaluated and
assessed. In conclusion, the current study confirmed
that fundamental movement skills performance of the
participants with learning disabilities are low based
on the standardize score of the MABC. The low
movement performance will directly influenced
participants’ self-esteem, anxiety and social
functioning [9]. Additional varieties of physical
activities are needed to improve participants’
movement performance as well as personal and social
skills. Participants demonstrated different pace of
capability to accomplish the gross motor tasks.
Though at different pace, each participant is able to
execute the fundamental movement instructions and
improve their gross motor skill performance.
Therefore, the recommendation of the Malaysian
Health and Physical Education curriculum that
highlight the importance of developing wide range of
gross motor skills among st
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study has been funded by the Fundamental
Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher
Education of Malaysia in collobration with Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (vot 78511)
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Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 655–668.
Henderson, S. E., Sugden, D. (1992). The movement
assessment battery for children. Kent: The Psychological
Corporation.
Cummins, A., Piek, J. P., & Dyck, M. J. (2005). Motor
coordination, empathy, and social behavior in school-aged
children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 47,
437–442.
Author: Halijah bte Ibrahim
Institute: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Street:
City: Skudai, Johor
Country: Malaysia
Email: p-halija@utm.my
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
INTERVENTIONS ON MULTIDIMENSIONAL STATE ANXIETY PRIOR TO
COMPETITION IN MALAYSIAN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Lim BH 1 & Balbir SG 2
1, 2
Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate
gender differences in the effects of psychological
interventions on multidimensional state anxiety prior
to competition in Malaysian volleyball players. The
Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory – Revised
(CSAI-2R) was employed to examine the precompetition multidimensional state anxiety one day
before competition at the competition venue. Subjects
were youth state volleyball players (N=96; boys = 48;
girls = 48; Age: M= 16.35 yr., SD = .89 yr) competing
in the under 18 National School Sport Council of
Malaysia Volleyball Tournament. The group with the
highest group mean scores in cognitive state anxiety
was assigned to a cognitive intervention group (n=24;
12 boys & 12 girls) where subjects underwent
breathing techniques and autogenic relaxation with
music lasting 30 minutes per session; the group with
the highest group mean scores in somatic anxiety
component (n=24; 12 boys & 12 girls) completed the
somatic intervention with progressive muscular
relaxation lasting 30 minutes; the self-confidence
group (n=24; 12 boys & 12 girls) which rated the
lowest mean group scores in self-confidence
component carried out the intervention with positive
self-talk and goal setting exercises lasting 30 minutes;
and a control group (n=24; 12 boys & 12 girls). The
MANOVA indicated that the interaction effect for
gender and type of intervention on CSAI-2R
components was significant (Wilks’s Lambda = .69, F
(7, 88) = 3.73, p < .001). The results indicated
significant main effect for gender (Wilks’s Lambda =
.79, F (7, 88) = 7.57, p < .001) and type of
intervention (Wilks’s Lambda = .13, F (7, 88) =
30.85, p < .001). The male athletes in the present
study displayed lower somatic state anxiety, lower
cognitive state anxiety and higher self-confidence
intensities than female athletes one day prior to
competition, gender did influence anxiety responses
and findings of this study partially supported the
hypothesis.
Keywords- gender differences, psychological
interventions, multidimensional state anxiety
I. INTRODUCTION
Anxiety is one of the most fundamental of all
constructs in sport psychology and has been one of
the most extensively researched topics in sport
psychology [39] and it continues to attract a
considerable amount of research attention in the
discipline of sport psychology [17, 32]. Due to the
impact that anxiety can have on athletes’
performances [36], the past two decades has seen an
extensive amount of research conducted into
performers’ experiences of this negative emotion
[32].
Although there have been many theories and models
that have tried to clarify the relationship between
anxiety and performance, there appear to be a
consensus on the notion that anxiety is
multidimensional [42, 43]. Anxiety is usually
conceptualized
as
a
situation-specific
multidimensional construct with both cognitive and
somatic components [30]. Cognitive anxiety is
typified by negative self-images and self-doubts,
while somatic anxiety is typified by increased heart
rate, tense muscles, and clammy hands [10, 43].
The conceptualization of competitive anxiety into
multidimensional cognitive and somatic components
has enabled a clearer understanding of performers’
responses to stressful situations [42]. It has been
suggested that cognitive anxiety might influence all
forms of athletic performance, whereas somatic
anxiety tends to disrupt fine motor skill more than
gross motor activities [27]. Previous research that
considered the temporal patterns of anxiety has
revealed that somatic anxiety decreases significantly
immediately after commencing an activity, whereas
cognitive anxiety remains high for a longer period of
time [4, 30]. Martens et al. [30] reported that the third
dimension of state anxiety is self-confidence.
Self-confidence was reported to influence anxiety
interpretation, demonstrating its potential role in
protecting against the debilitating effects of anxiety
[18, 32]. To better understand these possible
protecting functions of self-confidence, Hanton,
Mellalieu and Hall [16] investigated the relationship
between anxiety symptoms, self-confidence, and the
directional interpretation of symptoms. They found
high levels of self-confidence to protect against the
debilitating interpretations of competitive anxiety
within elite athletes. More specifically, the
performer’s reported using strategies that included
mental rehearsal, thought stopping, and positive selftalk as mechanisms to potentially ‘protect’ against
debilitating interpretations of anxiety. When selfconfidence levels were low, increases in competitive
anxiety intensity were perceived as outside of the
performer’s control and debilitating to performance.
When self-confidence levels were high, increases in
anxiety were reported to lead to positive perceptions
of control and facilitative interpretations.
State Anxiety is the "right now" feeling of
apprehension and tension in a specific situation [10],
whereas the trait anxiety is a general disposition of
certain individuals to feel anxious in certain
environmental situations [34]. An issue for all
athletes is to maintain some sort of control over their
internal state. There are many forces acting on
athletes preventing them from reaching this state.
Anecdotal and scientific evidence have shown that
anxiety might be one of the reasons that athletes do
not achieve their full potential. For example, research
has found that fear of failure, negative social
evaluation, concerns about injuries or physical
danger, and fear for the unknown elicited anxiety in
ice hockey players [8].
sport
psychologists
often
combine
basic
psychological skills with other component parts (i.e.,
other mental and/or physical skills) to create more
advanced psychological strategies.
The level of precompetitive anxiety has been shown
to differ depending on certain characteristics, such as
sport type, experience, gender, and age [30]. Females
have generally been found to have higher levels of
cognitive and somatic anxiety and lower selfconfidence than males [20, 25, 30]. In a meta-analysis
[43] of the impact of state cognitive anxiety and state
self-confidence on sport performance. That study
found that gender and level of performance were
important moderator variables. Overall it found that
cognitive anxiety had an insignificant negative effect
on performance (r = -.10), and self-confidence, a low
to moderate positive effect (r = .24). Men were more
affected than women. Self-confidence was
significantly more influential for men (r = .29) than
for women (r = .04).
II.METHODS
Anshel and Delany [1] found gender differences for
11- and 12-year-old male and female field hockey
players. For example, girls used considerably more
confidence-building self-talk than did boys, whereas
boys more often used resignation (e.g., “I reminded
myself that things could be much worse”) than did
girls. Anshel, Jamieson, and Raviv [2] found gender
differences in the use of coping strategies among
Israeli athletes, whereas Lane, Jones, and Stevens
[26] found no gender differences in coping with
failure and changes in self-efficacy among male and
female tennis players as a function of self-esteem.
The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised
(CSAI- 2R) is a valid instrument for assessing state
anxiety in sport. Reliability and validity (i.e. criterion
validity) are warranted [5, 28].
A number of studies have attempted to evaluate the
use of basic psychological skills (e.g., goal setting,
imagery, relaxation, and self-talk) upon the
competitive anxiety response [9, 35, 38]. Hardy et al.
[18] illustrated that athletes, coaches, and applied
Although gender differences among athletes have
been rarely studied, the aim of current investigation
primarily compared gender differences on
multidimensional state anxiety components in the
effects of psychological interventions prior to
competition. Gender differences are important for
acknowledging individual differences in providing
effective stress management programs to athletes. We
hypothesized that differences would occur between
genders or females would report lower selfconfidence levels, higher in cognitive state anxiety
and somatic state anxiety levels prior to competition
compared to male counterparts, as indicated by
several previous studies [20, 25, 30].
Participants
Participants were the youth state volleyball players (N
= 96; boys = 48, girls = 48; M age = 16.35 yr., SD =
.89 yr.) competing in the Under 18 National School
Sport Council of Malaysia Volleyball Tournament.
They were players selected to represent four states in
Malaysia (i.e., Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Perak and
Selangor) in that tournament. The participants were
fully acquainted with the nature of the study prior to
giving written informed consent to participate. Their
selection was based on their availability and they are
competing at the national level [13]. Participants were
assured confidentiality regarding the data collected
and their personal identity. Ethical approval for the
study was obtained from the University of Malaya
ethics committee.
Instrument
Pre-competition multidimensional state anxiety was
measured using the Competitive State Anxiety
Inventory-2 Revised (CSAI- 2R: [5]) two times (one
month before and one day before competition) after
the psychological intervention sessions.
The CSAI-2R is a 17-item scale that measures
cognitive state anxiety (5 items), somatic state
anxiety (7 items) and self-confidence (5 items) in a
competitive setting. Respondents rate their feelings
before competition (e.g. I feel jittery, I am concerned
about losing) on a scale anchored by 1 = not at all
and 4 = very much so. Subscale scores are calculated
by summing items in each subscale, dividing by the
number of items, and multiplying by 10. Score range
is 10 – 40 for each subscale. Higher scores indicating
higher intensities of cognitive and somatic state
anxiety, as well as higher levels of self-confidence.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 The factorial validity of the CSAI-2R was previously
established by Cox et al. [5] using confirmatory factor
analysis (CFA) on data from 331 athletes, which
showed a good fit of the hypothesised measurement
model to the data (CFI = .95, NNFI = .94, RMSEA =
.054).
Procedures
Participants were administered the CSAI-2R two
months prior to the official competition with
instructions that followed Martens et al.’s [30]
recommendations to emphasize confidentiality of
responses at an individual level, honesty on the
inventory, and the assurance that answer could not be
“wrong”. Based on the results of the first data
collected, subjects were assigned to one of three
interventions and a control group using the matching
hypothesis proposed by Gould, Petlichkoff, &
Weinberg [11].
The group with the highest mean scores in the
Cognitive Anxiety component was assigned to the
Cognitive Intervention (n = 24, 12 male & 12
female). This group went through the Breathing
Technique & Autogenic Relaxation [31] Music [37]
lasting 30 minutes per session, four times prior to
competition. The group with the highest group mean
scores in the Somatic Anxiety component was
assigned to the Somatic Intervention (n = 24, 12 male
& 12 female). They completed the Progressive
Muscular Relaxation [21] with Music [37] lasting 30
minutes per session, four times prior to competition.
The group with the lowest group mean scores in the
Self-Confidence scales went through the SelfConfidence intervention (n = 24, 12 male & 12
female) with the Positive Self-Talk [12] and Goal
Setting [41] lasting 30 minutes per session for 4
sessions prior to competition. The control group (n =
24, 12 male & 12 female) met up with the researcher
for discussion and game sessions. Data were collected
two times (i.e., One Month Before and One Day
Before competition) after each psychological
intervention session by the researcher.
III.RESULTS
Preliminary descriptive analyses were computed for
all dependent variables in this study. The results
indicated that the cognitive state anxiety of the male
players in the cognitive intervention group
(M=16.33±1.83),
somatic
intervention
group
(M=19.00±2.80) and the self-confidence intervention
(M=20.00±0.85) were lower than the female players
(cognitive intervention group: M=18.83±1.27,
somatic intervention group: M=20.75±1.55, and selfconfidence intervention group: M=20.92±1.00) which
both gender went through the same interventions with
the same duration. Conversely, the cognitive state
anxiety intensity for the male players (M=
209
21.42±1.44) in the control group was slightly higher
than the female players (M=20.83±1.58) one day
prior to competition.
The mean and standard deviation for the somatic state
anxiety intensity of the male players in the cognitive
intervention group (M=15.34±2.41) and the control
group (M=23.83±4.13) were lower than the female
players
in
cognitive
intervention
group
(M=17.07±.59)
and
the
control
group
(M=26.67±5.17), but both genders reported similar
somatic state anxiety intensity in the somatic
intervention group. The analysis showed that the
somatic state anxiety intensity of the male players
(M=19.08±2.68) was higher than the female players
(M=18.67±2.31) in the self-confidence intervention
group. Results of current study revealed that the selfconfidence intensity of the male players in the
somatic intervention group and self-confidence
intervention were higher than the female players one
day before competition. In contrast, the female
players (M=31.08±2.39) reported higher in selfconfidence intensity compared to male players (M=
28.17±6.52) in the cognitive intervention group one
day before competition. Both genders showed same
intensity of self-confidence intensity one day before
competition in the control group.
To examine gender and type of intervention
differences in intensity scores of the CSAI-2R
components, 2 x 4 multivariate analyses of variance
were conducted. CSAI-2R components (cognitive
state anxiety, somatic state anxiety, and selfconfidence) intensity served as dependent variables
for the MANOVA.
The MANOVA indicated that the interaction effect
for gender and type of intervention on CSAI-2R
components was significant (Wilks’s Lambda = .69,
F (7, 88) = 3.73, p < .001). The results indicated
significant main effect for gender (Wilks’s Lambda =
.79, F (7, 88) = 7.57, p < .001) and type of
intervention (Wilks’s Lambda = .13, F (7, 88) =
30.85, p < .001).
Follow-up univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA)
revealed significant gender main effect on cognitive
state anxiety, F (1, 88) = 11.74, p < .001, but not for
somatic state anxiety, F (1, 88) = 2.89, p=.09, and
self-confidence F (1, 88) = 3.64, p= .06. The
cognitive state anxiety intensity of the female players
showed a significant higher than the male players
(mean diff: female – male = 1.15, p <.05) after
adjustment for multiple comparisons with Bonferroni.
Follow-up ANOVAs indicated significant type of
intervention main effects for cognitive state anxiety F
(3, 88) =21.18, p < .001, multiple comparisons using
Bonferroni showed that the cognitive state anxiety of
the cognitive intervention group were significantly
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 different (p<.001) from the somatic intervention
group, self-confidence intervention group and the
control group one day before competition. The
univariate ANOVA revealed that type of intervention
main effects for somatic state anxiety intensity of the
somatic intervention group were significant
difference F (3, 88) = 75.64, p <.001. Bonferroni
multiple comparisons test results revealed that the
somatic state anxiety of the somatic intervention
group were significantly lower (p<.001) than the selfconfidence intervention group and the control group,
but not for cognitive intervention group (mean diff:
somatic intervention – cognitive intervention=-1.54,
p>.05). Follow-up ANOVA also indicated significant
type of intervention main effects for self-confidence
intensity F (3, 88) = 16.44, p <.001, multiple
comparisons using Bonferroni showed that the selfconfidence intensity of the self-confidence
intervention group were significantly higher (p<.05)
than the cognitive intervention group and the control
group, but not somatic intervention group (p=1.00).
IV.DISCUSSION
The main aim of the present study was to investigate
gender differences in the effects of psychological
interventions on multidimensional state anxiety prior
to competition in Malaysian volleyball players. As
expected and consistent with previous findings [20,
25, 30] male athletes in the present study displayed
lower somatic state anxiety, lower cognitive state
anxiety and higher self-confidence intensities than
female athletes one day prior to competition. Gender
did influence anxiety responses and findings of this
study partially supported the hypothesis. The
significant gender main effect differences found on
cognitive state anxiety but not on somatic state
anxiety and self-confidence intensity one day prior to
competition even though all components in CSAI-2R
showed differences in the mean scores.
The female players had significantly higher mean
cognitive state anxiety scores than their male
counterparts F (1, 88) = 11.74, p <. 001 one day prior
to competition even though both genders went
through the same intervention with the same duration.
The results of the present study confirm the
conclusions of an extensive review of the sport
psychology literature by Hoar, Kowalski, Gaudreau,
& Crocker [19] that “males and females generally
cope differently” (p. 61). The current results found
unexpected cognitive state anxiety results whereby
the male players in the control group reported higher
cognitive state anxiety intensity (M=21.42±1.44) than
female players (M=20.83±1.58) one day prior to
competition. Interestingly, both genders experienced
somatic state anxiety for the somatic intervention
group and self-confidence for the control group to a
similar degree in this study. This finding preclude
practical usage but indicate that future researchers
210
will need to consider gender when examining
competitive anxiety and implementing psychological
intervention, females need more interventions to help
them handle anxiety responses more positively.
In the present study, the MANOVA indicated
significant main effect for type of intervention
(Wilks’s Lambda = .13, F (7, 88) = 30.85, p < .001)
on the components of CSAI-2R. Bonferroni multiple
comparisons further verified that mean scores of the
cognitive state anxiety of the cognitive intervention
group was significantly different from the somatic
intervention group, self-confidence intervention
group and the control group one day before
competition. Similar findings were found by Maynard
and Cotton [31]. The Breathing Technique and
Autogenic Relaxation with Music lasting 30 minutes
per session are able to maintain the cognitive state
anxiety prior to competition [37].
The scores of the somatic state anxiety for the
somatic intervention group were significantly lower
(p<.001) than the self-confidence intervention group
and the control group, but not for cognitive
intervention group (mean diff: somatic intervention –
cognitive intervention=-1.54, p>.05). The findings
revealed that the somatic intervention with
progressive muscular relaxation with music lasting
for 30 minutes per session was able to facilitative in
maintaining the somatic state anxiety prior to
competition. Findings of the current study are
supported Cox, Qiu, & Liu [6] findings which found
that progressive muscular relaxation is better suited
for athletes. Thus, athletes who learn progressive
muscular relaxation can ideally achieve relaxation
just prior to or during a competition.
Again, in the current study, the self-confidence scores
of the self-confidence intervention group were
significantly higher (p<.05) than the cognitive
intervention group and the control group, but not
somatic intervention group (p=1.00). The results of
this study was consistent with the findings of
previous studies which revealed that self-confidence
plays a role in determining the interpretation that
performers place upon their anxiety symptoms, and
therefore the effect of anxiety upon performance [23].
Jones, Swain & Hardy [24] found that self-confidence
intensity correlated more strongly with performers’
directional interpretations of their cognitive and
somatic symptoms than with the intensity of these
symptoms. The use of strategies required to deal
effectively with the stressful situation has been
observed to develop via competitive experiences [14,
15]. Here, the ability to use such strategies is also
suggested to increase athletes’ confidence, allowing
them to prevail in adversity [33]. Generally, lower
levels of self-confidence are associated with lower
levels of performance [43]. More research is required
to investigate the relationship between self-
confidence intensity especially with psychological
intervention more fully.
levels of performance even when they reported being
extremely anxious.
The finding that self-confidence scores was lower in
male players compare to female players in the
cognitive intervention group. This finding was
consistent with previous study by Anshel and Delany
[1]. In their study of 11- and 12-year-old male and
female field hockey players, Anshel and Delany [1]
found that girls used more confidence-building selftalk than did boys, whereas boys used more
resignation (e.g., “I reminded myself that things could
be much worse”) than did girls.
These results demonstrate the importance of
considering multidimensional components of anxiety,
with regard to the intensity of competitive anxiety in
males and females, as these differences may relate to
other variables, such as performance, enjoyment, or
sport commitment, that were not assessed in this
study.
When providing interventions to groups, the majority
of athletes would benefit from interventions that
target
increasing
self-confidence,
decreasing
cognitive and somatic anxieties. The best effect,
however, would come from sufficient knowledge and
the opportunity to individualize interventions.
Interventions have been tailored to teach the
strategies that ‘facilitative’ athletes employ when
experiencing anxiety during performance. This has
been demonstrated by the procedures designed by
Hanton and Jones [15] and Thomas, Maynard, &
Hanton [40], where information provided by elite
performers who consistently reported anxiety
symptoms as facilitative was collated and used to
create and implement cognitive restructuring
strategies with athletes who interpreted symptoms as
debilitative. The findings of both studies indicated
that the intervention successfully changed players’
interpretations of
anxiety
symptoms,
with
performance improvements also evident. Mamassis
and Doganis [29] also used a comparable mental
skills package to that employed by Hanton and Jones
[15] and showed increases in facilitative
interpretations and performance in junior tennis
players as a result.
Practitioners and researchers have traditionally
neglected examining individual differences for
improving the coping skills of athletes. With respect
to the present study, acknowledging the unique needs
and coping tendencies of athletes as functions of their
gender in predictability of the athletes’ coping
responses [7]. Thus, using the state CSAI-2R to ask
youth volleyball players to report how they feel “right
now” could reveal higher intensities. More research
with youth athletes will further clarify these findings.
Mellalieu et al. [32] stated that anxiety is, of course, a
negative emotional response to competition stressors,
but acknowledged the perspective that athletes may
interpret their anxiety symptoms as beneficial to
upcoming performance. This viewpoint is heavily
based on the findings of a plethora of studies that
have investigated direction [22, 35]. Indeed, it is clear
that many athletes seem to reach and maintain high
Following the experimental intervention, the stress
management groups showed significantly fewer
cognitive state anxiety and somatic state anxiety,
significantly greater self-confidence intensity than the
control group. Managing anxiety so as to maintain
optimal levels of arousal has often been shown to be
an important factor in sport performance [3].
Improvements in an athlete’s ability to manage or
reduce cognitions associated with anxiety may be
particularly important because it suggests an ability to
reinterpret potentially anxiety-eliciting situations.
Many athletes routinely in which there is great
pressure to perform well; the ability to refrain from or
replace anxiety-provoking thoughts in such situations
is likely to be beneficial.
In conclusion, the psychological preparation of
volleyball players must be taken into consideration
during the coaching process. Professional help and
programming of the psychological preparation of the
athletes and observation of their emotional conditions
before and during a game is necessary to reduce
competitive anxiety and contribute to the high
effectiveness of volleyball players in Malaysia.
Finally, we recommend the inclusion of
psychological training programs in the training
regimen for youth volleyball players in order to help
them better deal with their experiences of somatic, as
well as cognitive, anxiety.
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Author: Lim Boon Hooi
Institute: University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
Email:lboonhooi62@gmail.com
GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SPORT IN THE PROVINCE OF
KURDISTAN
Abdul Latef, Dured Zaki
Abstract - From time to time show some new
expressions of ideas and opinions and theories
believed to be some new thermokarst and controlled,
even for some time from these expressions deployed
and the now dominant "In all parts of the world of
globalization, this word has penetrated and spread in
all areas including sport, what is globalization? And
what their impact on the side Sports? What about
sports in the Arab world and how it should deal with
globalization, so take the positives and reject
negative? did not know the world that globalization
and its arms (the arms of Octopus) the World Bank,
the International Trade Organization, the International
Monetary Fund is working to restrict the world
bracelet of gold, and working on break from facing
Balahjaralkarimp, and weaken the state's role in the
domination of their economies, industrial, health,
sports and art, and consequently becomes the whole
world prisoner of the dreams and wake up to the
destruction of values and ethics and the collapse of
the national economy and an increase in the spread of
killer diseases as well as the spread of unemployment
and the increase in incidents of robbery and rape in
the communities also live today the Iraqi
people, Globalization sports kind of trade, commerce
and the economy means the economy means the
policy, agree on the views of many that the sport was
among the fields the first to apply the concept of
globalization through the Olympics and international
sports tournaments. But it seems that the spread of the
concept of globalization in the current era brought
with it more ideas and propositions that are trying to
open the borders and the abolition of barriers to the
regulations applicable in the Western world order
imposed by or distributed to others, which led to the
division of views between the pro-globalization and
afraid of the negative aspects and their impact on the
sport of the Arab in general,”
Find a target
1 - identify the general goals of the university sport
2 - Azaaralanekasat negative impact of globalization
on the general goals of the university sport.
The researcher used the descriptive method because it
is one of the methods appropriate to the nature of
work and the research problem as the descriptive
studies identify or recognize the thing as it is no
describing what was or what the incident, also
included a sample of the research on some sports
teams in the province of Kurdistan (Arbil - Mosul Dohuk - Sulaymaniyah) and by (54) player and (24)
coaches and officials who work in sports clubs in the
Territory mentioned has been taken years of
experience and field experience and local
championships and international already Lebanon and
coaches that participated to ensure the achievement of
objectives of the research. Follows from the above
that globalization works to the deployment patterns,
cultural values and social behaviors Bank associated
with art, food, clothing, entertainment, and this leads
to the disintegration of values and ethics of young
people and players of clubs lead to global problems
such as drugs and killers and organized crime,
environmental pollution, international terrorism.
By analyzing the results of the study show that the
goals of university sports, clarified points of the
previous mentioned In the light of globalization of
social, economic and media will be pointing these
reflections, both direct and indirect, and then we get
to the final analysis, it serves as the conclusions and
suggest solutions to address globalization and reduce
its impact.
Listen Read phonetically.
The Researcher concluded the following: • Coping with globalization in all its forms and to
resist impact through awareness and anticipation and
planning to address them.
• develop and enhance aspects of sport undergraduate
preparation for the requirements to exercise.
• immunization students intellectually "and" socially
and politically, "and religious" in order not to find a
place of globalization in the minds and hearts of
students
I. INTRODUCTION
From time to time show some new expressions of
ideas and opinions and theories believed to be some
new thermokarst and controlled, even for some time,
these expressions of the widespread and the now
dominant "In all parts of the world of globalization.
This word has penetrated and spread in all areas
including sport, what is globalization? And what their
impact on the sporting side? What about sports in the
Arab world and how they have to deal with
globalization, so take the positives and negatives
renounce? Globalization, quite simply, a new system
of society mainly depends "on the opening or so-by
the opening of markets and borders so that they
remain in a smooth transition of knowledge and
technology and culture without limits and enjoy the
whole world so that all nations and all individuals
anywhere in the world to exercise or enjoy all
Matousel of modern science of tools.
Did not know the world that globalization and its
arms (the arms of Octopus) the World Bank, the
International Trade Organization, the International
Monetary Fund is working to restrict the world
bracelet of gold, and working to break down the face
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Balahjaralkarimp, and weaken the role of the state to
dominate the institutions of economic, industrial,
health, sports and art, and consequently becomes the
whole world prisoner of the dreams and wake up to
the destruction of values and ethics and the collapse
of the national economy and an increase in the spread
of killer diseases as well as the spread of
unemployment and the increase in incidents of
robbery and rape in the communities as well as by
day the Iraqi people.
Globalization sports kind of trade, commerce and the
economy means the economy means the policy, agree
on the views of many that the sport was among the
fields the first to apply the concept of globalization
through the Olympics and international sports
tournaments. But it seems that the spread of the
concept of globalization in the current era brought
with it more ideas and propositions that are trying to
open the borders and the abolition of barriers to the
regulations applicable in the Western world order
imposed by or distributed to others, which led to the
division of views between the pro-globalization and
afraid of the negative aspects and their impact on the
sport of the Arab in general, “.
Research Problem
That the person who practiced sports activities enjoy
high-capacity to resist disease, as well as Progress for
public health in addition to Meixbh individual
physical abilities and mobility and skill, as well as
educational, ethical, and mobilization of self to resist
stress, anxiety, fear and stress as well as improving
the cultural aspect of learning and the development of
social cohesion and public relations as vaccinated
young the dangers of civil and reduction of
behavioral abnormalities.
In light of the above can be selected research problem
in trying to figure out what are the effects of
globalization and its impact on the sport in the
province of Kurdistan and in the work on the
demolition of the goals, principles and values
mentioned and bring the values of decay and
disintegration.
Research Objectives
1 define the general objectives of the sport in the
province of Kurdistan.
2 Azaaralanekasat negative impact of globalization on
the general goals of the sport in the province of
Kurdistan.
Theoretical studies
Objectives of university sports
Cultural goals:
Include providing the individual sports and culture
and awareness of sports development of the
individual perceptions of the importance of sport, and
to identify popular sports in the world and to identify
214
safety and security factors associated with sports
activities.
Educational goals:
Include personal development and integrated to
provide the individual with many life experiences and
leisure investment and development of a sense of the
evacuation and the development of will power and
self-realization of the aesthetic values and artistic
skills and get used to respect the dates of practice
sports.
Health goals:
They include the development of an individual's
health and development of healthy habits and
prevention of diseases and increase immunity and
reduce the negative effects of psychological stress
and tension, anxiety and nervous tension and
maintaining a healthy weight by following the
methods of proper nutrition and good.
Fitness goals:
Include the development of physical fitness and
renewed vitality for the body and maintain fitness and
good strength and the prevention of deviations
skeleton and correct some of the physical distractions
and the granting of the body to relax muscle and
nervous system.
Psychological goals:
Objectives include the psychological development of
individual desire and motivation towards physical
activity and pursuit of happiness for the life of the
individual and the satisfaction of the tendency of the
movement and self-expression and the reduction of
stress and nervous system and achieve psychological
balance and the development of the concept of selffulfilling reality of competition and adventure.
Skill objectives:
Objectives include developing a sense of motor skills
from an early age and teach motor skills and various
games to teach motor skills to the various games
continued over the life and teaching of modern
methods of exercise and improve the performance of
the student.
Social objectives:
Include social goals to overcome the phenomenon of
social isolation and to achieve social harmony and the
formation of correct social behavior and develop the
skills of social interaction and collective planning and
the exercise of democratic life is successful.
Economic objectives:
Economic goals include an increased desire to work
and increase production efficiency or increase
national output and reduce the expenditure on health
or treatment and to reduce wastage of productive
society.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Targets the prevention of disease age:
Overcome include the lack of movement and
prevention of obesity and to overcome the traditional
style of life and the development of awareness of the
return to nature and to increase joy and happiness and
increased ability to cope with life's problems
Manifestations of globalization
Reflect the historical stage in the transformation of
the world, a process that her vehicle dimensions and
manifestations of economic and information
technology, media, and technological, social, cultural
and political.
Manifestations of globalization on the social level:
• The proliferation patterns of cultural values and
social behaviors associated with Western art,
clothing, food and entertainment.
• the emergence of global problems (such as drugs,
deadly diseases, organized crime, environmental
pollution, international terrorism).
Economic aspects:
• Increasing rates of global trade.
• increase the number of multinational companies.
• globalization of production processes and
marketing.
• the widening global financial revolution.
• The growing role of each of the international
financial institutions such as the Fund and the World
Bank.
• global trade liberalization.
Manifestations of globalization, the media:
• Increase the flow of media across the border.
• flow through the networks and media companies.
3 - discuss the implications of globalization and the
conflict with the goals university sports Through the
analysis of the objectives of university sports and is
described in points the previous mentioned In the
light of globalization of social, economic and media
will be pointing these reflections, both direct and
indirect, and then we get to the final analysis, it
serves as the conclusions and suggest solutions to
address globalization and reduce its impact.
The implications of globalization on the sport and
incompatible with the objectives of university sports
First "/ cultural conflict with the goals: One of the
main cultural influences of globalization are flooding
the student trivialities things and cultural surface
absurd daily and rejects all technical reference
Autagafip Aojamalip general, and thus keep him
thinking about the concerns of his era, especially his
responsibilities social, national, and national as well
as keep him out of supply of culture, sports and
awareness of sports and that by turning the attention
of national cultural institutions Balstahy The margin
of things and flooding the market with multiple kinds
of cultural and formidable means of routing both
direct and indirect anti-identity of the country and
trends.
215
Globalization works to cut link to the new
generations of its past and its heritage, religion and
separation from them or neglected them all, "at best,
if not viewed as an archaic relic of the past and this
means the supply of non-sports culture and awareness
of sports and study the history of the sport movement.
That the popular sports are part of the country's
cultural heritage of sports and is proud of States and
their peoples Balaabha popular and this is
incompatible with the direction of globalization in the
melting characteristics of national and pan any
abandonment of some national particularities and
standardization of the new culture and thus to human
behavior accordingly.
Knowing the factors associated with the security and
safety of sports activities is very necessary, "but noted
that through movies and electronic games show his
hero through visual tricks lead movements of
hazardous and contrary to the principles of public
safety in the sport.
The effects of cultural globalization look through the
monopoly of developed countries for cultural
industries These industries at a time which constitutes
an invasion "economically," they constitute an
invasion "culturally" intellectually "significant" is
spreading like fire in Alhishm especially among
young people through films, tapes, CDs and
Ajhzpaltsoeroualemobail and games, youth and
children, electronic to the other innovations of foreign
culture that often "focus on the violence and stirring
instincts and desires and individual heroism hacks.
II "/ interferes with the educational goals
Physical Education is part of public education any
education through sport and create a balanced
personality and to provide the individual with many
life experiences and investment of leisure time and
develop a sense of Balkhalae and the development of
willpower and self-realization and the development of
aesthetic values and artistic taste and get used to
respect the dates of practice sports.
That globalization is working on youth delinquency
through lure them through the art of cheap and the
spread of behaviors associated with art, clothing,
food, entertainment and busy individuals, especially
adolescents and young people through entertainment,
games and electronic equipment gambling and
wasting all his time things are far from education,
away from the investment of leisure time with
something useful as missing person to a life the toilet
because he is confined at home or public places that
are available where the equipment and this lack of
knowledge of nature and public life and develop a
sense of Balkhalae as his presence in front of the
machine to Ayardah of the positions tested by himself
and his ability and his will and thus remains without
the will also Angrafh to this means keeps him from
thinking already in practice sporting activities and
respect for the dates of exercise.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 III / conflict with health goals:
Of the most important manifestations of globalization
is the spread of deadly diseases because of behaviors
Anizbtp as well as widespread poverty, because
globalization is creating two layers the first rich and
the second poor because they are gradually working
to move the middle class into poverty through
unemployment is expected to work only 20% of the
population of populations in countries developing and
weakening the purchasing power of the individual to
provide food and medicine as well as their role in
raising prices and weaken the state's role in
supporting the products of national it is working to
fight the national production to plunge the market
goods that foreign plotter to draw "Kmarkia"
symbolic "makes it compete with the national
production and thus difficult for the individual
improve their health through food, and treat diseases
that afflict the medicine for not purchasing power.
and globalization are using one of its arms long, an
organization of international trade (CAT) which has a
right to determine the price without the intervention
of the State for a period of twenty years and this has
implications for the university sports will be
mentioned as targets. also spoke of the implications
on the mental health standing, stress and anxiety as a
result of what he and the media and through the end
of State control over all the media and the transition
from a culture of print to the culture of television and
the Internet and view movies superstitious and films
characterized by fall social. All this leads to the
destruction of the will of the individual in
maintaining mental balance and personal. Also
weaken the purchasing power of the individual to
make traveling to buy cheap food items such as
potatoes, rice and eat Bzepeshkl unusual all this leads
to increased body weight and the exacerbation of
diabetes, pressure, and heart attacks during the
deposition of cholesterol in the blood due to increased
rate of blood.
The vulnerability resulting from the previously
mentioned reasons make the individual an easy prey
to disease and this is one of the consequences of
globalization.
IV / Physical conflict with the goals:
That technological development and the evolution of
means of communication make the movement of the
individual are limited and this leads to a reduction in
the capacity of the individual physical and motor
decline any sense of physical fitness.
The university student today can continue his studies
as he sat on a chair in his home over the Internet this
means that the movement of the individual in his
daily life, not sports will be determined and will
pursue the student to stay in his house and Ichaelv
bother to go to university, and thus will get a sharp
decline in physical abilities and motor skills. Also
sitting Long before computers and means of
216
communication (chat), and the temptations of
television programs and movies CDs and DVDs and
the other will affect the texture adversely and this
Altotherontejp Zguet in muscle groups, especially the
trunk which is convex for a long time to sit in front of
machines, which lead to deviations Qwamip
especially in the spine.
Also Ancdad student about computer and
communication equipment and electronic games to
make it taut nerves away from the relaxation and
comfort and the progress of time, make old age as a
result of the collapse in its physical and kinetic
implications of this are the great obstacle to achieving
the fourth goal of the objectives of university sports.
V. / Psychological incompatibility with the goals:
It means the spread of globalization is to use part of a
wide range of information technologies and
communications technology, and between the rules of
a wide range of sports appeal to the student sits in
front of the computer to play for a long time, grab this
desire in the real practice and draws about playing the
machine leads to weakness in the willingness of the
student and Dafieth about physical activity and thus
tempted to sit in front of the computer and away from
the stadiums.
The pleasure to sit in front of a computer or other
gaming devices Alketronip Atoizi to happiness and
satisfaction of his tastes and desires of the
movement... Here entered the globalization to achieve
human happiness movement.
The practice of sporting activities and physical works
to alleviate or reduce stress and nervous energy
through the dump and venting self-defense, this does
not take place in the context of globalization, but
increases tension and increase the psychological
pressure, but stopped short of burnout.
Be treated the individual with the group and his sense
of his abilities to achieve a psychological balance and
develop his self-concept and this Aihakq through
isolation or individual that encourages globalization
that the individual tends inside to the competition and
adventure to satisfy motives, and this does not take
place under the bondage machine electronic because
it interacts with inanimate objects and interacting
with inanimate objects is not like interaction with the
organism.
VI / Incompatible with the goals skill
That privatization is the corporate control of the heads
of big money on the facilities and state facilities, any
weakening the role of the state to control boil their
property, including sports clubs, universities and
other factories, laboratories and companies and these
companies define the role of government intervention
in the Affairs of economic and reducing state
ownership of the means of production and release by
the private sector and raise by the Government in all
sectors that will allow the rule of competition in the
conduct of an atmosphere of economic life and the
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 rule of trade capacity through the sale of the public
sector.
End free education, higher wages for the study,
intervention in the development of academic
programs that serve the goals of globalization and
therefore we will find that a large number They can
not enter the schools and universities or belonging to
sports clubs and this will deny them the exercise of
sporting activities that develop a sense of motor and
learning motor skills for the Games of different
lifelong.
VII/ Conflict with social goals:
The effects of social and cultural impact of
globalization is the most dangerous Mafi subject and
through the neglect of social and human dimension in
general and at all levels and weaken social cohesion
at the family level, society and the antithesis of the
goals in the sport university, which seeks to overcome
the phenomenon of social isolation and overcome the
isolation consequently to achieve compatibility
Social.
The family will be the first victim of globalization,
with increasing family breakdown and social
dislocation and the absence of public issues and
become a cause for each category of their own and
thus society disintegrates.
The university sports aimed at the formation of
correct social behavior in globalization while working
to create habits, traditions and customs of a new
social and therefore moral values and behavioral
patterns, contradictory as it is familiar and agreed
upon.
Sports undergraduate working on the development of
social interaction skills and collective planning, while
highlighting the work of globalization on the
individual and an end to the role of the group.
As they appear organized crime and are a
manifestation of globalization and the globalization
conflict with the exercise of democratic life is
successful.
VIII "/ conflict with economic goals:
The goals of the most affected by globalization is the
economic targets increase in the desire to work offset
by an increase in unemployment and in developing
countries up to 80%.
Increase production efficiency offset by weakness in
the physical abilities of workers.Or reduction of
expenditure on health or therapeutic it is in the
context of globalization increasingly increased
obscenity through the spread of killer diseases and
environmental pollution and the emergence of the
phenomenon of drug use and the ecstasy and the
weakness of state pension, which will impact on
malnutrition and poor immunity and speed of
infection and this will negatively impact on
production as it gets further loss of productive of the
community.
IX / work against the prevention of disease age:
• a result of globalization, which works to increase
the lack of movement due to technological progress
217
in the sport while designed to overcome the lack of
movement.
• The lack of exercise lead to obesity and wounded
body disease, arthritis, diabetes, pressure, and sports
aimed at the prevention of obesity and its
consequences.
• The globalization of actual per capita approach and
one to life in the sport while working to overcome the
traditional style of life through participation in sports
training and competition.
• The negative aspects of globalization, the human
love of technology and live with it for a long time.
• The front of the machine being confined to Aihakq
social skills Ayardah for individual and social
problems and when they occur could not be resolved
because it did not go through that experience in the
sport while working to increase the capacity to solve
the problems of life.
ISOMETRIC FORCE DYNAMOMETRY AND ANTHROPOMETRIC
PARAMETERS OF YOUNG ELITE ASIA AND WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP
WEIGHTLIFTERS
Meamarbashi, A.1, Azimi, F.1
1
University of Mohaghegh Ardabilia, Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
Abstract- Nineteen male elite weightlifters
participated in this study. The subjects' mean age was
17.9±1.9 years with 94.1±17.6 kg weight and
174.9±5.6 cm height. Before study, weight, height
and anthropometric parameters were measured (21
parameters). Body fat percent was estimated by
measurement of seven skin fold thicknesses (triceps,
biceps, subscapular, abdominal, suprailiac and
medium calf). After ten minutes warm-up maximum
isometric force was recorded on memory card at 100
Hz by using computerized isometric force
dynamometer (max. 500 kg). Each subject performed
nine isometric muscle tests (squat, torso, shoulder,
arm and toes lifts and forearm, wrist and right & left
shank extensions). Rate of force development was
measured by integral of force-time curve (FTint.) by
dynamometer software. After ten minutes rest,
dynamic explosive force was measured by asking the
subject to perform a maximal vertical squat jump and
recorded with videography method (140 Hz) to
measure jump height.
Subject's age, expert and his current weightlifting
record were taken for further assessment. Results
shown significant correlation between squat lift with
subject records for snatch, clean and jerk and squat
lifts. There was good correlation between back lift
isometric force (torso) and snatch record. Waist and
chest circumstances had good correlation with elbow
flexion. Squat lift showed highest isometric force
(205.1±50.1 kg force) and lowest force was recorded
by isometric elbow flexion (57.9 ±15.8). There was
no correlation between jump height and jump work
(j) with weightlifters record and isometric forces.
Keywords—
anthropometric
weightlifters
isometric
parameters,
force,
World
dynamometry,
championship
I. INTRODUCTION
Weightlifting
requires
power,
technique,
flexibility and consistency. A weightlifter's strength
comes primarily from the legs, specifically the
muscles of the quadriceps and posterior chain, and
secondarily the back, anterior core, and shoulders.
Weightlifting is a full body activity, but these muscles
receive emphasis over the others within the body.
The inherent mechanics of weightlifting favors the
physical characteristics of short people, similar to the
manner in which basketball favors tall people.
Nevertheless, many
successful at lifting.
taller
people
have
been
To determine whether isometric strength,
anthropometric and vertical jump in elite young
weightlifters has any relation with their six maximum
records in Clean and jerk lift, Snatch lift, Back squat,
Front squat, clean and jerk, and snatch we studied on
twelve World championship weightlifters.
II. METHODS
Subjects
Twelve male world class weightlifters
participated in this study. The average age, weight,
height, and years of weightlifting for the Subjects
were 17.9±1.9 years, 94.1±17.6 kg, 174.9±5.6 cm,
and 5.25 ± 1.77 years, respectively. Each participant
in the study was fully informed of all risks and the
testing protocol.
Anthropometry
Segmental circumferences and lengths as well as
body weight and height were measured. Skin fold
measurements were made at seven sites: TSF, BSF,
Subscapular, abdominal, superiliac, calf and thigh.
Body fat percent was calculated by regression
equation (Jackson & Pollock 7-Site). Pooya Skin fold
caliper (Iran) was used for the measurements and Fat
Calculator Software was used for the data processing
of skin folds. Body segments length measurements
were recorded from palm, hand, arm, trunk, thigh,
shank, foot, palm width and foot width. Ten
measurements
mad
from
different
body
circumferences: wrist, hand, upper arm, Neck, chest,
waist, abdomen, hip, thigh, and calf. The length of
hand, forearm, arm, trunk, thigh, shank and feet were
measured with tape. Further measurements include
width of palm and foot measured. Weight and height
were measured using Seca Digital Weighing Scale.
Vertical Jump
Maximal vertical squat jump was measured by
recording the jumps with videography method (140
Hz) using Sony Handycam (HDR-SR12) and jump
height was measured after the test.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Maximal Isometric Force
After ten minutes warm-up maximum, subjects
asked to do nine different isometric force
measurements
using
a
computerized
lift
dynamometer. During the test, force and time
recorded on a memory card at 100 Hz. For each
technique, lift dynamometer chain was adjusted
according to subject height. Force development was
measured by integral of force-time curve (FTint.) by
the dynamometer software.
All the subjects performed Arm Press, elbow
flexion, Leg lift, Floor Lift, Torso Lift, Shoulder Lift,
Wrist Flexion Lift, Right Leg Extension and Left Leg
Extension during five minute and 1-5 minutes rest
given between each test.
Maximum weightlifter’s records
The maximum records for the athletes were
recorded for statistical analysis. These records were
included: Clean and jerk lift, Snatch lift, Back squat,
Front squat, Clear and jerk record, and snatch record.
III. RESULTS
Results from this study shown significant correlation
between squat lift with subject records for snatch,
clean and jerk and squat lifts. There was good
correlation between back lift isometric force (torso)
and snatch record. Waist and chest circumstances had
good correlation with elbow flexion. Squat lift
showed highest isometric force (205.1±50.1 kg force)
and lowest force was recorded by isometric elbow
flexion (57.9 ±15.8). There was no correlation
between jump height and jump work (j) with
weightlifters record and isometric forces.
Arm circumference had significant correlation with
Back squat (rho=0.743 ), Front squat (rho=0.621)
and Clear and jerk record (rho=0.709). Very good
correlation found between shank circumference and
Back squat (rho=0.802) as well as front squat
(rho=0.675) and clean and jerk record (rho=0.649).
Thigh circumference had lesser correlation compare
with shank circumference. Thigh circumference
correlation with Back squat, Front squat, Clear and
jerk record and snatch record were 0.617, 0.666,
0.763 and 0.604 respectively.
Weight had no correlation with Clean and jerk lift as
well as Snatch lift records but good relation seen with
Back squat (rho=0.816) as well as front squat
(rho=0.744) and clean and jerk record (rho=0.687)
and snatch record (rho=0.688). Interestingly, foot
length had very good relation with Clean and jerk lift
(rho=0.808) and good relation with Snatch lift
(rho=0.620) but no correlation with other records.
This study provided a profile for anthropometric,
dynamometry, vertical jump and work experience of
the world class weight lifters. The preliminary results
219
showed some good and very good correlations with
their records for better understanding of parameters
which might be related to improvement in their
performance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are thankful for participation and
collaboration of world class weight lifters in this
study. We are grateful for assistance of coaches
during this study.
REFERENCES
1. Jackson, A.S. and Pollock, M.L. (1978) Generalized equations
for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition,
40(3):497-504.
2. Siri, A.W. (1961) Body composition from fluid spaces and
density: Analysis of methods. In: Techniques for measuring body
composition, J. Brozek and A. Hanschels, ed. National Academy of
Science, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 223244.
KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF DRAGON BOAT PADDLING: A COMPARISON OF
ELITE MALE AND FEMALE PADDLERS
Phavadol Raktavee and Sirirat Hirunrat
College of Sports Sciences and Technology, Mahidol University, Thailand
Abstract - Movement of the dragon boat is achieved
by the generation of power by each of 20 paddlers. In
this study, 20 male and 20 female elite paddlers
paddling at 1,000 m at Mardprachun Reservoir,
Chonbure Province of Thailand. Video filming was
conducted for two-dimensional kinematics analysis.
Kinematics variables were measured in every 25 m
and found that the average velocity of paddling of
male and female paddlers at 1,000 meter was
4.10±0.70, and 3.68± 0.61 m/s (p = 0.006), and the
average acceleration of paddling of male and female
paddlers at 1,000 meter was 5.46±1.33, and 4.62±
0.92 m/s² (p = 0.001). Significant difference was
found (p<0.05) between average velocity and
acceleration of paddling of male and female paddlers
at 1,000 m. Both male and female paddlers increased
the frequency of paddling before the last 250 m of
finish line. The velocity and acceleration of the
paddling are the basis for prescribing in dragon both
padding, and a comprehensive analysis of a paddlers’s
technique must be obtained by combining video data
with force data collected from the blade during onwater paddling.
Keywords: Biomechanics, Kinematics, dragon boat
paddling
through the blade by its interaction with the water,
and through each paddler’s. (Richard Smith et al.,
2008). The velocity and acceleration of the paddling
are the basic for the kinematics analysis in the dragon
boat. Therefore, the purpose of describe kinematics
data of paddling every 25 m both male and female
paddlers at 1,000 m. We hypothesized that there will
be difference among average velocity and average
acceleration of paddling of male and female paddlers.
II.METHOD
Two-dimensional kinematics analyses
were measured in every 25 m average velocity and
average acceleration of paddling performed by 20
active male and female paddlers at 1,000 m. The
kinematics data were recorded and analyses using Hum-an – 2D and 3D Analysis of Human Motion (HMA
Technology, Canada). The video was recording of the
dragon boat by speedboat ride parallel with its. The
video was conducted from a boat moving alongside
the boat at a distance of about 30 m from the plane of
motion of the boat. The video camera frame rate was
30 frames per second.
All data were analyzed by statistical software
(SPSS version 11) using analysis of Independent
Samples Test. Significance level has set at 0.05.
I.INTRODUCTION
Subject:
A dragon boat is a human-powered boat
traditionally made of teak wood to various designs
and sizes. It is one of a family of Traditional Long
Boats found throughout Asia, Africa and the Pacific
Islands.(http://en.wikipedia.org) Dragon boat racing
is a traditional event that originated in China over
2,000 years ago and has since become one of the
world’s fastest-growing competitive water sports.
Race distance for official International Dragon Boat
Federation World Championship events range from
200 m to 2,000 m, although 200 m, 500 m, and 1,000
m (Richard Smith et al., 2008) .
Movement of the dragon boat is achieved by
the generation of power by each of 20 paddlers, which
is transformed into forward propulsion of the boat
20 males and 20 females Thai Dragon Boat
National Team who competing in the 16th Asian
Game 2010 (Guangzhou Games). All subjects were
healthy, and did not any disorders affecting the
paddling volunteered in this study.
III.RESULT & DISCUSSION
Kinematics variables were measured in every 25 m
the distance equal at 1000 m and found that the
average velocity of paddling for males at 4.10±0.70
m/s, and average acceleration of paddling at
5.46±1.33 m/s². The females were average velocity of
paddling at 3.68±0.61 m/s, and average acceleration
of paddling at 4.62±0.92 m/s².
Fig 1. Average velocity of paddling at 4.10±0.70 m/s, and Average acceleration of paddling at 5.46±1.33 m/s²
for male paddlers
Fig 2. Average velocity of paddling at 3.68±0.61 m/s, and Average acceleration of paddling at 4.62±0.92 m/s²
for Female paddlers
Distance
v of paddling
a of paddling
Distance
v of paddling
a of paddling
0
5.78
7.59
8.38
8.83
6.73
6.64
5.56
5.50
5.14
4.82
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
4.19
4.10
4.10
3.97
4.14
4.16
4.14
4.07
4.14
4.40
4.33
5.26
5.03
5.03
4.72
5.14
5.20
5.14
4.98
5.14
5.82
5.62
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
800
4.23
4.05
4.01
4.10
3.97
3.93
4.03
3.91
3.99
3.97
4.03
5.37
4.92
4.82
5.03
4.72
4.62
4.87
4.57
4.77
4.72
4.87
a of paddling
a of paddling
0
4.01
4.59
4.83
4.95
4.73
4.71
4.30
4.28
4.14
4.01
v of paddling
v of paddling
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Distance
Distance
Table 1. Distance, Velocity and Acceleration of paddling for the male paddlers.
825
850
875
900
925
950
975
1000
4.03
4.12
4.19
4.33
4.30
4.21
4.05
4.33
4.87
5.09
6.31
6.75
6.67
6.38
5.91
6.75
Table2. Average velocity and Average acceleration for the male and female paddlers.
Gender
Average velocity
Average acceleration
Males
4.10
5.46
Females
3.68
4.62
Distance
v of paddling
a of paddling
Distance
v of paddling
a of paddling
0
5.78
7.59
8.38
8.83
6.73
6.64
5.56
5.50
5.14
4.82
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
4.19
4.10
4.10
3.97
4.14
4.16
4.14
4.07
4.14
4.40
4.33
5.26
5.03
5.03
4.72
5.14
5.20
5.14
4.98
5.14
5.82
5.62
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
800
4.23
4.05
4.01
4.10
3.97
3.93
4.03
3.91
3.99
3.97
4.03
5.37
4.92
4.82
5.03
4.72
4.62
4.87
4.57
4.77
4.72
4.87
a of paddling
a of paddling
0
4.01
4.59
4.83
4.95
4.73
4.71
4.30
4.28
4.14
4.01
v of paddling
v of paddling
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Distance
Distance
Table3. Distance, Velocity and Acceleration of paddling for the female paddlers.
825
850
875
900
925
950
975
1000
4.03
4.12
4.19
4.33
4.30
4.21
4.05
4.33
4.87
5.09
6.31
6.75
6.67
6.38
5.91
6.75
REFERENCES
The average velocity of paddling of male and female
paddlers at 1,000 m was 4.10±0.70, and 3.68± 0.61 m/s
(p = 0.006), and the average acceleration of paddling of
male and female paddlers at 1,000 m was 5.46±1.33,
and4.62± 0.92 m/s² (p = 0.001). Significant difference
was found (p<0.05) between average velocity and
acceleration of paddling of male and female paddlers at
1,000 m. Both male and female paddlers increased the
frequency of paddling before the last 250 m of finish
line. The velocity and acceleration of the paddling are
the basis for prescribing in dragon both padding and a
comprehensive analysis of a paddler’s technique must
be obtained by combining video data with force data
collected from the blade during on-water paddling.
1. Sarah R.Ho,Richard Smaith,& Damien o’Meara (2009).
Biomechanical analysis of dragon boat paddling: A
comparison of elite and sub-elite paddlers. Journal of Sports
Sciences,27(1),37-47.
2. Alexandre Baudouin,David Hawkins (2004). Investigation
of biomechanical factors affecting rowing performance.
Journal of Biomechanics, 37,969 – 976.
3. Dorel S, Couturier A,Lacour JR, Vandewalle H,Hautier C,
Hug F (2010) Force-velocity relationship in cycling revisited :
benefit of
two-dimensional pedal forces analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc,
42(6), 1174-83
4. Velefy Kleshnev. Moving the Rowers:Biomechanical
blackground. www.biorow.com/Papers_files/
2002MovingRowers.pdf.
5. Valera Kleshnev (2007). Temporal Analysis of Stroke
Cycle in rowing, www.coachesinfo.com.
Websites
http://en.wikwpedia.org/wiki/Dragon_boat
http://www.thaiwaysmagazine.com/thai_artical/2310_boat_rac
ing_in_thailand/boat_racing_in_thailand
http://www.starbuckdragonboat.com/pdfs/CoachingTips.pdf
Sirirat Hirunrat and Phavadol Raktavee
College of Sports Sciences and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
Abstract The majority of the research to date on
weightlifting has focused on senior competitors.
Thailand has two women weightlifters received two
gold medals from the Olympic Game in 2004 and
2008. The performances of 6 women weightlifters
were Thai Youth National Team and performing in
the final selected for the representative of Thailand
national weightlifter in the Youth Olympic Games
2010 competition in Singapore. The kinematics data
were recorded and analyzed using Peak 5. 2D Motion
Analysis system from the snatch lift including barbell
resultant trajectory, vertical and horizontal
displacement, peak height, velocity, and acceleration.
The performance of the athletes competing in 69-kg
class and 48-kg class and the average age 15.8 years
old the snatch attempts only once performance with
the maximum lifting. The results showed that the
average of barbell peak height were 1.29±0.1m,
vertical barbell displacement 0.144±0.03m, horizontal
barbell displacement 0.180±0.28 m, maximum
vertical barbell velocity 2.84±0.26 m/s at 31±4 time
% snatch, and maximum vertical barbell acceleration
23.59±4.34m/s*s at 29±6 time % snatch, respectively.
The results of this study suggest that the appearance
of the second pull in maximum vertical velocity and
acceleration with time % snatch of weightlifters could
be used as a criterion of lifting skill and a measure of
performance.
Keywords: Kinematics, Youth Weightlifter
I.INTRODUCTION
Weightlifting consists of two events, the snatch and
the clean and jerk. (IOC www.olympics.org, 2006).
Thailand has two women weightlifters received two
gold medals from the Olympic Games in 2004 and
2008. Nowadays, there are many youth weightlifters
in Thailand. The snatch technique in term of
kinematics parameters for the elite youth is very
important in weightlifting development.
Weightlifting requires a high power output to pull the
bar to maximum height on both legs and bring it
overhead with correct posture as specified in
competition. Successful lifts may be described as
those that maximized pull height after the second pull,
and minimized the loss in height of the bar during the
squat (Isaka et al.,1996 ; Safrushahar et al., 2002).
The snatch involves lifting the bar to arm’s length
above the head in one movement. The snatch is
generally divided into five phases (Safrushahar et al.,
2002). It starts at the lift off position and progresses
through the first pull, transition and second pull phase,
to the squat, then the finish or hold position (Garret et
al., 2000).
This is the first time that study Thai youth women
weightlifters for the snatch and the first study examine
the overhead snatch from start to finish with
maximum loading, revealing information that may not
be seen from the naked eye of an experienced coach.
The results of this study could showed the barbell
trajectories of weightlifters, and kinametic variables
with two-dimensional analysis. Therefore, the purpose
of this study were to 1) Describe the snatch technique
in term of kinematics parameters, and 2) Describe the
barbell trajectory of maximum lifting. It was
hypothesized that there are no differences between 6
youth women weightlifters in term of the movement
pattern of lifting and the barbell trajectory of lifting in
the snatch.
II.MATERIAL AND METHOD
Kinematics data were recorded by a 50 Hz digital
video camera. The camera was position 5 m. from the
center of the platform and mounted on steel posts and
secured at a height of 0.95 meters from the floor to
cover a full body view of the tallest subject. Peak 5.
2D Motion Analysis software were used to analyze
the snatch lift. Kinematic variables including, barbell
trajectory, barbell vertical, and barbell horizontal
displacement, barbell peak height, barbell velocity,
and barbell acceleration were then obtained.
Subjects
Six Thai Youth Weightlifters from National
Weightlifting Team whom complete weightlifting
during the Youth Olympic Games 2010, Singapore.
They were healthy, and did not have any disorders
affecting the lifter before taking part in this study. The
performance of the athletes competing in 69-kg class
and 48-kg class and the average age 15.8±0.25 years
old and average height 161.0±0.3cm. the snatch
attempts only once performance with the maximum
lifting.
III.RESULT & DISCUSSION
The results showed that the average barbell peak
height was 1.29±0.1m, vertical barbell displacement
was 0.144±0.03m, horizontal barbell displacement
was 0.180±0.28 m, maximum vertical barbell velocity
was 2.37±0.26 m/s at 25±4 time % of total snatch, and
maximum vertical barbell acceleration was
17.18±4.34m/s² at 27±6% of total snatch.
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Subject CHI who is the tallest had the maximum peak
vertical velocity at 2.84 m/s during 31% of total
snatch and the maximum peak vertical acceleration at
23.59 m/sec² during 29% of total snatch. The results
showed the athletes who are taller tend to move the
body and barbell greater distances and tend to move
the barbell at higher speed. This result was similar to
Drechster (1998) (Table 1).
velocity. On the other hand, a smooth and fast
transition results in a smaller decrement in velocity.
Table1. Body weight, Barbell Peak Height, Vertical
and Horizontal Barbell Displacement, Barbell Peak
Velocity, and Velocity & Acceleration Time Total
Snatch of the Snatch at maximum loading.
Subject
Body
Weight
(kg)
Barbell
Peak
Height
(cm)
Vertical
Barbell
Displacement
(cm)
Horizontal
Barbell
Displacement
(cm)
CHI
117.00
1.60
0.174
0.071
49.53
1.24
0.154
0.120
58.40
1.34
0.152
0.0492
SI
49.55
1.14
0.148
0.063
SUP
50.25
1.26
0.075
0.031
SOP
42.85
1.16
0.161
0.746
Subject
Body
Weight
(kg)
Barbell
Peak
Velocity
(m/s)
Velocity
TimeTotal
snatch (%)
Acceleration
Time Total
snatch %)
CHI
117.00
2.84
31
29
49.53
2.14
23
21
RAT
58.40
2.34
24
23
SI
49.55
2.17
21
31
SUP
50.25
2.44
28
36
SOP
42.85
2.28
23
22
SHO
RAT
SHO
The vertical velocity of the barbell, particularly peak
velocity is an important component for successful
lifting as it is a main factor that contributes to peak
bar height. This component has been observed for
many years. Ono et al (1969) recognized that
excellent lifters pull up the barbell at a higher speed
toward the knee level (first pull), but a lower speed
above the knee level (Ono et al, 1969). However, the
results in this study showed that the maximum vertical
velocity among 6 weightlifters occurred during the
pull above the knee area (2ndpull). Garhammer (1985)
concluded that the barbell velocity of five gold
medallists in weightlifting at the 1984 Olympic
Games decelerated at the end of the first pull, due to
rebending the knees and shifting of the torso to a more
vertical position after the first pull and prior to the
second pull. During this transition the vertical force
on the barbell decreases, resulting in decreased barbell
224
Fig 1. Barbell Trajectory of the Snatch at maximum
loading (112 kg) of Subject CHI
Fig 2. Barbell Velocity of the Snatch of CHI at
maximum loading (112 kg). Peak Velocity = 2.84
m/s at Time Percent Snatch = 31%
Fig 3. Barbell Acceleration of CHI at maximum
loading (112 kg). Peak Acceleration = 23.59 m/s*s at
Time Percent Snatch = 29%
Fig 8. Barbell Acceleration of SOP at maximum
loading
Fig 4. Barbell Acceleration of SHO at maximum
loading
Fig 5. Barbell Acceleration of RAT at maximum
loading
From Figure 3-8 Acceleration of the barbell can
provide interesting information for study and
evaluation, such as the timing and direction of the
applied force. Figure 8 showed that Subject SOP at
the second peak of the vertical acceleration was a little
higher value than the first peak. From the study of
Isaka et al (1996), there were three peaks in the
vertical acceleration that corresponded to the three
phases of the pull movement (first pull, transition, and
second pull). He concluded that the second peak of
the vertical acceleration curve should have a higher
value than the first peak. Garhammer (1985) showed
that the barbell acceleration dropped just after the
plates left the floor but then increased steadily to a
maximum value just as hip torque began to decrease.
Perfection of lifting technique is commonly included
in the daily routine of Olympic weightlifters.
Although a major part of the training consists of
submaximal loads, the lifts are also performed with
maximum loads or near maximum loads (Hakkinen,
1988). It is important to investigate any alterations in
the biomechanics of the snatch technique when loads
are increased, and whether or not those changes might
differ among female weightlifters of different skill
levels.
REFERENCES
1.
Fig 6. Barbell Acceleration of SI at maximum
loading
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fig 7. Barbell Acceleration of SUP at maximum
loading
7.
8.
9.
10.
Drechsler, Arthur. J. (1998). The Weightlifting
Encyclopedia a Guide to World Class Performance A is A
Communication, Flushing, NY.
Garhammer, J. (1985). Biomechanical profiles of Olympic
weightlifters. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics,
1, 122-130.
Garret, W.E. and Kirkendall, D.T. (2000). Exercise and
Sport Science, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
Philadelphia, 585-613.
Hakkinen, K. (1988). A biomechanical analysis of various
combinations of the snatchpull exercise. Journal of Human
Movement Studies, 15, 229-243.
Isaka, T., Okada, J. and Funato, K. (1996). Kinematic
analysis of the barbell during the snatch movement in elite
Asian weightlifters. J. Applied Biomechanics, 12, 508-516.
Ono, M., Kubota, M., & Kato, K. (1969). The analysis of
weight-lifting movement at three kinds of events for weightlifting participants of the Tokyo Olympic Games. J Sports
Med Phys Fitness, Dec; 9(4):263-81.
Safrushahar, Y., Norhaslinda, H., and B. Wilson. (2002).
Biomechanical analysis of the snatch during weightlifting
competition, Caceres, Extermadura, Spain.
http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/disciplinesuk.a
sp?DiscCode=WL
http://www.athens.olympic.org/en/WeightliftingHistory
http://www.motionprosoftware.com
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 Fig 9. Barbell Trajectories of the Snatch at maximum loading of 6 Thai Youth Weightlifters
226
Chen W. H.
Tamkang University/Office Of Physical Education, Tamsui, Taiwan
Abstract – Purpose： The purpose of this study is to
present information whether asymmetry of the
strength of leg musculature is more prominent for
Taiwan female rowing athletes. Method：Seven
female college athletes (age＝20.7 ± 1.0 years, mean
height＝166.1 ± 1.8 cm, mean weight＝58.3 ± 4.2
kg) performed the Cybex 6000 testing at three test
speeds, comparisons were performed using a oneway analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc
validation. Results：(1) Around each leg extensor
and flexor than in terms of torque parameters, the
angle parameters and time parameters, there was no
significant difference compared with the different
angular velocity; (2) In the unilateral leg extensor
peak torque significantly greater than flexor, but
angle parameters and time parameters, there was no
significant difference compared with the different
angular velocity. Conclusion：Based on the longterm training, the peak torque of the extensors of
Taiwan rowers is larger than that of the flexors, and
the states of two legs is balanced. However, the ratio
of extensors/ flexors is not good enough, which leads
to the risk of LBP easily. Also, the characteristics of
high speed strength are not obvious, and the time of
the force cannot be prolonged, which means that
Taiwan rowers do not have enough training in the
speed strength.
Keywords：isokinetic,
asymmetry
female,
rowing,
II. METHODS
2.1 Subject
Seven female college athletes (age＝20.7 ± 1.0 years,
mean height＝166.1 ± 1.8 cm, mean weight＝58.3 ±
4.2 kg) with no known knee pathologies gave
informed consent prior to participation.
2.2 Dynamometer set up
Subject were seated with their back fully
supported in 110。of knee flexion. Velcro straps were
placed across the hips, with the lower tibia strapped
into the pad on the arm of a Cybex 6000 isokinetic
dynamometer (Cybex division of Lumex, inc.,
Ronkoma, NY)(Figure 1).
Table 1 The range of motion in different leg
ROM
60．/s
right
left
109.00 ±
11.72
109.57 ±
8.46
knee,
I. INTRODUCTION
Rowing involves almost all muscles (Secher,
2000) and rowing performance is related to the size
of the leg muscles (Yoshiga et al., 2002). Female
athletes are in general lighter than their male
counterparts (Jensen et al., 2001), and it was
hypothesized that rowing performance of females is
influenced by their small body size.
During rowing, the activated muscle mass is
larger than during leg exercise, since rowing engages
both the upper and the lower body musculature
(Secher, 2000). But the repetitive cyclic action of
rowing may predispose the rower to low back injury.
Few studies have investigated the relationship
between imbalance in muscle strength and the
occurrence of injuries. Kramer et al. (1991)
identified asymmetry in the isokinetic strength of the
quadriceps muscle group in oarsmen. Parkin et al.
(2001) use EMG of rowers to study find patterns of
asymmetry of muscle activity were observed between
the left and right erector spinae muscles during
extension, which was significantly related to rowing
side.
Therefore, identifying optimal doses of the
training variables allows for maximal gains in
muscular strength to be elicited per unit of time and
also for the reduction in risk of overtraining and/or
overuse injuries. The purpose of this short
communication is to present information whether
asymmetry of the strength of leg musculature is more
prominent for Taiwan female rowing athletes.
120．/s
111.14 ±
8.36
110.86 ±
10.68
180．/s
109.29 ±
7.14
116.43 ±
8.10
(unit: degree)
2.3 Test protocol
Subject performed five continuous repetitions at
60°/s, 120°/s and 180°/s.
After a warm-up session
involving submaximal exercise, the Cybex testing
was done at three test speeds 60°, 120° and 180° per
second, the participants assumed a seated position
with back supported. The hips, knees and ankles
were flexed 90° with the arms resting on a bar. The
participants were instructed to press as hard as they
could in a horizontal direction against the plate, with
the movement continuing until both legs were fully
extended. (Fig. 2)
2.4 Data analysis
Peak torque was determined for the knee extensors
and flexors at each test velocity. Peak torque was
identified as the highest torque value among the
sampled repetitions. Data are reported as mean
(standard deviation) with range. SPSS was used for
all statistical calculations (Version 10.0 for
Windows, SPSS, Chicago, IL). Comparisons were
performed using a one-way analysis of variance with
Tukey’s post hoc validation. All tests were two-sided
and the chosen level of significance was p <.05.
For example, maximum knee extension torque
usually occurs at about 60。of knee flexion (taking
full knee extension as being 0。). In this study, the
extensor and flexor muscle joint angle at peak torque
in different leg were similar to 60 degrees, suggested
that future training will enhance the players to
implement greatest strength at a specific degree, so
that the leg force achieve the greatest benefit.
4.3 Analysis of time parameter
Fig1. Cybex 6000
isokinetic dynamometer
Fig. 2 Testing seated
position
III. RESULTS
Following is a schematic representation of the
torque and angle curves of the performance of the
quadriceps and hamstrings, based on the torque, jointangle, and time data obtained at the test speed of
60,120,180 degrees per second.
3.1 Torque data
Table 2 displays the peak torque data of the
extensors and flexors of the two legs in different
speed.
3.2 Joint-angle data
Table 3 points outs that under any angular
velocities, the peak torques of both legs appear in
similar degrees, but in the same speed, the joint angle
at peak torque of extensor were large than flexor.
3.3 Time data
Table 4 represents the time from the start of
muscular contraction to the point of the highest
torque development.
The peak torque of the extensors and flexors of
both legs appears simultaneously, and the time
becomes quicker as the angular velocity increases.
According to the result of this study, the degree of the
knee joint at the peak torque and the time reaching the
peak torque decline as the speed increases. That is,
during the concentric contraction of the extensors, the
peak torque appears earlier as the speed increases. As
for the flexors, the speed only influences the time to
the peak torque. It is well recognised that the rate of
force development is related to the contractile speed
of muscle, which is highly dependent upon the degree
of motor unit activation (Asai and Aoki, 1996).
V. CONCLUSION
The explosive force of the lower extremity is the
immediate power of rowing. The extremities and the
trunk function as the support. The study shows that
based on the long-term training, the peak torque of
the extensors of Taiwan rowers is larger than that of
the flexors, and the states of two legs is balanced.
However, the ratio of extensors/ flexors is not good
enough, which leads to the risk of LBP easily. In
addition, the muscular endurance has to be
strengthened in the final stage of the competition.
REFERENCE
1.
IV. DISCUSSION
4.1 Analysis of peak torque parameter
According to a ten-year investigation on the sports
injuries of excellent rowing athletes done by Hickey,
Fricker & McDonald (1997), injuries to the spine
account for 15–25% of all reported injuries in rowing,
making it the most frequently injured region, the
injuries of back and knee are the most frequent ones
(Hosea at al., 1989), and the incidence of Low Back
Pain (LBP) is as high as 82.2% (Howell, 1984). Other
suggested predisposing factors for back injury
include: a low hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio
(Koutedakis, Frischknecht et al. 1997); strength
asymmetries in the left and right erector spinae
muscles during extension (Parkin, Nowicky et al.
2001). As a result, strengthening the ratio of extensor/
flexor of the knee joint may efficiently prevent the
rowers from LBP.
4.2 Analysis of joint-angle parameter
In an intact human, the angle at which the
maximum torque is generated about a joint is
probably a function of both the length-tension
relationship and the muscle’s mechanical advantage.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Asai, H. and Aoki, J. (1996). Force development of dynamic
and static contractions in children and adults. International
Journal of Sports Medicine, 17,170–174.
Hickey, G. J., Fricker, P. A. ＆ McDonald, W. A. (1997).
Injuries to elite rowers over a 10-yr period. Medicine and
Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(12), 1567-1572.
Hosea, T. M., Boland, A. L., McCarthy, K. ＆ Kennedy, T.
(1989). Rowing injuries. Postgraduate Advance Sports
Medicine, 3(9), 1-16.
Howell, D. W.（1984）. Musculoskeletal profile and
indicence of musculoskeletal injuries in light weight common
rowers. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 12(4), 278282.
Jensen, K., Johansen, L., Secher, N. H. (2001). Influence of
body mass on maximal oxygen uptake: effect of sample size.
European journal of applied physiology, 84,201–205.
Parkin, S., Nowicky, A. V., Rutherford, O. M., McGregor, A.
H. (2001). Do oarsmen have asymmetries in the strength of
their back and leg muscles? Journal of Sports Sciences,
19(7),521-526.
Secher, N.H. (2000). Rowing. In Endurane in Sports (edited
by R.J. Shephard and P.-O. A˚ strand), pp. 836–843. Oxford:
Blackwell Science.
Yoshiga CC, Yashiro K, Higuchi M, Oka J. (2002). Rowing
prevents muscle wasting in older men. European journal of
applied physiology, 88,1–4.
Table 2 Extensor and flexor muscle peak torque in different leg and speed
60．/s
PT
120．/s
180．/s
p value
Post Hoc
right extensor (RE)
102 ± 21.43
84.14 ± 17.62
64.42 ± 17.86
.02
60 /s > 180．/s
left extensor (LE)
106 ± 26.91
80 ± 22.92
62.14 ± 15.61
.004
60．/s > 180．/s
right flexor (RF)
54.71 ± 21.73
41.71 ± 16.73
32.29 ± 13.39
.536
left flexor (LF)
52.14 ± 17.70
44.86 ± 17.99
27.00 ± 10.30
.358
p value
.000
.004
.019
Post Hoc
RE > RF; RE > LF;
LE > RF
RE > RF; RE > LF;
LE > RF
RE > LF; LE > LF;
p <.05
．
(unit: newton)
Table 3 Extensor and flexor muscle Joint Angle at Peak Torque in different leg
JA
60．/s
120．/s
180．/s
p value
right extensor (RE)
67.00 ± 5.54
59.00 ± 6.00
53.57 ± 6.02
.618
left extensor (LE)
67.00 ± 10.31
57.14 ± 10.27
56.43 ± 8.98
.879
right flexor (RF)
45.86 ± 12.75
34.71 ± 15.75
28.14 ± 12.52
.210
left flexor (LF)
41.29 ± 11.16
42.29 ± 19.16
25.00 ± 15.73
.322
p value
.007
.014
.002
Post Hoc
RE > LF; LE > LF
RE > RF; LE > RF
RE > RF; RE > LF
LE > RF; LE > LF
p <.05
(unit: degree)
Table 4 Extensor and flexor muscle Time to Peak Torque in different leg and speed
TPT
right extensor (RE)
left extensor (LE)
right flexor (RF)
left flexor (LF)
p value
p <.05
60．/s
0.4400 ± 0.1901
0.5257 ± 0.2405
120．/s
0.3586 ± 0.0564
0.2857 ± 0.1351
180．/s
0.2871 ± 0.0275
0.1957 ± 0.0830
p value
.872
.025
60．/s > 180．/s
0.5057 ± 0.2259
0.5743 ± 0.3574
0.4100 ± 0.0396
0.4071 ± 0.1830
0.2957 ± 0.0550
0.2071 ± 0.0907
.482
.007
60．/s > 180．/s
.943
1.000
.997
(unit: second)
Post Hoc
MUSCLE AND SKIN MICROVASCULAR FLOWS IN THE HUMAN LEG ARE
MODULATED BY LOWER BODY PRESSURE
Zhang, Q.1, Macias, B.R. 2, Neuschwander, T. 2 and Hargens, A.R. 2
1
Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
2
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, USA
Abstract- Lower body pressure (LBP) exposures are
widely used in environmental physiology and space
medicine.
Exposure to LBP alters vascular
transmural pressures and thus, may affect local
microcirculatory function. We hypothesized that
lower body negative pressure (LBNP) decreases
microvascular flow and that lower body positive
pressure (LBPP) increases microvascular flow in
supine human resting leg muscle and skin. LBP in
eight supine healthy subjects was changed using a
chamber sealed at the waist. Relative changes of
muscle and skin microvascular flows and muscle
oxygenation within the leg at rest were measured
using photoplethysmography and near-infrared
spectroscopy, respectively. Measurements were
continuously made during 1 min baseline at ambient
pressure and 5 min of LBP at each of the following
randomized pressures -40, -30, -20, -10, 10, 20, 30,
40 mmHg, each followed by 5 min of recovery.
Supine LBNP at 10, 20, 30, and 40 mmHg decreased
microvascular flows (p<0.05) and increased
microvascular blood volume (p<0.05). Muscle
oxygenation in tibialis anterior decreased at all levels
of LBNP (p<0.05). LBPP at 10, 20, 30, and 40
mmHg increased microvascular flows (p<0.05) and
decreased muscle microvascular blood volume
(p<0.05). Leg skin microvascular blood volume
decreased at 10 mmHg of LBPP (p<0.05) and
remained unchanged at all other levels of LBPP.
Muscle oxygenation remained unchanged at all levels
of LBPP. These results indicate that LBNP decreases
microvascular
flow
and
LBPP
increases
microvascular flow in the healthy human leg at rest in
a supine position.
Keywords- Microvascular responses to lower body
pressure, autoregulation, photoplethysmography,
near-infrared spectroscopy
I. INTRODUCTION
Lower body pressure (LBP) exposures are widely
used in environmental physiology and space
medicine.
Exposure to prolonged lower body
negative pressure (LBNP) is a countmeasure against
postflight orthostatic intolerance [1]. Separately,
treadmill exercise within LBNP is a desirable concept
because weight bearing as well as gravitational blood
pressures within the body are generated to simulate
various gravity environments [2]. Furthermore, the
application of LBNP induces autonomic and
hemodynamic responses that are similar to actual
hemorrhage and therefore may emerge as a useful
experimental tool to simulate hemorrhage in humans
[3]. Lower body positive pressure (LBPP) is used to
simulate the cardiovascular and renal effects of
weightlessness in humans [4]. The benefits of LBPP
are generally accepted for clinical treatment in
medical emergencies caused by massive bleeding to
maintain systemic blood pressure. Separately, the
LBPP exercise chamber is a novel devise with
potential for rehabilitation in patients after trauma,
orthopaedic surgery, and neurologic dysfunction [5].
Therefore, it is important to understand the
physiological response to LBP if we are to use LBP
as either a countermeasure or as a way to simulate
effects of weightlessness on earth.
Arteriolar vessels constrict in response to
increased vessel transmural pressure. Conversely,
these vessels dilate in response to a lower transmural
pressure.
These responses are referred to as
“myogenic” [6,7]. LBP alters vascular transmural
pressure and as a consequence, affects perfusion
pressure and blood volume in the lower body [8].
This change in perfusion pressure may influence the
local blood flow, blood volume and oxygenation in
the lower extremities at rest. Previous studies
document that 10 mmHg of LBNP decreases blood
flow in subcutaneous tissue and skeletal muscle in
the human calf [9] and muscle oxygenation in the calf
decreases in response to LBNP [10]. Nishiyasu and
associates [11] examined the effects of posture on
peripheral vascular responses to LBPP and found that
25 mmHg LBPP has no effect on leg blood flow in
supine subjects, but LBPP 50 mmHg elicited marked
declines. A decrease in thigh muscle oxygenation
during 25 and 50 mmHg of LBPP have been
observed [12]. However, little is known about how
LBP affects local microvascular flow and
microvascular blood volume in skin and skeletal
muscle tissue within the human leg at rest over a
wide range of LBP.
A
newly-developed
non-invasive
photoplethysmography (PPG) technique, using green
and near-infrared light sources, enables simultaneous
non-invasive monitoring of relative changes in skin
and muscle microvascular flow and volume. This
new method is validated in multiple studies and is a
reliable non-invasive measurement of altered local
muscle microvascular flow [13,14,15]. Near-infrared
spectroscopy
(NIRS)
enables
non-invasive
monitoring of the oxygenation of skeletal muscles
[16]. The purpose of the present study is to
investigate how microcirculatory blood flows and
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 muscle oxygenation of the human leg at rest respond
to a wide range of LBP levels by applying the PPG
technique and NIRS, respectively. Based on this
background, we hypothesize that LBNP decreases
microvascular flow and that LBPP increases
microvascular flow in supine human resting muscle
and skin. Altered muscle oxygenation respond to
LBP may reflect muscle microvascular flow changes.
II. METHODS
Subjects: Eight healthy subjects (4 men and 4
women) with a mean ± SD age of 27±7.8 yr
participated in this study. The study protocol was
approved by the Human Research Institutional
Review Board at the University of California, San
Diego. Each subject provided written informed
consent before participating.
Microvascular flow and volume: A PPG instrument
and probe (Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Linköping
University,
Linköping,
Sweden)
continuously recorded relative changes in skin and
muscle
microvascular
flows
and volumes
[13,14,17,18]. PPG light from a light emitting diode
(LED) was directed toward the skin. The light was
absorbed, scattered and reflected in the tissue and the
blood. A small amount of the reflected light was
detected by a photodetector. Altered blood flow and
blood volume in the underlying tissue were related to
variations in the photodetector signal [19,20]. The
PPG signal combined AC and DC components. The
PPGAC component synchronized with heart rate and
depended on the pulsatile pressure as well as the
pulsatile blood flow, pulsatile blood volume and the
number of blood vessels in action for blood supply in
a complex manner [18,21,22]. An increase in
amplitude of the PPGAC signal indicated increased
microvascular blood flow. The PPGDC component of
the signal reflected altered total blood volume within
the underlying tissue [19].
A PPG probe (ten by five centimeters) was placed
on skin centrally over the anterior tibial muscle of the
left leg with an elastic bandage wrapped loosely
around the leg to block ambient light. The bandage
did not compress the leg or probe significantly. The
probe consisted of three photodetectors and eight
light sources (light emitting diodes, LEDs). Six LEDs
emitted light of a wavelength of 560 nanometers
(green light) and two LEDs (placed in a special
pattern and embedded in black-colored silicone
rubber) emitted light in the near-infrared region of
810 nanometer.
Placing the green LED 3.5 mm from the
photodetector allowed for superficial penetration of
light to monitor microvascular flow of the skin.
Whereas, a long distance (20 mm) between the nearinfrared LED and a photodetector enabled deep
penetration of light to measure muscle microvascular
flow. The PPG instrument penetrates the near-
231
infrared light down to at least a vascular depth of
13.0 mm from the skin surface [13]. The distance
between the skin surface and muscle fascia averaged
5.4 mm (range 2.2-13.8) at the middle of the anterior
tibial muscle in 43 subjects as measured by
ultrasound [13].
The signals passed through an amplifier and were
high-pass filtered at 0.1 Hz and low-pass filtered at
28 Hz. The output of the PPG (in volts) was A/D
converted (DAQCard-700, National Instruments,
Stockholm, Sweden) and recorded at a sampling
frequency of 60 Hz using a LabWindows program. A
computer program was used to detect the peak-topeak values of amplitude of the PPGAC signals, and
provided a mean value of the peak to peak amplitudes
of the selected recording period. For the PPGDC
signals, mean values were calculated during the same
time interval. The device was calibrated for each
subject at rest before each test.
Muscle
oxygenation:
Relative
changes
in
intramuscular oxygenation were measured noninvasively by continuous dual wavelength nearinfrared spectroscopy (RunMan; NIM, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania). The principle of near- infrared
spectroscopy (NIRS) was previously validated [16].
In brief, this device measured the reflection of light
transmitted at wavelengths of 760 and 850
nanometers. The difference between the amount of
light reflected at these two wavelengths indicated a
change in the concentration of oxygenated
hemoglobin and myoglobin. The device was
calibrated for each subject at rest before the
measurements. The RunMan near-infrared probe (ten
by four centimeters) was placed on the skin surface
centrally over the anterior tibial muscle of the right
leg with an elastic bandage wrapped loosely around
the leg to block ambient light. Both PPG and NIRS
are optic techniques that utilize near-infrared light.
However, the signal processing of the two techniques
are different.
Blood pressure and heart rate: Arterial blood
pressure and heart rate were measured on the left arm
once per minute throughout the experimental
protocol by using an automatic blood pressure
monitor (Criticare Systems, Inc, Waukesha,
Wisconsin).
Lower body positive and negative pressure chamber:
Subjects were positioned supine in a chamber with
attached precision pressure gauge and vacuum or
pressure source. The chamber was sealed at the iliac
crest with a neoprene-nylon seal. Cables for PPG and
NIRS probes passed between the subject and waist
seal to recording systems outside the chamber.
Pressure was regulated by manually controlled valves
that adjusted the pressure level in the chamber to
within 1 mm Hg. The chamber pressures applied
Journal of Sports Science and Technology Volume 10 No 2S, 2010 were -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 mmHg and
the pressures were randomized.
Experimental protocol: All experiments were carried
out with the subject supine in the LBP chamber. Skin
and muscle microvascular flows and volumes, muscle
oxygenation, heart rate and arterial blood pressure
were recorded continuously. Our measurement
protocol was as follows, 1 min baseline at ambient
pressure and 5 min of LBP at each of the randomized
pressures，followed by 5 min of recovery. Chamber
and room temperatures were kept constant at 22-24˚
C.
Data Analyses: Data are expressed as mean and
standard deviations. For each subject, microvascular
flows and volumes determined at initial rest (60s)
before exposure to LBP are normalized to 100% as
baseline values. The microvascular flows and
volumes recorded during each minute of LBP are
presented as a relative change from its baseline value.
Muscle oxygenation recorded at initial rest (60s)
before exposure to LBP is normalized to zero (mV)
as baseline value. The muscle oxygenation recorded
during the last minute of LBP is presented as a
relative change from its baseline value. It took about
three minutes for the NIRS signal to equilibrate
during LBP exposure. Therefore, muscle oxygenation
data were taken during the last minute of LBP.
Wilcoxon
signed-rank,
non-parametric
tests
compared differences between paired observations.
Level of significance was set at p < 0.05.
III. RESULTS
Microvascular blood flow: Figure 1 shows changes
of microvascular flows during 1 min baseline at
ambient pressure and 5 min exposure to supine LBP
at each level, each followed by 5 min of recovery in
eight subjects. LBNP (-10, -20, -30, and -40 mmHg)
decreased microvascular flows in skin and anterior
tibial muscle significantly (p< 0.05). Decreased flow
was noted shortly after onset of LBNP and remained
stable for the duration of LBNP. During recovery,
microvascular flows returned to their control baseline
values. LBPP (10, 20, 30, and 40 mmHg) increased
microvascular flows in skin and anterior tibial muscle
significantly
(p<
0.05).
During
recovery,
microvascular flows returned to their control baseline
values except at LBPP of 40 mm Hg. Mean values of
microvascular flows during a total of 5 min of LBP at
each level are summarized in Table 1.
Microvascular blood volume: Changes of
microvascular volumes during 1 min baseline at
ambient pressure and 5 min exposure to supine LBP
at each level, followed by 5 min of recovery in eight
subjects is show in Figure 2. During LBNP (-10, -20,
-30, and -40 mmHg), microvascular blood volumes in
both skin and muscle increased significantly (p<
0.05). Following LBP exposure, blood volume
232
returned rapidly to baseline. LBPP (10, 20, 30, and
40 mmHg) decreased

J Sports Sci Technol Vol 10 No 2S

Transcription

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