Sustainable Waste Management in Palm Oil Mills

Sustainable Waste Management in Palm Oil Mills
Tjandra Se*adi 1) and Udin Hasanudin 2) 1) Centre for Environmental Studies Centre of Resource Efficient and Cleaner Produc*on Indonesia Ins*tut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia tjandra@che.itb.ac.id 2) Department of Agro-­‐industrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro No. 1, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia Country Profile - Indonesia
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Area : 1,904,000 km2 Popula*on : 246.9 millions (2012) Growth rate : 5.6 % (2013) GDP per capita : USD 3,420 (2012) (source: h\p://data.worldbank.org/country/indonesia) MALDIVES INDONESIA h\p://
www.geographicguide.net/
globes/pacific-­‐islands.htm 3 Palm Oil In Indonesia •  Largest Crude Palm Oil (CPO) producer
in the world since 2006
•  45.5 % of the world’s CPO are from
Indonesia
Indonesia Produc*on Indonesia Exports Source: h\p://ers.usda.gov/ Mass Balances for 40 ton FFB/hour 9.7 ton/hr FFB
WATER
Diesel oil
0.075 kL/hr
40 ton/hr
9.4 ton/hr
1.7 ton/hr 60 ton/hr
720 kWh/hr
Electricity
FUEL
PALM
OIL MILL
9.4 1.7ton/hr ton/hr
4.8 ton/hr
2.8 ton/hr
Steam
24 ton/hr
24 ton/hr
Palm oil
EFB
Kernel WASTE Kernel
EFB Fiber
85%
55%
Shell
POME
5.6 ton/hr
FFB – Fresh Fruit Bunches; POME – Palm Oil Mill Effluents; EFB – Empty Fruit Bunches Waste from Palm Oil Ac9vi9es Plantation
FFB
POM
Oil palm trunk
Oil palm
frond
EFB
Waste
POME
root
Palm kernel shell
Biomass waste
FFB-Fresh Fruit Bunches
POM – Palm Oil Mill
EFB – Empty Fruit Bunches
Current Prac9ces in Indonesia POM BIOMASS UTILIZATION IN PALM OIL MILL FFB
Open Anaerobic Ponds The anaerobic ponds emit a huge amount of the strong greenhouse gas, i.e. methane and the effluent of the ponds contains nutrients responsible for pollu*on of surface and ground water Land Applica9on for Palm Oil Mill Effluents •  POME, either in fresh or treated form, contains a high level of plant nutrient. When the BOD level is brought down to below 5,000 mg/l, the treated POME is allowed to u9lize for land applica9on in oil palm planta9ons. Studies by various groups have demonstrated that such an applica*on has been beneficial to oil palm, besides the saving on fer*lizer cost extensively. •  However, controlling the ground and surface water pollu9on is the key factor for successful of the land applica*on. SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Possible Options
EFB à incineration àmulch or
fertilizer
Biogas from POME à existing
energy system or for electricity
generation
EFB à co-composting with POME
Dewatered EFB à heat and/or
electricity or organic diesel
The recovered remnant oil à
supplement for CPO production or
used to produce bio-diesel
Palm
Plantation
Crude Palm
Fresh Fruit
Oil
Bunches
Extraction
Empty
Oil Palm Oil Palm
Root
Fruit
Frond
Trunk
Bunches
Crude Palm
Oil
Excess
Remnant
Palm Kernel Oil from
Shells
EFB
Refining
Process
Liquid Waste
Palm Oil
Mill Effluent
Electricity Genera9on from POME The benefit of methane capture from POME and their impact to reduce global and local environmental burden The poten9al of electricity produc9on and CO2e emission reduc9on from POME at palm oil mill with capacity 45 tons of FFB/hour Integrated Solu9on for zero-­‐waste effluent and palm oil solid waste Remarks:
1. Thesser
2. Bunch Crusher
3. Mini Thresser
4. Bunch Shredder
5. Hopper
6. Transport from mill
7. Heap making
8. Mixing
9. Spraying heap using POME
10. Maturation
EFB-­‐POME compost produc9on EFB-­‐POME co-­‐compos9ng plant shown that about 13.06% of POME s9ll remain and need to be treated or u9lized for land applica9on Palm Oil Industries as an Eco-­‐Industrial Cluster Case Study: Riau Siak Hulu Cluster Source: IGES Report, 2008 POTENTIAL SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL IN SIAK HULU (IGES Study, 2008) Palm Oil Mill
No
FFB, ton/year
1
Indo Sawit
210,000
2
Sinar Agro
150,000
3
Multi Palma Sejahtera
150,000
4
Sinar Siak Dian Permai
250,000
5
Sei Pagar PTPN V
150,000
6
Meridan Sejati Surya
150,000
Total
CPO
Solid waste
EFB
PKS
MF
Liquid waste
POME
: 336,600 ton/year
: 351,900 ton/year
: 91,800 ton/year
: 198,900 ton/year
: 918,000 ton/year
1,530,000
The Possible Eco-­‐Industrial Cluster PLANTATION
CPO & DERIVATIVES POM
Power
generation
LOCAL DEMAND & EXPORT Industrial & economic DEVELOPMENT Value added
products
Biomass
waste
UTILIZATION
OF WASTE
Conclusions •  The benefits of POME u*liza*on for biogas produc*on and compos*ng are the renewable energy produc*on, saved POME treatment cost in pond systems, total u*liza*on of the POME nutrients, reduced cost for EFB transport and u*liza*on, and higher FFB yields in the planta*on. With the process of mulch or compost produc*on from EFB in combina*on of POME, with or without biogas produc*on before, it is possible to realize a sustainable process in palm oil mills with zero waste. •  In palm industries cluster, significant amount of biomass waste generated and disposed leading to environment and local health issue. Introduc*on of new technologies, cluster management system, market orienta*on are essen*al for a successful transforma*on of these biomass waste West Hall INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG