A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF NIGER DELTA

A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF NIGER DELTA
DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION (NDDC) IN SOCIO - ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT: A CASE OF RIVERS STATE
BY
AKINTONDE OLUMIDE JUDE
PG/M.SC/09/53946
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE FOR
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF
SCIENCE (M.SC.) DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
MAY 2012
1
CERTIFICATION PAGE
This is to certify that this Research titled “a critical aprraisal of the role of Niger Delta
Development Comission (NDDC) in Socio- economic Development : a case of River
State” is my original work, carried out by me. This thesis has not been submitted to any
University or institution of higher learning for the award of any degree.
-----------------------------------Sign.
--------------Date
AKINTONDE O LUMIDE JUDE
PG/M.SC/09/53946
2
APPROVAL PAGE
This research work has been read and certified as the original work of Akintonde
Olumide Jude, with registration number PG/MSC/09/53946. This has met the
requirement of the Institute for Development Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu
Campus Enugu, for the award of Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree Development Studies.
-----------------------------------Dr. V.A Onodugo
Project Supervisor
--------------Date
-----------------------------------Mr. B.D Umoh
Acting Director
--------------Date
---------------------------External Examiner
--------------Date
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DEDICATION
This Thesis is dedicated to God Almighty who gave me the wisdom, knowledge,
understanding, encouragement and ability to carry out this study.
4
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
My appreciation goes to my project supervisor, Dr. V.A Onodugo, for his immense
constructive criticism, inspiring encouragement and useful suggestions in the course of
the study. My also gratitude goes to my Lectures, Institute for Development Studies,
University of Nigeria, Enugu.
I say thank you to Mr. and Mrs. Akintonde for their moral, financial and prayer supports.
I must not fail to acknowledge Mr. and Mrs Aghachi for their moral and spiritual support.
Gratitudes also goes to Joke Vivian David and to my siblings, Tobi Akintonde, Patrick
Akintonde, Damilola Akintonde, Praise Akintonde and Mr. and Mrs. Arowolo, for their
encouragement during the academic studies.
Thanks also go to friends; Ovie Blessed, Moses Johnson, Emmanuel Torvi, Valentine
Chukwumaobi, Yague James, Glory Edem, Comfort and well-wishers whose name may
not have been mentioned, I thank you all.
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ABSTRACT
Niger Delta Region has assumed considerable attention and importance both nationally
and internationally because of its socio-economic challenges and opportunities of rich
ecosystem and tremendous natural resources; especially petroleum and gas that abound
in the Region. On this ground, Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) was
established, and officially inaugurated in 2000 with the vision to “offer a lasting solution
to the socio-economic difficulties of the Niger Delta region, and Mission “to facilitate the
rapid even and sustainable development of the Region. To appreciate development, a
physical manifestation of infrastructure is required. It was discovered in the course of the
research that the impact of the projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development
Commission was not strongly felt by the inhabitants of Rivers State especially in the
areas of health, education, employment and skills development. A boost was given to the
commission in the areas of road and land reclamation; the overall score of the quality of
projects delivered by the commission was less than average. The outcome and impact fell
beyond expectation. On the recommendation, the Niger Delta Development commission
is to be prone to community driven development rather than commission driven; and
adherence to the Nigerian public procurement process of selecting contractors. The
Region requires lot more, in terms of basic infrastructure, economic policies and
programmes, and environmental management frameworks which sustain economic and
social development.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title page
i
……………………………………………………
Certification page
ii
……………………………………………………
Dedication
iii
……………………………………………………
Acknowledgment
iv
……………………………………………………
Abstract
v
……………………………………………………
Table of contents
vi
……………………………………………………
List of tables
ix
…………………………………………………....
List of figures
x
……………………………………………………..
List of acronyms
xi
……………………………………………………..
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
……………………………………………………..
1.1
Background to the study
1
1.2
Statement of the problems……………………………………………………..
2
1.3
Objectives of the study
3
1.4
Statement of the Hypotheses ……………………………………………………..
4
……………………………………………………..
7
1.5
Research Questions
5
……………………………………………………..
1.6
Significance of the study
5
……………………………………………………..
1.7
Scope and delimitation of the study………………………………………………
6
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.0
Introduction………………………………………………………………………
8
2.1
Stakeholder theory…………………………………………………………………
8
2.2
System Theory…………………………………………………………………….
15
2.3
Meaning of Development…………………………………………………………
17
2.4
Meaning of Underdevelopment…………………………………………………….
19
2.5
Economic Development and Economic Growth……………………………………
19
2.6
Development
explained…………………………………………………….19
2.7
Development
efforts
……………………………………………………..28
in
Indices
Nigeria-
2.8
Causes of Underdevelopment………………………………………………….….
37
2.9
Study
40
2.10
Development Efforts in Niger Delta Region……………………………………….
42
Area………………………………..………………………………………
8
2.11
The Niger delta Development Commission………………………………………
44
2.12
The Place of Partners for Sustainable Development Forum……………………..
59
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.0
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………
62
3.1
Research design…………………………………………………… ……………..
62
3.2
Sources of data…………………………………………………………………….
62
3.3
Population of the study ……………………………………………………………
63
3.4
Sample size and sampling technique……………………………………………….
63
3.5
3.6
Data Collection Instrument s and Method of
Distribution…………………………..63
Method of Data Analysis…………………………………………………………..
64
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTAION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………
66
4.2 Sex………………………………………………………………………………….
67
4.3 Age Distribution…………………………………………………………………….
68
9
4.4 Marital Status…………………………………………………………………………
69
4.5 Educational Background………………………………………………………….
70
4.6 Awareness of the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission…………..
71
4.7 People‟s agitation after the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission…
72
4.8 Project Implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission ……………….
73-47
4.9 Rating of project implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission ……
76
4.10 Implemented Projects and People‟s Demand………………………………………
78
4.11 Grading of Niger Delta Development Commission Projects by Categorization……
79
4.12 Recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission……………………..
80
4.13Testing of Hypothesis………………………………………………………………...
82
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary of Findings……………………………………………………………….
85
5.2 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………
88
5.3 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………
88
5.4 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………
92
10
Appendix …………………………………………………………
11
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
Sex ……………………………………………………………………
67
4.2
Age group……………………………………………………………..
68
4.3
Marital Status……………………………………………………...….
69
4.4
Educational Background …………………………………………….
70
4.5
People‟s awareness about the existence of Niger Delta
Development
Commission…………………………….…………………….71
4.6
Level of people‟s agitation after the creation of Niger Delta
Development
Commission…………………………….…………………….72
4.7
People response to projects implemented by Niger Delta
Development Commission in communities…………………………….
….73
4.8
Categorization of projects implemented by Niger Delta
Development
Commission…………………………….…………………….74
4.9
People‟s rating of projects implemented by Niger Delta Development
Commission………………………………………………………………..
76
4.10 Implemented projects meeting peoples demand……………………………
78
4.12 People‟s prioritization of Niger Delta Development Commission
Improvement by projects categorization…………………………...............
79
4.13 Recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission for
future projects…………………………………………………………
80
4.1
12
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
Sex ……………………………………………………………………
67
4.2
Age group……………………………………………………………..
68
4.3
Marital Status……………………………………………………...….
69
4.4
Educational Background …………………………………………….
70
4.5
People‟s awareness about the existence of Niger Delta
Development
Commission…………………………….…………………….71
4.6
Level of people‟s agitation after the creation of Niger Delta
Development
Commission…………………………….…………………….72
4.7
People response to projects implemented by Niger Delta
Development Commission in communities…………………………….
….73
4.8
Categorization of projects implemented by Niger Delta
Development
Commission…………………………….…………………….74
4.9
People‟s rating of projects implemented by Niger Delta Development
Commission………………………………………………………………..
76
4.10 Implemented projects meeting peoples demand……………………………
78
4.12 People‟s prioritization of Niger Delta Development Commission
Improvement by projects categorization…………………………...............
79
4.13 Recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission for
future projects…………………………………………………………
80
4.1
13
LIST OF ACRONYMS
GDP
GNP
GNI
HDI
HDR
MDGs
MEND
NDDB
NDDC
NDR
NDRDMP
NEEDS
NGO
OMPADEC
OPEC
UNDP
Gross Domestic Product
Gross National Product
Gross National Income
Human Development Index
Human Development Report
Millennium Development Goals
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
Niger Delta Development Board
Niger Delta Development Commission
Niger Delta Region
Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan
National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy
Non-Governmental Organization
Oil Minerals Producing Areas Development Commission
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
United Nations Development Programme
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The paradox of poor development, squalor and abject poverty of the Niger Delta region
against the background of its being the main source of the country‟s wealth makes it a
political landmine for the new Nigerian democracy.
Widespread indignation and
unprecedented restiveness have in recent past become the main landmarks of the region.
They have contributed to unprecedented tension between the local communities and oil
companies on the one hand, and with the state and Federal Government on the other. The
result has been a general deterioration of both political and social development in the
region. This state of affairs has led to the deep-rooted discontent of communities over
their level of severe underdevelopment.
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However, these minority communities of oil producing areas which received little or no
currency from the muti-billion dollar a year industry which lines in the pocket of foreign
multinational and corrupt government officials is
characterized by dilapidated
infrastructure, lack of good highways, environmental problems, conflict and unrest.
These problems brought about the demand for their emancipation.
The advent of the democratic governance under the leadership of President Olusegun
Obasanjo in May 1999 has a new mind-set in handling these situations. The concern to
approach the under-development situation of the region led to the establishment of the
Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) in December, 2000 with the vision to
“offer a lasting solution to the socio-economic difficulties of the region, and Mission “to
facilitate the rapid ever and sustainable development of the Niger Delta into a region that
is economically prosperous, socially stable, ecologically regenerative and politically
peaceful” (the NDRDMP: 103). One of the statements made by the Mr. President at the
inaugural session of the commission (NDDC) in 2001 was that, “since the inception of
our administration in 1999, we have consistently acknowledged the critical essence of the
Niger Delta region to the economic well being of Nigeria, and committedly striven to
redress the visible underdevelopment and neglect of the past in the region. (the
NDRDMP:34).
This study seeks to evaluate the activities of the Niger Delta Development Commission
(NDDC). Rivers State being one of the nine (9) states in the region is used as a case
study.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
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The problems of Niger Delta region has become a concern as the ethnic groups, most
notably the Ijaw and the Ogoni established organizations to confront the Nigerian
government and multinational oil companies in the region.. Their grievances are justified
by the extensive environmental degradation and pollution from oil activities that have
operated in the region since the 1950s.
However, these minority communities of oil producing areas have received little or no
currency from the muti-billion dollar a year industry which lines of the pocket of foreign
multinational and corrupt government officials, environmental remediation measures are
limited and negligible. The region is highly underdeveloped and is one poor even by
Nigerian‟s low standards for quality of life. These are some of the reasons that spurred
the Federal Government of Nigeria to action by creation an interventionist (NDDC) to
offer a last solution to the aforementioned problems and bring about sustainable
development in the region.
Inspite of these many questions have been raised over the years why an agency like
NDDC was created, among them are: what has been their impact? Will it be able to bring
Niger Delta Region to a reasonable destination, what was wrong with the other agencies
of development in the region like the Niger Delta Development Board, The Presidential
Task Force, the Oil Producing Areas Development Commission (OMPADEC) etc? It is
in response of these questions that this study derives its relevance. In particular, it seeks
to evaluate how NDDC‟s activities have impacted on the socio-economic development of
the Region using Rivers State as a case study.
1.3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
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I.
To ascertain the circumstances that led to the formation of the Niger Delta
Development Commission.
II.
To highlight the achievements of the Commission (NDDC) over the past five
years .
III.
To make a critical assessments of the stated achievements viz-a-viz its
statutory mandates.
IV.
To identify the challenges faced by the commission in the discharge of its
duties over the years. And
V.
1.4
Make necessary suggestions of viable solutions on identified challenges.
STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESES
The hypotheses drawn are intelligent guesses that will help realize the objectives of the
research. They are stated as follows:
1.
H1
Niger Delta Development Commission‟s formation has reduced agitations
from the people of Niger Delta.
Ho
The formulation of Niger Delta Development Commission has not
reduced agitation by the people of Niger Delta
2.
H1
Corruption and influence from power brokers is a major challenge of
Niger Delta Development Commission towards the attainment of it
objectives.
Ho
Corruption and influence from power brokers is not a challenge towards
17
the attainment of Niger Delta Development Commission‟s objectives.
3.
H1
Niger Delta Development Commission‟s commitments have led to high
rate of employment in Niger Delta.
Ho
The commitments of Niger Delta Development Commission do not have any
influence on the rate of employment in Rivers State
4.
H1
Water projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission
have reduced water related problems in Rivers State.
Ho
Water projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission has
no effect on water related problems
5.
H1
Electricity projects implemented by Niger Delta Development
Commission have increased power generation in Rivers State.
Ho
Electricity
projects
implemented
by
Niger
Delta
Development
Commission do not have any effect on power generation in Rivers State
1.5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions were developed by the researcher as an off shot of the
objectives of this study for the purpose of data collection on the thesis:
I.
II.
III.
What let to the formation of the Niger Delta Development commission?
What are the achievements of the Niger Delta Development commission?
Are the projects implemented goals oriented?
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IV.
V.
Has NDDC able to achieve its mandate?
What are the challenges facing development in the region?
VI.
What are the way forward to the challenges faced by NDDC?
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The problems of the region have become a global concern as the ethnic groups, most
notably the Ijaw and the Ogoni established organizations to confront the Nigerian
government and multinational oil companies in the region. Their grievances are justified
by the extensive environmental degradation, dilapidated infrastructures, and pollution
from oil activities that have operated in the region since the 1950s. However, these
minority communities of oil producing areas have received little or no currency from the
muti-billion dollar a year industry which lines of the pocket of foreign multinational and
corrupt government officials.
It is the researcher‟s opinion and belief therefore, that the findings and recommendations
will:
1. Help private organizations, Community Based Organizations, Faith Based
Organizations, and multinational companies to in corporate social responsibility
decisions.
2. Assist the Niger Delta Development Commission in detecting deviation from
goals and mandate and areas of attention.
3. Influence public opinion, deepen awareness, elicit ownership and generate
support in development process
4. Findings and recommendations will assist future research and serve as reference
document.
19
5. The knowledge gained from the studies will provide critical input for appropriate
programmes and projects.
1.7
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research will consider two scopes: scope in terms of time and context. It terms of
time, the study will focus on the achievements within the last five years. (2005-2010).In
context the areas under focus will be some selected socio-economic development sectors
such as Health, Education, Transportation, Water and Electricity in Rivers State.
The study therefore, will not be interested in the financial assessments or appraisals as it
relate to the budgets that the commission receives or has spent on projects. The
justification for this is the bureaucratic process, and high confidentiality placed on
budgets and financial documents by institutions in Nigeria.
The researcher may encounter the problems stated below in the course of this study.
Some of these are:a. The reluctance of the commission and respondent to give information which
they regard as their secret and highly confidential.
b. Some of the data may not be readily available.
c. The time to carry out the study is quite short and insufficient.
d. There may be financial challenges in plunging into the selected area
understudied.
e. Some of the beneficiaries may have very busy schedules which would make
it impossible for the researchers to interview them. They may either be too
busy to be interviewed or not available.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0
Introduction
This chapter synthesized theories to generate a better understanding on the study. The
research adopted two theories: Stakeholder and the System theory. The stakeholder
theory underscores the importance of stakeholders in development while the system
theory creates a better understanding on the importance of a well coordinated system in
propelling development. Several literatures have been reviewed to support these.
2.1
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Stakeholder Theory
The NDRDMP defined stakeholders as such politicians, administrators, service providers,
investors and consumers, and passive/reactive stakeholders; who experience the
21
outcomes of the other‟ decisions or actions and benefit or suffer as a result. Other
definition has a narrower scope that is an individual or group who the organization is dependent
on for its continued survival i.e. suppliers, customers, funding agencies. Carroll (1996: 34)
suggests a stakeholder is “an individual, or group who can affect or is affected by the action,
decisions, policies, practices or goals of the organization.
Other literature points out another way to describe stakeholders. Lorca and Garcia-Diez
(2004:6) describe two kinds of stakeholders. Voluntary an involuntary. There are
voluntary stakeholders in a company e.g, shareholders, employees, customers and
suppliers, where the basic principle of stakeholder management is mutual benefit. These
stakeholders contribute directly to the operations of the company and expect to receive
benefits as a result. Involuntary stakeholders are those who may be negatively affected by
the decision. Hence the guiding principle has to be the reduction or avoidance of harm to
these stakeholders and/ or the creation of offsetting benefits.
The study used stakeholder theory as one of the underpinning construct to assist
searching the literature of stakeholder‟s role in socio-economic development. The
stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management and business ethics that
addresses morals and values in managing an organization. It was originally detailed by R.
Edward Freeman in the book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach.
It
identifies the groups which are stakeholders of a corporation, and both describes and
recommends methods by which management can give due regard to the interests of those
groups. Stakeholder management and stakeholder engagement are both highlighted in the
stakeholder theory literature as a key to effective decision making.
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Stakeholder theory categorizes stakeholder management in three ways; as descriptive,
instrumental and normative (Donaldoson & Preston 1995:1,6) Hasnas 2008: 115-123).
Firstly, descriptive stakeholder management identifies and describes the relationships that
the corporation or organization has with groups or persons with whom it interacts.
Secondly, instrumental stakeholder management describes the establishing of
connections between the practice of stakeholder management and the resulting
achievement of corporate performance goals. Thirdly, stakeholders‟ management that is
normative focuses on the moral basis for attending to stakeholder issues and emphasis the
intrinsic value to the organization when engaging with stakeholders (Donaldson &
Preston, 1995:65).
The normative stakeholder theory requires an organization to embrace a more ethical,
proactive and interactive approach to stakeholder management. Normative asserts that
“regardless of whether stakeholder management leads to improved financial performance,
managers should manage the business for the benefit of all stakeholders ( Hasanas, 2008:
115).Freeman (2007: 71) suggests that normative theory “assumes that businesses (and
public sector organizations) actually do and should create value for customers. Suppliers,
employees, communities and financiers (or shareholders).”
Stakeholder management emphasizes the importance for decision makers to understand
and consider the context by identifying their stakeholders. Golembiewski (2000: 65)
suggest the concept of stakeholder identifies criteria for specific individuals an/ or groups
as sub environments (in the organization‟s environment) with which the organization
must interact to be effective.
23
Stakeholder literature defines stakeholders as either ( e.g shareholders, stockholders,
stockholders, suppliers of materials, staff, customers, members of the public) who are
directs recipients of service, politician). Freeman (2007:41) describes stakeholders as
those who have a “stake” in the actions and identifies two definition for stakeholder
2.1.1 Stakeholders’ interest
President Olusegun Obasanjo (NDRDMP 2005: 9) highlighted his views when he
mentioned “I do hope that all stakeholders and our dependable development partners will
commit to engendering the required synergy to make an unqualified success of the
implementation of the Niger Delta Master Plan.
Regardless of whether the stakeholder is an individual, group or community, it is
important for the organization to understand the various interests and the impacts of their
decisions. Golembiewski (2000: 1) describes levels of stakeholders‟ interest as either a
casual interest or potential to be affected by the organization‟s actions, or an
ownership/governance interests, or a legal claim or a moral claim. Freeman (2007: 49)
points out that the interest of each stakeholder group is multifaceted and inherently
connected to each other and those stakeholders‟ interest are shared. It does not mean their
views are in agreement, but hat each stakeholder has vested interest in seeking a solution.
The NDRDMP 2005: 117, emphasized that undertaking the motivation and constraints of
people as stakeholders in therefore an essential part of good planning. Another
perspective on stakeholder interest is that of Marcoux (2000:124-133) who argues that
mangers - stakeholder relation are non fiduciary in character and that “ it is conceptually
impossible to place the interest of all stakeholders ahead of each other………… and
24
impossible to serve the interest of all simultaneously….. as there will always be
confliction views and interest.” However, Wolfe and Putler (2000:64) suggest identifying
what motivates stakeholders will help determine stakeholder group priorities and verify
to what degree there are common priorities.
2.1.2 Stakeholders’ Power and Influence
The contribution of sponk (SID 2001:93)
in the Development Magazine was that
progressive advocates of participatory process often aspire to reduce the increasing
concentration of power within representative democracies by empowering citizen within
the deliberative and implementational stages of policy determination and public service
provisioning.
Stakeholders power relates to the level of influence the stakeholder has during the
decision making process and the final decision. (Mitchell et al. (2007:166-178) describe
three characteristics which highlight the power and influence between decision makers
and stakeholders. The first characteristics revolve around whether the stakeholders are
claimants versus influencers. Claimants are deemed to have less power over decision
making than influencers. The second characteristics involves whether there are actual
versus potential relationships, that is actual power from current stakeholder which create
more pressure on decision makers than “potential” stakeholders and any associated
“potentials: relationships. The third characteristic centres on the conflicts and level of
power, dependence reciprocity in relationships and is crucial for decision makers to
understand. These characteristics highlight the importance of dominance reliance and
give and take between the stakeholder and the organization.
25
2.1.3 Stakeholders Engagement Process
Stakeholder engagement process can be described as a sub-process within the broader
strategic planning and decision making process and key to effective stakeholder
management. The levels of participation and relative access to power and influence of
various groups within the political system are critical to pattern of development. Political
system must be such as affords the various geo-political communities access to decision
making.
Development requires not only the diversification of the economic base by speeding up
the transition from subsistence agriculture to industrialization using all the resources at
our disposal but also the creation of an atmosphere of brotherhood and solidarity among
the people of the national community.
The OECD (2001) argues that engaging with citizens is a core element of good
governance and benefits include improving the quality of policy making and increasing
accountability and transparency. Gibson et al. (2006: 3, 15) emphasize the benefits for the
organization by describing stakeholder engagement as “the confluence of corporate self
definition and occasional re-definition, impression management and effective relationship
maintenance with important stakeholders.”
Du et al (2010:19) believes that corporations can reap multifaceted business returns from
Corporate Social Responsibility (CRS) and effective stakeholders‟ engagement.
Healy (1997:11) describes stakeholder engagement as an opportunity to share values and
build trust, knowledge and intellectual capital. Boother (1999:33) see it as a way to build
26
consensus, learning and shared meaning social learning and agreed shared meaning are
important factors in developing long term and more immediate decision across multiple
stakeholder groups.
Freeman and Reed (2007:55) highlight two approaches for managing stakeholder
engagement processes. The first describes a stakeholder strategy process which
systematically analyses the relative importance of stakeholder and cooperative potential.
The second involves a stakeholder audit which systematically identifies stakeholder and
assesses the effectives of current organizational strategies. The first approach looks at the
future potentials of stakeholder involvement. Whereas the latter approach identifies the
current state of the objectives, both techniques are highlighted in the strategic
management as importance to decision making.
Rein and Schons (1991: 25) describe another approach of stakeholder input as “the
interactions of individuals, interest groups, social movement, and institutions through
which problematic situations are converted to policy problems, agendas are set, decisions
are make and actions are taken”. Walker et al (2008:645) describe stockholder mapping
and visualization as way to alleviate pressure by identifying stakeholder perspectives, the
value of the interactions, the level of interaction use to engage and the degree to which
stakeholder views can be institutionalized into the final decision.
27
2.2
David Easton System Theory
The System theory was developed by David Easton, a Canadian political scientist.
Systems theory in political science is a highly abstract, partly holistic view of politics,
influenced by cybernetics. The adaptation of system theory to political science was first
conceived in 1953.
Decisions are not made in isolate. They are made in an environment, triggered by demand
and supported by the public or decision makers. It goes into the black box also known as
the transformation box where it is processed and come out as output. For better
understanding of the research work, David Easton‟s systems Analysis of Political Life
has been adopted and fashioned in line with the research. the cohesion and stability of a
political system depends critically on the extent to which its constituent units consider
that they belong together, on the extent to which the system can be seen to be oriented
towards protecting and advancing their individual and collective interest, towards
reducing rather than aggravating such inequalities as exist among them.
In simple terms, Easton's behavioral approach to politics, proposed that a political system
could be seen as a whole (i.e. all part of the system have to function together; greatly
simplifying his model as:

Step 1. Changes in the social or physical environment surrounding a political
system produce "demands" and "supports" for action or the status quo directed as
"inputs" towards the system, through political behavior.
28

Step 2, these demands and supporting groups stimulate competition in a system,
leading to decisions or "outputs" directed at some aspect of the surrounding social
or physical environment.

Step 3, after a decision or output is made (e.g., a specific policy), it interacts with
its environment, and if it produces change in the environment, there are
"outcomes."

Step 4, when a new policy interacts with its environment, outcomes may generate
new demands or supports and groups in support or against the policy ("feedback")
or a new policy on some related matter.

Step 5, feedback leads back to Step 1, it's a never ending story.
If the system functions as described, then we have a "stable system that leads to
sustainable development". If the system breaks down, then we have a "dysfunctional
system that leads to underdevelopment and impoverishment ". Easton aspired to make
politics a science; this is, working with highly abstract models that described the
regularities of patterns and processes in political life in general.
Environment
Environment
Fig 2.2
Demand
Support
Transformation or black
box
Policy/Decisions
Actions
Feedback loop
Environment
Environment
Easton David (1965) A systems Analysis of
Political Life New York U.S s 32
Environment
Environment
29
As have been described above, the environment makes up the political, social and
economic environment of the region. The demand and support come from the same
environment by the people. Clement Isong‟s (1985:3) view to this is that, to achieve
development for the people there is the need for a high degree of social mobilization and
psychological involvement by all sections of the population in a first state of
development planning.
The transformation or black box in this context can be referred to Several Government
levels, various institutions that transform the demand and the support from the people
into outputs and outcomes. If there if a proper support from the people in the
environment, then we have a stable polity and sustainable development. If otherwise then
the system breaks down and causes continuous underdevelopment and impoverishment.
2.3
Development
The concept of development has been defined differently by many people, it is important
that we have a working definition for the purpose of this study. Traditionally,
development has been defined by the capacity of a national economy to generate and
sustain an annual increase in its Gross National Income (GNI) at rate of 5% to 7% or
more. The experience of the 1950s and 1960s, when many developing nations did reach
their economic growth targets but the levels of living of the masses of people remained
for the most part unchanged, signals that something was very wrong with the narrow
definition of development.
The concept was redefined to mean the reduction or elimination of poverty, inequality,
and unemployment within the context of a growing economy (Todaro & Smith 2009:15).
30
In support of Todaro‟s redefinition of the concept (Development) Walter Rodney defined
it as a many sided process: at the level of the individual, it implies increased skill and
capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self discipline, responsibility and material well
being. Some of these are virtually moral categories and are more difficult to evaluate
(Rodney 1973:1).
Sometimes, development may be a bit difficult when measuring in numbers of
infrastructure that is why Caplan opined that development may not necessarily be
measured in numbers of hotels, by how many bottles of Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola that
are consumed, or how many cars are owned by rich people. Development to him is real
progress meaning Health and Wellbeing of all, education for all, fair reward for labour,
improvement not only of the standard of living but the quality of life (Caplan Pat 1994:1).
To United Nations (UNDP: HDI Report 1996), human development is measured by life
expectancy, adult literacy, access to all three levels of education, as well as people‟s
average income which is necessary condition of their freedom of choice. In a broader
sense the notion of human development incorporates all aspects of individual‟s well
being from their health status to their economic and political freedom.
Chamber‟s renounced contribution to development concept made him raised a question
that, if development means change, questions arise about what is good, and what sort of
change matters. Answer can be personally defined and redefined. According to him is not
by listing policies and actions to make the world a better place, especially for the poor,
the argument of this does not go far enough. There is a critical missing link we need add
the personal dimension. This implies stepping back and engaging in critical self
examination. To do better, we have to examine not just the normally defined agenda of
31
development “out there” but our self, how our ideas are formed, how we think, how we
change, and what we do and do not do.
2.4
Underdevelopment
Just as development does not have a definite definition so also is underdevelopment.
Obviously underdevelopment is not absence of development, because every people have
developed in one way or another and to a greater or less extent (Rodney 1973:18). To
Rodney, underdevelopment makes sense only as a means of comparing levels of
development. His explanation was that every society have developed in one way or the
other even thought it may be uneven because some have advanced further by producing
more and becoming wealthier than others.
To Todaro and Smith (2009:15), it is an economic situation in which there are persistent
lower level of living in conjunction with absolute poverty, low income per capita, low
rates of economic growth, low consumption levels, poor health services, high death rates,
high birth rates, dependence on foreign economies, and limited freedom to choose among
activities that satisfy human wants.
2.5
Economic Development and Economic Growth
A clearer picture of the distinction between economic development and economic
growth was made by United Nation‟s Human Development Index Report when its stated
that human development is the end- economic growth a means (HDI Report 1996:1)
2.6
Development Indices
Human capital (Health, education and skills), energy and transportation are vital to
economic growth and development. Health, Education and skills on one hand are closely
related, good health has a better return for education because it is an important factor in
32
school attendance on thee other note education capital is a relying factor for improved in
health investment because many health programmes rely on basic skills often learned at
school including personal hygiene and sanitation.
Energy and transportation are also ingredient for growth and development. Energy
encourages industrialization and transportation is a means for transporting goods and
people from a place to the destination where they are needed.
2.6.1 Transportation and Development
Transport refers to the activity that facilitates physical movement of goods as well as
individuals from one place to another. In business, it is considered as an auxiliary to
trade, that means, it supports trade and industry in carrying raw materials to the place of
production and distributing finished products for consumption. Generally, transporters
carry raw material, finished products, passangers, etc. from one place to another. So it
removes the distance barrier. Now-a-days goods produced at one place are readily
available at distant places. People move freely throughout the world because of transport.
It is associated with every step of our life. Without transport, we, as well as business units
cannot move a singe step.
Importance of Transport
Followings are the benefits of transportation:
Transportation makes available raw materials to manufacturers or producers: Transport
makes it possible to carry raw materials from places where they are available, to places
where they can be processed and assembled into finished goods
Transportation makes available goods to customers: Transport makes possible movement
of goods from one place to another with great ease and speed. Thus, consumers spread in
33
different parts of the country have the benefit of consuming goods produced at distant
places.
It enhances standard of living: Easy means of transport facilitates large-scale production
at low costs. It gives consumers the choice to make use of different quantities of goods at
different prices. So it raises the standard of living of the people.
It helps during emergencies and natural calamities: In times of national crisis, due to war
or internal disturbance, transport helps in quick movement of troops and the supplies
needed in the operation.
It helps in creating of employment: Transport provides employment opportunity to
individuals as drivers, conductors, pilots, cabin crew, captain of the ship, etc. who are
directly engaged in transport business. It also provides employment to people indirectly
in the industries producing various means of transport and other transport equipments.
People can also provide repairing and maintenance services by opening service centres at
convenient locations.
It allows labour mobility: Transport helps a lot in providing mobility to workers. You
may be aware that people from our country go to foreign countries to work in different
industries and factories. Foreigners also come to the country to work. In Nigeria, people
also move from one part to another in search of work. Similarly, it is not always possible
to have workers near the factory. Most industries have their own transport system to
bring the workers from where they reside to the place of work.
It brings nations together: Transport facilitates movement of people from one country to
another. It helps in exchange of cultures, views and practices between the people of
different countries. This brings about greater understanding among people and awareness
34
about different countries. Thus, it helps to promote a feeling of
international
brotherhood.
2.6.2 Education and Development
Education in a broad sense is a process by which an individual acquires the physical and
social capabilities demand by the society in which he/she is born into to function.
(Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education_and_national.html.)
According to him just as a diseased mind is handicapped in the coordination and direction
of bodily activities, therefore, the single most significant complex of social control tools
for national development is found in the education system be it formal or informal.
Education is the process of learning and knowing, which is not restricted to our school
text-books. It is a holistic process and continues through our life. Even the regular
happenings and events around us educate us, in one or the other way. It would not be an
exaggeration to say that the existence of human beings is fruitless without education. An
educated person has the ability to change the world, as he/she is brimming with
confidence and assured of making the right moves.
Importance of Education
Education makes Better Citizens:- Education makes a worthy contribution to our lives, by
making us responsible citizens. We get to know our history and culture through education
and imbibe those values. Education opens our mind and expands our horizon. It enables
us to understand our duties as a citizen and encourages us to follow them. There is no
denying the fact that an educated person is a better citizen. (Uwadia Orobosa 2010:
www.education_and_national.html.)
35
More Education Improves National and State Economy:- Education is futuristic in
character, in so far that it ensures that the one who receives good education gets a secure
future. Our productivity is increased by acquiring new skills and talents through
education. We find ourselves in the most competitive jobs, courtesy the right training and
education. The unemployment rate for individuals with a four year college degree is 5%
lower than those with a high school diploma.2The importance of education is evident by
the dizzy heights we achieve in life. Nearly 75% of countries with the greatest increase in
the percentage of young people with college degrees also showed higher incomes and
lower unemployment.
Education opens New Vistas:- The significance of education, for a great part, lies in its
ability to open new vistas for us. It expands our outlook and teaches us to be tolerant
towards other views. An educated person will find it easier to understand a different point
of view than the one who is uneducated. Education broadens our mental landscape and is
the way forward to greater enlightenment - the ultimate goal of every human in life. It is a
promoter of peace and reducer of conflict. (Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education_and_national.html.)
Education spreads Awareness:- Awareness is a virtue in itself, given that the lack of
awareness is lamented everywhere. Increasing spending on education balances economic
inequalities and reduces poverty.Education spreads awareness, informing us about our
rights and the services that we can access. On the most basic notes, it teaches us to
differentiate between right and wrong. For most part of our lives, we falter in
dichotomizing right and wrong, but the right education gives us the right answers.
(Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education_and_national.html.)
36
Education Increases Civic Participation:- At every age, those with more education are
more likely to vote. In the 2008 presidential election, among individuals between 25 and
44 years of age who voted, there was a 32% gap between college graduates and high
school graduatesDecision making is an integral part of our life and development of any
nation. Those with more education are more likely to volunteer.7 43% of adults with a
bachelor‟s degree volunteered a median of 54 hours between September 2008 and
September 2009We have to take decisions throughout our lives and sometimes, decision
making can be a very tough and challenging process. It can leave us perplexed and often
wondering, as to what is the right choice. Education is significant, because it enable us to
take the right decisions and prevents losses. (Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education_and_national.html.)
Bolsters Confidence:- An educated person is a confident person. Education fosters a
positive outlook and allows us to believe in ourselves. Self-belief is the most wanted trait
in a human being and education leads us towards relying on ourselves, making us believe
that we are ready to take on the world.
Education Lowers Health Care Costs:- People with more education are more likely to be
in good health than people of similar age .
2.6.3 Energy and Development
Without the judicial use of energy, man‟s effort to delivery socially and survive the
mutaion of his environment could have been nera impossible. Energy has provided man
with the ability to acqure food, increase his comfort and improve his quality life. It has
supported the technology and Iron and steel fabrication. It has involved the rise of the
37
railroads, the introduction of new hybrid grains, the manufacture, transportation and use
of fertilizer and pesticides; along with extensive irrigation system (Ikoku 1985: 241)
According to a study UN, world energy supplies 1976, indications show that for complete
for complete plants, the cost of installed kilowatt is 2 to 3 times and more from hydroelectricity that from a conventional thermal plant.
Importance of Energy
Household incomes:-The persistent high levels of unemployment are just one indirect
outcome from the poor quality
of energy supplies. The economic health of many
households is also severely constrained by the need of businesses catering to the domestic
market to pass along their higher costs, in the form of increased retail prices of consumer
goods and services. This is another indirect impact of energy on households Enabling
enterprise development, utilizing locally available resources, and creating jobs.
Generating light to permit income generation beyond daylight.

Powering machinery to increase productivity. Providing light for reading or
studying beyond daylight.

Creating a more child-friendly environment (access to clean water, sanitation,
lighting, and space heating/cooling), which can improve attendance in school and
reduce drop-out rates.

Enabling access to media and communications that increase educational
opportunities.

Reducing space Lighting streets to improve women‟s safety.

Providing lighting for home study and the possibility of holding evening classes

Providing access to better medical facilities for maternal care.
38

Allowing for medicine refrigeration, equipment sterilization, and safe disposal by
incineration.

Enabling access to the latest medicines/expertise through renewable energy based
telemedicine systems.

Boosting agricultural productivity, increasing quality instead of quantity of
cultivated land.
Reducing deforestation for traditional fuels, reducing erosion and desertification.
2.6.4 Water and Development
No coherent development strategy can exist if it is at the cost of negating the fundamental
human rights such as the right of water (Molyneux and Lazar 2003:8-9).
Water is a Social Good There is no single, universally accepted definition of social goods
and services. One widely used definition is that social goods are those that have
significant “spillover” benefits or costs. Literacy is a social good, for example, because it
benefits not just literate individuals but also makes possible a higher level of civilization
for all members of a society. Widespread availability of clean and affordable water is a
social good under this definition because such availability improves both individual and
social well-being. Improvements in water quality for one individual means better water
quality for all individuals who share that water-supply system. But social goods can have
private good characteristics as well: more water for one individual can mean less water
for other individuals who share a water-supply system. Access to clean water is
fundamental to survival and critical for reducing the prevalence of many water-related
diseases (UN 1997).
39
Water has Moral, Cultural, and Religious Dimensions Water has more than economic and
ecological importance; it has cultural or symbolic importance as well. It figures
prominently in religious rituals such as baptism and ritual bathing, and in the national
identities of many native peoples (Graz 1998). Water is fundamental for life and wealth.
The human right to water is indispensable for leading a helathy life in human dignity is a
prerequsite fo the ralization of all the human rights Kuntalal (2008:5).
Much of what we make of watr belongs to the domain of human culture. The sybolism of
water lies in peace, life and regeneation, its significance expressed in spiritual, religious
or social rituals imbuting its and its users with meaning and value: water is alwaysa
metaphor of social, economic and political relatiohship in a barometer of the extent to
which identity, power and resources are shared. (Strang, 2004:21).
Importance of water
Water is vital for human survival, health and dignity and fundamental resource for
hauman development. Today mroe that two billion people are affected by water shortages
in over 40 countries. Tranboundary watershed managment dirictly influences human
welfare of large population of the world. There are an estimated 263 major rivers and it is
estmated that 46 percent of the world‟s territory are located in international watershed
basins ( Conca 2006:94)
40
2.7
DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS IN NIGERIA
There are several reasons why development plan is been undertaken. Michael Todaro and
Stephen Smith (2009:533) contributed to the rationale for development planning in
developing countries by stating four reasons as follows:
Market failure: it is asserted that the permeation of market imperfections and operating in
the developing countries is in the high side. Commodity and factors markets are often
badly organized.
Resource Mobilization and Allocation: Developing economies cannot afford to waste
very limited financial and skilled human resources on unproductive venture.
Foreign Aids: The formulation of detailed development plans has often been necessary
condition for the reception of bilateral and multi-lateral aids.
Attitudinal or Psychological impact: it is often assumed that a detailed statement of
national economic and social objectives in the form of specific development plan can
have important attitudinal or psychological impact on diverse and often fragmented
population. It makes government rely on people for eliminating poverty, promoting good
health and education. It helps mobilizing support of diverse tribes and building national
integrating in the reason for pursuing the same goals.
The following development efforts have been made in Nigeria since independence.
2.7.1 Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria (1945-1956)
The history of conscious planning for development in Nigeria can be traced to the
colonial days. To be specific, it has its origin in 1946 when the colonial government
introduced what it tagged “Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria”. This
was under the Colonial Development and Welfare Fund. Under this historic Development
41
Plan, a total planned expenditure of an equivalent of N110 million for a period of ten
years was earmarked for the period starting from April 1, 1946 to March 31, 1956
(Ogunjimi, 1997:97). Analyzing the focus of the ten-year. An important conclusion
which one can draw from the analysis of the Colonial Development Plan for Nigeria was
that the plan was meant to serve the interest of the colonial masters rather than that of the
colony (i.e. Nigeria).
2.6.2 Five-year Development Plan for Nigeria (1955-1960)
The Ten year foreign-centered development plan, however, did not run its full term
because, by 1950, the inappropriateness of charting development over a period as long as
ten years in a country experiencing rapid structural changes had become evident.
Consequently, a decision was taken to break the plan period into two five-year subperiods and to formulate a new plan for the sub-period 1950-1956. However, the
introduction of a federal system of government affected this revision as each of the
regional governments became autonomous and adopted different economic policies. The
consequence of this, as can be noted from the work of Olaniyi (1998:106), the launching
of a five-year development plan for the period 1955-1960 to be implemented by the
Federal Government for itself. The plans reviewed above constitute the pre-independence
development plans. Whatever their weakness, the fact remains that they constitute the
beginning of the practice of development planning in Nigeria.
42
2.6.3 Post Independent Plans
Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has formulated and launched other development
plans, which, of course, were more comprehensive than the pre-independence plans.
They were comprehensive because such plans were conceived and formulated within the
framework of improved system of national accounts.
Besides, they covered the
operations of both the public and private sectors of the economy; and, more importantly,
they had their projects related to a number of well-articulated overall economic targets.
Therefore, between 1960 and 1985, there were four development plans in Nigeria which
were referred to as the First, Second, Third and Fourth National Development Plans.
Each of these development plans had its own focus and well-articulated objectives which
had far-reaching effects on the nation‟s developmental aspirations.
2.6.4 The First National Development Plan (1962-1968)
The First National Development Plan was launched in April 1962 and was to cover a
period of six years (1962-68). Under this plan, a total investment expenditure of about
N2.132 billion was proposed. Out of this, public-sector investment was expected to be
about N1.352 billion, while the remaining investment expenditure of N780 million was to
be undertaken by the private sector. The full implementation of this development plan
was however interrupted by two major political events, namely, the military intervention
in 1966 and the 1967-70 civil war. Consequently, the period of the plan was extended to
March 31, 1970. These major interruptions notwithstanding, both the Federal
Government and regional governments recorded a number of landmark achievements
during the development plan period. During the crisis period, the Federal Government
alone successfully executed projects like the Oil Refinery in Port Harcourt, the Paper
43
Mill, the Sugar Mill and the Niger Dam (in Jebba and Bacita respectively), the Niger
Bridge, and ports‟ extension, while it also constructed a number of trunks „A‟ roads. It is
interesting to note that it was also during this period that the first-generation universities
were established: Ibadan and Lagos by the Federal Government, Ahamdu Bello
University by the Northern Nigerian Government , University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN)
by the Eastern Nigerian Government and the University of Ife (now known as the
Obafemi Awolo University) by the Western Nigerian Government.
The federal and regional governments were able to achieve this much in spite of the crisis
because, during the period, the annual capital budgets operated within the development
plan framework. They were employed as the main instrument of control and allocation of
development resources (Ogunjimi, 1997:98). This was in itself made possible by the
existence of a development plan which provided guidelines for meaningful and cocoordinated development during the plan period despite two political crises.
2.6.5 Second National Development Plan in (1970-1975)
General Yakubu Gowon launched the Second National Development Plan in 1970 on
behalf of the Federal Government and the government of the then twelve states of the
federation. It was launched shortly after the end of the war. Because it was a post-war
development plan, its focus was on the reconstruction of a war-battered economy and the
promotion of economic and social development in the new Nigeria. What this means,
according to Olaniyi (1988:107), is that the philosophy of the plan was consequently
influenced by the exigencies of the war, which include the building of a united, strong
44
and self-reliant nation; a great and dynamic economy; a just egalitarian society; a land of
bright and full opportunities for all citizens; and a free and democratic society.
Like the First National Development Plan, the Second National Development Plan also
recorded a number of major projects, which were successfully executed by both the
federal and state governments. Such projects include the successful construction of many
federal roads; the successful take-off of the National Youth Service Corps scheme; the
introduction of federal scholarship and loan schemes for Nigerian students, etc.
2.6.6 Third National Development Plan (1975-1980)
General Gowon also launched the Third National Development Plan on behalf of all
governments in the country. The plan covered a five-year period from April 1975 to
March 1980. Ayinla (1998:86) describes this plan as a watershed in the evolution of
economic planning in Nigeria. It was a unique development plan because, apart from its
huge initial investment of about N30 billion (which was later revised to N43.3 billion),
extensive consultations with the private sector of the economy were made in the course of
its preparation.
The cardinal objectives of this plan were also part of its uniqueness. Such objectives
include increase in per capital income during the plan period; more even distribution of
income; reduction inn the level of unemployment; diversification of the economy;
balanced development; and indigenization of economic activities. As laudable as the
objectives of this development plan were, the implementation was adversely affected by
the change of government in July 1975, barely three months after the plan was launched.
In particular, the change of government led to a reappraisal of some of the cardinal
45
objectives as contained in the plan. Here, more emphasis was placed on those projects
which were thought to have direct effects on the living standard of the common man.
Sectors that were thus given priority included agriculture, water supply, housing and
health (Olaniyi, 1998:108).
2.6.7 The Fourth National Development Plan (1981-1985)
The Fourth National Development Plan, (1981-85) was launched by President Shehu
Shagari in 1981 on behalf of the Federal Government and the governments of the then
nineteen states of the federal. This was the first plan to be formulated by a democratically
elected government under a new constitution based on the presidential system of
government. As observed by Ogunjimi (1997:100), the plan was intended to further the
process of establishing a solid base for the long-term economic and social development
of Nigeria. Unlike the previous development plans, the fourth plan was the first in which
the local governments were made to participate at two levels. One, they participated at
the level of preparation, and two, they were allowed to have their own separate
programmes under the plan. The capital investment target was N82.2 billion shared
between the public and private sectors with the former putting in about N70.5 billion,
while the latter put in the balance of N11.7 billion.
The Fourth Development Plan was a gain affected by the change of government in 1983
and by yet another change in 1985. These two changes seriously disrupted the
implementation of the programmes of the plan and, consequently, the performance of the
economy during the fourth plan period was generally poor. Whatever the case (success or
failure), it is interesting to note that between 1945 and 1986, the concept of development
46
planning was common: planning for social and economic development in Nigeria.
Beyond the end of this period, this concept gradually faded away and has now become a
thing of the past.
2.6.8 The Journey towards New Development Strategies in Nigeria
It is important to note the real journey towards neglecting the tradition of development
planning in Nigeria started with the Babangida administration. In response to the
problems encountered during the Fourth Development Plan period, the Babangida
administration suspended in October 1988 the idea of a five-year development plan,
which had hitherto almost become well-established traditions. At the end Fourth
Development Plan in December 1985, a one-year economic emergency programme was
instituted in 1986 probably to solve some obvious economic problems left behind by the
Shagari administration. Interestingly, this was later absorbed by an economic policy
christened the Structural Adjustment Programme (SPA). According to the apologist of
SAP, the programme was introduced in 1986 for the economy to have a foundation
before any meaningful planning could be done.
The Babaginda administration then believed that because the economy was largely
indebted, the basis for planning was eroded. The government therefore wanted to do
away with the already practiced medium-term planning and consequently introduced a
perspective known as rolling plan. Based on this, the government decided on a 20-year
perspective plan for the period 1989-2008. According to the philosophy of this rolling
plan, the first phase of the perspective plan would constitute the Fifth National
Development Plan. With this structural change of policy, the five-year planning model
47
was replaced with a three-year rolling plan to be operated along with a 12 to 20 year
perspective plan and the normal operational annual budgets. This plan became
operational with the 1989 budget and it provided the foundation for the three-year rolling
plan (1989-90-91). In order to effectively executive this programme, some fundamental
reforms was the merging of budgetary and planning functions with the sole objective of
minimizing conflict between the two (Ogunjimi, 1997:101; Ayinla, 1998:23; Ilesanmi,
2000:6).
According to the architects of this rolling plan programme, it was considered to be more
suitable for an economy facing uncertainty and rapid change. The rolling plan was meant
to be revised at the each end of each year, at which point estimates, targets and project
were added for an additional year. What this means is that planner revised the 1990-92
three-year rolling plan at the end of 1990, issuing a new plan for 1991-93. In effect, a
plan is renewed at the end of each year, but the number of years remains the same as the
plan rolls forward. According to Ihonvbere (1991), the objectives of the rolling plan were
to reduce inflation and exchange rate instability, maintain infrastructure, achieve
agricultural self-sufficiency, and reduce the burden of structural adjustment on the most
vulnerable groups.
In the same way that the tradition of five-year development plan was jettisoned by the
Babangida administration, the idea of rolling plan was also shelved in 1996 by General
Sani Abacha for Vision 2010, which was launched on September 18, 1996. The
programme was to systematically improve the quality of life of Nigerians in fourteen
years (Ogunjimi, 1997:107). Although not directly related to the transition programme,
48
the work of Vision 2010, a 250-member committee of private-sector representatives,
government ministries, academics, journalists, traditional rulers, trade union leaders and
foreign businessmen, among others, inaugurated by General Abacha on November 27,
1996, was similarly intended to move the country forward. The committee was chaired
by Chief Ernest Shonekan, who headed a short-lived Interim National Government in
1993 before Abacha seized power (Jukwey, 1996).
Vision 2010 submitted its final report to General Abacha on September 30, 1997. The
committee reportedly recommended “large-scale deregulation of the Nigerian economy”,
the release of political detainees and rigorous compliance with the transition programme
(Jukwey). In his October 1, 1997 National Day address, Abacha promised to introduce
the measures required to begin the programme‟s implementation immediately, in the firm
belief that successive administrations will carry it to a successful conclusion with the
support of Nigerian people and friends of the nation (National Day Address, 1997). The
fears of Vission 2010 members that their recommendations would not be implemented
were justified. Funds for the capital projects budgeted for the first half of 1997 were only
released in September, bringing investment in infrastructure and the economy in general
to a virtual halt. Massive lay-off of federal and states‟ employees throughout the country
had caused significant hardship. Pervasive of “failed bank” and “failed contract”
tribunals, which seemed to have been designed to target potential opposition supporters
rather than crack down on “illegal deals”?
49
2.8
CAUSES OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
Mokwgo Okoye (1985:69) exclaimed that what we have to show for three decade of
development for roads, brides, flyers, dames, airports and telecommunications have been
awarded over the years which have not always been properly executed. Mokwgo Okoye
(1985:64) made his concern known by saying in spite of our professed commitment to
plans to achieve “a just and egalitarian society, a strong, self reliant nation, full and bright
opportunities of all” “a repaid increase in the steward of living of the average Nigerian”,
the gulf separating the rich and the poor is wandering; our attitude to work and public
property has not improve. It has properly worsened and racketeering has grown
educational tours and other manpower development projects for the benefits of our public
officials and we can seem to be more depended on external forces.
Lin chun (2007:13) raised an important point when he mentioned that the issue is not
whether econosmic in developing countries is justifiable which cannot be seriously
disputed especially in the light of past colonial exploitation and destruction, and indeed
the present global order as well in which their underprivileged position has not been
altered, but what king of development – whether it benefits the many or the few, whether
it enhances freedom and if any organic social tissue of a moral economy and it natural
environment is been scarified in the process.
From our discussion on the history of development plans in Nigeria, it can be seen that
the military intervention in 1966 and its subsequent prolonged rule in Nigeria become the
genesis of truncating the process of adhering to national development planning as a
strategy for economic and social development (Fika, 2004). What the nation has inherited
50
in the absence of well-articulated development plans are budget frauds, road contract
scandals, oil scams and unchallenged or unchecked high level of financial corruption at
all level government in Nigeria. It is, however, imperative to note here that since the recommencement of democratic government on May 29, 1999; the administration of
President Olusegun Obasanjo has begun a series of bold economic and political reforms
to put the country back on a sound economic and political footing.
Differences in plans and their implementation:- Ukwu. I. Ukwu (1985:116) in the same
vein noticed that looking at public sector programme we can read in the development
plans since 1947, a history of misplaced priorities and missed opportunity. Ukwu. I.
Ukwu (1985:116) acknowledged that although Nigeria can be said to have 30 years
experience of development planning has nerve been informed by any articulated vision of
society.
Insufficient and unreliable Data:- often times data that are required for development
planning and policies are not found documented.
Unanticipated Economic disturbance, external and internal: - Ukwu. I. Ukwu (1985:124)
researched that the problem of managing government operations has many dimensions.
At the highest level the roles have to be assigned to the various units in the system of
performance monitored, directed and coordinated.
Institutional weaknesses:-Taking the country as a whole the main problem in official
policies on development derives from the uncertainty as to what role to accord to
traditional authorities, elites, voluntary organizations and individuals; how to organize,
integrate, and direct the total fund.
51
Lack of political will:- According to Travis D. kiessen ( 2008:9) in his research on
collective management strategy and elite resistance he said in the in the current practice
in Cochabamba, Bolivia local politicians award their supporters within public companies
by allowing them to illegally exploit public companies and protecting them from any
illegal consequences Mokwgo Okoye (1985:65),in his view mentioned that, perhaps the
main reason for our poor performance so far is our mediocre and selfish leadership
couple with lack of psychological mobilization. Ukwu. I. Ukwu (1985:114) lamented that
we are currently counting some of the cost of the greed, corruption and sheer
incompetence of our public management.
52
2.10
DEVELOPMENT EFFORT IN NIGER
DELTA
The Niger Delta Region has witnessed several development attempts for many decades
but the most legacy of these schemes did not result into development. Of these efforts
are:
2.10.1
The Niger Delta Development Board
The unique characteristics in Niger Delta spur the Sir Henrry Willinks commission
recommendation of 1958 that the Federal government of Nigeria deserves to give the
region a special attention. In response, the Federal government established the NDDB in
1960 to manage the development challenges of the region. The areas was defined as
Yenagoa province, Degema province, Ogoni Vision of PorHarcourt and wester Ijaw
division of Delta province.
The Board (NDDB) existed for seven (7) years and mad little achievement in the region
before the Military coup in 166 and the outbreak of civil war in 1967.After the war the
Federal government did no review the Board rather the money accruing from oil in the
region was used to fund the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction programme in various
parts of the country.
2.10.2 The Presidential Task Force
The persistence agitation for a renewed development strategy in the region gave birth to
the presidential Task Force (1.5% committee) in 1980. the administration in government
of the country therefore allocated 1.5% of the Federal accounts to the committee to be
dedication on the development of the region. Although the PTF existed until 1985/1993,
nothing much was achieved except few projects that had little impact on the welfare of
the oil producing communities in the region.
53
2.10.3 The Oil Producing Areas Development Commissionn (OMPADEC)
The growing restiveness in the region prompted Baganda Administration to establish the
OMPADEC IN 1992. Three percent (3%) of the federal oil revenue was allocated to
commission to address the development challenges of the region.
Due to lack of focus, inadequate and irregular funding, official proficiency, corruption
and excessive political interference, lack of transparency and accountability and high
overhead expenditure, the commission could not achieve much. The commission
completed several projects many were abandoned. Between 1992 and 1999 it was
wounded up.
2.11
The Niger Delta Development Commission
The failure of the development aforementioned agencies let to the establishment of the
Niger Delta Development Commission. The commission is an interventionist agency
established by the former President of Nigeria, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo. His
administration recognized the neglect of Niger Delta Region when he stated that “since
the inception of our administration in 1999, we have consistently acknowledged the
critical essence of Niger Delta to economic wellbeing of Nigeria, and committedly
striven to redress the visible underdevelopment and neglect of the past in the region”.
(NDRDMP 2005:9)
In an attempt to find solution to the hitches the previous development strategies has cause
Nigeria and the region in particular, NDDC was officially inaugurated on December 21,
2000 by President Olusegun Obasanjo to a solution to the conundrum in the region.
Considering the failure of similar past agencies, the NDDC adopted a two-pronged
approach in driving its policies and strategies. One of it first achievement was the
54
facilitation of the development of the Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan to
serve as a long-term pathway and harmonization framework for different intervening
agencies and tiers of government .
55
2.11.1 MANAGEMENT OF NIGER DELTA DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION
In the head office of the Commission, the following Directorates exist:
a. The Directorate of Administration and Human Resources.
b. The Directorate of Community and Rural Development;
c. The Directorate of Utilities Infrastructural Development and Waterways;
d. The Directorate of Environmental Protection and Control;
e. The Directorate of Finance and Supply;
f. The Directorate of Agriculture and Fisheries;
g. The Directorate of Planning, Research, Statistics and Management Information
System;
h. The Directorate of Legal Services
i.
The Directorate of Education, Health and Social Services;
j.
The Directorate of Commercial and Industrial Development,
k. The Directorate of Projects Monitoring and Supervision.
56
Advisory Committee”) consist of-
(a) The Governors of the member States of the Commission land
(b) Two other persons as may be determined, from time to time, by the President,
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.
The Management Committee consists of a Chairman who shall be the Managing
Director, two Executive Directors, the Directors responsible for the Directorates
established under Section 9 of this Act and such number of other members as may be
determined from time to time by the Board.
2.11.2 FUNCTIONS AND MANDATE OF NIGER DELTA DEVELOPMENT
COMMISSION
The functions:
(a) Formulate policies and guidelines for the development of the Niger
Delta,
area;
(b) Conceive, plan and implement, in accordance with the set rules and regulations,
projects and programmes for the sustainable development of the Niger-Delta
area in the field of transportation including roads, jetties and waterways, health,
education, employment, industrialization, agriculture and fisheries, housing,
land urban development, water supply, electricity and telecommunications;
(c) Cause the Niger-Delta area to be surveyed in order to ascertain measures which
are necessary to promote in physical and socioeconomic development;
57
(d) Prepare master plans and schemes designed to promote the physical
development of the Niger-Delta area and the estimates of the costs of
implementing such master plans and schemes;
(e) Implement all the measures approved for the development of the Niger-Delta
area by the Federal Government and the member States of the Commission.
(f) Identify factors inhibiting the development of the Niger-Delta area and assist the
member States in the formulation and implementation of policies to ensure
sound and efficient management of the resources of the Niger-Delta area;
(g) Assess and report on any project being funded or carried out in the Niger-Delta
area by oil and gas producing companies and any other company including nongovernmental organizations land ensure that funds released for such projects are
properly utilized;
(h) Tackle ecological and environmental problems that arise from the exploration of
oil mineral in the Niger-Delta area and advise the Federal Government and the
member States on the prevention and control of oil spillages, gas flaring and
environmental pollution;
(i) Liaise with the various oil mineral and gas prospecting and producing companies
on all matters of pollution prevention and control;
(j) Executive such other works and perform such other functions which, in the
opinion of the Commission, are required for the sustainable development of the
Niger-Delta area and its peoples;
58
2.11.3

Mandate of the Niger Delta Development Commission
Formulation of policies and guidelines for the development of the Niger
Delta area.

Conception, planning and implementation, in accordance with set rules and
regulations, of projects and programs for sustainable development of the
Niger Delta area in the field of transportation including roads, jetties and
waterways, health, employment, industrialization, agriculture and fisheries,
housing
and
urban
development,
water
supply,
electricity
and
telecommunications.

Surveying the Niger Delta in order to ascertain measures necessary to
promote its physical and socio-economic development.

Preparing master plans and schemes designed to promote the physical
development of the Niger Delta region and the estimation of the member
states of the Commission.

Implementation of all the measures approved for the development of the
Niger Delta region by the Federal Government and the states of the
Commission.

Identify factors inhibiting the development of the Niger Delta region and
assisting the member states in the formulation and implementation of
policies to ensure sound and efficient management of the resources of the
Niger Delta region.

Assessing and reporting on any project being funded or carried out in the
region by oil and gas companies and any other company, including non-
59
governmental organizations, as well as ensuring that funds released for such
projects are properly utilized.

Tackling ecological and environmental problems that arise from the
exploration of oil mineral in the Niger Delta region and advising the Federal
Government and the member states on the prevention and control of oil
spillages, gas flaring and environmental pollution.

Liaising with the various oil mineral and gas prospecting and producing
companies on all matters of pollution, prevention and control.

Executing such other works and performing such other functions, which in
the option of the Commission are required for the sustainable development
of the Niger Delta region and its people.
60
2.11.4
Achievements of Niger Delta Development Commission
As part of our Human Resource Development Initiative, NDDC is has embarked upon
development in difference sectors in Rivers State e.g embarking on a Local Post Graduate
Scholarship Scheme to equip Niger Deltans with relevant trainings and skills for effective
participation in the local content programme of the current administration as well as
complete globally in various professional fields..
The Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) has awarded over 70 mega projects
worth over N250 billion in the past two years to boost regional development and generate
thousands of employment opportunities for the people of the Niger Delta region
(http://www.nddc.gov.ng).
Speaking at the 44th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Association of Law Teachers in
Port Harcourt (July 19, 2011), the Managing Director/CEO of the Commission, said the
projects, ranging from roads and bridge construction to shore protection and hospitals, are
part of the Commission‟s strategy to build both the region and its people.
He disclosed that over 1000 minor infrastructural projects targeted at addressing various
developmental challenges have also been undertaken and are at various stages of
completion.
61
Projects Implemented by Niger Delta
Development Commission in Rivers State
Road projects
S/N
1
Description
Extension of works on farm road/igbokwe close.
Location
Mgbouba
2
Construction of of wosu/wogozo avenue.
Rumuokurushi
3
Construction of Heineken lokpobiri street off Sani
Abacha road,GRA phase 3, Port Harcourt.
Heineken Lokpobiri street, off
abacha road
4
Emergency rehabilitation of Ahoda Mbiama road.
Ahoada Mbiama
5
Construction of Omoku- egbada- uju wara ohuzaobosima road/ bridge.
Construction of Elimgbu-Rumuehara-RumunduruEliozu road with sour to Eneka
Construction of road/drains at Ogele street off road
behind shell R.A. Port Harcourt
Construction of Elekahia link/internal road Port harcourt
omoku- Egbada- Uju wara
Ohuza- Obosima
Elimgbu-RumueharaRumunduru-Eliozu - Eliozu
Ogele street off road behind
shell R.A
Elekahia
Construction of link road through Uyo street
(Rumuomasi) to stadium road Port harcourt
Construction of Salem close with spur through express
road, Rumuodamaya, Port Harcourt
Rumuomasi
6
7
8
9
10
Rumuodamaya
Status
on-going
completed but not
commissionable
completed but not
commissionable
on-going
not mobilized to site
on-going
completed and commissionable
completed and commissionable
completed and commissionable
Completed and
Commissionable
Shore protection project
1
Sand filling and shore protection of Ogu town
Ogu town
2
Contract for the shore protection project
Kula
62
On-going
Yet Mobilized to site
3
contract for the shore protection project
Souk
On-Going
4
5
contract for the shore protection project
award of contract for the Abonnema/Krakrama
reclamation project
Buguma
Abonnema / Krakrama
On-going
Stalled
6
award of contract for the kalaibiama shore protection and Kalaibiama
reclamation project
Terminated
Canalization projects
S/N
1
2
Description
Location
Status
contract for the canalization project
award of contract for the Ngo-Ikuru town canalization
project
Omoku
Ngo-Ikuru
Stalled
Stalled
Solar powered water projects
S/N
1
Location
Rumuolumeni
2
Description
Solar powered water project for rivers state college of
education
Contract for the solar powered water project
Ndoni
On-going
3
4
Contract for the solar powered water project
Contract for the solar powered water project
Alakahia
Omoikpiriku Community
On-going
On-going
5
Contract for the solar powered water project
Yeghe
6
7
Contract for the solar powered water project
Contract for the solar powered water project
Aluu
Akabuka
8
9
Contract for the solar powered water project
Contract for the solar powered water project
Ngo
Sii
63
Status
Not mobilized to site
Completed and
Commissionable
On-going
Completed and
Commissionable
On-going
Commissioned
10
Contract for the solar powered water project
Obioha
Commissioned
Building projects
S/N
1
Location
Port Harcourt
Status
On-going
Port Harcourt
On-going
port Harcourt
On-going
Ogbogu
On-going
Elekahia
On-going
Description
location
Status
Installation of 1 no. 300kva/0.415kv transformer for
Omoikpiriku community, Elele in Ikwerre lga now
relocated to Akabuka in rivers state
Installation of 1 no.500kva,11/0.415kv transformer for
Owohorun Obuchi,phase 3 & 4 communities
Elele
On-going
Owohorun Obuchi
On-going
3
Electrification of six communities in Emohua
Emohua and others
On-going
4
Award of contract for the electrification of Umuojuloke
town extension of 33kv/415v line and town power
distribution
Umuojuloke
2
3
4
5
Description
Renovation / rehabilitation of amenity ward at military
hospital, port Harcourt
Renovation / rehabilitation of office block, old block,
adult Ward and children ward at military hospital port
Harcourt.
Re-modeling and construction of modern mortuary block
at military block, at military hospital, port Harcourt
Construction of one (1no.) main block of NDDC model
standard cottage hospital / comprehensive health centre
Renovation of classroom blocks and construction of
access road to community primary school ii at Elekahia
Electrification projects
S/N
1
2
64
Completed and commissionable
5
Award of contract for the supply of fubreglass crossarms, General
silicon insulators and automatic splicing kits for nddc
electrical projects.
6
Award of contract for the supply of concrete poles for
NDDC electricity projects
General
Not mobilized to site
7
Award of contract for the supply of concrete poles for
NDDC electricity projects
General
Not mobilized to site
8
Award of contract for the electrification of Okehi –
Ndashi
Okehi – Ndashi
9
Aw#ard of contract for the Egwi-Ulakwo-Akukabi-Okehi Egwi-Ulakwo-Akukabi
electricity project
Award of contract for the electrification of Egwi-Odufor Egwi-Odufor - Umuoye
– Umuoye
10
Completed but not
commissionable
On-going
On-going
On-going
Water projects
S/N
1
location
Ugwrere
3
Description
Water distribution mains from Uegwere water station to
Kono Gbam, Norkuri & Kereke Bonue ( additional
works due to Vandalization)
Award of contract for the completion of queens town
water rehabilitation project
Award of contract for the Terabor water project
4
Award of contract for the Bolo water project
Bolo
2
65
Queens Town
Terabor
status
On-going
Completed and commissionable
Not mobilized to site
On-going
5
Award of contract for the Aggah water project
Aggah
On-going
6
Omoku
On-going
7
Award of contract for the Omoku municipal water
project
Award of contract for the Nonwa water project
Nonwa
On-going
8
Award of contract for the Onne water supply project
Onne
On-going
9
Award of contract for the Kono water project
Kono
On-going
10
Award of contract for the Peterside town water Peterside Town
project
Bridge projects
s/n
Description
Location
Ibaa Bridge / Drainage
Ibaa
1
On-going
status
Completed and commissionable
Jetties and Canalisation Projects
S/N
Description
Location
1
Award of contract for the construction of landing jetty at Ground and bonny
Georgekiri
2
Award of contract for the construction of landing jetty at Ataba
ataba
Award of contract for the construction of light craft jetty Kaa
at Kaa
Completion of concrete jetty, waiting shed and access
Angulama
road.
3
4
66
status
Completed and commissionable
Commissioned
Commissioned
On-going
5
Completion of reinforcement concrete retaining wall
embankment and jetty at Krakrama.
Krakrama
On-going
6
Construction of landing jetty
Usuokun
Completed and commissionable
Adapted from http: www.nddc.gov.ng
67
2.11.5 Challenges faced by the Niger Delta Development Commission
A decade ago, the Presidency established the Niger Delta Development Commission, as
an interventionist agency to help give the oil-rich Niger Delta region a facelift. Although,
so far, the commission has recorded giant strides, it faces hurdles in putting smiles on the
faces of the people. Before the Niger Delta Development Commission, NDDC, came on
board, there had been attempts at tackling the peculiar challenges of the Niger Delta
region. Interventionist agencies had been put in place by government after government.
But for reasons bordering on too much bureaucracy, among others, the agencies did not
succeed in achieving the aims for which they were set up. (Adejumo
2010:
http://thecapitolmagazine.com/?p=116).
When the Niger Delta Development Commission came, the first hurdle it faced was that
of cynicism. Many just saw it as another white elephant agenda from the Federal
Government to deceive the Niger Delta people. Many saw in it a place to come for free
meal. Largely, this perception has not fully given way. Despite efforts of the management
of the commission to prove that it is not out to give free meal, some still look forward to
it to give out money for work not done. . People are more interested in collecting money
to share and not how such money can be collectively earned. They don‟t care if this
money needs to be invested. A contractor moves into a particular community but the
people will not allow him to work until he pays them certain amount of money because
they do not see the project as theirs, they see it as NDDC project ( Adejumo 2010:
http://thecapitolmagazine.com/?p=116).
68
There is also the challenge of over-expectations. : “Also there is this other side in which
everybody wants NDDC to do everything. When there is no water, they think it is the
NDDC
that
should
be
called
upon
and
so
on
and
so
forth. So, at the end of the day, you start to ask what all the other bodies and government
agencies do because NDDC is an interventionist body. The NDDC receives just about
seven
percent
of
money
that
comes
to
the
region
while
the
various governments and parastatals and agencies receive about 93 per cent, but everyone
still thinks the NDDC should do everything there.” One other stumbling block is that of
government not keeping to the dictates of the NDDC Act regarding contributions to its
coffers. As at today, based on the 15 percent prescribed by the Act, the Federal
Government is owing the Commission about half a trillion naira. Imagine what
development such resources would have brought to the people of the region ( Adejumo
2010: http://thecapitolmagazine.com/?p=116).
Project monitoring is another bottleneck the commission is tackling. As a result of the
mentality that the commission is out to give free meal, some people given jobs to do
usually deliver sub-standard jobs.
The Commission also faces the headache of working in a difficult terrain in terms of
nature of soil and water. The nature of the soil in most areas of the region is such that
excavations have to be done before roads are built. This means the commission has to
spend more. This nature of land also affects water projects.
69
2.12
PARTNERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (PSD) FORUM
NDDC started implementation of its integrated strategy for regional development by
setting up the rational partners for sustainable development (PSD) forum; aiming to
promote collaborative action and positive relationship between all regional stakeholders
(NDRDMP implementation Guide: 2005:32)
Before the ministry (Niger Delta Affairs) came on board, the NDDC had already set up a
clearing house called the Partners for Sustainable Development [PSD] Forum. This
important organ brings together representatives of federal and state governments of oilbearing states, youth and women leaders, traditional rulers as well as the organized
private sector, civil society, the mass media and international development agencies such
as the UNDP and the World Bank. Its main function is to ensure that the developmental
activities in the Niger Delta by all stakeholders are synchronized. This important organ is
all that the ministry needs to key into the development programmes of the region ( Ifeatu
AgbuNews Nigerian Master Web daily news 09/08/11)
2.12.1
Membership of the PSD Forum
It is necessary to identify the active stakeholders that have a role to play in the process of
charge envisage in the plan in line with the dynamic planning principles, and the recipient
stakeholders who experience the current conditions and will experience the impacts of
change.
At the civil society level members are:

Civic Society Orginizations

Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

United Nation Development Programme (UNDP)

United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)
70

Oil Producers Trade Sections (OPTS)
At the state levels members are government ministries such as:

Ministry of Environment

Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Rural Development
At the national level members are:

2.12.2
National Planning Commission
Role of the Partners for Sustainable Development (PSD) Forum
The Niger Delta Regional Master Plan (NDRMP) is an integrated development plan. To
ensure sustainable development of the Niger Delta Region, there is recognition of the
integration and cooperation and to a large extent decision or action taken by active
stakeholders. The best way to ensure active implementation of the plan therefore is by
consulting with various stakeholders (active and recipient) to understand their motive and
constraints, and also involving them in the plan implementation.
Partners for sustainable development were to be created at Regional, State and Local
levels to help drive implementation of the regional development plans at the three levels
and different organizations.
One of the first assignments of the Regional PSD which commenced in 2005 was to
define arrears of intervention where projects could start. This produced the result of
Quick Impact Projects which were incorporated in the implantation programmes.
The cross section of the PSD also take part in workshops where they engage in working
through the projects development matrix: at the workshop there are discussions about
criteria for budget allocation and for project selection setting priorities between
71
programmes, projects on the composite list. This helps to prevent project duplication by
stakeholders.
72
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.0
Introduction
This non-scientific research is a historical study on the achievements of the Niger Delta
Development Commission (NDDC) in Rivers State. The study made a survey on the
activities of NDDC in the State. Questionnaires were administered to all beneficiaries of
projects been implemented by NDDC in the areas of Health, Education, Water,
Transportation, Energy and Power. A semi structure interview was used to generate
information from key informants who had good knowledge of implemented projects and
their impacts.
3.1
Research Design
The survey is inclined on historical and descriptive method. Questionnaire and
observation instruments were used for data collection. The questionnaires were designed
and developed in line with the objectives of the study. They were designed in such a way
that the respondents would answer "yes" or "No" or “no response” except where they
were required to make suggestions or comments. The personal interview was face to
face. The audience were stakeholders in state: selected Community Development
Committee (CDC) representatives, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Private
Companies, Traditional institution, members of the Media, Staff of NDDC and other
interested stakeholders.
3.2
Study Area
The Niger Delta, the delta of the Niger River in Nigeria, is a densely populated region.
The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was
expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate. The Region, as now defined
73
officially by the Nigerian government, extends over about 70,000 km² and makes up
7.5% of Nigeria‟s land mass. Historically and cartographically, it consists of present day
Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers States. In 2000, however, Obansanjo's regime included Abia,
Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo and Ondo States in the region. Some 31 million
people of more than 40 ethnic groups including the Efik, Ibibio, Annang, Oron, Ijaw,
Itsekiri, Igbo, Isoko, Urhobo, Yoruba, and Kalabari, are among the inhabitants in the
Niger Delta, speaking about 250 different dialects.
The delta is an oil-rich region, and has been the centre of international controversy over
devastating pollution, kleptocracy and human rights violations.
Rivers State is one of the nine (9) Niger Delta states of the thirty six (36) states in
Nigeria. Its capital is Port Harcourt. It is bounded on the South by the Atlantic Ocean, to
the North by Imo, Abia and Anambra States, to the East by Akwa Ibom State and to the
West by Bayelsa and Delta states. Rivers state is home to a variety of ethnic groups,
including
Abua,
Andoni,
Ekpeye,
Engenni,
Etche,
lbani,
lkwerre,
Kalabari,
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, Okrika and Ogoni. The inland part of Rivers state consists of
tropical rainforest; towards the coast the typical Niger Delta environment features many
mangrove swamps.
Rivers state, named after the many rivers that border its territory, was part of the Oil
Rivers Protectorate from 1885 till 1893, when it became part of the Niger Coast
Protectorate. In 1900 the region was merged with the chartered territories of the Royal
Niger Company to form the colony of Sothern Nigeria. The state was formed in 1967
with the split of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. Until 1996 the state contained the area
which is now in the Bayelsa State.
74
Map of Rivers State
Source: Google gps
The economic activities of Rivers state includes manufacturing such as food processing,
car assembly, manufacture of paper products, paints, petroleum products refinery and
road construction, metal works and cement making, enamelware, bicycles, furniture, and
soap making. Services include legal services, hospitality, medical, Educational and
engineering services. Extractive industries also exist such as mining of coal, tin and
petroleum, oil and gas liquefaction.
Also agricultural and agro based businesses exist in the city some of which are logging
and timber processing, tobacco processing and cigarette making, plastic molding and the
75
manufacture of rubber based products like tyres, bands and tube and glass making.
Imports are mainly automobiles, electronics, textiles and processed food. Sometimes rice,
Electricity and supply is still poor but on going projects in the state are aimed at
improving infrastructure in the nearest possible time. Crime rate in Rivers state is one of
the highest.
3.3 Sources of Data
Data were sourced through primary and secondary sources. The primary sources were the
people of Rivers state on whom the projects implemented have impacted, and NDDC
staff.
Other primary source was through observation.
We can always appreciate
development if we measure it empirically. Observation was used to assess the
achievements of the Niger Delta Development commission in Rivers State.
Data was also sourced through secondary sources. Some of the achievements that have
been documented were assessed. These were published and unpublished documents.
These included minutes of meetings, reports, magazines; journals on NDDC implemented
project, Niger Delta Regional Master Plan and websites of difference stakeholders.
3.4 Population of The study
The population of the study was the people of Rivers State that have been affected
positively or negatively by NDDC‟s activities. They included NDDC staff, Community
Development Committees (CDCs), the women groups, the youths, the infants, the
educationist, farmers, health beneficiaries the private and multi-national companies.
3.5 Sample size and Sampling Technique
One hundred and fifty (150) respondents were sampled to represent the population of
Rivers State. For the purpose of good representation, the state was stratified into two:
76
urban and rural communities. Purposeful sampling method was used to represent health,
education, energy, water and transport beneficiaries of these two groups. On the groups,
respondents were sampled randomly. Questionnaires were administered to the
respondents while NDDC staff were interviewed.
3.6
Data Collection Instrument s and Method of Distribution
Questionnaire, semi-structured interview and observation were the instruments for data
collection. Questionnaires were administered to the selected population using purposeful
and random sampling. Observation was made on infrastructures and empirical
development made by the Niger Development Commission. The questionnaires were
designed and developed in line with the objectives of the study. They were designed in
such a way that the respondents would answer "yes" or "No" or “no response” except
where they were required to make suggestions or comments.
The personal interview was a face to face. The audience was stakeholders in the state:
selected Community Development Committee (CDC) representatives, Non Governmental
Organizations (NGOs), Private Companies, Traditional institution, members of the
Media, Staff of NDDC and other interested stakeholders.
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analyses were employed. They included
charts, tables, histograms, percentages and ratios. Some qualitative data were transformed
into quantitative for the purpose of easy identification, assessment and measurement.
Direct reporting was used for other qualitative responses and reports.
77
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction
This chapter presents the data generated from the two hundred respondents that were
examined. Questionnaires, systematic observation, and semi-structured interviews were
used for data gathering across the selected communities in Rivers State. Twenty
questionnaires were not returned, the analysis will therefore be made on two hundred
returned questionnaires. Data generated were presented using tables, charts, histograms
and percentages. Some qualitative data were transformed into quantitative for the purpose
of easy identification, assessment and measurement. Some qualitative data were directly
reported and some were grouped for easy representation. The analysis is divided into two
sections; section A presented the information on respondents bio data and section B
focused on the socio economic impacts of the projects implemented by the Niger Delta
Development Commission in Rivers State.
78
SECTION A: Bio-Data Characteristics of the Respondents
6.
Sex
Table 4.1 Sex distribution of the respondents
Response
Score
%
Male
110
55%
Female
90
45%
Total
200
100%
Source: field survey
Figure 4.1 the sex distribution of the respondents
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
110
Male
90
Female
Source: Adapted from table 4.1
The data in Table 4.1 and Fig 4.1 shows the sex mix of the sample size. Out of the total
number of respondents; male accounted for 55% while female accounted for 45 %. The
data were generated from beneficiaries of projects implemented by the Niger Delta
Development Commission in their communities.
79
7.
Age Group
Table 4.2 Age group of the respondents
Age Group
Score
%
21-30
78
39%
31-40
90
45%
41-50
24
12%
51 and Above
8
4%
200
100%
Total
Source: field survey
Figure 4.2: Age group of the respondents
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
78
90
24
21-30
31-40
41-50
8
51 and Above
Source: Adapted from table 4.2
From the two hundred respondents, majority of them were between ages 21-30 and 31 –
40. They accounted for 39% and 45 % respectively. Others were between ages 41-50 and
51 above who accounted for 12% and 4% respectively. These groups represented
respondents who gave constructed responses and recommendations in the data generated.
80
8.
Marital Status
Table 4.3 Marital Status of respondents
Marital Status
Score
Single
92
Married
96
Separated
2
Divorced
2
Widowed
8
200
Total
%
46%
48%
1%
1%
4%
100%
Source: field survey
Figure 4.3 Marital Status of the Respondents
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
92
96
20
2
0
Single
Married
Separated
2
Divorced
8
Widowed
Source: Adapted from table 4.3
The data generated presented 46 % to be single, 48 % to be married, 1 % to be separated,
1% to be divorced and 4% to be widow. Most respondents were single and married; other
few ones are divorced, separated and widowed.
81
9.
Educational Qualification
Table 4.4 Educational Qualification
Educational Background
Score
First School Leaver
11
WASC/O' Level
46
NCE/OND/ A' Level
29
HND
23
B.Sc
49
M.Sc
15
P.hd
11
Others
16
Total
200
%
5%
23%
14%
11%
25%
8%
6%
8%
100%
Source: Field Survey
Figure 4.4
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Educational Qualification
11
46
29
23
49
15
11
16
Source: Adapted from table 4.4
Level of education, enlightenment and exposure helps respondents give meaningful
contributions towards a research. This section presents the qualification of the
respondents. Out of the two hundred respondents, 5 % had primary school leaving
certificates, 23 % had WASC/ O‟ Level certificates, 11 % had HND, 14 % had
NCE/OND/ A‟ Levels, 25 % had B.Sc, 8% has M.Sc, 6 % had P.hd while the remaining
8% had other qualifications which were not specified.
82
SECTION B: Socio-economic Data
10. Are you aware about the existence of Niger Delta Development Commission?
Table 4.5 People’s awareness about the existence of the Niger
Delta Development Commission
Response
Score
%
Yes
182
91%
No
18
9%
Total
200
100%
Source: Field Survey
Figure 4.5 People’s awareness about the existence of Niger DeltaDevelopment
Commission
No
9%
Yes
91%
Source: Adapted from table 4.5
Awareness about the existence of the Niger Delta Development Commission by the
people is a base for this study. Table 4.5 and figure 4.5 above shows that majority of the
respondents are aware of the existence of the Niger Delta Development Commission.
91% of the people responded positive to be aware while 9% have not heard about its
existence. From the data generated, it can be deduced therefore, that the Niger Delta
Development Commission is well known by majority of people in Rivers State.
83
11. Has the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission reduced
agitation by the people?
Table 4.6 Level of people’s agitation after the creation of Niger
Delta Development Commission
Response
Score
%
Yes
93
46%
No
79
40%
I don‟t know
28
14%
Total
200
100%
Source: Field Survey
Figure 4.6 Level of People’s agitation after the creation of the Niger Delta
Development Commission
I don’t know
14%
Yes
46%
No
40%
Source: Adapted from table 4.6
During the survey, the respondents were asked if the creation of the Niger Delta
Development Commission has reduced the agitation by the people of Niger Delta., the
response of the people for yes or no are nor far apart. 46% agreed that the creation has
reduced the agitation by the people while 40% disagreed to that effect. Very few were
indifference to this question, they were 14 %. From the above result, it can be deduced
that the tension for that the federal government neglecting the region has reduced through
the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission but other agitations has posted
some questions if the commission has met its mandate.
84
12. Has Niger Delta Development Commission carried out any project in your
community?
Table 4.7
People’s response to Niger Delta Development
Commission implemented project communities
Response
Score
%
Yes
84
42%
No
36
18%
No idea
80
40%
Total
200
100%
Source: Field Survey
Figure 4.7 People’s response to Niger Delta Development Commission implemented
project in communities
Yes
42%
No idea
40%
No
18%
Source: Adapted from table 4.7
Majority of the people who were aware about the existence of the Niger Delta
Development Commission agreed that the commission has carried out some projects in
their communities. 42% confirmed that the commission has carried out some projects in
their communities while 18% said the commission has not implemented any project in
their communities. Other who were indifferent to this question were 40%. Table 4.7
an4.7 and figure above has shown the response from people about the projects
implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State.
85
8.
Categories of Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development
Commission in communities
Table 4.8 Categorization of projects implemented by Niger
Delta Development Commission in communities
Response
Score
%
Electricity
35
17
Water
Road Construction,
bridges and drainages
35
17
40
20
Education
Shore protection and
Reclamation projects
20
10
10
5
Transformer
10
5
Transportation
35
18
Health Center
Skills Development and
Training
5
5
10
3
Total
200
100
Source: Field Survey
Figure 4.8 Categorization of projects implemented by Niger Delta Development
Commission in communities
Transportation
18%
Health Center Skills
3% Development
and Training Electricity
5%
17%
Transformer
5%
Shore
protection and
Reclamation
projects
Education
5%
10%
Water
17%
Road
Construction
20%
Source: Adapted from table 4.8
Table 4.8 and figure 4.8 above show various projects carried out by the Niger Delta
Development Commission in various communities in as Rivers State.
86
These projects are Road construction, construction of bridge and erosion drainages,
provision of electricity transformers, drilling of boreholes, Shore protection, solar power
projects, construction of jetties, rehabilitation of schools, and provision of vehicles for
transport. The report shows that little attention has been given to health by the
Commission in the State. The few communities the specific project like show protection
accounted for other low score because of the peculiarities about their environments.
87
9. Rating of Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission
Table 4. Rating of Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development
Commission (overall)
Response
Score
%
Best
24
13%
Good
32
17%
Moderately good
80
42%
Poor
42
22%
Worst
12
6%
Total
200
100%
Source: Field Survey
Figure 4.9 Rating of Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development
Commission
Poor
22%
Worst
6%
Best
13%
Good
17%
Moderately
good
42%
Source: Adapted from table 4.9
From figure 4.9 and table 4.9 above, the respondents‟ rating of the projects implemented
by Niger Delta Development Commission were recorded.42 % responded that the
qualities of projects has been moderately good, 22% and 6% were recorded been poor
and worst respectively. Other respondents said the projects are good and best. They
accounted for 17% and 13 respectively.
88
From the data generated, it can be deduced that the projects implemented by the Niger
Delta Development Commission have been moderately good and some poor. Few has
been best and good,
89
10. Implemented projects meeting people’s demand
Table 4.9 Implemented projects meeting people’s demand
Response
Score
%
Yes
72
36%
No
68
34%
I don‟t Know
60
30%
Total
200
100%
Source: Field Survey
Figure 4.10 Implemented Projects Meeting People’s demand
Yes
36%
I don’t Know
30%
No
34%
Source: Adapted from table 4.10
Out of the total number of respondents 36% agreed that the project implemented have
met their demand. 34% responded negatively that the projects have not met their demand.
Only few were indifferent. The gaps between the positive and negative responses were
close in range. This means that the impact of the projects initiated by the commission
(NDDC) in Rivers State is not generated felt by the people.
90
11. Respondent’s Assessment Grading of Niger Delta Development Commission’s by
projects Categorization
Re
s
po
ns
e
s
Project
Total Response
Education Health
80
102
20
20
20
20
10
0
8
0
62
58
200
200
Water
94
22
14
12
0
58
200
Road
80
20
12
12
0
76
200
Electricity Transportation
112
94
20
12
6
12
6
8
0
4
56
70
200
200
Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
Source: Field Survey
6
1
Highest Score
Lowest Score
Legend
Figure 4.11 Respondent’s Assessment Grading of Niger Delta Development
Commission’s by projects Categorization
120
100
80
Group 1
60
Group 2
40
Group 3
20
Group 4
0
Group 5
Group 6
Source: Adapted from table 4.11
On this section, the data generated was to rate the projects initiated by Niger Delta
Development Commission in their order performance using 6 as the highest score and 1
as the lowest grade. From table 4.11 and figure 4.11 above, majority of the people rated
the projects initiated by the commission to be grade 1. Which is the lowest grade The
other data were scattered across other grade such as 5,4,3,2 and 1 as shown above.
91
12. People’s recommendation on Niger Delta Development Commission’s projects
by prioritization
Re
s
po
ns
e
s
Project
Total Response
Education Health
20
32
6
6
6
4
4
4
6
8
158
146
200
200
Water
40
8
10
6
0
136
200
Road
36
4
8
5
10
137
200
Electricity Transportation
24
26
10
8
4
8
4
10
10
40
148
108
200
200
Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
Source: Field Survey
Figure 4.12 People’s recommendation on Niger Delta Development Commission’s projects by
prioritization
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Source: Adapted from table 4.12
The people of Rivers Stat were asked to prioritize the projects in the order they want the
Niger Delta Development Commission to make improvements using 6 as the highest
grade in the recommendation and 1 as the lowest. Majority (above 60%) of the
respondents wants them to improve on all the projects as stated above. Other
recommendations were scattered across the grades as stated above.
92
13. Future recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission
Table 4.13 People’s future recommendation of NDDC
Response
Score
%
Yes
104
52%
No
54
27%
I don‟t know
42
21%
Total
200
100%
Source: Field Survey
Figure 4.13 Future recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission
I don’t know
21%
Yes
52%
No
27%
Source: Adapted from table 4.13
From table 4.13 and figure 4.13 above, 52% of the respondents would recommend that
the Niger Delta Development Commission carry out future projects in their communities
while 27 would not recommend the commission for future projects. Only 21% were
indifferent in their response.
93
4.13
TESTING OF THE HYPOTHESES
Having given a careful analysis of the responses, the hypothesis formulated in chapter
one will now be tested and the result discussed. Statistical method of Chi-square will be
used to test all the hypotheses.
Formula:
X² = (O - E)²
Where
E
O is the Observed Frequency in each category
E is Expected Frequency in the corresponding
category is the sum of
df is the “degree of freedom” ( n-1)
X² is Chi Square
Ho is Null hypothesis
H¹ is Alternative hypothesis
Hypothesis 1 : The creation of Niger Delta Development Commission has reduced the
agitation by the people of Niger Delta Region
Category
O
E
(O - E)
(O - E)²
(O - E)²
E
Yes
46
33.3
12.7
161.29
4.8
No
40
33.3
6.7
44.89
1.34
I don‟t know
14
33.3
-19.3
372.43
11.2
17.34
Computer Value :
X² =17.34
Degree of freedom:
ki = 3 – 1 = 2
Level of confidence:
95% or 0.05
Table value:
5.99
94
Decision Rule
Reject: Ho if X² (computed value) is greater than table value.
Accept: Ho if X² (computer value) i less than table value.
Final decision: the final decision is that, creation of the Niger Delta Development
Commission has reduced agitations by the Niger Deltan people for participating in
their own development.
Hypothesis 2: Water projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission
have reduced water related problems in Rivers State.
Category
(Grade)
O
E
(O - E)
(O - E)²
(O - E)²
E
1
47
16.7
30.3
918.09
54.96
2
11
16.7
-5.7
32.49
1.95
3
7
16.7
-9.7
94.09
5.63
4
6
16.7
-10.7
114.49
6.9
5
0
16.7
-16.7
278.89
16.7
6
29
16.7
12.3
151.29
9.06
95.2
Computer Value:
X² = 95.2
Degree of freedom:
ki = 6 – 1 = 5
Level of confidence:
95% or 0.05
Table value:
11.07
Decision Rule
Reject: Ho if X² is (computed value) is greater than table value.
Accept: Ho if X² is (computer value) i less than table value.
Final decision: since the table value of 11.07 is less than the computer value of 95.2 the
final decision is that, Ho is accepted. The water projects implemented by the Niger
Delta Development Commission in Rivers State have not solved water related
problems.
95
Hypothesis 3:
Electricity projects implemented by Niger Delta Development
Commission have increased power generation in Rivers State.
Category
(Grade)
O
E
(O - E)
(O - E)²
(O - E)²
E
1
56
16.7
39.3
1544.49
92.5
2
10
16.7
-6.7
44.89
2.7
3
3
16.7
-13.7
187.69
11.24
4
3
16.7
-13.7
187.69
11.24
5
0
16.7
-16.7
278.89
16.7
6
28
16.7
11.3
127.69
7.66
142.04
Computer Value:
X² = 142.04
Degree of freedom:
ki = 6 – 1 = 5
Level of confidence:
95% or 0.05
Table value:
11.07
Decision Rule
Reject: Ho if X² is (computed value) is greater than table value.
Accept: Ho if X² is (computer value) i less than table value.
Final decision: since the table value of 11.07 is less than the computer value of 142.04
the final decision is that, Ho is accepted. The electricity projects implemented by the
Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State have not increased power
generation in Rivers State
96
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONN AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The crisis in the Niger Delta is strongly linked to the absence of physical development
and the inadequate access to resources. Although the Federal Government created Niger
Delta Development Commission to serve as interventionist agency to respond to the
needs of the Region, a lot more, in terms of basic infrastructure, economic policies,
programmes and environmental management frameworks which will sustain economic
and social development in the region need to improved. After data collection, the study
rigorous analysis and summarized the findings in accordance with these objectives of the
study: ascertain the circumstances that led to the formation of the Niger Delta
Development Commission., highlight the achievements of the Commission (NDDC)
over the past five years, make a critical assessments of the stated achievements viz-a-viz
its statutory mandates, identify the challenges faced by the commission in the discharge
of its duties over the years and; make necessary suggestions of viable solutions on
identified challenges.
Findings
It was discovered that creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission has reduced
agitations by the Niger Deltan for participating in their own development. That the
creation of Niger Delta Development Commission has reduced the tension from the
people about being neglected by the government. Although other agitations arose as a
result of inefficiencies of the Commission.
In the course to test the above hypothesis it was discovered that the water projects
implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State have not
97
solved water related problems. Water projects like the borehole, pipe born water solar
water lack maintenance. The rate of sustainability of the projects is low. Most of the solar
water system lack maintenance and operators. Several of these have let to water
problems. Long trek to stream has let to low school attendance.
The electricity projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in
Rivers State have not increased power generation in Rivers State.
Several electricity project have been installed by the Niger Delta Development
Commission in Rivers State but most of the transformers are either not functioning or in
bad state. The low in power supply in Rivers state has slow down manufacture and the
activities around manufacturing industries.
Quality education to boost the human capital required to develop the Region and
transform its problematic social relations and structures is still very low. Also, the state of
educational and healthcare infrastructure required by the Region is far from satisfactory.
Many communities, especially those in coastal parts, far away from capitals, lack basic
educational facilities even within primary schools and primary healthcare centres. This
situation has given rise to high school drop-out rates, high death rates, disturbing infant
and maternal mortality, illiteracy, non applicable learning, low performance at
WAEC/JAMB and growth in delinquent behaviour by youth in the region.
5.2
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is clear that though governments, since 1958, have set up very high
powered committees to look into the problems of the Niger, they have suffered the same
fate: non implementation. In cases where some of the recommendations have been
considered at all, they have been taken out of context and implemented piecemeal or
without the required enthusiasm, consistency and monitoring. Some of the reports were
98
not even touched at all; no White Paper was issued, and no follow-up implementation and
monitoring mechanisms were set up by Government. This meant that the will and
required enthusiasm to set in motion processes for a developed, peaceful and progressive
Niger Delta were absent.
It will not be out of place to state categorically that the current quagmire which the
people of the Niger Delta Region find themselves and the country is entangled,
characterized by violence, kidnappings, oil theft, illegal bunkering, political uncertainty,
economic dislocation, divestment, and inter-and intra-community suspicion and conflicts
is the result of non-implementation of the recommendations of various reports on the
Niger Delta. Insensitivity, neglect and at times, marginalization of already powerless and
devastated communities have made it possible for political opportunists, bad leaders,
corruption, waste, institution al decay and in efficiency to thrive.
5.2
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The Federal government should create and external check agency that will be
involved directly on the project implemented by the Niger Delta Development
Commission.
The agency should be equipped with well qualified, disciplined
monitoring and evaluation professionals. The commission should be responsible for
submitting periodic reports to the check agency these agencies should involved
communities‟ representatives, government officials, international donors and other
stakeholders in the region.
2. The federal government should pay up the money owned so that the commission will
be given a plain ground to play their impact. Federal government withholding some
funds form the commission may hider the progress of the commission.
99
3. Sustainability of a project will be assured if the projects are people‟s driven. All
projects initiators should encourage participation of the people from initiation to
monitoring and evaluation of projects. All contractors should be pre-qualified before
the contract is awarded and the check agency should always use a standard to assess
qualifications, and implemented projects. Other recommendations have been
summarized in the context of the scope of the study and stated as follows:
Environmental
4. The sustainable utilization of the resources of the Niger Delta holds the key to the
successful re-integration of the Region into a productive national economy. For
sustainable development to take place the various environmental failings of the past
years must be successfully addressed and this involves the strategic and urgent
restoration, rehabilitation and remediation of several degraded and threatened sites.
5. Decree No. 86 of 1992 should be strictly and faithfully enforced and complied with
especially as it relates to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
6. Niger Delta Development Commission, Governments and stakeholders at all levels
should intervene and ensure the preservation and sustainability of the environment as
a major part of the development agenda for the Region. This calls for a
comprehensive review of laws, putting in place environmental remediation
programmes that are labour-intensive and create employment opportunities for
community members in ways that are economically viable and can lead to
responsible corporate practices and enforceable environmental standards.
Economic
7. Rebuilding the Niger Delta into a prosperous Region requires that we grow the
economy of the Region and create jobs that pay good wages. It is also important to
100
move away from oil dependency and its conflicts towards the provision of
infrastructure which will propel growth as well as address poverty reducing
economic policies and programmes.
8. To diversify the Region's economy, there is need for it to regain her pride of place as
a major producer of agricultural produce without ignoring the multiple industrial
potentials associated with petrochemicals and gas. Also, there is need to get private
sector investments back into the Region and stimulate economic growth through the
re-envisioning of the service sector.
9. The Niger Delta Development Commission should work out schemes to support the
provision of implements to small-scale farmers and fisher-persons in riverine and
coastal communities as a means of addressing unemployment and reducing poverty;
Stimulate micro- and small-scale enterprises or development schemes that address
the needs of women engaged in small agro-related businesses;
Health and Education
10. Health problems in the Niger Delta are closely linked to environmental challenges.
Data available on water-related diseases, water supply and waste management
practices illustrate that water contamination and associated diseases area common
problem throughout the Region.
11. The schools and centres should be well–equipped; Establish in every ward, a
functional primary health centre assisted by Niger Delta Development Commission;
Provide free medical care for pregnant women, children under five years, adults
above 65 years and the physically challenged; Assisted to put in place a programme
backed by incentives that propel qualified science teachers to seek deployment to
rural areas in the Region; Provide scholarship from primary to higher education.
101
12. Establish mobile clinics, equipped and staffed. Build and equip testing centres for
addressing preventable diseases such as yellow fever, TB,HIV/AIDS and malaria;
Provide free anti-malaria treated mosquito net; and make anti-malaria drugs freely
available to all malaria patients in the Region;
Power and Energy
13. Explore and utilize hydro, gas, solar or wind energy sources to provide more power
and explore alternative sources of energy for electricity projects..
General
14. Develop strategies for effective and appropriate partnership based on community
engagement mechanism to ensure wide participation in development process, and in
particular ensure that community and Rural Development Directorate
15. Correlates the commission‟s strategies on project development and safety imperative
of the community, ensuring they are compatible
16. Develop blue prints for partnership initiatives for reflect the commission‟s mandate
as entrenched in the Niger Delta Region Development Master Plan.
17. Develop strategies to enhance trust and confidence in the Commission
18. Design appropriate remedial actions to be taken to satisfy relevant stakeholders in
the case of impacted properties by development interventions
19. Develop guiding principles for relationship management between NDDC,
contractors and communities.
20. Develop strategies geared towards education, information and mobilization of local
populace for enhanced cooperation and mutual co-existence of all stakeholders
21. Periodically review and revise community relation policy and procedures in line
with existing realities
102
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106
APPENDIX I
Institute For Development Studies,
University of Nigeria,
Enugu Campus
April, 2011.
Dear Sir/Madam,
QUESTIONNAIRE
I am a student of University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus under-going M.Sc program in the
Institute For Development Studies. This research is an academic exercise.
The attached questionnaire is aimed at aiding a research study being carried out on " a
critical aprraisal of the role of Niger Delta Development commission (NDDC) in socioEconomic development: a case of Port Harcourt local government areas of River State.
You are requested to study the questionnaire and supply the information required.
You are assured of confidential treatment of any information given and no name is
required on the form.
Thanks for your co-operation in advance.
Yours faithfully,
Akintonde Olumide Jude
107
QUESTIONNAIRE ON A PROJECT TOPIC: “A CRITICAL APRRAISAL OF THE
ROLE OF NIGER DELTA DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION (NDDC) IN SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CASE OF RIVERS STATE
Please Mark ( x )in the appropriate box; and fill in the blank space that corresponds with
your response.
PART ONE
1. SEX: Male {
} Female
2. AGE: 21 – 30
31 – 40
41 - 50
51 and above
{
{
{
{
{
}
}
}
}
}
3. MARITAL STATUS:
Single {
Married
Separated
Divorced
Widowed
}
{
{
{
{
}
}
}
}
4. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:
First School Leaving Certificate
WASC/GCE "0" Level
NCE/OND/GCE "A" level
HND
B.Sc
M.Sc
P.hd
Others
{
}
{
{
}
}
{
{
{
{
{
}
}
}
}
}
108
PART TWO
5. Have you heard about the Niger Delta Development Commission?
Yes
{
}
No
{
}
6. Has the creation of NDDC reduced the agitation by the people of Niger Delta
Region?
Yes
{
}
No
{
}
I don‟t know
{
}
7. Has Niger Delta Development Commission carried out any project in your
community?
Yes
No
No Idea
{
{
{
}
}
}
8. If yes please mention few
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9. How can you rate the quality of the project implemented in your
community?
Best
Good
Moderately good
Poor
Worst
10. Did the projects carried out by NDDC meet peoples‟ demand?
Yes
{
No
{
I don‟t know { }
}
}
109
11. Please rate NDDC role in the order of their performance below using 6
as the highest and 1 and the lowest point.
Education
Health
Water
Road
Electricity
Transportation {
{
{
{
{
{
}
}
}
}
}
}
12. In what areas will you want them to improve upon, using 6 as the highest and 1 as
the lowest?
Education
Health
{
Water
Road
Electricity
{
Transportation
{
}
{
{
}
{
}
}
}
}
11. Will you recommend that Niger Delta Development Commission to
carry out other projects in the future?
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don‟t know
{
{
{
}
}
}
110