Archaeological Reasearch Characterisation And Predictive

ARCHAEOLO.GICAL RESEARCH, C}IARACTf, RISATION
AND PREDICTIVE I\'IODEI,I,ING PRO.IECT.
RLCORDING OF'ABORIGTN
TUSB;/6E
PARTI OF TIIIi RhCORDING
OF'ABORI(
I.AN RIVERS'
ON TIIE LOWB]DGEE AND LOWER LACHLAN
RIVI
WETLANDS UNDER TIIE NSW RiVERS ENVIRONMENTAL
RESTORATION PROGRAM (RERP)
Rcport to Depaftnrerrt of Environment. CliInate Cblrnge
Dr Sarah Martin
May 2010
t
dillt
NSW
Environment,
Climate Change
& Water
\\xier lirr thr ltrturr
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This rcpod ms tunded rcugh rhe Rive6 EnvnonD.nrel Renodion Prclnm (REltP). ihc RERP is
tunded by rhe NSW Corcbmcnr and tlr Aunnlirn Commonweallh\ Wdq lor rhc ruiurc
waru Smln A!$nlh Prosnn. rnd aims ro sdF lhc dcdinc ol$crlaMs rhnusl, Mter Rovery rnd
cffcdive marrsenenr olcnvimnmc al {aro
joi'dy
Thh RERP pnied \yrs supcniscd by Cmy Curcy, Mamgtr, Fr. wes Relion Cslfte & Hc ragc
Division, and Bairin! Sourh Rcsional Pmsram Coodiidor,Far wsr ReCio'. culrure & Hcnble
Divisioi. DECCW Roland williams. rhe Aborigiial Usc & v,lnes PLojsr Abonlinrl Cofrmuiilt
Liano' Ofiicer lor rhe LoRbidglc/Lowo Lachlan. plrnned md impLcmentd thc .oisulrarion rnh rh
Illy rnd Brl nald .onnuniries, end virh rhe locrl hndo*n*, .s {oll m pani.iPlrirrg i', rlt cultuEl
vducs rid srchaeolosical suNsy. John Cubb! woo'ls, klyar(Nosood) SCA Senior Ficld Oflicq li
the Ndional Parks & Wildlilc ScNicc, also rsisred sith lo!is1is and coftulrarioi wirh landoMem tor
rhs Hayplnollhc suncy.rs Nellrs providin! insieh 6 inro .ultunl lsndscaPes
Thc lolloLving people
$ec invohed
in rhc .uhurul values 3nd uses and archrcolosical fidd
s'
sy:
Reno Woods (DECCW). John Cubbr woods (DECC\V), Roy Bmkcr
(DEccw), Hry LocrlAborieinalLand Couicil (l{ay [ALC) mcmb$Jafris woods, Doslci Kcnnedy,
lcmainc Dxon, Tam Dixon, Kcry Palkd, B an Cashr rtrd Balnnrld .ommunily mcmbD^ Krrci
Mtrmy. Ray Mumy, Ronald Munly, John Jacklon jnr, Nyler. Mumy. BrcMoi Kennedy. Elrine
tuniLl, Ed*dd (S'nokcy) Munay, claude larkson,l,'liai Pn6, willy Murny, Ricl, d Mnray, Mmcus
Mumy, aM Aid.ew Smilh
Roland
willianr (DECCW),
Badse.
Bd
rlso volunrccrcd hn expedxe in
oltft
on plins rnd animah tb' sone
dGcusions wirh
tlr
licld rcrm abour
sit
idcnrification and recdding a d cultoml
i',fon
ion
$Ney.-tony lunna Mirqhcll rro'n BrLmnald also hrd hnglhy
ch.necs to dtc Mu"!'nbideee River and rhc.suL!li8 cffc.t on
Spscill rhlrks ro Mick Kelly rnd Roy Ba*s lorrhrttehni.rl assrarcc in sctins up ind taininglhc
fi.ld tean ro use nE Pe^oiil Digi.al A$nhih (PDAI, rnd Roy for his assi$ancc li various ssrtct ol
mappins lhd wm nccdcd for thc pmjcc(. Roy produed rhu naps uscd ii rhis repon ro illun.rc rbc
rcsults ollhe RERP ctrl(usl vllucs suncys
ln addition, tl,e Hay LALC lid Nai Nai Tribal conncil orlinised lood and tonspon'aon rbr tle Hay
field wo4shon, and slio\yed prn ofrhe wo*shop !o bc hcld on Toosinbie lndiEenous hocccd Ar.!
situded on rhc MumnbidCcc Rivtrend Lo*bidgce This demonndtd rbcrcsultsofdtcnliunl wds
allo.arcd ro TooSmb'c lPA.
'lhh prcjccr
Lvould nor brvc 6ecn
posiblewnhour lhc fullcooptrrrion orrnd encou.rsomonr by.hc local
hndosneE and l.nd naiagcs scns tbe Lowbinsee and Lo\qLachlan ivtrwdlands,ard it s made
nuch morcsuccc$tuI$ a resulr ollhelimcandknollcdS.rhatnrnylardowEn &manrg.6 glvcrhc
Ilamish cullen wad fiom Nap Nafl Bcn Brrlor, Cmie & Leanne MuQhy lron UloigsrDarid Rrnkin
fion TuIra: Mick & Crrlry CaLlman fron Toopunrali Dob & Fiom G^ron lroto Ninmici Diantrc
willia'ns Aom Paika Wen. Pdd Monon fio'n Du onallee, Ron Hoirc fiom Tlr Titr, P'ul Connclbn
lrom Narwie, Slophh Blorc rrcm Tor] PlanB, John &(dcMclcln llom BoyorsardJMnbuns, Frinl
& Du en o1d from Monkcn Gnn8c & KraOm, MichaclSpinks from ls - Y- Co.d & Nolrns chan.e.
Prul Codcs llom SpiiCdalc Aho mrny rhanks ro Tom Divy lron Srare wder for sharin8 his
knowlcdec, aid spccial thanks to Kenn Nobn who took rinc off rmm his paid job 1o lhoe us moutrd k
Y Coed and Nolans Chancc.
Repon Secrions 4.,1,5.2, l0 end
ll
bsed on Manin G006) rcm.in.hc inlcllcdurl propenyoflheaurbor
EXECUTIVE SUMII'AFY
'lhc ,tuha.olqttat R.ronh, Ch.'rt.t.tnatiah & Ptrdi.tjv Madelr','s 44../ hrs denonimlcd the
connnu,i-q connedion ber*een rft Aboriginal communirics and rhc Lorvbidgc. .id Lo$d Lachlan
werlrndsr through rLe re.odins ol preconr.d ind pd${o .d trchasloercal mdcral rcmains rid
pllccs $nh orhcr ryps orcuhurrl sienificrnce. uss rnd valu*. Su.h documenrarion rill enhmoo rhe
rbiLityofdrAborisinalcommuniriesro.eSorirle&.eslorverlan&.oundcn.kccultunllcalnlcs,and
io manrle, consene, .nd lnjor thcn hcntsc. rll. Ri!c6 Envionftdt,l R*bntioi Pmgnn (RERP)
Subprog h IV Enhaicc rhc Bemfih orFn onnrnlrl w , pmvids an rddirional avenue for rhe
negolidion of inrcased bcnefit ro thc idtrril .nd .ulrtrrul cdvircnncnr and ncw ofponutrirics for
AboigiDilpsople ro accc$.nd cnjot rcrhn'lsas ploccs orcultunl !snificrnce
Predicrive nodelins and !ip inilysis.i.bhd rh. RERP suflcy roorgcr arcN vitli r high likclihoodol
contri',i,,g culhEl Esources tror previously suNeyed or recoded. 11is .ullurd tr$ aid valucs slrvcy
recorded r lorrl of 1163 locdions wirh culrunl rcsourccs in smnh mas annnd ihc Losbideee rnd
Lo*d La.hlan Lvdlands. The lo.arions conbi'rd a roral ol ll06 learures. includirs mounds. Diddcns,
aNciral bu ak, none ancfads, hcal reraiis ovms, nddili.d tcs (including ccrcmorial rin8 trcct.
rcsotrrcs and gdrhc ig localions- on'l loc'rions orhisroric siciilicance.
'rhemulonlyolrh.rrch.cologi.rlmd.ialrccodcdhdtedyrclrtcdtousemdvrlucsolserlaMs For
cxanplc thc nFuids and n,iddeDs conrrin tft cooked renuins ol rquric planb .nd aninn'ls th
licqrcnled rh! rv$l.nds, incLudine rcma1ns of platrr roods sud, as cuDbursi, lrke rnd river nuscl,
tioD, rl,e removal ofba canocs rhrr leB usod .o .r.vsl rhtutrgh thc wdhids, lid to fish, hunr bd
garh$ in thc Lvcdands smalkr crme rhaped scrs result Ao'n bark Emovrl lor smrll cmoes knorr
locrlly as dm! dongs', shich the romh ptrshcd lhnugh shalloN w!.o ro cairy rood rlrcy colhcrcd
such as mG$h or aqu..ic phi. rubc6. Grindln8dnhes 3nd modan 3nd penles rho indicalc fo.us on rhe
prepar ior ol:ccds, roos and tubcc sro$ins in rvetlanJs:nd cpbcmdally noodcd!ruas
nre napping olrhe RElil' n'ney results ilso demoirFros rh. conccnrdlon ofarchacoLoeical
'mrcrirl
Theconbinarionofrhhsuney
andpl.ccs. planbandanimahorc
'ds.
dita snd exnrinsdabbases hrs resultd nr r silnificanr body olinfomdion rhrl iscutr6lly bciiS tr$d 1o
build morc accuErc nrcdi.nvc modcls Thn rcLv modcliDg $ill cnhancc cultuml hcrirage mrnaeemcrt
sflrcsics rnd \yctlrnd conscnrtior, whic], will benelii the bori!inaL communirics ollhc iegion.
Tlic RERP lmcy locnscd on tle uniqrc hndfoms of the Losbidlee aDd {he Lo*sr L..hlai/Gca.
roD adjrcenr delir like sliens *irh exceplionrlly hish
Cumbung Sw!ftpprodudiviry and 6ioma$. warer oveiloM rhe rnq chrnneh iDro r va$ syscm of mcks. lcin-likc
distibuldils, swinps, rc.d beh and laks. Thc alchscology. cth,,ohsrory. ard ctrrrcnr connnunny
knoNicdec md acriritics dcmorstatc a sisniricarr Iocus or thes *cda.ds rnd Rclland resourccs by
bo'i8inal p$plc olcr thc l.s 5,000 y$6 lid inio rhc trcs.trr
landscancs coNnct.d s cultu'rl landscape sirhout panllel in ANrrlia, *hich mun be asisncd r high
priority lor conseRarion rnn manrscmsl !ilhin ns contxr olwcdaid llndscatcs. Thc archa$lo8y also
dcDotr!rer.s envimnD,etrhl chanscs ov rr lcan 5.000 yeax, rnd Nlrural rcsponses to thes cbrnses.
Cutrcd AbonsLml connntrniry krowkdge hcilitatcd rhc rccordins ol{etLand and floodpLain phnt and
mimals sirhraluc.and places olspeciaLvaltre lorfishins. AloltrLol57pknrs wirh cnllunluscs and l0
renl AborignD| .ommunily u$ of
liinlk lenh.trltunluscs\rre'ec
werlrnds includes .olledion ol lood (fish. yabby. cny. bnJr,6a,ti sn'bs. Dl.nr loods dc.), ncdi.inc.
firesood, tdirionrl mdlcriils (sood, rcsin, fcarhss, bmk c1c.), aid famrly aqlvtrics such rs crDipi"s,
bodlie, s$immine lishing, rcad,i',e aM culruml rcriviiics I', addition rhe Aborieirrl conmuDiry is
actively ensaged in *ellmd regene.irion on Toogin$ie lPA.ndon DECCW consc arionarc6.
Local Aboriginal .ommmiries ind non-AbonginJ la.doBnss/maiigc6 .otnmcd thar rl'cl hNc
similar gorls lor obeiniig .(ldirioial lnd contliuiig cnvircnmcniel/
rnonlion and pmrecrion of*erlands, for ltrtre lcn{dions as vell .s rh. cun.nr gcimllon. Thcy
demonnralcd . ddcminllion ro \brk rogsho !o lom an allirn.c aincd ar potcdLtrg aDd rc{orii,g
$dLaids and obroii,ie
rn'ror cultunl rrer lor wellands. Lando ren
ackno$ledged rbarAborigin.lt nionaLLdd n.nag.mcn. pracri.cs sub!' ixllyrhcrd tu \erl'nds. as
onalpndices Dighr be imoDoraled
did Eutup.li nrilgcncmpncfc
inro c D rcnr manesement of rhe RE RP *erland s and nven
CONTENTS
lREw) Irnncudian....
& Prcditia rkde ins Ptujtt ,4i8.
\\utt
2.rr
2.lr
, oIth
P,
.. ..
.. . . . .
.
ato4 .
rhc Murufbidge Rivtr (MU) ........................... . ..
Nimniccrii, crc.ks (Nc), .
l)F6.dPlonhlarcdNa9dn\j
1bbrq1,.1?anu,h'on'heLa\hldBQ
a
a
tn\, tba4 n'. Pt,t : (vutt" :006)
Murunbt44 P'"hE Ptcdicii raetetths(Par"taea |ddin raat)
Isu ibhe rhe Ptahd Dnti,ttkn ]nattrh |tk h )aa6). . . . . . .
52'lDhtibdDnofsiGsbyHydrc
5]'2DistibdionofMoundsbycm
5.t
j.2
52.3 DistibutionorotbssibTyp
52'lDntLbdionRdjoDshipbcls
s
5r
2.5
Distiburion Rcl ionihip bcrs
Itu Ptc
t 750
Ma.tettht lRidl$ 2aae)
5.4 rtP{onlDhh.th
tun
ofrub
.
....................r0
t,@\
al the
L\t4
2,4,tcs
aJthe
Lotw LrhL,t atu
6t
6
6t
PE bbt, sn t?!?,).. .. . .
LdthAEe|| h vuLurt! nd snqe
Lrcht n Mt Lqyb i.ts@
cu,bhhs th. cup ttturs^ m
e
t D^tib bnotl\habhllr tu
f Major
EN'rcmE'r Modind'ion
An.hsb of tkdilied h?a\
er )D1b5boltuu sraa N'
e
5 canvl\rlidn4Adadtaeial
e5.r
RlRr s"nq cmradio!
P@j
tal
Dt., btt -
rlrt
111
Ernahisbnht E\i.ld...J Ltuk'
4e^'s
the
trcha@he at't u'! oI
2J flJ c.,rh.,\,.d.erf or e
' ' K.trt de. .tR,t4tht,q-n.Lt.r'4
t:6 -r.d lbo Ej ot u ? ol tv to,^
'2' -d. ,.t,.t) ot. nu tutral
tlt
rhc unhre
b low.lfk!
L
l46rhe'4botiginalcahnunin'and
(cD RoM)..-..
16.
^PPtNDrcls
16.t Appdrtk t Prutidite Motlet lPaiJae a lktin 244r..........
)6.2 tppddk 2 cr McppinelMclin )aaO . . . . . . . . ..... . . . ....
t61
lppqde 4
16.6 awqdk
6
Ra p
IDRP
suvr
Map, tBatk{ rata)
s,ryq R,iet.
t.
1
l
PROJECT BACKGROUND
Rivers Environm€ntrl R€storation Program
(RERP) Infroduction
Thc hcahh of many significanr *ellands in lhe Munoy-Dmllng Bsin is drcateied. and in Dany cms
nrveBible danase has alre.dy occuftd. Thc Rivc6 Envinn'ne'ral Renomrion rroglm (RERP) h.s
bccn csrablishcd ro arst rhedecline ofdre non ircs.d md iconic ri!c6 and sdlands inNSw. thrcugh
markerbmed w er recovery focu$d on volunrary ac'lunition and effecrive, acrive mmascnonr of
RERPfocusesor fivE are$ in .hc Mumy'Dsning Basin (risuE l.l), nancly:
.
.
.
MrqlaricMaahsi
La.hlm wedandsr and
LoNbidgeeFloodplrins
nds. The Lowbidqee & Lower Ladhlan REFP
Su
6y Arca 3 with n lhe
I
\tilc
Acquiition and
thc locus ofRERP is on the ptrrchase of Wder ,\ccss Licsncus (Subpngrem
manasemen! of Rar* lor Enviroincntrl Benefis), thE o H subpmgrams suppon RERP\ capocny to
han!9.
.
.
.
and
d.livq cnvioi'nenrrl
wd
to priorily wetland!. nrcy arc:
ll Bcner use of Envnonn enral Walei
Subprog6m Ill BcrcrDeliveryof Envnonnenu| Wdci
Subprocian lv Enhan.e Ihe benefirsofEnvnoim.nral waicr.
Subprqrsn Iv ains ro boos the bcnefiG of hvnonmcn.al &rq
L
Subprog6n
on private land To do this,
Engasins wilh landholdcF ro inpmvcrhc mnasement of*ellmdsheld onprivlrc
l
d,
2. I',ve icari',s opponu
ries for rhc
prch
e
ofDroponics rhdconuin hleh conscfldron voluc
retlrnds, rnd workin! rvirh Aboriginalcommunilicsto facilnN rhcirrson'ecrion roculturrlly
ihin the Recodin! ol
significrnr rc{lands and foodplains lnrhc Loub,dscc & Lo}s Lacl,lan
AboriqinalUse & values Projed).
(
1.2 Archreological Res€arch, Charactcrhatiotr
&
Predictive Modelling
At.hdeoloEi.al R?:earch, Chat te^atiur & Ptlttidi!. ital.tt lE hrjdt nas $e pan\ctrlat
empbisis ol do.umcnring rh. link beNen rhe Losbidsee and Loser Lachlan !rellands did roddy's
boriginal co'ninuniry dmush rhe do.ummrarion ofpre conhcl rid pdi-cddlad Aboriginal hcdagc.
60lh hnsibls ind inrdrgiblc. Such documciration \vill cihaicc rherbiliry olthe Abongiml .omnunily 10
nsgorialoa.c.ssroscrlaidsorsisnificanceiourdenrkemltumllcrivilies..ndron.nagc,con$nc,and
mjoy rhei' lrcftase RERI (Riven Envnonnc'! Renomdoi Prc8nm) SubprcBnm Iv prcvides rr
ddnionlL avcnuc ror rhe negotiation ol increosed benelit 1o thc .an'nl rnd culruftl onvionnonr and
ncs opponuDiries lorA60riginrlpcople to a.cc$ and enjoy \vdlands.s pla.cs of.ulturul siSiilicancc.
In.
A key rhe'ne r rhe ArchaeoloEicrl Rsc ch, Chandcnsaridn ind lrsdidivc Mod.lliq Projcd is tl'c
assci'red verl ds The
rldionship bdwecn chrcolosicil sn*/culrtrrul landloms and rhc rivc6
'nd plncms aid rcdands /
bricf spc.ificrlly 6ks ror docunenrarion ofrhe Elarionship benlscn scdcmc
tlmdal areas and ro elab. teon:
. fte onsoing bensfir rhar eatr providcs to rhc undc6ktrdi',g or rhe Aborisfil archrcological
valms md managementofrhose valu*l
. nre presmce of natmL reeutoes \virhin rhc .ul.urul llnd$epc th'r provides rhe bsk tbr tlr
.
I ic haeologill reod i lid
Tl,epotnrial impacr o I in undation on physlcalAboriginll mchecological sires/plrcs.
Thh projed h one olfour conplcncnrary sudlcs bcine undenrken rl oush the RERF Rsodin! of
bonginal Usc lnd vrlues Pm.lccr. the oiher dme bcing an arhival hisrory, oml hislory ind soriil
bciefik anrlysn The roral projecr will provide addilional infdm.rioi lor rh. { tnajor usotrs ror
und.naking rcgional$udics,es $ated in anilloyle (2006):
L Prcdrtive nadelln\: A rcgionsl ase$nrnr predict where presenrLy unidenrified placc!.rc likcLy
2 Cth
and
ral latl:tape::
rcEional 6sc$mcm pnvidcs r lrndscapc pc,spcclivc on hhtory and
to shor rhc dcftlftdnss
ofindividual l,*itascplaces
^.
ro
cu11uF
nlbh
3 SrrrcEit oavttuthh: A tcqi.nal ascsDrnl hci|ihts consryrrio. planning d. L!rg( $alc rhan
dd which k posiblc, for iniince, d the scrle ol.n eivnonncnral lnnact r$c$'ncit (ElA) for a sinsk
a. Connra
r bt".lns:
pmvides
l
ntrm6{ ol Dosiriv! bcicfiG lor Aboi8inal
1.3 The RERP Proj€ct Survey Area
$fley rea fo.uscs on rhc Iiwbdgcc (Lower Murnmbideee Riv ) rnd f,o*er Lachlan
Rirdwdllrds aid Floodrhi'N (Fisurcs l.l & 1.2).
Th. prcj.cr coisidcrcd .orc wcdand ams i', Lowbidgee & Lorv Lachlanrirersynems includin!:
The project
.
.
of.rc6 n'lMeted by lai ee tlooduarem
Aaas rringing rhe *iem ol inundalion in o sr ro dcrcminc.hc
Thc ftrll c{rcnr
LoN
aDptupnlrc I)a$ uscs
oln'c
Mummbidlee River bclov Hit spru.ds out ovn a eFduolly \vidcnlng floodplri" i'to rhc
!naieulrr shlpcd arcr calkd ft Lo*bidsee (Fieure l2). The Lorbidgee floodpkin islhsl.rgcs
arer oliloodplrir *erlrnd remainins in rl,e Mum'mbiJgee Rivq v.llcy. l. inch'lcs ihc seond lrl8en
red gum lorei in ,4u$rali. and signilicanr bla.k box, liA,u'n 5nd Edbed coDnnunilier
'iver
(Mummbdge
cMA :006). The Los6idsce besins ne l'cvlnsy ro thc {cs ol Hly ond eEdurlly
The
trniquc
1o loh an eietslvc and conpkx noodplain on borh 6idcs of ihe Murrunbidsee Rivs and
conrinuing ro{ads Balmnald. The prolect arer rlsd indudcs the Low* Lechlan River 6on Boollgll
doryn {o Oxhv rhcn throush rhe Gred Cunbuns Ssanp and rsocirted lcarures doM ro rhcjunctiotr or
imponrnlrelhnd
r Lachlan and rh. Mummbidgee RileN nre GrealCtrnbune Swomp is a
ridens od
'dionally
The modem Mumfrbdg* md Lachlan Rive6 ad n.iior, inciscd rrd rery sinuous and chirac.qiscd
by suspended lord clays.nd sils. Prlr@chrnrels ihat crrried *.rfaid srndier sedimenr prior to and
tuoushoul lhe l.$ glaciiltsiod can no* be ven .s vidc channels of srnd onen slilhtLy.riscd.bovc
'
rhgavcr.gclcvclofrh.plcin.andasociatdlcvcsandsourcebo'deringduncs'lhoshallo\somclns
rrcc lincd. prlaeoclannels may bc taprlrd by moden cEeks and rbus sill .rny noodsd
Palaeoch.nncls afiect the topoEmphy and seonoDholoeJ, and d,crcfore innuence rhe nodDm ri!c6,
dccks and *dland llrbirrk (Kinlsfoid 2001, Paec cr s1.1996, Prse er rl.2005). Inrcnretaron olrhe
nnuenceolcnvionhe on rhc archrcolosyond culhml values hN io factor i'r thecomplexand sublle
relarionshipsbctreen ihe n nyp.licofc!.urcsrndtltnorrcccntHolocencldndscalc.
nre dimarc is semland sith hish evrponrion ind. qiner ruinfsll mxinum Howcver, si * and
spnng ninhll and sndw ncls non rhe highlands Io rhc eai dis.hd4o rhrcugh rhe nernork ol rives,
creeks,rnib nchcsand distibub e!$ar hvc6c rhe pkin and ch!'nel w rowards rheMurayRlv.r
for evetrrual disharge inlo rho soulhcm occri. Prior to ihe sarer contol s]$cm mw n place, rhc spring
srow mclrs prolidcd consisretrt annurl flooding, . signin.sit facror affedtug rhc arlh.eoloeJ and
ctrlllFl vllucs The prcjecr rrs has an avsaec Bndienr otonly zocm/km and h wdl knoM ror it
darne$and v6r ch.nopod domimkd plains (Soil Con$Na.ioi ScNiceNsw l9q0) x coishtofcltys,
sihs aid $nds ornrinly fluriarilc origin. and ns pri'nary surfice learnres resuh ftun rhc evolurion orrl'c
rirersy
F
gurc r
ems
overthc
2 The
li$ I3
million
y.rs
Lower Ladrilan and Lowbidgee
1.1 Temporal
scope
Thc prinary focus olrhis pan olrhcproled n the pE{onlad.rth.ologlcal siics Dd stlemenr parehs
Rith dre focus dn dcnonsnrins the link berween rhc mcha.olo$ and *crland eNimnmdt Holvcvc(
pkc6 Nitb hisloric or co cmpomry si8iificrrcc ercourtsed dunng ftc snfley were also rc.o cd,
imludingplrceswirh lood mdnedicineDlmh,fishingph.cs, lnd pl!c6 shc€ Abongiiel peopk livedon
ro
nations. An ovedLl dn ol.hn pmjcc. h io dcnoi$Ere rhe conlniry oruse orwerlands Fom lhe
''id
l.re Holochc rhrcqh ro rod'y This piojecr is Iinkedro rro orner RERI proj*c rhd locN on rhc irchiviL
hisrory a,rd oml hisrory olrhcsansxroi (wdrcru 2010 inIrcp.).
1.5 Relationship to Watcr
Oivctr rhc .iveri'r trahre ol rhe pmjed rea. md the ld.us ol .hc ovcnU projcct on Ndl'idi tlr
relrtionship of archaeologicil siros md cultuFl valu6 to valo is e ke] thene fl d,e rchamlosicrl
researh.ch.dcrsrisalion andprcdicrlvcmodell,nC ThN i".luds:
'
'
.
Thcrcllrioishipbehr*nsenhnenrprnemand*erlands/floodedaFasi
Thc oieoiig bcncfir ther sarer prcvids ro rle undeslandins of rle Aboriginal arhaslqicaL
values md managemenr of tlDse valrcs!
nre presmce of narukl rcsoor* wnbin rhc lultunl lan'l$lpc thoi providcs the bask ibr
rhe
ar.hdeological rc.ord i rnd
.
Thspdtn(ial lmpo.olinundarior on physical
Abo
rici',al
arch reoloeical obj
st
Gires/phcet.
1.6 Worhing with the Aboriginal CommuDitics ofthe R€gior
' C.pacnyBuildingrorkshops
TNo .rpacny buildins sorkshops s e hc1d, onc rr llry and one d Brlmnrld. The $pdciry building
wo*shops $se dsigncd 1o dkctrs rhe Es(lrs oflbc 5ufloy aid ro prcvidc a lcnuc ror c.'n'nunity
dhcusions otNe.nd valu. olucrlands, rhc bcncrls ofcnvnonmenirlknltuml MIer and srls loNard
ror dr RERP pDgrrm. A finalr*o dry ro*shop Nill bc hcld ii Jui.20l0 ar Hey strh panl.Lpant fton
Hay. Bilnnald aid suiiouiding rceions
.
TnininS On Ficld Suflcys
Thc field sutreys includcd rcprescnrrl ives of 1oca1 A boisina L commun ni$ qho werc gncn raining in thc
ficld in Eosnilio' md Elording o f anhdoldgica I nlrcd al and u*tu| pl'i$ $d animah. $ vell ss the
use of PDAS wnh CiS $frlv'rc in rl[ ficld A roisl of25 comnunity people padi.ip&d in rdning in the
ri cld, 6 rmn llay snd I 9 frcm Bal ranald. Fan o l l he krining induded l.aming abou! .hc RERP png raD nc
orcuh'mllalues
an d .hc ro*sh oppinB of th e cffeds o I envircnDental Ratcr and cultural
wd
.
Conmuiii] Lirisor
Roland willia'ns fsm DEccw criried our d,c lirilon bcr*een local Abonginrlpspk, orrmiariuns and
communilies. I'rereied Abo dg inal pcoplc with arch acolog i.al ri d cultuml knowkdge ol the \dlrnds weE
invn.d b psnicipate $ rhe.zi',ing and field componen$ olrhis iudy. Orher AbonginaLpcoplc *irh.n
inte'sr in lermin! abourrhe wellandr, including v!ry youngpcoplc, *crcalsoglvci a dFrccropadiciprt.
Roland .1so .sisrcd snh rh.llal$n rirh laidowncn d lrnd nrnaseN md hcilirat.d ac.cs orb pnvalc
h,fomationofier€dbyAborigi.alpeopleinthecouseolfilld\o,abou.Abonginalpoplc\vrlusin
relarion ro rhe lmdscip. and archaological sit6, wcrc rcconled
undemrmding ol and rhe compreharsive recorni4 of^bongin.l popL!
s
vllus olrhc lvcrlod
landscaFs
2.
2.r
2.1
WETLAND LANDSCAPES OF THE LOWER LACHLAN
AND LOWBIDGEE
The Lorbidgee Sydem
I
The Lowb'dgee Landscape Unils
The Lowbidlee hrs beon diridcd inlo dillcrunr unirsba$d on hydrclosicrldata {follo*ing Kingsfod
&
anificial division rhar Efleds modem infltrencas such .s rho Rsdb.nk
and Mludc wci6 ar well asnr pre sate'Egula{ion hndsrrye. Howovcr i. givcs somc sructurc rorl'c
following dis.u$ion ol rhis unlqlc aM coDplex tloodplai', syien Thc Lowbidlec indudes rhe
Mummbdgcc Riler channel and *erlrnds on borh sides, and on 6c nidJh nonh sidc njoins onro rhc
Lower Lachlan syncm, panly shorn on Fig re 2.2 as rh. Cruat Cufrbtrns Sr$np *nh d'c Loxer
Lachkn pdssing rhtuugb i!. Thc boundery orthc Losbidsee h noi a definite one, but moi descnplions
acccpr thd n dads shere rhe Mum'mbidgec Floodplain $ans to ridcn jN to the \d or Hry or
YatrBa Lake neri Balrnrld and includs both sidcs ol rLe
revensy Skrion, and .onrinucs as I
Mummbldecc Rircr above Bel'anrld 's
The lour mrjor laDdlon unih disctr$cd belor aid shown ii Figurc 2.1 arc thc MurruD,bidgce Rirer
(MLr), ll,efiddl!s-U.n Crccks (FU), rltr Ni'n'nic-Crm cEeks (Nc). a Red6ank(RB) covennsborh
sidcsolrhc Mummbdecc doMnream ioDr the Lachhn Riv{j,'ncrion (Kinesfod & Thonas 2001)
androm Unils Based on Hyd'o oqy (rrcm Kinssldd
irii\
2.1.2
Th6 Muiiumbd9ee
-,
& Thomas 2001)
s3
Rver(llU)
In lhc ToogrrbiePcvcrsy rru betwcen Hay ard Maude, dimse smdier palaeochanncl fclrurcs ronn
hiehsroundatcdscoflhefloodplain,foming back+Mmpt ar ihcjunctioi orthc noodplain and hish
grcuidrhltpriorroMrcrreEularionsouldhavebeenreluhnyflooded{Pi8cdaL.(1996).Moundsrcnd
ro be locared on rhe hisher lround ar rho edgc ofrhc g dullly \ridcning noodflei'r.o' or hishspo6and
sorce bordoring dmcs rvi.hin rhk floo'ldlin- shich arc rlso crpE$ions of palaeoclan'el learures
Fnm.hcwcsrofToogi'nbic.drMurtumbidgccRircrnoodplainconlinuesrorvidenddnumctuussmall
creeks exit rherilerbolh 1o rhe nonb lnd souih, oftcn rorm,issMmps such m Nap Nap S* np Somc
ol rbc small.iccks rci,nimtc ii s$rnips,nd othemjoin rhe larss crcek sy$!frs discus.d bclo!. Thc
iver channel near Toognnbie rnd Maude has high b.nks and a l.l!c.apmi.y (Ihorol). bn n siadurlly
bcconcs con$ndcd and lcvcc ba',ks tctrd to dnapper. Ihus Mter orerno$s the chmnel d loLvd flood
I)ulss rhan tuthcr updream. Prlreochrnnek wirh crpnred cEeks. su.h 6 PimpaF Crcck,jor rhe nv
lrom l]t Lrcl,la' synem (Fisure 2.2). Ih. Muriunbide$ Rilq n l)5nially separred liom Ninnic
Crnr-Pollon Crc.ks in rhc Moarfi.ld'Nimnie-Toffy Plai'srm by r palaeochrnnelddgc thar rhc modctr
l,horo 1 :
Mlmnbidgcc Riv$ar Tooginbie Sho$ing
Pho.o 2 :
Mummbidgcc Rivqnc.rRcdbank wcnShowiig rhc Low Rivcbanks TyDical of.hs Rodbdnk
thc Hlgh Rlvclbaiks Typical ofrhis Serion
sdrioi (odobsr00e)
Pholo
3
Bnds Flying ovn wcdands on lhc
U.r.
Creek
Sy$m (ls Y-Coed)
oflhc
t
Fislre2.2 Map oldr *bidgee Major Hydrologhal Fcaturcs (ron Kingsrord & T]jonas 2001).
including Major Lakes and Branching Cek Systems indr Lowbidgfr Floodplain. Dshed line *as thc
exrenrolrhc floodpl!in in 1902. solid boundary line marks the ri*bidace Flood Conrsl and Inigdion
DGticr.NunbeEmarkrhen.insrMms:l-LachlanRiver,2'wausoBhCreek.l Murrumbidcee Riv
(dark6 linc), 4-Paika Crcck,5-MonkeD Creek.6 Talpee Creek. T Kidr Creek,3-Yanga Creel,9-Uira
Crcck,lo-Pollo Cre.k,ll Nnnnie Creek,12 Caifl Cdk, l3-Fiddl*s Ci.ck, A-Alaloi Ssamp,Lf,ooricr Lrke, M-Maudc wcir, N-Nap Nat Swamp. P-Pissery hke ond R Redbankwen. The Rdansle
at the boton olrhe mrD is Yanra Ndurc Rcse c.
=-s$w
I
2.1.3 Nmmie
CarE Oeeks (NC),
The clna and Ni'nmie Creeks fom fine1y divided dhtibu.ancs rhat lsve rhc Mumnbidsee Riv
up rean non lhe Maudc Wcir(Figurc2.2). Thc ivcr nows (or usal ro now) over ih banks and along
deeks in.o thcsc sysrcDs orchnnels. cain crek no*ed sonrh befoft bonchiig to lhc nonh\rc to
form Pollen Crtck and ro the south ro continue ls Cana Ciesk. Ninnic Crcek Nrrer ioi',ed up virh
Pollen CFek bur rho nowcd ro rhc nonhwcsr ro inutrdare arcrs ncr rhe rirer. Beseen Nimmie
Cftek and wougorah Creek, .onveying Mrer to rhe south, snaller ch.nncls rakc M!.r ro thc
noodplain wausomh Creek nos sourhse ro nll ch.nnels and floodplains aid li'k\ np sirh
Monkem and Talpee Cr@ks rh.t sinil.rly flow !o rhc sourh iojoir up with Tda Lake rnd the main
chaniclofthc Mun$bidge Rirer (Kingsford & homas (2001).
In rhh
!rc!, pollcochunel ridses with rewo*ed
alrcnareNith
rhe
nodem disrributrry
nerMrk'
sandy levees and soure botdering
dun6 innueme 3id
2.1.4 Uara/Fddle6 Creei
(FU)
To lhc Lv.e of Toocimbic dE Gum Creek ard Ksrbury Dal&ochanncls lom disnibltarics of d'c
Mtrmn,bidsee Riverard begin ro loose srldca exprc$ion ii rhcs&nny rc3ion rcar Mrude *here rl'ey
ap lalgoly obscurcd by deposition or rcenr nne emined sedimcnl and dcns lisiufr (l.gc c! il.
1996:lL9) unfofruMlely mu.h olrhis lilnum hrs bcen tue ly dcar.d lornigdron.rcpsof borl' sidcs
olrhe ve'(Kingsford 2003). n cxccpliod lo rhk is rhc Fiddhs-U$r Crcck.crch datedroberReen r5
25 ka (Prgc ct rl 1996,lll). pan ofthe Cum Creek paLaeocbinnd syscm whhh braichcs ro'n rhc
sourhcnsidcoftheMnmnbidgee(Figre22).nofincLydividcd.l,anchofFiddle^creekleaverbe
rer or the *enen side of Toogifrbic, now southrve$ tojoD tlr denned bur sinuous comc of Um
Creek. rsmina.ing in a compler set or,elict lakes includn g Lake Kia and raks Yrnlr rcar Brltuiald.
uan creek follo*s r lo* ndss (lomcd itufr ns pahoo.hanncl icvccs rid sourcc bo,dtring dunet,
pcrchcd onc or nvo met.s abovc rhc lienuD $ve,nps cithcr side, lhicl' m (or w e) ilooded Junng
1996319). ur.r cEek h an example df. hddsb crc.k no\ing \irhlr or
ss.sonll noods (Prsc cr
'l
'crpnftd by . pilaschanicl sysrcm. Fnrthcr to dr sontlNe , disdbubries ol Um Creck continuc
though rhc black hox svsnps on snd rmund Yrnla NaluE RscRe lnow incoQoftrsd in Yinet
2.r.5
Redbank sy5tem (RB)
'lhc Rcdb.nk sy$cm licltrdes borh rdes olrhe Mumm6idgce, fm:, ne thej,'ncrion *ith tho Lo\vr
kchlaD Rivcr to rhc Brlranald ea (ligurc 22 rnd pholo 2) This suflcy con.cntarcd on rh. wc crn
sidc olt1le it.dba'k syicm on priuls l.nd. m rh! ca$cm sidc h becly withir Ym-qr Narional Prk and
hasrcccrtly becn inrensively $neyed nr some rre^
rhc Rldb.nk syscm js r lsGc noodplain discded by drnnds and rilh fes dcfiDed dinribukry
crceks. Ir is ch rctriscd by rhe M hmbidgcc Rivtr thet olc lovs ersilyduero chrnnelconiricrion
.id lo*banksusually wirhoutad.fitred leveeand*irh Nmerous o,(ler creeks W.lcr no$sdircdlyou!
onrorhe noodpliin lotuing nvs r.d eum rorc s i'nenptrkdwirh ssrDps rndocc ional opcn Mrcr
lakcs. Bllck bor {ands occur on rhc cdscs ofrhc noodplain.
'rhe *e trn marsi' of rhc Redbank syscm consds orrhe Muiray Mallee sardplain, and the inler
ilngcriie .r setrdplrin, palrco luncrtes rnd noodplain occasionally romplicarcs rhis sy$cn. Paika
Crcek k r dnriburary no{ligs.$ lron d,c Mnnmbidsee Riverand emptying irro Paikr Lakernd
orh$ krsc l*cs, bd d,n a,ea is rho complex as the veienmoi 1.ks tuccivd sa.q (tnor ro lvdo
Rgtrl.!ion) fron both thc Mlr0nbidBcc (rnd dr Lachlar as it is bdowtl,ejunction) and also tsox Crcek,
apakeo{ys.ni or rbmer Lrcllan River.
Onthccascnsidcolrheriv,TalrLrkcenconpasesalarseopcn\alorldkc,*nhahighsandyluiFc
(rnd oLdor lunclc bchind), and r noodray rnd outler creek draddlnrs rhe 6omdary bclNen rhc d.rk
cickinB.ky soil ordr Mnrnmbidgee floodplain and inlicb ofrhc Mallc. Saidthin rcd saidy so1ls.
other similrr open s?tr laks in rh! .rc. includc Yan8a an'l Pigec'! L'kcs Thc sourh andca cdscs ol
rhc lrkc a' c crchcd inro rl[ Mallec Sandplain inliei md on the w$td sido thc inld cNk lid nood$ay
chanctcftcd by rypicaL drk srey cncking clay soils ol rh. MumnbidBcc Rive'Lne Plaii. waugorah.
Monken rnd Trlpee Crceks dLl flow sou.h and southwsr ro fill chrtrncls and fioodplrins rM finrlly
rojoin trF rnh Tala Lakc and thc M!runhideec River
whcn thc Mliiumbldglc Riv.r r
f it coDplexiry rnd flo\s rrc
ro rhe DaiD cl[nnelbefoftev rually nowin8inro rh! Muii.ytiivcr.
prin!ily confiicd
2.2
The Gun Crcck/Abcrcronbie Creek System
To thcsourh ofrl,e Fiddhn Uam Creek synem olher prbeochannsls.nd lhcn nodcm capturcd crccks
such as Abercmmbie Creek crrry noddwrb &rour omo thc plaiis The complex i'temctio. bd\en rhe
prlrco.hainck and drn nodem cEeks aDd the ropos.rphy rcsulring lrcn a Fngc of palaco.han cl
iid rhc Sr Pluls- Tdrlcry, Dry Lrkc. Kmi
prrt
olrhc Losbidsee but n is adjrcenr ro rLe
LNr, Kcri Kcni .nd Baklon s rois This n ior ricdy
\ourhcD side olir and some iarions incolpotut pms ofbolh syecns, aid ir is rlso a |Dt ofrhe ctrm
Creek prheochannel syvcn that also foms thc Fddlcn'Uar crek syseD ol rhe Lorbidgee. This
slcrion olcuft crcck leares rhe Mu mbidsee River lun ro dE $ri of Drlingron Poinr, runilrg
learures isrhe
fo.usolrhe
back paddock' olRavcnstrbnh-
rlrouBh Cundalinc a'd then branching oul ro fomr Abercrombie Cro.k, and othduinafrcd cc*s rhat
bmnch out rnos the plains. Sevedl b nch.s also h!!d ba.k ro rhc MurrumhidCee i" rhe L.rvbLdeee
splacesonrle Lowbidgeeaswell
area fre$mably rh! sy$cfr
a.ccs
so in high floods rhe Ctrfr Cru.k-Abn.nmbic Crcck s!$cm joins with tl'c
'lhc
LoNbidlce syiem.
Abcddnbic Crcck sy$cm has bccn tlr rocus or much olrlie achaeolosicrl
rsedrch cadcd out on drc Hry Fkin (sec Scdior a). and this rese ch drrr Rill be helpftrl in
nndemrandins theresulrs ofrbe RERP
su
cy.
.cros .h$c phiis, but origin'red 6
merndea,nLne(*dndsourc.bordcngdunsofElictsr'{emsTheseLelicrsynemsnaynillopemrein
noods, ilrhcy harc r mod n eek i'riled inro rhe rncient clanDcl (for cxamplc bcEronbic Crccl)
rnd this can filllhe noodour rrsas, s{.mns lid laks. Oihq plhcochannck rorn mned.idsesrl'rr aE
nol oasily idsitilicd as fomc! rvcr sysrc'ns Thcs are knownrs \rnd creeks by locrls or'e1eva1ed old
nvq bcd oi son,c mps. such elevrred learuEs ca'norcrrry Rarer and a. *lrhou! a chanicl, hoNclcr
rhet $ill innucn.c rhc floN ornood \srer by ading $ a drm wall rnd bankin! up Mrcr on rhc pLin
thus ronning shrllov svamps. Acomplcx atray olmouds, budals. o! ci s a nd anofad scarcB at fouid
on rhes ridEes, cspecially rhtrc rhey ovs ook flood.ou1arcas. s*amps lnd l5kcs Some orrh svrmps
rturco rhcos tr side. rtrdd,h is often a focus olmomd localion.
However, rl,se may nolbe lypicrlluDdrcs, bur n.y havc o giturcd !s n.endcr scnlls or orber source
borneri.gdnncs rha. hlvc bcci rcworked by'eoli'nrnd fiuvirl proce$*
Palascl,annel fertures vrry considedbly
2.3
The Lower Lachlan Piver
23.1
The Lower Lachlan River East olOx ey
Thc Los Lachlan liircrh$ a narc* ii.is.d chanicl similar ro, blt smlhr dm. the Murnmbidsee
Rivcr to rh. sourh Largc opci $ d lak*. sud, as Lake wrlgeen and lla f,rke, capftc w.rdlhtuugh
snrlkr
i',lcr cfeks lion the Lrchlar River and fmm pil.soch.nnd nccks, and thcrc arc ako
'nrny fton,
h[es nre PimDatu Crcck palacochainc]complcx lEs capturcd'nodem creeks rhal fiowsouth{cd
rlt Lrchlrn ro the Mumm6idsce lti'er red lum fotois cxhr ii mas $hcrc N cr lc'lcs d'c Lacl'lrD
rhroush crccks inlo defined $vanps or shallow laks eM arcrs orfloodplaitr \'ith veir likedisdburries
Thc Lowq Lad,lsi Rive' eNnonme conoins plheochannels, floodrunn!*, cfiluci. $rcams and rhc
floodplrin PaLacochannch in thc Lad,len .athncd aE usurlly lomer rivd channek rcnDinins
conmcrcd to rhc mair cbrnnel. shich rcceivc ater from *ein orLigherrb.n nornal noss in rhcmaii
chnnel f_loodrunnen carry wder rvhon rhc n.ii rivqbrcaks itsbatr
irom rhc
ve' under high now condirions rhilc rhc noodpl.li is rhc rot!l arca suhjsr to floodi"s
'naLn
2.3.2 LowerLachan WeslofOxleyand
The Greal Cumbung Swafrp
Lo$sLachlrn Rivn\ye{oroxleyGcl rctrised by a *idenins floodpliin irh!vari.ty oflypcs
ofopcnra{dlakcs.ssamps,rccdbc'lsan'lrivqrcdCunibrcds Thc Grcar Cumbuns Srrnp $rounds
rhc Lorcr Lrd,latr about midMy betRccn Oxlcy rnd rhejunclion oltbe MummbiJge. and Lachlr
Rivm. Thisswrmp fonnsa masive reed bed covering ibou! 50,000 hcdmN. rxc ro d'c utrprcedented
doughr aid ovcFrllocatio orsare' hisherupdr rivei n *as complclcly Jry duriig rhc fi.klnoiod in
seprembe' 2009i rhe reeds {ere ar sromd levol bur shootiig fton rcccn! ralis. warcr rcmrincd ir rhc
Lachlan Ri'q ch.nncl in thc ioih ol.hc $vaml hui r *as complctcly drJ tunhcr doM neaF rhe
Thc
juncrion with the MumD,bidsee.
Mirchcll dc{riber rhis lo*cr end
oltle Lrchlan
beins olquile differcnr
chandq
ro
rhc
'nuddy
holeJ
'... the t^et Larhlan is it na Fal b.1t.t ttulfttt thar fictt il .t rts k. hdsi,' ofth?
Mururb eer tr.l.)j tthi.h had bpn sa !zr.! ni athrr patls \ abrnlJoit rhctc n'
.hdnreland jtn,nediate rntlins asrtt..l the Eea! thaMtkt of!t,c gtutlt r^rt lMr.h?ll
Bclow .hc Clclr Cun,bune S\yflnp the Lachbn River spLi6 irro $venl small md poorly dcfincd
chrnDelstli w ecoD,pktelydryartherimeolthesurvsy.Thisarcaconsntorislsndsorsand,ersoil
Ldr'r l-d u'
Photos: LrchLar
River Krlyar scA.
lon
iJE
l
u LJr- '\
NoNood Cotuge
oor
C
-
inrc^pc6!.d with bkck c[ckrgfloodplrir clays wirhopen graslands, Black Box wood]rnds and Riv{
RcdcuDto {s TheLow Lrchlar .hanncls j oin rbc MunnbiJgoc Rnsrdnd lhc La.hlln floodlhid
mdscs wirh rhc Munumbidg$ R1v$ floodlhi".
2.4
The Murray Mallee Sandplain
Muray Mrllee S.ndpldn is.hatucroisc'l by ndically dlfferenr geomorpholosy, soik, veserarionaM
Landlom to rhc Lorbidgee and Lo\v Lachlrn uoodp lains lr consisrs olsa.dplain wilh r dsnsc rovcr of
nallee Encshpt and a Mriety oloths spccics sLch as Acacias, llolasudiii (bclrh or bla.k oak),
Irkea (necdle*ood). Ercmpohil. (shubtrsh), Myoporum Gusasvood),lnd Alcdryon tosc\rcod). and is
ma*c'lly hlshs rhri thc noodplaiN lr ocNn as minor i.lien in rhe lowbidgee Floodpl.in to rh.
olBalnDrld, and fonns the bound.ry ro rho Muh,mbidgcc lid Lolvs Lr.hlai iloodpl3i on
'onLerd
the wei anJ nodh sidcs, som.tincs pnjcdii-q into rhefloodphitr ii long narow periNulrs while n h
only p ipheral ro rc Lo*bidgcc and Lo*q kchlan, ir nsvsrhslsss innucnccs n and bouids n.
laMloD.
thcreforc sircs rskrcd !d $c{l.dds mry bc lound on rhc cds$ ord,is
The
'nato,
3-
RECONSTRUCTING THE LOWBIDGEE AND LOWER
LACHLAN WETLANDS
3.r
The Lowbidgee
h is ic.c$rry ro rcscne rhe pr*srrer rsulation lrndscapc ro mdcnla.d rhd rlre nood rcsim! and
sdlands sere d tha( timc rhc arhacological lcdrcs rcrodod dunig sufl.y Ncrc ri usc (ingsrod
(2001.2003)hasrccoisrrudcdrhcchansesroiheLowbidseebe!inninginls59rndconrintringi olhc
1990\ (note d,ar th*e fistrrts Jo nor covd rhc crccprionllLy dry p$iod ro'n 2002 unnl ?009) Fisure
3.1 sho s sonc of.hc l!.!ccs lnd chanmk btrilt on rhe Lowbidgec ro contml. block or chann.llalcr
(KiDgsford 2001).lhc Lowbidsce \?s r.r.iorllly imponam wcrlond.ovcine hd103.731hedarcs
% ol l ood*areB o'edlowed inlo
d rhe blginiing olrhc 21]'h ccntury
Lo\vbidgee sdla s asrbemain channel helo* Hly could only.dry abour 15%ofnood{orc6 FLoods
srre caried rcros rhc noodphin by rhc dndbutary accks (Fddl.r. Ua'a. crim. Ninnic. Pollcn.
wausonl,, Trlpec. Monkcm, Kiera. Yrnsr and lhika err.) thrr fom I highLt l crcoinccrcd icn$rk
indudin! lompler \rtland sy$.ms (Kin8sford 2001:71). Thc buildiis or26 ioEges ov rle fu 1.r0
y0a6 on rlie Mum'nbidsce Rive, h$ de{royed ordegoded al Gai 7'j%oflhc noodpl.ii ind rcfi.lilig
wcrl.nd h consldcdbly alrcrcd. Durlig rh. 1930\ aM l9t0\ rhe Losbidsce noodplain Ras mpidly
dcvclolcd ror iEisatiotr lKing!lod 2001:69,72,71. Frazier et aL.2005302). Su!h de!elopmcnl in nscll
o'e oltbe drivi'! lorces behind the efons in thc 1990\ by t
"$
rccordcd and protsied. The resulrrion rnd diveBion for iri8arion lis duccJ n.dlar ourflo(t ar rhc
juncrion ol lhe MtrmLnbidggc md Mutr.y.o 25% olnaruFll.!ch, and dry ye'6 dd ibnrllyoccurcd
J%ofycaGnolvoc.urinSTyoofycr6(Ki',ssrb'd200r:71) The Lolbidece ea qas rlso affeded b!
1930\ ofconfinemenr synems thd prevcn{cd $.tf lrcn floLring our
lron thc dhtiburlry.rNks iito rl[ srainps, ro' exan,ple caiE a\ting near Maudc. Ans 1930.
n connrided rdn ro flood\raysaid splcial hlbirar orcm, *n[ dtrrc
norv benrs ovcr 2,000 km ofhrccs.nd 394 kn olchannch on rhc ('no{ly s hso Lsvbide* Thc
rcdudioD ,tr ilows and inisrrior dcvelopmenr on the Lowbidlee resulled ir rhc los 0176% ol tl,r
fioodplain habirar. los of floodplain vegelrlidn. .id lo$ ol watcdnds- fish, toss rnd aquaric
invcnebdrcs (Kingslord 2003:74-5).
Thc dfribrary .reeks, such as Ab cmnbie Creek. rh lomeny noodld the Hay Phii Soulhtrc$
pmbrbly
dr
ceakd ro nLndion nomally $rll bcloft rhc Lo{bidgcc dhtibulary crccks lisrcd
'borc.
'i
cady pd olrhc2orlcc ury whcn.hclorgc upsrcan i',rrdructurc olBuriiiuck Dam, Be'e'nbed Wen
Ylnko wcn, MIA M!i', CrMlrcrc connrucrcd (Kirsslod z00r:72). Thus rhe $vamps rhdrto rh.lo.us
ofmound loerion in thc Tchsl.ry, Dry Lakc, Ravo$$fth. Ktri Ee*, Baldon, Ke'ri KeriareN mry
h.v! bco sub$rntially dry ror sbont 100 yean except lor nre excep{ioDal flood ylan surh ds 1956 or
1975.I',lacr rhey nay hNe been subnanriall' dr! for.onsidcrably longcr.ln 1363. oi a floodri'nc trip
from Mouhm.li ro rh. Mun'nbidscc aftos opcn plriis \urouDdcd $itb Natel and nor beinsrbLc!o
procccd rorrhe Lisnum l{arl,s , wsr*ood iopped ar'Dry lak!, so calLcd betusc for r lone rime
Fiqurc3.11993mapsoJrh6Lowbidg€6shosinqlh6rnnu€ncoora.2,145kmolwalercontoleveesand
bmks (P marb Paika L€v€6) b.3s4 km oi dsalion channels and c. suoivins loodways (qrey), key
habitat a'.as and srorasos (black). Dala w6 nor availabre lor all are* (rrom Kinosiod & rr'dmas 2001).
(j/.,
/:
n has bccn dc$nulc ol sds, olrhough lhis ysi $nngc to say, n is qunc tull, aM abounds rith wild
sccsc. ducks, rnd \yaterftns, i,, sftar vr.ietv, and plenryofsood 6a eysn$ lorthelor* gro*inson
rhc n.rgin' (wcs\rood 1365:355). Padoc & Manin (2001) lound rba! dccp opcn lakcs wnh hieh slndy
arge shell nidde's ard sisrificmr
numb{s ol burials rnhcr rhan momds nris susgs6 thar cirhq rhcse laks wft roo dcep or rle
sdiDcnr
unsunrblc
(cuDbunei) ere$ rrourd ihe edses ofLrke waLseem (Mitchell l8l9 voLll:66). Ar 13.16 accounr ofTrb
rjke lrom G. Robinson indicdes rhd Tala and /mg. uere 20 leer deep in winrsr (herefore no!
A
sun.blc lor.unbungi), bur.onraincd nu$ch, wartrbids and lishi
t j1hdb" .t th? L..ht'h . nrtnN Lddl t:j.l af tuat Mtu ntd
'id
D'iles it1 .i'a n!le4'.. ahor dins n' rata la\'t lst' d aborisin6... rata shatto* dnd
ranshu, but .1!q in \inter, 20 let vatet Nurnber [aj] .!t&r a".t n\talort: nuhv
.arvanioh, pli.d'. d. e, a"d star. ... UNard: of 100 ar 200 pelia s dzn?, rhite
1d'!? , ttbet d d t*s, plafta ttiles qf $ar, hite spaon bil]s ...lesentu.l to a la,Ee
urp on b.4h, \.nt thnrEh the turp ub."t t00 n.ria\ uhne.rh
.h ildtd', trt! .n il w.lsdre lLake \\aleaaB], ra |a, vdnqa, .nd ot hlr ln.k p6an S.id
Raih..t rota
b
wot'a1l6hu4a tot rhctk. Oft lo\at o.t
uttqhl
(Ctoi2aao:i1.3))
3.2 The Lower Lachlrn
or the changes ro wetlrnds on the Lowe' La.hlan we{ ol Boolisal and
Swrmp.ln 2009 rhis arcr was suficinecxtEm lack ofwrter, and hN been for many
y.rs. Thc snill Clcinv $ Lrkc on rhe edce orrhcCrcrr CDn'butr
w er lake liinged by rirer red $n. Przs,lr?s Gommon reed) rnd Nmbungi when visiled in 2001
(ladoc & Mlnin 2001). ln 2009 rhis hkc \os conpLcrcly dry and rhc only rcDnan$ of rhc rccds rvcrc
hlar RiverRas not rnningand the river rcd gum lorens Md nor bceo
yca6.
noodod lor ovq 15
Mirchclldcscibs rhc L.s$ Lichlan s havrng vcry lrBc ar@s orligium,
rnd river rd snms.mddr G,€at cn'nbuns swonp asdE landolreedyhollowt(Mithe11l3l9
'eeds
vol ll: 70). A reccn{ cx.mi'dion olrhe Bdoligil Worlands ju$ upirsih lrom Booligal and lhc RERP
suncyara at Ulonsa Station, pairk rdcvrs ins picttrc of acenl envnon mcntrl dcsmdar ion
Thcre
s lndc amlysn eva,lrble
rhe Crear Cumbuns
tdlalds dre dt?nsire tura ins dba t t 5 t)00 ha Thq atz natia"all\ i,npa,1a"t and
tto!4 is.l [ot the ld,Ee ,at.ftnt oloni.s thr) .a" l[tain lha tonn a ?un oI thc
dtensie !a*d Lrchlan ris \ttla ds a d rch d der llo's run nte pprr Ld.hla We
n"piigutA nat! tha" ort hu"dkn t!u6 aIMilhll ?ara\: on.l ht.t'tlogitul thot&4 L)
1a L..ht.h R^rr a"lt rh? atpp\ aJ nater and th! in'p1.6 ol lha th. se: to the r^d t?t
Thas?
a,N
E
s\anp.ontD n,ities *ithin the tsaaliqal ltellatds ttle a abs.a the avilable serluen..
oJ ud irt fldos'arh\ spahks ri r4'\ ( te1 PaM) b a?t?tn,ihe
in riftt r?d Et"t
"?hds
huhh ba.kel up \ith :4'u lt thins.
Thue
att
10
lats.lanr a"d
123
\\Ni\ \rhin tht La.h|a, Canhtna
ol uh.^, ,rErlara^, pthtps d"d 4h ird ia'as!:rt'dtattotlbtthed^E5ianalnnkrjr
the riret vb jbrnd na ta
t de.tine nt .at.hm r rzirtklt rhe,? 61
th.
nt th( La.htqn Ritu
Roalixal S\a'ryr a't Xe"(ote.t but thc.t
lldt
sle
!dt: kt
vtt!:ig"i.a1 d(h(:
\
allel lhe e.atos af fir Bootisat tplt Ettt !"nne: ana th6.
h^E pralatn.th
&unltA huve.oinc ed rith tha inctea\rte nVacb oI ttdjor det Qgrlatioh otnl 'livt^i,t
oj Mtur hr ntisdion TtL p'rpo ioh aJ ahnat llot{ ,utthin4 Boatis.t lirn) Forbes has
sisniJin l! dae[ed b 50!, O att 3a% to t 5 n in ntrtte 1391 2047 mi,ridins fith
rE te,iozt rtu tnadirh oI mkr lnh th"
\': h.\k,kal nt
.lJlo$ has
also hdh.d {ilh rntr ,tB latia" La| llaw ^t
hatr in.ta:eA, thile the'2"8.
ntbd ol petio.L
*ith .en llar h': .letr26.1l. lt th fu|| 'Jetelopntlr, oI srattia" (1932-2007), thc
1i?9 enq of l.'Ee Jload: h n'e Eaa liEa l wet landr has d{,e.s?d b! 50%, mn'pdrcd t a |hen
th? riret vas nEs ldtert The nu nb.t a"a dlation oI b .ltoad toDninE ./to\LS (340 on.l
2,500Mi.n-t)otRrntieothatthtt.a:r.tLt10%atelturza!,bti\,o1lltr*h.:.h.heed
E*)ft
ontth l1o$ at Boalisat vre srheariiatb lota dun E itttne
'?st|.lior, ur.1 aurntu
(DatnhcrFch'lu,),
(Mttch-MA rn,nIh\, btrr. kotu\r'E :iEhilid ltr
l ri p *iner lJ neJ lt). dnd li'nl\ dnre:i1p ndrh d ti,tp sp'i p ls?pteDtb?r
Nov.,thq ,aqd dd"r wte huil1 and *als dite ed tunnret low rt,p siJrnia b
l>55v4rhilefi te41a$ *ert lafa than "nnEuld1d utdih'6.
Ft..tti,e .1 t1,? Ba.lis.t tvetlands rat om6 les liqwrr, Iu sh. c' au'uhont aD.r at
dilleftnthtks.tthcwatc.D,pu.ttob.la)?detztop'ran.rhisha'detinEaltralldett
tttt t?4 gr 1\ in rh? :rbD'p \i1t hish nD'1alitu oflrces. ttte dlinnteA th
hishd
)AN). mh d*hne u(ela aka ,1 th. l.(t thtue
ro,
tiq
rel
ala E th"
ahhaueh afd.n b)
entran,
leat: enar2naS).
"l m\Er, crna mib
'ivet ,111 :\uV :itd hu.l
th. .li!,sht |ith a
los of.araq
altu
'e.ent
'pnEinal
D'oE dead.Ees tha
litins,?es ii ea.h si:a Aa::.
On Anud di.\\D.nl nLnd 1d"nn
tzl s D' .vs rc .leal *h ilc tnuitlrl< ti!. L22s shot!2d t isr aJ sev?rz \aftt a€s. rhe
'? the nbn obia s dnd nuwable elkd aI {otolrrul
ivr trd stha .)r
'J.ttrt! h rtu^'
other depe .lent ors.rxns srch as uatethrrls ratir lirh !rc.ie\, jirEs, rertiles, otiEl
han de.ftased
8
35% o\Lr t ) )Nu^ ( 1991
h1
ptant a"a tn'cncbt ots
tikrt, til?dL, d idilzd, alJded b| th4? .hans6.
'tt
rh. R.atiEdt tvett. ds atp in s?re,e deeh'e a d ritha t riEnilut ir?nw ar.Ir^e'
jl.'s to there rctla ds, llte thaw: oI
\ilt h! pa.t t1't.n,'."1 hr
'?habililaho,
t,I
iriedi.h
tia^4
olle,\
ene
opporurti\ to
als
thc
bulb'tk
saftn
'ehahilitate
'1
hutjahdttrihpartahl
wrl.ridr
I
2).
n6c
lArtLnr sd.dl.2049:
...fhe
strt ltntnps oI the Baolisdi Vetlan.lr haw erpcicne.t a t5 )an '\Jr'! rl
'?d
hedhhatt.l.rrtelav'th.pa!thi"ttttteti.Jh1o!tik?trdttbthedtnandntEhlu
tu'rrt h"e hhnh b.tine.. tirtes, the Baalisalwtldnds red Ertt sntnq! rm! be |a!
l|lith onb 15%.lalt tl,e hter \r.tdt.t t1 2aM.onside'rd h?alth:|.1l'e,e are ssia6
itpticathh\ tr' th. hhs te er1^ntafata sa oltunEitiat and aq
' .tau a Entin"tnentat .ltors ak thc k.t to td at nh L"t
e.t as n'e defs'denl lorz atd
'6
lijb hisrorr re.trh anent atthe t^ o rtd
thct trt hc tlli.ietr ra pntide
s"ns
Iac'!ar..t iriEati.h rdiriries, and rt'e asa.iakd ave$ion alllar! tna! linir tht t4ovu!
pda al af Jlaadplain h&s rcntpa'ul rith Fai rlttught c\trb.
*idesptutl ,tplnato^ [., hatl rh? .pp?.rdhtz dd the olocidl jndio^ oI th?
Boa lisal vel lands and llaodplain lArnin"E tt al. 2009.6 7-63 )
Ji)r
3.3 Floodphin River Connection &
Biomnss
ln neand{ing drcs wilh wcLlJcvcloncd Uood ploiis, flood ptrhs l[ve najor ccolosical impacr,
scdincnr bceins ro bc dcporrcd on dr floodplains, rdbnds are proere$i'ely inu'daled and rhere is r
connedion berReen lhc chinnol lnd noodplain habn'$. Floodi',E or noodplains md sdlaMs is Ihe
major forcc conrollinC biorr i', ,iver ilood plair sysens and rhe bulk ol dverinc bionms is dcdv.d
dircdly or indiredly nom producrion wilhin rLc floodpl.iis and no. lom dorn$rcdn rmrslon or
orydnic m.(d(Pi8. cr al 2005:567).
Thc amou orbio'nrs prcduccd by uoodins is rclrtcd io rl,e dumtion ofchannello rcrLand ronnccrion.
ic slidh it conneds ar bankfull. or before banktull,.nd hd* long rhh lass. h is aho rclated to rhe
producrive The
sidth ofrhe froodpLrin, thc Nidrand norcconpl* thc noodpkln the
'no'ebiolocically
Mummbidgee noodphin sidrh rnd conpkxny bcgins ro ircrcmc €pidly
ftom rh. Pcvcisl/Toogimbic
ea bclwccn Hay and Mludc 6 .n!$s rhc cxtcnsivc Losbidgcc icCior rbe.c d,c fioodplai' emdually
lin.ascs ro a maxi'num widrh or45 kn, (Pasecr a1 2005:569).
ofsrls ofincEasin! noodplain widrh ind.onplcriry includin8 rhc
ofdistibulrry ch.nncls, and thc i c4lay bcNc
'cin
nudsrous p.lacochanncl sy$crs One 6pect ofil,is rsion is rhat exrensive swamF 611 sirh walcr
Thc Lo$bidscc rcsion has a Nmber
Like ndworks
rhrclph naturalbra.hes i', the rivedanks al r 1evel below hanklul l, whicb tocins rhar rhcycould (bcforc
w.rrrcgul.rion) nlloftcn fom lowq noodpuhcsrs wcll$ tbchishcrnood puhs. The larsecapaciry
of rhc Lo\\'bidecc ucilands .csults in r sisnilicrnr loserins olnood peaks domnrerm, lor exrmplc in
d,eBalnnrld rrer. nresellandshave ro fill before rh'e isasignific.n! nood pcak atBalmield (PaCc et
al. 2005:576). lt d rho sistrificanr ihar mter esapes dE river chrnnel inro the wcllmds al lor nood
pulses as rellas high nood pukes, rh$ pmvidiDs moro oppdnunily lor warq 10 rca.h rhc wcrllnds. lh(
is reilecled in rhs Windjrn n.aiiig of Munumbidee: M., i?o,!tac?t Ar riDes (or oncn) has
ovcrnosn,or!um!dosidc'(Riclr!ilsl902b 1l61 1tc gcncmllos lyi'g nature olihe L.wbidgee $ouLd
nrn have the effecr ofrelaining rdd loigsr ii *dl.nds bc.lusc olrhc lostr gnvibtioml pullof"zrer
back lnlo rhe mam chamel. nre Balnnald rea \ould rherelore havc fc*n flood puhcs lhan rhc
Lorbid-qee arer, be.ause rhc Lovbidscc crptrres much olrhc floodwargli irs cxrcnsivc *cnoi'ds Thn
more nLlly sipLains !h! conclurons d€$n in Sc.tion 52 T rhat rhc rcncn hallolrl,e Ha] PlaiD has
-o'
'noum
b- ' e
Io
m lor '. |] .:n\ u nJU,lrdr'
'
olner"o* dynami.! pmvides
.
unddandiig how thc splrhl
rlm.
v'ryiig
i"nneices cie e
*ructures oflhe Lo*bidgee-loqb
Li.hLrn sy$cm lnd
"ere6hed
aid fta1nhi', habirar here$seneir] and porenrially promorc biolosic.l divssiry ind trodtrclivny ir su.h d
rive ne ecosyicn (Bmdr cr a1 2004) As rb! Li.hlan.nd Muiiunbnlgc! hcad toLvards thct.luncriotr.
anabnnchcs Ind diiribukry secks incrcdc and ofici flow hcrwccn rhc t"o riv s. rl s rddi.s a
confltr!i.c dcnsiry cffcct rh!t i'ucaks direniry rnd prodnctivity. Thejunction or connuence ofrhc rwo
i'en has crealed the najor serland habnar ol.hc Crclt Cu'nbung Swe,np, and n itr ro.n simLlrrto r
dehd \yith high iinut orscdinctrr and trutierh Sinil[ly, the Lowbidgee wilh irs major distibtrlary
sy$cm spreadirs aoos rhe bend iD rhc Mnnmbidsce fomB a dclk likesyiem. Thc *ide noodplali
of lhc Ldvbidgcc has a ncruo'k orsirbnn.hcs and dndbutaries which incEmes rhe hrbikr div siry
aid prcducririry coD,prftd to rhe corfired tmce ofrhe Mum'mbidgee ro ths e.$ olHay. This glomdry
aDd incErsed conntrenres combinld wilh rh. incrcAcd nood olcd
thal hivc innucnccd rh.distlbunoi of erchaeoloq,c'l'mlerial
Thc rcccnr coDceF
anorher &imework ldr
gee
4.
PREVIOAS ARCEAEOLOGICAL RESEARCII
IN THE
REGION
4.1 Klaver's Work on the C€ntral Murrumbidgec Archaeology
Jan Klavtr\ (1937. 1995. 19931 $b rnrill chreologiol solk his locusd on rhc Cdtal
aid alons Yrnco Crcck ro rhesoun,, N $ellN r$clion can of
Nenanden rhat is nor on rhc Rivcinc I'hi'. Hcr fiddwork idps d( thc cdr.m cdec ofrh. nFlcd cr
Hay ln 1937 sho .omplsrld a su cy alons thc C.trtsl MunlDbidcee River ard locared llz
'ear
D,ounds, intlpreled lrom su ncecvidencgincludiig.L!yh.ardaiics,asovcnmouids(Klav 1937)
ln 1993 Khvcr cofrpldcd a PhD on rhc se'hc pen of the Murrumbidsce rnd rhc Yrnco Crcck ard Lakc
UnnraEsonthc6reancricdscolrheRircnnePhin(Klaver1993)lhisn t incdrpontn a Largcscrle suwcy $here slrc sampLed rreas over rhe edsum selion ofrhc Munnbidscc Rivcri"e Plri" aM
reriali', rft samplc aEm asos thc Btioi.'lhis ciabLcd horo bcgin ro
see pdrcns in mhacology ino$ rcglonal laidlonns as wcll es on rlr scrk orminor landlonns
Munfrbldglc tom NerrMcn
ro Hry
Khvernolcd otrrioi htuq ircd li li.cnrcring mouM su l.nlsrcupLngs.aM rclrrionsliip ro proximarc
rnefrd srncn aDd orhe'sites, as conlenuoraneous setr lcnenr pa! cns. ThDn lonnarioi. cvci 1i lalgc
groupinss, is algtrd ro bc vcll \irhli thc.rpabilrq' ofa popularion of Diode* densiries wnhin a regnne
ol scasoml or scmirdentrry Nase (Klav 1993: 4) She lound rh lhco is no lrld.ncc of
'inlc'sifi.arion on.hc c6!cd Mumnbidgc.. dcspirc rl[ tiict rhri rbe largc coDphxcs ofmounds slr
rcco,tcd (l0l nDuDd! rr Cooey Poi LrEoon alone) r'd daled ro the Lare HololsDr sudd.nly appcaron
rlrndsapethatha:norecodederidenceofpriorlrcbacologlcalrcrility(Kllvsl993293)
ofKlirels
(1993:191-203) tos.!rch n $c.rca
cooe] Point Lrloon on rhc Ccnhl Mum'mbidg.c Thc cx.alanons
idenriiied the momds md ovens as rcsulring fion rhc,rrr, usc olbakcd doy licd rctrincr ovcns Fits
recodcd rhnusl,onl. The midde' aLso
md lrui..rd pns wilh .harcoal lcnscs
imororrted minoramounholbakedchyhed rer ncr.indicdiigsomcovcnrp\ h'nounds
Klrvo obtrired 27 dates lrom Cooey l'oinr Lrgoo. and Columbo Crcck (South Fsftrtr Slop*. to rhe
cooey Poi' LagoonhrcuroIf
eai olrhe Hay Plain),lor. sqics ol mounds, olcns aM a
A sisrin.anr rsped
.ofrplcrcs aM
r midden
Hay Plain, md rh! mornds and ovcns aru
mcardcron rhc Mumn,bidcee River on dr estem edgeofrhe'nidden
siluared round rb! l.loon or nc.iby floodplain, Lirh a middcn oi rh. rivcrbrnk Cooc] Point Lasoon 32
mound has rscicsor L0darcsnnsi',s lmm rbour 400 BPto2,660 Br. Ho*evtr,rheea y dde mtrn b.
bcnedwithcruiion.Klaverirdi.atdthattherehrsapofrbour2.000yembctslcithecanicr'co'e.f
rlr. nound lnd rhc ovslyiis inound narenal. She dscribed the ov{lyin! bycr N lypicil notrid
rrreriel of son ashy sill wifi some lauDalnalcrial md hc.r tor.iins. Ho*Ncr. rhc fcarur. rhlt rl'c old
dale cones liom vas oDly prscnr in o'! crclvdlon pit (l r 5
our of tbr., and cvo diis snall
'ncrrct
cxposlr\mrcuri obyalatc'o'cn.Thkolderfedtrrcw desfibcdtur'corc simil&rorh trotcd for
orthc Mlnay vallcy
!r'cxlcrn.l] complct layc! rnh a low conccntFiioi oldcnic
'nou,ids.
reiairer rnd Donrirs
ehe ro indicare it \yas mound Krar norcd rhc,e ws a char brak
bel*een rhe rwo laye6 rnd lheol{lyin!daosirappearedquietalientolhelrtef.andmenrionssseml
Thn hyer Ns dn$rty ovcrtyine
r clay:ubsoil rnd conrained calcrrcous inclusions. The rrca $rs prcne to fioodi',g anddr nDUMhad
somc
ron
hear
dc$riprion and rhc locrrion, n is diffirLl{ {oacccpl rhar lhis
is dcfitrirely
rcd ro nDund abovc withour so,nc
supponing ev id ence t he dare of apprcximd ely 2,660 Br lor r1E begirnin!ofiheCooey Poinr Lasoon 32
nound
h^c .o bc . qucnion h.rk, al.hough n
h.al rslainor ftdurc nrm n appe s rhal rhe
cooey Poinr LaCoon nEs, including rr nontrds md the n1ddctr elloigc fton lbou l,000BP ro 100 BP,
cxrlpl for rhc onc oldqdalc rhd mry be an oven or hsged mound
rl lrom an
ier nound. nre
Colonbo Crcck mound and rso ovcis. lo.ltd ro rhc sodh-c!$ ol rhc Hay Pl.ir, mc aLl datd d
approximarcry 2.500 BP. i'ldicari,rs dndrn nrtrordcrsitc comprcr
bccn scourcd by prsvious floodins. Given rhe
\malr brsar
i
tirbrc
h.
{ill
m
All
dares from Cooey Poin(
nounds aid a middm,
lrll
e
(ipad fmm the small lbatre daled ar 2660 BP), includi',s cP li2. I od,cr
rhin thc darc rangc ol1000 BP .o 400 tsP. rvhich v'gge$s very loctr$ed
in amund 600 yca6, rnd rhc orhcr ihrce mouds wcrc builr up ir 500. 200 ard 70 yea's
icqElivcly, !hich
nor suppon Klavcfs conclurons olslos. .tnodic build'up olmouids ord
6ui1r up
'locs
4.2 Prcvious Rescarch on Burirl Dietribution and Patt€rning
on
Lowbidgee nnd Abercronbie Creek
! fo.us ol bioln.hrcpologic.l
rcscdtoholqlhsla$15orsoyerro'IheiudyofrhcLars*bunalsiresoflheLo*6id!ce,imhdng
sid Toosi'nbic- rrc
and s.rc *lmircd by ! iu'nbd of
period
(Bonhomme
arcbaeololkrs ovtr a long
ol riDe
1990 b) I',fonmtior otr the dnniburiotr or
buriaLs on rhc ltivsinc Pl.in (induding rhc Lo\ybidgcc/lown Lr.hlan). md rhe Mutrry Mdlee
The Lo$bidgce aM sdrsccnr Abercrc'nbr Creck sy{c'n has bccomc
Sandplain, \yrscollated by Bonho,nmc ber*een 193? rnd 1990. This included r lircnrurc scamh. malysn
rhcn NSw NPwS Sirss Rcgistd(ndLvlhc DECCW AboisinaL Henhse lnfomalion Manaeemcnr
AHrMs) and addirnmr
cd i,,rhisnudlas:
ofth.
sylrn
s
koldld, individual bui.h
I. r;o a'
iii.
" ".
rbar ocour
raidomly
n \r.rt. L ,u crcd :rc! dstr.r
'
Camecnesinwhichrl.ryenumberolbunrLare
sociarcdinlimcandspacc(Bonhon,mc1990b:
Bonhommc $o$td rhd burial disrdburion Ms relard ro gcomorphololy borh on a resiorrl scale and
hndscapclcrruresa1c.ccmctcricssererortbundonrlrcadcns,onorrlfRiv iic Phitr,ard rhcy
irrcaseJ ir rtrmberloMrds the
SandpLain in rhe se rnd sotrrhRe olthe udyarer.Ovcmll
^lallee
burilh wq.lound in.bc $ci
olrh! Rircni. Pl.in (including thc pqed arer) rhm in the e^r
'norc
{Bonhommc I990b: l.16). A lide ranle of $nd bodies uas found ro contain buirh i'rludfg: luneft*
lid luidrc f€gm.ds, sou^. bodcing duns, modlh nvr b.nk Lcvs$, prior iream lelees and
cl,rnnck. alluvirl &n rnnanr. satrdDla,i nnmnh. aid rc"orkcd dunc scr. Boihommc lookld .r !
numbe, olbunaLsires aheady recorded in rhe Hay Prrir, includins drc Jmly,nd Nap Nap tc,ncrcricJ.
endronns Shc rc.odcd burilh on pior n.m 1or prlaeocbmnel)
i' s .
rtr dod" ..,
'.ch.nicl(BoDhom c 1990b: l.l3).
h
intrcs again focu$.d on rhc Losbidlcc and Abcrcrofrbic Crlck syicnb. Thc Hry LALC
mn,bos w c conccned rbour rhc nuD,bcrolbu'ials cxposcd aM rlD bea'nc intcrcsc,l in rhc mounds
rl r rere onen a$ociatd with d,em. Bio rnihmpoloskt Colir Pad
re rcqucncd by rh llay LALC ro inlceigarc son. olrh. sir.! rhey
1992.4
ounds in the aEa. rardoe drkd r
hrd localed. and rhis rcsuhcd ii r
ard
obrained
wh
sas
rhen
r
soDe*hd
unc\pcded
dde olmound 5,000 BP
bund tum Jcruly Shriotr
(Pedoe 1995, Padoeetal l99r). Fifry lourbuiah in scv.n lo.!lirics *.ru rc.ordcd- lnduding burills in
'ccndcict a$oclltcd wirh mouMs ar J.rrly rnd Toosimbie, rnd bunak in mounds ner Dry Lrks
(P doc cr al. L99r) I conrinued n,k .ecording lork a sire pm.elion (M.nin 1996a, 1996b. 19c60
qith bio rnrh.opoloshr ludilh Litl.ron. Hiy L LC ncnbc^ lai
$oods, d NSwNPWS Sites oftices Sreve Mcrednh. Brdser Bdgs md ltandcLlc Bldir.
Jldirh Lnrlcton\ ongoing rtseerh l,$ .oDcentatd on bunat in rhc Lowbidssc and bcrcrombic Crcck
synens. die locus olrhe Hay LALC\ orn buiaLprclcdioi prcgftnmc(Lilrlcton l99l a & 199:lb. 1995
a, l99sb& 1995c.1996, 1999,2002). Ai ovcfllcs ofh$ro* dncu$cd b,o (rle tends rlong the
Muiiav Rivo rid adjacent landscaps imludinc the Hay Pbi.. 'nris anich dcsdib&l disliid fomal
differencs berlen the Rnedne Pl.in (including lhc Uppo Muii'y and the Mumn'bidge/L,clilan),
arJ the Mumy v.lhy.orh! sc$ Gho slled rlr Mumy Mrlleed Mrllec Sandplain) i. bothlhc lom
aDd pracemeDr of bunal sirs. Lirllerdn mgurd rh!! thorc is a dnrinqr ch'nec i" burirl l)3dcnx ar d'c
jmcrion of rhc nvonic phin and rhc inollc. laMronn to dr se*. and thn differcrcs include sire
ol burials. hnrial posirion, orienrdion olbodics rid lglscr
locarioi, dcn!ry orbunals. rotal
'Dmber
rprsentarion She argnes rhal rhe Mufty-Mutumbidecc Riv*inc Plain hls a Bre'rer heteroBeneity ol
bunalpncri.s rhln dr Mumy ro thewsr, and th thn rcncck diilercnt poptrlalion Jisribulioi md.
diffcrencci.thesizeofburyi.gs'otrps(Lirllcronl999:llLitrl.ton(1999:,1)ussdrhrromh$vo*at
Dry Lake. Ksrn Ean. B.ldon, Tchclcry, ond Li'rots Srant, sitcs locared on the Ab{crombie Creek
syiem, rnd Nap Nap, Toosimbie, da ly. Wain$si.cs ftom rhc LoNbidBcc.
.J
ln a nmft rc.enr rdicle Lirrleron undenook I dceilcd analysis ofh$d
Lorbidgcc bunlL sircs ro ask rhc qu.{1oi: do cenercrcs erist on rhc llry Plrinl Thc ans$rr k thal
i"
alrhoush bnial pmcrics on the Hay PlJn *c highly vlriablc. rhcrc *!s ! tcMcncy ro
pEfsspcrific locatiods lorburials. Ho deh includ.d 76 nohied sinsLe $enu,39 mullipk event, rnd
a delibemk mintnrnce ofan aft. for burials,.nd ol.hsc only 4 tulfil rhe
oily l7 plsc.s diat
Drif
rd
'etlect
rdselopedrodefinsc!frc1lncs(Li.rdon2002r
105).
Croups ofburiah on rhc Hsy Plar display vrdrblc chrnderidics rnd some reguLariries su$eniig norc
rhan jun rcpcatcd occup ion ofrhe aEa. Ma'y pkces usod fdr burial.umr ro bc uscd ror occuparor.
and : numbq of burirl plN.s lrc righdt bouidcd. romrlly prne'ned, aDd dens ro tbe poinr of cros
cuni',c. Thus mas such as lenly md TooAimbic, oriSin.lly rc.odcd as ccmcrcncs,. dnpby p erncd
behavior runcding prclcrcncc and/o mitrrcietrcc. ,ncludin! singlc isolated cvent, nuhiplc dispeAcd
cvci( ovcr ri'nc, rnd mulriplc .lu$ercd cvcrb ovu limc Clunered elmG nry fon small, h,8hly
pdreDed anJ Jcdsc groups ofb!nak, whi.h coironn to thedeunirion ofcemerery *ceprlor rL! snall!r
ilnbc6 (usnrlly no
rh r0 exposed individurlt. Thc lhdLlrnnmbcu aho sueesl rl'd rl'cy wtrc
'no,e
peridd
usd lor a much shons
ol rinc rhan drc lare. Muny Rivc' ccnrtrics Thc CentaL Mnmy
..frltri.s aid clu$.rcd htrrieh on dr llay Plair rlso differ in lo.alion. whilc bolh mcas fiNotrr high
gronnd ne Mlc.. here lhc sihiliriry .nds. Thc Ccihl Munry ccndsies were plrced on promftnl
lddm.rks !kiblc rom r distancc rnd/or $mregic placs such as inLel/ou1ld rhannels..nd !hh is whar
Dnnrred Pardoe (r933) ro su*esr rhal rhey verc redbn.l synbols. on rhc Hly Plaii clNcrcd burirh
.rc (lsually) locarcd i'r lcs pnnffnr posirio's, evcn shen (rrc) prominenr localions rc av.ilablc.
Litddotr (2002) ihus Daks nr poinl rlrl any n'ncrion they sc!-e is syfrbok mly bc quilc differetrr ro
rhat dkplayed by Centril Mmay oomcrri.s.
crit
a.3 Thc Murrumbidgee Province Survey (Pardoe & Martin 2001)
fiis sufley cov{cd rhc Mum'mbidgcc Ptovincc, i muqh largd 'm tb rhc Nntnt
prcject and
rrcas
rhc
Losbdscc
but
only
nrc
sourhem
end
ol
the
Lower
Lrchl.n
Sixry-onc
slhplc
Lnqludiis
(quadrrh) sere exuined drin! rhe cotrAc olfiddwork, cach srfrplc rrca confimd ro one lrndfom. A
lolal o I 3 47 snes or lc.ntrcs Lvcc rccodcd d!ri',C the rn fley or e half o I siles Hordcd dunns lhe s ur- ry
consilted of scared tees [26%] aDd nomds [24%]
Sires or hisroric and spnifurl sisniGc.ncc ro rhc communny wcrc roordc'l and tudhc' ddri]ed
infomarion {ds obkiicd !boul orho sncs drar h''l bcci rccodcd prcvionsl} Sires of sp* ia L s ilnificanca
ro rhc .omfruniry rccordcd dtrrirs d,n pmjcct included a Bunyip Wale ole, and Fsced Buial Arca
marked by $ared Callitis Trc., borh ii rhc rvcniStarc Forcn Addirional infonnarion *as sdh{cd for
rhc $onc Fish Tnp rnd St ry site i', rhe\rirpoolar Balnnrld,lhe Bora lting al Hiy. and Y!i$ Llkc
Erslehawk rnd Crc$ drflming sile (Hercus 1971). Historh sit.s rc.odcd li.ludc Soaplorks Beid,
Sandy Poinr .tuj Bnndons Blnd hisronq c'mpiig afas near Hry, .vo
recorded ner Moonacullah, and a maDisemcnr
prosnmmc was rrilrcn for Moonacullah Mission ccmdcry. A clusrq ofmourds otr rhc Murrumbidccc
ii .h. .uncn! pojlcr orca hr'l lEemcnrs orhnhic nftc.irli'rludirs glas. c micandmetal.rswelL
s smrcd bcs clca.ly cut by a neel rxe.$gs*rirs tley weE nsed as campingsits more recer.ly1h.n
orhdmounds rhit h c b.cn rcodcd in rhc rceioi.
Alorrlof95 nounds rc.onLcd crc co ain.d in 27 s&nph arcs,
o. tl'e L.\'bidgeq an rvenge
'nostly
pq
roftynhrce
individual
hear
fttainer
ovens
were
recoded. These oc.uned as
013.4 mounds
clustr
lalge .olle bis orhear ,erainer, unh or wirhoul origiml rshy & chrnoal scdimcnr. lvlon ovcns mre
$cn in thc dpci.duity dw.t lNfr rivq.h!nids. H$nhs arc rltr rc'
!s pathcs orbunrd crnh. or lenscs or$h and charcoal. The heanls recorded in rhe su ey came lrom
kvcn localities nh aD rvemeeofrhEeheanhs ineach clLstr
Fifly opln sire! Nto r..odcd in 35 slnplc mcas Opci sircs typically.oisicd of anereck and heat
daincE Thcywcrcofrci vhiblcasa'sultoremsion. prnictrlrrly in prlreochannel scrlds. Trvo rnelact
scar s werc rccorded in dcrail.
shell n,iddens were mEly recordcd, refiecri',! rhe hcl thar *r condmrcd very fcr surycys closg 10
flo*ing srqms, hEcrbillabongs o
rccodcd Ir rh,ee rms oldr LoRbidgeer 9 or ihe edge ol Tila Lake on Goolpde,.nd 3 rr
Mum'mbudgee and Pcvensy Wesr on rh Mumnbidgcc Rivq ftonugc. In lddirioi Uvc dinnq cmp'
midden\ \yere tbund rmund ft edse ol Tala Lake. Thcse aE s,all collcdions olbdwcen 5 and 20
musclsirelk orvalves.usurlly nackcd or lounJ in r smillirca inorn.!rtonnai( ol! firu.
Thiny burials rcrc recoded from 13 loralilics Juing the rou6e olsu ey. Burills occurd marily in
mouMs Mon obscnations vere olsinsle bnirh rcpresented by ii-agment olbone scarlered ov{ rhe
momd su are.ftccauseofthisMsinalmo$.lL.assnbbi.s OicburialwsolachlLd:rh.rc{wcr.
adul. Two burhh rcre buncd extddcd (laid om on tlEii brckt. *bilc rhe rc! s c buricd on lhen risht
sidc in r scmi fiexcd position (knces dra\r up).
Scan oD rFes mc mrinly rhds
{h*c
bmk h.s bscn kkcn lor rhc .on$ruciion oflDusi"g- c'iocs,
shiclds-coola'noisGlEllo*, olal shrpedbosls) and di',ne' plateJ.ln ft coureofrhe $fle' 97sc s
\yeE rcoded rngnrg in size fron o.lrm 10 3.6m in knsrh. ftrec olrhesg *cr idhlificd as honcy
s orr small rnimal. Ninc scffi scre
rsocirrdwifi rcli!iousactilityar r Bora Rins, rL{ rhm dryro-day
Thescadrb.t*crc
'equitofren[.
wnh
not obviously dsso.iarcd
any rcligious funcrion orwnh slc.ific tu
vrried nr size fion 13 cenrinct4 ro 360 .enrimctcs in lcigrh. Widrh v.ricd ftom 9 .ci.inctcs to 55
.lnlindrcs, Ni.h an avcmgc or33 ccnlmcrrcs vcry dighr duncn orscar appcrrd d lcs rbrn 100
cctrri'ndrcsmdbdscctr l00aM200ceniiDdrcs.
rsulrs orrhc slncy ard cxisring 107 sircs or featurcs rhcady
in.lysisand prcdi..ivc modclGcc Sccrion 5 l)
Thc
li$ed
AHIMS wrc Ned forr GIS
,1..t Inscribing The Plains (Martin 2006)
'lhis lhD rhcsn fo.u$cd on thc lrchacoloey ofrhc Hay Phin, rhrch itrclud$ rl'c Lowcr Lxchlan $d rl'c
Lowbidgcc,as
rs rms on rhc cancni sidcol ,c plri', Thc rhcsis conccntatcd on mounds, bnr rlso
"rll
induded infomdion on tho orhsrlypcs olsncs lound in lhc ar.a, such !s bu ah, ovcis, ertcrecr scrtcs.
rhe dhmsmphic a.counb ofuses
niddcis, modilicd trc.s, fish teps
orhert resimrcookirg in orens rnd monndson the HryPlrir and Munry ltivenne Plain
Thnrhersde(ribesrhere$,lholexcrMlionsonl*olargenouds,TchelerylandRavensvonh3,borh
oi (hc Abcrcomblc Crcck s!$cn oi rhc sourlrcm cdgc orrltr Lo$bidgcc Gcc Scdioi l0r lor norc
dctrik) The cxcavrnois suescn that d,c cthrohirtoricrllyobseNcd locus o. *etland pbnr loods $ch as
rrt', (cumbursi), r, is1d.rr, (rrrer ribbont rnd ,olr,r.r,errl (bmilLa or mmh club-nah) bsgin in
ago The use ofdrse plaN is nronsly sussened by rbe marosopic
chrrcoal,inpin6onbakedclay.ais,a.dpollcn.Theconsisrmlamountofcookcdrvdlandfaun.lboic
md shclL also sugrcis rhdr {crlinds *(! rhc fo.us, bu! lhar rhc major food r.sourccs !$c prcbabl}
pmvidc cvidence ol DiouDds beirs
$crllnd plans rhar hn l,dc cvidcn.c.
con$rucrd from Ihe reDDins ofbrked diy hcltr.tainsov.nsiend dr burnr ond nasmenred laund bonc
pnides
evidence
olrep.ritiv.uscofhotovns
i' dr
mounds.
A deiriled rnalysh ol$dinonr tom Ralcn$otr I also confims thd the nound is prcddfrin.nrly lhc
rssul!ofrhc rcp*red Ne ofrft location lor cookins in hcdrchinqovcns. Hcat rctrincr ibr d,c oreDs b
been broughr onto rhc si1c. probrbly fom lhc i.a6y llkc bcd, rnd rhc bHkdoMr ofrl, ebedrerdiner
lrrlely conlnburc ro build ut of mound rdinetrt CoDpared to r|e undenying lunclc. .b! nouid
kd
tlas
rcrand reddsin colourhd gcncFlly much no..aLkaline
tcnrims l,igh nrgnelir sus.lpribility
Has a hiqhcrproponion
olfinc sriinod pmriclcs und$0 25n'n
arc llr8ely by bipolar microbladc kchDolosy, chriclcftcd by
' kchnoLogy dominalcs rhc!rcas to d'c sourh or
rnd
very
rduced
corcs Thk
remd ibl! smallancrrcc
thc MurruDbidsee River. bur is ako fomd ro rhr nonh ol rhc iv$ rhtrc it n D,ixed vi(h orl,{
induirios. Thh Hay PlaiD nicmblade iechnology appers to bc ! speillhcd rorm or nicroblrde
toducrion aimed ar mrkin! very small!o liny gconctics- Boidil,oiih, rM a nrsc olvcry small nakc
and blade rools Ulili.mi.n Corc an'l Flrke Tshnolosy (wirter 1992) occtrrs in non-frouid sircs in rhc
soulhcm mcas, but is mo'edo'nimhtrr in rhc ronh and nonhcan of$c rugion. A vanatioi 6 foutrd iD ihe
nonhemt,labcLled herc Split Cobblc T.chiolocy. resultins lron dE proxnnily ol.obblc sourcs loc cd
iD lhe foo!slopcs to rhcnonhea{ olrhe Hry rlain.
The none anefac(
oflhc Hay Plrin
ol
rcnr .tul rdi.t scrlmds rlso provides cvidcNc of
Thc disdburion ornruids arourd specific rypes
locus on *orlind cnlnonncib rhar suea,'ed densc sands olcadohydnre noh pld6 Si!!dstiburiotrs
dh.u$cd in moredcbil under Prcdictive Modcllins.
Thc ddr ror sizc. rourdncs ard moundcdnss ofrhe Hdy Phin mouids rnd odtr arers Nirh mounds
n'ssens rhal di ffcrcn r arc$ havc d iffere' t tryleJ o r tmphres of fround sizc an'l shap c, but rhar cluncr
rz. is or e \rlle arribut. The lack oltumdrss and noundcdtrcs or dr orlicRisc similar ashy
deposit fo nd on rhe Darling Rivcr lid Lo\vtr Lachlrn Rivc, corobonres rb.t thc Rivcni. Plali
nounds arc dclibsarcly dnpcd to ctrhural tmplales or \rykr'.
Thc Hay Flrin landscape Ms sparially an.ng.d rnd compo*d virh connruded leatLFs Nhich canicd
infomalion aboul div.6c aspcc$ orcultoml lire includnrshnd lenre boundaricsiindividual ownerhip
ol.onnrucrcd fcrturts such as weiniparhMys m.ikine apProvcd tourcs rid hnki',s i'nponanr phces;
bunal htrts, nounds aid,or sculprcd rirss iDdicalinE rlt bunal pLrc$ ol signincam mlcs: nouMs
marking i'hponmr occuprrion easi ceremorhl lerlurcs knowi !s bulb$g or bors rinssirnd er.avdcd
wclhorrcscNoinlieesalsoptuvidcd'isualc!hunlinfo'D[rioninrhefonnofscaftannsculprcdtlcs
(ring tees) in arcas \irh rivd rtd gun aid 6!ack bo\, 6u1 tho sctrlptd clnh coieru.riotrs lomed dt
ndor elemenR of rhe ctrlrunl lind$apc, panicularly on rlr nrr trccles plai.s. s rhe Hiy Pl.ii is
dcvoid olo.ks for paintcd or cngiavcd rn, otl visual me$ags rero uscd ro.osr! icrre cultunl
ofnr
are dncc(l! rclatcd ro the snellland te,Nre lmups. such.s porcnlhlcanoc
'nssases
tE*, rins tees, the *cns, dass. rhc no$ inprcsive 6urirls.and ccftmoni.lgrouids. Thcsc hclorscd to
.hc najo mh play s. Ho$ever. orher Npeds such $ nounds lnd dt paths linkirs them have been
inrerprerd N h.ving moru ro do rvnh wo'ncn As\yo'ncnv e tl,e signifirinr op.tuois ii rhc mmecrg
and haivcstinS ofrhc dcrr rooi cmps Nsociated sirh lhe mouids, ir k likcll' dEr ihe nrunds silnala
rcmrlcco opc.rtive renure brsed on rhe min.goncnr, h!flc$ing end co opeErive hed Bkindcookiig
oldense pEdi.tble $etlaDd foods su.h as 42ra (cumbungi)rhizome (MrriD 2006)
Many
visual
.1.s Rec€nt Archaeological R€search
lh!
iD the Regiotr
BiLl. Downs, Dry Lakc and Lakc Bcmnee Nlrural heikSe projscr (Manin 2003) .rme abour nr
r.sfoisc to rl[ Aborisinal.ommunityt concems rh.r lhc in$allarioi ora \$ter resularor and rhe drying
up of Dry Lrke and Lrke Ben.ncu n.y hrvc dcrnmeiral eliact on rhe cultrLnl bsikgc of.hc laks,
and dr tuver Mmry fioodplanr. The mjoriry olrhe suncy rrea cncompr$s Billr
Dosns, osned and operatd by rhe Billa Do$Ts AboriginalCdrDorarioi. Th. sudcy arca.onsis$ olrh!
rv$ rcd
6rnk ofrlre River Mumy & is noodtliin indMing blllabongs, rcLvorkcd sndll'i" islrids
gun rorc$:dr cdscs aM lakebeds ol D,f, Lrke ard Lake Benaneerrhe lwo lake inletoulla 'trd
ssoks T.ila
and washpeni and DDllee endphin.
inlcronder.reks
The archaeolosical suNey rcoded rr lolal ol 1267 localions {irh nh&ologic.l lorufs lid/or
La $rh $hy deposns Ool including hy deposirs conrained iD
to.rciah, includinB 167 snh
'nerrck.
Diddensl, 66 snh burials, 56 sirh heal Erainer, l0 hhroric lcarures, 334 locarions $irh niddsns. 372
snh modified lees (a roralof3S6 rccs & 5r5 scaE), l7 wilh nounds (or!l dl l3 noundt,60locarions
wilh ovsns, 100 {nh posiblcorcns, and onc soak. Thc mos co'n'noi orch'.ologic'lrertures recoded
dtri'gdrsuneysereDiddens(10.1%)andmodifiedtees(29.4vr,lolloredbyanefads(13.2%),.hh
6urirls (5.2%), hisroric (2 4to), ho.. nkind lcarurcs (,1.4vo) and olcns (,1.3o/o). Asl'y deNsns $d
mounds
*r.rdatlv.lyrurc (l
l% and I 3%)
and porential marrlemenr problcms s{e documenlcd rnd tunagcncir
rsonnnendarions DDdc. somc pmbhms e rbc dnec! oulcon! olNier mar.gsr.nr, such m rhc cfiBrs
ol*dd lsvlls on kgchllon lid archaologicalDatcnal- cffcds.ri'Nhllaron md mai cnanceol\y
manaeqncnt iDftasrrudurc Rricr crosion olmiddens on the Riv Munay 6anks, and incre^ed vehicle
rccess rhectooks.nd lak.s dri.d up. Oth$ man'gcmc toble'ns r
drna8c io niddcN rtrd burirls by ubbit inlsr ion rnd inap prop rirre rippine o I mbbn wanens. drm ale
romiddens rndbunaLs hy plorshiD!, vehi.le racks on btrriilsatd niddgns,mJ {hc iiaglLiry olrhcd.!d
modilicd rcs drt serc risbakcd in rhe late 1300\ 1900\ or drorvned by anifi.ially rrised Rder
ol archaeological m.reri.l on tsill. Dorns, ind .h! divcFity ol thc naruml
morrces smh rs tmdrional lbod. medi.inc rnd nrtriak, *ork tosclher ro DDke an
extaodinrr!
landscape thd is cnjoycd b] rhe borigi.il romdtrnny. In dJdilion, rbc sharcd
'lruml
gdy
p.roFl
conrad and
hislory is unusually dcraild 3id co'nplcx, 1
Lrkc Bcmncc. washDei crcek rnd otlB pan! ofBilla Do*'s bd$een the *plorer ftom Livingnonc
Mir.hcll, rh. LocaL Tharhl Thdhi psplc aid th.vnniig Meni'dec Pmkatrryi Thnwas thcn follo*rd by
nund Morey dscnbcs ir his mcmonsnr BiLh DoMs knd$ape, rhe
hditional lilciylc of the localpsple. rnd rhc uifoiding diJ conpl* ruLllionships bsrccn hnhsclrrid
Lrt asoci ions Rith rhe $fley rrea were rlso dodLmenGd, including Pcnny
Knby\ iory ofhcrchiuhodd expficnccs on Billa DoNns.
The densiry and varia6iliry
lnvloimctrr
and
ln rccognirion of thc conrintud ctrlrunl, finrull- so.hl, cducdlonal aid nltunl rcsoufc Nrg.
sisnincrncc to thc Aborisinal comD,unny, atrd ih imponance s r Lnd$ipe rhd demonirats sigiific.n!
aspsb olthe conracr history and lntr Abo gii.l hisrory olrhc rcgioi. ir Ms rc.om'ncidcd (Mrrtii
2003) rhat DDCCW plrcc a hish prioriry otr declarins Bilb Do Ds ar Abo sinal Place und lhe
National Park! & Nildlile Ad 1974, and rn applicdion lor rhis Ras filcd wilh DECCW in Fcbru.ry
Culrurclhcnsgc rscarch has rlso bccn c ried our on Yrng' Nrrional Fark over nrc lan 2 yc s,buial
rhc timc ol Miting mnch of tl,is matrirl *as lnavailabk. Mick KeLly (2007) c.ried otrr r nndy
ore rechnology ol Yrngr is being
companng ilbbt sappinC n.s I
rese ched (KaDn,irer 2010 in Drep ), and rhe Yanla Con$nrrion MmascmcnrPlrn is Dlndins.
5.
s.l
PREDICTIVE MODEI.I,ING
Murrumbidgee Provinc€ Predictive ModelliDg (P'rdoe & Martin 2001)
ofAborigi'rl siics rnd laDd Ncs rhar
Th! main eoal or rlris suncy r5s ro produce a prcdicrivc
propeny o$nen Nho may rish 10 grin rn
could bc urd by Aborigiml people, land mrnae s rnd 'nodcl
ove\_ieRoflhelikelihoodofllndingsilcslrptoducedan.pba$(lhodd{Appcndirl),$hichshows
ol0 100. coloured fmm yellow 1lo$) ro red (hi!h) (Pmdos & M.nin
2001). Thn followcd a disctr$ion and nappins olsirs bd lypcs ii rcldion ro vfious CIS lay!N, ond
rhe likellhood orsiles on a lcale
disrncs ro wilf sourccs such 6
dunngihc200l snneyendrbeexidnrsl0TsiresnrAHIMSMreNcd
fte
147 sires or fcdurss rccdrdcd
lorlhis.ndlysis
No snc \es rouid mo'e rlED lzkm lilD a major rivtr chrnneland 50% ofsircs nt lound \virhln I lkm
of major riv* and 75% rvirhin 3 Skfr. Thcav.ragcdsrlrccorr sircfioD rninor rem is l skm 'lle
noi.onfron, or modal, disramc is 0 8kn No \ite*as lound more tban l2kmAomaminorrp.m.nd
50% or sircs scrc found wirl,ir l.2km ard 75q, olsilhin 2.2km. Thcr. is a syscnaric dcsc6c li snc
dven ftere are Elatively miny morc sircs sutrouDdins
numbe* ftom sourcc thlr nim6 rh.
'mjor
lakcs lid rhc dc.reak itr dnribution is grealer rhan lor nrerms.-rhis is panly bcc.trs! thdc arc oncn
mn] sires very close ro lake maryins and pmrly bccausc rhc !r.! in whi.h srcs mry occu' iiftcases
cxponcDrially shcn moving i{ay lrcn rhc sourcc in a ctculrr lrshion. Sites dtrreasd to insignificanr
nunbcsbyrbontskD,dhtaDceno'nabkeNmorerhan32%ofsilcsmcfound\irhlid'isdnhce
Thc maii lrndronn con*ituens ofrhe Mum'mbidee rsvinco atu Pl.ins wnh dcprc$ions, dnins etrd
scalds Togerher th emakeupT5%ollhclrcaolrhcPovincc Alro€ether.plei'Nnakeup9r%olrhe
fsires. ln $ch a flar landscdpe, frindr vai.rions bccomc iDponatrr
becruse ry can dctminc tbe now of rdor ind thc kinds ol soih and hcncc rcgcrriion Sires rrc
sisnificinrly unddi.prcscntd rn rhc four majd Phins landforms. paniculady on Plains wirb
dcprc$ions. Sircs m sistrifionrlyover repHented on.hannelled llains.nd confincd ta.cs (rhcsc 3ic
nainly thc floodpLains ofrh. nodcm ljvs.hrmelt channelled plrin! m nrinly fomd on rhc lower
acblrn RiveF.lhi.h fom rhc prcsenrptojed,i$.
Thc lal8tr nmberorsites on confined hc6 Eflech fic lacl rhd thosc rc froodplains olrh. inodcnr
riv{ lhannsls. Convcfcly. buiah arc roud nore ofren or scrlded, cMnrelled and depre$ed pl.its
$rhoihai o coifi'ed rac* oldr recenr iver syiems. Although panollhh bunal 'listihurio reflc s
dr main dhdburion of liviDg sircs, ind n n lvcLl known th denrry or burial lblloss dcnsiry of
occ{ation (Prrdoe 1933.2001). nuc aE syiemalic differc.cs Miny bun.harc fouid wnhii
'houtrds.
and
but a sienilicani numbq occur r*dy ftun mounds, cithcr in ccmcrci.s such as Jemly. Toognlbie
occupation. Lakesand thcn soci.rcd lunclcs.onilli a
Nap N.p, oras swanrc buiah a\yay rm'n
'nain as mighr bc cxpcdcd. Ovcisrrc rouid Dos rrcqucrtly
dispoponior e numberolmiddens md burials.
oi tlains sirh chetri.k. rhLle hcrnh! nrelyco occurlitl, ovens.beir! found drinly on sildcd pl!rns
Thcrc rre cighr soil rlpes li:td for .hc Mumnbidgo. Prcvincc, llthough th. 8rer n doD,iMred by
opctr
cnckins .l'ys {70'r!) aid $ldedcont rsoih(20%). fte nn'jor silc qpcs (s.aftd rrccs,
'houtrds,
sites a,rd burials)vrry somoqbdtuotu rhai lhc ovsallsnc rcpr*trhtion scrftd tecs aE 1cs common
only on rhc rcd bmlvn clnhs, whrh h'!e lcw rc* big enoush ro trkc b k liom Mounds lollo soil
distribution very closely, A do burills (.g!in. bc.lusc fto$ bunah fte found in monndt. Open sitr c
horc commoily louid away toin rhe rri'r srey cE.king cllys. Sinre rbc cl.ys arc morc closcly
rclsrd to vrier sonrces and theFlore more orcup.rioi (mcasurcd li borh dcnsq etrd trun,bc' ofsits). it
h 1ike1y thd rhis diltcMcc rcflcds diff.r.m habnation d[rcs,cs o', dr scrldcd rd contns soils ofrLe
plrins. opcn sircs (rs%) aDd beanhs (72%) are tumoP lik.ly ro bc ssi thm nou'ds A0%)rnd oreN
Vegeturion pmved prublemdic lor anaLysis bccru$.rlhe d'src post contad chings over nuch olrhc
rtgion However, siks w*e morc commonly lound whcrc thc domlratrr spccics olrhc bliei nmtum
*ere Eucrlypna or Ch.nopod and Lv.rc h$ commoily lound ir aErs domi'ded by Casurina rnJ
s.2 'lnscribins
5.2.1
D stribution
the Plains' Distribution Analysis (Martin 2006)
of stes by Hydrology and Geomorpholoqy
Mrnir (1006) redid some
ofrhe GIS inllysnolPadoc & MrtiD l00l). usins a bissd dda basg
'specc
(1:'ble 5.1) rhd includcd sitcs
and rcrtures rcoded $ plfrolrhe rhesis pmjft1, a.d.on.c Frine on thc
he Mnnxnbidlee Pmrinca. lhc sirc numbcs diffcr ftom Prrdoc a
Mani' (1001) bc.ausc only rhc sirs on the snallcr llay Plai' Rere considered Aspods ol
d6tiburiotr rhar woe mr cxDlrincdby rl,e GIS rnallshleE also dis.u$ed.
sirc
s Distributon Mappinq on lhe Hay Fain
I
l
Sires were m.pDed again$ various CIS l!yc6 th4 wcre deremiied ro be dr mon likely ro aitsr rhe
distibtrrion ol chaslolical DDrerial. All sites *cE ndppsd dglin$ hydrology. and rhcn all sitcs lnd
rhe mijor sire lypes rcre mapp.d.!!ins ecomorphology (Appcidi 2 Maps I 6), sh ich c losely rnech
soils. Th. vcscrrtion leyc' $rs considered unsuibble. as the velerarion over mtrrh ofaE. his b&n
airercd bypon European bnd us and rabm.niSemodp diccs.
M.p 1 sbow3 thar hydrclogy $rcnely influences rheovemllrre dntiburion on dr llay Plain
ThcnaiiorvnoodpleinsorconfinedtrcesolrheMununbidsceandLrchlan,theLowbidseedisrnbtrkry
sy{em. and nr Gum Creek palxeochrnnel synem in rhc Sourh Eilr shere n lcavcs rh. Mumnbl'lgcc,
and lo*cr dosn whc'e ir beco'nes rhe Aberrombie CEek synem in rhe Hry rlain Sotrrhrsi hid .h.
hishe density ofsires. nre li4e opfl Rarer hl. L.kc on.hc Lowbidecc also had r high dei y or
Appendix 2
mappcd over rhc scoD,orploloEy (Appendix 2: Mips 2 6), which also closcly
pre-Eropein
reflecb the soik and
vegelalidn ofrhe Hay Phin (Eardlcy 1999). whci tu tobl sirc
dalab'se is considd.d, sits arc Nidcl] sprcad ovq thc Ilay Plain and rhe v ious geomorrhic crresories
Howcve'. it n immediarely obvious r1u( dilleFnr kinds ol sncs havc diftcrcni dislnburlons.
Gcomonhological landfoms which oveoll have r I'ighd densiry ol sits i.dude confined trces
(MurruD,bidgcc and Lachhn Riven), pbin sith channek,plain wirh depre*ions,.nd chaincll.rl pllii.
Specifi. smalkr landfoms sucb .s lunc(cs and lakcs also harc a hiBhtr rhrn svcmse site densiry.
rlthough rhey only corer a $nall rea ofthe ftsiotr.
Thc site'd
5.2.2
abrse
rrs
Dislribulion of Mounds byGeomorpholoqy
Monnds are found on r numbsr ol landfoms li.luding connncd taccs or nver ch$nelr, plri', snh
chamels.plain \drh deprsiotrs, pbin wi{hscddsand s$ldcd pliin. Howcvcr, lhcy arc largcly confincd
Moundsare
ro panictrkrpins olrhc Hay ll.in and rhh dklnbullon docs nor rcicd rlrc Cco
'nopholosy
panicukny d.nsc along thc confiicd hcs. di. Lo\ybidscc rnd rhc Renem sedion
ol the phin. Very
rcw mounds a'r found or the Hay Phin Souihean, and none on the Hay lhin Ndnheist, thsy d.
hosdor lound in la4c numbcE on thc Mummbidgee Rilernowitrg rhrousl,Ihe emtem plains Mounds
oi thc \rne'n side or the plain are distdbured ov nunerous bro geomorDhologi.al cdc8oncs,
indicatin! thar leomorphology is no{ rbe contolliig f.cror Thc efrc gcomoj?holoeral careorics c
found on rhc cadcn sidc oldieplrin. \yhich hrs lel orro mourds.
s.2.3
Distrbullon olOther S Ie Types by Geomo4ho oqy
AfpeDdii 2 Map l shoss rft diiri6urion olmiddens rha1rre clearly cluncdd.long rh. confincd h.s
ofrhen jor nlcn and rlso on rhc l.Bc op.n wa.o hkcs {nh lundcs such as Tala Lokc ncrr Bdrrnald
Middcis appcar ro becoDcentrtd in ihe rrea oftbe Mummbidsee ner Hay, bur rhis may bc. ehpling
ksue rcfrfriing addilional archaeological suney in rhe Hay ud.n/honiculruFl dwclotncnt rrca. T'la
L*ehrd rhe bisg.$nunbqolniddcns(9) in rnyorthc sa'nph aEes
ppmdix 2 Map 5 shows rbe disribution of rhe 1*o c esories anetiidr rnd opetr siref unlikc
middcisatd burials.lhcsc ri.os.r. \idc sprcrd over rhcplain Ovens arc rko $id*pEad ov
d,c plaitr (Appctr'lir 2 Msp 6), thcy arc undcFrcIrcscnlld !s a carcgory as rh. oldsr NI,WS rccording
sy$cb cdmbined mounds and ovens, .nd moi ovens are probrbly included und d,c cricso.y opcr
mounds,
5.2.4
D
shbulion Realionship between Mounds and Bunab
A change in burial lo.arion oc
usorihes*ic sideolr.rayrc
bcgins.10$sse!ofHiyburirls
e
nore common rnd occur in
PcrcDsy, Rh c rhc LoLlbi,lg$ sy$.n
gmnps, incLLdi',s some sircsrl[r
lars
halc hcei callcd.cm.tcics (Boihofrnc 1990b, Lndcbn 1999,2002,l,a oe 1995) Appendix 2 Mrp4
sholr the disriburion olbumls t
halfofrhc Hav Plain ii . sinilar
Bunals on
Abc(bmbic Crcck systfrju!
rd the sdulh ollhe Lorbidscc e.ommonly Nsocirtd $irh
pantc tightly boundcd bunalclusc6loca.qlusu.lly dbour 100n from
also found in opd silcs yirh overs md inelads, in areas wirh Diounds and
Approxm ely 5,l% orrcconlcd roundsoi.h.,^bscronbh Ctuok synom
nouids. Howcvs, blnak rc
in arcas rhar have m
'nounds
conrainevidcnceof 6nriakonrhesu
aceorinexposuressuchrsnbbirbu,,o\r(T,blc52).
tsriik
on rhc Lowbidsee o.cur in mounds. and rppnxinurcly 32% ol rcorded mouds hed vsiblc
rr aho rouid oi palacochrnn.l s!$cms. higbs on noddpliiis or edses of
floodplains Bu rirls on raE *ell delined soure bord in-q durs or \andhilh are rporcd fon Pcvcnsy
(noNquaricd asay), lid lbbotson S.ndhilhncm M.ude (nowRind blown from orilinal lo.arion), aM
havc bccn rccordedar Nap Napard Toolimbic Thusnounds in thc Lowbidgee synen aho helerhl8h
numbq ofburiak, bu! rhh landfom displiys d 8rtd- vaicly of bunJ bc ions thar the Hay Plrin
ivcKfy or landsca pc rcdurcs Thc Lowq Llchlan Rivddnd Hry Pliin
Nonhwe{ Irndronns tcnd ro harc fcw buiah in mounds, alrhough briils kre rccorded in ash}
deposirs. Buirh arerho lound on rlr lundtes olthe ldce opetr warerlakcs sud, as Yai8a Llkc and Tal!
Ldkoonlhs Lowbidslcand lri Lrke on the Lo$s Lachlan. Mounds on the MunD,bidsec tud lrndlom
apparendy do ior coiraii burials (T!blc 5.2). howcvci buri!ls ms rcorJcd on rLe MumLmbidgce rear
Hay li nlddcns (Mm.in 1996a), usu.lLy si.guL& budals or in clLLien oll*o or rl,ree. Tl,e nrked ean
etrd rcidciry ror bunah to bc loca.cd ir or bsnlc tuounds on rhe
'
wsrem Hay rlain appeaB ro be mnsly
a ffcctcd by social facroB i', addition ro dcno s mpl, ics
bu als Lowbidgcc bunals
irh Budalswilh n MaiorLandroms
5.2
5
Distbuton Relatonshlp between Mounds and Ovens
The disribnnoD of indlvidml hesr rttriEr hcarhs or'ov(s h diniculr ro dclinc c bcciuse ofrhc
dimctrlli$ oldiLcrcnliaringbcl*een ovens and small Dourds, and sc
Thc AHIMS ddabAc uifonunarcly lcndld ro lump mounds rnd orcns rolclher i'to the one c elory
und{ rhe olderE.ordins synem. Ho*ever n is clerr fio'n ihc disr.ibut ion dara and nrps rh ii som.
!rcas molids are nol.ssd!iiEd qilh iDdividurlovens (ofamomdt, Lile orherareas nry appcrr io 6c
asociared \yirh indilidual ovoN li addition, Lrgc rcls ofrhc Hay Plain rh.r do nor brve moundr rF
chrndcnscd by individudl ovcns and aso.iir.d ansfdcr scd{cs Ir rhcrcforc apnc.6lh{ thcdisdburion
olovcns.nd mounds corn.idc in somc arcas, bur arc scplrarc in orhcr arcls lhccascm halloflhc Hay
moily nor asociated \dih monnds, bur in d,c ucncn halfovcns m
nol fotrnd \yirh somc mound complsxcs, arc lound with orhq nound complcxN, or may bc lo..rsd in
lrcas $ithour,hounds. Thr i"dicates rhat nou.dsrtrd iidividul oveN onetr rprcsenr dilIerc ad,vni.s
oradinerenr srk ot adiviries.
5.2.6
Distrlburlon on Mnor Landforms
Similar minor landloms.cro$ rhc H.y Phin dc thc fdcus olloc.rion for.rch.cologi.almiterirl. btr.
lary a(o$
landfonns. On nrc connncd tlccs or
natcial
'l,trcreir 'naior
'nay on levee benks.
cated
ofien on dr outer beMs ol ft rive' Buriak.
ovlns dnd sr.ll frounds may bc closcly msociarcd borh on lcv.c banks and oi higb grouid b.sido
thc rypc ofarchacolo8ical
Tlc LoNbidscc hss dircnc mi'Dr landroms rco$ irs widc floodDlain. rcsuliiig,i a hishy dcrriy rid
rider v.riery ofmchacologi.alnalriil including nounds, niddhs, ovcns.nd bnri.ls.ompii.d ro tho
Muronbi'lBcc Es$ l" the Peveisl' ro Meude sedrn, e
orarcl'reoloCicalsites idudinC midd.trs,
'enge
noudi modificdtecs rnd burials are lound or iver 1ev ccs. bil bbonss. cEcks. an abnnches, aDd edg*
oflhc floodplain.nd floodplai. hishs bchind finsedionotiv$hrvc i Rnse o I archaco losic.l ma{cnal
includi'-q mouDdr, burials incLLldine sires rhal have been called ceNt ies, ovens and anetrct scr(eN. all
1o lor lying noodpl.in b.ck{\vinps rh lignun (,t ?r/.,'re.*id spp.l wes of Mrude rhc
Lowbidecc sprcads out ro rvidc snd complei floodplai',3trd e ntrgc ofrrchecoloeical sits includlig
mourds, burirls (includins somc thal Lire bcan called camdcric9, oveDs, mrelacl scdrers, modified
rrccs, and rcrc nid'lcis rrc rouid aloig prlsco.lEincl fcrtorcs and sourcc bonlning
orcun'l rhc
rJjrcc'r
'
nmdenditibUlarysyeDibDnreeXiensiveljgnuDssaDpsrnd
nrbcochbncls
Funhq o otr
Gu
as
'luncs
uarrcrcck).
dr plaiN on rlr
sourhe'n edg. or rhe Lowbid gee,
or mounds,.a'npsirs,
'miorco'nplcx
palaeochann
microblade workshopsand burials aresiturred on slishrlyniscd
e I fcalurs on an orhcsisc
frarphin otgrgy sicking dry nch soil,lid rtu nd rhe edgcs ollphemstuLrlssrdd $vadps.
Otrrl'c Lrhlan
R
olnr
ilc
n
iddens,
ash
.dond'c
'ecsrcrcr.und.otrcctrt
ofnounds weE recorded on ihe edge of rhe
Lrke. and on rhe rnq levees. A chBrer
Swamp sy$!s, loclicd on high sardy esund adjaccnr ro ! small hkc and NdLatul3
domin ed by River Red !um, 7)?r,(.umbtrnsi) and ,,?s,,rer (common Eed)
i'ner creek
Crcli Cunbung
ln summary,
rrhreolosicrln Gnalkfomdonrnnseofminorlindfoms.silhr*mnstendcncyrobe
locarcd on slighrly nncd sandiq plhco.hanncl fcatur.s. Ho$cvn, somc mounds bavc b.s r$oid.d on
thc loR sido olswimDs and l.kes orin nood*ays, in some cascs on rhc bbck dry soils. Minorlandloms
rhar hlvc a cor.cnrarior ornatqial inclu'lcs rivq and crcc* hvccs, billabone lcv.cs, sump and lakc
lunclcs orslighrlyniscd narsins, palaeochmrclferturcs on fioodplaiN. prlrcochanncl lcves orhighs
beside pdr{cbrnnel seeks thd have been epruEd by modem cEeks, and soure borderi.g dunes.
'flreie n s renden.y tbr a higher densiry ard divemiry ol archaeolo
modcn hydmlogy and palieoch.nnellodure! combine ro rcarc morediveac minorland$rpe lcaluRs
and a nn8c ol'1iff.rcnl tytics olwdlands
s.2.7
Distdbution ofSltes on lhe Hay Pialns byLargeScae Topog€phy
The GIS mrpl do nol deline e rhy mounds re con.enrnred or rhe Hry rlain SouthNe$ and
Lo\vbidgcc. ind ro lcscr cxrcn! rbc H.y Pl.in Nonhqc$ .nd Lo*d Lachlai, in orhcr wods. on rhc
lvclsn hrlr or rhc nlaii. which is rhc focus or rhc RERP tolccr Tlic burirh hlvc rn cvcn morc
pronomcad coDcentrlion o. rhe w$tem hdfofrhepld.. TherefoE ftc1on orber rhan geomophoLosy al
nris lcvcl ofdcfinnion mun influricc this c!$rv.$ dhtiburioi 6 lhc s.mc or sifrihr gcomorphology,
orhsidesoftheplei',
When rft dntibolion ofnounds and buirls m consid*d aglini the lopo!flphic conrouB ir is c1e
rhcy arc.onccnr€rcd on rhc lowo hall olthc pllin Thc Plain dopN Scrdy btrr consiscnlly ftun
cad to
an avcnec edicir of 20cn' fskilo'ndrc (So,l Corscnlriotr Scricc NSw l990). Thc
pl.in sldDss doM undl n abuts lhs hijjh sound ofrh! Muny Mrllee nflr BalnnaLd, \vhich deneds the
rhll
we{
Mrer sourh ro rhc Mumy Prior to dr Mtr .orbl schemes of rhe hn l00 ycrro rhc soicm half of lhc
H.y Plain including rhe Lo*bidgee and Grcar Cunbmg Sw.mp .d.d as ! sink collori"s scrsonal
floodMter and exces ninfaLl in rhc nuncrous scmi-pcmricnt mcks. lakcs ard sMnps Gee aLso
Sodion 3). Alrhou8h thc vcscrriion l,m charged radicrlly ov* the li$ 150 yc!6 (Eirnlcy 1999), it
appca^ rhat mounds were concert.rred ammd rhc scnipsmaidt $€mps, cEeks rid shallos lrkes
ao.mingthe Eed beds bd lignum swanpJ dcscnbed itrdr edmosraphy rnd history. and morc reccn!
lcolo3i.'lresearch (Errdky 1999. Ponenca 1993, Kiigsloin 2003). Tlius rhc brcrd scalc topogmphy or
rhe jtry Phn G anorhsr hyd rbar has ro bc lddcd ro rhc OIS rnalysis. aLthoush tle original astrmprion
th d,e brrd scrle roposraphy sm nor .lacror rha.
Ms thd rhc rchlive fld.nss oldrc plaii
'ncant
rotrld af!c! distiburion orsires
5.3
The Prel750 Modcllinq (Rids€s 2009)
Malqohn tude* fiDm DECCW cEarcd and !'pplicd r sc
(Appendix
l)and infomdioi.
cs
of
trc-1750' prcdicrile modelLi"s
Thc pr..1750 modck arc
'naps
d vt ol nter GtS lales desctibinE the rctatjw ,kerh.od afAhotjsindt sile
laatuu's otlurng,1rhe ld tlscape as it k csln ated to haw bee prn" b Eu Pean
s.tie 1.nt. Thl hdve been detirell asirig ,!Ht MS data ahd a Kt afspatial wriables
..
dcscribinE the
l
d\cdpe
Dnrlel!.lo .t tale hno acco"nt the lewl of dest'ltctjo ol ljte! in the
peti.d (fot i$ta ce tan asric"rrre or utho notion): not the
dctectabilit oJ dilte'E :i1e lidhups (i.e. hethd il \nuld requhe whetha'
dcovtia"), or ndtutul o'i.litj.tMhtt h.4, lead to thc lrck of a fcatut to he
prcsetvd. The| arc therdot?
Drcant 1. Lo rej he]zsit!attlikeb,tobcinth.
"ot they could he b.detl. tvhdl i,na?telit1s thc
prcsent landscape ar hov edriL'
Tha
prc
t 750
interaening
p81750t"odels, the lev.loJjn,pact in the c, ?nt ladscape shotu
o'npatihe lhek|la the .arrcspok.lins culot eie,r nadd!
be
erahttte.l
b|
ltpc af
Each GIS lo)er des.riber the ruldiE likelih.o.l oJ lik.lihs a pdial
Abarisinal sileJealure ni fie Prtt750ldhd!tupe (eg s..rt?.|tree afs1dre at1el l).
The lese d lot each lofa is scaled f'a thile (l.w likelihoo.l) 1a bla.k (hiqh
likehhaod). When lookrls at an)' p'?t75a tqet, the tuAet il is, the hich.r the
tiketihaLtl that thu! leahtu cauld b.:fo"n.l there 2AA learr ag., ato'tling t. the
p't lidiohs tdle b! the n'o.lel (Ridzes2009).
Tho Pru 1750
suDrlied predici rhe relarive likelihood of lhc
'rurs
modified tccs, bunak- cadh mounds, and licanhs. Tle mrps indicde rhar pnor
dh.urbrncc orvariotrs kinds
.
.
Mounds havc a hich likcLihood
ofoc
b
po$-Eurcp$n
rlong rhc confincd teccs end floodplrins olborh
'rins chyd(tibntionorerrle*e emplainsincludiig
rive6,roundlakesmdialgerc.cks,wirhap
plain ber*een rhc Lo*d rlchlan aid lhc Murrunbidsee This pathy
disti6u onn !coincidc{nh!rcasolslighrl}loNschvarior
Modilied tecs hrvc a high likclihood olo.curitre oloig d,c confined trces olrhe Lrchl3n and
Mummbdse rivcn rnd on iheir noodplains including rhc Mununbi'l8cc se$e'n noodplrin
rnd ib riv( rcd lum foreir, rlong rh. i0ncmus distibuhry creeks ol {he Lo*bidsce md rhcir
Darowq floodplaiis, throughour rhe O,e cnnbui! S*amp md .sociarcd rivq i.d 3um
ibre{s. rnd around larss Lakgs, strch is Tala Lak!. Hoispoh arcrrcas rl, coDrrir riv redgum
fdre$s bclo{ thc Munumbdecc-L'chlanjuncrion, but also nr Cnmbms S*mp.id a$oclarcd
.
h,sh l,kelihood ol occurnng ov* large ff{s on rhc
Lo$bidsee. rhe Lorvd Lachlan floodplaii, the Pimprm creek syiem bdwcc. thc Laohhn and
Mumnbj'U$, rid rhe \rdern Murmbidsee noodplain below thc Lachlan.luidon. and lale
Bunok havc
!
nnBficB aft predicred ro occur les frtquonrly lhan drhdsirc !tp.s, and.onfin.d.o
th! ianoN.onlincd ta.cs ofthc? ri!c6, rndsomcorthc la€9 crc.ks and lakcs.
rhs cdgA
of
Hc.nhs.nd sinelc ovcnsaftrcdidcd ro occursidcly ovq thc nvdinc phin, plni.ulfily away
6omrheconfitredtrcesofthe2rivencxccprintheMandeaEaandtow
ds Hay, sirhhor spo6
arcund rbg lower L.wbids.c kkcs aid wc$om Mudtrfrbidtcs nodJpLdin likcs, rh. Bdx Crcck
sy$.fr ro lhc nonh- ard sonc lar8q occk sy$cms ln somc ways rhc prcdicicd dfrriburion of
hernhs k opposire 10 rhrr ofnomdi modified rre$ and budals
s.4
Types and Distribution of Features Prcdictcd to Occur
Mounds
in the suRey area Mounds ollhe Mtrmy Riverine Plain, Rlich
iDcludcs rhc Hay Plain, Lowbidgcc and Lowq L..hhn, .onsn! ol dclibmrcLy mouidcd up cul.unl
deporir rhrr h usually cn.ubr or elliprical in plan and a domcd ourli.c. Mounds vary in size from lensrh
ol2 merres ro 200 metEs.nd nnse ii hcighl fidh ron ce inctcs up ro rK mdDs (Boihonne l990a.
Klalcr 1993, Mlnin 19960& 2006, Pardoc & Manin 2001)
e predicled to be .ommon
k ovenyhelming evidence or baked clay liert rcraineN in mounds on the Muny Riverine rlain.
inch'ding rhe Lorbidgec dnd L.wd Lachlin, horovdKhvd lound nonc hld rddnrs in Nohouds
oi di.mar8ii orrhc Fr$cn Slopcs rvhcre quanzi& cobblcs w.rc qo'n'non, and shcaho mtcd
'hotrtrdroi
(Klaver
rhc Munnbidgec Er conrained qunuitc Erindnonc fmgmcrk re.ycled as hcat rchftn
rhc
1993:277). Thcrclorc mounds ncordcd during
RERP surcy ma! hlvc h.!r rcrariqothcrdun bakcd
clay ifoddsoures such asGnnire nound, calcrete, or other *one rrc obhinable.
The.e
54.2
Non-lvounded Ashy Depos Is
ich in hcrr
A scprrrtc cr(xory or ion-molndcd rshy dcposits rcrc^ ro sncs wnh ei asl'y
Etainer, similar ro mounds in corre bur
like middens in sl pe and loc'narnx.
iotr. The' rr nor
'nore bc ju$ crposel ar ground lcvcl. or bc buri&l ind
dclibciatcly noundcd, .nd n.y havc somc h!i8hr,
crposed i" brnk sedrDs Thcse deposit rlso d'ffe' rioDi n'ounds itr
durlins. .nd may be linom or nreguldr in shrpe. lhrs. areis ol noi-nouidsd .shy doDosns Btrc
iver
b
\Yectr
BoorigsraM oxrcy
pdcentage
Middens have a higher
sik fie shellis usuaLly wholeo.
picc.s,
packed
broks inlo
dnd rhe shell is one. ncdly
in heanh fedtrEs or in lenss. Middens rc trsually
fenures ntherurn rourd to cllipticrl and rhcy rre not usurlly delibcnrcly nourdcd I', thc
rivsine pLain middens are usuilly confined ro rhe l*ees on main iver chaDnelsand lrrs* \yder fe ures
linc
suchaslar8cbilhbongsand llr8cl!kcs(Pardoc& Madin2001.Manin2006).
5.4.4 Neanhsand HeatRetainerOvens
of
Heanhs conshtins ola lens
h rnd.harcoal have been recorded from t1re RFI{Psuneyarea, burnr
nos conmon rypc olhcdh lounJ in the.ro on pEviotrs sudeys rre hc.r retuiner ovcns. also ralled pil
ovens. A'cheeoloeml evideme or hear reraiier oveN conshrs or huried, panly huricd or cxtioscd basin
sh.pcd righrly pickcd clusc* of hcd ilhincr wirh a layd olchdcoil bcncdlh rbc hcar tordinrs, ,nd
sondimcs r fircnsrdcnc'l pn bolo'n and sd$. Thc duec6 arc usullly circular or sliShrly clonSorcd,
and vaD in sizc lmm r0 c'n to 2 mctres in mximuD dincnsion The va majoriry ofhc rcrrincr
hclnhs oi rhc Hly Plain conraii bakcd day hcar rc.ainc6, ho$cvcr arcas on lhc ionhcn.nd sussn
edges orthe Hq Plain ako showa
ir
ihe resion includs siiSlc bu ah,nultlpleburiakorla€erlmupsofbtriikthrrin
be rrtu or prnially ,,rrx, bu( arc on.n rcry
soft crss rre !'drd .cmcrcncs. Buiak
'my
fng'netrted end disrurbed, usually rs r rcsuLr ofrabbils orlhcrilpingofmbbits
Burials rsorded
Mo'lified tces are pEdi.red ro be.otudon in mcas ofthc suney rhd lrve either lvis or dcad rivqrcd
etrn or black box rEes, althoush orherspsi$ such N Mufty pite, nccdlc\ood and rircr coobah arc
ako mrlv lound ro have $an in the resion (Pddoo & Monin 2001, Manin 2003). The mon common
exmples olnodified tcA arc rrcs lhal hlvc had bark rcmored for rmdilionrl puposes n'ch.s.hD
mrkinsofcdioos,shlcldsorcoolsmons(dishet,onencalled\.aftdtod.Whilcmanyrrcesonlyheve
o'e scar, othe6 have nulripl. sca$, 3 sca6 rf not unusurl, and one tec rccordcd d Billa Do{ns,
Euson. has 3 scas (Metii 2003) Sculpted tees knorr locrlly rs ting ltues"arc a signiJi.ant ryPc or
ccr.monirl tee recorded rlons thc Mummbidscc Rivd non H!y. Ccrcnonial cflrcd rrces have ror
bem rccordcd ii (hc Lowbid€ccatrd Lover Lrchlan, but hrle been recdrdsd hiShduP rhc Lrdtlsn end
oi .hc wakoolro d,c soud, ofrhe Lo*bidgee (Orley 1320, Erhsidgc l9l3). The RERP suwey arca is nor
rrr lmD, rherrca oldktibulion.nd il i3 rhcrclorc po$ible rhar crrued tees Dry bc fonnd.
T.*s hare also been modified by culiig inro rhc live or dead *ood olr hollowtR. nump, or los. Tho$
!rc rhc €suk ofvarious lypes ol food *taclion. for eranplc culing tnnnah sucb as posums od oltEe
mnki cutring animals n'ch Fbbils or
(P doe & Mdnin 2001, Ma in2003)
54
7
goonnas out
orlogs. o. cuding inro
6ees hives ro obrain
hotcy
Sldneand Bone Anelacls
Thcanefidsprcviouslyrs.ordcdinrhcRERPsnfleyrutiilli osir broad catgdrics:
. FLaked done tchnoloey, inchdlne cores, nrkes rnd flake 1oo1s. Dredofrinanrly nicobled.
.
.
,
Gronnd edeeione rechnology,
includinghathct (rxet
Equipnent for lood Dftp.r..ior incl!'ling Srindiqdishes md topdons for grinding sonsc.ds.
and mota6rnd psrles rorpomdiDs and g.inding lood such as hads.sdsand oos
HrmnrmoncsfoffcDovincnaks frofr cores,orsmall ha'n'nc6ronsfo, douchin!nakelools.
bipolerfl*irg.
More unusu.l lypes olsronc ancfacrs rhat Dry oc tr inclrde bonc poin! filcs, rhcbroncs for
shraeniDggmund edse rdols, p.llcG lorCrindlieoclyc, aM nct sirkcs.
Bone poins have bes rtcordcd in noun'ls oi rhc Lowbidsec ard Ilry Phin Southws! (Minin
1996., 1996b, 1996c), rl$c arc prcdoDirrnrly ofthc rype used ro la$cn skin .lorks or mrke
rnd anvikused lor bipol!r or scmi
.
.
hoks in the skin for se$ing cloaks, b.gs. wars bags ctc
54
3
Hislo c and/or ConflictPlaces
Placs ofhisroric and.ontnponry significrncc ro aborisiml people have been dord.d prcv,ously in
l,.iiloc & Manin (2001) aM in AlllMS. These inclLde his.ori. liviig phccs, histonc resonre sarherin!
places, rnd hisroric buri.l placcs. Thc onl history pnjed nnnin! in rmdem \ rh rhh prcjcd \vill ako
recdrd hors olrhc$ piaccs
These may imlude ceremonialatu.s, lor.xamplc boB ri',Es one of these is recoded in AHIMS an'l
localed near Hay,.nd ir n likcly there rre nore i', rle aEr. Rins liccs and ai.stll$ory placcs have
alsobccnrccodedpreviously(AHIMSmdPardoe&Manin2001) Alrhough thc stody r.er njun 10 the
wnrdjui ro mrrk bnriak md cdcnonill
wes of rhe knolr dirriburion ol can.cd t!cs, uscd by
phccs, ir is alMysl,osibk rhat occasiorrlcared tees exisrcd ousldcorrhc knosn distibnrion ma.
tu
5.4.10 PbntandAnima Ev dence of Food. ftledcnes and Usefu MateialResources.
This in.ludos plMr and animd resotrrces and placs uscd for hunringand latherins lood aM nedicines
suqh as nshlngplaccs and sslml)s kioM 1o bc ftsourd ich.
5
4
1l
Other P6ss b rities
Fishhpsofwoodornone
ed 3s a fish rlp on AHlMs,
placc
(1908).
and is aLso an rncennl sory
rccorded by Marhe*s
Appendix 5 rt po$ibrc
thc'errc morc ock ourcq)s in rltr !ivc^ or q.cks rhar wnr uscd ro.oi$n'crfish r.ips
ll is aho posible rhar remins of \yooden nsh tups nay rlso riivc surivcd in pcmanc ly
1vol.rcas !'ch 6 billabonssand swamps (Manir l9lr5 6).
f
rh
OchE and/or ione sources ir G po$ible ri nEe are Dore s
riv banks.lakebeds orssain|'s i', sddirioi ro rh.n.kyblracro$.hcnvcrr1
BrLranrld.and rhes may have ako provided ochft and/ordoretbr$one tooh
rhe riverbeds.
Wd sooden anclach in sMmps
sood$ sncfrcrs i' pcnnancnt wcrllnds
by Hry Nllional P.*s $.lT Nho bid bccn involvcd
in r searci lor such sireson Yrnsa NP by Michrcr we{aMy
CAP
6-
6-l
Areas ofthe Lo$er Lachlan and Lowbidge€ Previously
Thc RERP suncy aiDed to avoid
.
,
rrs
rhet havc
Su
eyed
arrcadybccnlrcvioustysuflcycd. Thc$ indtrds:
nre Lowbidsce behvcen Hay and Made hs bccn rhc fo.us ola numbs olsuncys, pdicuhny
arclM Hry, Pcvcnsy, Tooglmbie, Waimea Downs, MumLmbudgce. rnd Waimer Stations.
Thc Abcsombir Crcck syssm rtumd Raven$vonh. Tchclery, Dry Lakc, Keri Kcni, St rNt,
rnd.Jerary srarions has been
.
ANALYSB
Th. Balr.nald
rowD
dr
focus
ofs,u,nbd.rsurlcls.
ind rown comnon
bas been rhe focus of
ssenl
suNeys rmm rhc 1970 s
Moflectrlly scverl rrcas ii Yaiea Narional P.rk h.vc bcln inrhsivcly sureled, induding
aiou,d Yaner Lake ad Yansa crcck, rnd rhe ionhcn rip or rhc Park do*n$rcam fom rhc
junction or d'c Mum'nbidecc and Lowq Lachlai. an aH ofexrensive rnd complex *erlards
rld in 2009 obrained lal'ge anoun
Rcdbank Rcgul.toron rhc Mum'mbid8ee Rivcr.
Kalyar (Drr.oola) NrtioFl Pmk on rhc op.n plaiis bcr\rln rhc L.wq Lacbhn River
Mummbidsee Riv has ers rhar l,Nc bccn rcccirlvsuncycd
6.2
and
Arcas oftbe Lower Lachlan and Lowbidgee rvith Wetlrnds not Surveyed
\r
The RERI suwey ained ro ral'ger
landsordrLo*crLrchlanandLo\ybidg.crbdhdvsno!benrhe
locusolcuhLril herilase v'ryeys. These areN include:
.
\ri
Only rcry mlnor survcy work has bccn canisd our on rhe Lo$bidsee
ofMNde. includi',s
Plri'x- Hclls Ca.cs,Yaiga Nlr!rc R.scn.c Md'hl. Lakc (P doe &
ri,,
on Nrp Nrp. Tony
200r). The
M
olrhc Lorbidgcc syicns hevc nor bcci surclcd ar !ll, bur arc prcdicrcd ro
'najoriry orsii.s, bo.h iom rhe
hrve lalgc nunbcf
Fsdi.rivs modellins aDd liom infon,arion siven by
local Aboriginal people rnd nar
io n
oMe6
oi rhc LoNq Lachl.n ro thc .a!r ol oxLey, lilh the
Krl}ar (Noflood) scA (Mrl s mlps r d Ro} s mrps diftcr).
i,ied our
cxclplion
ofr
'j
Si{es Ecorded on
rtrd oncsirdo rhc cmr oluLonga.
ofrheloserlrchlanand
No$ney so* hro bccn cafticd o
virb
tlrexceprionolonecrnoeteerhar*asrlcorded
a( Gesny ii rhc
Gftd Cumbung ssann,
1970k{AHrMs).ftereisalsorsnallsmpleinPddoe&Manin(2001)frcmToonuiral('oti,'
very 1i(lc v'flcy Nork hs bccn caricd out on rhe we*dn side ofthe Munmbidgee Riv*nonh
oflhc Balnnald toM con'non AlllMS includsonly3 siresbdweer B.lniakllndrhc L@hlan
Riv junclion. rhe Tori ovcn, Marcnly rrke, snd rlt cnurh l{ole. ftere n rko a small samplc
in Pardoc & Manin 1200ll fon Ankv lnor in AHlMSl.
6.3
Combining the Cap Analysis and Predictive Modelling Priority Areas
nre arcas listsd abovc wnh fe{ or no rccoitcd sitcs shom in tunloe & Mrdin 2001, Mfiin2006. md
the toch! DECCW prc'1750 maps iidicare ihe la€e srps in rhe dord. In addi.ioi rhc prcdicrilc
nodellnrg shoNed rhich ol.hNc arcas had ! hiBh lobrbility olcotrrai',ins unacoded siB ofvarious
pod!.ed a mrp (Fignft 6.t &Appcndix 3.?) before rhe nr eybcgan rha!shows
rrhaeologicalsits
ovcrr map thxrcombincd rheprc-1750 lik.lihood'maPs intor'priority'
rcehrerd
rhclikclihoodornndingsitesrscolorn
lrom lor (yellow) to high(puryLc) It ha
nip. This nap shows
rypes. MalRidgcs oho
summary or rhe Dredicrive nodelline rnd srD mdysis, lhc priorily arcas arc rhosc
sn* rcolded and have r hi8h likclihood olfindingsites
fie
d*i
hrve no or
ler
with lilrle orno suncy bur high pnbability rorned the cor rrcas for tbG suRcy. Horcv*,
rlBe Nere exceprions where eas of medn'm ppdided ptobabili.y lvhcrc surcycd, bssed oi local
knosledsc,lor examplc rhe lnwbideec h known to conbin lalge nu mbes of unEcorded sires, b^ed on
infomrtlon lrom sarion fraieEcf and rhe Hry Locrl Aboriginal r-'nd Council
areas
wnhin thesc co'e rreas a rrnse ofdil.ertnl rypos ol \dlands and fonn.r rerlends were ra'scrcd rnd
.
.
.
lhc Lo$q La.hl!tr bdween Booligrl rnd Oxlcy, including rhe nver chinid,
dhribukrysysems. iloodplain ssrmps,andopen sderlakes.
werlands on the r.\s Lchl.n !o thc west ol Orlcy, i'duding rhe Lachlan River, Crear
Cufrbung Swampopcn rcdbcds. nv rcdsum forey, open wdslaks. ind sh.llow hkcslnd
Werlands on
Lachlan anJ
Munfrbidecc Rivc^juncrioi. irdnding
riv
red sum foren.
Munmbidlee a.d
Lachlan Rivochsnneh. disdbutary creeks. and lignum:Mmps.
.
Thc Nnn'ni./Crim crcck distiburary s]$ems ofthe Lowbidg@ beloN Maudc, & rhcn a$ociared
.
The Uad/Fiddl.6 Crc.k plllcochmnel syie'n ol dr Lowhid8ee below Mtudc, c.plurcd by
sodcfr .rccksj ard ns slociated slamps. lakesand billabongs.
.
Thc Redbrnk sy em on rft renem side of rhc Mumnbidgcc, includiig ih. rircr channd,
noodplain $rnN- ivcr rcd gum ibrc{s. distiburaics. ard lakes, a'd the edge dllhc mallcc
orlhe RERPsutogy (Ridoes 200s).
7-
THE
AR
CHA EO I,OG ICA L S A R
lEY METHODS
?.1 Sampling Metnods
Th! ydrions llrivlrc ropcnicO sonplcd wc'c detenni'rd lrom the gap rnalysis. the prediclne
DiodelLi',s. rnd lrom rhe con!'llalion prcviotrdy undcnakcn by Rolrid williens with d'e reg'on! lrDd
orneF aDd mana8as. Thc poposc'l $ations arc shoNn or AppeDdix I Mlp I6. ho*evcr. somc of thc
.cluaL $lrions lricd fon rhis originel plan for vorious reasons. The nalions sampLed includu Uloigd.
Tupm, Boyonllua,rbung, Toopunbl, Moatficld TSlt, Ninnic, Nap Nap, Tory Plains, Moikcm Cnntc,
lsY- Co.d, KiaOrc, Nlrwie. Faikr we* (rnd Frika crek TSR). Tin Tin.lnd Spri.gdrle In.ddilion,
aM
Krlyatr (Noruood) ScA Ms empled be$use n wds uscd d .hc innid ficld suflcy taining
'fa,
rlso be.ause ir srs SiveD a high prionry r.sultine rro'n the (jAP snalysn Ud prdicrire modclli'u
Kslyrtr (Notrvood) sCA Ms rhc onLy non privalclyorvncd knd sanplsJdu ngrh.suncy.
The finr 3 weeks iield suwey sas undenrkcn usin! Kalyitr (Nd^\ood) SCA and Hty as blscs, lid
conccntarcd on rhe crncm haLlofrhcprojer!rca. Thc seond I $ccks rocu$edonrhc se ern hrllof
rhc suncy area usine Balra.ald as r b e. Wilhin e.ch n.rion dificrcn yps of Ncnand meas rere
.hosen and sampled, somc.incs by rcfcrcncc ro ssrclliie i'nagery end sonerimes lrom informarion
supplicd by thc lerdoMeK orrhe local Aborisinal comnunity. Approximarely rwo drys \eE signed ro
*ch sation, rlthousl, this was rltcrcd in somc c cs depcnding on tho slrion slzcrnd rclcvancc ofd'c
landloms.onraincd Nirhin ir
Some ar.rs rhat bcF rccc'rly ello.rred environnrntal \arer r€re specitu,'lly lalgd.d so lhc
naterial could be recoded in cdntxr wi.h.hcn.runlranecofwdlaM nl3trt rM ani'nrh.
'rcb'slosical
Thcsc arcas with rcccir cNnonmenhl watcr fomed a contai rnh rhc rre rhar hive b.si sancd ol
*atr. so thc tcrm: working on the sunsycould uidsNr.nd and dcmo
adjacenr b ilooded arers on N.p
on rhe pla.rs .nd .nimals aid rhc
Nap, Spnngdsk rnd Nrnvie seE suneyed. rnd rhe efieds olculruFl *dcr oi .hc lcgcrllion ,,'d
cnvinnmcn. olTooginbic IPA was rho errmined durinsrhe llay workshop.
7.2
Site Definitions
Typcsofarchacologicalrcaturcswe,edefiredrnhreltrencetolheDECCWSrandrds&GuiddincsKir
(Byme 1997), AndEw Long s s(ned ts. marul (Long 2003), Carc Mird,cll\ drsis on
'sognisins
hcatretalGolcisandhernhs{Miichelll996),myo}n*orkoDmounds.mhyJspdsirsaidhcatrcsincr
ovens (Manir 2006), the DECCW skeleroi ids ificalion manual (Kocnic 2005), 3nd Holdr*ay and
Sreml (2004)book or nlkcd sronc ancrscrs.
Ther *as io alcmpt ro dcnic boundaies or'\it* assnch,asrhis*asnorthepltrlosofrhcptojel
*as conhry 1o tho idc. oflhc cnrnc su cy arca bclig a culonl lend{rp. olsisnilicrnce ro thc
and
7.3
Survey M€thods
i tial
in using Pcsonrl Digital A$isranh (PDA), ser up wilh A.p.d
sohMre. salellile i'nalcry rnd silc poinl Mording loms dEr Lvoc doLvtrloadcd to computr rnd
mcrgcd inlo AHIMS silc cards. Dcpcndlneor rhcpcotlc prcscir on aiy ore dry, I io 4 teanB each *ilh a
PDA rcconlcd sncs ii rintrsed saDplearcas.
lhis suncy lvis undnrakci
as
Thc samllcsu!-cys rimcd to
rcodr
nnsc ofrrchrslogical daia includin!:
Moundsaid moundrtributcs includins spatirlpaheming, sizs (lenslh, drh, heiSh0,srucrurc
rnd smricraplry(often som exposuEdue ro nbbiB, {osion, n..hincry), fcaorcs sud' as ovens.
pi6.concenrdionsofv.rious.ontci6(rc.ordcdrorn.uidsnrtuesorexposuE,colourrnd
coirenh(recoded for mound
$dac*
or cxposuat, nonc rooltchnoloey (rccoldcd
ro
nound
sudrces or exposuret
& buriak
(recorded lor mound su
..cs or cxposurcO & non-mouided
Modlficd rrccs oivarious O,pcs Tre*RiihImdilionaliylercmovr|ofba loming 1c.s'had
rs sell s sc slDpe
the scalengrh, widrh,deprh, rcgroMh and hci8hr ibole 3rcund
'neasured.
radi ional scan of
.nd hc qpc and s6os, pre*rceorabknce ofde ma s,erc, Nwellrsnon
hisioric sisnincrnce, rlso \cnlDted ring tecs.
r
Ancc$nlBulirh, nronnarioi
reconled
i'rluded ftde8leeofdisludanceolrhebudal,c
'scof
nbrbance. rhe rnou nt of bon e m *irlvisiblc. lhc viy peoplc worc blrhd.1hc ag. and scx
ol
rhebudal, rhe condirion ofrhe bonc. rhe con!ox( olrhcbunal,and protcdioD nc6urcs needed
d
Hcanhs
stone
sid hed rerd'E
ovens. *here
Ehdvely undislulbcd, rcre me$ured .nd
.o
snts
nefac6, rsorded $onc mar*ia|typo.size, rerorch.nd re.hnololicalasl)ccb.
Middcns, rccordcd enlnotrnenbl comexi.
sidth and dcplh of rhc deposit.
shellt)"e rnd condition, rnd
orher content, lenlrh.
m erials rnd inform iotr asociacd uirh tadirional. hisrorir orcont.mponry Placcs of
sisDificancc to thc local Aboriginal comhuniry wcrc rcconlcd This suney difiered ro eanier
in .h!! rhc GAP analyns raBcrcd places ihri had not been sureyed beloE and rcre
orher
'dcys
predominanlly
in pltua isolatd ftom lhc rcla.ivcly rec Abongiial
h h.oric .ahping rllccs. qeFnonirl places.rndconnicrplaces wca recoded
Places a$ocialed wnh Abonginal Rcsourcc
lnd Cdhtritrg.
such
s
places
sirh lood
odH
lertures thai had 1cs likclihood
olocludng,
such as fish
trps, stonc
and
hlbit
ror
or oqhrc so!rccs,
sid
medicine planh. aDimal loods, fish, special*oods, reeds for wervlig, aid placcs sirh
'7.4 Exposure, Visibility And Brckgrotrnd
Exposurc vancd tn'n poor ro nmderare. Exposure rypcs included denalion, sheer rash, gnllying, and
relreatins rivcrbank sedio's, btrrin forees Ms often coifii.d to rcads, racks and thc diSgiig of rabbiis
and echidiis. Mounded cuhural dcposi$ (moundO teM ro have sood exposu,e around rle sid ind rlso
visibiliry *as
hili
in sdnc sedions of.h. sudcy arc!, bur was vcry low in relarivciy uidnturbcd rers
olrivnrcdgunforcsandwoodhrdduerolcal$dbrrklittcrlndhdbasc.Lcafand6 klitterliomrhe
dver red gum tees in rhe Le$ dinuded aeis redu.ed visibilny !o l0% or cvcn le$ Many areas or
noodpliin for$.ho had!dcnsc groMh ormu$ard reed Bulrins rrom sinrer min. and in thes reas
vhibilirvrvrs very loN, betveer l0 l5%.
occurin! sone ro a fiecr t hc sun !y rean \ $ ility .o
$onc ancfaqb. nrc only irttrrlly occunins do'e narcrials
calcrere on or near rhe mrllee srndp hin, and r weakly camencd
nolcd in rh. au duritrs rltr sufley
"se
sanddonc onc secrion ofihe Mummbidlee
River, bolh ofwhich ato.dily dh.inguishcd iiom $onc
tr*d for n.kinE, polhhineorsnndiis
Th.rc was no brckgrcund
see arch.eological
such os naluElly
natnal'mrerirl
lor cxamplc,
ST]RVEY RESAI,TS
8-
8.1 Numbers
and Types ofF€atures Recorded
A roralol lS06lcaorcs scrcrc.odcdar l16S locationsor tires (Trbh3l.Fisue3.1&Appendn4)
The q,pes of featurcs recorded included nounds, orers, middens, modified rrees, rnccnnl buna[
rnefids, ccrumony & drc!fring (rint t.s), s wcll rs hisroic sits iicllding hrbnrrioi sirs Ud
qonnictsncs ln dditiotr pkce\ sith ibod and medicim resources and orher nsetu I resonres w ealso
morded unde. rhe renn Aborisinal Resonrce and Garhering. Mounds induded in rhe lable un'ally
indude olher ryp* ol lerlurcs su.h as anclacb, hcanhs. shcll, bur arc rabuhtd as jus mouids to
diffe'enriare rhem llom sn* rlrt are nor mounded bur may conlain one ornoE oflhese fedtrres lhe
erceprion io this is rlDr ancstal bunat in frou.ds arc rabuLalcd scpd.tly, rd gilc. rcfcrci.c ro lhc
nunboro ofbtr ah.and bccaus.buiah wcic usullly rncoDod.d lnto rkc'dy co nn rudcd nouids. aM
therelore Etlecl ar addirional ctrlruul ose
The lypes ofsires recoded rre sinikr ro dose reco ed in pRvious ludoys such.s Pmdoc & Manin
(2001), M.nin (2006), lhc,{HIMS darlbasc, and thosc prcdlctcd ro oeur (se s{tiotr 5) Hdkwr. the
knoM distibrrion of drcsc rypcs ofsires has been cxcnded inro nsw areas aiJ ns{ lindloms by rhis
3.1 also sho*s ths numbes ol f.llurcs rcqodcd ar ca.h s6rion. indicarina rhat culruEl ndoial
lvidcsprcadrtrd round er Ncry place sanpkd Tl,evariarionolnu,IbesolsiresE.orneddependedpanly
Tiblc
n
on rhc hnd$apcs safrplcd, rhc cxposurc and lisibiliq d dEse plrc*, bur aho oi tlr rnou'r olrime
JtranbunE rnd Boyons combincd, but onLy halfa
fcnr ar erch plece
day Sprinldrle bccause ii was |nclcrr rhse rhc ndion bouidlrics woru md orposurc aid lhibilny
Of die \ites recorded.4l% r.e Dounds. and 21.7% rre modified rrees, addin! up ro 62 7% olrfu roral.
The renuining 37.1% consish ol hcanhs (12.7%), sonc anclacs (11.5%), middcns (5.16%), buriels
(4%), AboriE inal Rsource & Gatherins (2.5%), Ceremony& Dreamins (in ihk cme Rins Trees,.54%),
Connici{.23%). & Hrbildion (.3%) (Tdble 3.2 and Figuro 3.2).
TableS2SummaryolNumbers&
P
of rhe rypcs of sircs Glodod (r4ourc*. .crcnony, confli.t & habirlrioi) hrvc lowc' thrn
prcdictcd nurbss duc to sufl.y constminrs Thetr
olte
'sosnition
desisned suNe!. For exanple, historic or conflicl
rires rrrc only recordcd ifrc hid somlon.
'ad,errlrn
on lhc !c!m rhat doy or! llndowtrcr Lvho knN th. eory ofrhc sirc and Ms rblc ro providc rhedclails for
rsodinc Pbnt rcsourccs lrr nor al*ays syiemticrlly E.orded. m many of the younger Erm
membe6 did not recos'ise rbe tullmnse ofresourc$.l. dirioi,lc.ns did nor always rc.ord obvlols
rivq rd Sums or black box
and conoon pllnr
infomalion t be(q obrrined fbm
naps.
Some
'elckrio.
Tab e 3.1 Numberc and Types ot Featurcs Fecoded
wesr & cumbuns swnP, 3
Fiqu€3.r FLHPSrryey Besr ks ard P?r'id Ely qadoiad Lo.alols
^':
96
q
..
:
IE
€
E
iilii
iii;l
lliil
Ei
;i!
l;i
f;3
E
rgne32Peceldge5o'FecrueTvoe,Fe@ded
8.2 SuDmary Description
I
heRERPS'rue,
of Archreologicrl F€.tures Recorded
A roral o1536 mounds were re.orded durirs rhe suney (Table 3.1). Mounds wne the moi comnon
fcarurc rccodcd, rcflc.ring rhc ro.us on s!flcline wcrlrid arcas. Mouids vere round on all satons
suneyed, bul varied in sir..onlent and rlpe olasociared wellmd. Mounds vaned in size 6om 2 x 2
nctss.nd 5.n high,.o mouids ovd 160n long lnd orqonc mdrc hiSh (se Scc.ion 9lor analysis ol
rou'd sizi Mounds mtuin 3sh nclr deposir and hest fti5iner. althouch rhe aDiounr ol deposit
renaining vdies. Il)e delosn onen h.s. d. gEy ro bl.ck olour duc.o rhc addirion ofdh,.harcoal.
baked clay hear r.hines, varying mounrs ofbtrnt i'nal bone. na
onen has small amounb ofvery tasmmled nusd shell. Hovevei rhe deposir may be blethed 10 Erey
be d.fiated lsvin8 only b*ed clay d mino' bunr rnimaibone
or Ery-boM, or dr fiier deposii
'nry1as. Low mounds or pavemenh olminly heat Ehiner e called
or sone nalerialas a pNenent like
'ftniinr moundf in rhh rspon, .s mos of the .sh dd sedinenr has blo\h or bccn csdcd away. Thc
n in tl'e CaiENimmie af,d UaB/F
Mouids to.ordcd conr.in sn.ll.nouns olshcll, or sohc.incs no shell, and rh. shcll h bun!, highly
fFencnrcd and dspened rhrcughout thc 6ound *'limdt. How.ve4 rhere is a conrinuu rro'n middetr
ro mo.nd. and in sone cases ir ir difficulrro label a sne isoneorlhe orher Mouds.lso conkined fiun.l
bonc, including unbumt bonc. and bumr bonc (carhoniscd and calcincd) Gcc Setion l0 ror d.riih).
S$ne rnefads includine uaked 3fretuck and snmd anerads includi',s mi',ly lmsnenred or broken
giinding dnhcs, rop$oncs, monais and pcsrlcs rcrc no.cd in nany mounds. Onc nound conraincd a
.onplerc cd8c-8rcund honfek are
Photo 7:
TNoleim Mombds on luibuigal MouM
(erey oval shrped fearure)
A totrl olT0lordions wirh shcllniddcn wcre rc.orded (T3bk 3.1). some *ere subnrnrialmiddcns bu.
niny .onsistcd or only a smsll rmoum of skll and some ovcrkpped rirh thc mound lypc lcarurc
Middcns wtre lound on rhc Murnrnbidgcc an'l Ladtlrn R1v$ leveebaDks. and aronnd lakes.
ir {hich il
diffilull ro
idcnrilyrh.shcllstccicsinrhcficld.llovev,enoushmiddensoonl.in\eholcorh4cPlc.sorn'cllto
be able ro idenrily sodc p.tcms TNo species or iieshMter musel shcLl *rrc fon.d in middcns, rhc
rilc muscl 1rl,rirrr./t.k{,,,). md thc billabong or hkc mu$cL l/e&s,,,, ,,,6,s, r. Mnhcns rho
conhi', nsh bones such as venebne and spines. N s.ll !s yrbby casroliths MiddeN also .onbin
vrrlin! amoun6 olashyssdimc and h.ar rcun'cr
F$!cr middcis $crc found rlong ihe Mu.n,Ibidlee ro rhervA!olNap Naprhan lunhq cr{ as rl'e nver
brnks chrnge ch acrer md bocomc 1o{q and rlid nor ro hsve ioriceable lcvccs. ln this rcgion (rhc
Rcdbmk syscfr olrhc Lowbldgee), die river channcl is connrictd and rler over no{s rb. baiks
rerd ily. On (hc eNtc m sccrion of rhe Losbidgcc bcdvcci Nap Nlp and Peve 6y, tft Mnn mbidsee lends
Many arss olmiddcn cdnsi$ ofldgmcntd or poorly cxposed Diidden,
1o have
Mrtii
is very
highdbaiks.lcv.cs and laiec bilhbongs, rnd niddens are moF cdmmot in rhis m.a (Partoc &
2001, Manin 2006).
Middeis *ere also localed on lurnbung Sorioi on rhc Mummbidece tuvei n$r d,c iundion
Lachlan Rivcr. i', arcs Bhcr rhc riverbank consh6olhilh{s.ndiersoih.
Phoro 3: Juribunq Mddcn
or MumD,bidlee Rivqbelovlhe Lrrhlm RivciJundioi
oltle
3.2.3 Hearths/HealRetanerOvens
trps olorcns vcr! rclo,dd (Tahl.3 L) Thc AlllNls ddrbAc hN r
Jntrtu.rj_pc.xLled heMl*. rnd rhls !ovc6x nd8. or tdrure\ bu i', r1r RLRP rrv.y !rr,;calcgo!ui,.lrco sntofh. ,.bnrroYcns Orcns vcrc noLd ln mlids x\iDddc's. hur rko oc trrcd
rii,gLr orcDs rDd dnncb ol ov.ns ir cA \ rl[ i,otrtrds o' tr,idd.trs 0.n\ m l]t rl,nJ Don
rded rornd th. nigc ol Plul1trder
coDnnon litrtft in Lhcsu^lyrr$
10
rotrrdoi
tu
oodplri'N
on endLo prlxcocbrnrd
Lrkcr outonodr Lxkebcd.rnd rhcl.lsorcnd bc
llcxr,clxLno Dricrnlrypc in o\c,L r ics throughourrhc strtrcr_ rer hi r,.rsolrivM't g.cr- tr..king
cLry soil rfu Md ftltrinor cdnsils orbkcd .lry.l,ul iD rk \rci or rhc sun.y mr cLGc k, rh! Nlun!!
vrlLcc l3trdrbi m. .rl(d. Iiom srndphln soils. or rcnnnc notrdd ric rr!rctrcd somc or.trs rlso hrve
hcd rcrxi',c c.ycLcd no'n \on otrr or b,old rrcll,ct such xs b,okcD lrirdir! nish Orcns tu.onLcd
du, n!rh!n,n!rfui!!ri */cno'n llkDi i', drDrtr. ro rbour l.rocm indirnde.
Plioro9 ll.dlaekiftrOvcr.onl'nrrptrd3.l..kc.TirTir
,^loLrlol5l lo.rliods1
1,
rrccstrLbnmL\ \r.re rcco d(Irblo3.1) Mo! clnncd ri.NrmlbuLrls
hos!rccodcJ in u d{r.tuL.JrDcotr\i{ oJrnall lingmcrNolbonc
orlqc'pi..$olLonsboncdd\ktrll.liorbu,fllsditr$.dbj_rx]rbito|icpngofDounniturrbbns
lion*er. Locdd noirbtrr ioroi rDonid d KrlyrtrScAl\onvooJ).
ncrthc lk Lll.ln clcrcck. Ai t-\txbtrmL trrstrholo.xtd rheskrior un.kor Nolans Chrnccoi n
treck syilm. rrd btrr s \crc rL{i
h'nur. r)_nc turtLrc
rnd
sof(sbo
singduncsirr
rh! C.ra'\idtr,ir \ysrn. bolhoi rl[ Lotbid!i8
l)trlrcochanrclsoils
vrn) o.!in'l buirls i' rh! Lo\rbdg$ a d Lo\$ L'd,h, ln\c boms I r c \hir. rnd chrlk) ,i
DNrlr_ |)]l. -qrcr_
s,rcord.dor ft Loqbidlrcirc Lr.rrily
'nirrrltcd.
i,i rol.ui ()r uDtr{Lal burial bu' xr lhe b$e olr Uin Crlcl
'no
rnd Dln.rrltcd 1o rhc crrc rhd n s s liervr xs ione d souidcd likc ionc ,rlrcn hn blcrlis Dr
.lLldnh Lnrlclo lxs cD[il.d pidtrres od d.sdpL]ons olrhl: btri!l ,nd {'g8r{\ rl'r111'c bor lras bcor
Crobrbl! rhc lul$nrflsh{,llonrh.bois.lvl,icrhNspecdedLp
r ng dsrols nr oqrnic co',ponc rhc boic,nirsxLns Dud' n'o,e
rD dll rrd co'npLctlr (hence th. rotrnding lilc !oDc). S!d, tr,i',c,iLtlriotr bkes riDe so th.se bL,itls
!d r rl'c
ha\csomcrnLntriry.bdnornc.cssai\oldffd'ritl'.odrrDiid10ldelloLocrnebunrkr!(o
(rhrc
{ligrir
ror.ldcr
rhrr
rhe
round
il
rppcrb
ro
hr\s
rod!d
lnnr
s
r
r.r. rnd trobrbly
toinb,ltry
rhxl ir.rnc ioD oldrdcrosi( bric lirhcnnLiJ)
bu,Dt Lnalorv reD,pc.rtrtrc
fir.
Bc.rrc rli!
b
A ro..l01233 nodified rfrs Nere recorded durins the strfley (T.ble 3.1), and lhcy arc rhc sccondrnos
con'non archseolosical fearure rype.-lhk cdogory lncludcs ony tes nEt hrvc been culhmlly modified.
including rFdirional sqlc ba* rcmoul $aB. food rti$al tees md lo8s, .nd sonc .har nay bc historic
€bbir poison rrccs rnd bark hu1 removal teA, is well as ring tcs (included nder cerenony and
TndirioMl bark Emoval t.cs inchded tfrs rith b3rk removed for .anos, sn.ll cdnocs or 'dn3.
alongs (Cubba woods pe6..oDn.)lor colkclin! lood in swamps, cdolafrons (dhhsl, dcct bowh aM
shields. Bark h$ been removed fmm borh rivd rcd gun and bla.k box, mosr carces are n, efrom riv{
rd gum 6ur sevcnl canoc scd6 rde recodcd fiom blick box All br.k re ovrl scaB recorded dunng
rhe RFRP suNcv
Phoro
srth obviousrxe
l0(L(nICanoes.
'narks
hrd been mrde sirh $cd axcs.
P:ik3 CreekTSR
Pholo I I (Rish.):Dras-loi€ Scar, Nolans Chance
Selcnl lood extcction scan were Ecorded shert an aninoL bnds cg8s, orhoney had been cut ou1ofr
hollo{.rccrrunkor rslletr los. nrese include loss *hse dbbi6 or sohc orhcr ani'hrl su.l' s r soanrr
have been cnt od ofan rlredy ldlld hollow log. Sc.ondlt hollow nsndins tecs or tce stuDps rcrc
also cul inb rnh.n axc ro rcnovc animrl such as a posum,6ird or eoanna, or bnds eggs, or honcy.
In somc cass pmplc cut into an old brrk Emoval
scff file bs..usu ir involv.d lc$ effot thai cutii,g
inro thc deerer sood sumutrdinx rhe *ar face
(Manin 2003). Thesc lood crtadlon tc6 o! logs
aanuch nrer rhan 6lrk Emoval trees, andexamples
tend io be more common lrcn rhc pqiod ahcn
peoFlehld $c.laxcs,6 cutins inro live orespecially
derd hed Rdod is hdd work with a $one qc and
thcprc.iousaxcwouldbelikclytochip Cuharerko
oftctr hish up in the tee and may no! be noricad by
nr recordm. Al I food rtlriova I sca6 rcco dcd durina
thc RERP suNey snh obvious axe mrks h.d bccn
Phoro 12(Righr)
roodltadion
Ini. Hollow Tnnk ard Older
S.ai, Holc cur
Bark RenoraL Scrr
Thcsc lsdnions conrinued into $epanonlperiod, ard hdvc conrinucd jnro rhe prcsent dry, nDinly for
culbml teaclingpulloses. These lypes of$as fir thc cxpccred siz ard shapeofscas cd by AboiSinal
pcoplc lilinE a reditionrl lif*qle, or a conrinmlion of tldirions inro norc rcccnr rimcs lr is nol
pos ible. ho*eve r, ro achal ly say ho clr lhc ba* oft.hcold s!s, rs rhc errly history became lompler
rnh AbonsinaL peoplc adopring Eurcpcm tcch'olosy includins iro' ares nom rhe vsy ll6t conr'ct
(Srun 13ll &Mitchcll l3l9),andpa omlhh adoprirg Abongin.l culrunlwlys ro suflive{Morcy l34l
19031.Examplesolrhe.onplcriryarcMorcykdescripronolrheAbonlinalmembo6ofrhc wtrl)!ny'
culliig canocs to cmble Morey and hG lellow pNronlht wirh suns ro.ro$ rhc rilo ro alrck rl,e local
Abori:inrLpconlc (Morlr 13,11-1903),.nd Comnissionsr M Domld\ ll3s0) d$dprion otlhc srol
ard orltrrnorus allbcngcrc$cd d Eusor rhc hclt olAboiginiLlcdplc in.iiocs.
A nnec olhi$ori. !id no tudnionll rypcs olnoJificJ ucls havc also ro b! cons crd as polcnrirLly
Drde b) Aboiginalpeople rorkingfor European\ or Abo.igi'rLpeopk who hrd rdortd Elmrcrf to.k
rnd lyrysoltrsing brk. lh*cin!lud!brkremovedlorturopemsrylehurrooas.rhichn l be siDilar
ro !trs rrcm brk rcnolcd ror txdnionll lruG Anodtrr r)rpc olfrodific.lion n nngba i.g, in som(
mas lltrlc numbss ol tccs qsc nngba cd. A laicl} of p.opLc did d,e riDgbarkin!. includLtrg
Etrrclc.ndiJChinlscllbo0rc*,btrrtorcirl.ll!.lsoAborisiirllabour$(Mdln2003).
'Rrbbllsmins Trss' rcl.ru 1o Lhc nbbk plilug pciod pdiculrrly mound thc 1900\ 1o lqr0 s \rhen
ruru1\$rkc^ (ticludiDg Aborigi0olpcoplc) $s! cfinloy!d 10 poisod ribbirs *irh trscil! or!rychninc
by ctr(in! inro the sapNood ol rfu te$ ard Dixi,,! rhe poion inro tl,e saf rln tlorrd ti.n rhc cur
(Krlly 2007). S!!co po$lblc(bbn{lptiigrlcs\.turlco !dburscc$clion9llformorcddnils.
Srore rnehcs aE ridesprsd rb,orsl,onr rhe suney area
ancf.ds (1.blc 3 l). inchnLing mound!.nd
rnd orcuring as Lg deposi[ on dr]prns. lLuetles
'nidJcns,
aid nrbco.l'arml so,ls scc Scdiotr9 rorhorcdcrails.Nobonc!n!ftct
\'s. No .d.rLrhongb bons
poi s harc bco rccordcd lroD m
Tlircc plrccs rhd dcmonnnre hinory oltlI caly confiicr bd*cc
rh! Ncscm ldcollhc Lowbidg.c Rldbmk syicm.Tho'c'nrinsolrn
unnsurl 1og btrildnrs locrlly knoR
onc of rh! l.kcs.'lhc bulkling n ii.Jc ofrnu rud strm lo8s nor.hcd .nd sloIed, a bi!s{ rooD 10 p[
honcs in, and nrn ncpr ir rhc smalhr rooD \rnh smrll Iirc. Thc cD
Acco iig ro rhcovndRon Horrc. rhis btriklins Lytrs d$cribsd by Neumcycrin r36ras I htrronrhirl.
riddrnho^cs A Dtrskcrbrll$os tuundby rh! i,d!y lcrn abour 20
mcts lron rhe htrr. rs *e1las squm rrils. .enmic. rlrs, rnd r slvbl.de
psto[ln$ [av.bccn rcordcdoi
'
I 'dl: ('.r,Jc
'
.r'.lr
!f"mhi
ouil. J I, lq.'.'nlv.l.
o..l
'nre second conflict sire is rhe b@d area of Paiko Loke sd the Poik west hone$md on the edee of the
lake. Ile ongin.l Paika homeslead ws bunl ro rhe srcund by Abonsines' aeodin3 rd Paul Conneu.n
the dtanca of Paika Crek inro the lak.. The
ftom Ndwic. A homcmade nNket ball ws found
exhtins
We* honede.d is a large brjck house complex bnilr in nag* nom 1375 b, ChinesE
labouien. lhc bricks made ar Paika Cek. nrse Ms r Chinse cadp near rhe hou$ and buiial sito on
the island in rhe l*e (Disne willims pe*.6nn.). Dianne showed us lho bcll(po$ibly a shjps bcll?)
$ill han8ing n6r the b..* galc, il w6 tung ilufiiendly Aborisinal people appeared, so rhe men ar thc
woohhed could hear it and cone back ro proted lhe fanily There is al$ a laree cellor in the house that
s6 olisinally built with a hp door thd cduld be bolrcd doM lot ptotecrion lrcn Aborigiml p€opk.
'nris cellar vas lalr med lo k@p sick leorle cool, or as r mkeshin motuary, and nov hd a naitde
leodilg to it rather dian hdder Dd tnp ddor.
ne
lriki
Phoro I6, Diame Willians Rinsin! the Bell a! Paika
W$l Honcsrcad
nre rhi'n m.flid sne is litaflnga L.ke, also on thc vsrcm side ofrhe Losbidsee Redbmk sysrEn, said
by loc.t landowncs lo havc be6 rhe locrrion of poisoninSr dried ou! by Wolmnh\ m.n and he
obrained Paika rnd Nap Nap 6on rhe on8inal padomlist Hobler (who sas fo(ed by govmneni ro
.b.ndan it in favou! of wensonl,). nre poi$nings are sid ro have been ffied out by flour lac.d wnh
a6.nic (Pau1 Connelld pes. comm.). The mo$ likely locarion oflhis sie would be ar the entmc of
Box Crftk to the lake, and/or on CoFki Crec* beloF it enrers the 1ake.
3.2.a HabllalionPlaces
T*o campinc phces loom b have been used hy Aboiiginal pople in rhe 1950t weE Ecorded. The
finr one ms shoM to us by lhs londoMer Ron Hom and suNey r$n nemhe6, on Tin Tin dorion
whorc Box CFck runs inro Pirapun$ Lrle (!hobl7). ln rhe 1950\ AlfKolly s.nior, MN Alicc Kelly
d ften oBd children includinC AllKellyjunior lived in r codrse, and Jack Walker and his Aboriginal
wifo Amy Biggs liv.d i! ! loBer nouse. Another house wa o€upied by rhe fanily ol Jack Jackson (all
houses iill studing. A hir larer Alf Kelly juior dd his wilc Chnsrine Mitcheu lired there and Claude
J.ckson rcmmbcrcd srayin8 our theE with his father Jdck Jicksm Eon Ho.re, Ray Mumy, Claud.
Ray Mumy sko shored us rher he canped in rhe 1950\ wilh membN oflhc Kidy and Fmmt
fmilies whilc lhsy wr. tBpping Fbbiis, This phce k marked by pepps rre6 on lhe nonh sidc of thc
bddge ove! Plila CRek. rhrough ihe fence on the Ne$ 3ide oflhe min oad (photo l3).
Two adjaccnt ploces on TupE wre ako E6ded is h.bnariod pltces as rhcy had r combinarion of
hisronc naterial including hri.k kiln and !irs, hGtoiic c.Fmics lnd el6s, rnd a large number of *aftd
lrecs conshrenr wirh coolmons. The ssociaridn vith lhis aftr and families such os the Ki6y. wrlren
$d lwnlrce families suEgesed lhe nced !o recdrd these 6 habiiltion places. Tl,e rsocirtion wirh
nl.
Houses Behind
-*:
#.$
Po$ible Hcar RdninuO\en rvilh Bick. I trpn
${'o
{'r'
',d
q.
{-
Ahorigin.l psoplc in thc hhroric period *as $rcnsly su$esed by a clusrq olstone hcat Eiriner ovens.
$arcd rees sirh steelue matu. and a hea! reEiner ovcn con$iniryboken
3.2.9
CeEmonv & Dr€amina
reE isod.d during rhe suney, a1l lrEe riwr rtd
ke6 closc io rives or major creeks. Iley *rt recorden ar
seven Rine TEes
eu
walseers Lake, Kalyan (NoNood) SCA bcsidc tlrc Lower Lachlan
River, and on Pollen Crcck on Tory PlaiN, on the tn*bidges
Caid4{immic sysrcm. Rirs tes dhpla} hnnchss rh.r havc groM
inro a rins as a rsult of being lied in a chaFdtrdic wy shen
Phoro 20 (Righi): River Red
8.210
Abo.io
in
cnm Rins Tree. on Pollen Creek, Torry
al R€source & Galhedno
A roral of33 locarions werc rccorded as having cullunl value lor rcsouEc $d satherins (Table 3.1). A
€nee orplans urd for aood, medicinc, rcsin, {oodcn ancfacrs ek veft rccoded over {hE sdncy rceion.
Sofre plan6 wcrc conlincdro nooded or Rendy nooded dcas, othc6located on dry noodplain or cdscs
ofrhcfloodplri'K werland aninals uscd for lood, mcdicine,skins, adefrds dc *ereaL$ rc.ordcd. Scc
seclion 12 lor dekils ol.hc plant 3!d ani'n* species recorded. 'ftree landlorm fcaiures dEt aft ol
sigtrific ceosHoureareasw ealso E.ordcd, includins a fishins place on the Mutunbidgcc Rivsar
Nanic wirh a desp hole ond a ocky bsnk wirh musel habirar and r lcdgc for cod ro hide or re$ under. A
se.ond frshi!8 phce wnh nuseh ms nored oi Juanbung on a be'ld in the Mumnbidsee River The
rhnd ledure Nodcd h an ourl.t.rcek ofa 6illabonson Nasie rhd is suirablc ro ser nds acos orbuild
No 6sh taps h.vc bccn rccorded in the RERP rrea except lor the alre.dy AHIMs rc8istercd Bahanald
rish Tmp (Fisure I1.5) However, rhe sator lcvcls ir rhe Mumnbidgee Rivd eere high during rhe
sufley due roenvionmonral floss,3id rhis nade it dimculr ro scc tucks in rhe liver A rccky bank sN
ouicnp in lhe bed ofrhc
ftcordcd on Nsflie, rhis appmrd ro be son smd$oic bur hardtr
'nstcialnay
the
Mummbidsee Riv{
rirer In addirion Ray Mumy stated thsr he had heard of a rocky oulcrop in
'nc
suncy did not allov tine ro inveni8arc any
upercam rron B'lrmald bur below Redbank Weir.
Mtc.losged places tha! may have rcmains ol wooden fish trps.
8.3 Wetllnd SampleAr€as
8.3.1 Uonga
Sialion
(Losr
and RER? Surv€y Results
Lachlan)
ll,ree sanple ue* were sudeyed on l.rlanga Stalion (Fieurc 3,1 & Appendix 4.1 and maps below). he
68r snple is located on tho Lachlon River bant rnd levee and adjacenr creek. rMnps and nver *d
sum fore (msp below). Mrtdal re.orded includcs nler red gln $noe tes, including smll canoes or
'dEg{lon8s' by rhe rivelbmk, mounds, an ancestml bunal on r nound. md isolared dnefdcts. Three
hediun sized nounds with boked clay sd ash occur behind the ri*I]).nk and along distribuldry crcoks.
Impona phnt rcsoures nored include nrer ied g!n. coobah, Old Man Weod, rhagodio, cumbutrgi, and
hid a@ adjocent to a ctuking da& 8rey cl.y soil swamp
l-ehlan tuvd (!op lcf. 0f map b.low) by a ddriburary sysen. A
low dcnsiq cxposurc of.nefacrs, scatetd hml daina rnd isolated and clusrercd ,!sr, h6t reEiner
ovens weft reco'ded on rhe scalded Ed gtonnd. T{o smll mounds or ovcn conplex.s weE rccorded on
the ed8e of the red gound dd swamp, rhe ltrCcsl abour 3 metes x 3 metres wilh sone ash] d eposit A
scared t* and scahes ofheat Eriiner on sliShr risss on rhc dark grcy clay swMp tloo eE rccorded.
fte
second s.mple h on a scolded Fd sandy
sith river ftd sum foren, Gd tun
'Ihe
the
somple is locrred on rhe edge of a deeper sMnp oi lake wirh a distinct luncnc qpc edge and
covered Nith irer rcd 8nm fored fed by a veinlike distibut ry sy$m (mop below). i1lis nerss into
lhid
bl.ck box woodland o! slightly hi8her srcund Nirh sone red smd overlying cl.ys. A loiBc Coup of
qu dong tEs i! the black hox noodland, insluding sweal Iarge adult rrees and ovd 30 fts seenlinss,
vere recoded as having sigrilicmt cultunl vdu 10 lhc local Aboriginal communiq. BeNeen rhe
quandongs dd lhc senp! on pale colouftd scalded soi1, r spane scarer of.nebcts (including sonc
sindinA disb pieces, fl*6, and a honfch nicrcblads coF), heat retaine! sd isolared md clNrerd heat
Erainr ovens occun.d. On rhc luncne-like edge of rhe sMmp a senes of larse nounds and ashy detosi.
dhtulbed by siock snd lehicle hcks were rcolded, as vell as sdred black box ioes. thsc h olso a
subs.nliil ahoun! ol hisroric noicrial, including gl6s, naih. non. and bicks. An dea on rop oflhe
luncnc has brick features, pobably fillm chimrc]^. Modified dver red gufrs wnh bai* rcmoval scau
occr in rhe swsnp. these rres hare been dead for lrobibly rbour 100 yean. The $a6 on 3 live box
trcls nlJr rh!
qurd.f-! trr
donsa207
a
t';df;i
?r8,,r
nga
l9
iff;;Ei.il€
6
l'jhok,ll(Lcrll:
OrrlSlt ri Rne
Rirtrb ,k.
g.
i{i
Prinzr(i! rcrnc o
Ulongr.
Lrr,rJn
Pho,o
24(L.h) CindiiBDnh
Plcccs & Hcar Rcrainoon Moun'1,
Ulonea
Phoro 25
(Righo H.ar
w
;a
I d>
4
s
3.2
Ka yatr (No&ood)
scA (Lowe,
Lach an)
rcrs rcre suRcycd oD Kilyar (Norwood) Sbt ConseBalion Area (risurc 3.1, Appcrdir
42 &
bclor). Thc fi6r srmplc wrs undcnakcn along rh. Lachlan Riv( d NoNood Cotusc md
lunhd'naF
ci! .1oDA lhc ptuposcd Nalking rnil (map belor) MiddeDs, modified tes, ard hed rebimr
wcrc rccodcd on rhc ivtrbank. Two $nallmouids wcrc rccodcd nclrihc picnic.rcaju$ bclor.dggol
Thrcc smple
hisl, Eround nearabcnd in the river Brck lrom therivdMnk. mo,e
notrnd occumd. Modilicd rEes rrre rnq red strm and includc crnoe te6, nng ftq rnd r lood
exrndior log. serenl rocarions \yirh plarr and ani,nrr food rcsourccs
ako roordcd in.ludiic ord
"rrc
Man W!cd, wiLd spi.ich, ruby sdlbnsh, roobrh. mdrdrrtrnbr.
en alons lrr creck atrd th. nodh,cascm scqrioi ol ha Lakc (mip
belov) A irrge numberofsmrll romedium sized moundr Gome wirh burials). nodiued blrckbox tees.
aburirl.rnda c,nrrio, w crcco
kcriu,nbdor,nodiricdbreckbox
rees. mounds, exposue witL anefact, rnd heat retriftr orcrs were rccodcd. Thc chacologicrl
marcnal hcoi.citr donrhc loNcrcndanJ nc.kdelu bsfdrc irSoesinlo kke. Smalllo ftdnL.r sized
I hish grcund,lus bcloN rhc lip orhigh gound and \irhii thc black
woodland.
bor rrcc
Mounds do ior o.cur oi rhc high s.ndy grdund, bur below on rhe edle olrhe grty
or dclb floor. To rhc mnh along lhc qcck, nounds mc pla.ld in a
similar Locarion,6elow rhe his| satrdy sround. on r|e cdsc olrhc clay ad ju i,xidcrrrrmri,r Thftc
ft
se'rcd bkck box recs in d'c sanca@s as ihc mounds. Sca6 rcsuh ltum r.noving birk lor
larse'neny
coolrDons or shields, and snall to medium sized o$h There se ako rood cilrdoi cus into
hollorv tnnks, lirh isd axc m ks. Moi scaftd tees ft a1ne, bul many ofth*e hrre rn old ceruzl
hnk nn h holloworprnly hollowwirli ncsercpicoanic eosth, or rci$vcd bark lionrcrwornsdr!
scared seclion olthe hmk i: mnch older ihan the existirs livins brlk. Mounds i', this rm hrvc vcr]
litrlc shclLorbonc.losolbakcdclayh.a!rekin*, ind ashy sdimenr. somemomdson r]t rri side of
dr creek neffhiCh red courrry have.rlcft h.ar drinq s sdlas bakcd clay.lnponanr lood plmG
iotcd oi li rhh m.. idcludcP,,lr?a.., (pig{ccd) and C,L,,/,'i,ia {puahnc)
a
a
a
:Jjlim"xx1'"
lHm,ffs:..#.ii_._.,,
Tli!
1l,i'!L
l,c.l.
{rrrlr ( fxr b.loN) \rs
rr.co!irrc
$hl(lr is r
utrdrtxkcr or thc nnrlio, sdiotr ol
llf
Lrk.. ud non! I'irnfun
511,. rlrni b Lh. \l,ftmbidg.. rnr NlouL\. ldd$r.
'nfd,ricd
Nronrls \ir r rr.lrd\ \crc rc(rdld rouaL'
kr ,^ Dnnid r'srLro,..okld d I
nrchds\c,c,!(nd<lr.r-q P fr
Lnd
Litrd'bc,
drinxl,ll.J
c.ior
I'imlr
.arlct.
$orrrmplclf,Lhd
bli.k bo\
tr.s
rd
1
','ll
\i
'{tt
r*
,I
I
3I3
Tupr.
S
aion tLower Lachan)
rnc rnrlc mli od lLtl,: \.'r \m!rcd.
m! udnig lri.
rn$,
lutrcft\
r
nnd m.ks oa
r\o !l,rllo\ opcf \dcr rk$ ilL,r-{ lruri rli!
L.(ln {r\r. ' \fdirri.rrh! mncir !dc.orrl'c
,tr., rM etrDi t)\ky
Stt Fo,sr r\ \elLr\ trlo
mr ttrLrr$t b rl'! I xrl'Lm Rno lrism s l.
rt,NiJir '11. trL'lx b.L0\ )
Nttrnh. lild 'ditn
rrditi.J bllk box
t!!\ \.tu R.onlcd on L.kc
NILLolr. r nrll0r
(rr3p elio Thr ti:r lLnrr.lrd irlk erpon't
'
r
.onsiss ols.j-isli pclLcfu ! xr-s bc]$! x 10.
rDdis Drlsnl Srhc
rdlcRd rsD,ilc DorDd rni
huL rcrri'N \s
. dc\
hlrl
.
.,
ti!
r{
n.drnrls
,cr.irrcr
oc(sn, lrlsuc
a
di!
trirrvur r..orncdof blr.k
bor 0clsof rh!
d3!
irncr $ck r. rl'r Lrkr. r.l mg
soN rotrnd mddirL n{r iLr. irr
hrcs(oftu, \ih !11i ..odhtrnr\lii.ld rrd d,rsdorg r.rx). nnn. orcns. rfd:F5c rrll$rs
rinori. brirk kil*. Nlli (lh !l
iLh ldriL! oufd rnd hrlr l,
rlso rfflrtud r. r,r\r tr
'criid\
r.rx ,o (tioro lt) PlrDr ,tsou,.!s nolcd inard! bLrll b!\. [r d i tt(t/ 4r4/l1n) r i)tn! brh
lli!
\rq
nl $A .or.drnr.J D(' r,c no'rr
\&d,tL Lxk.. Lrrr cdnxrj, ! (Dr0 ri-!1,1) l,x5 x
sod.d hn,dr. trfd i',ld cr!.]l li lirr,! illD 11,!
Lrd,hn Rncr Sth!
\$e tu.od.d. rd
bhlk ho\ t!.'
'drrtr
'rodlfild
ril r $ohiu'inn.ld
ritr dl qud/nc !'iidiDs di\h. r bLolcr nnrr \l1h
bo\ \nh 'forll' lrikl fg {rhr
Dl&s lid Jr.nLe bdr.irgD,rks onoLho \nl! r \!l
/\llo r si.rd! mi{obL .
Oa
.
a,,.,:',::'
lh!..i
s.d
cdg! olOrlcy slrlc Fo,t{ i,rrr, dsl'l)
hcxt rim otr 1lr.
rs jLnid or ol rfu sxrd) 'I) rin aL !r!)
hcd
drinr. nL!!*a thd
ll'ctu
'r
co\trcd rirh idi'nc uodi ilD rL! i!li$
smdph /\ n.xd avn.cd strn.mo. r?. \r\
l.rI!d b.ndt r rrck Ln thr.!ntc olrhc.nurdl
-iL ftr$l n\ nrt rtuln 5L)
Mgr di {rnr llrc co.lrtrrD slii.ld 1o drg
xLor! sizc sc s. on. th 1 Lircs oa dcr ilc
lrc
seclion
9l.l Iordiso!siof)
','
iirr b. !
a
riotr(h nd Dol nd bh![ bo\ tlcs \crc rtconl inInDrpl.mrn.r Lh! Lrcr r{\cr.
rrI.d rr.tr! rh. brlk n d.pc.i g,.r . xy !d snrni,rir brrr b.1h.c.r,ic bi!t rronr rhc.ncr. ( lrp.r
']] .|9 N ]]0 ]]] mxp bclo\)
rnD(o d!tr\cln,! Iti!!c\r 'rrlnub
Tli! \!! d ri
rc hrh. Lrd,hn {rrsh nanlifi.d trr!: in( rdirsr r,.srm rnd inil.'r.r,:
rTupm r0 ri rrr l tr,]r hrrtNl rli{.r.,r(
dr 3trd, btr, rri$ in! rLso !rf! noJiri.J tltrlc 6L(t
bo\ tccs.ln! lns r cuo! tr!. onc org dc rns r.d lrD h i s.trx or r trntrk. imlLLd s l.rDo.
Siitr
L
sriirnrirnrr,r!N\li.DLLoic xr{.no!ord !rLdrgst!lrirr\id!rrlD\lr lhcfiddnrc!
i.ltr,Lc r ihtrig,. !oobit,. sd oL
a+,t
/
/
.a
'.
't-oI '
'OQ
r3!rB
ffin*
E#
$uu.rltrl
Photos 1216, Blmk Box Canoe
Photo17: Food Exlacriotr scar. cut
Bark Removrl Scar, Tupm
3.3.4
i
'Dns alo.g Scm lnd Ov.l Scds, T!pr.
oOld
Toopuntal Sralion (Lower Lachan &Lowbidseo)
,\ l&gc sanplc arca oi Toopunsl lndudcd rhc cdscs or lrks fi1kd f.oD the Lacblan River and Cre.r
Cumbune Ssa'np. rhc bark overlookins rhe Greai Cnmbune S*rmp, and an dea on lhc Lachlan Rivtr
(figur.3.l, Appodir 14a & 4..4b and n'p belo*).
Thclrmplc rmhad avery h ish den sily of mounds .nd middcns (bclow). Fauml rcmi'x ii, Doundsand
drll, freshmter sMil shell, bnd bone, els shollborh s{an & duck sDr, onh
niddcis,ncludc
'nu$elg hlirhs, fish bone, rodhr roclh, Md drc small mamDll ho'c Modilicd tr*
shell aid bone, yrbby
are very nrc in nrcr tud gtrm forc$, ,o$ibly rcflccrin! pas rcDoval by ibre*ry rcrivities or seveF
channcl nDnins rhrough the Grear Ctrmbung Sramp
bushfirc Mounds and middens $e found allamund lhe laks md also on rhe bank on rhc cdgc ofrhc
Cren Cum6unE Ssanp. Areas ol sc ded hcal rckiner worc also rccodcd on hlgh spo( iclr rhc
Lrchlan River chinncl flnnin! aco$ $c noor ofihc crclr cumbung sLvrfrp Plrnrs with ltumlusc
@orded in the rrea include cumbunsi, nadoo, Dillon bush, ruby shbush and riv{ rcd gun. Thc
previous Fadoe & Manin (2001) s'ryey also Mnplcd.n adjaccn! scdion ofrhc samc lakcju$ ro th.
soulh ofrhc RER? survcy (pink ma*c6 beloN) Mondssidan.ennlbnriehserercordedind,naEr.
Prrdoe and Manin (2001) also recorded mounds on I Lo{bidges anabnnch crcck (bclow lcft)- po$ibly
pdd olrhe Pimpan cck palacochanncl. Onc noun'l distlsycd hhroic slrs, ceEnic and mertrl ireDr
and a disrind hollow in rhe cenko su8gAlinB rhd n nay havc bccn oc.uplcd in rhc hh.odc p$io'1. Laj3s
nounds wcrc lound tunho cdr on rh. edge orrl'e Murrunbid€ee Rivtr (bdbm risht. belor), md
anefack aM mound matedal werc rho rccorded oundashallowlakeontheplain(ropnghr,below).
;1Pl
I
r';Jr
F,"$W:
33
5
Juanbdnq & Boyoio Slalion (Lowar Lachran)
lLrDbfi-r xrd tso)on! sdiofr.or( nr.h ol Ll,.
lr.lih, Rnr. r,d tr' iLtr'di,ri \ I
'1i. aL rfrl.!Lo\r.lu
\r . nirtrJ 1mr bc o\
crd
I unnam! rj\rnp. r rr lr!foD
l,
.alolrhr Lo\(
lrAr rtrirrorq 1rigL,. r l. ,\pp.tr1l\
l,!ri3so
)
'1,!(,ci(B'hrrr\rtr,,1,
notrtrdrlrA.notrtrJr.orrrir.,rD-j.olliLrDtLL,dftfrtrrLJir!rntr$!\1,!LL.Liirtrdr!n jn's
boDr Jrbbr lAho 1r\. r 6.D$nr\'J
trnlcrrc m
l,$
nrl:r'!!
I mr
aL
.\mrh.
lr
1.1,) ,1.1,.!'.
\ or!
r, r) (lqr\
L.
!li.r r -!. Drmd is 6e d,.\ r ir Ddrlr in u. rrd
l [.d (1.) ]!,l
91r.n
hrlrL
Lr
!1,
al
rdl A DaLr pLr rr.rLn br'].: (ri,rl ri[\o] fftr. s.rrr.d br rrbb(rr.,fdi Lrl,.\ rdkr!
lrir fj ls[ ir! u \. 6ipnr
vrnJ rLDburg
r rr rl,rd.l!.d b) nlridl. ,DoLfli ol ul.d Liir
'nor
borc, d\p *r'tL!tr1.\,.1
tacllt-Au
R|\,/ER
GREA]I OIJfu{BUING SWAililP
,r! r (hrr rrnDbLr!!!rD!io
i,'
trcn [Lr.!rr rnqr lic.()
, thr
N
Jr
LrDg
,rd
L:rlr. brl ri,.n!r)
llo, !\rnpL! rurblrg
rlxrdrlh r\rtr'r.ln \n,-! ll)
o 1r|.1
L
r.) n,Lb$idr Llnl b q rrr d\lrnrrnnr.
Canoe
sm
on river red
Cm yse E@ded nod rte
box wfth cootrmoi/snieh or 'dmg-along'
A smoll rMple along r Di'o. distibtrbry
cEet m tne v*rd edle oflhc floodplain
sd odjreDt to rte Mauee sdndplain .lto
conbi.ed . cluster of nodified bla.k box
rrees,
a smau nou.4 8nd ove6 (mp
river md in
s6 m emon.
ivd
ftd ann forest,
a.3.6 rrru
umbudgee stalion (Lowbldgee'MuftumbldgeeRive.Syslem)
Mummbudg* Stalion near Maude ws previotrsly sureyed by Pardoe & Manin (2001) bu! hts ben
included hse (Fig@ 3.1, Appddix 4.16 & nat & fiCurc below) s ir is s *cellot sanple of rhe
MmnbidBee Rivd S'Brcm ol rhe ro*bidge. A seri6 of lalge noudi some titt dceshl hurials, a
nid'len, Dd nodiffed hs w* E.oded on a DnSe of lodfoms including beside $e ab.bBnch
Bldg€ cEell. or $e floodplain vilh disribulorx cEoks, and adjaelt to dre river banr. The sits plofled
belos should oll bo nicndy nonh or nonheor of thei plofled position and all od.be nonh side oflhe
rivs. as shoM ir FiFr 3.3.
Fiqurc 3.3 Murrudbudqa€ Mound6,
Mrddans
&
Anc$tral
Buials
R@d6d by Padoe A lralin
(2001). FiqurE lon Mad n {2006)
8.3.7
M@ttield TSR (Lowbidqee)
Morrfield TSR *as sufleyed ind a sdi* of
14 nounds aid olher archaeoloehal marsial
Ecoden on both sides of the public mad and
in sone cases on rhe icn'al 6ad (below) Ihe
sr..ion o\hs6 wcrc asay o. rhc rinc an'l se
rherfoE did nor have acces to the narion
Mounds. burials, shell, f.unal bono, anef.ds
and modifredlrccs (Fieurc 3.1, ApFndix 4.6,
and bclow) ne l@ated a1otrs the top of a
palaeochannol sand ddg. that tu perchcd
abole rhe sdhnds either side (photo 521.
Thh Eised prlaeochannel divides the
Mummbidgcc systcn and ihe Nimmie/Crira
system of the Lonbidgee. Tft Dad follows
rhe same pal.eoch.nnel nso as n prcvidcs a
dry porh lhrcueh werl$ils. The pEviously
ftcorded AHIMS Nimmiig Creek Moa!field
site (red rrianglc) is aho locatcd on thc same
palaeochannel rhe. Moatlield 60 is a large
high mound beslde Nim'nie CEek rith
8.3I
i;i;
-t
^'iri##l;
Ninoie Slalion (Lowbdqe-c)
b$ted on rhe Nimmie/Cfir synem olrhe Lo*6idsee. A total ol
(Figlre 31, Appendix 4.6 and below), some on rhe nonhed side ofNimnis
Creek (beldw botom righr, and sone vry larg. mounds serc rc.oidcd to thc south ofNinmje Creek
Scvcn nounds conraiied buriah. Some of these l$se mounds m within or on the edge olexGting
lierud s*anps. and rhc orhc6 nay also hav. bccn in liciun swmps bur ae now round sithin clsrd
and tloughcd Fddocks, Mounds are as brge as 30 nerres x 30 ndH and l40cm high. and contain a
vaidy of faunal mrreria|includins musel:hell, fish bone, bird boie, eggshell. rnd yabby gshlnhs.
Anefacrs lbund in nounds include conplete srind*ones ond nonar/penles and hacked bldes. fte
lislum swamps conrdn fine1y divided dinnbuhnes of rhc n.in crec*s such as Nihnic Crcck. Thc la€tr
mounds lcnd to bc found on diehr !i$s wirhln rhcs.lignun sMmpi howver rhe field $'e' did nor
have time ro sxmplB suficienr ireas ollignuh 10 deremine ifrhe€ aft also snall mounds on lowesund
sirhin thh habiror. Rcso!rcc lnd CathcrinE itcns norcd inchdcfrontrrain duck. smd duck. saredHsi
ibis. ivercoobah, aDd lignun.
As its nanc iEplies, Nimmi. sbtion n
19
nourds
w
e recoded
'ho!re ro$ \1l{ lui
Ni,rli s
'
d
rrddo.Iibso ri.lNinDi. ar{l (Nirn
].1
.":-*
e3
s
Nap Nap Slarion (Lowbdqee)
fr'rr. \l,Kob l3!c \J!cD ral
r b!Lo\) hrd rrn l, b..r
rtrn. iri t irlr) n:jqlrnbr:
h
'].,o!l.d b)
rrirftr c 'l I r!
J!.n \lJrr orir..d:.o,,!
tr
rli!
l{
&209-:rrhco\r) rh!$rrntisfiLr b,"rdnrbrrxrlfcctrtrnbtunltbol.l]h.NturnDrbid-!..Rtrf.
i|s I sn3fci rro\ n*nf. \rr.ri \xs rL$.xnfr.d sod,! Lxr!! rlr
\!q l,i!1, trshr- mouDds \s!,c.ord.d rt N,p N,p Box Sramp l:0s. llr rl. ll.r d.) \xt, \x|] ri L\ j
L'rro!r'unid,,r Tli! AHrITs !r!To]rr! Pt rtRLtrrngt!) istocd
Nlrndion lo,
nDrc
lh i 16y!x^(Hrnnhrtrl.D !\nrdFs.oD
-'-'54r"p
a
t
a
a,
:t'
Nrp Nrp ShLioD u.Nn'l cunclor 1.&l rrirn-!k Lpper l.ti. Dxrr b.lo\r). irrf
Nlf \r,f r9rrl0inrL&hui,L ni NrtN.orS'nonndircrt o$lcdonlhc
r rd nnnl!s Lh! ivum bnl!.c srsron lion rrc Cr rr\i'nn,ic sJ_n!r NtrDNrp
rr,gr \tr,dl,irLtur,$ liori r $rc.-bodd iSdrn! otfi s |rt$o!h mct
l.lap Nap Sla! on Nap N€r, Strt on.
a
a
-:":Jfilli:
,
Prdoc & rvirrft (1001) {neycd x sn,pLc
lLdhs lrA' oD lor{ s.or ncr rhc srmc
nrlr..d'rrtrd (tr'trf igl,l) A r'i.\ dr{v$
lrgc Doufds m. loctrlcd of lol arexs
rdltr.lr b \dhr(.
.ncLc[. ud oLc's. votrndr,r,!. 6oD
20 .
I
hi!I,.
Ah) 5di'n!nr. hui rdri,,{. gri
ni!1. birn 6onc & clgn,c L
76
ii ll
Lins dish
htrrLr sh.Ll.
,
ylbby ganolnhs end rinorlal'ge mrmmal6one (po$ibly kMlarool i uiusudlminiSrindrig
pildre) \v h ochre drins *as rlso *cordcd Mddificd black bor aM rivq rcd gum bccs
dNh (oi
"sc
1b! RERP v'dcy dlso
sy$cm.
\
so'ntlld
ich $as nood.d
rl\o
arcaoDN'pNapsMumn$idseeRiverrndrltadjrccnll'oLhnCtuck
*itl, c'NironDenblsder in
Seprsmborl009 {Nap Nap 62-66- 101-112.206is dEnd.rntd hy DiodLtied be*. including
207 nrp bdos) The MumLnbidgee River in rhis .r!
scrcnl tlcs lvirh.an.e s. sandupro5scrrspstec.Alonsrhci'olLunCr!!ksy$cn-souncbordcnig
dtrnes i', fi
Rd suD forcs wirh shrLlow sqrmps rtu .hdrddcnscd b)_ rnouid Diatcirl. oilcn noorly
erpord. ri{h brkcd clay hcd turd ncr.
drcll. yabby gsnolitls. rddnds includirg a
'nu$cl
crnoeo, dngrlong'.Aseriesofsglksinrcfpcscn
hmmcBloic. rid r livc rirorcd sur rnh snall
v h licnum ss p aEchr.rderiscd by hrg. inounds lnd modifidl
tees.lhenonndsdcasl!r3!!sR0'nctsx10m.b.srndW1o70.mbigh,rnd.on{ainbakcddr}hed
rcralncr, cookcd bird bone. emu eg! s]tll. Iish 6onc. runLc shclL, mussel shcll. $onc lnlrads rfd
rnccnnLburiils Rsso rc..nd Cdhsins itc'ns mrcd i'rlude s{ans and $k's eggs, $ood durks, rrtr
atrd ligrum.
h.ds.! lrly- nccdlc\rc0d.
'iv.rcoobrh
u#r
dil:1fl
Ihoro 5l: High Mound oi Edgcor
P
o'o l IFdl-'m&n,jI\1.V.mbr^
Oniolhc\"t\a
\'.utrd,
t rrtr!l',
rn, N,rN
p
3.3.1C Torry Pans Station (Lowbdqee)
.trtrJ llnl.tr
s
nplc
\.i
DnLr crni rrnN dllLrr L.\bnL!( rl,. :. nrlr
mr or'i rr \r r ilr( rr (rc![ tui
. ro lrck or tm ll'ilrrc I L.,\ppcmli\ r7 & r$
ar!rl. rllrrgr
Lo lLrc
ronr
olrolcf arul u r dtr!.r.4 \$ l :j.,
L0l
f,c!$. bfd b.i.. \\*'
rardirr! !onfcr! !,Rl
(
lorr I r r:
19
nlr
106
d. ). xrd ofuiD li!trl .1r r.. ).bby g$tr.1
r!-qd'.11.
OD
llcr
rE dn[c\
Lc
crel
ronlrin.ll
uni r
Do,NL:
LlN.
r,crrtu
r.r\ m
lor
bcnr,I l rc nr
,r!! nr$!lnr
bu it'ls
rfd dci'n\
\ilr rf.Ntu
bL.irls. r br.llr b !. as! 5h!Llud bi'd bof!
C,!!k. :l ar-q hrs 1 rhr" Plirr
r . oe tcc lTo'ry Plri* $0). nL ,\ou,.r nl
lotr) l'Lrin\ l:0 i\ r !rr!n:n ollhc\rrN.nl qmdrn,tr\ rool
lr
nL:
or' lroLlo'
rl
-r h.i',s\i1!:'sc,1.o,di
PLri,,\ I1f AlllN{S) ir r rnn nnnpLr\\rrxtu.{'rlbl,ixsrhrlLr.b.rrnmd.dbylrcr.r
L\L( xrJ l)r(c\\ la$oL t.rrd (idl,r tr,!ilcnrtroL.d irrdd.OLd \rrn Iccd. \r]c, n!m{.,!$n
lnr
r!r
tr!.
t. iir.
\fotLdtr!1.
'
:liil!l't'-
"',ll'11...,
u
Ph.u
jr llolrdor Ld[ralignn S\
nr.
lfq r]r h
j\
..44
3
31r
Monkem Gr.nse
-
staloi (Lowbdse€)
\,r.u\ trillLi A dln 1r!trr I I \m$di\r I
Nlonkdn c n!. is o(ilcd or i r. \lorl.tr' C,ccr i
n nrr\ brL.$l TlriNsrnrL.rQsrc\lnnor1r.Dqrlrrlon. rlrq,l!lhul(Dis{
r,1. rx
lour.cbords r-!s y:illyiltrn.lf, \{rnl!trn 18( ro\.r,r
\ I Lrllc r.rr rsrll ,! lro'n b r
Llnkbdl b) l) otrsl, -ir i'rhhr\
rorl llnl rppru ro b. h..s I rd rrc r J hul \ r!d\'.inr J rJ
r.rrrLlr-. ro$lh y tu
Nlorlqn
l,L
l
rhrnis
((nsc l: \ ! !l!n! o
Th!\r
olr.r nor hrdlrn Lprjlro\c.
hd
x.
l,oL:. rml Lj'nn irnr.n,crtr \'irlhr irr
t,osibL! rccs
\lis.
r .\N{r! l,s brri
brk
r
snrLlrlsrirhob\dx!.d,\r
NA rqnorJ lnr r.bb po,{ i.l
L
o.-rnrLllorl.
r(
Jo,
bordsifg dtrnc
nr hrkd
rl
r tudiliorn
\
LI
or
I r] {ori!
Lr.d,crrirrr. D!scl
n'rl.
!.
hnd
b.r!. rnLm.tun\
rnL ni poo, roDririor
LroD!y rnd
\N
o rh.nrp i\
r hi-!h lNdv rn.o
\){n r srrcs o
lnig. rd r}f.rrL! \
Nr rs.
rin(
6! drnxlioa or or! cdlc
iIn.l
o rl'clN r\o(ir!'LLnnLLi.1]
ll'.i I's liN' (tr du\ i \i'tr I hror
lioD r bcdrn! (prrob
on
\r rfl ar.d
n.\!$
ri
r[ brkcd.ri
n! drr Di(.s. rri.llll$
l
Ll
D!. ll,r
L.r
r\c
notrrdr
rn (oile
rdb $
on Llnt
'n..
\0Dt r m.L or lr,c
!or. r lrgr.r
100
'ot
lcl
md.r
Ln sulpl. on yoDkcm
lnnc Inh tuhr" drto$r.nd
rLre
c
|gc iLoN.r rishL com.r
'nouid
:rcl.
birn bonc. fisl, bonc.
llrhill.
r
bh(lcs, bl !tuo|
'r.' 'nlrun
bcLoB)
n.rcnrl.rposql . g
ri'rb
r\l lcsr
$r*
on
d$scrslic
r
pro,ninur $trrc.-bo {in!
lorrr.dgc. md n,.bbn
otr rl'c
I d*lurbln ri.+tllbrill5 \c,ccrno:cd oi
-i ;i
"
:l
I
3
312
ls-Y-Coed Staton (Lowbidqee)
l5-Y-Cocd & Nolli{ (lro!! i! boll' l.$rcd .d rlr! Um C'!!k \r
(Fignrc N r. ,\npcrdi\.le & Dljrs b.lori. Nei. rre k Y Locd btrildirg coDrGx I scncs olsn l
crrurrcsofsh.I ldd.nilr[cirr$lll\.(rlo i(liY.Cocd l. 5r.5tcr. hrLo\r) Thcsc ddcr
sMld\ rkcor$\ nl
lm'ncdi3lc! h rlr ulh ftrahrcsrr uinlcr or N!l{ rtrl ! rnLirj.d hr
LL(l\ Y c..d l.r.Lle lj? & l0L clc ) l:u,lhs cxn rgr r soDr dq,orir
ioDcd otrnd n ,c.ordcd(k Y coed 5).
..,.
o,"n
-J
l
Afod,.' sxmJrLc x'cr or l\ Y roed (ri!hr) consisb ofx hi!L srndy
adge thd :npe s ro b! r p..co hncrL! dlr ret ug. |.l3mrtrkc
c,c.k ir{cn,. rl,r 0oor ol \rld, i trov
i,,Lsdion fi.lds rDd r co plcr rmyolq!!ksridsr nti Thr
srnpc mr s d,mdrNd bJ
l,cxr rehircr o\cnr. rnd radlLcr. lhii h'ncr! n 1ho Ll
kiloD,drA LonE lnro!l! .r orli.' t,'.f.'ri.t.
l trllhough ir hxs blcr.rrcnsn. y
uoJrd Th. coo-!1. hrL[ i'nrlc rjrrcm b n$, disrtri( rrl'r_
loDg borl, sid$ ollhis lrnds.rpc
3
313 Noans
Chance Stalon (Lowbdq€e)
ns
cho.e (l'igrrc LL.,\pplrdir Lq & nrlj bcov)
(LJrl]c.l.ti con,s olD,rp b!lov) i
htrri,'|. \il
Otr dr KL
Icon:isaorxnnNh
c\poslr nLli\nl.!\ brkrdcx l
l)lr
nrindr.trolroo,
lf.
nN
il
rrro\urcdn!
sidc ol lhc f.trc.. rrc 5rnr! souclbonLci"8 dtrdc lix\
hr[.'
oltrhs..oold lunL!l,rLl6.g cn[.
\rbby sxnrolill,\. tish bon.. bi,d borr rnd ,ccJ b r
tr$.J licl rclxtr,.' nl cook.d bi,d
trccs hr\e shilLi or lool noD \!r
bonr rDd nnL\rlslIll Nc lhc tr.ck lrJ mon lhcbNcolrlr!snRlhil r \.',.s orinxLlro r,.dnnl
stcd mmds \.t r!( !d l\-Y-Cocd 100 lrrohrlnr n,otrld bt trxmd Nolrns cl, ,c. 100) is 16
crtu\ oig br:rJ tr'cts Nidc xrd 60ctr' liigh
lhu.c.or!n[ ol\o ns C ]uirc
thturgh rn irr c1r!!k In LrL.l,$ r {'hmNirL ltrdr! xn
trolh.' l'lrco lLnrtc o, nrxrdlinc. lrnhk.l,$$bi rirldlfrhud
b.lnre $rlclrgtrLrrioD Dry rc b
lln!,notrndnlb! iiotr(hnd &od.d i.N'trrr
otrnJ rh! hl!. irr I rn,n b
oodd\. $ rh irt.rrfts trM bui Ldd
nd\Ldnxlo\ens dd!li.r\ Th. otrnds m D.Jn'm 10 LrB. ln st!. nr !\ iljL! \o n{ ali$.. l0 i
60 Dd,cs lon! by ll Drdr.s \nl. rnl ioN I'igf TLr! ddrmti r ir
bitt boD!. ru'llr slidl rnd bon.. lslr bonc. nNrLslllL. )rbby lAtrollLl$. srrn o.l Sc 6 !3gn'.1.
and r \irglc bu hnlr'oo loorh.'llr Douals rl{ roihniqLiL.tr
rnd nrlio
rools. {rrc urfulLy
crele\ood
\o,lirg
LooL
L01mm\
ALneboxtrec\rirlir\cryoldolLL!.rnlocdcdonrr!licrrtu.l(NdLui{oii'tj.Phol.Ll.i'dr
pdly ,, rrr po$ibly llc\i rll htrit'l v$ rl{i
'to,JrL., h !l
;::f,JEi'j,l',r:",
a,;7"'".,"-',
,,
",?,.
.
a
,.,,...,,.,,:,,,
". ",rr.
.n.."'. ".
a
:
a
,1 . '-
Plioro
6.r Mtr$d
Shc
I
lvnftr. l!Y.
fi'.
:''
,:+
..tf
IL
3
314
Ta a Lake (Lowbdgee)
Trh Lrl! r x$ nill !LI n !\Ditl!.in opcr \r1$ irr lr lx
gro\iLrsraos d,c hkc bcrl) lL is ncJLd i o srfJplinr of rh! sodLr.m lmcud hr.n irno md ou.'
h'ncr. (Fi!u! R L. /\m!,x l 9 & rirr, igl'l) Tl'. s.trrhn lILr.rrl
\xnfrcd br- Prdoc n rjxdn t:001) xnd r s.,rcs or 9 sr,dr Ddd.L rDd 5 'd nN rDic tnDgr! n,crl)
mindctrs lysc rc(rdd rotrn1l rlrc
lrkc. xs \tll
r bu'irl. r snrll
rnd oJin rcA
Onc
togdhcrurh r possibk
Die.e
motrnd
lkgr,ndJd' i{ h!{ d!\dribcd r\ r
\hc L DoufJ. r\n r' !r/ rc.lrr
bd,r \s r.Nnl.d oi x nxriotr
roxd.
\k5 r r.'r \maLl crtr nlc 5 nd,cs
\ l D,dr* md 5un hisl, Lo$rcd or
or!n \rs rl$ ddnlrL
indud.d a crFc scr.
l
Tric
I $iLl
aaa
d:;:tte
.
a-'
a
sc coolDon Thc sotrrhun sm.
3.315 Ka Ora Slalon (Lowbidgee)
lion lrr!trre $ l. Appendix .r.e &
rlotrndsr^.' oc i. org rh!lrl,h$ $lcsrlonglhcmck lbclo*). Som!oarr*! ounds
'nrpshdo{r.
rc 1.r! lm-{c. ntrc$npl! rli! Ki,
s161d'chrl( r_r r ll i'ltcr \']d! rtrl5i!.
(hlch
lldc. soD. oarhc nDu s l[rc
high. o, r]t Kr om 61 notrnd.
is r0 ftr$ ong \ r8
'nd$
bccn rifCld or pld'Shcd D rlic nN. Llruig rcry lirl ! rcrlinin! nroual n,rlc in r fc\ lrr pls.
.j
t"-
l|r
?.o
..
,.,1!r',' ""
a
.;i,,,..,...
,.
Tlr mp
trl
rigr shols
x cotrr n'xriotr or
(:)1 157 16l
rlt Um rk.l sr-r.n Ki.
crc inddc! r 3rotrt or
Nhll!
\ nly
!.
.d
it+"c,,:l ,,ii: . ,
a
al
trrd
.an.".
sinlc 'i.trfil\
or!n: on r
annit hxirL!
lirl
1 rmLl llLlc 6Llin! noD U.rr aiccl
c.,Du.rmp sli0h o1.Ds.
lr.p
'i!hr RfL \irh rnrl
'
r b.okcn
rlL.. ri!!c ol'
grndrns ni5h. nLliorli rnr riotrfds
Dd nu'nd! IiLh xllry dcposir r!$rd!n
1l(Lr.O,r 50.j:r &150 rjr clc) on!
.onbikd
cookcd
bxked cLrt lictrl ,1lrin.r. 3nn
n'cLl. (DrLr n'c l nlh!,J
'nusc
Pholo 67: ivrotrnd
ncr
Lrrm
a
nl.l:
a
a
cr!cl. Kilo,.
i}4:
Rlnf
\\roL\)N! | d,ar!!l Kir.,r
Photo 69, Hollow
f,.s
Cur Opcn
*irhArc.o Exract
Food, Kia-ora
a3.16 Paika wesi &Paika Creek TSR (Lowbidgee)
(Figur 3 l. Appendix 4.10 & naps below) Thc
largely.olerd Rnh pbushed rrhrcological natenal including ithy ledin.nl,
shcil ftaemenr. hen retainei ya6by sairoliths and ancfads. In no$ cases n was dificulr ro bc surc
*herher lhe re.odcd cxFsurcs and rcatores had been Diddens ornounds pior roploughing. Soho mcas
udq rrccs halc not beer plouched and conrain trsil, deposn including shcll, )abby gsrollrhs,
somc wilh tle
rfrefacb, hear rekinerund hy Jeposi. ScvcFl piecs orgrindin€ dnh were
Three sample rrers Rere sudsyod aound Polka Lake
lcl.nd in rhc lakc was
ca1crc1e Fou r nodi fi ed
edga rdhncd by p eki nC. Hcat rcr ainer inclu ded brred c hy. iemne mound aDd'€coded,
res wirh coolanon orshield scas *ere re.o edonTbcklandandalifrhoneorrheedseoflhelake1o
thc m$ofrhc island Thc hland is aho srid ro h ave been nr burial s rcund of Chinse enployeos of lhc
$arion (Diannc willia'ns pem. com).
on rhc pclLcralday lokc luncte I' ilr vi.rny oltlt Paikr wcn homenead
vcrydistorbed
rrom rhc rdiviries rrcund rhc comp lcx (rhich dacs fiofr lhs
codplcx.Thc lunctc h !l$
c$ly pa oralperiod). ard largelycovftd *irh pon-Eropeai wind blo{n narc al. Howcvo, *posnres
along (he lun.nc showcd shcll fmg'ncnrs. rernire Dound and calcrete hear relainer, in trst, calcrct
hcar rcrai'er oven, a sikrete nake and r piece of grinding dish Ni.h silica shccn on boih sidcs i"di.aritre
thar it*asused lorgiiding siLicanch sccds such as gEs seeds. Averyold riv red gum thar has been
dcad fora longrlncsko hes atrovalscaron itupp hmk. The lundte 1o the soulhoflhe housc icsaid
ro be rhe cinp olChineso employcs (Diannc williims pe^. comm.). and has a concentarion ofhisbnr
nlroial. Scc lho Sccrion 3 2.7 for inlornarion or Paikr Lakeconflicr siles
The scoDd srmple
rre. R.s
Thc rhnd arca samplcd on Paika Lake is on the southvei edse of rhe likc A middcn r€ord.d on a
pmminmr poin! ovcrlook ine rhc lakc (Palka 205 bciwcen rhe lrbcls Faikr wei 16and Paika Lake 407)
res x 50 metes rnd coniains lake mu$el shell, frtsh\aler snail shcll,
cookcd lorEe bid bone and eggshell, calcrerehea( rekii*md ashydcposir. Plnolthcmldden ( sthi"
a plolehcd paddock, and pan k on Ihe olher side of rhe lence and is les disruih.d. Middcn sas !l$
exposed in rro orheraEas. A sries dl30 nodificd.ocs ssc llso rccodcd, mo$lyblsck boi trecs with
sizcd tr,ounds wcrc recoded
coobmon orshicld sca6, bu! llso includine 2 conoc srn. Ei8hl
'ncdiun
pan
n,iddcn
nonl,.
coinciding
*ith
dr
deepen
olthelake
The momds follo{a liic
ftom thc lar8c shcll
p8d rhe lample arca
rhc
lekeshof.
s'd
continue
ofblack box tees and rre on rhs brcak in slopc rbolc
The mounds .on6in lsryinB a'noun$ orbaked clay, calcEre and temile mound hed ckind, .shy
dcnosir.cooked nusd sftllrnd rudle shell.and ancLct.
ei
"rlll'1"
tit
'ri"
.'.
l:l;'-
.,.,,
li.**r::l'.:''
Anodrr la.sc sanplc wm undenaken on Priktr Wer uJ rbc dioining Tnvclling Sro.k Routc Thn
enplc bcgxi er rlrcjtrtrcrion Paika crek and Paikr Lake, rnd tbllosed rfu rcck !ri inlo rhc'lSlt.-rhc
juncriotr ofd,e creek ard rhe lrke h$ sn dishtrbcd by ths btrilding ola lcvlc bank ro p'!vc Lvrlcr
cnrennslhc kku(prAutu.bly old.rlhan rh.Paika Lcvccbuilr ti thcc'rly 1900t).andbyplouslrins lo.
rh.ar Aploushcd whed licld sou ,ofrhecEekconhi'srsenssolJrkhhyfrouidslid niddcnsd'd
have been distrtrbcd 10 vrryiDg dcgrccs. Onc nouid .onrx1i.d r hortrrch g'ouM edse rxe or harchel in
$ner Diannc wilLims anJ shc is
cx.cll.n! .ondnion. Thsc plougl
inkreicd in a voluDkD conssnrlion dgilcm.nlov$ rhls m!! onc middci. Paik' crcck 41,1. conhi'E
borh'nu$cl shcll and tcshwalcrsi3il drll
'lhc l'iika Cr!.k samplccon!nucd i' .p3irorrlITsR.rl,crcrc,c.o'dcd lr.gc Dun$m ol crnoe rFs,
md s.nc snallcrscars. nDily larsc rircr Ed guD rlDi hare been deid for r lons rim.. ptublbly !i.c
a
'..
i
Plroto
rl: Dr! Alors sca'. Blrk
I'hoLo
rl: P orrl'!d NtDd.
33.17
Tin Tin
Slaloi
Prir.r
& Nadie Wesl (Lowbidgee)
TirTi',mlionnk.trlcd borroDrh!i'r,r$L:ncollhc Rdb,liit\
1o lre r rx'lrco.hrnneL il Lh! L..hLu rhd !ill (rri* \dcr i,' ri !ll
trlisr R.\ crck oLtrlrl'.lrl.
Jloods lherro lir li',iiLl{l'$
urDbids{ i''grorhclrk!(r!trrc81.,\ppcndl\
rnd \hcrc C.1k
.r lL N Diqx brLo,vr lh!sr flcmronCcrrk C rlcl rln, i"r Lrds m nDL M s
r'cc.\ed(priorro\d.R-rLLrLion)rnl(aro'n
Srdnn 1r!c N l.LN)
hL or Bo\ crcrk. rnd th. NlunrnbnLlc! \ir 'xlln Cru[ !]Gcrlli
iplioro
nmnd of Bor
lr) rhR rL.rL /\borlllLl li'nilA lr
Kclr.Ldo/\lr'nr&C[ riDcKr
nt
rl,cnLs.ofll'c rli!. h.rh u rll
rd{ roDn.tr liiu'.lrpDo\i'ml!Lr
nuLnds
95
u
fr.rk b riil
lq50s latcr.
li. mn]gcar
\l
b.!l bo\
pLfgtr Lr[c I ']iob
n Ltu
of!
\s!,(o,drd)
rkcb.d \lourds
rrd
lvitc
8i!-s
o\rhrrcb!lrrhr
D rhc LrklbnL
cotrLrin bolh b.ltcd c ,I-
. lc$
\ .\rr
rrd L(Dirc notrfd
.ry lo\fdcnsiL! olrn!lid!. r,ii )
\cn i l. I Nt$ !ro\\ r,r\ ur
1ie mtmce of Geraki Cftk ro ?itaton8d l-.ke hd a noE laried afth.slogy, includin8 .ingle ovds,
clu$cn dfovds. ch$Eu ofnounds, shell niddens, and adefods. A cluser ol ll small mounds wre
rccodcdalongrhccrcckwhclcirrunsecrosrhclakcbcd,thelaBcstlTDcncsacrc$oidlocmhigh,but
3 netes acds and 10.n high. fte nounds conhin baked cl.y .nd remit nound heat
rcbinor, .sby d.tosn, and nrc tacncns of shcll. Fudhr along ccraki crcck wo middcns wcrc
recoded, and seveml noudi rh.l$Cesr 30 nerfts acos. Anelads dorded inchded seed erinding
non rround
-:
1..9"
Pholo 76, 77
&
--'
:t-
73: Hear ReEiner ovons on Pnaipudar Lake Gee ako Phoro 9)
8,3.18 NaMj€ Slalion (Lowbids66)
locaEd on $e Redbank syslem o. rhe wesrem side of fie Mmmbidgee River (Ft!re 3.1,
Appendix 4.12 & maps belor). nre river ctamel tends b hdve low banls with lntle or no levee ed
exreGive ndodplain $inps, some of which were llooded vilh envionDenrrl srrfl dunng rhe sudey in
2009. Weddds with ovirnmenlll vdd wE dive wirh emus. kangabdi .ma, shw necked ibk,
hens etc. as well as inpotun! pldt eources such 6 cufrbungi, nordoo. ljgnum,
rood ducks, lal,
'arerThc sholc floodplain had vry poor *posure dd vitutuy no lisibiliry dre !o
and OId Mad Weed.
$nrer qecds, In the list srmpl. (map belov) cmde scm dd a .naller $d weie @oded on iivr red
gum along the rivedonl. An dposnrt wirh bunt clay, $hy dEposit and coo*ed tunle shell
locded
on rhe bad. Na ie 307 is a hrge mound or shy dQosil *posed by nvedanl msion, the mrrsials
exposcd on irre bmk edEe dd scafrering dom rhe ha.l. A bilhbode cnllnce to lhe river chonnel ws
ale doded as a resorrce and lathding loBlion 6 a potenlial sire lor locdins n$ neh as floods
Navie is
re
In .he 6eond
;wl6bl
mple (nap belo') lou
small ro medium sized nound.
*ft
eorded bcrwen lhc
diffi
h b leate luch
and a dry swanp. ftc exposurc ond lisibilily v6 very poor, nuling it
sn6. Narqie 102 o lqAe plorly dposed nound exposed by fenceline disrurbance at the btck ofa
rh. riverbmk. A
ssamp. Tnre canoe scan and a snalld $d vere rlso moided on rive red 8un
'e&dd
also
rccorded
as
a
lsurce
b6nk'
oi
soft
6ck
ourcrop
on
ihe
rive6!.k
Sn.hdide 6iE,
'bcky
'as
beins a Dotenridl cdd fishing and nusel cdllerion snc.
i
Phoro 79, canoe
Scr. Narwie
Phoro30. H.aL
Fca'nn& A!l'yscd,ncntof Rn b:nl,NrNie
i{
Pho'o3 rBnoc
\rroi
Felen Loc, N,ru e
3.3.19 Sprinsdale (Lowbidgee)
'lwd s.nplc rcas wcrc suflcycd on Stringdale sbrion (Fisurc 3.1. Appcndix 4.ll & map belo*). An
rrca icar rhc Mur nbidgcc Rivcr Ms smplcd for ihe suRcy. lhe riv{ has rcry low brnk ii rhis arca,
rnd ro D Uml lcvee, rnd Rirh l Low floodpl n behind thc visibiliry lid cxposurc \€s rlso vcry lov.
nak,ie n diffcuh to locare ary sites ir fin area. Foresry has rlso affecred rhc po$ibilny of litding
A small
canoe tes oronr. Dodified Ges nor on the rivnbank. as no$ lare|imbq h6 bccn cur
'lo*n.
exposure olhcal r.kinn.nd lncfact $hcrc lo.d.i oi a rcad $d nc$ thc cdsc olr small swaDp. and a
A sccond smplc Ms sureyed wheE ihe floodplain joirs rhe mallcc
covrcd endplain peninsuh ,4 seies ol lo' nouids, $aftd bor rrccs, md a ttueftz p*de \ee
rccordcd ni. imponant lood sid r.source plant prickly \atle lAcrcia ricro.ire) uas noled !mwin! on
hiehq woodland ffers or dr ioodplain rnd on the edle of rhc mrllcs srndpldn. 'l\vo prcviousl!
rccordcd AHIMS sircs arc scci locarcd oi rhc ca$cn cdsc orfioodDlaii laks on rdjoinine propenies
a
':
9.
9.1
ANALYSrc OF THE SURVEY RESULTS
DistributionofArchacolosicalMrtcri
9.1.1 Mappng
fte resuxsofr1re
of Archa eolog ical
M
ate al in the RERP Wellands
3 t) rnd lhc AHIMSdJ ldddc& Mtrdi (2001)d ib8csh.vc
RERP sun_ey (Tablc
aga,rs ilr rcccDr sarcllnc imasery $hich diplays ihe iveN.creeks rnd
bccn addrd ro8crhq and
wctlrnds (Fisure 3 I and'nrpp.d
Appendix 4). This indicrres rhal mhreologicrl n.rerial is vidsly disrnburd
he rypes of mtcrialHorded rnd
ovqrhc RFRP snncyareaaid ir
dr
a
distiburion ol thh Drterial corsponds closely with thc rcsulls ofprcvious arehacolosilaLsuncy
work in rhe relion. including Pardoc & Mmrii (2001), Mmrii (2006)lid olhq su cy dao ii AHIMS.
ds the knosn dhtibution into previously u suryeyed eas rhrt rere
pRdidive
identified byrlE
modellin!.nd Crp An.lysis
Aspeds olrhe distibrlion can bc rompdcd ro orhcr irc.s olrhc Rivqiic Plain. Sufth in rhc su!_.y
drbms rhar Bonhomnc (19906) lound conraincd rhc mo$ buiaLs,
inclL'dins nmcfts and luncte fnsmcnrs, sourcc bodcring Jui$, froJn ri'sr lcvccs lid t or src.m
lcvoes,aid sindplali nhndsonclay noo$l!ins. Horcvcr,rl'cnrjoriryorburiaharc locarcd i" monnds.
bo\r landibnns,but lone e locaGd n low areasofrhenoodpliin.
Mounds and builk rscako found otr rhc.jundioi ofM,llce s$dpllin snd tloodplaii
Ring.rccs prcvioudy r$ordcd on rhc Mummbidgc. Riv$ itr di. Hs
drtibtrtion. recoded at Kalyan (Norrood) SCA rnd Lrke wallcc6 on thc Lorv{ Lachhn. and on
Pollcn Crcck in rh.CridNimmic Crccks Sy$cm,i tu cctrtelpan ord'c Lo\ybidsce
Tb. dhtiburion olhdnioml srylcmodincdncs sca'r.d by dr onovdorbrrk or rood exrmctior fron,
i dosely asociared wirh wdlrnds alons rhe ivcft. larss creeks,
ssrmfsaid lakcs.nr mtuEllri tecl*s plrins a$ey fiom wcrlrnds r
Dodiry 'lrc disti6udor olmodified tecs bN bcen aitecrcd by foEsrry in many are ofircr red strm
fore$. On one sedion olPaiki Crs.k old dcad tccs hld bccn bulldozcd lnd bumr as part ora rebbn
tarion of'noditied tees. illunEting
.oitol prcCn'n, on rhc opposite s
rh.r l.nd m.nagcncn! piaclic.s havcaLso affcdld rhcdhtiburioi olrnodincd rccs
lhs Fsuhs olrhc spltial aid rcmponl distibu.ioi analysh indicatc that rhcrc w$ mpid ch3,'Bc i'r rl'c
c ers olrhc IIay Plrin durirg rhc mid to larc Holocenc. Chrngs
pcmlicnt
wcdlids and panicuhrly Bcrhid plans, nexi'nisrrio ofn'crgy
ind ed incei$d fo.us on
obti'rcd rro'n c bohydnte rich plsnr roods thrcnsli cookins in hear rclainer ove's, locus on rnaller
rang* or smller sedions of rang$, anJ Bdurcd mobiiiry th..htunoloey iinic.lcs rhlt rhc idca ol
nound btriLding affc!rcd much hrq rhan lhc wdllnds, lnd mounds arc ihcrcrorc lor adnor rcsl,oi{ ro
cvolvirg $dla'd hrbitat bul rened compLex so.irl iratsies conirained by habilar po.enrial Thc
distiburion m.lysn abo givcs insigh6 into hhtoftll procc$.s o.curine in dic sanc ri'nc tancii.lldinB rolcn.trt oridss snd n
ntnbution indi.rts rhat p tenN
olnomd building, bunak aid sonc ndc ah rcner culluFl prcc.$s rha! loncd oso$ rh. rivcfic
pllin. Thc
dcposirs susscsk ditlcretrr rcrivitics rnd (rlcs ol
'lrtibuloi orovcns. 'nounds, $d rsliy
activirics rlatcdto heat Etainercookinsoccured
rnd evolved diilereniially acms rhe phin.
The dhtibulion is conrmlled on rbe broadei slale by rhe lopo8.rphy of rhe Mum,mbidges/L..hlan
Rncinc pl.in. sith mouids lnd blriah.oi.cntltd or thr lorcr $cs.m sidc orrhc phin (the RERP
sufl.y rs), d orm ,'d aneiad scaten chaaderkins dr hisher eaien side of r plrin. Thh is
relaled b rft chancrer of rhe hydrolosicrl relincs, as mounds rnd asocirrsJ brials d closcly rcLrlcd
rorhcbiologically'lilcncanddcpcrdrblcrcrlandsolthcLorbideccaidbonoD,cndolrl,eLrchlaDrnd
rhc Grcal C'uD,bnng SM'np. The loc ior ofmourds at r finer hndfon, $ile irdicales rhrl rlley re
Locded on differenr lindfoms in diffeEn!.rei!, bu1 rhi! thoy hav. a rcrdci.y ro bc lo.arcd on highcr
sand ie r pslkoclf nnel o r other palaeo laMlbms The d htibu rion o I ] l1 archr eologica I mr{erial (ypes on
the i'cnnc plain is ircigly cdnddcd {nh p.licdchbncl sy$lns or o1h6 pal.co-lridloms- \hlch
providc hishssandierlmund lor ldcdrion, bur.Lso idnucn.c rhc nodcm hydrclogy
dn thcan.c$ l f.arurcs (Manin 2006).
91
2
rh
hsuFnnposcd
Compz son with Pre 1750 Modeling
The naps supplied (Ridses2009)predicr
'nodified
.
rhcrtbrive likelihood of t hc o.cu Imcc of ancfads, s rncd or
tces, burials,canh moundr,aiJ he.nhs. Thc RERPNdcytosulri hdvc!i.bLca rc-asscssmcnr
Thc Pru 1750
indicat rh p or ro po* EunpeD dhturbrnce ofrarious kinds. mounds
'mps
hNe r hish likeLihood ofoccurin! along the confined t&$ rnd floodpl.ins of borh ives,
atumd likes and lal8er crcks, *i.h . parchy dh.ribulion orq rhc s.$cn pLains including rhc
Lowbldee od fhin bcrseen rhe L
The RERP suwey indi es rh n)ounds arc found in r1le pEdickd arem. 6u1 rl[1 rhcy rlso oc tr
sonclimcs in evcn srcalcr numbcn, dound s{ampy mcds idd dre.s *nh fincly dividcd distibura cs,
$'ch .s Ihc Cairur'Nimmic Sysrcm and rhc lrca bc.rcci rhc Omr Ctrmhu's SsaDip 3M rl'c
Lr.hlan/Mum'mbidseejuncrion ln the LolbiJgoo rlry also tnd ro bc lourd in Larg. num bc6 llong lhc
nh&l pallco.hanncl lcvccs of curcit crc.ks sucl' as Uan Creek or tl'e dry palamchrrnel dividing rlr
he crn Nimmie syneD on rlic LoRbidlcc. Mounds also clu er on
larsc miscd sndy leatrcs lomcd lrom sourca-bodenng dtrnss, luietur or pdkeo-snnd liis dn rhc
LovbidEee. such$ at Monkem G,anse.ls Y coed, and Nolars chrnce. Mounds are also found on rery
slilhr rises in ligrtrm counrry dn {hc Lowbidgo 'lhc R'RP sui\'cy did nor havc sulfi.iri. !lm. ro rc$
whc.bf noonds arc also found ofi slighr rn* i" rl'e li€nu'n coun
mounds rre locded on low cBckins cliys bcsido dividcd chiniels td th. sourh olrhc Crual Cumbune
rcas, such as Faikr Lrke and raikl
Thc RERP suncy also locatcd m
Crclk ro rhc {At ollhc Munumbidgcc Rivq, aid asund rhc cdgcs ofihc cl.d Cumbtrtr8 Sw3,np end
urh orrhc s*an,p bcrween ir md the Munmbidgcc Rivcr. and on
*etlandsolthc Lrchlan River
.
Thc Pre 1750 maps indicate rha! prior Io poi-Etrropern dintrrbance ofvadous kiids. nddifi.d
Mummbidsee nver and on their noodpldins induding rh! Mumnbnlgcc wc$cfr noodplti
lnd irs riro r.d eu'n forns. alotrB dr nunc' ous d ist,bu rary flccks ofd,c Lowbidsec and tl,eir
namrer noodpkins, thrcushotrt thc Crod Cumblng Ssanp rid rso.iatd ivs rcd 8um
rorc$s, rnd arcund lare.' l3ks. su
srhatconrain verEdgum
loreds belos rhe Munmhidsee Lachlanj,'ndion, bur rlso rhe Ctrmbung Sw.mp ind aso.i.rcd
hs
diis prcdiction nrc dhtibution ofdcnse river red !u'n forcn on rhe
'efiicd
noodplain of rhe
Mummbidsee has been chrnsed by sarcr Egulation lid caselion ol
tdilioiall.id managmlnr, so nany arcas ol lorcs arc 8os,ig ii
beds or woodlrnd Rirl snsy undearorey Gcc Sedion ll) Thcsc.rcm rcnd nor !o hav! nodifrcd
t.cs (cxcctr on rhc rivdbank) olrhough prcdicrcd ro lEVc a hiSh likclihood on rhc wcd.rn sidc ol
ihc Munln,bidscc Rivcr, modiiicd res lrve rho bccn alfecrcd by loEnryi some arers of riv Rd
gtrm for.n ippcm !o h.vc hld mo$ old ucs rcmovcd Thc Cilxr Cu'nbune Srunt s a fted bed
ch ir srs p,edided ir would have modilied tees. Riv red -(um
tbre s sunoundi.s lbe Crert Cumbung Ssrmp rnd nsrby hkcs .nd .hinids .lso b.vc ftN
dodificd tccs, prob.bly 6. rcnrlr olrcnoval olold rrcs by lorcsrry or rorc$ firc- orchatrss i,'
fore dhtiburion due ro watcrresnLarion
n,c
RERP strruc!
*encn
llich conccrhations of DDdified lrces in bla.k box voodlands nerr $amps, bks rnd creeks is .
lerruE olrhe RERP suaey rev'lc. for cxrmpls on lhc south-wcecm sidc orPaikr Lrkc
'oriceible
(Paika
wsi),
wstmsideofMalosaLake(rrpr4rndlhebolronendorlk crcck nc lh
'henonh
Lrkeon Krlym
SCA. This imponanl distiburi.n h nol fi'lly rcn.c!!d in lhc Prc-1750 maps.
.
nrePrclT50mapsindicderhalDriorropdiEuropcandhruit.i..ofvmiouskinds-burialshovc
a hish likclihood ol occurins ovc.laEc ams on the wcnem side olihe Lowbidgee. dE Low{
Lachlan floodphin,rhe Pimpma Creek syiem bdveen rhe L..hlan.nd Munmbidge, and rhc
wcscn Munmbideee noodpliin below
rhe Lachlm jundion, rnd
l
ser Laks such as
TaLa
Thc RERP su cy hls shown rhat lhh prcdi.tql dhkibtrrion is brsically corecr, except tht leR
brirk rcE found on rhe *ene side olthe Munn,bidsee Riv . T
miyr.llcdlhc lo{ ivcddnks and rcndcncy lor rhc iv* in this ma roovc o* icbanks inro larse
burshallow noodllari sMmps Buiahmaybclocarcdoilhcouor.dg!ofrhcfroodplain,whichis
rheonly highergroud.lhe RERPsuRey indicded tMt bniah are likelyio 6e loutrd i nouMsorii
dhrind clu$ss within 100 nc.rcs ofnounds. Btrd.k.re.lso likelv 10 be foud on lake lLmdtes or
Fleeod,rnne r revees o r soufc boilei n3 du ncs.
.
TliePrclT50mapsiidi.lttharpriortopo$-Eurcp.andhrudan..ofvdiouskinds,delactare
predictd 10 oc tr les frequc.dy than orher silc rlpes, and conlined t
.onfincd tacs ofrhc 2 ivos..nd some oflhs ldg{ crcoks and lakcs.
An!l@$ o.c!rnor sidcly lhai nrcdictd.nd thcp is r chansc in ancfacr nalcrial, sizc and rype
acro$ rhe RERf $ney rrea. and an rpprreni imrase ir lood s.i,rding aM foundi,B cquipmcnr
complrcd ro rh. Mtrnnbidgss Kver ftrnhere rorlheAbercmmhieCreeksyiemtonrsonrh
.
Thc Prc 1750 daps iidi.at rhdpriorlopos Etrropeandisrurbanceofv ious kinds, heanl,s and
siigle ovens aE pedicrcd ro occur widcly ovq rhc fivqinc plain. panirul.rly aviy frcm rlE
coilii.d tacasollhs 2 ircBcxclpr in rLe Maudc aica and toMrds Hay, Rirh hor spos rround
d'c lowcr L.Bbidccc lakcs atrd wc$!fr Muirum b idgcc 0oodpldli ldkss,rbeBox CBck sysem 1o
rhe nonh, and soN lareer eek s
d dhtiburion olh.anhs n
opposirerod'er of'nouids, modincd rcs and buri!k.
Tlix predicrion co'respotrds with Prdoc & Manin (2001) !id Manii (:0061ind is.lso rcneded in
the RERf suacy resulrs Thc Box crcek sysem Pnrpunga Lake (Tin Tii), aid Paika Lakc and
crck otr d'c outs.dBcs orrhc rvcecn Munumbidgcc froodpldii, borh have a hish occurence
olsinaleovens. single ovens are $id esprad nmu-qh our dr RERP suncy $. both ncar wdtands
Palka
9.1.3 Samplng
Effecls and Efiects ot Major Environm€ntalModilcation
'lhc mappinB (fi3ure 3 t) of locarions recorded duing rhe RERP suney and prvious snflcls only givcs
inrbmrdor on thcdistiburiotr in rh.a'ers sa'nphd, ii orhd lvo,ts arcas oi lhc frats rhar h.v. nd ddr
hrve,o. besn suRcyed bui ealso likely ro coDrrir arcMeologicrr
ea have very poor arhaeological exposu'e and vsibiliq- d$c do nor hav. inmsdi.rsly obviotrs
mch.cological mdcndL bur hdrc r hiSh polcnrial ro coniri" signifi.ant narerial. An exe,nple orrh^ arc
thcivcrrcdsumrornledromsrhdhavcno.bccn$odql.ndh.vcadensecov{oflerlandba
liter
ol modified tes h6 been cLanecd by foresr! rclivitics. shich hrvc renovcd la'gc
nunben orscarcd tccs in ihc rirorcd gun forc$s.Ii addniontegs hrvebeendmsned in bkes$h c
rhe lvrrer kvels hNe been held higl, rhan nrtunl levek or fo' loigtr Mounds, friddhs, burhh aid
orl'cr types of natcrial hrvc bccn
or dcsroycd by plotrlhing in whcal pddocks and laser
'lisrurbcd
kvelkd itrigation nelds. Mounds lnve rko bccnrttcd.d orcvcn dcstroycd by rinping lormbbirs
The Jivribulion
I l4
Chronology and
Dsiibuion
n'c distiburion ofarchacologi.aL narciaL h liikcd ro rhe kndfoms ofrle sun€y rrea. bnr ir is also
complic ed 6y a rimc dhtiburion parcn unfonur cly drc only dlrd marcndl in rh! survcy aBa or
orher nearby areas cofts ftom three placs on thc sourl,cm cdse orrltr LoLvbi,lecc- on Jcrly (PartLoc
l9s5). T.hclfy and Rav.n$\onh Srdions, rl1 baving dates in tbe nnsc 1.500 BP ro 5.000 BP
(uncalibratd) (Manin 2006).
The RERI $rey nord rhickcalcde coari',s otr nu$elshell- boic and hcar rc..iidin soms nidders.
mouids and bunak, sugrciiD! rhe possibiliry ol sreater anriquity
.oatins Someburial! havc bcen licrvily nrcml,scd. whicl aho iDplics som! anllquiry. How!vcr.such
minenlisdion crn be rfaectd by soih, sround rrerr buDirsardthercloicdocsiorgivc!traccudc
dcrorasc chrcnolosy
srmpLes
unks
a
of archr eologicrl materiak
ddingpmgrrm is caried otrr.
c
nor bedecmined rccraleLy in
r]t RERf $rey
du ring the $n ey, ifrheyconlomropdrems innedby lisoflh.RivtinePhiD,
than 2,000
rs a,r00 ye s (Mdi', 2006). The
becked blads lourd rre usually rhoushl ro be 1es rhrn.r,000 ye s o1d. burrlis nornccssarily so lor thc
The
recorded
slll 'noutrds
rcid ro be h$
ye
Th. sufllving cvnhi.c of tcc modiJi. iotr sas criiicd otrt citlitr not lors beror codad. or ancr
.on1!d,tobably mosrly itr thc lrd 150 30 yerr, sirh som eirherside olihk ase bncket
Thr lollorin8 ecncElsotcmcnrs fom Mrni" (2006) rpply ro d'e snruey rEr:
Mounds are locared rJjrcenr .d curln( or 'fo$il highly ptodudivc aid prcdidablc rcnaid habira6,
\4'ich fedue r$ucs sch A ljpha, Bolboehos E nd nisia.hi, lhar wnc bakcd/srramcd in hc
reirinsovens. Thk induds pcmuncn{ and sefri-pemrnonrserldnds ofrbr LoNbidgoc. Lown L..hl!n,
berronbic Creok sy$m, lnd rc$ncrcd arcas or rhc confincd chi'riclofrli. Mummbidscc ENt Tlie
rppeamtrce ofnounds and mound complcxes aromd 4,300 BP, and inctu.sc in nound numbc6 allc
2,000 BP indi.arc thar th. cxploitrnon ofwerlends, sid panicularl
rourd in werlrnds. itrrensified in the mid hbllolocenc.
Ths npid-build up olla4c mouids sid cotrcctrtuicd clusrcnng or'n
people begln 1o locN on spccifi. patu olrhc hndsalc
fo.us on sF.ifrq mcas end
'haiimisitrS
nnscs
ci$8y valuc of ca6ohydnic rich-plrDr ibods by cookiDg i', bcat ftainer ovens sussess smallcr
or nrre redrictcd mobiLity within rrnses also occuRd dunnelhcnid ro lire Holorcnc.
llc
.
Tempotul Rglilionshipbd*.cn Mounds and E.ology
The sprli.l .tu| t.mporol dhtibutlor ol frounds oi thc Hey Pl'in indietcs d'at d'e Ldes or n'ound
buildn,c appeared much laterrhrtr dr wdlands, and ihey arc not a dned response ro evolving r€llmd
hrbids nr elore nounds rs0ec{ complcx sd.hlnm.cghs cons incd by hlbnar potnrill. For*mph
rhcprlrcochannehofthcA6 omhicCreckslscmexisrcdintbePie;lo.eneandc y Holorcne (Pagc
et aL. l9q6) rnd lhe enrnonfrcnB suirlble for rhs gro$rh oldenss prcdidablc.ops rxstd,i rhc ca y
elmnrrouM4,looBPro4,loo
Holoccicorcvctr carlid Thc tuve
BP(M.nin2006), iidi.dligrh.[hc mounds oi rhc AbcErombicCrcck sy$c'n \v.rc iiitidcdarouM4
suitrbh lor 4pr, and othcr
5,000 BP, rhusnotrtrdsappcarcdalongri'ncrf,ertbecvolurionofwcdards
9.2
Analysis of Modified Trees
Thc tLon,ne orlcnC$ by wdrh
These
sar
o
sizes do nor tudude rhc
olscan inlo groups (Filure 9.1).
Elmvrh, so rhg originaL sizs! iic lirgd lhai thc plorcd
meNRmcns. 1h! l.rgd sca^ apFar ro bc canoc (rN- wnh rhc .rp.crcd taPcrcd cids aM rrurk
rendins to bulse in ihe middle. Some aE tull sizecanos thd \se rrken from a big tss lnd prcfcnbly
one Rirh rhe 1runk ctrring or bulgi'g our in rhe niddl. .o shap. rh. .!roc. Thcrc m 2 came {rs
d 7 behveen4] merEs lons. Lon!
bcrrcci 5.6 frctrcs loig, md eno
(2003) rusgcis rhar anyrhin! dvlr 3 ndrcs h ncfiiircly . .anoc s.m. Holecvcr, carly dcpiclons or
canocs show a Fnec oa sizcs scrc uscd, lonscr oncs for s@ups of pcoplc ard smallcr ons lbr
individuals lwotrld susse rhar aryrhirs ov 2 metes h r caroe. ifit lm a delinic crnoe shrpe. Thcft
are27 $an between 2-3 meres lons and rhey lsnd robe the samc sidrh as rhc $!is b$Lvccn 1.4
'nctes
lotrC\ h oie noriceable o lierthat has ft squairh appeaHnce olhul brrl Crnoeshtpcdsr s bcrwcln
I 2 net* nay be rhesmall crnoei, flodirs dislts or'dFs alongs (Gubba woods rus. comm.) n'ar
{crc uscd by rh. womln ro collccr wlrcr birn cggs. roo$ aM othq squatic roods ir tbe slallo{s (tl,e
BrIk Renovrl Scan kngrh x widrh in Cenrimdres
..*i
Jt''-
,*31,
+
N
+
*
g{..
-
un, Noflood cohrge
32
nr s.fln ro.luicr mtrn L! in snc c
olll0170
'scsi,' lrig
r00.150 cn rnll ru! rlcr !rft,.5 trt b ilo.D
nrpcd
r !.
(riigLr. e.L). Lof g or. or ou
r!trnl ho\L nrti i!0\
! ol
b.\h iorcxqin!\d.r
sdr lv!r
rc.d on
n. \iLh
!li!l,rL) c$ nrofsi
tr5ld nn
rltc Ddi lhc\mrlL. o.
lrgu
(,lrn
(jtr!!n"!rouaL
Qno.s
irr
lr.li0cD L5oc .r!1r
orfurlhu (photu!5) v.ry lof!n,ro$o\rl\!m 'nr! Ltrr hc.r !s!Lrol
lt!s iqmrn[ {N rr] l,t 1ri. tntl
r\ ridu rlir fn'rl oLlLi$ SoDr
$n
r.rl r\c ltrkr. bfl trorr
nlrflilid s hrr fg iotrc r\r r ls
lh! trirLir o !lntlc \!{Yrlh!.r
'.
o,
huri, co\{ii,!\. rod L!,a,c
I22
Rabbit s:pping or Rabbl Posof Trees
n!
npp
xblJ-
l{rbb
L
r,!poL\.rinbll,csrnrli uo\.d
poisof rnd
do\D Lh!
rh!rrbbi':d!
tr.c
rh!,r{lL ol poi\ofi,,-r nbbirr Lsi,,g.
s.pti',!lt irclrch rl'rt,iidL ri,,lvr,drtrl1l'.
lr
rhcrl
\ri
iLr.NnoD
Ll,rrrbbfs \orl
lrom
Lhc
crr (K.
m.rl,od
h.
rqNod
.
i,
kar\f xi J.bb
oJ Lhc
lR$ rrd
L
miriLrg
L) l00r) lh!s,rcrsrrh LlrrNrol'r!lr ln
r.d \ilr Llr:.|s.!p
n! rlrD rr! (
o rhr
r0rood olrhr brr.
il
\LrLchrv.'erlrtrplr.eloLLorrl,c!omlrbouLIDdrlsrfm.$'r!tubbi'\ro!ddli.toNqiu
ni! Il lnnLt!$ !'\i\'. r $ r
''lr r!r,.
LLor
iln i" 1l'!
Rl,ltP
s
d rhc
*!ndi
cJgc ol lhr
rc irt,oro 16)rc dtr{md , rlr
r.nr Nlm l. slirD lLrrlriilur'rd
rrs r. irr rtA ftLjrlsl'o
5 s.iri \m r..ordi 11tsiltr D(Nns. LrJoD. Lo rh. \cn olsrl
\A rlcorf .s r poinbL! ri6b !5rtt s h.! r! . $obi ,
i" Llrc \x,gi rc.
LhN.
ofr
'l
d. bd
frrr
Nd krl..ur
nblem ic.lr is possible rhers is i
Hovever rhc idcn.ifrcatioi ofsuc
nngc ofhhroric sca6 mede ibr ditltrnr pulposes, and il nay nol always be.asy ro diffcrcntio.dhsc 1n
rhe field. It is imponatrr ro bc objcdive md coisidu all po$ibililics, as scarcd tccs arc dimcull ro
sisn!dtoiods.ruAoscsardAborisinrl/nonAborisimlorigir.Anexampleoflhisis.tdrc.o cda.
Yanga ihlr M6 Alice Kelly asisred to r pani.ular hdnional usc (,^HIMS 47-6.0013), blt hes
rpparentlybeen re rsisned as ribbihapping kN.l. h imponantro rcre thsr RH. M hews published
. phoro ola rrc. rvirh sinilar Drrkings in rnorh arer and lavc a tadiliond ciplai.lion ofrhh lN
obbi'rd lmn inlormank rmund 1900. compddblo ro M6 Kclly\ cxplanaiion (Mathcws 1907:27 29)
Iiolder Mn Kclly\ tlc h h.d rhc balk remov.d and rhci rhc $!r racc nErkcd \yirh rxes, shilenr
R.H Mdlho{s toc shows thc axc
dnstlyonro ihe irtad bark ofrhe tEe.
'mrks
Durine lhc RERP s!flcy on Tupn Shion Bads Brres had resewarioN abour asieniig ! $ar wirh
rcros ihe Krr as r nbbit sapping rree, bec.trse.s a \ood cafls hc r$ surc rh d'ese mrks
'nsrks
lrre made by a $dll rodny arc whcn lhc scar rrcc ws dry 5nd rhedb,e $p would not lave seped
our B3ds* lex rhat rhhMs a 6urirltce fron the hisrori. poriod (nors rharpcoll.rcrc $illbcingbuncd
ncxr ro mrrked rrees in rhe drea in 1920, m rc.odcd for.,crunirh Ktby, d,c patirrch ofthe Kirby
lamily). This scd h lrrec cool!mon sizchas.4line! ofclear neelrxes o sacms the scrr, splled cvflLy
Thc boto'n 2li's are No.o lrom flood*ate6. rhe rop z lincs sho{ clc.r. shallow, smallrxc.u6. n'e
ba ftdoval3car h a carctully cur cookmon shape sinihrro othem neady rhat don l havc axe m ks
vhiblc on the scrr iace, and it has side rceroMh. The axe marks sced ro be morc rcc.m rhan rhc
coolamon scar. Brdle'iatd thd rhe axc m.rks scrccur inro dcad wood, iot srcc' sapwood:
ru at
the :.dt dnn her re har th" wad Ms .!1
like a .eretb idl na*ntE it risht hate bs a
wirddjtni ,nat .d' e a.tus anl t"t thern, the ni! at oD lht t t:on\ bo4t I dohl
helicr! rt'zr d'z :.prins nnrk, tlle bark tzs takst drz.v dnd th.t the hz" nas .tt alo thc
batk wad *ent hatd. t ant a *aad Graet: Ako thek att,o r!:h a,c hutt \ ot the br.hd
boto"t oI thc scat: \'hith \\,rtd t'. n'ar il tt bd+ trds.tt.tf. d thdt ihe saproad t t
be.d se tlk
Phoro 37,
t'atlJr
Brdlels Trcc,'li'pr.
att tietkt th.h
Le.
Sra.ion,2009
e-:r Anrllsis ofMotrnd
9.31
Siz€s rnd
Numbcn
Comparison ollround Sizes and Numberc Behveen SampeA€as
A roralor536 mounds *ere recorded durins rhe suney,and lcne.h, \rnhh lid hcight mcrsuonen$ Nm
taken forlj2 motrnds. The follo{ing.h.ns (fi8urc9.?) iidiclred*r all ar$ snneyed hare r nnse of
mouid nzes, Nith r large number olsmrllcr momds:nd lc!* vcry Lr!! molids. Thc CarEllinmLc
and U triddlcn Crcck sysems shnd ou! ds having thc l.4csr mouids aM lrlgft pcrcc'ragc oflrrge'
in rlise&oareN have bee,
monnds,whicb istoinfdfudby!h! facl rharranyofrhcvcry lrrse
'noutrds2001 and Mm.in 2006). Thc
rc.o d trcvroudy and mr mludcd in ihese figures (Pardoe & Mrnin
wenem side olrhe Redbnnk sys.m .nd rhc l-osq Lacl'letr Ea oroxley appear Dor ro havc as many
1algemounds.and.hc Cuhbun8 sNflnp aid LoMr Lachlm wed oloxley scems 10 fir in rbe middlc.
Th! chans aLso show thd rhc nunben or'nounds varies in ft lanous srnplc aras, howcv{ this Danl}
dm to the amou'r ofrime spcnl in cich rN and thc numbcs oroih$ tyrs rcatures tb s e also
ornouDds recorded rnd rhe days spenrin eich
Rco ed ii in nrcd Tablc 9l sumnar(cs rhc
'uDbcn
per
dry Thc numbd ofo.h.rsit6 in rhc r@ rlso
arc!. rid rvcrscs dr nuDb ol'nounds recoded
innuenccs rhis, lor cxamllc ! lot orri'ne B€s spenr in some rreas recodn g modilicd rFes, and rLso
liUucnccdiirhecaseorrhecrn Nimniesyicminth mas *hse nromds hM.lrc.dy bDcn rucodcd
*rrc rvoided. The tablgindicdesho\vevorrhdt motrndsoc.urmosr ftcqmrtly i"rlic Laacreek Sy$em,
Losft Lmhk[ drn dr Nimmie/Cani Creek sysem, ]virb
rben ths Gful Cdnbune SMmp &
'djsm
tl,ere being rignili.mlly fe!ermotrnds
ii rbc Rcdblnk sy$c'h \rs o
iz6s b6rw6sn Maior Landiorms
t
F oure
I
3 Chad Showho Mound L€nsth
r w dih lor
aI
smdo AE6
I
-coe91 Compr{1o',Molro. Fsm'd€dp€' Dayr D't€'6 W6[ddSysl€rs
l
9.3.2
Comparlson ot RERP Mound Sizes with
olh* A€.s
Table 9.2 gives the avsases and 6snEs for ldgrh, sidrh .nd hcighr of thc nounds moded and
6@surcd dudn8 rhe Nney, sd conpr* the areng* and nsnrts fd rhe sudey ro orh* aMs
incltrdins ssrions of the Hay Plxin, Brlpoolon rhe EdMlns Riv*. Billa DoMs d Eunon, rhe B ham
Muii.y and rhc Mrqu.ric Ma6hcs on {ho Macqtrdie Rivd,. tibulary olrhe
Srrrc Fdrtn on rhe Rivor
hisl,e* mounds Horded duing rhe suNey m concentrrcd i', rhc
Loxbidgee Cana CreekNimnie Crtek syim. sirh ihe Lowbidgee Lrma Creek synem conlaining the
sscond l.rgc$ nound sizos. lhc R.dbank serion ol rhc Lowbidgcc and .hc Losq Lachlin de
cbrncrefted by lower rnd small* nounds. Compafton wirh orher areas shows rhal rhe l{a} Pbin
sourhwci or Abctuonbio Creck syson on thc sollhsm odSo olrho Uaft Crock ryiefr hro rhc ld4s!
and hlghst mounds of riy of rhc labulatcd slmplcs, follo\rcd by rhc CaidNinnic and thcn
Ua'rFiddks crcek syiens. Tl,e cuDbnng SnaDp rho hrs a slishr teMemy ro lal'g aM bishe,
nounds. Thc Rcnblnk syecm (in rhis cdc only rhc Nstm sidc olrhc Mummbidg.c tras sanpicd, no!
rhe Yanca NP secrion), and ihe rwo Lo$e' La.hlan Riversampk 3ftrs (exclud'ns d'e cumbuns s*anp)
are closcr ro rhe range shoRn in orh aars such as Badrm, Ba1poo1. MunDbidlee Ean and rhe
Mscqnric Ms^h.s Trus d'c Abcronbic crcck Sy{em, dr Lo*bidscc oi d'c csst or ihc
Mnmmbideee. and the Cumbuns Ssa p/Lachbn hrve mourds rhat aE sisnificrnily lrrser and higher
rh.n any orher !s.s 3.npied and !.bularcd bclo$. This on$ ig.iD indicdca rh.r .hc dclr.s' of rhc
Lo*hidgee sDd cumbnng ss€'np,
dr sdjam Abrcmnbiecreek syden, eunqueinrhenunber
Thc rablc indicrrcs thai ihc lonsen and
"'d
Tabe 9.2 FERP Mound
Szes
Compaisons
wr'
orher
Are6
(Fi
9
3.3 Blials
n t\rounds
lhc nunbea offrounds rhd bad vhibls buriah on lhe sudacc varicd rhouehout rhc samtlc arcas lror a
maxlnun of23% oi dtr Crtu/Ninnic Crck syncD oftbe Losbidsee io zero on rhe Redbrnk Sy*em
(ve$ side only) olrho Lowbidecc (T.blc 9.3.3). nic Uld Cicck sy$cm had ! lowq rl'an *pcd.d
pcrccneec ofmouids snh buials as rl'e prerious surueys ca"ied o
much hisher percerragc ofburials (12%). sinilar ro rhc CaidNimmie sunrys (P doc&Manin2001.
Manin 2006) Th^ night bc cxplaincd by ntr rsd rhet
orrl'c
'nany
' *ere in very poor condilion. ard
sysen durirs ihis suryey had 6een repertedly dpped for
nbbi6 and
nany Rere remn.n! mdmds consisring l.rglly ola pavcncn! ofhclr rcuino. Thc Abcrcrcmbic Cruck
sy$cfr olthc Hay Phin sourhwest otr the sotrtl,en edge ofdr Usm creek sysen orrhe Loubidgee has
rhc hishsi pcrcenhse ofmounds $irh bunrLs (5,1.4vt. The Mrnmbdgcc Eas, Hay Plaln Sourhca$
and Hay Plali Nonh Eae rcnd iot to harc burirls ii mounds,r cl$r socirl division bc&eetrrhe eNtrtr
ard we*ern sedions orihe Hay rlain {Manin 2006).
Table 9.3 Percnrasss
o
I Mounds wilh Visiblc B!ri, h by Landform
ri\crr
rhLn EI' i.orhr (M{ h rorn)
cunbtriA s\rmp & h\rffkclhi(Mtrrii 20r0)
cinx/Ninnic syscn' LoNbi4r (Miii"
U
2010)
ac.eeksynsn l-oNb dqee(Mad n2010)
MM[ibidA.cUih & Uarasstm r,\!bidPc.
(2001)
Ab€rcrcmbie crcek synem (Manin 2006)
sodhest(Mnii 2006)
ts4 PhhNnnh!$L(Mrdi :006)
Hay Phin
9.4
Stone Tool T€chnology
94.1
Core and FlakeTechnology
ln many RERP surey arers only small rumbeB olanefads or isolaled anelacb w*e recodgl, eirher
beeuse densiry is lo{ or bcc.usc.hcrc h a lack of cxposurc aid/or vislbilny Othorrcs d$liycd
lrrser nuDrben of anefrcb. fte mrjorily of anclact in rhe suacy rrca arc nakss rcmovcd Eom corcs
'Ihe rcchnology trscd includcs rhc rcfroval ol l.rec n.kcs fom h.nd hcld corcs wnh hanm.6roncs, bur
rhc rcnolal ofsmalhr bladcs ard flakcs usins borh hsd hcldrtrd {mibipolar ndhods is D,orc comDor
in rhc suflcy am. Fkked aneracs have characteridic leatuR thrr dilfdenriale rhm frcm norumlly
fFctured srone n erial. Anefach may bc fomed in. ntrnbor olw.ysi mo$ commonly fl a*s or blads
aE produced by iriking r cdrc $irh a hamncnronc, o! bonc or rood baron. The rcsuhine lakes or
blods may bc lscd astook in rhis unmodified fon. orrheyn.y bc retouchcd, thai k rodili.d,bcforc
use Retouched nakes are lomed inro specifi. rool qpcs by thc Enovrl orsmall nrkes wirh 3 snrll
hrnmenlone, orpr$urc flakcd $ith apoiited baton orbone orvood.
Th..c.hniqucs used ror flaking in the suNey rEa includei
i.
ii
d h.ld cdres by t hlnd held
Pr0dudion ol large conc
hamncr*on.. nre ventnl surfacc ofrhcse frakcs halc lho ch.nclnhtic fcarurcs ol man'
nrde conchoidal nakes, vhich iidudci o plalfofr, a ring cEck or Henzian cone ar rhe
impacr loint. a brlb of percusion, a bulbar sc, fi sre m. r Md ripplc marks Thc corcs
will dhplay dr saft chaacrsdsrics bur in rcvcnc, or ncertive v
surficc ol nakos. Thh rc.hnolo8y n mr r rhe Losbidsee prn of the suney ca. bu(
toMrds aloig lhe L.{q La.hlei Rlvcr A vaiarion ol ihis
tcchnolosy kndrh .s Spln Cobblc Manuf@turc, sher cobbles of sihrle. qnanzile rnd
homfck !rc splir in hdland rlieo used as cores, dominales the.rtd ftun Booligal rotrads
Griffith (Manin 2006)
Microbhd. technolqJ resuhing
are smller nakes d blades th lend ro be thin, elonS.rsd .nd {i!h relarivcly
prmllel sides. The' arc rcmoved lron h.nd held cor.s $irh o hlnd hcld ha'nn,cntone uniil
.bc qorc bccomcs roo $nalland lighi drn otlH rshniques me used such as rhc smibipohr
Mi.robhds
iii
'ndhod
described below.
anvil ,nd *ru.k bJ
micro bhd e tec hnolqy. thalh lhecoreh r6red on
'n includes blad6 with
hand I'dd hamDcnronc Eridcnce of scmi bipolir martrliclu&
cNhine on the plaraoms and otushed or $cp lminalons, and r hish proponion olbetrding
firelure to con.hoidal frsct!rc. coEs sllo diplay cr$ins at rhe impacr poinB .nd nay r.kc
otr a disrindive keel shape. Fl* or blade *irh bcndiig fFcturc display spec'fic
.h!€dcn$ics, includns a crscenric platlom *ith rlipalons theed8e, a wisf belor rho
lip. md disii,nive nsnres over rhe re$ of ths ve Flsurfacc of.hc nskc. Smsllcorcs verc
often bipol.rsplir inro No halvcs ro rcjuvdarc a.oirect ansle for flakins. or the splircores
crn oho be used as tools. Anefac(c.hnology in rhcLo$bidge and the Aber.rc'nbic creek
sy$m is largcly.onfincd ro smi-bipolar firkins merhods using exrrcmely smdl quanz and
sllcerc pcbblesources, producing very s mal l fl rkes and coB (M.nin 2006).
seni bipolrr
r
su Rey induds a varicry ol n okcs Iooh, rsi gins rron lr.se
microblde lools. Ti. nlin rypcs orflskc took recoded in rhe surey e:
Rerouched flakes iecord ed in t he
fl
ake too
h to
i.
douch indicaring usc
Tooh wnh hcavy usc-wear, srep douch and occasiomlly
'spde
woodsorkinschisehGdzes)and w*ehined on enhorrhcsidcornhlfom
cid.
ii.
Backed blades
in rhc fom of small geooctlc
mi.roliihs wcrc reoided Thcse me rl,ought 1o
have been hrned on sped6
F3[e mo
iv
\
hd,reei'hernosedordis.oiJJ n.h]p!
Flakcrools rlEr hNe uR wsrorrerouchalonea nmishr sidc
Flake rools rhat have use
vearorFrouchotly oi.ho dhkl
cnd
6
9.4.2 GroundEdgeTechnooqy
(h hLllszrd lotrid cdg. h dr' (xio ras
brnd duri'u
th.
I
r'ey. rc.enrly cxposd b)
Io, rcmo\ir-! birk in t!$ for coocs.
(ooLrmons. sl,idJs dc.. rnd r $ lor
holloq ht.s rnd Loss \lo'.1 !dcs rhd hoLl,
,c'noving rk rDJ lhonpin! iind \ood lrirr
a
i.rc hithd r$ \.ry
hr,il \oik (Nl.ry
rroro 'r0 : Ctutrnd Ldlc
rrc o. hxlcrcr.
94 3 Food Ginding and Poundig Equpnenl
\!hoL!trrdbrckor food rr.prmlion rools fotrnddrrir!rhc$Ltrc! irrd cs.i' ins dish* rrd lopnoks
rcd nnll idrig nni \c.ds M .llrr.sc htr\r slilu' (elosl tioLnh) oi th. {trl:.r tl[t i'rLi$t.\ 1l'.r_
(crc Ncd tnr g.Ddi',! sfts red
iD nhcr SoN hr\c No flxl
'ich
cydcd atunn !o.n orr Lxllc Qindirrg dishcs thxr o,isir
.on. c -rri ins rotrll,r
Cri'nLi'u dirhci rnd 1ot!of$
! only ki'n'n!d roualrlr! g$ b) l}Linso, lx.liin!. So[
Rd $indins qrirnncnl n mrd.'c$r!d
ti
ll'uuql \lun r
I
'!
T0}llli
\
I
94 Pi$corCri"tli,'! Dnl'.
r
k ibur(
wholc and boken modm md peiles were alsorecodcd. Mona6 h.ve a.on.avc bowlshaFd surracc.
and the pe{le hos a convex sudacc thar fis i o rhe bowl. Thcsc arc usc't for pouidi',s and the' srindi's
hard seeds such ar i.rdoo or acacio $cd, or thcy rrc rho u*d lor smashins up had or librous mo*,
cons, and tubc6 A sedsehsh virh r hmd com u.ilhcd lor food in the RERP suwey aree is
6alr,J.ror,,s (barilh or m*h club-dsh), which 3ro$ on the edCes of sMllov lakes rnd sRamps.
ModaN ind pe les oordcd durine ihe snruey are usudly nade iion qnanzilc cobblcs. Thoso (wo looh
$n be combined, with one or 1wo bo*l s$fac* ond ar lq$ onc coivcx sudsce fo' poundins on rhe
Bon, grindins dish picces dnd \eholc or bokcn nona6, Dcnks or co'nbinarion ion* were Rorded
Low$ Lachlan and LoNbidsee, indicalinsthal both hrrd seeds (such.s..aci! & nardoo)
rnd solt seeds Guch as gB$) reE being Cound. The abudsn.e and size of srindins equipmenr
insease roMrds .hc nonh ond nodhsesi, suggeiing grinding equipnent rzs beins tidod in frcn rbose
rhroughou! rhe
in all thelo$rions G sikrele. prdominantly a silcrclc sirhcld s
orgiains readily visible tolhcnaked eye. Silcdc ourcrops on rhc Mumy Rircr near Endon, ard is rlso
found to rhc nonh and nonhwe$ ofrhc suflcy arca toMds lvanhoe rnd f,ake Munso and tunherafield
The
moi codnon eonc mar$ial lscd
Black hon,fek. probably sonrled ftud rhc nonhcAr ol Cifirh, was rho rcorded in the sufley.
QnanziG, qu.nzand $onc wilh no cFins ! nibh Guch m ched djasp ) also occur in rhesude, mcd,
bu! arc relarilely nrely used well cenentd sandio.e k used lor son sesd ginding cquipmc'r, rnd
qnanzne cobbles.re used lor modas, psdcs $d han,mentotr* Occasionally quadzire is used lor son
sed grindcrc, and silcde nodules are occasionally used for penles Edgc eround hlrchcb used oi the
suney area. were made fmm. fine-gdincd mo.cnal, po$ibly a homfels lrcm the nonheo* of Griffid,.
tle source of the dohin.n! da$ sihdc
h not close 1lle lack of evidence for major manuliduring ot nokes md blads in rhe suney atas
confims rhis Thc ev idence of spl ir b ipolar corcs indlcarcs rhar the ch* silcrete vas nor sou rc ed loc.lly;
is even ths liny finishcd bipol& cores werc splir and rcused as a coft, or
The ftcordcd cvidcncc olsmall semi-bipolar core! susseis rhar
w
lound in sonc si!6 and .he ircisrone rh3i ourcrops 6oih rlons
Muiiar and on the edecs ol rhe Eudon lakes may hale ben lhc
mo$ locil soudo olochic (Manin 2003). Ilaw er, the B0lrmald fish
rFps aid aiy othe' un,ecorded one oulcDps mdy aho Drovide a noic
Ochre
.hc Rivq
lo.al source of ochrc md/or sonc lor naking.
Phoro95 Cnund Ochrc, Juanbuns
9.5 Conservrtion of Archaeolosical Materials
9.5.1
Associated with W€dands
The Polenliallmpactof nundalion on Archaeo ogica Sites/p aces.
tres if they are flooded roo long.
The mo$ ob'ious impacr olinund..ion is thc dcarh of llve
'nodified
periods.6ur
vc flooding for exrended
6lack box and other rcN canno. sunivc
Rivs ed gum can
exlended tooding.
su
Kiqslo &Thond(2001)docuncnracscriNlpNapwhererl*eebankwspur
in ro lccp high$war$ lcvcls in Nap Nrp s$amp. but when tees naned b dnM lhe na.ion n!tugcN
brcachcd drc lcvee md retuned rhe swamp 1o irs natural level During lhc survcy in Scprenber 2009 Nlp
Nap s*amp had ftceived envinnmenral {arerand.hc vcgctaiion was i', *cellent condition.
Eatnded inund.rion ako affcc6 dcad nodin.d k* thnush ercsion and nting d rhc lop ofward lcvcl
rlrenaring weninsond&ying(Madin2003).
causcd by wlves and
orho sns such as mouids, buiah, ancfacts !trd DiddeN rre predoDi'rnily rbove nrto.al hish Mter
hvclunlcs levccs r.c 6nilito niselner levek seveml Nts a6ove natum l kvels. ftes sits my he
seriously rlfeded by wave emsiotr and valer scod4 ilRrrer lelels aE drificially aised (M.nin,
wiftr& w.bb 1994, witrerz005) speedboak on ires ard lakes also caNe \zve adior thar bulk in
erosior olmiddensand orher sns on banks (Mrnin2003).
werer leveh upi ream lirm se ns ney be held ar an ificially hilh levc ls. The Balranald r hh Tmp s m an
sxinplc of a vcry significanr siic rhar is now brsicllly nvisiblc bccsusc ir is lsually covcrcd by
anifi cially raiscd
Mrcr in
9.5.2 Poienllal
dry,4
The
plarcs,
ns
rhc
rosn wcir pool
mpacl of Dryins Wetands on Archaeologica Stes/Paces
up orwedands on rheLoserLrchlan rnd Lo\ybidEee direcrly rffect rrchaslosicrl sites rnd
oll ds dfecllig rhc cultuFl lid cnvircnm.nill conrcx!. Livc modincd trccs wlll porcnrially
nd sonc rcs drt scrc rcordcd dnri',s rhe surey l,rd HeDrly
example ol this is rl,e laree rivs Ed gum canoe tee on the k1yrtr
(l'.Io ood) scA cllonlrail d,ath
lack ol\yrrer (Photo 96). ln rddirion arcl,acologi.al dcposih wcE nolcd
as beins afieded by erosion rcsullins fion drdughr inJucod tes death.
d.vcedatioi rnd sc'limcnt dc$eb
Wal8eeb on rhe
L..hlan whcrc hck ol w..d hls rcsulr.d in
dcarh or meny orthc krBe nver r
dic.
loys
and rs a Eulr rhc 6rnks .onraininE archrcologi.al deposir s*e
.ollapsine onro rhc lakcbc'l in 2009 lf Lrkc welscc^ is nor floodcd
rery soon. dr te*, rhe lake banks and rhe lake landlom ibellwill6e
ireticvably d.mqed L.ke wa1gs.6 sas vhncd by lan Woods f6m
rl,ella] LALC ir l99s and myself. and by lrn in previouslcxB, so we
wcrcablero ssslhecffsddlrhrlackolfloodingsincc1993.
Phoro 96 (igho: Trcs wilh Laae c.noc sc.r oi Tbc Kllyatr ScA
Cllrunl TBil, thet has Rcccnrly Died Brk, Pobsbly F om Pnlonsed
9.5.3
.
RERP Suryey Conseryation Projects
Fcicing & watciieorYoung Qu$dongson Ulongg
laiwoods!n'lrhcHlyLALCaBrecdrorollowupwithUlongaSbrion€bbitprcorrencitrgatrdw tri"g
a corcentdionof younsqurndonss g{minaled by rhe2009 linrddins.
of
.
Co
.
tubbitconrfr
nsefld ion A,lreemenr o n t he Paikr WenMounds
'l1lelandosner Dianne Williams s?s inrereied inr consendion igEemeDrovd r series ofmounds rhd
aru cidangcrcdby wh€t farmiig in a smalltlddock on Paik! Crcck. Rq'c woods w,llrollorvthtup
gas
in Moundson Prilare Propeny
p[pri e comol ormbbits (such
poisoning)
md
in
rrchaeological
dcposic
such
as
motrnds,
middcnsand
ashydeposi6.
sms
.
Bun.l Porccrion
lrcjes
On Kalyatr (Nonvood) SC,^
in,' rr,
dcn.rion rccordcd during thc suncy in
'tr.dir d).o\(r.d o\c b/'oL Cubb, wood\'!m DICCW
Orh
r{t,
a
nlior
park ro.d \vas
burialcxFscd in a minor$a!on road will bc covcrcd oro, Rcnc woods to
burirk E.orded drins the suRey 10 be priorirised lor pnrecrion - Rene Woods 1o
On Nokns Chancc an
lollos l'p
s
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF USE OF
WETLANDS
10.1
Faunrl Remains Recorded during the Survey
'nre launal ftnains recoded dudns rhe RERI slnoy in rho orchoological dcposir in
mounds
'niddcns,
and ashy dcposirs, demo'stmte the ule of wdlands Middens lend ro hrve. hi8h pctodragc olshcll,
oncn whole or broken, and in len$s or p..ksd inro heanhs. Middss conlain diffcrent sh.lllish
dependins on rlre r$e of envitonncnt; rwo spcclcs of freshwster frussel shell weE lbund in nounds and
ml'ld.N reconled duins r projecl, fte nver nusel (r/.rr),ruja.b',r, .nd rhc billabong or lakc
Duser /dlgr,,D .,6rs, r. A thnd species. frcshwa!$ snail shcll (Norol,/, \tbh,turo), \\'s
infrequcndy louid in middcns on thc rivc^, larser cieeks and laks. Snail shell sas nored in a 1ar!e
mlddm ovcrlookins Paika Lrke rnd on Paika Creek (Wenem Redbanl sr$en). and on .h. low$
Lrchbn Rivd N itpa$csrhrcueh rhe CEar cu'nbunC ssrnp.
laryiig rmouns ol ustrdly liogmenred md cooked or buml
mu$clshell,yabbyCannlirhsandirsnenborpiccesoftunleshcllandnrrlebone.nrend$conmon
smllto medium sized 6one such
bone malcnal in mounds is aqualic bird bonc ofvarying sizs,
',rinly
probably
nom s*ans (nagpie gecss or Capc Banon
.s walcrhcns, dlcks ct, wirh some nuch laqer bone
geese are other posibililies, now aft in rhe r*ion). Sonc mounds aho consined rBBnens of thick
Mounds E.odEd frcqucrdy conraiicd
nounds conrained rhinnere$shcll
e$shell consisld! with s{on cge
consisrenrwirhduckesiss.Firhvenebke,sDinesaidboncfFgmensofvaryinesiasfomverysn'llio
1ar{e cod size *re lound in somc nounds Fngfrcnrcd maDml bones w e diincuh to idendry, bur
somc wcrc small animals such as mdent, handicooG. or h e Rdllaby, and vcry infnqumtly lorgc
Ihcshclland bonc matcrielround itr middensand nourds recordcd dudng the suwey veE very similar
rosiresrecorded in pr*ious sureys iD thearea,aDd theRavensrodh 3 and T.hclcry I cxcavalons Gcc
bdo{). Shcll,bnd bonc, g6rohths dcal|denon$rned the close relarionshipberween diddsns, noun&,
werc focusins
and ashy deposih and adjacenr serlan& and rhd rho pcoplc Nho builr ut rhc$
'lcfosirs
rhob
97 Lsn to nghr:
I
PlcccsofTunle Shcll, Cod venebrac, small Fish vencbrrc. MnselSlell
10.1 Other Archaeological Evidence
Canoe re* exhibi! $.6 Esulring non lhe redov.l ofbdk c.noos rhat wcrc lssd to tavcl .hiough .h.
wcrlands, dd b nsh, hunt and garher in rhe serl'nds. Crnoe sr6 rere ecoded i" a nnge or diffeEnr
q/pes ofwerlands, frcm rhe edges ofiverbanks, omund lsles rnd swonps, along cEe*s. and in river red
8um lored. Snalld canoc shlped sca6 iesult lrom bark removal lor small .anocs known loFlly s
'dFg'alongJ, shich lhc womcn tushcd thoush shallow wdcr to car.y food they collccred slch
's
mu$ek or aquatic plant tubeB or rhizones. A deep mund bovl, probably used to canr Mler. was
remored ftom r river Rd gu m nerr NoRodd conage on rhe kchkn tu vsr 'Ihe hiSh densny of .ool.mon
nds llso su8sen nrt dr wtbtrds wer r focus lor lood colledion md
I0.J The Rateneworth.] and Tchelery I frcavarionu
T]le
rolloni.g provides
ro wcdands ob.aincd
of sone ol rhe palaeoecological infomarion that links mounds
$c cxcavarions ofRovenssonh 3 an'l Tchelery I mounds (Manin 2006).
a Sriel sumnary
nln
10.3.1 Macroscop c charcoal and Plant lmpressions
Lalgc picccs ofchrcoal sere collected lor dnins and aho for idenrinmrion to i.vesipie potedial tue1
sources and pianr foods. A roial of 14 specimens vere dissecred md prelaRd for s.anninS Elston
MicrcscoFephoros.Allof,.charcodsamplesrrfionthelowerpadolrhemoundsrnddaterorrcund
14 snples are consistnl with lrrz (cumbun8i) rhizome or nem, showing the
charicrerisic libre bundhs lhat in lhe ontrcl pcriod wcrc mode inro $dng and nelring. Another apDoon
ro be a rhizome wirh a young roor adsing ftom rhe sudace. and one nay be ldrge 8ns like cin*r.$
(Erusrclh). $ Phragnit^ (conhon rccd). Two 6und $rucorcs l0-l I mn in diamdq app6r ro halc
sronse tsues consisrenr *ith ,a/roJ.ra3,/s spp. (mNh club nsh) coms. Four sanples are sood, one
of which shos growrh rinls. Thus oui rhe 1,1 sanplcs, 9 are coNhrcnr sirh wdland Dlans, an'l four !rc
woodj fon what is nov r dry teele$ plai..
4,000 BP. Five out of the
Figu€ 10.1 SEM hag€ ot 3t€m or hizoms wiih lib€ bund$ consrsl€nt wiih Typha (cumbungo (ircm
:r.l
:
Hca! re!.inen.ho conriin cvidencc olplanr usc through impesions of loavcs and oots on bakcd chy
hcar rcrailcn. Ifrpre$iols ol Drrr, (cumbulgi) lcaf, or laree l6vcs with paEllcl ibbing, arc
panicuhnycommon on the Tcheleo I nound hedtdaine6.
llenrnalysis P,tpred pollen slides
ThcRavcnswonhl cr.rvarioi pro
poor
condilion. incLudins thc turldid pkn{
conrrined r $nge orpollen in relatirely 10$ numbeE rnd
7ipr. (cumbuigi) did rushcs lrcm lhc Cp4'.",e ramlly, bur ako snscs rid chenopods *bich may
halc comc from thc rdjrccnt plairs. or a wetbnd Ihrr periodi.ally drkd out. TEe pollen appeaB ro be
scrrcc. bui mry include eu cr lypr.
di6cnh Table l0.l lhk a
r.miins .rc lxtcmcly frugncntd,
'ndl
prcsci.c/abscncc iidi.rtion ol major ryp of 6unr fbr ihe spih rhmtrslour Ihe RavensRonh l nomd,
shoiins rhere is litle chanle in rhe ryps of launal remains rhrcughour. Thc spc.ics rcprc$nrcd rcrc
- o ,da otr.l o .l'c pl'in.
s8cl) obE rd ram," l3nd. {
'
lr .ll spits, bnd bone e.counk lor rhe D,ajoriry ofbone ard consisrs olfiaemenlcd pi*cs ollon! bo.e
sl[n. shich can be idenrificd 6y its snoorh,lhin. cyLindicrlMlLs, bu!also incluJes som.sid bon.s ard
Tbc
f
dialno$ic thalanecs or'clawf Most or rhe bnd bone falLs inio ihe size categones olsmallro medn'n
lzcd $arerbids sucl, as dncks and srterhens. *irh some l ger piocas po$ibly bcloneing ro swans.
Egigshel l 6rgmsn( c ons hrcn! * irh $van aho oc. ui.
The Tchelcry I and Rarcns{onh 3 cxcavdlon matcrlal coitaiicd clLdence of rhe v'rious uks ol
werlands. For cxamplc. nrmbeB of vcry small fisL rcnebr& cdt bc orpldin.d by thc lolloslng
dcscriplion byoneoflhs fi^r Eurcpo.nna$onlh$ on rhcCcntnl Mumy ii rl'c 1350\ 1360\:
Th{
dn
iith
st r
rtt oisa rt! nutl, ar t". in tht lndh a\ taot\. .hc
spatnins
smron nq tuke tni ia s ollauns lsh tna qt\\hi.h at k$ tha, r,
E
ht lens1t1. d nta ra'ie ti,t thqi etch idr'on:c n hbc'. o1rot E tabtuB.kd
... mokihs . .ansist te,Eb ht b.ilitE theDt tt slo|h n1il the
ps b.to"i! t!.1 ..tit anl ttbot u kN!otubzes. r?dat lBe|.ri.lse 133e:3.1).
hare d
1t1e
The {erland launa in.ludcs a
orfish sizN.lndic ingalinkwithriv synems durns $ onal
'anEc
floodine. Fnh rmains are predoninantly
very smrll venebrie, {nh som.mtr.h laigc mosly l gmcntd
venebne, and fdghlnls ofsDincs. Thc small.$lctcbFc!rc r rlE nnge or l'2'n'n diaDd*. susse*irs
rlnt rii,y fisb Rcre cauehr sirh fine sicve like neb durinE lhe inilial nooding phdse. Llrgn lish may havc
bcen shl ovdr longsrpcriod !s $. noods srabiliscd and rc.eded otollihs sre ve'y nre but a l,alf
orolirh round i', Sprt 15 n consnteir with th of solden perch (Mz.qdd ,,'6tsr,). .nd onc l.rg.
brokh vcnlbra h Mum! Cod (M,.o/ra.rel/,r,ral4. Muscl shell is mon\ vcry frasnrntcd, rlthoneh
raBcr piccs cfrbrcd idenrification rs lake muscl ltlelest io at"bist s) ralher rhan rivd mu$ol
lalath)t ia ja.ksa i ot.a dola) Horveler, one k4spie.e in Spir 6 h rivq nuscl, wl,i.h nEy hrvc beetr
c$icd fioDrhe riverro use asa roo1.
Yabby
consisr of iirsnens of nippq sds, and s rolilhs. lngmlntud lunlc shclLanp$N li
'eDriis
alnoi evcry
spn, and sotoc olrhc bonc fnemci( nay ahobclunlc.
Skelcrons and rosrh oftodci( *crc lolnd lhrouehou! rh.fround,jaw tug'ncnh wnh hth idcntiry maD]
rs sMmp rrr (tlul,?,'vs) (ideniified by I mola6, 5 rooh in fi61 molar and no irdstrarion olii.nor)
These bon{ te'd Io be *hole despile thcn fngiliry, and arc mo$ly uncookcd. Th( lndicaies rl'rr dry
lir.d in budows in th. noud, a'd soncdicd mtunlly Nhile orlrm werecooked. Brndicoot tom rs!
spe.ies (/J roo, md Fel",s?g, d* louid ac lo{n mandiblcslnd isolarcd rccrh throuthout rl[ n'ound
Sonc ol rhc bonc is iot cookcd, suggcri'r8 bandicooh scarciscd on rhe nonnd rnd/o' Lived in rl,e
mouM. and som werc cookcd rndcaren. Oiher hunrievidence inch'des.oprolils lound in rhc borom
lrye$ofborhmoundstenrativelyidentifiedNbelonginglhebilbylanily(TCgsl996:101'106),eiden
!t{ r! uncookcd bllby skeldon i', rhe bonoD la}eN ol lhe T.helery mou nd ftecopslircs{cr fouid in
rhe tunnels on ft floor oft|e moLLnd, indicding the dim.ls {crc living dclp in rhc mound. !s rccordcd
by rrcm inrhc 1350\. Lftgc kangarco (fro$ likcly CrcyKangsroo) $cr idctrriticd lioD rrE Dolan o'
o r f,,s,n-1 . ,.-d h" -,. ,t.oo-e.m.,Lte, m...mpoJ mu.r
"
*dbnd fauna is similarro ltavens onh3,burrh.r.isa$idr6igcofion-N.nand
fauna, indudi'g emu e!3 shell, Large kaigatuo, bctong, harc sallaby. borl'
wom6 . echidnr, brsh hi1 po$trm, rodsns, sd.nn., shligl. ba.l- and smk!.
T]le Tchclery mou'd
no$ $crc idenrificd llom a single bono, panial jaw orroolh orroorh fngmenr, md somodied
natuElly shilc lirine on/in thc mound, and lhcrcforc contibutc lirilc to rhc orcFll faural bonc
Howcvcr,
hese excaval ions also conM in ed Ihin piecs of brked mud $me of vhich xppe to have imprint oflish
fitu, rhcsc arc lcs connon rhan noml h€t rerainq piecs and a€ vcry haid .nd frado up of vcry nne
for noi., sid 5re onen ubular Erher rh$ churky It is su8gstc'l
sedinenr. Tles. c'n easily be
rha! these aro lhc resulr ofovcn'nistsk.n
b.king of foods cncded in rhe fine nud ftom the lake. An accoun! liom
1364 ofcookint on rhc Munay Rivcr floo'lplain ro rhc south of rhc Hay Plain dc$ibs cookine by
corcrins thc binl or ani'nrlii son clay rnd plritrg it in a holc in ihc cound $hicl, has bccn madc rcd
Table10.1 Favenswoih 3 Elcavalion P@sence or Fauna in lhe 5cm spils lrcm Top (spil
l)lo
Botrom
r0,4 Distribufionof Sit€s
Lrgc scalc GIS hipping (Padoc & Manli 2001, M'nin 2006 & Appctrdix 2) co'cluded rl, tl,e
di$riburion olarchacoloCiqal mltrielsucl,I mounds. Didde's. buriak rnd modified tees is rehred ro
rh. drmctcr of rlie hydnlocicrl regimes. Mourds rnd rsocialed buriih mc doslly rcLlrcd ro rhc
biologically divc6c, psducrivc aid dcpcideble wedands of rhe noodrzler sinks on rhe Lo$bidlec and
adjacc Lowd Lrhh Middens are lerlely confincd ro rhe rikr lcvces and krlc opcn wdrf ldk.s
Modifiedteesarcloundaralllhcsclypesolrvdldnds.bu!io!onlh rcclc$phins.OvcNridortcracrs
haveawidcrspariJdij btrlionrctussrhclandsapc,somcli cdrorhc'borc\yctludsrrdorheNDio,r
widcly dispc$ed acros r plains.
Thc adiaccnr aras ofrhe Mu'ray Rirer near Swan Hi11ro Moamr, rnd ils rnabtunchcs.hc Edwaft and
wakool RiveB Riih thenasocirred noodplain s.cks,l.goons, rivo rcd eum forc$s aM swan'ps hare a
sinllrr distihurion of middens. mounds rnd Dodified recs Moi sirA arc Locdcd or riv* lovscs.
ma,gins ol lr8oons and sMmps, and on noodFliin mmgids on rh. fisr brcok ii slopc abovc rhc
floodphin (Berrymin ind Frunkcl 1934. Bonhom'nc. 1990. Conns ct al 1979. c[ib. 1991. Edmords.
l0.s Using Archacology To D€termiDe Environmental Changes
10.5.1 Daling ofSilesand Relaled Envkonmenls
The Willandh World Hc ragc Arca including Muigo N'rional Pr.k is d,c beikno$ crampk in
u$rlia or rrhrcolosml sites beirg uscd ro rcconnrcr pmr envimnmens. Horcrs,lhs safre holdr
lor rlL rrers rhrl h.vc . $c.lrh olarhlcolo€ical sits thar pmvide eNnonNntal inlbmarion by rhen
distiburion rid/or neteiah conraiied withi',. Arclaeological siles *irhin rhe RIRP survcy arca aLso
conrain detaikd scien{ific inlomarion oi pat cnvnoim$rs sinply bosuse nouids and niddcDs
conkruc elidcnce rhar {ould orhcRisc be Loi rhroulh hphonomir proce$s su.h a rclrhc n3 and
oosion. nre Lo\s Lrchlan and Lorbidgsc lrchaolo8lcal
rsso rcs olcivimnmc aL inroi,nstiotr dnr wc know from rhe Rarersronh I and Tchelcry I excivalions
5.000 BPcal.buralmoi d!finncly cxrcrds ba.k .onsldcmbly loigcr
Moundtmiddcns rnd ovcns crn be dftd by rdiocrrbon drri',s ofsftLl, bone, fish oloLirbs. chtrcorl, and
rhcmoluDrinsccnce and OSL dalin! olherr rekincr and sedincn(.
Thc d ing of the RrvcDs$onh 3 rnd Tchelcry I mouids dcnonsralcd rhat nound buildi"c
'muM
wcdlnds bcsan over 'r.r00 yean aso and th nrhryemoundsofrhcAbcttumbi!C.cksy$cmrclarc
ro a peiod shen rhis sy$m cmncd hrgc anoun$ of flood wlro AbcrrcmbLc c'mk bcc nc lcs
cflicicnr and in rhc conrlcr psiod otrly carrd r snrllaDiounr ofsatcr in a verr hilh flood.lhis ch.n8e
i',
rclatc to r chrnEe in the type ol nood ptrlses i.lhe Munmbidge. d rhc skc orlpol or
'.si'nc
'nay
Gun
Crcck
i.!rCamrhool. Thus dsrins or$rhrolosical depolits lnch rsmomds rnd niddms sn.bh
insight i'ropr e trvn oD ments rnd enr nonmeni r l chmSos.
105.2 Plant Remains
in
Stes
'lhc crcavdlons olrhq Tdrlcry I a
thd the d hnohi sloicdl lt obscn.d
(*.rq
plrnr
(ounbungi),
fo.ns on \yedand
loods such as nprd
a'islo,/,t
ibboit lnd ,o7r'J.r,'d,r
(r,/i/b or manh dubnsh) bqjM in som. lrcas 6 carly s 1-5000 ycrs ago Thc us ofd,cscpla'b n
copic ch coal, iDprint on baked dry uis, and pollcn found in dtr
Pollen, macmsopic charcoal rnd impins olplMh oi hcar rcrlinc
ctrftn1ly dry. rrcclc$plain conraiicd $cdeid plrih end ne* 4 5,000 yem ago.
offieshMter musel slEll ${e lotrnd i. monnds ind hiddcns rc.odcd dnri',B ihe pmject.
the iv{ muscl (,1/./r.r),,J".tJni), aid thc billebonE or l*e musd I ?/.!,,i, ,,'r,s,rJ Thc n*r
nuselpLettN cool. iosi'u s er. and high oxyscn hvck. {hiLc rh! l.kcorbillabonC'nusclpdc's
ii1lor slov nowing w.rd md .an .olcnt. hiehotmpsdu4s rid lo"tr ol}len lerels. aDd can bury
Tro
spccies
tselrir mud dudngdry period! (l\Mv.nmryN se.sov. ).
Th. ryp. or nusd found ii rhe
occudns in the middcns along rhe Munmbidgce and Lachlan Rivcs. Lrke musel occun in sites
arcuid $vamps ond laks, bur rilqmu$doflcn occun in uncxpccrcd arcas such !s inhtound qccks,
dcpendins on rl,eqpe oanos experienced Rsearch on the shape ofriver muselrlonsrhe Rirer Murry
has
sl,oM thal lhe shapeofrlt sbell
is influenced by
rarervelo.iryl
She s trrn the Mn|ar tn Soulh ,lt6r'alia aft ela"Eale-.vd1, t th th( .lot$l ntarEnt
c,tur'ka pana iob
u bl. L ot \\i18 , fietdt shcttt l/.tn lti.l.tiu attt N.r Sarrh
vdt.s htlv? . .lordt ^at h . d . potu,b t?ntal i't11?.1ion. Th? tariati.h apredrs to h.
aso.iatutl |ith |ata vciari4 lBalla & Bhlka l t90).
wh.rc ivur ntrssol shclls rhd atu rcld(ivelJi whols o.c r in mjddcns rhoy will .onlrin .idcnca dbour
lvdq flow ovcr r lorg Dcrio'l orri'nc Tl6 cv,dctrcc,rhc distibutior orrivcrand lrkc
itr nourds
rnd Diddens. rnd rhe ind nEr rhey crn be daied, preseft rn opponunity to 'nu$ch
snail sl'cLl (N,/rl,r, 1!rrt!d!, erc ako rotrnd li sonc or tl'c
riv s. creks rnd lrkes. nris sril is 1i!kd by DECCW$:
naA ri'tL 4 tri,ld rt LtEhdr ils ha rll t hs!, sam pop l.njahs h.v hdl )?.atd.d.x
s t|n s nt atili.tul habila^ lh iltatia" ?Ptlild in th. Mnr/4' an.l Datltnlt r\t.nr Livc
yz.in,?hx n?,r lk..retu| h Lte 2n04 fuh itiEdion ripcliha h t Mitdna Iss*.
h lddirion clu$c6 or lvholc ircshsrt9
middensrlong
thredenedspecics.envimnnenl.nsvgov.,)
Mldd!ns wirh subn! i!liumbc6 of$holc snrilshclls thscforc prcvl'lc a uniquc sourcc ofinlormorion
abolr lomcr di!tribution. ntrmbers. sizes, smfrh p renN dc. ofth
contibute ro a r*overy pLan for Ihe specics. lhey aLso prcvidc cvidcrcc th Abonlinal peoplc trscd
ihesesmils for ibod inrddirion ro ihe lrrserDuseh. Abo' icinal people nnd $e evidence ofsnail shelh
in middcns r rangible link rilh r p.i envionnent knoM orhc iss only fmm oFl hisrory olDcupk
collcdine rhcsc shqllfisl' ror food and/orbair.
Middcis also .onr'in fish botrcs sud' rs cod rcrtcbr&, and y$by ea$rclirhs rhar can Bivc dcrails or
dinribulion, sizes, gro hrtlcserc.overalongpenodoflime Moundsa.d/ormiddmconlainsubnrnlial
amounh orbonc. iidudine tisl' boin binl bonc.
boic aid tcth, yabby Sasrrolirhs. onlc sltrll
'na'nDel
etc, \'hich enable a recon$rdion ofrft loods earen
and rhe pr$ envbnmerh. Fhh orolirhs can be
den.fied ro spccies aM irwhole c
Recetrr rechioloCy ellows oroliths to bc
datd and car also dctminc d,e sxliniry of rhe rztr rhc fisb *as lirins in (Tmces in rhc Srndl
L.ndsc.pc Evolurionmd Human Hislory in rhc Willaidra L.kss worLd Herirlge Ars., AAA Confctonls
Mound scdimcn6 aho prcvnh cvidscc ol pmr cnr'nonm.nG For crabplc the uFpq lay.* ol lhs
thii lay$of rindblorvtrsand,sugscni"Crl'arararcntrd3.?00BPd'c
cLimat had drio and/or windlo slasons, aid rhh rics in wi.h rh! lad rhll kangroo !id !nu cgg shcll
rcr aho ibund itr thc rop lrycn orrhc mound,Dur ior in rl'c lowd laricf. Thn su#cns $ar whcn rl'c
nound besar amund 4,100 BP, rl,e rrea lrs rseiving enough noodqrrd to fillsemi p marentsRrmps
oi ar annualbast, bur th c qlnnarc bcca mc dricr, Nhi.h nayhivcbrcn why mourd consrud,oi $onpcd
10
5.5 The Dskiblrion ofArchaeorogica Maredal
of
archreologicrl material aronnd Elict sdlands also provides evidence of
Fo, exa,ntre sve,nps orshrlrowl,kes d,ar ii d,c.o rrctpeiod serdo,n,cccilcd
noodMler bur are sumunded by mounds gives an innedine imprssion ollow the envimnnenr h
.hMgcd Daling aiJ ddiilcd !rdtuin.rion ofrhcsc momd dcposirs sould providc significinl cvidcncc ol
Tne dktibnrion
envnonDrnrrl charse in such arers.
10.5.6 Other Possib ilies
lly incorponred, th.r en.b l.
Econnndion ofpo$ cnvircnmctrrs Exrmples i',chde lipids fiom cooking plan! and annnah, rcsidurl
srrrhs or $one orshellanef;'ds, and cnvnonmcnrel iidicrion snch as phyblnhs, dirbms dc.
Mounds and niddcns
I
lso .on{a in
orh
q natcnlk,
b
orh cu
ltunl
and rccidenra
ETHNOHISTOR]CAL EVIDENCE OF CALTUML USES
OF WEILANDS
AND
'/ALUES
.
rr.1 Ethnohistorical Evidence of Links Between th€ Archreology and Us€ of
During lhc 1316 cxplonrioi olrhe La.hlan, MummbidSee and Munay Rircs- Mirchell nored md
described mouDds locatql iom rhc Lo*er La.hlrn ne rhe Crerr Cumbms S*anp, ro bolo\e rltr
jundion orthc L,chlrn rnd Mummbideee RiveB and upnEin fidm thc cutrcnr locaton or Redbark
wen. d a place called weycbr. Thk isposibly ths liNt wrirci dcsription olmounds in Aunnlia:
atilitidi teatu't, tat ah'.^tJ hr 1,r il' othd pla.es, dishtEuishes th. lo.ali1t6
p'nrOalL' tf4 ure.l t the atires, ond .a{nb i,t the tqtD nonh ql b,Dr .Lry, at d\hd
red br tiE', incoa*ins. Ih. tot na" t1tltci.Irotit\ .l'rsinltl€i pnisia s, xta
la! the.toa.l bc^rc.n lar.r 01 hedtzd ,a".s: brt he,e |he,p there at. ra aona, tht
Ane
ahd h?.ohes het?t ar hard?t th.
it
'nar?
r2\'
snn ll hil ls San qtthen tletc:.
at&rnra l bh of heaps
ah.ir"t, .\ la he etto
hthths oI'?s?'nhlit'c
tol, n&r:.ka\ khs.h.d.h.d, \r,2 hdtf
'led
ou4e of dEes, hdd so lat (hdnltc.t ix bca, thd ke
*aD1 uvr! h! th. t^.'. trhith, i't
'e
hn.:he:rca.heda tottid.h., el: a|h.ts, tav vt. tthlotelin,t the tivetl had l.tE"
the d ofltle |a! &r\
hp?:sranh\a at1r1cn. t et', t|c li^t ol t'?se he.as, fis'
"ar
panoo*
thrtuda oJ tt
otahs
rle
La.htan
Nhet?
thjs
t^|er
oI
tha
tudb
nnaa!
M nnnfti.teat. I undctnnot th.t rhz Eata" ar b tn h not, *hi.h i: the .h4lao.t alth!
..ltntld dav seens 1a anskt th. :aD. Ftporc,
h rcl.
I ltncc th!
"atit.:ther?,hptqaftdi"th6e*ilnsrhen..[anil!otribtutlaselhtt]us..n1ed
the areoltheltaQtobe ib.ba...lMn.+tt t33e vattt s,st).
Unlonunalcly rhis k rhc only dNcriprion siven by Mitchell olmomds in rhc Lowbldgcc/Loscr kcblan
ar.r lrowever. he continu* b desribc mound! as h! tavcllcd sourh rlons rhc Munry River and i6
tib aries. n,cse dcscriplions arc lnl)ortatrr bc.ausc hc naks rhc point rha{ rh! motrnds lom a
chrmdcrnric rnifi.irl landscape fedtrre rhr! hc a$ociatcs with rhe reed beds ol rhg
Mnnmbidsee/Lachlm jundion. rhc Munay, and ns tnbuta'ies. On rhe Mumy nsd]ooLycbols*ai
ttea: evcttt o ro! t.Ei.n hejan s Thq st?$ der)\hek e\en undet thc e^, o)tt
d re ded bdt k fratt tE Janet al t he tut as lrt rs t aut d se.. rh? td.v dsh hitk qt t h.
rahva:, $ed chic1lr.l.t nnti"e the hthd tarbtrrh),anot.fatnda"bin:u.hr]a6,
agun' qpzrt?l in E,eat nrntbe( lMit.hell 1339 ual ll:13.1)
Torlie lourholrhe Muriy torrds Mt Hopc, nounds N efoundrmundlaks:
Or t|'e teeent sl'o,?.
\t
sa\ the knainr aI trlEe ,utiv. asLl'i
s
Th..\ w?rc al.l
a,.l
ave'ErrQvtl,bush.s,bt!tht)th.tn|a|n,iskkehadatemnlaindnt:tle'u,'Jthe
hnban or b l,"slt a not eaten bt thete natilr, an t ook"A in e'1h aE^ srn as lltes.
lMn.heil1339 tal Il:
lamcs
117).
Ki6y. dcs.ribcs his iinid vicw ofthc
rccd bcds.loorprdx and mounds
o.lhe Mumy Rilcr nc
rhel'st i'tdi.albh w sav oJbta.ksMslootpaths *hi lhq nndeEai"E !a'ddor'"the
r^,aside: and the seand \as he'E atd the,? aba t a ttile apa,1 lorye na nls qt u,1h
thra\tl uF. on e'tntinq tht'c
w Iartut stcdtt .aD"* .tt .f tha", on t rh taokitls
ai|l Jittl'a inlo thdn, dhavd'nounh
thd rzE ord: Jnr tuokins the rcnry ns (the tLot at 1]te
brh u:h
E r$ in the reen bed:) (Kitbr 1395 .23).
"hi.h
T]t eyesihes accounh olMirchdl aDd Knby a$ocialc rhc frotrnds wnh Nd bods aid cdokiig ol
4,pr, (cunburgt. Mirchcll uscs rhe windju.i wod ,/ld, and Ki$y uses the Kulin language .a,4,,,,s,
Nhi.h is used today rs rhe common name cumbungi'
11.1.2 ElhnohistorlcalEvidence or Plr Oven Cookinson the Rve nePlain
CordoD Kirby, bom around
In,t
l9l9ar
OxLcy on rhs
loserLachlan, rold this nory aboul cookiis inovsns:
?apt. ,nainb aok.n o"t ol.!aa^. wc .t lt t ka\ta,.( ana cnu, Eoannu:,
Thqril rliE. hok: litl it tith tnad
to'\t,'r, t.1!rtr1t!, oht ..ok th
.hd liEhi n |i'p t|ha'the\aodNasbnned,thq,dshavelallthe.aakaut.puthtlhetneat
tc.ros rn'lba rips.te r t..vs d rutatMad b E^'. i|.lt. D t
and tu\v ot t
'ith
the,Jillintheroprih
nh. dtnls wilhbisa inak like kancaroo or en , ther Dtishl
p t a hot lone ht i^ aoDnth to help rcak iEht tlrrush Thai qlet 2-3 lto 6 th.! d ap.r
the a\tn wc \lttn l rhan ol,1st n, tha,t.taJir
E xt sL^ trds d zdt Thef d hn1' ll'en' i'fide o 1, eash nEht. r t rl'e en fdt in, pri ur the
ends and.aak the,n in th. eatth ar.t (Idtlor& Ut4 l99a)
I ras
a kid,
Erhnohisroi$lsorces prcvide dekiled and vansd cvidcncc olrh. cookiigoflood in h.ar dainqovcns
rlong rlt Mumy Rirer md ih tiburancs. sone ofwhich is sumnarised hft. Eyre de$ribcd thc usc of
he rehineB rnd menrions rhc wclland planG crers (1.?,4,,, spp. Md sinikr pl.nrt. cnnbligi
(Tlpha spp).
btttila toot or ma6h clnbrush fra1rd.r,2,,1 sppI s aples ord'c Mnmy
^nd
(tyrc
thal
Rere cooked in ovens
1345 Volll:254,269):
^izom.
b n.le h .liusins a . hLrnat hole n $e ebuna qf a sit tunu?a"dtn'] to
ton',.h.ld n'r s fr?
thc.turdn,.I.lbathLtbatud,
nnde.v!r rl'e,h, sa as 1a hmr then' llto,ruqhb, d d)r rhe hole. )s eon as the lond arc
ideqt k, be tu1liti L, hd, t hr is howt, otut. Jbr.l the aone: rokeh, u"t r i tr itle
the notift oral
anin'at 1. be tua!?d it it be a tatEe one. a Jer tares. ar a handflt aI s'as, "t
at tha'
sprtn*l.il owt tha stona: in the ho .tn .'I the o\!n, or \tith thc rDitol .LPr\ite.l
tE
^
sawallrtlnlerithhotla"esthi.hhadbeenkeptIarthatp,pos?,laidontopoIit
hh
.avt.nfi1hltus,.rl.ard,a".lthtrthitkl!.oa1cdu\n\ithurh..ba.kir!,nctnn6
rat h r,id lht hrd ...1J rE .pn is ft!"it?d Jbt eedrn's Joad, a p'rps p incipdttv
.prtie.t k' weehla an.t s.t e kn6.Il1tils, thc rtc tu rhe \aht \"r .ennret fbh the
^ ord thdh nft vsdabt?: li?d tp
ttd?lt nd6, kht| rd Eras t tlatzt v?ns .tr sp'tud
in rna bt dles ate piled ar. thi: b the dt'al Farl d rhe oren rd g|as beins pld..A
obot! tha auain,.1D.lttus urwcd' ohat rh!wt, atxl.a h ote at|. h1trriig thc H h
the hmp, th"
mtnnent ararnd ite base, srad al, fllhts i1 p*atds What
"atifts
ahoul nLorhn'J: roveEa ll ull tour.t thc!.l.,tc a ttorg \hary!.inkd nd i, thte or
tnr .tillbrt ptoB rtEh t)t tth.le nds oj stas wed: ah.l Es?tuhtes, b the ho on aJ
1llt orst. Upon rithAa\9inE th. ink watct t patEd thrtush thN halcs thur tnark v.n thc
h^rke!o,e\ bekA rhz r.r s,zrs hha 4 .k^r.l old 1ht .pntl?s dnn th. rhot? ri tc .:
,tlfid, tuver€d |p .s fasible la k r ht the lean' ... tn.oaknis trEetables, a sn'Ele aren
r.itl !t11ik11)r kfte a fuh..htnnie!, each ottun E.erins rhe :un. bu .ttes olloa.r *tren
loak?tl, rhi.h \1'. htd ptt i't (b,e 1315 vol tt: 239 2t t )
ara
Or rl,eCentalMurry Rircrnsr Mormr. Currdesc bedovenuse inthe 1350\contadperiodl
p
the vona1, n\th
thtn ha ls
atul
s.d
r.r
rs
Jattan\: t
h
)at$titlJ, rrcapeJ a hoh in
tha? \ns lbod
thc roma, in
1a he
h.ked,
.lan1E so
.a1e!P.4,!l1ld[o1'.L'.(I.tl,.r2n6"o!onci''1h.:?Par1,
bano af n'? hate |ith than. tt d? \rt? D'd ri1h, thq qri.kb aE tr a qra jo hr
titryoy \ h ther !a'Nn*\, t1r, tuturhttc htut or hqh.t Tt^. htry\ tup ob.,n
tE :i.e
af d D'ah :
thr. rhe
haftatn of n'e Ltr.te heiriE
li"?d |ith the'n,
a
1i'E
Mr
th.)
n'e
^tue
n'ade
a
the Jhe had bn"t da{t,
al tett ana ., thc tE e.,r th,.w nar2 t,hvs oJ.tq
'rh?n
|ete
ta one side, and n'e hot enbe's
to 1l'e ather. 7he hole b"niE
the\t lda 1
'pnaved
th6 ttared "ps
oI ewlhnls
deept i1s loa ks d hot htra: oI dr!, thc lr1ttt \'4 t'tw"
thiah wrh etu!!, at rith leav: of d hd b Mtted pd\rotal, srun if posibte and \dt
ddnp?d \i1h -.1e'1 At nth np'p lai.l, nulhi pa.*el the aninuh ot tuat to b. aoka: that
tante analher roat rtE oI vet jlt?s nen the EtEin ir s turps ol hcak.t t taf, uh.] | t'.n t t'c
r rni"c d,hds rhet w)e oren ture'?d {ith a strc?t d b.,+, and an top ola l)teserasa
qnn iry oJ ean h l,t at hon ot tua tht.[oaa ra! tatNn ou1 rtll..oak.l d,.] c t.a lctrh,
1ar
Be'endge, rhe fi6r Eu6pc.n pasroFlist to o.cupy llnd in rhe 1350s Swan Hill, demribed hos ove$
.. s.wal loDi1i.s...s?h.1 a site Jbt theh La'p, rh.z the abn"dane al suw dnd alhtl
sa res allbod erjst ... the \yaares h\t,nenl so olJwilh ther !. ari.+: . th* beEn nith 4
ri b t \are a hale l u leet n' dianpta and eishlen incha d.zp Dninlt the .ltqsntE
af the hat", atr pkres af .ta! ql aboul the liz aI .in*et bath whtch ur. h'he.t atr ur.
atinb plaet on.,c \ittr. wh.h tr hato h^ h.a1 dts lil.jd U dpp, ir k ittpi d
hru:hed. t tirh sa'n? boushs, or a bt"ch of s'as; il is then ftted ta the top rith Jift*aod
('rltich nE \yoarcs had pttti.$lr tallccted ld rhat r rap, rr.h ||hi.h t|'e seliredpi es
oIda an taEitlb pk. l. rhe tnad is t!'en iEnited, and bt the tine i1is all b tne.l th.
.14, nadul4 hdre bn,ne ba*a, tnril thq at stul, :rtila to nreEtnd tatio^ .1 r'21hlM1bri.k: oJa Be, thq arz'?dhot...
,alt the hd .t.f ir
lnn the hate, the ashe: are ,ptttt! srtpt a t, a d a thin
lqa afEns stishb'prared
naisterea piatc.l a4t thc batta't, a nunrthcri.t6, t).h *hi.h
rh? prtpaQn orast',s are iE\ ra*ed ond then arcred o*r rith tnok .la"p sns Tha
hat .lq oAutu arc thal :pEa1l lquall! ota the t.? .1 rhe g.$
\ith ti. Jind zdlh ehi.h diEntu|, nne dn oJke *tatatia ... Bek)p the
rintlE.la!"odt16,andn'eba on ol$e hal. hat beaft c,haut1.n thc op.st|r a.e
rh.a tL,\ttt
h
trhrn t,e .a.kn's h.:
ha'
.anqlered he mvetins is sdaped ojl, d'd thh debris, turehtrtg
oJ.al.inenLla!dshesa".!btntearth,hetunuthenudarqlublattlcllon'I.r.Thn
pn..s hzi'E Epedted at shoi intatak, ors a seties oJ)uB, p.thops inde.lt Jar
.e"tuties,
in no"rds, rhi6 oE ,vli, blatk 6<hr d bo! u bdnntr ol
'?:rlb
trqrnlt
tla'
i
ev\ tiht tht .Eh k he.1ed b 'ppla.e nE u"atnidable \a e b
,Nstr
he
.runhliis, in can:ettt.n( oI the clr! heng $.d i' uh !,r,rtEhl sttz, it ril
'udiL,
!ec" hot rtlc!?,hat ds sn.lmt\, btt i E ntture Borts bo, oJnrc a"inak ti.h th*
se for Jaad, besides .ha'ua|, etc., tend
ta hdien the lrto'th (Rcvryrq4
'nataiattt
Morcydescribedcookrei',orensbiheLakeBenaneeaErrolhesourhr€iolBildnaldl
hale
n' he s,rrnd, a Jire
knt.led in , a .l
'ndde heakn thrbush a thin"as
t what surli.ientb
t4'.t .t rn hE Euhl
hlrh.hc: rr'2 plk?d o" the eones a1d the .ledned lsh a'4tllt la;d a then, and a" top
aJdllathi.klqa alEun b'anches fh. ald sins knae.t tD hor'lane to tuq th. a,.n
.aret?d p on.] thc.lilh canc art bertilull! c.oke.t uet \torz s?rron or aral pie.es ol
bo,+ to nleit tar,:ts rr.t h.nda mefthM'?i nedi lad ...lMotq t3t3 1t03: 45 13)
Tht
n rito .vz" e.t
J1.1 ,ru
'l'l
d
io
Uee of Heal Rera
Onrhere
hr
'
-
n
'rit
es tai.t in
Mum.
rd
:|'alo*
an
."_ Ov€n\
ror M6di
ina P-eo.p" o- L'e Rveri-e Pldin
be!" <*rnH ll.p: o\cn,trc'c!lou
cd ror
putnnaD alk.tians and fieutnten, thE ta*c u:c .'I th. \rp.t hilhx Thk th?r
1he last'ion af then avens, and the pati. x *atten pnch,tthes,te
.onetu.t.fid
tnamer as
a
jaint ahoul to be aoke.l (geva i.!:e, 1365:,4)
h
addirion dimp plnc lcavcs werc packcd orcr tl'c pit bodon'- atosu'n skitr doik sprcad ovci rhc lcavcs
and rhe pexon pbcedon this, rnother cloakover the iop, and ernh piled oler ihe rop cloak (Bcv idsc,
1333:31) OnlheLachhn Riv*medicin.loversw{ealsousdduringchildbinh:
The spe.tant tnatha ...tak6 hote(to a Kl t.l?n spal.. fhe aro ant\duA h1aFftpata
sur.htr ptor 4.rjEEnte att. r?\Ened hotz nl th. sta,t, t oD u toa l to eEht.t4 nth6
deep i'i t'?.a rc, ard dharr s^Jed h.namlb'trd 7h?h.leklhd'frttedtilhlithdrith
liEht, .tj'||Nd, mde ru4i b bc tEA
ra., 6 the laboo ponr b.!ttn. A: v'or a: thc.fitc
^ :.1, d4 ?n{.r teov.s tfu ,' rhcr'ttot. Tht
t.\ ,"'1 a"1, tit...h air
dhtl
'r"btul,
wnn" h tl'en pla.?d an the p'zs
a d r.t2ttd ttirh a posutn q..lBawl?r tqat:tt7)
" '4
UseofHerr Rerre'Ovensfo Eb@ Prepa'a o- fiotr Werlrnd
Krcm dscribcs rhc prcFarulion olTlphaar',vo4Jal rhi:zon
pai
e
rhoCcnt.lMumy, Ld\yb gcc
$idurr rumps orfibrc ir,cn
made inro neG Md orher dom ric anicles Thse neb lonrd 1l,e naple anicle ofban ber ed r
ribesinhabiri,,crherced-bedsrndd,osepeftswr,ertio,{,r,BrlNaspndu.ed..rhepo$.siotrofotrcof
thse DeB
has always bccn.onsidered ro hc a son
^raund. d,c
irso*nfl {Krem ll66a:r6l).
up rhe Mumy rnd elseNher Iogdherli i
ollonunc
ro
?lprd fibre prcprEd on the Lowcr Mu ry vm hrded
skin
vegel$les
cldaks dnd tugs, nds dnd bdsket, oilind
ro bg oicbanggl lorioneax$, hardsmd, setpo.s
and shields (Bemdt & Bemdr I99r: I16Il7). Beveridse d*cdbes in deraill]t prep aiionofnbrclor
rqlic and cod !s.d .xtnsivcly lor lincs, bdb, carry bags.nd ncc nc.i SMn Hill 1o rhe sourb dlrhe
Llwbidcee F1bflnrki,,B ro,n Typhr, nshes aM gientma or al'd iiduded lnitiare€mitrB in ovcns:
Ire Kumpun! rrypha Mr?//d,4 ,rot, jtnishas nE lbre
dntnn h a"ptqea ... ,fid
'koe
the nat n.aaked (i1 prad es laad as reit as j)ht), it is
nat dt ltp i o shatl sdio s
tath ,tot rak(1 Nqdotet!, the sanl pct..r oll, o,tJ tht ttDdrlJe,, tan\n1r,!t oI hoth
^
h la up nra u knal olat beins tarEa thdn a soad sizd l!, ad ttt.:e
taila atitL,!,
^
.. k. )zsi.h....rijkn
r?jtdld i, th! sho?..f4 itut1
k ot olbu tfin Nhitc rov .. rar.Itttt pd.k&] .nn! ..whs'^ abatt to
Nire, thes! to*
'nake
*not arc ircpca n \ztu fat hzlv hat's . turd att dnd :tnpd ttith ttusel :hells .. tied
up, a sDn nul hanks ita 11a\ hdnks .. are ntxted i'1a ha'd n uds The,bt? Rusl'
Lthc"^1 ?tunt.lir|t $hnh ths F,rtuk .l16...[i1
tlo,e 1. the sr aa!
posjble...ti?nih1abuh.116...sadkeAn'nkrlbr^?n4ldrha..ptm.li,iaho1r"dhd
^].u|a:
bakc.t .tot fat, hour\ . .:..dpn1E [bJ
:hctt: ... .J' ica . . ., anr th 6 lbtt tshtnlr tines
'rtNct
n"d nds de ndde, ds dlro nds Jbt lakks
du.ks rhe htr ...oj tEir n
tha sidnt nalta*...1)bt? x ntth .aa'ser...onb .tptaled lar tnakins ren thi.* rord ...
rc,+ed rp kb nds Jbr mpnrkE eh$ ... ajer th?
is tukeh arr oJthe.r." it
'dltar
bntised rith h.a,! ciuhs p'zriaus 1a ik tEeerution
a"d s.t ri,tE the mr neb^r.I
.ate
ttttlanlt oD ckhlt ta one htnd.c.r tEtlt: t.,ts (Btvcti.J:tt 1339.7411).
11.1.5 Buaals and Wellands
,4 trniquc isplcl ofrhe Losbidgee and Lov{ Lachhn is rhal mrny burials e located on rhe flat plains
rsay ftom any hlBh 8round Thisras li^r ioriccd by Mi.chcllin 1336btrtonlybroughr ro rh.at.nrion
ofarcbrslosish i',
r'r' Brulsch orrhe lta-v LALC during rlt carly
satcs Hay Plain burial trorcdion Oografrmq On an anabnnch ollhc Lo{q L.chl.n i$r BooliSd.
Mircherl(r$e:Jl 52) describcd a,rc*ly niscd hurirr ,nou nd otr
soutr,r. which \yas clcany suhjo'
'r people riRrls buned then pcople on'o
nooding. He perceprively points out ihar while the Daning River
highgtuund,rh.poophonrhispdolrheLachhn uouldfindnoheishBvithin$entrirory andhrd1o
A .hamdennic fonn or gmve
ftum
B
wa
os
Lrhlan Rivtrjun
up{'*n
idycnsdF (Ox Lcy) Mirchcllnorcs:
A, a.?no oI the ?latr,.bt at t\t a?ttau.h"n ie L".l oI tu.lr 11o1la\!, I Ftte^.1l, ut
:.,"2 tti\rd".e, / t.r"e, toneb hui.. it"zx.t.\rro, ?r.)) \i.tt, tht hutcti.rL !-,^rr1st,l
poles a"d tarse :t'ee6 oI ha,+, and that it aaod in the pntt .f a rtot o1 hdt? .d1h o1
t,r rh,tr lttun .i.rE4, rhc !t.Io( \rhn rh( o,?o ha,,,E
been,adeveryldel.ndtnoalh.thadlitnedabl,thatthistasatonb,...thelaot46
wilh a bed .f nshes \|hich had been recentl, oc.upie.l...thjs bed cowted a
saw..jhe rushes ||ithin that nlita'f tokb, tae actudlD the hishtl| bed of sane nn
thtt ettch?.l
tetatire at fiend of the de.n'ed, (embdbb d bntht), dnd...the hoE
th he'6] (i.e so{)
arn .huded... rntil o 116h .enairc an the b.n* :
'ht)
ata! (Miteliel I I 3 39 : 7A-7 I ).
Mnchcll includcs a simplified pla', of the ridses md bunal hur ( ronb') ii his published sork (Mitchcll
l3l9 vol IIrTl), hov*er. his derailed onginal dnwing olthe bunal hur and id€es is locared ir nr
Mirchell LibEry (FiEuE ll.l).
.aved
SinilugBvesN
e
aho found near.he
lowi
end ofrhc Mummbidgeel
snund rcat art cah1p, wl e seretal s.res, all acloseA in
oI eroti, the tam Ena&ahle dolble o iiple ridsa, as thase /i^t sen on the l.ru pot
oJ the Iahtan rhere wre three of these pa e.res aI ,ihg dte ..tt and wn. or one,
etiAenn! ke uo! E@t, the asha aJa trt aweared avet the srdre. Ai anather, thi.h
cohlained tuo sa$, (one af a smlt .hild) loEs of *Nd hitc.t rith |ory s'a$ wrc hnttr
piled, lransversel): a"d in the thit l, rhi.h rot to . .iut thdt the dclosi,,E vee batel!
rhible, the etuE had sth* into . s'asr' tollo* I rnd^laod InD the viao|| thal luch
tanbs wre hade lb.nen anl boys orl, ad that th?.rl,es.ra lhe n
af the pas.r,
heN ains.Ithe hrt, rhith t.d bm bltb1 d abdndoned, al a the
'tudet
n t'oe bodf nDs btrien bdealh, had ben awnued (Mikh.ll I339:37-33 )
On the rkins
ln
1346 Robinson
ee
rh@ similar gnvcs wih $frh i',ss and hds ar Tala Lake on rhe tnwbidgcc
ridses, h * hut tv fu hiEh, to,t t@1
Gnre... t. h ctut oftake...d.iebt sra\E,
'ajsed
insida,
\Dod?n
shield ... visited seand s.aE .. md.
fide nade aI bork atul db.t. haloe
in tade tuhm b,t ko ba,+ t,t dl! ald *aad laid an s'aw ... [,lnathet] ,lhcid srdv...
Figuro
fi.1:
Mirchel s 1336 Skerch ot a Bdiaron th€ Low6r Lachran (Mnch3n Lbrary Picrurc File DG -A6)
'-fi1
ar
rara 16k6, Lowb ds$ (cra'k 2
,:]
J.
u
7?:23===
Fiqurc 11 3,
Fiqu€
11
Kefir'. i 3s6-7
.4. Womsn rn
waierc
M.uhlnq,
Barranard,
d Munlmblds€
(M[.h3n L
Muiiuhbido.a Hrvar, 1360 (B6ck€r ln nppino 197s)
tary
Krelftt 1356-57 wareEolou ol No swes on Hanihon s $didn. lo*er Mudmbidge tulq, shoss
No blrid huh composed of reeds plrced on a nound and suroundcd by ! ren.e of bmn.hes (Figure
lrj). rrem (1366:361) .omen.s thai thc h!6 were mlde fiom btrk tudh up rhe Mumy,6ur reeds
rplaced bark near the Mummbidsee jundion. and tu her doM lhe Murmy lhc rccd huts $m cncloscd
with neb. A second *lercolour shows a substanriol rccd hur wptcd in 5 ner (Mirchell LibEry PDx9 l
23). Becker's 1360painlin! olwomcn in moumirs ar Bal rmald indicates rhal hdniom| buda| Dicricas
conrinued ro be caded out into 1ne hisroric period (Figurc I L4).
11.1.6 Paths and Wellands
P hs were subdantial pnanh! physhal feotuu refl@ting rhc large populario' on the Lowr Lachlan
and ln*bidgeo, also inscdbing lhc landscapc wiih neanins. whilenndine litdeindicdion ofpedplc on
the mid to upper Mummbidgee, rs he approachcd rhc Muflmbidgee-hchlujumtion, ston 0313:74)
cdmmens fion tho nunbo and size of rhe p{lN rhar led from the nver, in urious dnedions acs$ rhe
plain, I ws led to conclude, rhar. ot cenain seasons. i! is heft.bouts nunesusly frcquonied'. Miichcll
(1339 Vol Il: 30-31) lives a similar dNcnption 6 he spprcached ihe Mumnbidgee f,achlanjuncrion
lSl6j whatever reeds or polygonuD DiShr bE outidc, a.cdain sr!.c alonB
lrom rhcLowcrLachlan
the river, Nas almoi everywherc cled, pbbably lrcn ils consrant occuFtion by rhe Mtiv*'. Fudher
i'
membs ofhisporry rollowedthenativepath.unrilrheycametoabedofafinelake,
and they ner some ndive who rold rhcm rhat rhc mme of ir ws wercnbr'
(Milchell 1339 Vol ll:32). Thh is rowknon 6 Paika Lake. Ned Svan HiU on the Mufty River rhc
fi 6r paslomlns cornented that in 3 46; The Ii^1 indicarion ee sa* o f bla.ks $s loorpalh s which rhey
mrde going up and doM lh. rile$ide (Kirby 1395,23) Poths mapped oul the landscape and linked lhe
significa.ielensbi rhe! wet also lavtulordesi$aled{ays rd move around wilhour oficnding.
dolrdrean
aboui
rwo
l[lf a nile acns,
1
11.1.7 Wel6. Dams, Fish TEps and Weuands
An an.Nrml $ory dcsclibes rh. origin of r $one feature in Mummbidse ju$ belorv B.ldnald, rhis hls
also been Ecorded thoush oral hkto.t d a fish tap suegering somc ocks hNe been placed
delibesrely. The pholo below h ol rhc Balnmld nsh hps bken 5y clen Monh in 1974, infotunb
{crc Mr Alf Kclly senior and Mrs Alice r€ly. Ms r€ly rdenbeied lhar h$ aarh$ ond Crandlaiher
hrd raks fish aron lhc ocks, {hich fo6ed s seni-circle asos theriver(AHIMS 47 6-l).
Fqurc 1r.5Th€ Ba anald Fish lraps and Story Plac6 (Pholo lakon by Glen Moris n 1974)
Thc LoNbidecc/LoNcr Lachlan is mo$ly \ii.hou!
(w n..fi.l ftqtriBd
lor lhe
descriFons 3f of $ak. or brush lishnraps or
channek. These nnctuEs opented os lzrer nn back into rherivera
rnps, bur n'os
*ny
connndior olsone fish
bc..cd in .reeks and
\cns
On the Mrtdf ata Munltnhi.lEd nuntbeB af wns n !tu.t.d el s.plihEs vrr h,ih
hcriac the t^et bark atns blin.l:1 ia, on openins beins lqtr abo t rhe ntiddle, thtatsh
*hi.h \ht"th.r(trtur\t\'tlchbrt!o\)iolthenelt,rs:na$orth.rn
rh.lisll
"tai,s
lil l rEt. : fie .thzne havi s beins .losed, t h4l a ld he easi\ tdp nea
(nkKa inro th.
Ktby(139415)dcsribcs!h!Wcnbawcnbapsplcnakingfenccsor\rnsinrhecreeksonlheMunry
River floodplain neer Sran Hill,jus ro rh. south ofrhc Lnrvbidecc: !fcnccado$rhcscch.nnolsolrhin
$icks $uck uprighr.nd closc enoush roprevcnr the fish loine t hmulh, but lcavins r sprce ar one rde
M osncd such coNrucrc'l irlldtruclurc 'llshing wcin on (he numstu s .hainds shich conduclcd
ihe flood waters back inio rhe Mumy wcr olncd by indiliduah, a|d dsccndcd ro thcir h.i6' (Cuii
ls33:lll)Hobler(1992:116)dsoibcdAboiginaltcoplcfishinBwi.hnctsel.aoscreeksinls456
at Nap Nlp on $e f,owbidged Perch cauChr by our favounrc narivc rho rakcs lhcn in lrg!
qunrirics in rhs crcsks up *l,ich thc flood *atsnns by R inga ner asos .
DscnprionsofefihendamsaEfoundinthee
y lirentuEonly,a,ely, bur this nay rcfl{r the lscr rhar
rch ssson an'l cvcn ilscm by rhc carlics whiro comme droB,lhey
mry nol havebeen re.osnised. Dams may hare been usd to p reveni n ood\yne 6 fto'n flowiisb&k r o
rhc Muray Riv$ (BcvcridSc 1339, Knby 1394:35), rhus creding lighly produdile anilicial ssrmp
{osynems. St'n de$ribes a drm condnLcted on thc lower Da inER
thcy htdfrlde a \on. rhtuugh thcboughsofrhich rbe renrMs nnnins likca sluicei 6ut the tunli
pmsrcs of rhe floods ws sopncd by a bank rhot h!,1bccn erudually rhiown up alh{an de chrnnel'
Middens rre commonly ibnnd on river kvcsj bur rho o.cur !rcund lakcs and billabones. MiddeDs
contiin!vidcn.coluseofsltllfish.btrralsoconlainevidenceollidi,yabbieserc.Mitchcllds.nbcshow
peopLc due musels onr olrhc dry beds olLrke wrls.cn and rlf Lowcr Lachlan Rilq by digsing do{n
10mu$clssunivinsinrsandyirdtrm.probrblyashallosaquil (Mirchell(13r9volI1,66)
Robitson dscribe psople fishi.s aDd coLlerin! mtrsek ar Tala
L*e, LoN6idgee. nr 13a6. ard drew r pictore ('isht) of r lakc
mu$cl as hc srv rhd n w.s diffiren|o rhe iver mu$e1 (clark
Ru.h.n Tah .de:.end"d
thc
totp
ro a kt'E! uhp .h bunh, vnt rh'rnqh
aba t 340 nd^es altaEether ten, rinen a d.hildrtn,
btatk: p,Ee. said tona' fsfit'E
ttuphr... lctotk 2o0a:3 1) 2)
lar s|'?tk a,e
LtE? tott
Morcy demribs lcoplc fish,i8ar Llkc B.nancc:
Ir ola dr\ it nr\ a ttut)' riqht k' ranh the blu.k Ishhls o 1 a" rhe la*e i,t ntei' ba k
u,oes I hat? san d deer ar nn,e at a tiD'e helpitlE 1. drM t1,. nd bt.'ttx t.t1.1,
roturnn$ fith !!ao.l t \th b"t urtdll! rith poot ,en .n ... Equalb ftiniliE \2'e the
lshjrEnds ard hh.:, n'zs. hrit'e hlodeltuh thc ledsafaquoticptant:, kasdt out d"tl iten
.hewd b nrc *a p !"ril pli.tbl. .hd lt la h
, o . ..dtr. t.
to l.ok dr, hi qtit! inr€ c"otgh b ,atl arr^tkktt
tl"n?! ca.l \2ijlhns up b .isl d tcn
po nds. Ihe haDk \as . Jhh hah? harblE L itir.htz horh, ohtt tnh ttt.lt ntueh al?liance: l
ha,. nzl.htd th.n fdtthl efstt . tMor+ t8* 1ea8:.1011 t
l' i I'Bo'a
Marl,ess
Hay
nqs
o
(lli97:ll5
7)
Ce
el o-i"lEd'1h RJs.
dcsribs,i
! ccrcmoiy rhar lvas hcld on rhc Mumrnbidgcc Rivd bclwcen
.irrse ,ins viih a \aiscd canLctr cDb$k,ncia Ar tcls onc
dcrail
d carurhool, ryhich urilised
r
dnd W-ll€nd.
Borr nnss dc $ill in crisr.ncc 1n tlt Hsy arca (AHIMS). Bom nngs m .lso i33o.i.r.d
wirh *cllmds b.crusc olrhc nc.i ro lccd a la'se number olpeople for rbe dnnlion of.crcnoilcs, end
.lso bc.ausc psplc dcndcd su.h ceremonies lrom dh1an. arc6 and thq, tended to tmvel elong iven
complex
of
11110
Anifici.l wd.r sourccs cxr.ndcd thc nnec rhd people.ould urilise or.hs hng.b oftinc atr ephenenl
wcrlrid *ith p ennial phnB surh .s Typha or llgnun s*anps snh neiing 6ids could be urilivd
Prrdoe and Mrdin (2001) dcsqibc a Bn$kable series of ovens and two snill mounds and anc&ct
scrtre* locarcd in on ffea or tlat red plains south casr ol Hdy ind ncm an cxqavlrcd rcscnon dn
cLcvcrly.eughr rhe nr offfrom a slilhr slope in lhe counrry. AlIho!8h panly filled in nov ir is definitely
nan mide.nd dopcnds on rhc slishilyslopins hrrd red soilfor runoft Thc high dcnslry or'rchseoloCical
n!.qial ridicates rhar d,is leature besm life ts .n bonginal wrter rsenoir Jrn Klarer ftcordcd r
si'nilar feature 15 km sourh ol Hay. Thh s4€esrs thd iveift plains nay have a uiiqlo ltpe ol
con$rud.d lands.ape ieatuE focusinE on the cxcavdrion oflaqc waro rcscfloi's ro cath minMter
nno f lron hisher had red counlry
In 13.4i 46lloblerat Nap NapSklion noled rhar to thc nonh or I he Mu.unbidgee River, rhe inh.bir.n$
of thc exrensivc plains...dccpcn rhc hollos places in rhe Li8ntrm pl.iis, and dcpcnd rhogcrher or
surlace \yaref (Hohler 1992,391). whilD livine on the mnhen side olrle Lostr La.hla. in Nliyrmpdi
wirh snrll ranks.lhrt rhcy hu$ hdve cxcavarcd thiifinirc
comlry, Cancrcn ( 1905:5) frtquetrrly
labour, as the tooh
11.1.r
'r
'nervery bidly suned lorrhcpurposc'.
rheir coDnnrnd wtre
1
A signilicant ca.cgory oftee \.ulpri',! is locrllycallcd nnskeJ.Twobrui.hcsorayouistce\Yere
ft e ftes were
rcd iiro a ci'ctrlrr knot rhar rcmained as a dinindivc 'ring' 6 th
pRviously reod.d oi rhc MurruDbidsee Rirer.lnd are e !o frark bound ics orsnall lrnd osnins
FouDs o' pstiular evenb such rs bnft of a .hild (H!y Lo.rl Aborisiml Lard Council) lhk suRcy
extended the knorn dhlnbullon of ri',s trees ro borh rhe Lo$bidsee disrnbukry {ecks an'l Loscr
scmed tccs incLLdins canoe .Ecs arc sill a si8iificani cultunl feetorc alon! the Mtrnnbidgcc aid
rrwerLdchl.n Rivc^aid rhc Lorbidsee. Mrnylres had bark renorcd lor.hcdryiiSorposu'n skins.
lndrordthcsaDdshields.Thusintherc.s.long.hc vcspoplccould rcrd rbc tccs whi.h infomed
pcoplc abour llnd rcnuq sctiviries md resources. This suRey confimsd thar sorcd tccs rrc nsually
sellands such N creeks, ssamps eid hoth open \ard rnd shallo* likss.
Erhnoemphic elidence suggcss rhlr rccs rvirh dHight berd rnd balk lor c.nocs wcrc cumrcd etrd
ree t hat had a bdd i n i^.utk oI the |nptt 4t pt
rtt? to i,tjt z lha1
*as hishb pti:!J, ana ila,r t,Ilhe
dnr
s,"
1
"ihz
rm^h.a h, d.orh Gnry 18t1:1,15).
Morey deKri6s nrkinsolcaroes
d Lrke
lor,"dkihE d.a'oe af ia ba*
thq auid, {tatnJ ott b.
"ee,
Bsnancc
tuna6 eeE ol ha*, iripped Inn ldtEc eun ,!6 h"vil's !'rt bend i't t|'e hltn* thal
EaE tl€:he.t afbaft thc ncccrro,)j ctr^t '1hot|, ehds: this *as ]ttrtlh pltutd on the
E n hd d"d nicks ptt hside to kcrp ke b + I'rn .ttdhe bgdtrt)1 and .1h?^ la rrcp tP
I'e e ds r iE ru: lotkrnes bt l k, stlopt th? hrtk into taroe la,ln L \as o liltht iob
ta tuk u.iro. unh thr rrinitiE ea e la tdh.r'k, ot ta .ut a pasva, fun 4 hatton
innhdkke.. d t'e sil afa" iratanenas vD hishb P.iett uh.t n.x a
Jbr siqndl
vn ia palurul a h, endrksc.od till... (Mats t3t3 19U.14-41.) '?r.tn
Thz
,4 nngs ofolhsr rtpcs or sca6 rcsulrs iiom
shiclds bk for hnh 5nd bulh]
Ar)ans these h ibes tu:e|: .[at tanlrns
lu'npsans n h?e: (ED1.n Gihht.
ft
nDkin! of docp and shlllow dishcs or'coolrmonJ,
\akr *p
'1d.
htud. liin, hdtk, rh ipped lranr iE tLt
.1kelbunddianalwdznsesdd.t )
1.1
... hta ki r.Ishi.Ll: \t!'! tuAc, orc htra.t,l.r P,rr24i.h ugLnrt sr?r5, ntule ott.f
rcif thi.k hark sth driel dhd E1! knd, the .r l'?r nade out aJ toad, pD ato\ pdht
.lose lishrins rith .lrbs ar '"ulla. n1.: (hnd1 G'ibble Atou l althelarndatian at
Olhsr sc.6 mcthc rcsuhofsca(hine ror po$u'ns, eoemas snd
brls
natte v.ul.] .tuuiL tr Eu .L!.lot tc.2n1
s.rat.h6 a lhe bark
br asendj E pos
rhen *ith hj: tomha*, h. wotu
'nade
atutd, anhtq smil lefs
in nte batkjlrt l0.is ^:
tapulhxlaestnto R.achinlt th. ho ov
he woukt e'u n ine lhe !n, atc I.' ,ace: aI thc
r,at rhttc trr! t<t .."si! aj lut utthttihE
Opavut
: vet nutte,LK anl e )
to t9t. ,1
"
tathttttgc\olthcholo\iHew"ltlrl'?nttnherl'?holot!tilh.lonq$it.huhemld
qf
ruth the boda'n the hollav he w"l.l ba ab le ta Ltl i.l th! annrul | 6 "at hoDc " Thal
tatu,e tte ottt i.t. oI the,"a b li"tt ri a1d al k" ho t ht hr tre nt"d, h? w td :ooh.tl
n'n eh, dnd itr? iriE his ha d dtat ort br the less and tail the hne a i,nal, dnd killitg n
leEh\i or
b| bu"lttnlt n: hca.t igan^t the tec, Aot ir to tht g,.rhtt t h.rt seeh 6 h"t
^
tt'rlf..uchli'ilhknaD,tntE.'nothihz\huhl(Etre G'ibhte,4rou tafthelarndaia
And nom
Oxley\ expedilion:
suru, tnlaAal the ha^!' un.] ?n.he.l the 10 , r hen vJde .1 .rt tt.ttc tti\t b1tn,
. mrhtbt hr ha he, 6 .l d n lie wilh his hdt.h?r Mtl oilq- ||ith rom af atr
ltte ha'l
hctrtt
people
wd ia\atds the spot rhene
a,t ehu,lph1c"t - urn
dh..Erzd
the
hallot ,ank. ni *hi.h t!'e liile .,'nnal
the Hay
Phin(radoe & Manin 2001), and
Alet
a ti'ne,
fia'
t
taqta .tala,nil.tront
I op^flht
had laken reiEe
ras rcmoved
ro
lrtt
its
l'h
pn\ns (Cn
it:
kt4hdt
ards Riveron the sounrc., cdsc
cov{1he bodies:
ol
h6e pa E!:
th. sEtt, w6 itippedtrLn
dtdedfor (Ctt
bark
so ndprcteerled abo
a
t( aI yiel had su bsided d sher oI batk, nnrer ldtE.t tha
ntiEhboutn!! tu an.t Pkul ove, tht t e tart in a ratt\hu1
1833: 311 313)
R€alionshps b€rw€an Tl6Te l. of.LrF Co-slrJct€d Ld dscrpe
Thc con$rudcd fcaturcs dc$ribcd abovc fomcd rclsonshi|'s th3r rho .o'nmunicarcd infonmrion sbout
rhc l.ndsclps. The clomenh coisddcd fion canh, including ovcn nounds, buialfroundsand canh
riigs, rhc Frhs, rh. boE rings $d {ulprufti rhe nscnons. ,nd p
rclrted by a comnor m erirl rnd tft My thc mrrerial h nouldcd or sulpicd. Thcse leatuEs are rll
nadc by rhc cxcavlton orcanl fo'n rhc letrd and dclibcnrc sl'rpirg 3nd packi"B dosn (Manir 2006)
Erhnocmphy indicrtes thar soD,eoftlBe llaruEs sere DDde by nen (6ora ringt, sone nry have been a
jdinr lfaon (budal$, Md orh.n madc by rhc cffons of Noncn (houndt. Knby (1395:76) dcsfibcs a
SouI olsonctr linishln8orrhccadhwo*sonrbunaloi rhe Mu@y ncarSwatr Hill:-"hci rhc gmvc
k finished the lubras will*dk orshufie overir *nh rhcir fed rogerb*as dosely ir po$ibh rnd rhey
wcrc aho in cbargcofsrccprngthc!rca cvcry dly and nspotiiS it ror rEqks.
Thc
con$dd.d lmdsapc
\s
composcd by addin8
oncchnc
Io anorhq (Manin 2006), forcxonplc a
subnandal palhRry leads 1o rhe hur locrred wirhin the 3 budal ndses in Robinson\ dnRing (fi8ure
l l.2) Mirchlll d$c bNaburial wi.h dgcsbuihonlopolan ashhill ormound:
its unpte y ae
heDta\..] h, ettt,
at
\z^ irt
r^ible the ahqes oI a
thd I het.hrarcd
lottb, nurthetttndiotdthe La.hldn'tt.tti.1q^
a d th. Mnrar"bidse. (Mitchell
the
tohc k
1339 vol
ll:
119).
Both the rrchaeology and dhnograpby demonirde thaibe lerrures described rbove wse concenrnred
around scrlands aid rhar rhcs. coi$rud.d lcaorcs to8crhq wirb rh. naNnl f.aturcs wirh ancc$nl
nories fomed a cul{unl landscape Ms rhd
inscnbed rh neanins and ncmoryi md wN
toietucrcd, coi..prualnd and so.ialGcd' (Manin 2006)
$ft
11.2
The Storied
L dscapes Linking
anccstrd stories to the Cultural
Valucs ofWetlands
Thernc*rmlioricsinfominJncdlydbo rhcsocill.o cxtorrhcarqhrcolosicalmarerialardoneran
expLandioi otl.ndscal)c lnd imlonont rcrturs They desribe lol lrndsapes sucl, m rhe rced beds a'd
thc tc.h$ plrirscrnc ido beins. rnd ferto.es su.h as rocky brrs i. rbe rivd.nd rh. sh.pc ollakcs. Bur
they aho hnmrnhe ihe lardscape rnd provide conrinuit) bdlvccn
anc.eo6, aid rodey\ occuprnk (Largron 2002).1hcy providc evidc.cc ol rlt qay psdph oondcd ro
rhe laMscape and to each orhcr. Thcse nories exphin rhs inpdnanr ldnd$ipc .hanclcristics and acdurcs
olrheLoser Lacl,lM rnd Low(Munfrbldgcc. Thcy ralk abour rhc noods. the rccds. svamps,lasoons.
b illrbo nss, dc.p vricrholes, dE yrm plains. the reeles phins, rhe ro.ly bar d Balranald, lnd thcshanc
olYarsa Lrke nre), also rell howrhesbr] bsine! crcdcd rhc landsepcs ror rl'e descendant. and lold
rhem ho\vro look aftq.hccountryaid one anoiher by protcrinskin and sharins*nh kin. Thc words rnd
phases, niough tmnslarcd iDro a dificBn! languigo and culrurc, ncvcnhclc$
conD ecl ions psplo havc silh rhc lan'ls apc.
fin1iory. Ho{ rhc Nink.cn makcs rh! REds sos'a/irha Ynhr non dr Lower Lrchlan),lhe
Naikcln qar. crlh rhc floods rnd summer sr.mrh tlN lmrins the rccds, funh( hclping thc rclds
sroR by sRrching lhcn {ith hn bilLLcovlng rhc.oiih ii the !ens asr sisn olhis carirg for coumry and
rh. ncople (Marhess 1903). Thn sis.rh rhc imponrncc pla.ed o' rhe rced bcds by rhosc rh.r tokl rh!
{ory nre happy calk oflhc c.i.e invokc rhc elling d0! ofai.$!os Nh$ rhc Rivtr r,i hish nood i"
rhc sun'nc norths. rnd dr Rare,s spread out on eirherside orerrhe lo*-lying l.nds and $vanps. scit
by nrm b gror r Reds This iory invircs cngagcncm an'l ai itr$iptioi orthe sensei such $
ln thc
a
sound, smcll, *!m!h, !s
dimcnsiotr orplacc making. and the visMl
mnrcr than nakrirl'ronumsn.s (Lrnslon 2002:25,1).
tieiscs olrccds
and tl,e c'anc.
oflhs Ttoel.ss Pllins (warhi wsth/M h1 Mad,i/Nrd Nari fron
oicitr orrh. last teeles plri'N. rt riiq,ri rhe ha$t sent r whiiy*ind ro
scattr dr soLe fire rlrt Raler rar and.odfish had bccn sclfishLy kepiig!o lhcmsclvF Thc fiE {aned itr
thc rucd bcds ad slrcad to dr rl,etr lorcncd plrins, buming a1l rlt tEs (Cameron 1335J63). Thc
.eclss plains themselvs arc a n,emoiaLro rbe hask whd g.vc rh. dc$cndan$ rhc conrolorfirc. and
rhk hremlmbstod by rhc Srallon iamcs KsiKcn, Old Ker Kerird Kei Ersor the sourhenedseol
'Ilou
rbe rcople gor Fne rnd Origin
rh! Hdy Pl.in) lxplains rhc
ft
nory Burads of rhc Ctuar Y.m I'hinl (wcmba wcmb'), thc srcat Fm plritrc wcrc madc safc
lvo young bustrds who rhcn flcw up inro rlr sky and bccrmc $rn. They did rhh so $enpeople
.ould tLcd salcly on rft dcli.ious milky yams. and aE rememb{d by ths i!ft rh.r poim to rltr Soudrm
(,.1.,.n, ,?,rrrlz) B evendge 1365 23 24).
Cro$, and by rhc rnBnncc or rh c
'nyall
In rhr'ThcNbkcci Cnne andrhe cms'noryGota Yora from Moamr on rhc Mumyl.ai.c$ois sho
renr ro dE lagoons. billabongs ff svamps 1o gcl ntr$ch.ornayfish or ro dl8 ror)!/rdr. r Dlatrr w h'
rubqlilcasmall run,ip thctotom. wcrc bcing ticked and killed by the Nankeen. Ths Ctu* fr.dc thc
lrsoons. billabongs and semps safe by spernng theN.nkucn, who.ai $lLlbcscctr lishlng ror ciayfish
in these aRas using rb.long Llrhcn on rhc bock ofhr head rhat rep'es 1he cmw.s ji! sp (J E
Miller liom AllMorgrn 1905).
a tisli h'p.
srories explain rhe onlin ofrso lanJscap.lcdlu sncar Balnnald, rhc rcckl btr thar n
'lso
a.d rhcshipcofYang! Lakc, Lvhich isrhchomcofrhcan.stalErslcl,Nvk lnd,c Origi'ollheBrin
rhc Mulrufrbidge Rivcr n Brlmnald' la w hiwatli ioryl a lo* ro.ky btr rcms rhc bcd oflhc
Mommbidge! River, risiblc only whcn thc $rc!ft is loN. *$ rorned rmm rhe bodies olsnallboyr rhal
*crcdrclNd (Mrd'e$ le03)
ln
by lhc
(
ElglchaNk rt Lrke YanEa nory (M.l'r ,Udrl'i7,/,rri ,t/d/rt) is r veaion of rhc qidlspr.ad
Eaglehr$t rnd Crcw nory.In rhh rhc E.glchllk luiish$ rhc Cro$ rorbreakiis la$ by bun,i',s him,
ard rhcn spcmiieand drcwnnshim nrcnw rcturncd as r bid, ere* fearheBard Msblark. his syc:
we,c whirc iiom dr
oke olihe fire. This happened d a sm,'ll like bdwc.n rh. wakool 3id YaiCa
L.k., Bakanakl. fic Eaglchrrk nscd to ca'np itr a huge Ire by Yrngr f,ake, md ois a rhild itutu c
crrps rhe,e. fle pur rhechild hilh up in rhe rEc. h r6! child \^ rc$ucd by {hc Brc\n Trcc Crcqr$
\ o dropped his lirc iick inlorhcpipcofrhcrtoc.Thc rrccbumrdoL!traid rcll i',b rhc lrkc. aDd isnor
scln ds thc ridgc rhd drvdcs rhc lakc itr lwo whd thcwdu n low(H cus l97l:ll7). EigleL vk.nd
'thc
Crow noncs arc usuall)'
confined
ctus, mJ cxplain
ies rpreseNcd by rhc
sy
Elglcha*k
livins meaningto m,jorkidscapc
rcsturs (Mariin I999a). Yanga Lako.nd rhs likc noar Kyalit mc monumen6 crealed by th*e aNenos
rha! synbolise rhe sivins ollaRs ard doms ro rhe de(cndrnt, in rhis crsc ihc Doic!cs !n,t kinship
nnd lhe
1rj
rhe moiery and kinship
em. m \ye11as
Language aDd WetlaDds
hdilional relarionships \yilh serlrndsrho comes fon lanBuoBc so!rccs lncluding
nanss Yirha Yirha placc names from rh
Boolisalindic edd ihe deep \ure$ole\ in thc rivs vcrc occupicd by lhc-Bunyip'orsiibo*serDc :
Evidsncc lor peoplct
cunmrly uscd lhc.
rendn
ceha" tn r\prh rhetaheetih, a tdtnr nanrel th. Buryip: unp at hatk
wdk. Thc ,unk al o ac.p vatefiole ii th. Ld.hla \.he,e
rhe
c.,tnr!"aak ,1o' jttt canus, a natia an'el catd tyatet ...o|d d4r) \1 ?r hatt i,
L..ht., Rnu tutis,.Iktruitbo\|saptntl (t on 1903:206)
rhc rhree *ords conrain rhe sa e rod ibr mld/dep (drz,s/sar!,), and ,,,r' [,s,1] ns.ns \.cr in
Yirh. Yi!h!. Hoblsr, the fid pdonlhral Nap Nap on rhe LosbidEee. rcords i'r r3,r7 ihar rhe Bunyip'
or'*rrl?/i?hasbcci sccn...nca h.largcrod bsds. .rherc is now I sli!ht flood inthc Lachhn rnd n
the
is po$i6k ir has come onr olsone ofdrc sarerhohs rnd rakci ro rhc ral8c red bcdJ (HobLer 1992:332)
A dEw'ng orihc *t. /,rn by an Aboriein.l fsm rLe Lachlin Mrn'nbidsee junclion wN like aD
imncns tunh l0 recr long $hich rhey sry rrkes ltherl by
rcd and cab [!hcn]...1here is one in
'hc
Paik! Lake(Hoblq 1992:360) Thclrrslr,rrisrhelifeforeorsourceolwarer.f*red,powcrtut_bu.
resp*td md deep Mrei,oles \,fterprrca.hcd coftccny and accoding ro prcsfibcd nles Hoblsconld
ior undcd.aid thh..nd Ms rlwryr on rhe look onl lor'Burlip skeletons (lloblcr l992rll5), nor
unde,nDdi"s rhat the niibow scryc canior di! and lhar poplo's $orier rbour being ealer verc an
dlcmpr 1o explain ro hi'n thrr rhcy had b lollow rhe rules or rould bc li dccp rrcublc ilrhcy s\.m or
lished ii' rhewis nlacc ar thc rnng !im. or sirh rhs wrong pcopk, such rs Hoblcr shosc $nnscrs
smell *otrld upfr lhe ninbow serrenr (see Menri e000) ror e dt.ussion). Hoblcls dcsciplion and rbe
nlacc namcs lhrcd abolc ci.blc trs ro r*onirucr a 1irr1e bn aboui ho\y people percciv. w.nand
hndscrpes as the pmonificrrion ol carion bcings. etrd how rulcs shapcd rhcir rclarionship wilh rhe
A nemc lor rhc Oxlcy mca rcuodd by Mithcll {1319:701. Bid}c.
word for warcr, in rhis crse il has
maybclclaicdlolhciamcseondpanoflhcnantMmLn6jd!ee.shich
'Mar'rao'n b?e jt At timcs (or ofren) has ovclnown, o umcd asidc' (Richmds t902b: 136t. The *ord
Kalyrrnowused lorlhe KalymSCA and Nrional Prrk ahoconsi',s rhc word lor !d$, in rhhcasc rhc
Anorher place name found in rhe projcd rrca rhar dNcnbcs worlmds is the name ollhe Grcar cumbuns
s{afrp, Bhirh comes dirccrl} ion rhe Kulin lansuaees (we'nba wcmba, Mathi Mllhi, N.n Nad elc.)
(Sronc 1911:a&.a45.), indic.ring rbd in rhe cany paionl period rhe
Nord for ll,pr,
semp conoined large amourh ofTypha as vcn as rhc co'n'notr rccd or Phragmi.cs. Th. n.toc h. Lrke
!lmo$ d.iinircly .oncs lrom rhe Drme ol the laneurse group of d,c oxhy arca, thc Ylha Ynh!,
somerines spell ro la in eany recordi,rss Tllf is tror rhc r€dirioiat pt.cs nane, recorded by Milcbel],
bu{ lcarcs!h! lntn$ionlhar rhc 1.ke *as a rigniri.anr caDrpins phce orrbe Yirhe Yirho pcopt. d somu
ie t!,,r,e
timc i" rhc
ll.4
cr yhistorictsiod
Wetland Lnndscape as ldentity
Robiison lndi.!!.s rh.r in 1346 on oDe ieveL tbe Feople verc na'ned by rlr rypc orLvcrlord or ionwdlard counrry rhe]' lived on, and he nrkes s disridion bcrwccn .hosc th.r li*d in the reed beds. rhe
olciwa!(lakcs-and\dodlinds.WbilcarTalaLakeontheLowbidgeeheiotedrh :
Utonsu bla.ks D'ear reed bla.*:. tibnl ne"s th. bootkr.":1 black, na
'E nrnsu"E atz the fte.! natiw!. MEI ate tho:e bel.,tgi1q b tht htdh \ra
b.ohcture thc lake hqtitt:oftletic' ttl tlzte wane(Cld t200av.l5:rt)
keAs...
$.
the
'Eunutrsunscnds\dthsd,s.n,ewembawembrwordforreeds(Slorel9ll:,1.l4),andpmbablyrhe
name lor reeds in rhe relded lmgtrages MtrrhiMtrrhi.nd N.ri Nan lrom rhc projerarc..lt NN pdccivcd
thal thosc of.hc Ndy .ountry and .ou ry rvithoui reeds lired differmly Mlsll (or Bde) n rhe
common namc for ,.?.i, ?9,r,/,, rhich lrovs on rho Hiy Pldits (Poncnss 1993:51). Tbr'l.kc
ndircs'boloigcd ro tho opon $.rorlakcs su.h as Yanga ond Talr, no! lhc rccdy suml)s
Curdcscibcs
i simil.rdivision ifrones
lhe Baigdlng lYoro Yo!a)on lhc Mutra! RivqncarEchuo,
ro thc sourh ollhc Hay Plain. Hc sugecss thc lan8ulgceouD sas dilided into so soups accordinero
rhe lype ofcountry rhey occqied and th.r this influenced rhc lood and lils$ylc olrhc pcoplD, rhc rDd
bqlpcoplc liringa frorc sedcntary llfcl
stuions tnlu \hn+ RarycaDE i4 .]ide.t Th? Tat..dntuh w
aposkn h linspapie,\'hilst the Vonsatpan livedthieJDa"lih and'nots. Th.
principal hob at olth. wanEi@aD na: the tt nu, whith (ot ,v\) o @4' hi6,blit
^1t,
dt!ta
^
t..otiq. rhreepl,oftteitlb../ti:1eti'|srhabudae.liha|setdo'nlelthebatks
afiheMt,lqadth?sa,npsandttedbedsafitsinttedkteri.niiDlcu,1 l333:1At-lII).
li
idenrified rhenklres by mDi"s rhe
Ngiyanpaacountry ro th. nonh ofrhc tnrvo rjchlan River,
r then courrry. rnd could be rddresed 6y ihe namcofan'nenimponanr sMnpl
sya'nps
Ltr\,
.n ?d dsdiasaJsnnps allaJthi.hrrutdbeadjaa ia on! another He
rhoutd'rdn
th.r'run6 as hc .aw aDto the tcr,toiiol E,.unJ arn ht hisht ro1,ltilnd be
a.ldr's.d t^ the ane af n'? ,noe itrran a one(Be.ket te5e, Rad.liJle Bnr'r 1e)3:1)4)
l1.s ManagingWcflands
Erhnohisrorical rnd rrchaeololical evidence indicates tLdpeopleon rhc Low( Lrchkn and Lorbidsee
also danaged rhe planG and aninals lound in rdland cnvnonmcnrs, thus inro'lucinB lnorl'd lry$ or
relrtiotrships wilh rhe cultural landscape (Mrnin 2006) M.ny srhnogiiphic sorccs dc$ribc Dpr,
Gumbungi) rhizom. as a majorlrovldq or rood rid frbrc oi rhe RER
end ns dburrries to the soufi On his 1316 r p dosn rbc Lover La.hlar rnd Lower Mumnbidlee
ror rood and nbrc
Rivns, Mirchcll rccords rhc impodancc or
lagoons and lMmps A.cording to Mirchell. mounds. cooking ol
rhizomes, hish pdDuldion
densily ind rted bsds.rc synonynoN:
Ij,/',
4r'r.
r.kn,e q tie
oJ d t.'\?
.r b 1,1rh, thith stet h d lD'
'i.r
'?ul
l$aa ha'd br and b shadrs ne har the nalfies e\ a.ted fun t)te rhinn a qudntin ol
sh .n; . , nn& nc that trr Etttcn dii.h thq .a Bttysn, nN ba the itall!,fhlc torh.
hibc! inhohitihE1t1c hon6pt, rhe'? h rrti. d.thd nad:afhrn. bekssw)? D'atr
abrtuJant rhan at at! ?u .I t ht Lthlo, t hor I hu.t v,s r..t ( M th.x t 3 l 9 tt l II : 5 3)
fhe ?tinceat
laot ql rh6a nfiahttanb
of rhe Kala'c
.t Lothlh
oprtut!.r b he
td\.h
,
th n1bantu,.\.lMd eored o1. nb omrtl?da"o$ pl."r ar btl,ash, s'ayit'E ana ca
thc tt.il:... Thc na/nu ltant' tht a,o^ d,a an! thtD aD thln hetut\ in Etuut Lr,tthx,
irhk.pi.i.lre|
... 1d..2|hk wr ohi.usb t'eir thi.f laod dnonE th? tna8hes
Yoi tt : 60 6 I )
...th! tolb Drotn.r: oI bu.nt ttq', .t tut tht tr^1 tj th.:e h.aps, n a' htut rh. d"t af the
.hdt.d?r afihe
l.6t rt ! t iownq, rlohs tt L.thtdh, n err rl'k riEr p.'1.ok oJ n,e
'??at
Mtt rnlbidsee. 1u dsitaad ntat the Bdl.yan ar bultrch tual,*h;,.h h the.ltiellbod oIthe
,ativs that, n pk"a&/ in thos. kitn:, ''htn ala tib o..tbc a'c taEcthet (Mk+ttt, t33e
(ttil.hell t 339
nr
ftedbedson the Mumy ro
,??ds
rhe sourb
tow?d. \ni rcsid
aE described in the $me sry:
belorc
6...
The
lol4
ltillr aft]te atrres, tsrd rhielt, tar
r':,th ttutcs ogaih qr.d,r<l tl Etttt
ash
tuunrte thc haltth L' huh1t'h), u h.t.lit,tt.rlt
,uhlh?rt (Mithe tst9 val tt: tta)
Ths vic.onln Pdcdor or Aborigines ceoqe Augustos Robinson conobomies Mirchell\ asumplions
'ThcssflnDy d reedy country on nr Mumy ethe spoh mo fEqnencd by rhc narives.l visircd rs!
ol rhese locrlnies and confcmd wirh larye p rics ofbld.ks. Wild fo*|, fish, and cdlblc oos arc in
abundancc. {Robinsor 13.13:1219). $d thc,oos ofrl,e bulrush and lresh Warer Mu$k (unio) e rhe
Chicrsuppons olthe AboisineJ (Robinson 1346:306). Other early desriprions oflooking ol l?rd in
ovens and momds on rhe Riven.e Pl.in indudc B$qidgc (1365, 1333,1339), Calns (1359), Cuir
ll33r). Knbv (13e5). Krfi (ll66r), and Mdhe* (1389196).
,|loDErtlc
u.
t,.r
pr
htl: ol lhe MlnlthhidE?e.
ar la
|hi.h k la.dlb h1o\,.r 'Conbtnsie
rollatcd
b.v
therLtnen o.la snnll ta,nnttn
!
d
L.thla" Rnt
slt .
.Ihe:e
s
nLL
a
pld sn$ pnjEb
b be r ed p and
:eA
|Mathe|| 1339.396)
conp 4r (he not aI the buhu'h..)... at
tp br th( tutlo\ (\t!hu) eith theit
'\tE
uhd
shapel
tike.dnr^...hot
thlike
I'e ne.l afa potata nla tuok?d
krntnkr lohs
lht
Srone ( 191l:,144-,1-,15)
scvcFl wcfrba wcnba Glnc lanBueBc Coup as Mathi Msrl'iand
rhc
ercsl
ie,nes
for vrrious prrtsrnd *ases ot ryr,r,i
in
RERP suflcy
Rusttcs,
t'ot stnbn9 lho .nhh.,
Ru'h.a.t d.J)
Rah t d lotd)
Rreh
t
d
nLm
.hh
rej
is
Nar
Nri
d?tit.d frrD' thisl
lala wt.t har Eah?) Na'entt
lala rc.ked) bo. ikh l6ed 6 kad)
(otd) k4id
Jibre)
jflk
InMdnion Bevendse sircs the nane for the sprin! shool of4?r,l
thc
1 he llarer i.n oI thjs JtdE
atsa eat.n vhal !au"s; d laot a' tiEhts nlh6 tonrt
^
^
b.!
ttu no!^et ot! ct!e,84 rdtioth r, uhtl n1d E1oE.ontuh
Ihltis'i:e...
spen naE? il jsldrQdb th? abotiEinesioo, lBaai.lse 1339:19 20).
ftis sp DAup thtuugh lhc trarousually by rhc sd olA!gu$,!s rhc scathcrrmncd, end when ebont
root ii lengrh above th. vricr ir was pulkd w rnd errcn ras (Cai.x 1359150).
Thc orherco,nnmn rcrm lor l,prz in rhc rray Plain arca is rhc wirrdjuri word for the rhinmer
no6 of the 6ul1 rush. Who, or shi.h is made covercd. (Ihe edible
is cov*ed ryirh
pd
'
'rdl'r,,
.
rtuik)
(Ri.haidsl902e:lla)Theatincof?l?r,$asigniiicrnrfboditmconrinuedinrolhe1900\Maryrcr
Tucker was bom in 1904 rnd gftw up a! Malogi and Cu mn.ngung! on thc Murmylid Moona.ulhhon
.hc Erlwmds Rivsjus.o thcsourh ofrhe Lo\1bidge.:
'wz dte rtu tuo^ .f rn'\ plans 6|e.ialh tl'e dtnbrnsies crofi"E arrund the nalu,al
yctt nu(h
wt.lnles ar .,eek The
vrc thi.k an.] *hen toakal n hat
'rot
^ha
t"j.r'al. lluc*et 9 7 7 : 3 7).
F,o'n erhtrosmpliic evidence rc kmv rhe reed beds were ryienlrically fired and 6crc is rie olhcr
cvidencc 1o indicarc rli! rhc rc.d bcdsand ii rlni.uhr D?r, ss mlnagcd or'erowi'- suCBcscd by rhc
P.cpa Pcrcpa dcfinirion of l?1,: 1o,gcl -planr gown in sM'np roor carcn by blacks (Nonis
1399:l0lr). Fnireol?l?rd rs a forD olrop mnagemenr. EyE described ihal or tbe Mufty River
4pra Nls u$d morcorlc$!tall sc'sois orrl'cye'r,bur it n besr
&ps have ben bud ofr (Eyrc 1345 volII:269). nris quot Aom Cains, luided by Bev*idle and one
of his n ive eockmen . also hinc thd fte *as nsccsrry ro kc.! (hc hprd opcn ({hich would nakc ir
casytohrncs) It susscss rhn thc recd bcds chrnged i', nahrc becon,ins n,i.k and i pasable rft(rhe
(hd rryr,
advenl oldr pa$oralera Rl,en tnditionrlmanagemeDr merhods *ere alleRd.lt also
'gge$s
Rrs rffecred by fro$s, *hicb inprc*d rhc cndgylalucofrh.clrbohydrurc:
t fl sun aneotb ra b thc linc thc Mtta tut.tc, and tn'arr s'en unlit tht
^ ton. tr nd, n|'a1, bercDEs qtit. btun,and, if otde ta)rdfifrr,tu n Esso
J)rex
tntil lht wtns shet :prntE kp rh..fa]la*iiJt :easan: a .l sa i1 [oa on.trrD ku to yar
ur1il it bec.ne' v thitk ut tu ht ,rtatun\ b tt'e tt' ln^ tuhAltine tht e). n.|q,r?
stztpr dn l in'pasdhle la ia.k, thaek,p 6eles ar r.'se thdn thal lcdnas 1359: 34)
1
lprd
*as nol rl1 ftcd d once. bur in ssdiois or srits, amanagcmc
for harvc$in8, dcsibcd by rltr fiN pany ofnrdonlish io enier the SMn Hill ma
prcpmcd rhc
l?l,
?tdtlhkst6ji rh'ils d
aleate.l,t thedista,crhek tha bh(t: haa na1buD thc
ful.ls oIrip. r.hat: and Dcctct, trhet! thq
the a?puran<? olo srto&]i.t .hp itt h?|brt ir ah( into n1 No dtiD'at afata des.tirtion
\as thae ta nanple or b'uk .|ov the bu tilul tt.^ rhith, in ,r\t i^bhr^, Erat trr L)
kn.feet hiEh ara.rk,tca ot an r@,!st J,rhl u h.tlh u nile ar hotl \ides.J1t1? r^2r
..lthce fttu at!4.vt"slbt toakit's the nD'pLnE nh? not afthe b h16h *hi.h crots in
,?eds. it laoked like larye
rlt
b?dr. lKirhr t395:28)
Manasing l)pr, included rh. physi.allspsr ofdlCeing or pullitrg up rh'omes,i snch $ \vry as ro
.n.oung. rhc riShr type orgrcMh The expenence ol r pullins up rhinms ar Rrvcns$onh Lrkc
irdicftsd, ir \yrs necesrry to contol ihc lnwth of 4?r, so ir did no( bc.omo na!.d did difi.ulr ro
.olle!. A combination orhancstirE rcchriquc. firiis rnd *ater contol conLd encourase this. Wder
coirol Ms also nec*sary lor lhe grofrh of 41,r,, aErs needed ro be flooJcd otun sough and for long
enoulh 1o allo{ gmRlh ollhg ctup. Ho{cva, Nhcn lhc laro dricd o
ir wm casid !o haflc$ lndrhc &,Arrl.erbohydmte chansed to r noE en sy rich food
'?2d
may hNe also bcen hanesrcd prosE$ively m shallor swmps dicd ou! in s'cccssidn lid Nas
i'nponanl in manhcs thd arc subjs! ro psnodl. lnundationJ (Eyru 1345 vol ll: 269) Erhnos'ephic
mid $nner rnerrhe s*amps dned
dss.nprions indi.d. rhar it sas
oul, *hen irNas refttrod 1o as r?,,s,,/l (Slonc l91l). watr monagemem ro eirhe, hold warer in or drain
nrs tft ourlcr olr Lake or ksoon'
$afrps colld halc bcd
(Brough SD,yth Vol l:201). ry?/i, providcs a.Jnss of impodm! rsout.s, {hhh \ould hlv! cxrcnd!d
ir. is imponai.c in thc anilrl cyclc The natore rhizoDe provided carbohydnre rnd fibE, rhe young
rl,izone shooh and sprnrs or e ly !'nmq floRcr ncm shoo( *cr. clrci ru! !s a salad (Bcvcndgc
1339:19-20), rhc havcs wcrc uscd lorbcddiiC (Mitdrcll1339volII)r'd rli ching(risuE llr),lcrvcs
ro nlti'rB rnd wnpping food (baked clry $ith hafimprins iiom tbe excrvarions, M.nin 2006). dnd
posibLy rhs pollcn whhh may also hrvc bccn catci durinc its shon season. Mapped rnd neamed in
ovctrssi'nila' rotu Maori yle (rrendersan et r1. 2000:25.4 55).
n}rr,
u
adricved
plrnh
ako have been mrnaled in r sinild n.nnn such as bmill! or mmslr
'nay t I or .,/z/i?ri, rhicb \yrs rn imponani food of Lands subjccr ro
sh (Bolborch.ln$ tudn
fioodt (Eyre lsas voL 11,269), nuy also hNe bc.efiled lroh finng lhc .lsd bcdf, rltho4h tro
definilire records were found in lhc dhnoeraphi.lircnturc h mry rko have betretiredfmm rle diggins
of rhe u ndergror.d coms, *als nan rgcmcnr, or lovs hsl,.rr,r,?.!.clwlronbbotrs) s's probrbly
aD impon.nr food csourcc of wcrlands otr rhc RERP surucy arcr. rs ir sas on d,c Munay ltiver near
Orhcr reuand food
c$b
rtt nht
k^ tr'ht trtl6trd oJD'. v hthst ol ahatt dn in.h a"d a ha[]oar b tlafar
in.h in.lianettt: rhc tool ofaht pthl nin|rtqre 4 )ie]d6 rd'\'ntbds.s. hdlhint
nE \ r \i|t .o"1.ir1. rh4 ar? bak.d belat? beins u1 t,atda'polaslttavtnh^k
v'a sl * h appean .c td nlik |hat t tetn .l a vu'er /\r't. Tht), dr dttrl tanoDl
br tt'z dtirc: lEewidse t339:24)
oj
Bcvtridgc indicatcs thrr trqlo.ri, was 6aked'or cooked in ovens,and *as rhcreloto probably.ookcd
in mounds This planr mry hNe benefitd fton digging rnd sprcading orohc6, or Mrer manrce'nert,
btr. nol firing Ir icids to bc foun'l in lrgoois and lekes, bnt can ako gro* nr rhallor $vampr rnd
noodplain envnonmsn.s {Go 1932 62). Bcvcidgc also suggc$s .h!r nonnvcrlad plans irrisarcd b}
noodNarcr ptuvidql scasonal food rha! supthmcNd rhc sdlaM plrnk: nre so* rhisne, dandelion
yon- aid r rcroil $hich srows on counbylhic| at rimes is inurdaled dunng.henrtspediv.sc.sons arc
consumed in vrs qu! ny'(Bcv$idgc 1339:20).
olrhc Tchcl.ry I and Rarcissoth I nouids sft evdence tbr extended penods ol
say ar thc locrnois ofdr large mounds found beside *erlrnd fedtrres on rhg wsrh lidc oflhc Hay
rhin. Living closc ro !h. wdlrnds was o dncd rcsuh ofrhc nch rsourccs. but such cLosenes $ould
cnablclcoplcro maiagc- qtrrt. in ersc,rndobtainmorexrciknovledgeol*ben1ohanr$,orhos
ro cook or prcscNc plark sucb as 4?r, dependins on Ihe mrure of ths cmbohyd€rc conhincd ii rl'e
]l,e npid
buiLd up
plant. The specirlisr kro*ledge ofwdhnd plmrs may hrre
rl,6 Creating
enabled
suRivrlrhrough sersons {hen food
New Environmerts
ner cnvnonmenrs a.d *lcndcd rcrla.ds Ge rlso ll.l.5 & l l 5).
Thc.onnrucicd Irn'lscalc ofnouDds. n'iddcrs, drms, uc,F. rs \rllas firi"s rcgimcs. adurlly prcli'lcd
nes hrbirah lor ibod resour*. Levees w e b.er.hed 1o lomr r* biologicrlly produdive noodphir
$vamps rnd fish impoundnenh The comncnrs m.dc arumd 20 yea6 rner rhe idrol the prsoral{a
indiclrc hosrhcTltha li rhc @d blds quhkly beanc r sielcd ma$ lid rhr oob roo mlrcd ro dig
our easily.lhe rrpid exrft(ion olsmall mammalspccics or Ihe ltiverinc Plains anqpanomlist adved.
hay also bc dnsclly toldled ro rho.hdrge in ldnd naidgcfronr, nrch ds firin3..s rvdias lhs inrodudion
of shcq and crtrlc. Mo! ds. ashy dcposirs aid middcns aho ronhcd landscapc rcaturcs thlr acrually
prcvidcd h$ira$ loraninrls thd would h.vc bcan orhnise m.ble b lne o.lal8e are$ ofrhe had
clrysoih ord'c plairs. Krffi des.nbed rhar li th.1350\ hilb,csttrtridlcd decp i'to nouidsend Lvcrc
Thc managmenrofwclhnds crealcd
nt tun\ oa.it wi& ?|an^ .. t: thi Rabbil Rat olkn prcIar lntartg thc jtt ut.J
a uhillsi.le d ddshillr,ewnafdwo sliEhl lldztiot, e olten fl'e on thtse *lsfive
pla rs it ill :orctnA hippcn, thal th. Ptn'talu lakes a^uta'te alth. rour.l nn.l
ry.n u tertktt htatk Jdkn\ Eru\r, NtidkE Irr itktl 4 httbrdio
]m'a bones. ...ifit lakes a^n"tdqe afne tbnrd it is onrfu rcns'i?n.e sak" ... hs
,,aa
lte\t' is vzrl Eo.t eat 1E...
deep. and atrenla nd ninhdbilea(KEIT1366b: I5).
The biseer mounds cxpanded Ihe habirar alailablc for spe.ies that \rrc iDpona food itcms, and the
rctoal buildiisup ornDurd\ may Mve been seen as a*?yro lnn.ov
s$zmps This descriplion is likely 10 reler ro a1l mounds nol only thos connnded for buriak and
.rplains thc prcscncc oran,n+r/ bllby skcLcron in rhc T.hclcry cxcavarion, rid numcrcus ruinds !id
coprolnes in borh rhe Ravens*onh and Tchelery ercrvarioDs Bons and tedh 6!m die excrv bns
iidi.!t. d'et bilbics, nb, rcptLcs and po$ibly bandlcoo$ inhobitcd rhcs. bie mounds, prcbably coexistine sirh hnmaDs aM supplying
cena ri'nes on dr Hry Plair durins dr 1330k. mbb s
cliimcd rbc moutuls and foundtuidymiilo homes ind soonounod thobilbceGiO'lNirson 1950:3).
lbod
11.7 Seasonality ofUs€ ofWetlnnd Resources
s
rvoirabh in rhc wcrhids. Mirch.rl
desribs rft hre summer errly rintrseason *here psple *h e l sely existins on Ihe mriurc. tircd
and ftoncd Typha rhlzon.s. Thcrc $as a \!idc nngc ofrcsoufcs avail.bl! !xcel i! rhc hcigh! of ths
spring fioods. in dris pcriod pcoplc ofletr tbuid food difi.urr io obran bur rh.y may hrvc prcpand for
rhn by prc$rvine Tlpba and olhd roos .nd posibly ilso Eas lid ic&ir seeds (Bemdl & Bcmd!
r9%) cmwn Lrnds cd nnrditrs fo, rhc Mufl,nbidEc. rerff io rh. vcry enxioN psiod shci thc
nverandcreeksrenooded (Bingham 134673)rnd abotr r lhe monlhs of JL y. Atrlu n. sepremb ,rd
odobcr. *hctr rk wrrtr olrhc Mummbidscc aM Mtrrnyrrc on rhc rsc. rhcy src trmbh to procurc atry
fi:h*1, *tr, and ire fored ro $,bsisr on mob, hel6s. sns seeds, tunsi &c, (MrcDonald l3s0l969l)
HobLrfs'n Nap Nlp also sarcs this \ya3 a difllctrl|im. on thc Lowbidgse: rheivsisins rgain.. Tbe
blrcks aE dunenns a6ou1 heE in considenble numben...rhe fish do nor 6i1e sell in Ihe river ard I
Lncy.hcy lrcsofrcrimcs huigry ycicrday I obscncd som! gins prcpdin! laes mAscs olrrdpolos lor
rood by pinchiig ofid'c {on'rchs. .rhcy rrc ora h€c dcsoiflion of togs rlrcy havc bcci fca$ing ulon
ro. soDdimes pNt (Hobkr 1992 l3a5i6l: lzs) Ilorcvcr. rft d,c noods setkd rood war
rhk Dx, h: olth. yat aKk cElrs ctc pla fil 1p.tiall! r.hot tht d"nual
in in th t^d nL: hiEhzt th.,.).tit|ury unt i,wdt,t h"d1rIh tozt q ui). tot thL,
rhe bia.k auck\ ot/J na at'J ntaie re$ in hallors at.ta*: aI th! sktn tnnber, a".l nte
nutiv.! *at r.r. tt.i.tah.!: at rr.t ntikrja th. hr6 u\ tt,4 lase.t, then tht hi \
Dutrtlt ha o'
w
ld
11r
ta an.l,etalthet
"eas
(Morcr t89t t9r8:15,Jr)
fypha (ctrmbunei) dizomc,
plmk tired Dd dry, also bAr
aner expoire ro ftus, o.hd
rcrllnd rcoh such as r,',slo.ri,
(Mtr
ribbonO &
,,rr"s.ro.,r
$nc
(nash clubnsh)
prcscflcd ro soie ibr rhe
flood period,
gd$
sccds, orhtr
1ooc. htrbs. gms reds, i,ngi
ac,' (Ma.Don!ld l350tle6el).
prcse cd 1yph. did orh* rco6,
youg sl,oob, onrcr
greoN and rcot such s tow
Cumbutrg,
drndelion
[Mics$lh or Munois], $d
rEfoil [t,go,arld]"
a
also
TnE lolh i1 & Ea lbos.hoenw
12.
CT]RRENT ABORIGINAL CULTURAL VALAES
OF WETLANDS
rr.1 Plints with Known Cultural
Uses R€cordcd DuriDg the
&
USES
Slrvey
Trble 13 I dsscribN thc plrn6 rid, cultunl uses weE recorded dudng thc sudcy, or in thc casc of rhc
planswith an a e sk. a,r knom from erhnohisroric.lsourccs !o hovc bcctr plrtrh uriliscd iniheregion
A toh! ol5? plans Nirb cu1!urd1 vilucs and uscs (3 fon cthmhistorical sources only) *ere recordsd
duing rhc RERP strNcy Plrnb win, ,lrural uss included lood plans (sccds, rcot, tuit and sEent,
Dedicineplrnt, soods.sum, Esi.,plan$u$d lor fibrc lnd ror rearins. Mrk. etc ftis rcpresen$ only
pan ollhe potnliilpl.n! rcsourccs, as
plans are kasonal. nol gro*in8 duo 1o drought condriotrs
'miy
o' lack oldooding, or w*e nor rccosniscd by rhc suflcy rc!m. This lin dso conccntntes on plan6 fourd
on rhe floodplains tho{h!n.hcmallccsandplai($thclattrMsroiafo.usofrhe
'acy.Thcsuncy
bcgon abou!2 notrds afic.a sidesprcad lrt winrerminfrll, md lhh hal inprcv.d .otrdirions. ln some
areas envnonmenraL Mrsr had noodcd sccrions .f noodplain rnd cEek slicms on rh. sourhcm
Lo
bidgcc,rhus incrcasine onrchences olrecording fioodpldD
pla
s Nirh
culrumluscs.
fto
Many ofrhe planls i€orded wde knoM ar pladb wirh cultunl u$s to hedbe6 ofrte
in8 teams,
polle
quandong,
lhc
older
nemb4.
Mosl
knew
of
tbe
filts
avdlable,
such
as
bush
lonaro,
laniculsly
dby salibust\ Dillon busn Dd misrletoe, lnd thc uses of medioine plonls such os old me yeed, emu
bu\ pig f&e dd cypes pine. Ieople w@ also hhiliar *irh plmts uled for naking vooden aftfads,
reed spean,
ud
resins
ued for
Elue.
Pho'o l00 Qu,ndong Ftoir & Tres, wild SFinoctr
\d:ve cbcdy. w:ld Tom6.
Pnckly Wdrle. Old
odlr 19rreSule/o Noed tor
E
r'oF
n"L50
5ro
ilrir cft.
' ":'
(BB. (Hiy
&
ear lcoft ?003). \rood urd ror
erc. bark rnnh for skins (BB)
Bnlnixd
booncnngs
dubr,boood!trg\ (cdl2003)rsB)
Rd Pd dh.h0d b sd.d c m. shade (BB.
.mds lroutur
& mrdc noJJnEr(Mr*1*)
rdiiotr (co
(Hay LALC &
2003).
youq r{rrc! c
co
K sdrd{ 2o0D
bd\cco 2 no.$. vdy hed rubd (co(
193,, d$
suggcns
tds l
possibk food).
\!hoh PL (ss r 6rinrfpb ). rcrr&
jcm $orLd, sLd 8tui & .ookrd (co(
hi6
p
Ned in iem hrhs (BeY{d8c
blrm. drs.
krs
urd
sores
ror\
uD,oor loorcJ &
dc. (Hxy &
\ inq
d
hr ra\ (L&M)
,003) Es
u,!tr(c
(L&M. crebnd re66.
rinir. leivs
B3l
*kr
iv, i
rory frdn
(BB). (Boiicy c L33r)
,rm ror mtu. h{d nrnhl
(co(
'lriDn,e
rrui sr, (EB). (c & r rqrq. BB.
RrlEirld.oniudl]cs FA, .omh )
ror .olds.
a€o ruv
n
n<kr.
Hay
&
(BB,
(BB). (B kcr r972)(NcNrrdd
ni. !rubs. seds strm lBonn{y
nuh ini erc. (BB). br* 6r sno$.
dhhs. shjld! ('hn $0ey) HaY &
iuh idL\
(BB), rcd5
\o*cd
ro
Dnole
ror sLc (cou ,003), b k for cnio*
\hicrdl.c. ($ry) rxy &
(i!rcry). d$h$.
bilh. l.if, srn on h$d btr6 (cotr 2003)
trsr . rydd Jtu,n tuoK. wood (BB). (r)
sorE
sp*i$usd rofdr ldr(Gd'200o
(BB). HiY & B.lnniLd
connuni
rdrd 0), LN( iamed
!
s
in ov.m(Bonmy
r33i) (Ey,c r315 vorn:251,269)
(Hry
Drrnmrd
138)
rli
&
0)
skn
rmYide\ fibrc ror ncN (Krcrft). tuor
srods GPooaro)
(Bl36l), (BB). (Boii.y c. r33r). Hay &
crc (cor 2003 &
{ki
nw {s
ndilic
(BB). d{odion for
.drdi donllh conrLinr (cotr
ud b Pllr 6od i elnh oloN
.orshs.
2003).
i'ouid\(Gdr2003)BL{
ae
redicine &forsoorr'i'is rorio ovlbb re4D
(cd'
rr$h shmr
N (BB,),
e
sp
4ki
nAsc d
rBB). rcsi"
*d!
sld
rs
!d6$ic(BR.
sldc irui (Hay & Ealniatd
crurh€n ror firb
Fiso
ih6Ni iib wdc
se.d
(BB &
cor
2003)
for fish poison(BB)
Aouid & .ool.d (cotr :0031
!.ns & sot
Nood
c
dr (BB) Mirc[cll
{tn
rood (BB).
bdrcd &
6 \hirdr, cri, rPtri h{ (cdl
rrui .r!n (BB &
comnu €r), usd b dyc lhrek of snrs
e
$
s'fl
ror eeens (con ?003). nsmed
eav$ eden. ialk Pehd & .arn (c & J
& s.d ojl us€d
ski" aliDeis.
rflir c
b
on
rtunic
joitrt &
'o
(!B & Hry & Balnnrld
en (BB). (M1349). Hny LALC
a
K.schrd. :003),( aon 2003). Hay &
leays aEn (EB),(Bonn.yc.r33r). Hly &
mor obcB bak€d
ii
ovoN (Bevcrdlc 1339)
oYeis (Morey i. d.).
(Boni.y c. r33r). e ei r ! (Gon 2003.
(BB).iotd byMir.belld Lak€ walgeB ii
ovdi\ (M' ii
conn.. Gd' ,0o3)
onmuni'jc\ P6''006).
I-
In$ftut
for Aboieinal Dcrclopmcnr
I2.2 Animnls rith Knorvn Cultural Uses R€cord€d During the Su €y
laryc nngc ofnatu dls, toprih5, blrns. lirh ind orh$dquaric animah \virh.ulrurul uscs Lrcrc rccordcd
dunng lhc surcy A rohl or30 ani'nrls *ith culttrfll vrlucs rrd uscs Ndc rccordcd du.i',s d,c RERP
suncy
lr
olrnimals Ras diEdly reLared tonr mhaeololicrl siles being
saw ftcqucit cridciN of cd'id as digci"B ror rib and e.hdis scar or
idnbited by atrr colories
somc cases tlie prese'rc
rcconlcd. for crrmplc
\$
ro motrMs rnd middens
tb
conraftd cookcd
er ibtrnd dead rnd dried up clos
tun1c aDd DNscl sl,ell Tht dcmoniralcd rhc nccd lor
norc .ultunl rnd cnvironmcntl rloodinS.
,^rcas noodld {nh cnlnoim.nrll wdcr od rhc Lo$bnlgcc dlnne rh! sunly- such 6 al Nof Nan.
Narwic rid Yrier. $flc th. foctrs orrqu ic blrd lirc such r\ dncks. sMDs rnd ibir. aDd dry rcrc
bBcdingonNrwi! ind Nip Nap ,^nim.ls such.s cnus, grly kangaroos. golinlslid snlks w$!lho
c rlEe rzs more lood rb, rhem in
co ccntat.d esund rcccitly flood
such arers EDius *ithyoun! $tre only scen in arcas thar had rcccived envimnmcrralw u,onNrNic
dnd rhcbotro,h cid orUan Crcck
es Recoded Durng the
Fed suBey
r2.3 Plsces with Cultrral Significance
lhrec atu'son th. Mummbidecc Rildotr Narsierrd JMnbuns w{e singled ou!$ bsing fishinetlac.s
lishdot
Nr
ie?05' An areaolivershichconrrincda rocky bink ii bend oi thc ivo Lvs
rs habird for river musels, ind d fishing spot.h
bc cspccially for cod. rs ihe rocky 6ank
would drcp and rorm r ledse. rnd
.od $!uld "ould
ren or
n undq thc lcdgc, rhc o.ks aho
sussenednrposibiliryof
ishr
ft
$
Ds(!hcNatswlstoohLsh)
Nmwic20? rhedornsramentrnceofalargcbillabons{orhcrivor, ould bctn rdcll pl3.c
for sc ins not.s nood rcccdcs, accoding tohirto.ical rccords rnd oral hiiory.
.
(1,'anbungl02-106) $6 siiShd out by rhe younEer llry & Balranrld
plrcc to fish, asain a shrp bcid in lhc rivcr wirh a dccp satcrhol.
Tl,e *alcr Rrs bo hish ro see evidci.e ollivine mu$cls, bur dr errensive nDsel shell midden
on thobdik lold lhcm allihcynccdcdro know
A cluner of
fishcmcn
'niddenslikely
$ berg
'
d. aho coirdcrud to bc lcry rsnificrnr. The Bilrrnald comnuniry ncmbca dh.u$cd
thc sensc orlosresulrins lron the lact that the rrys
rlesignificrnce ofrh. Bilnnlld Fhh Trups,
'nd
mc iow usually covercd overby ratc' in rhe seirpool. Ray Mtrmy rlso.old rhc tam thal hchad
hca'd o l ione bar acros rirq upster m frcm Bal nru roNlids Rcdbank wcir. ro$ibly anod,erlilh
Fish hdFs
Hnronc campnrB nlacs recorded dndns rhe REru surycy i.ch'dql:
. An hGtoic 1950\ ca'nping phce pointd oul by RIRP survcy r.!m monbq Rey Mtrrny.
rhc junc.ion ofPaik! Ceck wnh d'c nrin mld
rc'r
.
beB CLNdc Jlcksoi and Ray
Tin Tin $a.ion owid Ron H
Munry rho save inlormarion rbout r 1950 s1970\ c.np and hu$ rt Tin Ti"
.
A hdnional nylc oven thar appems ro includ. ho.tcrainq modc fon old locally nude b.ick,
\os rccodcd on TurB sration, indicaringihar ovens w{e beinjj Ncd thdc in rhc hhroric pcnod
I2.,1 Knowledge of R€cenrEnvironmcntrl Chang€
ThcHayCommunrywo'kdmpvkitedUlonsaSirriononlheLorerLrchhnsorhepanlclpant.ouldse
finr hand rhc eiteds of r proloneed Lack ofRderon rh.rivdrcd 8un rorc$s aM orlE kinds ot \dlands
ii rhh.rq.lan woods and hr si er Flosie Fitzpati.I livcd d Ulonga Nhcn rhcy $crc youigrDuM
L96l As we proceeded dnotrsl thefoBl,ssoks, iid Lignum $vamls roNonls rhc hotrsc lan rnd Flosic
discused rhe mvnonncnr.l.hlngcs sinccrhc clny 1960k:
Ftasie : thr lorcn nu.t: loodilt ba.tt, i! ne.d\ u tlti'k rh! tis" ns Eare dov, it t:ed 1a b? .tt otzl
Iu,:r\1!Lihtutieth*16th)r|Ehhap...rE*atd'oatia4piEstn..thcgar.t\ta.dn:.!'.!t
h' t96t |e lrr,e.lhete.
tdn: th?.atlqat.ls
*.
d'arinc, that
r.tc ntr
uN
btu+.
,1 t963
Altet rc pasetl th. hau:c ar.l a.o\t to\ ot1tt t tlr
thd
[Laaka4 the dedd hNt:, i^ tuiblt, ilwsa]ttign
\a: ttvt tttirk you .. td" l nd? . ha'se n'ro ph
Fh*s ie said :
k,nltghhen...itrs.dlabeallli't truunn) it
a nD elor Boa lisdl. rh) dazrt l n Eet priotiry ba :' sp,?ad n'z nder rt
At th. rid hark Ftosje i.1: ttdz\ na \brer in th. rntr, ib 1..t, i^ lhatkine
t.h: ir \tn rtd b?. pnan4 r.11.o.1 D..l thk The tiEtum nal kat tt'ik lat..rl.t"
p$h tr le thnrEh lou hal ta h un.ltr a palh n.dr rhe riwt bdnk
ta
: t h is
b
a
t
\.tc
a
hoty al
.1
Flossis dnd
I.n dlsd nolcd thc cumbun!i, saffton thijhs and
n'q
rcd gum saplings choking the nearly
we rn *cit
to Lrkc wrlgecF rid dr panicitans Lvcrc all slroc*cd ro $c rhcbig old rivq rcd gufrs
Rere dead or dyirg arornd rhe edge olrhelake, imluding a ring ree. rar said rhrrheh bcen skii,rsoi
Lakc W.lg.os in 1934 {hcn n s.s full..nd ws rdked aboul ho$ il looked rhen $r wenr rlEe in 1995,
n ws qnpry bur had bcen oic quanq frllld in 1993 and ir all lookcd hc.lrhy !hon. We no.ed a ronrinuous
sca(s of rnclacs, baked dry and lanrolir|s alone rlre brnk olr]t lake. rl,e brnk ras collapsins iiom
Ar rhc Ulonga quandones lo.arion {s found thar a lrge itrnbd (30+) ofyoung qurndon8s had shol lrom
the good nins 2 monlhs ago. Everlone dkcused rhi! ard de.ided
hrll of rhc rrca orquaMonas
shouldbc fcnccd wnh ! nbbitprooffcn.cros.vclhs b.by tocs lrom being ealer by slreeprgoat/ nbbirs
n i" d'e honc rhc c'nus miBhr strcad thc sccds lnd Ihc qu.idongs h.y
spread. whilc qurndongs arc nor nomally thoughr olaswetlmdpla'
bd
hosls (thcy are panly rcorpaEsitct, so irc pan of$c rdlaids ccosy$.n. Qu.idoigs.an\
groR on rft open blrck soilplairs, panly becaur iheydoD'l l[ver
bur rhcygrcq $clLin arcas ofnoodplain wirh lighrorsoil.nJ tcc hois.
rh
ies6
lcotrnc,l rrc usiigth( knowlcdgcofrhar rhc lnvitonncnr us!d ro bc
like45 ye s alo 1o Eftat lrlhnds on Toosimbic usinsCultunl wrtr boushr and prid foi by the Na'i
Nari T b.l Council. A! Tooginbie rhe lan frood ws in 1994. lan sboqcd rhc panicipanb of rle
*orkshop how rhey hdpumped MIer inro o1d irigation cdk on lor c
llgiun. rushcs, old min rvNd dc wls gto*irg aid h.ilrhy in rlBe.reN Wc conpmd n ro orhqareis
or Tooginbic rhar did nor havecu
ral Mro, rcrc rh.ligium \"s sitt
aLivc bur norslrcorins lM also cxplaincd thrt s*ans ard orhcr6ids hrd come to Toosinbie when rhcy
dry upthcs\.n! lc8gcd ir"md flew yay we rhen looked rr areas on a neighbou ngpmperydhrlso
hrd ior hrd rtry *dcr and had bccn gFzcd as w.ll, in rhisaM rhc ligntrh.ppered ro bedead.
fte
plans ro gcr more wder lor ronscr so dry can mar r rctreid rhlr
can comc back ro I hcy $?nr to crcatc a sdland similrr to whar srs
ari'rg poblcns with rhc Cullunl w!1d Accos Liccnse (CAL) md{
rhc Mummbidgcc wa.osh.rinS l'|.n, in lhal rhey have ro pry lor *aler and then rft arrocarion is nor
y. In 200911'c! Lvcre allocarcd and paid lor 500 gig.lirrus. btr. rhcn rhis
bi
Nari Na.iTri6rlcouncirhrvc
scai nci in dnd orher sFccies
Riihoul waminE ro l00sisrlits (rieydid norscta rctund!),sliich Lvrs 1isurfi.ictrr rorrbc
Anolher problem Rilh the Cullunl W er is rhal they l,rvc ro ulc nrc *zrcr
bclreen Janurry and June. *hile the narunl iood resi,ne ii,niis is beh{ecn Jnrc atrd D.ccnbtr.
DECCW is.uiilnrly $o*ing *irh rhc MummbiJgee CMA, NSw Oficeofwrrerand rhe Abo.isinal
Rclcrcrc. c'otrp ro rhe Mu'ru'nbidgcc CMA ir ordo !o dcvcLop atlan aound rhc 0sc ind krgcring ol
thc CAL..sulring in benefit lorAboriginalcommu.ili$ and Aborisinal .ulturaL valus ofse ands
was redrced
$uis b n.y aid nss.
S.ltunild thg olds membeB of the $fler team also pm}ided irlomation abour d,c cl,rngs ro thc
civironncni. ror cxrrplc at Tin Tin sarion Claudo Jicksdn Emembered comin! oul 1o *o* d lamb
narkir! rnne $hen he was nirl rtschoor IIe rooked rheplscerrtry myc,l and.onm$rcd ir $asn1
,{1
alsays
hkcrhis '1ry]ou know
.
Ray Munly rcmcmbcrcd liling on P.ik. Crcck in thc 19501$irb r ftnily !m$ of Knbys rnd rarant.
\rhilc d,ey
trpping nhbih. Thcy c!'npcd oi rhc Srock Rourc bchlid rhclcpplrrls dn {hcnonh
sidc of !h."rrc
mcL R.y d.ssibcd hos in rhose days rhe noodMler nsed to spread out rl1 over thc
noodplri" rM d'ey lived otr duck c$scollcdqlou.ofi.ns inrhshdlloB tsesjjui ft Moreyd$cibed
dEu on in rhe 1340 s 50\. Even
e,n scrc rblc ro noimoutchangs
rh hsd oc.urcd rorc rcccnrly. Karcn Mumy rold us.bonr hd cdnccm rhdl is b!lomins dimcull lo lind
mcdicine plan6 such $ Old Man wccd hccaNc ore lack or noodin8 in rhc nghr arcs iid rh. righr
o ro llrr \1.d..rr Nl nbrtr Di\tr$irrg
Ndl.iLt R.$Lxln{ .i loD! Dnnr rr \
r,\
.l
.,
{-:
I
'41
:[ix
l,
ll'$z€
12,5 Undcrst.nding Ctrltural LaDdscupes
i.r,
)r
Lrr rr Lo\tldslc
,,1,!
$r
rnL. tr\i,,
'll
u'tL
'r!
sw! or'l,J$
gcnemrions.Cutrc pcApcdivcsolhndsrpcclabomtcliowcoD,rctedfeahres$rchasmoundsadas
i nenory tiggcr about lrccsro"s Frccption\ and rcriors, lerdins to the .urenr o.Nprns leeling of
idcmiry, risht rnd oblisatiotrs. Mounds impres rhe vai scah and naho$ of.hc plains, rhcy givc a
vanragc poinr .o vicw rhc land$rpc, md rlso contain mesages abour pai evenrs and manrscmenl of
In Scprcnb( 2000, Ctrbba woods and I visited anumberofnounds lo.alcd on thc edge ofrvcry Lal!!
dcpresio' wilh a sourcc bordaiigduncon rhcoscm sidcoi Sr Pruk Shtionor thc LoNbidsee From
rhcbpoflhcnoundsoi thc bank rhc vic$orrhclrd\canc srs i'nmense.and edn Nsed LoN eAy ir
h to imaginc tr1,at rhc cnvnonDent D $ hrve looked like shen rhe people v{e living dn rhc nouids
rM rhe deprcsion srs tu1lolwcr, aqulir plMB and aninals. h sls rhh cxptrici.c aM reeli"B of
bcingpanolhk!r.c$06'lirerhetaubbrtbundsoexcnins,notjunrhepresenccofrhcmomds.Gubba
srid he watrted more than myrhing ro brin!.hildrcnmd idult hore ro soo rhis ind imlglic in fi!n minds
,epeoplcrndrheenvnonmenrollhotrsndsoly.!reaeo(Padoc&Manri200l)ro'Cubbasrrdi"s
otr rhc ad'lcd clevarion ofdr mounds ena6led him 10 view, inlerpret md bolone ro ' rh. landsapc th'r
ws othesise diffiNlr ro udersrMd be.ar$ ol ns fldnc$ Th. mounds rid rl'e lands.aF se'e r
nariri'e or cohpLcrc sory whcn cxptricnccd as one, but lfeirh dr nouDds or rhe deprcsion *crc
.rcmcmb4' the dsprsssioi ds d
goiD, rhc $ory would be unHchable. 1he elev ion enabkd Gtrbba ro
pcoplc cxploited CubM also denonn.ared
wcllmd enlnonfronr fullofnch rcsouncs lhar ihc
$her dis Nsin! the li8n(m swmDs atodd 'lbtry
rhh bclongin! to dtr lrMscrpc and rbiliry ro rcrd ii 'nouid
Plrins ju* b r]t nonh ol 51. Pruls, RL{e hc _kncw'rhr. would bc mounds bccausc or die rood
he lisnum suamps (now rcdu.cd by watercoD{rc1, ploushins,
bumiig.
oversmzing (Eadlcy 1999. Kinlsford 20031. Ctrbbr Ms d vd !o rhc llSnum coumNs hc rclt
(comctly) rha! mchaoologiis wcre lgnoring potnrioll] i'nNnant rlrccsrhroush ismrnce. He sorked
our shere Ihe D,ouds would be lrom his knoslcdgc ollhc courc.s and thc llidscanc,looki"C ror the
nounds rhd sould.onplct rhcticturc li hk
S!flcy ldcr dr\rd rld nounds tnd robc placcd
'nind.
rhc
lienum
swamps
fibn
rhc
heishr
ol lar8e niscd paLaeochrnnel levccs and olher
ovcrlookinB
palaeolcoiucs lt k sinilarto thc 51l'auLs dcprcssion. iofr thc mounds you $i vicw and i'tcrprct and
rcad rhc lisnumcoutrtry. \yhich from ground kvel rppe sro6earnnpaseblcrangl.(Minin2006).
Duriag dic RERP su'rey the community nrmben ofrhe lield tms experiencoJ. situilar 'ncnory' of
wheE motrnds and middfls would bc loc..ql ir rhc Cr.!r Cumbuig Sranf sid Lowcr Lad'lrq cvcn
rhough rlrlouDscrrcam neD,bcn had notbccn rhcrc beloEand rhe.ourrry *as cxtsnelydry
qc
Itr ocrober 2009, Gubbr and Kun woods liom Hay and ruDna Mirchdl frcm BalFnrLd
or a 130
wcir
rhlr
thcy
they
could
chsk
oul
kilometc fishins tip frcm Hry ro Rcdbink
Cubba s4d
dd so
dr chmge in rhe river fio$ orer rhe yea6 and look d rhe fishing holcs, no$ ar. siLtcd up now . Borh
Gubba and h'nnr rctu.omp.nng rhc cumnr
orrhc rilorirh I
ncn.nd w.rc told abour by thcnproh & srrndprrcnk Thc darc olrhc knoM fishins holes is ol
panicularsisnificrnce to rl1local A borilinal people and
r sublcd rhat ofrc up oftci durin8 rhc ficld
sn.ys aid !ft$'$olk disossions The deniDensl.hanse ro rhese fishi',! hoks n sisnilicml beeusg ir
dei ro crfh fish, bur also lrom ralkins 1o Pmm il iscL!.rrhlr such .hlngcs rcfllcr on his3b,lnyro
it
slt
w
nh
conrintr!fishin!rh.wayh.waslaugh.inrhclhccshc\ussho\$.rd,nbrcaksorchussrhclink
behvcen liimrnd tlie previou! gencmtions Thefisbingholcsare.lsorpanofrcn.mbciigho$PsPlc
lived and !h e pcople $mF.d ii rhc pas, and pnvidin8 thc cur.trr gcicruriotrs rith
hislory Kun, Gubbr's tciagc so',, Ms rakeD by cubbr on rhe tip !o he could also lean
r link
rhe
ro rhis
hiiory ol
12.6 Cur.cnt Aboriginal Use ofWedands
Tl,e RERP suney aho noted ihe presenre olnrftrl resoures wirhii lhu \crllnds cultuEl landscrpcs
thd pmvids rhe basis lor !hr arch! Nloelcal rccord, end iotcd rhc cu
.$nr rh. riShr to borh lesrn end coDnnunicale cuhtrnl and spnirual knowledgei includi.g lansursc.
noncs. songs, Jancing, .ncfad lrd an syls- and knowlcdgc !bou1 phnk- rDiDrls. n,cd,ci's rnd
mdc ah Thcyhavcuobli$!o"rolookaitcrcuhumlp'opcny.lhcrheritnsires,adehct,resourcs
matnal fdr ds aid cruns,
or culrtrfll knowlcdce The slrring of bus], tucktr, ftesood, bush
'nedicine,
isrn in,lonanl oblisdionthd mrinlrins kin rolilion hips and thc ftbnc
ofthc socialore3nisdion niere
6 a $rcn8 oblisarion to look rlier resources nLch as lnod planc and rninat, mcdici.! planB, iift
nrtirk, rnd rhe lcnenl cnvnonmcnt.
s
'lhis asociatior with rcdands ror cultural plrposcs h also rcinlorccd by rhc f.mily histori.s olrhc
poplcfnmrhner*,itrclud,ngpeopleNhojoinedtheRERPfieldsuneyreans The neld tcrm ,idnd.d
memben olnr ver.v lrrge Knby family tbar onstuks fron rhc JLLanbun! Tonmns Gemny Tupra
wcrlaids. Thc Ftiarch ortl'is r'nily, Jcrcmiah Knby {rreurc ll l). wls bon alound 1312 ar Tourong
shtioD rnd died i', l9l0 ar GuD, Point or ihe Loxer Lachlrn Dear o
Sbrion under r tee n rked by his son Chadie (Le. BmcLie Knby in Donrldson 1996) The lvrnl,oe
Tonmy lvanhoc the patirrch ollht lamily manigd a
slmd nifrcd Vicbna Yaigr, so rhc dcsc.nddn$ lroigly
a$ocbrc borh \ h Tul)rr rid Yaner (Brcidrtr KctrDcdy
p{s. comm.) lhedAceDdrn( of Queen cdolins oloxley,
(Carcllic Famnr or willia'ht, similany halc ! $ong
rsocirrion sirh tlr Lower Lachl2n and rlr Lowbidgee
(Brcndan Kcnn.dy pc6. com). Anoth$ lamily hrvlig dosc
rsociriion virh tlie Lo\ybidsee wcrlrrds is dr
Edw ds/Lon! lamily descended lmm Lalugu, a Mrrhi
M.rhi woran lrom thc Blkanlld !rc.lnd Bindul. a Ma.hi
Marbifathi Talhiman from KuLkync. Olhsfamilies hrrc r
and
hc.'usc d,n n lhe,e rhey orisinar
$!n Loig rcsldcncc in rhc mca. cxrciding
ovs
many
I
JereDirh Ki$y fioD
CcFny'Tupn $slands (ph oro frcn Dcnholm 2002?)
Figurc l2
Cuft nr us.s of $ctlrnds iicludc
. Fshnra. IlunrineandGadirti"s
Fishirs, hunring and gdh in! rc culn'nl rclilities crried oul by nenben of rl,e Aborigfil
conmliirics ol Hay atul BalFnald, a conlinulrioi ol traditionll adivi.ics. Fhhlng and garhsidg lrc
cr ied our as a hn,ly lcivny rnd used rs r *ay or aftnmiig k
idfomlrlon,laneuagc md kiowldgc olrhc cnvnonmcnr. Hunring, lishiig and ga$cnig k a say oflifc
ibr nrny peopleand theirtunilies. Therdorgoingout inrodrbu!h is impo drnr, bush ruck rtrdllush
mldicinc is considcrld c$c'ri.llorpcopl!\ {cllbcing, rnd the.c{ ofslkring fdod. mcdicinc, tuod, dc.
isaDrjorsrrofkeepi',gdcscenrs.oupardorhcrkinshipticsiro.g.Co monactivnicsi.dudefishins.
rnd gdhsin! yrbbi!s, Mutrry srys. ducks md Juck cgss, r'arli gn'bs, river musels lor bail. and enn'
.CCs, $d hurting
iidud. qDmdors. tuby sahbusl'.
Bal€ilkl .onmuniry hls a stong inrcc! in
using rhc B.lFnlld fish tap, bur mc unablc ro us! ir
town \vcn pool rnd alno{ xl$rys covcrcd rnh \arcr Rock Mllcd
fish hps rnd/or loose m.k wcnsare $iLlusd rs fish trps in otl{pLacs such as BreMrina, lvilcannia
Thc
.
SNi'niniie. Boari"s
and
camDiie
Tooeinbi. and Atrle} Strnois and od'cr prilarc prop.nics and rivcr puhl,c 6e'rcs aie used by
Aborignllcomnn'ni(y memben forcrmpin!. BBQ\ and svimmin!. and orher acliriries crricd our in
cxrcndcd ft'nily !trd connutrny eouls. Thsc !drvnics rcinroec krisl'ip rics rid aho cMhl. old$
membm ro pason knowlcdee ro youngerscr ions.
Carocins rnd boalins is anod,craciviry crnicd our by tlr Aboricirrlcon,murity. mai yondrLor.r
M!@'nbidgcc Rivs.In Odob$1009. Cubb! and Kun woods end Punia Mnchclllidctook r fishiig
cee tioDi Hry pNft jund,on ofrhe Lo*er Lachlrtr ro Redbank weir,
apprcxin rcly l30ltilomdrgs by ivs ftcy did n so rhcy cotrld chcck otrt rhc ch.nsc in thc rnq flo{
ovsrhcycan aDd look rirbe rishins hohs. Dosrrc siltcd up now (Gubba woods pds. co'nm )
Aboriginal Conmsnny ncnbcG rnakc a lancry orboomemtrgs, digsing $icks. shields. clrp ii.ks rnd
didgoidoos. Th. collcdn,g of the \ood, cutins, srndin! and painring lhc anclads is done N a
connunsl rctirity, r dfiming rhe knBhip 1ies. Thc hmilics fed lhcy hdvc rhc ngh! !d 1ak. and usc
nalu l rosour.cs such !s bork, wood, skiis. rcrrhc6. sedi ochEscic irnd ro mrnufadure anelac6, rns
ind crufts lorpcnoml usc. dErins, trde rnd sale. Seveml$omen also affinrd rbq were inkrcsed in
*sling reeds iiom $etbndsrnd some hrd a(enJed rveaving No*shops.
Memb s of the Aborisiml .onmunily use sdlands wi.h rivo (d eur or box *oodlend to colkcr
fireRood fdr pssonal usc Thh mablcs Foplc to co'ne our ro rhe bush to enjoy il. bur i1 also enabks
pcoplc ro hav. wood fires at home dnr rhey would otlENise be unable 10 aflod. This is a. imponrnr
culruralissue, as \ood ftcs md.ooking oi wood fircs (m.d on rhc coah, rood.ookcd i".rmpoleN as
a nodcm equlvalcn! ro .ookrng itr rhc holc and cooking oa drmper and Johnny caket are esenlial
culorsldirirics.hcalihy*aysoflivi',grndawryolrtallrmingculn' l idcntnt ind
kinship
Mert su.h as fish, soannr, emu rnd krngmoo providcs mcdicin! for a runec of h.,lrh pmble'ns or
prevcnrs rhe Doblctu liom occurlng, includiig heen drese and Type ll diaberes. Old man *red rnd
cnu bush are collected as r medicine for r vaiery ol prpors, includin! rs an anri baclc aLrkin warh
and fo' dinking or inh.ling $!am ro rudu.c symproms orcold aM nu. A ntrse oriish. hnle sornDr,
cchldn! and qhu rars a'c uscd ror nrdicine.
werlards rt Toolimbie and orher,treas on rhe L.{bidg.!.id lnNcr Lachlan arc usd byrhc co'n'nuiny
and by $hools as a tLacc ro .ca.h abour AbonBoal cuxurc, i'rludirg rbod mateial culrure such as
scar.d rccs. nounds and middens, bur rho abour food rnd nrdicine rnd ho ro look ancr the
cDlnonfre Dku$ions durin8 rhc RERP suncy highlighicd dr need io terch younse' con,munity
and m {ials, including speies th.r.rc
mcmbm rbout th. ianse of plant ard aninrl foods,
no lonser readily lound on the floddplains Culruml 'nedicines
.cachiig lhcrcforc nc.ds ro halc ! .o'hporcm or
y This also hN impomnr io$ on
tointodu.iig spois rhar arc 6rc
cficch lor the communiry hcalrh and *elL-being. Fdr.r!mpls, young poplc isd ro bc sho$n rh. tull
rtigs dl foods rhar wcrc uscd and how such r di.t crn co'rnl tbe curcni epidemic ofdiabetes ll in rle
co'n'nutriry(Thorbu'r,A.w.,J.c.Bnrd,andA S.TnLsrell lq37).
.
Rish6 ol,\cccs ind Oc.uparion
People lccl lhcy harc ngh$
ol acccs
ro
$dlaids
and orho arcas rhr
riShrorpopictaryosisd,ipor.ounry nryhrvcrhc sltrocnjoyrhenrtoraliesourccolrheive6,
creeks. bkes rnd swdps, and lor.$s. How.lci rhc Abongiiel co
wnhour nN iceori ng sc.c$ *
as Espectine othm is an inponrd pan ol
12.7 Confinuity of Cultural Usc and Values from 4-5,000 BP
All Aborisinal pcopleinvolvcd inIhesuryeysand the sorkslrcps fomd rbd il Ms inFona lobc.bl.to
d.nonsFrcrhcconrnu,ryofuscor\rilendsliond,ecunenrp iod, back throngh rhe hinonc p iod,
and as frr back rs dr Rrvenswonh I and T.helery I nounds 4 5,000 ys.h.3o. lrhough rhhcoi.inui.y
ol uf is kno$T ro rhe Abongindl comfruniry, thc nmb.6 bcllcvc n h lmlonlnr ro bc ablc ro
dcmondntc d,is to thc vid non Aboisinal popnLalion and pani(hny ro soveDmenli so rhe loc.l
commu'iries crn nesotiale rccess and Droledion of wsrlinds .n(l culluFl rsourccs a$ociltd wtrh
s4hnds. Colrunl tosourcs includc rhc thn$, animrh rM holisri
nlaccs ortEdirioml and hkioric sisnificrnce deDonrmkd rlrough archaeololical suney. oral l,nrory
Thc Abori8inal commmiry ako slarld .h.r n h lml)onanlo havc
und.Branding of rhc Aboislnal archrcolosical
continuiryof.ulrunlNerndhmilyhistories.
*arq in rvctl'trds ro tbcilibrc m
ol tl$c vrlucs, rnd the
12.8 Regenerating and Profecting Wetland
Th. Hay Abonginal comnunity mcDbcr of thc Nfli Nari Tribal Council has lerd rhe way in
rcecin ior of*etLrnds at Toogim6ie lndigenous Protecled Arer, on the losbidSee beNeen Hay .nd
tuaEnnbia h'rligt.o,! Ptut ct t! /..a (tPA)
otawd a,60a hod.)r 01.. ol N.n N.i t.hds
wt
.te.totd
h
Marth 2a04 .r.1 to\?rs
lPl.[nr.le.l a.titics i1.ha]. ,,lpnrirlE rz .hd it',h.1dtion, rcpkn1i,'s r.Eetdlion a'd
toh t. tti t'E *z.d: and Jaa l a itndk like larc:,
a"tl p iss. ,1,tus that hdr! best llk.d
'abbits
1a keep to.* unl.[ctal irrMl: otr ut thoen\ nhtrtehltnt! ,' lle t?lEl.Jatt."d in
tnnbs haltlrtE sins
trtndhltnlt h.ohh The Ttihrt cotr.il
n6la irn hle n'd hads, Jbr a,nnrn iN se. nte laeation atd.letails oli|tpo ant (uhtul rik:
a
ulto tzke ,tafttd nlese sites az h?i"s pnk.ted br rchai',s eo.k l'r,n the a'ea
'!
tonnrlt"E risirar Mes a .l r?reEdalins th. :ites ta
th.Iarl .rinral .ld'nr'(.
'erdit
ot ?tat l te\EEetatia \nrk are anan'er najor t P,1 tu r
ltt 240 5 alare 2 5 kila
oI
^,iq
,a\
3
5aa
see
in$
n?,?
ed,
3,00a
.l.r
:eed
ha
rdi'hib
't'att
ted.
d
la.ol :tc.l
ettca",t,
ll
1,00a ,hh^ r'rpas.leA. The hibdl Cotr'.il hds ale ateted bn d hides nt thr rrtland:, a,.l
eo&nd a b!:h ,t.kr sat.hn ta tnt'rtt caDnt,n, asN b dit lba.t\ dltt
Toosi',bie tPA is n'a"aqed in lhte *ith tarld Ca"s.r\atia, Uria" Cir''toD ltt Habitut/Sp..ie: lh"oserk"t )Ea. Pntcrtttl Atea ranoNcA tunnt bt a,\dtutn
th'rqh tn ase re"t intetaa tun.
1
are i'Nolved i', culru'al ifte.pErarior ol
'nohb.s
ld lta Lakc and rdjacmr
areas on Kallar(Norsmd) sc^. rhe RhRl'
rorkshop in Ocrob{ 2009 rcsuLred in : iarehent ofsuppon for enuionmcn.al urq ror ft Lowtr
Lrchki. aid rhe nen,ber iould likeio help nesotiale $ppon for landosnc^ on rhe Lo{or Lachhi in
o6raininssock md domesic {ald.nd hvionmcnrll wa.cr
ln.ddirion th. Hay Lo.al Aboriginil Land Couicil
The Hay aborigin.l Conr uniry hls lko shoNi inrcrc$ lid sutpon ii N'p N3p rid orl'd Lowbidsce
ions rhrt have received cnvimnnental
, and Rould like io help iegoriale moro oivnonnsnrll
$
sd
13.
PRIVATE LANDOWNERS/MANAGERS VIEWS OF
ARC HAE O LO G Y AND WE TL A ND CO NNE C TIO NS
Non Abo'ilinal Lando\yneEhanagsn havc i .rprcrcd lspcds of thc landscapc in pffrllel Mys io dr
tudnional prc-contact communiticr by buildi',g on mounds and n,idden!, pla.ins Drds on tadilionrl
pdhrays. rllcnng watr no\v and pllntine cops in lormq wcdaids. Ii rhc $dy pasoml pc"od rid
morc rc.cnrly, rccd bcds and orhtr hrbir* \vftc rho fi'ed rs 5 lrnd mnascment looi rclared to the
Rords lend io fo11o$ mounds thar m btrih on ths ldg.+..|. lincn raiscd palaFchrincl sedimei$.
snuatd on bclu drainin8 soih abovc rhe $\€nDy country The Btrlmmld ro Hay hilhsry on rhe
Losbidgee does rhr ir dr seclion lrom Jenly ro Pevensy. and rhe $rl1d M
1o Nap Nip Sr.rion
'dc
rord. rl,ih
tuid is anorhd cxampLc Nhcrc you cai
counnng d,c nouids on borh sidcsolrhc
'lrv.'long
follows aiscdsandicrprlrmchrnnel.OnBoyonsandlurnbongsevemlseclionsofiariontrckon.rs
6uili alons paLaeoleat res borh on and beside momds.nd mound mrreri.l. Ths,Aboriginal wcr rcathtr
rou.rry wi* comm.ndsodl lor rhc
Dounds *ere qua ed rnd $ed ropavelhc roads Mrny bdhcic.ds. {oohh.ds aid cvs $ockymds ii
rhg Losbidscc dnd Lo$q Lachlan mc builr on largc mouids or moutrd .onplcxcs, or on lrrge shcll
middcis (for cxamllc rhc Norwood cortascaid shcares tturfr s on KalyrnSCA, rndrheiocky ds on
Mo field 60 mou'd, phoro righl). The prusscc ofmounds rid midd
thc paeonl hisrory by rhc icw na
Pho{o 103: Sroctyads buil! on a
L.ndo*nes and nanagcs inlolvcd in rhc RIRI suflcy allsho\cd a $roig intresr in thcDlintiancc
rnd regeneElion ol werlands rhroushour the Lov{ Lrchlan and Lowbidsee. Mon lmdoMc6
acknowledecd lhe $tong asociarion berveen rhs arch.eologicalna!*ial and w.tlands, and trereawarc
ol archamlotical sitcs on rhctl$d and porcd thcse sircs lhfrish Culktr wftd, Bob and Fiona Casron.
Psrer Monon, Ron Hodc, Du$h Old, Mhhlcl Spinks md Koin Nolan all shoscd rhc suflcy elms
archacoloeical sies on the salons, Ben Barlow, Cnig and Lemn. Mn'?hy, DNid Ra*in, cstl'y
Cd1a1m. Paul Connellan, and Slephcn Blore spenl tine talking with lhe suRey tcams abour
cnvircDmcnraLand herikBe isna,and Diinne Willhbs sh.red {nh us rheconkc!hisrory rc|.!in8 !d hfi
crek Reee.emrion Commitree h trying ro sel Mter back wherc it should be rlong Paika
Crtek ind inro P.ik. Lakc. Pclf Monon olDundonallcc said rhc P.ika Lcvcc was buil. around 1903 ro
keep Mrer fron leavins the main floodplain and enteins Paika Lake or the oth *enem lak*. Pnorb
thk, watr nooded ou! 1o ouler ldksc firs! and which soon dried up, bu!Paik. Lake {.s 13 fsetdeeplid
aoodcd cvcry 3 yas, so would balc b*r alno$ ncnancnt. Tlere \rre reed beds all rnund Pa,ke
Lako wheft i! noodcd ou. Pclcr lid rhc comhit.cc arc rrying.ogc. wds back rh6lgh Paika Crcck ro
ned 20 atrd nerr Prika hle lor a tial sdl d wirh plmted qmtic
planh inc ludinE black box. cu m bungi, Przs,,res reeds, and spike ru:h, and inhab ited by Mlerh ens and
gdania. Perer$at.d.har cnvionmc ll wals should go .o sclcd.d aNs rhr! in.ludc bird mokcics and
fish bEedins aR, and Ihrr suchrEas sLould be lenced oll ro keep iockour ftis Rry they can leep
scnsirivc arcas alirc, hiSh vallc arcas wnh blils, fogs, yabbics, frsh crc. Pcrcr shoqcd rhc rcan aros
$iih mounds rnd Dridde.s aromd the wcd rnd nonh edses of Paika Lrkc rnd Paikr Crck.
The Paika
Petr's neishbour Ron Hoare would also like ro add a lake on his pmpeny inlo r rerland Eserve. Ron
also has as kcm inicrc$ in rhc hisrory ofrhc lrca rnd h6 bsn inlolv.n ii archacolqicll suncys of
similar sedand! on the Mumy River Nyah sbG Forei He rdded rhathe area on rhe wenen side of
Paiko Lakc whcrc thc malle. mcersfie noodplainaid rhat uc Lvcre r.coiding sircso!wsthe bullocky
p dock'relc edroby Ho6ler (rhe finr paiorrlisr) $ onrse wirhqurndongJ. Ron sridrldthe Paika
levee was builr between 1903-1914 {o nop riler Ed gums spreidingand b gne cxri gBzing. He shd\rd
us rhc laEc iunbcn of cookinB lircs or olcns on thc cd8c lnd floor ofPitanuiga Lakc, lid !t rhc
4tan.c of Gerdki Ceck !o rhc 1akc. Ron h.s cdreftrUy sudied rhc lo.aridn olrhc ovhs.nd ch.nges ro
sizc and contcirs in diffcrcnt arcas. This lakc h fillcd lom Box Crcck (a prhco.hanncl ofrhc Llchlai
sy eml. rnd dmugh Genkicreck lrom rl,e Mumnbidscc syie'n nreIdtimc Box Crccknn inio d,c
l.kswas1956,anda!thartincthcrc""sagioupolhoussonrhccrcck6tan.c.othchkcwhichwas
lalgely an Aboriei'El canp, iicludins AlrKelly Senior and Ms Alice Kelly. AlrKellyj'r gEw up
Ere. and lack walker whose *ilc $s Amy Bilgs (Ron Ho e peB. comm.). Lder Jack.Jackson and
lafrily and Alfjir & Chri$inc Kclly llvcd rhcrc(Cl.udcJacksonpc6. comn.).
Paul Conncllan ro'n Ninvic dcscrib.'l noutrdson lris$a.on as frrc
md Ms corccn'cd th hc
'noun'lJ.
*as unable ro o6rain enough envirormenral *rre, ro kcep larse ssiions ofNrsie riv red glm fore$
alive An area ofNaRie !ha! h.d obuined $?b in lune 2009 had planc seeding, bur rhe ren of.he
pnpei} Ms prrched and dt tee
allocarion rerimc rhe oub noodDliin hrs no nghr ro *arer Ho*evr, rhis is where rhe river rd lum
forc$ $as whcn EuroFans aiilv.d- and whcrc lhc foic$ is now v6 onelially rccd b.ds (hh h
conobonred by Mirchell\ 1316 descriplions ofrhe aEr). He believes thar as $rrer Ras being boneht
b.ck ir should b. rdumsd.orbc rholc noodFlain. Prior ro wd.r*gularioi !hh scc.ion ol.hc noodFlain
Phord l04r Clockwhq Jamic woods
$d
dis.u$in! rhc Archrcolosy on Nimmie.
Du*cn Old & Brdser Bales on
Hrmish culkn wad on r Monnd ar Nap Nrp.
Peter Monon Shoving rhe Tean his Wsrl.nd
a Mound dl
ol100. Ho*cver
rhc
derdtrmed1othissccrionofrbcLowbidgcchasbccn
Eetli'! lesandh$.Piulalsdpoi sdourrh!!thisnalni'tucaEshercihe Riv ina l,ih ihe Dalke .
Prul md Ron Hoare 60 srated rhd rhe curenr rhickhds ofsmall.o mcdlum sDrd ivtred su'ns oi
rhe inner fldodplain h ai lncfad ofwhirc mn\ naiagenrnr, vhar rhey sid older AbonEimlpeople
had .lllcd whire mns wced . rnd po$ drtes the rrdirional land manrlemdl p dicas .nd rhc
Ras nooded 94 yerrs out
The L.wbidgec fam.6 ii rhc castcm Rcdb k Sysicm and rhe cainNimmie and Fiddhn/u i Creek
Sy$enN orrhe Lo*bideee are rko keenly involved in looki4.nor rhc {c.laid cnvioimcib. Nap NlP
srrrion has Eceivcd hvnonhcnr.isa.q forNapNap Swamp and 3ho for Pollcr Creck Od,crnatio's
rccired some ockanddomeiic wds dosn lhe lreks. Allhoueb faming hrs ccascd
ill rhe f.ms are occupicd, but as Rob OasonofNi'nn,iecommenkd this crn l
go oi lorcvcr, somc rrms will be rbandoned *hich wi11 lDve resulr in nore wecds .nd fcnl aiimals
such as piSs Thc InNbidgcc h o .cnificd oGaric ranning a€, and rl1 crops ar orsani.aLly !mm.
Kqin Nolan dcsnbcd hos shcn the paddocks are fiooded for croppins rhousnds olbirds bresd ii rh.
box and slm tces and liennm beside rhe paddockr. Mi.ha.l Spinks shoscd rhc tan a series ofd'ell
niddcn cxposurs iearhn homesread conplex, and Kenn Nolan spflr l5 drys shotiig lhc.cam sits
on Michaelk propenier rnd leaming aboul rhodclra.ology. Duscn Oldlkosbowcd us cs or Kir om
had only ftcenrly
due to valer renicrions,
rnd Monkcm Cnnec on nvo scpararc dals.
Himish CulLci-Ward fDn Non Nap Surlon aid Stvc Bloic lmn Tory Plains Srarion m boih very keen
rll rrchaeolqi.alsites recorded on thef prop.nics, and havc borh supponcd ovtr a pemd or
l ime t he recorn ing o I atuh. eological fcaN rcs aid rhc potcdion or 3nc e*ral budals H rmish s ho*ed rhe
rcam lnhacoloCicrl sires i', severel are$ on Nap Nrp and is very kem ro hivc .ll sncs on Nat Nan
E.orded and m.nag.d Hc pu! ir rhk way:
ro hNe
tle?tftatb ptou.l atthe:e:it.s 1\tut to to.kajiet!t'e , t en'r rt'.D'.11rc.orded
skphen Blorc (*bo vrs .$.y d rhc !im. ol lhc Toiiy Plains suncy) h.s nai'trincd conhcr with dr
suncytrnrnd lis oferen b help siih logisiicsifmore recording ir.aded out in his !rca, !id hc rko
wrnt a1L the archaeololical ferruEs reco cd on his $arion. Srcphcn rnd matry orhr neighboun tu11y
te ures and werlands, md hor rhis
mdedrand rh. closc a$o.iarion beeee'i
a$oci'tion can only be mainraitred ildr werlands suflive 10 live conlcxr ro thc.nhooLoey. Bob and
riona Grnoi ilso sponr no$ ola day wirh rhc rcim dDsLng rlEn arclftolosical learures on Nimmie
Surion and lllnine about soDcofrhc Drt.irh within them nom tlr tan.
Th! LowdLachlan landowicn and nairEcN screrko i'tereied in the RERf pmsnm rnd in serirg
environmenhl lzler inro $rrbnds David Rankin, manago of T!pE- srd n wonld be esy to put
envnonmenrrl ward i o Muloga Lakc oi Tupre ShrionbyB'rvity Iloserer.hesaid ir sould nor Eally
b.nclit.hc bnds.& es ir n not rhe rishr envinnmenr, ir would be berls 10 ptr( \der in{o rhc Oxlcy S{drc
Forennex{lolupra,ffiris.laigcnvnrcdgunforcsandrouldbcormorcc'vi'otrnemlbcreiitTo
ptrr {ard inlo rhc forc$ n \rculd lrvc ro bc Dnmpcd iion rl,e Lachbn River. and allhoulh lhis wotrld
.o$ ir \rculd bcncfir rh. c'vi,onmen rft D,o$. Drvid suglened ir cotrld be possiblc ro n$ rh. Tupru
DumpinciDlm ndure ro ser Na{er inro rlr Oxlsy Slarc Forc$ sdlands
Ben Banorv from Ulonp on rhc Lo$q Lachhn Rlvs hrs r long r.m plan to neke his 3 pla.es
s6.ainabl.. Hc hassold a Narer li.ensero pay ibr a pipeline ro pipe ra{s ftom lhc MtrmmbidsceRivs
ro {ock wrerins point over rhe pmpcnies so hc crn dilisc the qhole ati. Ho.b n,n 20.000shlcp bur
s sunainable. He r?nt 10 fence oL
Mn! ro k.op it as 10,000 ro makc
rhc noodplaii idocclhand puisbeep inroihecellsone d l rime *hen winrer .nnu.ls arc .r lhcf prifrc,
so sheep can gmzeonrhese.md rhcn removc rhctubclorc rhcy iln olcrgnzng d'c pcriniek He has a
firewood.utq or a contacr rhat oily allows hm ro curde tees Ies rn rboui 20cD diaDerer tnnk,
rnd hc mun hkc luD,ps xs MLl. 'll,is *ill lund rbe fcncss oi {hc noodplali. Bcn is dcvasltcd by d'c
droughridckcn $drc of$. nvq rcd eum rorcst- and \ruld likc to sork in with RERI b l.y and set
irer red sun fbre He hRillingro lenceoffatry henkgcaFis rhd
rh. H.y LALC lid RERP tcm io'nimrc, sid rlr Hry coDnnuniry $orkshop decidcd nry *ould likc
oll fro'n $ock and rab6ih 1o cnnLre $en n'niv.l Cnis Mu{hy
lrom lllonsacamcwirh rhc Hayconmmiry workshop 8tuund on a rour olUlong! and ako rook thcm ro
Lokc wllgm, aid discused rspecb ol dr enlironnrnral and culrtrnLhedlrge ofrheart.s.
so'nc or thc yourg quaidonss ferced
ColMill$lircs ii M'ude
on the Lolbideeeand spent moi olhn life working on $dions in thcdntnci
(bul Do* works on Krlyr SC,\). Hc ralkcd .bou. ho\r .h.y uscd ro r
nr ofrecd! to \us onr" where tbe
S{.np; rh.y had ro $!nd up otr
catlc wcrc, and they ako used 1o fie rhe recds to force rhm our. H. aho sri'l whctr hc flcs ov
woolamic ncar Maud. in 2009,
ln prcvious yeas youcouldn l see them, htrr lhe
bcelerlesrre so feR and so rhin fro'n rhe lack ofwd{yotr could sc!.ll lhccdrLc.
t
hc
t4-
ABORIGI AAL COM M U N I TY 4 YD
BENEFITS OF RERP
E
\VIRONME
\
fA L
11.1 Aboriginal Cultural Benefits
Tac ,ltthotok,eiut R.s?.'th, ch.,a.tethdtiah & P'rdi.tive \ladel/,,,s P,?j../ h demonjr.rcd (b.
conrinunrg connedion berRecn rhc Aboriginal .ofrfrunirics lnd lhc Lotrbidgcc lnd Lowo Lochlatr
po{{o'tad Aborisinal hcribsc. borh bngi6le
wsrLa.dsi .hrough rhc ncording or prc{onr'cr
'nd
archrcolo8Lcal nne'irl rmains and placcs \yirh onrr ryp* of.uLtural sisnificance rnd value. Such
dorLnEnrdion \ill enhincc rhc lbiliry of thc Aborigiml .oflnui1ry to nesonare acces ro werlaids of
conseae, and enjoy 6en nerilase. The ltivero
signinclnccto uidctrrkc cnlturaladL!iies, and ro
'nrnage,
(RERf)
Env,mDn,enhl Resomrion Prolnn
Strbpro8nm lV lnhincc !h! Bcn!fits olEnlironmcnral
Wd$, fovid.s ai rddnioml avctruc ror thc ncsorinion ofincrcasd benefit ro the r uraLard NlturaL
cnvnonmcnt rnd ncw opponuniries for Aborigiral peopLe to a.c$s rnd enjoy srlhnds A Dl..cs of
All Aboriginalpeopk i'loLled in rhe pmjed \se rdively.ngagcd in whd rh. RIR? could do b rcno'.
\rtlaids for a dilcne Ense or cultunl purposs. Cunenl A6orilina1 comnuniry uscs of *crlands
includ* collecrion of lood (iish, yrbby, cdt. bnds,6d,/, gnbs, planr foods d..). ncdlcli., nrc{ood.
lradiridnaL m .nrk (sood, rcsln, fcdhcs, bark ct.), and ramily rcrvt,cs su.h as c'mpnig, bodi',s,
siDming nshi',s, rerching and ctrlrurl acriviries. Ihe Aboiginal communny ilso uscs {c.lands lor
educdionrl pulposes, leaching school chiLdrcn and rhc Nid* comnuiny ebout Aboigiiel culture and
hosro l.ok rfrtr
rhe
envmrment ln additioD
rhe
Aborisinrlcommunity is adively cnlascd in sdknd
,belrArd D aaw on.^-rion c...
Succestl resenerrtior ot rverLands should indudc r compdncnr ol
rcinrddu.ing phnl and rilmil
Abonglial.ulruFluscs an'l v'lucs thar rrc curunrly mEorcxtinct on tlt Los Lrcl,irn
!n'l Lowbidscc scrrrl]ds A,n exm)pte is nisla.hin rrctaz (*aler nbbont rbd $m ndr secn on the
snNey bur i?s Emembered by older rem mnbe6 (Roly Willirns pc^ .on ) Th(Ms an iDpotiir
lood nlrnt rhn cs\$ n nill orslosmrerand the narchy mor rube6 Grid 10 be likc r vaxy pokro) rurg
brked in ovens md mounds (Bcveridgc 1339 & 6ot2003).
spccics wilh
Abo'igralpeople also eDphasised rhe nced b mainlain wdhnds ro providsconllxl rd rhc dr.hdcologi.rl
cvidenccofrhcnrnccnolsNcof*ollands. Thc RERPworkshops lound rha. nwls iinponrir ro bc
'blc
!o dcmon$Btctl[ contirury ofuseof*etLards lrom the.uftnr period, blck rhrcugh rhe hisroic pdiod.
rnd as hr ba.k as rl,e Rrle'sNonh 3 and'lihslcry 1 ftounds 11.000 yc!6 !eo. Thc panicipans hclicv.
rior to the sid notr Aborigiml
ir is impona.r ro bc ablc to dcm
poptrldion ard prniculany blovemmenr, solhe locilcommuniriss.rn ncgoria!.ac.c$ and trcrcdioi
of RcrLandsandcullu lrcso rcAa$o.iarcd thrctllnds
Cul{unl ssourcos include lho planb. aninals ond holistic $tland cnvionmcrh, r vell $ pLaces of
hdnioialand h^rori. sisilficrfcc denrnstmtedrlirousl, rrchaeolosicalsusey, onl hinory and mhival
reserch. Thc Abonginal.onmunny aho sbtd drr itis inpona roli'vestrrcri', Lvdlrndsro bcilitare
an uidcsrrtrdiig orthe Abodsii,rl cultuml bnirrgc vrlucs and maralcnrnl of rhosc val,'cs, md the
continuiry olcullunl us and lamily histories.
1a.2 Aboriginal Cultural/Environmental Knowledge
Thc ,\borigin.l communily dcmoisrErcd rhat rhcy hrve mpon r kmwledse about rhc wctlaDd
ard aninals. and 6ush loods ard mcdicincs. Curcnr Aborisinrl romdmilt
kDowlcdee h.ilirrted rhe Fcording of*orllnd .nd noodplain plams and anim'k with velN as food.
nodi.in., *ood- rcsin, Bum, fibrc, berk.t. and elso pLtrcs orspecirlvrlue tbr fishin! A lora1ol57
plmc Rirh culrril uscs (3 notd in uhnohh.oric sours oily) lnd l
rc.ordcd durinB rl'c RERP suflcy
Tlcy aho hrvc i'nl)onrd knosledsc abour hiltoric ard rccenl crvnonmenral chxnle ind hoR landscrpes
NeE ma..!ed by rndirion.l laid franagmcir nrucri.cs Thc wcdaM eDrnonnHk. rlt rsociated
iaied plant and rninll Esoures ,re ven holisric.lLy as a compldc
culturil landscape thd cannorbs sub-divid.d inlo $paialc arcA olinrcrc$. For e{a'nplc. the dlvriotr or
ironmenhl Mlcr is a contadiction for rhe Hry LALC anJ N.ri N.ri
Tribal CounciL, as lrom In Abonginrl poinr ol vi.w culrurc and cnlnoi'nc camor be sepanted. rhey
ar. pan orrhc sanc rholc (letr woods pc^ com)
Th. riming ol cnvtonnctrblrcuhunl flooding sas an issue th \yN ftquenrly nised,lor cxamplc rhc
(lru rderalloc.rcd 1o-looglnblc had ro bc drawi in rhc larc su'nmctartrmi. cxadly rhc opposnc
Traditional Land Management
Thc.rchacology, crhiohGtory a'd o'al hnbry iidic es rhat tnditional lind mrnagcmlnl pndics
subimlirlly alldcd {dl.nds in rh. Lo$bidgc! lnd Lows Lachhtr. Tmditionel rii',s p,zdics.
14.3 Aboriginal
ani'nals. iDpoundins olfisb, and Ein'c1unl
.haiscs rcsultins ImD fisl, taps. xens, rc muring rnd impoundinE of trrler and thc buildiig olnounds
rnd Lalge midde's. reacd a ctrlruftl Laidscaps and sosy$cfr thar was sub$antally alrered by
Aboricinal people Thecslarion olDDnyofrhesepracricesrnerconlad {nh Eropcmsntnlly broughr
rbour ne$ chanses ro rhsturlandsrhar iic considcnd rh. ldcal by cuftmmomgcs and sciciriss. but
mc ii fad an mtclad oflhcdisrupriotr orAborisi'El landrrdN ft,nrmgcnent and dr intodudion of
European hnd and s er mrnasemml Ctrtr6l m.nagsn.nr olNcnlnds docs nor trkc iito ecconnr rl'e
eflec! rhrl t dilional Laid frlnlScmcnt fEdices had on rhe eirnon'nent. 8rd rhere is lirlle deh c'
(Hunphies 2007) oi how Mditional nanrlenrnr pmcrices mighr be in.oryorrsd inro ndfugcm. of
rhe ltLRl' rdhnds and n!c6 Dhcu$ion ar rhc Hay RERP wo*sbop ,'dicrrcs th nrc Abo sinal
h rhcsc issus \virh eovemmenirlencies and ro promore r more hdlisri.
mliaecmc olaquaric llatrr. harucii',s of plrnk rrd
lmrcach ro namgcncnt orwctllidssid rivc's brscd otr
Abori-qirrl pcople overmrny rhousrnds of yerm.
tu hisroryorDrnascmcntorrl'c
wedands by
14.4 The RERP Surv€y Results
P(dicrivc nodclinE and eap anrll'sn embled d'e RERP sufley ro hrget a'es d'd havee hlBh llkelLhood
ofconlainin! arhacolosicalmderirland ctrlluFl rcsourcss bur norprcviouslt suncysd orrsordcd.-lhis
culru€l usc and valucs survly rccodcd ! rool ol l163 lo.alions dr cuhural
rn samtlc !rcs
'narcrirl
arctrnd thc Lo\$idgcc rnd Lo*r LrchlaD sdlands Tl,e locariors co aiied a roral of 1106 tertorcs.
including monnds, middens, ancenmL burials. $one anefach. heal Rrri' ovens, modified tEs
(includlneccrcnonieliig teeo, fsotrrce aM ged'eri"B lo.dioN, rnd locarons orhntoncsienificnce.
olthc archa.oloeical
h dNny rchrcd ro uscaid vlllcs orwcd$ds. For
'hfisialrc.ordcd
mounds rnd midden!
conhin rlt cooked remai'E ol rttu ic plaDh aDd rninah rh
ftoqucitcd thc wcllinds, includlng rcmains olnu$cland lrushN.trsn!il, yabby, fish, onlc and iqulli.
bids and d,cir cses ExcNarcd mouMs ako cortalr cha'corl ard pollei idenrified rs belonsitrg to
aqnali. lood plrnb such as cum6mgi ard manl clubrusb (Manin 2006). Canoe tees exhibir $ar
Thc majority
eumple
dr
rndlalher in re wetLands. Smaller canoc shapcd saB rcsull lrom bark rcmovrl lor smaLl canos known
locrlly .s dras-aloigs" which rhe wdhcn pushed lhro gh shillo* {der ro &ny food rbet collsded
such as n!$ch orr'tuati. pkDt bbc6 or
Oritrdiisd6hcsrtrdn'ona'saMrsd.srhoi"dmt.
locus on rh.pnp.orion olscds. tuosaid 'tomcs
rubc6gtuwing in Mrlaids lnd cphcnraLly noodcd mlas
lhc
m.pping ol thc .tohicological RERP suncy nsulrs iho dlnonsr.rls rh! .oi.cn.nrion ol
erlneoloCicrl
3,'d plrnt and enimls
'nereml
combinalion olrhis sudoy ddrd.nd siiiine ddibdses hrs rv'lrod in r sigiificdnt body of infomdlion
rl'et that is curc ly bciie Dscd ro build rorc accuErc nrcdicrivc rodch (Ridscs 2010) n'is rcw
modelnrg uill enhaD.e lrunl h{irage mrnagemenl iraleeies ard wdhnd .onsnarion, Rlich \i1l
bcicfi. rhc AbonginaL communirics ol!h! rceion.
l4.s The Unique Landforms ofthe Lowbidgee & Lower Lachlan
The RERP sufley area corrains rhe uiique landfoDs ofrhe Losbidsee rnd dr Los Lrchlrn/crrr
Ctrmbmg Swrmp, which cff*rively fom No adjrrenr de1la likc slienL silh exceprionrlly hish
foduciiviry lnd biona$. Itr rhcsc dckaJ, &ro ficqucnay ovcdorcd bnor $ wds rcguhrlon) rhc
rnq chan.els d borh low and high nood pulses into r vai syien olcreeks, vein-like diiribulaics,
sMmns lnd lak.s Thc archecolog), crhiohistory, oEl history and .uftnt.omnuiiry kno$lcd8c ond
adiviries demonimte a sisnilicant lbcus on rhse \ydlards and rcrlard hources by Aboisinal people
ovd rhc l.n 5,000 ycms and inlo thc ptuscnr 'lhc toound btrildrs of rhsc lvcrlind lind$|Ps
consructd a .ulturrl bndscrpe th has noprmllcl ir Auinlia rnd mu$ be asisncd a hishp onry lor
consc^arioD and mrnagedlnr within is conlexr ofqdland kndsrapes. The mchaeolosy rlso infoms trs
abour cnvircnn.nbl clEngs ov$et lca$ 5,000 ycrs aid thc.ulonlrcspon$s ro rlBc d'mgs
1,t.6
Thc
The Aboriginal Conmunity and Private Propoty Onnos Working
Together
lool Ahoriginrl co'nmuini.s lnd
rhc non'Aboriginal hndoMcre ond land nana8c6 dcmonnrcrld
they have siDilrr soals con
cnoarior ol ldands BorL gmups
nmn!ly believe ir the need lor addirionrland.onlinuine envnonmenolrcultunlMlerand mrirrenarce.
ngcncftlion and tror$rion ol rcmaining \dands lor rhc lulurc gcncn.iois as wcll m rhc .utunt
lenmrion. Borh gml'ps demonnmled a delemination ro work roserlE ro fonn an allirnce ained d
trorcding aid rcsoring wdlands and obkining sufficicnr lnvnonnrnral and/ or cu huml s.1d in najor
rli
The pmjed dflnonimted dnr l]t Aborisinal coD,murity ard privare landownen and marrse$ all havc a
need lor g8rrr $ppon as they ,ft aLl ro sone exre.r rlie.atd by corpo.ne govmmenr, and lind il
.uh to inlom aid in jlucncc gov.mnc doision nakine.
'1,rfi
Borb rhc Llidowicdnanrgcn and rhc Aboriginll communny also found connon gound ii lhcir
c\rensivc lnosleJle olrhc envircnmcnl rnd cnvircnnenhl chrnse, rnd also borl, fclr thrr coaonG
n,
l
ii
) rDprlrirt Id Lrrltrr LhL\ i'nn.'rrr
I
ffnf.rr llnl rr j frlrt'e \ oJ
rrorl. ti(t lrtnr ni
rrtrl
'
r!
Lll\trJrli,r,
I,I
^borili|rt
l r(ll(luLlr.rlrtrr-!.s'o$s.drorItlrrl{rLf!
1l'xDgr \rorrl?r xrdre !j:.1tr r! itlnili.utrirtr nntuhrn
. rtllrnJ lld\r( lrr$ njr b.rh lrLr r {r5. f trb.LrJonnrn b!
\rs *cr r rlr. ri'nt ol rll !n\.v rr trr rrknr! trr t lc i nrin I ltt
Thr
rrttri, ritj Lrdrrurr$i,\lairicr.f|ldrru,
^r,!rnonD
P rr orLrrr Dr((\1 $1tr$ \irr r.r.L \ {,rr ri Kryr s(.1
rhNc
I.1,r Prioritics tbr |jtrr ironnrcn tal Wrter
Tr'c
Lol!
! n'.
r-idrLrr
b.r.\ rtuo ilr rrd rll (i'r t uDhnf! s\rrnl
\xld r) n.r I i! rotrLirn'irg d!{l
n)nnrDnir\
onr.trrr.\d.LuD! irjlr lf
Lrd'ld la, uDdtr nonrlo. Dv o
iUrjnlrbdhltltlrri\t_find
rt$ rk dr.r.r\ tr), ordrrlr.rnLhd[].Lrl trr rtrll,nrr.
l,xdh..trrrld.Jbni !r.rt.\., r,.LrLd(rtc ]\sltrr$frtrio
tlr: t qu, t tt hr rt )li!rt. r t t.L,r 1 t !.t |nd ri rra \r\ tt tllt rrk) qr
t t
id L)tuli ho\
h
h t rtn\ rt
Pl,do
rr:
rhr
r)
Lur
rjrLob
tturtru,)tt1,,
(
tr
fbtrtr! s$
r06 Dra(hlicr o
+
Lhr
Lr.lrlM ni\.,
3.s] rhrtj,rr atrirllu!s\rnp
In rhe Ldwbidgee sevedl aEas hare been able to obriin eNnonmenlal w , but these rre lew rnd wry
fragmenred. The nain areas ofr@ent envnonndkl w.!cr are on Nap N.p and al6n! the Redbmk
Sysrem on borh sidcs ol rhe Mumnbidgcc Rivcr. Evcn hcrc the oMs ol envionnenlal qarer arc lery
ilemenled .dd intnpeded rnh aEd lhat tue under s*ere sfts. For exampk, Paul Connellan of
Narwie had some areas nooded, but thc majoriy of his noodphin river ied gum foE$ ms under severe
sb*s, dead or dying in odober 2009. Paul ws also @ncemed rhat erlnonnenlal salci wd only
reachine ihe swasps, cr@ks and lakes adj.cenr ro rhe rivci. rnd the widd noodplain Ms not rceiving
warei This confined noodinE and rhc anificial liming of floodine had changcd rhc distibulion of
'nre RERP
$Ney reans and other AboriFinal communiiy mcmben fclihat lhc cnvnonmontll wals was
bcinAuscdinal$lhanholisdcway,forexmpleronoodaEdofYangaNdioulP k ro pmvide Mter
for frogs. flrey feu rhar iheft ws not sutrcieni res$rch inro whi.h mas should be givh priorily and
how much mvnonmenr wder Nrs neened, and Ihar the voices ol ihe Aboriginal connuniry and rhc
pivde lan'lowncrs sd nanogeE wcrc nor beine considercd adequately. For example, apnority for lhe
Balnnald conmuniry is exrended shalbw noodins rcce$ible io BalFneld ro cncouEgc grce1h of Old
Weed, rhich is . plant used videly in the communiiy as a medicine.
Mln
Phoro 107: Pollen cftek, Nap
N.!,
showina rhe Benefir of Envimnmenral water
Theft is a clear cdnflic! in the fdc! rhar the Aboigiml mnmuniq has to pay sisnifi@ni molnrs of
roney for culiu6l wler, 6 wcll as pay !o punp ir inro wedands in aftis vhere n wi nor 611 by
ovedank nows froD vens. eg Toosi'nbic. CultuBl waier should bc thc samc cost as onvitunmdral
w.rer Culhnl *atershouldal$ beallocard in rhe n arural n ood season ofwinr.tspring,
Allocalcd cultural dd snvnonnenral saEr shduld
msoriarionj as apFrendy o.oiied i.2009.
al$
h
e secudry. rnd not be re allooted nithour
15.
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16.
APPENDICES (CD ROM)
i6.1 Appendix 1- Predictiv€ Model (Pardoe & Martin 2001)
16.2 Appendix 2-Gis
16.3
Mrpping (MartiD 2006)
Apperdir 3-Pre 1750 Predictivc ModcUing Mrps (Ridg€s 2009)
164 Appendix;l- Rerp Survey Maps (Barker 2010)
l6.s Appendir 5- Wetland Lardscape Stories
16.6 Appendix 6 RERP Survey
Brief