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Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
MANAGING A HYDROPOWER IMPASSE ON THE KUNENE RIVER by P Heyns Pr Eng Department of Water Affairs and Forestry INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASINS Department of Water Affairs and Forestry KUNENE RIVER BASIN Department of Water Affairs and Forestry KUNENE HYDROLOGY Catchment Area = 10 500 km² Area in Angola = 87 % Area in Namibia = 13 % Rainfall = 1 300 – 25 mm/a Rainfall is Seasonal = 90 % November to April Rainfall is Variable = 50 – 200 % of average Evaporation = 300 – 2 000 mm/a Average Flow = 5 500 Mm³/s = 175 m³/s Department of Water Affairs and Forestry HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE STRUCTURE Gove Dam CAPACITY 2 570 Mm³ PURPOSE Storage/Regulation Matala Weir 60 Mm³ Irrigation/Hydropower • Power Station 39 MW Regulation/Water Supply Calueque Dam 475 Mm³ • Pump Station 2 m³/s Water Transfer to Namibia Ruacana Weir 20 Mm³ Divert Water to Head Bay • Power Station 240 MW Power to Angola and Namibia Regulation/Irrigation/Transfer Department of Water Affairs and Forestry RUACANA ARTIST’S IMPRESSION Department of Water Affairs and Forestry RUACANA LAYOUT Department of Water Affairs and Forestry RUACANA Department of Water Affairs and Forestry CALUEQUE DAM Department of Water Affairs and Forestry CALUEQUE PUMP STATION Department of Water Affairs and Forestry CALUEQUE PUMPING MAIN Department of Water Affairs and Forestry CALUEQUE – NAMIBIA CANAL Department of Water Affairs and Forestry WATER TRANSFER TO NAMIBIA Department of Water Affairs and Forestry LEGAL FRAMEWORK International: • Helsinki Rules • United Nations Watercourse Convention Regional: • SADC Treaty on Regional Economic Cooperation • SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses National: • Agreements between Angola and Namibia water issues • In country water policy, legislation and regulations Department of Water Affairs and Forestry KUNENE TREATIES DOCUMENT YEAR First Border Agreement 1890 Second Border Agreement 1926 First Water Use Agreement 1926 Second Water Use Agreement 1964 Third Water Use Agreement 1969 Endorsement Agreement 1990 Hydropower Development Agreement 1991 Department of Water Affairs and Forestry INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGMENTS Governments of Angola and Namibia Permanent Joint Technical Commission Operating Authority Operation and Maintenance of Infrastructure Sub-committees Studies, Investigations, Feasibility, Measuring and Monitoring Department of Water Affairs and Forestry ENABLING ENVIRONMENT Political Commitment: • Committed to SADC Shared Water Protocol • Treaties exist Water Commission: • Established • Advisory role • Technical Committees • Investigations and studies Operating Authority: • Defunct Basin Management Committee: • Not in place Department of Water Affairs and Forestry CALUEQUE BEFORE ATTACK Department of Water Affairs and Forestry BOMB DAMAGE : CALUEQUE DAM Department of Water Affairs and Forestry BOMB DAMAGE : CALUEQUE DAM Department of Water Affairs and Forestry DAMAGE AT CALUEQUE Department of Water Affairs and Forestry The pipeline was attacked on occasion for tactical reasons KUNENE RIVER POTENTIAL Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EPUPA FALLS Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EPUPA FALLS Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EPUPA DAM SITE Department of Water Affairs and Forestry PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE ITEM STRUCTURE EPUPA BAYNES Dam Capacity (Mm³) 7 809 1 744 Hydropower Capacity (MW) 360 360 Height (m) 161 203 Surface Area (km²) 382 49 7 40 Downstream from Epupa (km) Department of Water Affairs and Forestry COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES FAVOURABILITY ISSUE BAYNES EPUPA Technical Lower Better Financial Lower Higher Economical Lower Higher Environmental Higher Lower Department of Water Affairs and Forestry FACILITATING COLLABORATION • • • • • • • • • • • Create awareness about the value of cooperation Agree to cooperate in good faith Maintain dialogue to develop trust and understanding Openly discuss concerns and expectations Develop a shared vision and objectives Involve stakeholders and cooperating partners Bypass issues of conflict and make progress Resolve conflicts over time in an amicable way Build capacity and confidence through training Develop management and negotiating skills Promote transparency and accountability Department of Water Affairs and Forestry TECHNICAL COOPERATION • • • • • • • • • Execute joint studies, investigations and research Collect data, verify jointly and exchange information Develop technical, scientific and legal skills Propose viable development projects Allocate water for the most beneficial uses Jointly do hydrological gauging and assessment Control pollution and monitor water quality Assess environmental integrity Manage floods and droughts Department of Water Affairs and Forestry BEST PRACTICES • • • • • • • • • • Execute joint resource investigations and feasibility studies Arrange for reliable data collection and monitoring Exchange and share information Determine criteria and agree on the facts Develop a multi criteria decision making process Reach consensus on the best project alternatives Develop an integrated management plan Advise the Governments about new projects Enter into agreements to effect development activities Promote joint project management Department of Water Affairs and Forestry CALUEQUE – NAMIBIA CANAL Department of Water Affairs and Forestry COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES ISSUE Technical • Reservoir • Height • Geology • Sensitivity to upstream regulation Financial • Capital Cost • Risk of overruns Economical • Power Production • Present Value of System Cost • Internal Rate of Return Environmental • Inundated area • Riverine Vegation Affected • Preservation of Epupa Falls Department of Water Affairs and Forestry FAVOURABILITY BAYNES EPUPA Lower Lower Weaker Critical Better Better Better None Higher Higher Lower Lower Lower Higher Lower Higher Lower Higher Less Less Yes More More None
