HONG KONG IN 1996 GEO REPORT No. 70 - HKU Libraries

Transcription

THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
LIBRARIES
This book was received
in accordance with the Books
Registration Ordinance
Section 4
HONG KONG
IN 1996
GEO REPORT No. 70
C.K.L. Wong
BOOKS REGISTRATION ORDINANCE
Chapter 142
No.: HK
4
99
cn&
This report was originally produced in October 1997
as GEO Special Project Report No. SPR 7/97
0574
© The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
First published, September 1998
Prepared by:
Geotechnical Engineering Office,
Civil Engineering Department,
Civil Engineering Building,
101 Princess Margaret Road,
Homantin, Kowloon,
Hong Kong.
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3
PREFACE
In keeping with our policy of releasing inforaiation
which may be of general interest to the geotechnical
profession and the public, we make available selected
internal reports in a series of publications termed the GEO
Report series. A charge is made to cover the cost of printing.
The Geotechnical Engineering Office also publishes
guidance documents as GEO Publications.
These
publications and the GEO Reports may be obtained from the
Government's
Inforaiation
Services
Department.
Information on how to purchase these documents is given on
the last page of this report.
R.K.S. Chan
Principal Government Geotechnical Engineer
September 1998
- 4 -
FOREWORD
This Report presents a review of the rainfall and
landslides in Hong Kong throughout 1996. Geotechnical
engineers of the District Divisions of the Geotechnical
Engineering Office provided details of the notable landslides.
Supplementary landslide data were provided by the Agriculture
and Fisheries Department, Architectural Services Department,
Drainage Services Department, Fire Services Department,
Highways Department, Housing Department and Water Supplies
Department. The Hong Kong Observatory provided rainfall
information. All contributions are gratefully acknowledged.
P.L.R. Pang
Chief Geotechnical Engineer/Special Projects
- 5 -
ABSTRACT
This Report reviews the rainfall and landslides in Hong
Kong throughout 1996. Rainfall information has been obtained
from the Geotechnical Engineering Office (GEO) automatic
raingauge system and from the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO).
Most of the landslide data have been taken from the records of
incidents reported to the GEO during the year. Supplementary
data have been obtained from other Government departments.
The rainfall at HKO in 1996 was only 2% above the
Hong Kong annual mean. A total of 163 incidents was reported
to the GEO.
Of these, 153 were classified as genuine
landslides.
- 6 -
CONTENTS
Page
No.
Title Page
*
PREFACE
3
FOREWORD
4
ABSTRACT
5
CONTENTS
6
1.
INTRODUCTION
9
2.
RAINFALL
9
2.1
The Raingauge System
9
2.2
Hong Kong Observatory Records
10
2.3
Geotechnical Engineering Office Records
10
2.4
Rainfall Distribution
11
2.5
Warnings Issued by the Hong Kong Observatory
11
2.6
Comparison with Past Rainstorms
11
3.
LANDSLIDES
11
3.1
Landslide Occurrence in 1996
11
3.2
Facilities Affected by Landslides
12
3.2.1
General
12
3.2.2
Squatter Areas
12
3.2.3
Building Lots
13
3.2.4
Roads and Access
13
3.2.5
Construction Sites
13
3.2.6
Carparks, Playgrounds, Gardens and Yards
13
3.2.7
Catchwaters and Reservoirs •
13
3.3
3.2.8 Other Areas
Types of Landslides
13
14
3.3.1
General
14
3.3.2
Fill Slopes
14
- 7 -
Pag«
No
4.
3.3.3
Cut Slopes
14
3.3.4
Retaining Walls
14
3.3.5
Natural Slopes
14
3.3.6
Rock and Boulder Falls
14
3.4
Landslide Volume Distribution
15
3.5
Rainfall-Landslide Relationships
15
NOTABLE LANDSLIDES
15
4.1
General
15
4.2
Incident MW 96/5/3 : Above Golf Driving Range,
Area 19, Tuen Mun
15
4.3
Incident MW 96/3/3 : Pik Tin Street, Shatin
15
4.4
Incident ME 96/4/3 : Tai Po Road, Tai Po Kau
16
4.5
Incident K 96/6/1 : Fung Tak Road, Wong Tai Sin
16
4.6
Incident MW 96/6/5 : Wo Hop Shek Cemetery, Fanling
16
4.7
Incident HK 96/7/4 : Near 212 Victoria Road, Pok Fu La
17
4.8
Incident HK 96/9/4 : Below No. 1 Wang Fung Terrace,
Tai Hang
17
4.9
Incident HK 96/9/5 : Junction of Ap Lei Chau Bridge and
Lee Nam Road, Ap Lei Chau
17
5.
CONCLUSIONS
18
6.
REFERENCES
18
LIST OF TABLES
20
LIST OF FIGURES
32
LIST OF PLATES
40
APPENDIX A : RECORDS FROM GEO RAINGAUGES
DURING THE TWO HEAVY 24-HOUR
RAINSTORMS OF 1996
48
APPENDIX B : LIST OF INCIDENTS REPORTED TO GEO
62
APPENDIX C : DAILY RAINFALL AT THE HONG KONG
OBSERVATORY IN 1996
81
- 8 -
Page
No.
LIST OF DRAWINGS
84
- 9 -
1. INTRODUCTION
This Report reviews and provides factual data on rainfall and landslide occurrences in
Hong Kong throughout 1996. Rainfall information has been obtained from the Geotechnical
Engineering Office (GEO) and the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO)(formerly known as the
Royal Observatory (RO) up to 30 June 1997). Most of the landslide data have been taken
from the records of incidents reported to the GEO during the year. Supplementary data have
been obtained from other Government departments. Only landslides reported to the GEO are
analyzed and described in detail in this report, since they were inspected by the geotechnical
engineers of the GEO and detailed information is available.
In this Report, a landslide is defined as the collapse of a soil or rock mass, and
includes the failure of fill slopes, cut slopes, natural slopes, retaining walls, and rock or
boulder falls. A 'major1 landslide is defined as a failure in which the volume of the collapsed
mass is 50 m3 or above, or where a fatality has occurred.
A total of 163 incidents was reported to the GEO in 1996. Of these, 153 were genuine
landslides, and four of them were major,
The arrangement of this Report is similar to the previous annual rainfall and landslides
reports (Premchitt, 1991a-1991e; Siu, 1991; Tang, 1992; Evans, 1992; Chen, 1993; Chan,
1994 & 1995; Wong, 1996). This Report reviews rainfall and landslides throughout the
whole year rather than emphasising any one specific rainstorm.
2. RAINFALL
2.1
The Raingauge System
In the rugged terrain of Hong Kong, the distribution and intensity of rainfall during
a storm can vary dramatically with respect to both geography and time. In order to provide
sufficient coverage for a meaningful analysis of rainfall distribution, the HKO has installed
a network of raingauges which, in 1996, comprised 21 automatic and 104 manual raingauges
at 82 locations. A 'principal1 raingauge is located at the HKO's headquarters in Tsim Sha
Tsui, and a continuous rainfall record has been kept at this location since 1884.
Since 1978, the GEO, in cooperation with the HKO, has established an automatic
raingauge system (comprising 48 GEO and 22 HKO automatic raingauges in 1996) which
transmits real-time rainfall data via telephone lines to the GEO and to the HKO at five-minute
intervals. The locations of the GEO automatic raingauges (Figure 1) were selected to
supplement the network of other types of raingauges and to provide specific information in
areas of particular geotechnical interest.
In this Report, where a comparison is being made for 'daily1 rainfalls, the 24-hour
rolling maximum rainfall will be used instead of daily rainfall, since the latter is based on an
arbitrary fixed period of midnight to midnight, which does not necessarily represent the
maximum rainfall over a 24-hour period. In addition, when rainfall is quoted without
reference to the location of measurement, this refers to that recorded at the HKO headquarters
in Tsim Sha Tsui.
- 10 -
2.2 Hong Kong Observatory Records
The year's weather for 1996 was described in RO (1996). The comments on rainfall
given in the RO Weather Summary are as follows :
"The year's total rainfall was near normal and amounted to
2 249.1 millimetres, only two per cent above the normal of
2214.3 millimetres".
"April ... Three episodes of heavy rain contributed to most of
the month's rainfall of 228.7 millimetres which was 67.2
millimetres above normal".
"June ... Both the monthly total rainfall and the accumulated
rainfall for the year were seven per cent above normal for the
same periods".
"My ... Occasional showers and thunderstorms affected the
territory but the monthly rainfall of 230.3 millimetres was still
29 per cent below normal".
"The weather was unstable from 14 to 18 August with rainfall
amounting to 206.1 millimetres. Torrential rain on 15 August
caused flooding in many places".
"The total rainfall of 604.0 millimetres recorded in September
1996 was the sixth highest for the month and was more than
twice the normal figure of 299.7 millimetres".
A summary of heavy rainstorms in 1996 and the landslides reported to have occurred
in the rainstorms is given in Table 1. This Table shows all periods in which the 24-hour
rainfall at the HKO exceeded 50 mm. The four-day and fifteen-day antecedent rainfalls
which occurred prior to these 24-hour periods are also shown in this Table. The four
heaviest 24-hour rainfalls in 1996 are 13 to 14 September (238.9 mm), 22 to 23 June
(120.3 mm), 30 April to 1 May (98.0 mm) and 21 to 22 June (95.0 mm).
The rainfall data recorded at the HKO for 1996 are presented in Figures 2 to 5.
Cumulative rainfall since I January is shown in Figure 2. Daily and monthly rainfalls are
shown in Figures 3 and 4 respectively. Figure 5 shows the hourly rainfalls for the four heavy
24-hour rainfalls in 1996.
2.3 Geotecbnical Engineering Office Records
Rainfall data from the 48 GEO automatic raingauges are kept in the Civil Engineering
Library on the First Lower Ground Floor of the Civil Engineering Building,
The 24-hour, five-hour and one-hour maximum rainfalls (rolling rainfall amounts using
one clock hour rainfall as the basic unit) recorded by the GEO raingauges during heavy
- 11 rainstorms in 1996 are given in Table 1.
Appendix A contains hourly rainfall data recorded by the GEO raingauges for the two
heavy 24-hour rainstorms.
2.4 Rainfall Distribution
Rainfall distribution with time and location can be assessed by referring to detailed
GEO and HKO records.
The isohyets of 24-hour rainfalls for the three heavy rainstorms in 1996 are shown in
Figures 6 and 7.
2.5
Relevant warnings issued by the HKO and Landslip Warnings jointly issued by the
GEO and the HKO are summarised in Table 2. A total of two Landslip Warnings was issued
in 1996 on the basis of predetermined rainfall criteria, after consultation between the GEO
and the HKO.
2.6
Comparison with Past Rainstorms
The return periods of the heavy rainstorms in 1996 were estimated for rainfall
durations of one hour to fifteen days based on the rainfall recorded at the HKO (Table 3).
The estimated return periods range from less than two years to four years. It is noted that
the maximum rainfalls for most durations were recorded in the rainstorm in midSeptember 1996.
In Figure 2, the cumulative rainfall for 1996 is shown in comparison with the wettest
year (1982), the driest year (1963) since records began in 1884 and the mean value from
1961 to 1990. The monthly rainfall in September was more than double its corresponding
mean value. The 1996 annual rainfall was 2 249.1 mm, which is only 2% higher than the
mean value of 2214.3 mm. Figure 4 shows monthly rainfalls in 1996 in comparison with the
recorded maximum (since 1884) and mean (1961-1990) monthly rainfalls.
3.
3.1
LANDSLIDES
Landslide Occurrence in 1996
The numbers of incidents reported to various Government departments in 1996 are
shown in Table 4.
Details of all 163 incidents reported to the GEO are summarized in Appendix B. In
total, 153 incidents were classified as genuine landslides. The rest of them were either not
landslides or incidents which were of no geotechnical concern, such as fallen trees. They
- 12 were therefore not considered in the statistical analysis described below. The locations of all
the reported incidents are shown in Drawing No. GCSP 8/17, which is attached to this report.
Selected incidents are illustrated in Plates 1 to 7. Further details of these incidents can be
found in the incident files of the District Divisions of the GEO.
A summary of the four major landslides is given in Table 5.
Wherever possible, the dates and times of the landslides were assessed by the
geotechnical engineers during site inspections. Some cases were not reported to the GEO
until several days or weeks after the incidents. For these, it was difficult to determine the
exact time of occurrence. Out of the 153 reported landslides, the date of failure was recorded
for 101 landslides. The daily numbers of these landslides are plotted in Figure 3. Of these
101 landslides, the time of landslide was given to within one hour for 43 incidents.
The numbers of reported landslides which occurred during periods of heavy ram are
shown in Table 1, where the numbers of incidents reported by the Fire Services Department
are also shown for comparison. For the events not shown in Table 1, five landslides
occurred in a single day on 25 June and 15 September, and there were smaller number of
landslides on all other days.
The numbers of landslide incidents occurred during the Landslip Warning periods are
shown in Table 6.
Based on GEO's landslide inspection reports, 61 landslides in 1996 were considered
by the inspecting geotechnical engineer to be associated with poor maintenance. This
amounted to about 40% of all the reported landslides in 1996.
It is possible that there were other landslides which were not reported to the GEO.
These are likely to be landslides which involved less significant consequence, such as failures
affecting remote areas and open spaces.
3.2 Facilities Affected by Landslides
3.2.1
General
The numbers of landslides affecting various types of facility (building lot, road, etc.)
in Hong Kong, Kowloon and the New Territories are shown in Table 7. The numbers of
major failures affecting different types of facility are also given in Table 7. It should be
noted that a failure may affect more than one type of facility. Landslide consequences,
classified according to failure type, are shown in Table 8.
3.2.2
Squatter Areas
A total of 12 landslides affected squatter areas and none was major (Table 7). These
landslides led to the permanent evacuation of four squatter huts and temporary evacuation of
seven huts (Table 8).
- 13 -
3.2.3
Building Lots
There were 23 landslides affecting building lots and private properties, none was majoi
(Table 7). These landslides resulted in the temporary evacuation of seven houses and 47 flats
in part or in total (Table 8). An example of this category is HK 9/4, which is described ii
Section 4.8. '
3.2.4
Roads and Access
A total of 87 sections of roads, access, footpaths and pedestrian pavements were
affected by landslides. Two of these were major incidents (Table 7). Four selected
examples, viz. MW 5/3, ME 4/3, HK 7/4 and HK 9/4, are described in Sections 4.2, 4.4,
4.7 and 4.8 respectively.
3.2.5
Construction Sites
Nine landslides affected construction sites, of which one was a major incideni
(Table 7). Three of them, viz. MW 3/3, K 6/1 and HK 7/4, are described in Sections 4.3,
4.5 and 4.7.
3.2.6
Carparks, Playgrounds, Gardens and Yards
Ten landslides affected carparks, playgrounds, gardens and yards, of which one was
a major, incident. One selected sample, viz. HK 9/5, is described in Section 4.9.
3.2.7
Catchwaters and Reservoirs
Landslides affecting catchwaters and reservoirs were usually dealt with separately bj
the Water Supplies Department and not reported to the GEO. In 1996, only three minoi
landslides of this category were reported to the GEO.
3.2.8
Other Areas
Other areas affected by landslides include country and urban parks, open areas anc
hillside, cemetery and urns. A total of two areas within the country and urban parks was
reported to have been affected by landslides. Fifteen landslides affected open areas anc
hillside and one of them was a major incident. There was one major landslide which affectec
a cemetery. This landslide, viz. MW 6/5, is described in more detail in Section 4.6.
- 14 -
33
3.3.1
Types of Landslides
General
Landslides reported to the GEO have been classified into six types of failure, i.e. fill
slopes, cut slopes, natural slopes, retaining walls, rock/boulder falls and others. The numbers
of different types of landslide are shown in Table 9.
3.3.2
Fill Slopes
There were 14 fill slope failures, forming 9.2% of all landslides reported. None of
these was major incident. Incident ME 4/3 is discussed in Section' 4.4.
3.3.3
Cut Slopes
There were 95 cut slope failures, forming 62.1 % of all landslides reported. There
were classified further according to types of material involved, i.e. soil, soil/rock and rock.
There were 75 reported incidents for soil cut slopes, four of which were major
incidents. There were 20 soil/rock cut slope failures, none of which was major. No rock
slope failure was reported.
Landslides in soil cut slopes discussed in detail in Section 4 include incidents MW 5/3
(Plate 1), MW 3/3 (Plate 2), K 6/1, MW 6/5 (Plate 4), HK 7/4 (Plate 5), HK 9/4 (Plate 6)
and HK 9/5 (Plate 7).
3.3.4
Retaining Walls
There were 10 reported failures of retaining walls, forming 6.5% of all landslides
reported. None of them was major.
3.3.5
Natural Slopes
There were nine natural slope failures reported, forming 5.9% of all landslides. None
of them was major.
3.3.6
Rock and Boulder Falls
There were 25 cases of rock and boulder falls, forming 16.3 % of all landslides. None
of them was major.
- 15 -
3.4
Landslide Volume Distribution
Tables 10 and 11 show the distribution of landslide volume for all landslide incidents
which were reported to the GEO. The approximate volume of failure was recorded for 140
out of the total of 153 reported landslides. Of the landslides for which the volume was
recorded, 87 landslides (about 57%) involved less than 5 m3 of material. Four of the
reported landslides (about 3%) involved a failure volume of 50 m3 or above.
3.5 Rainfall-Landslide Relationships
The relationship between rainfall and landslides in 1996 can be seen from the plot of
daily rainfall and daily number of landslides in Figure 3. The majority of the recorded"
landslides occurred at times of heavy rainfall. The geographical distribution of rainfall had
a considerable influence on the occurrence of landslide. Figures 6 and 7 show the locations
of landslides for which the dates of occurrence are known (see Section 3.1), and the 24-hour
rainfall isohyets for the corresponding rainstorms in 1996.
4.
NOTABLE LANDSLIDES
4.1 General
Out of the 153 landslides reported to the GEO, eight are described in more detail in
the following Sections in chronological order. These landslides have been selected mainly
on the basis of their failure volume, consequence and technical interest. Three of these, viz.
MW 96/3/3, K96/6/1 and HK 96/7/4, are possibly construction related incidents.
\v~»/) 4.2
Incident MW 96/5/3 : Above Golf Driving Range. Area 19, Tuen Mun
(Date : January 1996. Major failure of a soil cut slope affecting a track, Plate 1)
A major failure of a soil cut slope above a golf driving range Area 19, Tuen Mun was
identified by the GEO in May 1996. According to a villager, the slope had probably failed
in January. The failure involved the upper part of a 45 m high cut slope with an average
slope angle of 30°. The failed portion was 6 m high and 115 m in breath, resulting in a
failure volume of about 750 m3 of decomposed volcanics and colluvium. An old failure scar
was noted below the failed portion. There was a track above the slope and part of it fell
away with the landslide. This failure was possibly associated with run off from uphill
blocked channels.
4.3 Incident MW 96/3/3 : Pik Tin Street, Shatin
/ '
(Date : March 1996, Major signs of distress of a soil cut slope resulting in a
construction site being affected, Plate 2)
An incident involving major signs of distress in the form of tension cracks on a soil
- 16 -
cut slope above a constnictioB site at Pik Tin Street, Shatin was reported to the GEO on 11
March 1996. Exact date of occurrence is not known.
The slope was about 23 m high with an average slope angle of 40° with benns at
every 8 m. There was a natural hillside above the cut slope. It had a vegetation cover (trees
and bushes). Tension cracks were found above the first and second berms. The drains were
found to be blocked or broken. This incident was probably associated with insufficient
maintenance.
</4.4 Incident ME 96/4/3 : Tai Po Road, Tai Po Kau
(Date : 23 April 1996. Fill slope failure resulting in closure of a road, Plate 3)
On 23 April, a landslide took place at the fill slope on the downhill side of Tai Po
Road, Tai Po Kau. The fill slope was about 20 m high with a slope angle of about 30°. It
was covered with grass before failure. At the time of landslide, trench excavation was being
carried out across the road on the uphill side. The failure was probably caused by rapture of
a watermain in the trench during excavation, which could have led to considerable subsurface
seepage to the downhill side of the road. Subsidence of part of the road surface and washing
out of the fill slope occurred as a result. Tai Po Road was closed due to this failure.
45
Incident K 96/6/1 : Fung Tak Road, Wong Tai Sin
(Date : 10 June 1996. Trench collapse resulting in the injury of one construction
worker.)
At about 16:10 on 10 June, the side of a 3 m deep and 2 m wide trench which was
excavated into highly and completely decomposed granite collapsed. The trench was located
at a pedestrian pavement of Fung Tak Road, Wong Tai Sin.
This incident involved a 2 m3 failure volume and resulted in injury of a construction
worker. The failure was probably caused by lack of trench support during construction.
.6 Incident MW 96/6/5 : Wo Hop Shek Cemetery. Fanling
(Date : 25 June 1996. Major failure of a soil cut slope affecting a cemetery, Plate 4)
On 25 June, about 80 m3 of weathered rock fell from a grassed soil cut slope at Wo
Hop Shek Cemetery, Fanling, causing damage to a large number of buried urns on the slope.
The cut slope was about 18 m high with an average slope angle of 45°. The failure involved
the full height of the slope and was about 20 m wide. It affected the cemetery and was
probably caused by surface water infiltration into the slope after heavy rainfall.
- 17 -
4.7 Incident HK 96/7/4 : Near 212 Victoria Road, Pok Fu Lam
^
(Date : 25 July 1996. Major failure of a temporary cut slope affecting a construction
site and resulting in closure of a road, Plate 5)
At about 8:00 a.m. on 25 July 1996, a sub-vertical temporary cut for the construction
of a retaining wall on the downhill side of Victoria Road (part of the Highways Department
Victoria Road Improvement Project), failed and resulted in a failure volume of 75 m3. The
temporary cutting was about 10 m in height with an average angle of 80°. The failure
debris, estimated to be about 10.5 m in breadth, 4 m in length with a maximum depth of
1.8 m, was trapped behind the partially completed retaining wall.
Based on site inspection on 25 July 1996, the failure was probably caused by the lack
of temporary support to the sub-vertical cut.
8 Incident HK 96/9/4 : Below No. 1 Wang Fung Terrace. Tai Hang
(Date : 14 September 1996. Failure of a soil cut slope resulting in the temporary
evacuation of 45 flats, blockage of a road and closure of a carpark, Plate 6)
At about 5:00 p.m. on 14 September, about 30 m3 of weathered rock and a tree
slipped from a soil cut slope below No. 1 Wang Fung Terrace. The slope was about 15 m
high with an inclination of 70-75°. It was covered by broken chunam before the landslide.
This failure resulted in temporary evacuation of 45 flats and a carpark above the slope, and
closure of two lanes of Tai Hang Road below the slope.
According to the field observation on the following day, the channel at the slope crest
was blocked with debris. A downpipe was discharging water onto this channel. Deep gullies
were found at the slip scar immediately below the discharge point of the broken channel.
Lack of maintenance and tree root action were considered to be the major factors contributing
to the failure.
4.9 Incident HK 96/9/5 : Junction of Ap Lei Chau Bridge and Lee Nam Road, Ap Lei Chau
i)
(Date : 14 September 1996. Major failure of a soil cut slope resulting in a sports
playground being affected, Plate 7)
At about 7:30 p.m. on 14 September, about 50 m3 of decomposed volcanic rock and
colluvium slipped from a soil cut slope (No. 15NW-A/C1) near the Junction of Ap Lei Chau
Bridge Road and Lee Nam Road, Ap Lei Chau.
The slope was about 30 m high, with an average inclination of 45°. The natural
terrain above it was sloping at 35° and was covered with shrubs and grass. Before the failure
the slope was covered by shotcrete. The portion of the slope that failed was about 12 m high
and 9 m wide, with a maximum depth of failure of about 3 m. The debris was found to be
soft and wet with a debris length of 14 m, affecting the open space and sports playground
below.
- 18 -
The failure was probably caused by infiltration from the intense rainfall into the natural
hillside above.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Rainfall at the HKO in 1996 was 2% higher than the Hong Kong annual average.
Two Landslip Warnings were issued in 1996. There were 153 landslides reported to
the GEO. The landslides resulted in one injury. According to the data given in GEO's
landslide inspection reports and supplementary information provided by GEO's District
Divisions, the consequence resulting from the landslides included temporary evacuation of
seven squatter huts, seven houses and 47 flats, permanent evacuation of four squatter huts,
and blockage of 87 sections of road, pedestrian pavement and access.
About 40 % of the landslides were judged to be related to poor slope maintenance.
6. REFERENCES
Chan, W.L. (1994). Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1993. Geotechnical Engineering
Office, Hong Kong, 214 p. & 1 drg. (GEO Report No. 43).
Chan, W.L. (1995). Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1994. Geotechnical Engineering
Office, Hong Kong, 161 p. & I drg. (GEO Report No. 54).
Chen, P.K.H. (1993). Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1992. Geotechnical
Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 201 p. & 2 drgs. (GEO Report No. 35).
Evans, N.C. (1992). Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1991. Geotechnical Engineering
Lam, C.C. & Leung, Y.K. (1994). Extreme rainfall statistics and design rainstorm profiles
at selected locations in Hong Kong. Royal Observatory. Hong Kong. Technical Note
no. 86, 89 p.
Premchitt, J. (1991a). Rainfall and Landslides in 1984. Geotechnical Engineering Office,
Hong Kong, 98 p. & 1 drg. (GEO Report No. 1).
Premchitt, J. (1991b). Rainfall and Landslides in 1985. Geotechnical Engineering Office,
Premchitt, J. (1991c). Rainfall and Landslides in 1986. Geotechnical Engineering Office,
Premchitt, J. (1991d). Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1987. Geotechnical
Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 108 p. & 1 drg. (GEO Report No. 4).
- 19 -
Premchitt, J. (1991e). Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1988. Geotechnical
Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 71 p. & 1 drg. (GEO Report No. 5).
Royal Observatory (1996). Monthly Weather Summary Dec 1996, Royal Observatory,
Hong Kong, 31 p.
Siu, K.L. (1991). Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1989. Geotechnical Engineering
Tang, K.Y. (1992). Hone Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1990. Geotechnical Engineering
Wong, C.K.L. (1996). Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1995. Geotechnical
Engineering Office, Hong Kong, 123 p & 1 drg. (GEO Report No. 59).
- 20 -
LIST OF TABLES
Table
No.
No.
1
Rainfall-Landslide Events in 1996 with 24-hour
Rainfall Greater than 50 mm
21
2
in 1996
22
3
Maximum Rainfalls Recorded at the Hong Kong
Observatory in 1996 and Their Estimated
Return Periods
23
4
Number of Incidents Reported to Various
Departments in 1996
24
5
List of Major Landslides Reported to GEO in 1996
25
6
Number of Landslides Occurred during Landslip
Warning Periods in 1996
26
7
Number of Landslides Reported to GEO Affecting
Different Facilities in 1996
27
8
Consequence Related to Type of Failure in 1996
28
9
Number of Landslides Reported to GEO in 1996
Classified by Type of Failure
29
10
Landslide Volume Distribution with Respect
to District
30
11
Landslide Volume Distribution with Respect
to Type of Failure
31
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- 23 -
Table 3 - Maximum Rainfalls Recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory in 1996 and
Their Estimated Return Periods
Duration
Date
Time
Estimated
Return
Period
(Years)(1)
Ending Time
Rainfall®
(mm)
1 hour
48.2
Jun 24, 1996
05:00
<2
2 hours
64.3
Sep 14, 1996
18:00
<2
5 hours
109.5
Sep 14, 1996
18:00
<2
12 hours
164.3
Sep 14, 1996
21:00
<2
24 hours
238.9
Sep 14, 1996
24:00
3
2 days
318.2
Sep 15, 1996
14:00
4
4 days
350.0
Sep 15, 1996
14:00
3
7 days
394.9
Sep 15, 1996
14:00
3
15 days
528.9
Sep 22, 1996
08:00
3
Notes :
(1) Return periods were assessed from the Gumbel equation, after Lam & Leung
(1994), to the nearest year.
(2) Rainfall maxima as recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory, Tsim Sha Tsui
(rolling rainfall amounts using one clock hour as the basic unit, the 1 hour
maximum is clock hour).
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43 landslides v
The above was
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- 27 Table 7 - Number of Landslides Reported to GEO Affecting Different
Facilities in 1996
Districts(4)
New Territories
Affected Facility
Hong Kong
Kowloon
Squatters
3(0)
Building Lots/Properties
All
Mainland
East
Mainland
West
0(0)
6(0)
3(0)
12(0)
5(0)
0(0)
13(0)
5(0)
23(0)
Roads
15(1)
4(0)
18(0)
6(0)
43(1)
Pedestrian Pavements
10(0)
4(0)
7(0)
6(0)
27(0)
Footpaths/Lanes/
Private Access/
Footbridges
9(0)
1(0)
5(0)
2(1)
17(1)
Construction Sites
6(1)
2(0)
1(0)
0(0)
9(1)
Country/Urban Parks
1(0)
0(0)
0(0)
1(0)
2(0)
Open Areas/Hillside
6(1)
0(0)
4(0)
5(0)
15(1)
Catchwaters/Conduits/
Culvert
2(0)
0(0)
1(0)
0(0)
3(0)
Carpark/Playground
Garden/Yard
5(1)
1(0)
2(0)
2(0)
10(1)
Cemetery/Urns
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
1(1)
KD
Unclassified
0(0)
0(0)
6(0)
1(0)
7(0)
Legend:
15(1)
Notes :
Fifteen landslides of which one was major failure
(1) Incidents which were not genuine landslides have been excluded.
(2) The numbers of landslides affecting different types of facility are based on Sections
11 and 12 of GEO's Incident Reports.
(3) One landslide may affect more than one type of facility.
(4) Based on GEO's district boundaries, which are shown in Drawing No. GCSP 8/17.
- 28 -
Table 8 - Consequence Related to Type of Failure in 1996
No. of Squatter Huts
Evacuated(2)
Type of Failure
No. of
Blocks,
Houses or
Flats
Evacuated
Permanent Temporary
or Partially
Closed(2)
No. of Landslides Involving
Blockage or Closure(2)
Roads
Pedestrian
Pavements
Deaths
Footpaths,
(Injuries)
Back Lanes,
Private
Access
.
-
Iflat
6
1
-
.
Soil
2
4
6 houses
45 flats
11
5
.
0(1(4))
Soil/Rock
-
-
-
6
5
-
-
Rock
-
.
.
-
-
-
-
Natural Slope
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
Retaining Wall
2
3
-
-
3
2
.
Rock/Boulder Fall
-
-
I house
Iflat
10
4
2
.
Others
(e.g. subsidence)
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
Fill Slope
Cut
Slope
Notes :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Incidents which were not genuine landslides have been excluded.
Based on Sections 1 1 and 12 of GEO's Incident Reports.
A failure may give rise to more than one type of consequence.
Possibly associated with construction activity.
- 29 -
Table 9 - Number of Landslides Reported to GEO in 1996 Classified by Type of Failure
Type of Failure (1)
Number
Percentage (%)
Fill Slope
14(0)
9.2
Soil
75(4)
49.0
Soil/Rock
20(0)
13.1
Rock
0(0)
0.0
Retaining Wall
10(0)
6.5
Natural Slope
9(0)
5.9
Rock/Boulder Fall
25(0)
16.3
Others
(e.g. subsidence)
0(0)
0.0
Total
153(4)
100.0
Cut Slope
.
Legend:
75(4)
Notes :
Seventy-five Landslides of which four were major failures
(2) Data shown in this Table are based on Sections 5 and 6 of GEO's Incident
Reports. Where a landslide involved more than one type of failure, the
predominant type has been adopted.
- 30 -
Table 10 - Landslide Volume Distribution with Respect to District
Districts(2)
Volume of
Failure
(m3)
Hong
Kong
Kowloon
Mainland
East
Mainland
West
All
<5
34
7
28
18
87(57%)
^5 to <10
3
1
10
2
16(10%)
;> 10 to <20
1
-
7
2
10(7%)
£20 to <50
10
1
9
3
23(15%)
;>50 to <500
2
-
-
1
3(2%)
s500 to <1000
-
-
-
1
1(1%)
*1000
-
-
-
-
0(0%)
Not Recorded
2
1
9
1
13(8%)
Total
52(34%)
10(7%)
63(41%)
28(18%)
153(100%)
New Territories
Legend :
87(57%)
87 landslides, which amount to 57% of the 153 landslides reported to the GEO.
Notes :
(2) Based on GEO's district boundaries, which are shown in Drawing No. GCSP
8/17.
- 31
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- 32 -
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
No.
Page
No.
1
Locations of GEO and HKO Automatic Raingauges
33
2
Cumulative Rainfall for 1996 and Recorded Highest,
Mean and Lowest Cumulative Rainfalls
34
3
Daily Rainfall and Distribution of Number of
Landslides in 1996
35
4
Monthly Rainfalls in 1996 in Comparison with
Recorded Maximum and Mean Monthly Rainfalls
36
5
Hourly Rainfall Intensities at the Hong Kong
Observatory for the Four Heavy 24-hour
Rainstorms in 1996
37
6
24-hour Rainfall Distribution Ending at 9 p.m. on
24 June 1996 and Locations of Landslides
38
7
24-hour Rainfall Distribution Ending at 9 p.m. on
14 September 1996 and Locations of Landslides
39
- 33 -
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Legend :
1992
Maximum monthly rainfall since 1884 (recorded in 1982)
Monthly rainfall in 1996
Mean monthly rainfall between 1961 and 1990
Note :
Rainfalls recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory, Tsim Sha Tsui are shown.
Figure 4 - Monthly Rainfalls in 1996 in Comparison with Recorded Maximum
and Mean Monthly Rainfalls
- 37 -
50-
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24-hour Rainfall
= 98.0 mm
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(b) Between 21 and 22 June, 1996
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= 238,9 mm
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Time (hour)
(d) Between 13 and 14 September, 1996
Figure 5 - Hourly Rainfall Intensities at the Hong Kong Observatory for
the Four Heavy 24-hour Rainstorms in 1996
38
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- 40 -
LIST OF PLATES
Plate
Page
No.
No.
1
Above Golf Driving Range, Area 19, Tuen Mun
(Incident MW 96/5/3)
41
2
STTL 410, Pik Tin Street, Shatin (Incident MW 96/3/3)
42
3
Near Savanna Garden, Tai Po Road, Tai Po Kau
(Incident ME 96/4/3)
43
4
Wo Hop Shek Cemetery, Fanling
(Incident MW 96/6/5)
44
5
Near 212 Victoria Road, Pok Fu Lam
(Incident HK 96/7/4)
45
6
Below 1 Wang Fung Terrace, Tai Hang
46
7
Junction of Ap Lei Chau Bridge Road and Lee Nam
Road Ap Lei Chau (Incident HK 96/9/5)
47
- 41 -
Plate 1 : Negative No. MW9608502 Taken on : 3-5-96
Description : Major failure of a soil cut slope affecting a track.
Plate 1 - Above Golf Driving Range, Area 19, Tuen Mun (Incident MW 96/5/3)
- 42 -
.
Description : Major signs of distress of a soil cut slope resulting in a construction site being
affected.
Plate 2 - STTL 410, Pik Tin Street, Shatin (Incident MW 96/3/3)
- 43 -
Plate 3 : Negative No. ME9609704 Taken on : 23-4-96
Description : Fill slope failure resulting in closure of a road.
Plate 3 - Near Savanna Garden, Tai Po Road, Tai Po Kau (Incident ME 96/4/3)
- 44 -
Description : Major failure of a soil cut slope affecting a cemetery.
Plate 4 - Wo Hop Shek Cemetery, Fanling (Incident MW 96/6/5)
- 45 -
Plate 5 : Negative No. 19635703 Taken on : 25-7-96
Description: Major failure of a temporary cut slope affecting a construction site and
resulting in closure of a road.
Plate 5 - Near 212 Victoria Road, Pok Fu Lam (Incident HK 96/7/4)
- 46 -
Description : Failure of a soil cut slope resulting in the temporary evacuation of 45 flats,
blockage of a road and closure of a carpark.
Plate 6 - Below 1 Wang Fung Terrace, Tai Hang (Incident HK 96/9/4)
- 47 -
Description : Major failure of a soil cut slope resulting in a sports playground being
affected.
Plate 7 - Junction of Ap Lei Chau Bridge Road and Lee Nam Road, Ap Lei Chau
- 48 -
APPENDIX A
RECORDS FROM GEO RAINGAUGES DURING
THE TWO HEAVY 24-HOUR RAINSTORMS OF 1996
- 49 -
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
No.
Page
No.
Al
Histograms of Hourly Rainfall Recorded by GEO
Raingauges during 22 to 23 June 1996
50
A2
Histograms of Hourly Rainfall Recorded by GEO
Raingauges during 13 to 14 September 1996
56
- 50 -
10080-
80-
60-
60-
40-
40-
20-
20-
21
00
03
06
09
12
15
100-
e
100-
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18
21
21
80
60-
60-
40-
40-
20
20-
00
03
06
09
12
15
18
00
03
06
09
12
15
1001
H03
80-
21
H02
21
21
21
H04
00
03
06
09
12
15
100
H05
18
18
21
H06
8060*
4020-
21
00
03
06
09
12
15
100-
18 21
21
80-
60-
60-
40-
40-
20
20-
00
03
06
09
12
15
03
06
09
12
15
100-
H07
80-
0
21
00
0
21
18 21
18
21
H08
00
03
06
09
12
15
18
Time (hour)
Figure Al - Histograms of Hourly Rainfall Recorded by GEO Raingauges
during 22 to 23 June, 1996 (Sheet 1 of 6)
21
- 51 -
100-
100-
H09
80-
80-
60-
60-
40-
40-
20-
20-
21
00
03
06
09
12
15
100
18
21
21
80-
80-
60-
60
40-
40
20-
20-
00
03
06
09
12
15
100-
18
21
21
80-
60-
60-
40-
40-
20-
20
00
03
06
09
12
15
18
03
06
09
12
15
21
21
18
21
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00
03
06
09
12
15
100-
H13
80-
21
00
100-
Hll
21
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18
21
H14
00
03
06
09
12
15
18
21
H16
21
00
03
06
09
12
15
18
21
21
00
03
06
09
12
15
18
Time (hour)
21
- 52 -
1001
lOO-i
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80
604020-
21
00
03
06
09
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100
18
21
21
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03
06
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1001
18
21
H20
806040
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03
06
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12
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21
21
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03
06
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12
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18
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21
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21
21
18
21
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03
06
09
12
15
18
Time (hour)
21
- 53 -
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10
°"
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Time (hour)
21
- 54 -
10
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03
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Time (hour)
21
- 55 -
100-
100-
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40-
40-
20-
20-
21
00
03
06
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21
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20
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00
03
06
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21
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03
06
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Time (hour)
21
- 56 -
100
H02
HOI
so604020
21
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03 06
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21
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03
06
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21
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18
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21
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20
21
00
03
06
09
12
15
18
21
21
00
03
06
09
12
15
18
Time (hour)
Figure A2 - Histograms of Hourly Rainfall Recorded by GEO Raingauges
during 13 to 14 September, 1996 (Sheet 1 of 6)
21
- 57 -
100-
100
H§9
80-
80-
60-
60-
40-
40-
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20-1
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00
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Time (hour)
21
- 58 -
100-
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100-
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20-
21
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03
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Time (hour)
21
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21
- 60 -
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- 61 -
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21
- 62 -
APPENDIX B
LIST OF INCIDENTS REPORTED TO GEO
- 63 -
LIST OF TABLES
Table
No.
Page
No.
Bl
List of Incidents on Hong Kong Island Reported
to GEO in 1996
64
B2
List of Incidents in Kowloon Reported to GEO in 1996
70
B3
List of Incidents in Eastern New Territories Reported
to GEO in 1996
71
B4
List of Incidents in Western New Territories Reported
to GEO in 1996
77
- 64 -
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Pak Fuk Road, North Point.
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00
Above Lai Chi Kok Cottage
Area, Lai Chi Kok.
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Near Mini Bus Terminus,
Shing Mun Road, Tsuen
Wan.
Near Oi Fer Camp, Ming Fai
Road, Cheung Chau.
Footpath to Wo Yip Hop
Squatter Village, Kwai
Chung.
Hut No. 33B, 4th street,
Heung Fan Liu, Tin Sum,
Shatin.
Siu Lam Tsuen, Siu Lam,
Tuen Mun.
1
!
House No, 23 Tsing Lung
Tau Village, Tsuen Wan.
Behind Hanley Villa, Yau
Kom Tau, Tsuen Wan.
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Second Street, Peng Chau.
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- 81 -
APPENDIX C
DAILY RAINFALL AT THE HONG KONG OBSERVATORY IN 1996
- 82 -
LIST OF TABLES
Table
No.
Cl
Page
No.
Summary of Daily Rainfall at the Hong Kong
Observatory in 1996
83
- 83 -
1 1
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o d d d o d d d d d d d d d d d d d 2 d d d o d
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Annual Rain
3
o
»-
;§
- 84 -
LIST OF DRAWINGS
Drawing
No.
GCSP 8/17
Location Map of Reported Incidents in 1996
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING OFFICE PUBLICATIONS
Geotechnical Manual for Slopes, 2nd Edition (1984), 295 p.
(English Version), (Reprinted, 1997).
HK$90
(US$20)
308
HK$90
(US$20)
Guide to Retaining Wall Design, 2nd Edition (1993), 258 p.
(Reprinted, 1998).
Geoguide 1
HK$60
(US$13)
Guide to Site Investigation (1987), 359 p. (Reprinted, 1996).
Geoguide 2
HK$83
(US$17.5)
Guide to Rock and Soil Descriptions (1988), 186 p. (Reprinted,
1997).
Geoguide 3
HK$58
(US$12.6)
Guide to Cavern Engineering (1992), 159 p. (Reprinted, 1994).
Geoguide 4
HK$36
(US$13.5)
Guide to Slope Maintenance (1995), 91 p. (English Version).
Geoguide 5
HK$30
(US$6.5)
1(1995)
HK$40
(US$7.5)
ffiffft
Layman's Guide to Slope Maintenance (1995), 56 p.
(Bilingual), (Reprinted, 1997).
Free
' 56
Model Specification for Prestressed Ground Anchors, 2nd
Edition (1989), 164 p. (Reprinted, 1997).
Geospec 1
HK$62
(US$11)
Model Specification for Reinforced Fill Structures (1989),
135 p. (Reprinted, 1997).
Geospec 2
HK$58
(US$10.5)
Mid-levels Study : Report on Geology, Hydrology and Soil
Properties (1982), 265 p. plus 54 drgs. (Reprinted, 1997).
-
Prediction of Soil Suction for Slopes in Hong Kong, by M.G.
Anderson (1984), 242 p. (Reprinted, 1996).
GCO Publication
No. 1/84 •
(Superseded by GCO Publication No. 1/85)
GCO Publication
No. 2/84
HK$534
(US$86)
HK$ 132
(US$24)
(Superseded by Geospec 1)
GCO Publication
No. 3/84
Review of Superficial Deposits and Weathering in Hong Kong,
by J.D. Bennett (1984), 58 p. (Reprinted, 1993).
GCO Publication
No. 4/84
HK$40
(US$8)
Review of Hong Kong Stratigraphy, by J.D. Bennett (1984),
86 p.
GCO Publication
No. 5/84
HK$25
(US$5.5)
Review of Tectonic History, Structure and Metamorphism of
Hong Kong, by J.D. Bennett (1984), 63 p.
GCO Publication
No. 6/84
HK$20
(US$5)
(Superseded by GCO Publication No. 1/88)
GCO Publication
No. 1/85
Groundwater Lowering by Horizontal Drains, by DJ. Craig &
I. Gray (1985), 123 p. (Reprinted, 1990).
GCO Publication
No. 2/85
(Superseded by GEO Report No. 9)
GCO Publication
No. 1/88
Review of Design Methods for Excavations (1990), 187 p.
(Reprinted, 1996).
GCO Publication
No. 1/90
HK$40
(US$10)
Foundation Properties of Marble and Other Rocks in the Yuen
Long - Tuen Mun Area (1990), 1 17 p.
GCO Publication
No. 2/90
HK$58
(US$10)
Review of Earthquake Data for the Hong Kong Region (1991),
115 p.
GCO Publication
No. 1/91
HK$42
(US$11.5)
Review of Granular and Geotextile Filters (1993), 141 p.
GEO Publication
No. 1/93
HK$32
(US$19)
Pile Design and Construction (1996), 348 p. (Reprinted, 1997).
GEO Publication
No. 1/96
HK$62
(US$13.5)
Report on the Kwun Lung Lau Landslide of 23 July 1994, 2
Volumes, 400 p. (English Version), (Reprinted, 1996).
n+H B
-
Free
-
Free
^5 jf
•
Report on the Fei Tsui Road Landslide of 13 August 1995,
2 Volumes, 81 p. (Bilingual).
HB
HK$74
(US$12)
'K
Report on the Shum Wan Road Landslide of 13 August 1995,
2 Volumes, 63 p. (Bilingual).
Free
' Mf»
H0
What to Do When You Receive a Dangerous Hillside Order
(1996), 16 p. (Bilingual).
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(Hong Kong) Rainfall and Landslides in 1984, by J. Premchitt
(1991), 91 p. plus 1 drg. (Reprinted, 1995).
GEO Report
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HK$ 118
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GEO Report
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HK$ 126
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GEO Report
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Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1987, by J. Premchitt
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Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1988, by J. Premchitt
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Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1989, by K.L. Siu
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HK$126
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Aggregate Properties of Some Hong Kong Rocks, by T.Y.
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Foundation Design of Caissons on Granitic and Volcanic
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Bibliography on the Geology and Geotechnical Engineering of
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GEO Report
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Bibliography on Settlements Caused by Tunnelling, by E.W.
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GEO Report
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HK$48
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Direct Shear Testing of a Hong Kong Soil under Various
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Rainstorm Runoff on Slopes, by J. Premchitt, T.S.K. Lam, J.M.
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Mineralogical Assessment of Creep-type Instability at Two
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GEO Report
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Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1990, by K.Y. Tang
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Assessment of Stability of Slopes Subjected to Blasting
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GEO Report
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Earthquake Resistance of Buildings and Marine Reclamation
Fills in Hong Kong, by W.K. Pun (1992), 48 p. (Reprinted,
1995).
GEO Report
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HK$48
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Review of Dredging Practice in the Netherlands, by S.T.
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Backfilled Mud Anchor Trials Feasibility Study, by C.K. Wong
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HK$50
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A Review of the Phenomenon of Stress Rupture in HDPE
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GEO Report
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HK$56
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Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1991, by N.C. Evans
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HK$111
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Horizontal Subgrade Reaction for Cantilevered Retaining Wall
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Report on the Rainstorm of 8 May 1992, by N.C. Evans (1993),
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GEO Report
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Effect of the Coarse Fractions on the Shear Strength of
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GEO Report
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The Use of PFA in Reclamation, by J. Premchitt & N.C. Evans
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Report on the Rainstorm of May 1982, by M.C. Tang (1993),
129 p. plus 1 drg. (Reprinted, 1995).
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Report on the Rainstorm of August 1982, by R.R. Hudson
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Landslips Caused by the June 1983 Rainstorm, by E.B. Choot GEO Report
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No. 27
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Factors Affecting Sinkhole Formation, by Y.C. Chan (1994),
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Classification and Zoning of Marble Sites, by Y.C. Chan
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GEO Report
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Hong Kong Seawall Design Study, by P.M. Aas & A. Engen
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Study of Old Masonry Retaining Walls in Hong Kong, by Y.C.
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Karst Morphology for Foundation Design, by Y.C. Chan &
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GEO Report
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An Evaluation of the Suitability of Decomposed Granite as
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A Partial Factor Method for Reinforced Fill Slope Design, by
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Methods of Test for Soils in Hong Kong for Civil Engineering
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Creep, Stress Rupture and Hydrolysis of Polyester Reinforced
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Skin Friction on Piles at the New Public Works Central
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Hydraulic Fill Performance in Hong Kong, by C.K. Shen &
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Mineralogy and Fabric Characterization and Classification of
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Performance of Horizontal Drains in Hong Kong, by R.P.
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Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1993, by W.L. Chan
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General Report on Landslips on 5 November 1993 at
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Gravity Retaining Walls Subject to Seismic Loading, by Y.S.
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Direct Shear and Triaxial Testing of a Hong Kong Soil under
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Stability of Submarine Slopes, by N.C. Evans (1995), 51 p.
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Strength Development of High PFA Content Concrete, by
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AAR Potential of Volcanic Rocks from Anderson Road
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Hong Kong to March 1996, by E.W. Brand (1996), 111 p.
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Bibliography on Settlements Caused by Tunnelling to March
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Investigation of Some Major Slope Failures between 1992 and
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Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1994, by W.L. Chan
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Conventional and CRS Rowe Cell Consolidation Test on Some
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Study of Rainfall Induced Landslides on Natural Slopes in the
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HKS264
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Tsing Shan Debris Flow and Debris Flood, by J.P. King
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Assessment of Geological Features Related to Recent
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Factual Report on the November 1993 Natural Terrain
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Area! Extent of Intense Rainfall in Hong Kong 1979 to 1995,
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A Review of Some Drained Reclamation Works in Hong
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A Study of Hydraulic Fill Performance in Hong Kong Phase 2, by C.K. Shen, K.M. Lee & X.S.Li (1997), 265 p.
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Seismic Hazard Analysis of the Hong Kong Region, by C.F.
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Assessment of Geological Features Related to Recent
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The New Priority Classification Systems for Slopes and
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Diagnostic Report on the November 1993 Natural Terrain
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Hong Kong Rainfall and Landslides in 1996, by C.K.L. Wong
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Site Characterisation Study - Phases 1 and 2, by N.P. Koor
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Long-term Consolidation Tests on Clays from the Chek Lap
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The Natural Terrain Landslide Study Phases I and H, by N.C.
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Natural Terrain Landslide Study the Natural Terrain Landslide
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Landslides and Boulder Falls from Natural Terrain : Interim
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Geotechnical Area Studies Programme - Hong Kong and
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Geology of Sha Tin, by R. Addison (1986), 85 p.
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HK 551.307 P92 h96
Wong, C* K. L.
Hong Kong rainfal1 and
landslides in 1996
Hong Kong : Geotechnical

HONG KONG IN 1996 GEO REPORT No. 70 - HKU Libraries

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