CURRENT STATUS OFllylARKETINGOF NON

Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation
Kathmandu, Nepal
.
II,
CURRENT STATUS OFllylARKETINGOF NON-TIMBERFOREST
PRODUCTSINTHETERAIREGIONOFNEPAL
January 2004
ITTO Pro^Ct No. PPD 6199 Rev. 3 M. F. I
Preparation of Project Proposal forthe Promotion of\{on-Timber Forest Products
in the TeraiRegion of Nepal
pB/
Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation
Kathmandu, Nepal
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CLIRRENTSTATUS OFMARKlETINGOFNON-TIMBERlr'OREST
PRODUCTSINTHETERAIREGIONOFNEPAL
January 2004
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ITTO Pro^Ct No. PPD 6199 Rev. 3 M. F. I
Preparation of Project Proposal forthe Promotion of Non-Timber Forest Products
in the TeraiRegion of Nepal
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Pro^Ct Background
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The rich biodiversity of Nepal accommodates a wide range of Nori-Timber Forest Prod t
(NTFPs), including Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPS). Rural peo to have 10n been
involved in the conservation, collection and sale ofNTFPs. This has contributed si rimcantl t
the rural livelihood. ManyoftheNTFPsarebeingexportedevery eartolndiaand d
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the revenues are increasing every year. The annual royalty collected by District forest offices
ranged from NRs. 16.6 to 21.5 million (Us$215,584-279,220) during 1999/2000 and 2001/2002
(DoF, 2002). Commercial extraction for NTFPs and other useful plants is increasin eve ear
butthey are being extracted againstthe principles of sustainable inaria Ginent, which as ff t
has caused the depletion of the country'swild resources. Some species arealread at the f
extinction.
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Realizing this situation, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC), His Ma'es 's
--.
Government of Nepal(HMG/N) requested the International Tropical timber Organization (InO)
to provide funds to undertake a thorough study on the status ofNTFPs, 't It' t' d
marketing practices and prepare a detailed proposal for implementation to romote NTFPs ' th
Terairegion of Nepal. Consequently, the International Tropical Timber Council(ITTC) a roved
a project entitled "Preparation of a Project Proposal for the Promotion of Nori-Timbe F t
Products in the Tropical Region of Nepal" to be financed throu h InO. The usSC t t d h
study upon Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA), a research institute
of Tribhuvan University in 2002. CEDA undertook this study by formin a multid'sc' I'
team of experts from relevant fields. A Project Steerino Committee (PSC) was constituted b
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MFSCthatsupported, facilitated andcoordinatedtheoverallstud . With theh I d f
all concerned, the team accomplished the study and prepared five documents, three the t'
reports, one consolidated report and a project proposal as mentioned below:
i)
Current Status of Marketing of Non-Timber Forest Products in the Tera' R f
,~~
Nepal.
it) CurrentstatusonCultivationand Management of Non-Timber Forest Products in
the TeraiRegion of Nepal.
iii) Quantitative Resource Assessment of Non-Timber Forest Products in the Terai
Region of Nepal.
iv)
v)
A Synthesis Reporton Current Status ofNTFPs in the TeraiRe ion ofN I d
A Project Proposal on Sustainable Management and Cultivation of Nori-T' b
Forest Products in the TeraiRegion of Nepal.
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Above three (i-iii) thematic reports provide background infomiation to formulate a ro'ect
proposal and provide further reference to future policy dialogues, reforms and
formulation. The project proposal has been prepared to be submited to Internatio IT I
Timber Organization (ITTO) in order to request funds to implement various activities related to
the promotion ofNTFPs in the Terairegion of Nepal.
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Acknowledgement
Nori-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are one of the important sources of government revenue
and their contribution to the rural livelihoods is quite significant. A large number of people in the
rural areas have been engaged in off- farm employment opportunities and generating income
through the collection and sale ofNTFPs. I would like to express my gratitude to. the Ministry of
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Forests and Soil Conservation for providing us the opportunity to carry out the task of research
and study in such an important topic. In this connection, I would like to thank the Secretary of
MFSC, Mr. Chandi Prasad Shrestha and Chief of Foreign Aid Coordination Division, Dr.
Darnodar Prasad Parajuli fortheir cooperation
This report is the outcome of the hard work of many experts who were involved in field survey,
data analysis and writing the reports. Altogether three thematic reports, a status report and the
end document-a Project Proposal for future implementation have been prepared
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Dr. Nirmal Kumar Bhattarai prepared the report on the Quantitative Resource Assessment of Nori
Timber Forest Products in the terai Region of Nepal. Dr. Vrigu Rishi Duwadi produced the
preliminary draft on Current Status of Cultivation and Management of Nori Timber Forest
Products in the Terai Region of Nepal. The invaluable inputs of Dr. Annapuma Nanda Das and
Dr. Krishna Chandra Paudyal were instrumental in finalismg the report, Likwise Mr. Rain Hari
Subedi did the preliminary draft on Current Status of Marketing of Nori Timber Forest Products
in the Terai Region of Nepal and final draft and final reports \\. ere prepared with the combined
efforts of Mr. Sagendra Tiwari, Mr. Kishore K. C. and Mr. Vtia}' Kunwar. The Synthesis Report
on Current Status of Nori Timber Forest Products in the Terai Region of Nepal was solely the
contribution of Dr. Bharat Kumar Pokharel. Mr. Man Mohan Dhoj 10shi prepared the preliminary
draft of the Project Proposal and the joint efforts of PSC members, Mr. Kishore KC and Mr.
Vtiay Kunwar did the finalization of the proposal. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all
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of them.
Allthe core members of the study team and other foresters and botanists, who worked as
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associates namely, Messrs Kuber Junj Malla, Suman SIgdel, Omkar 10shi, Ripu Kunwar, Mohan
Kane and Rain Kumar Deo undertook the field survey. Messrs Kishore K. C, Suman Sigdel and
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Omkar 10shi did the arduousjob of data analysis. Mr. Ripu Kun\\'ar worked out for systematizing
and analyzing the information collected from quadrat sampling carried 'out in Sunsari, Bara and
Banke districts. He also visited numerous institutions concerned with NTFPs to collect valuable
information, which were used in the three thematic reports. Dr. Bhuvan Baira Bairacharya did the
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final editing and Dr. Pushpa Shrestha did some literature revie^,. Thanks are due to all of them.
Ms. Subama Shrestha did the formatting of the reports at various stages. Last btit not the least,
team leader, Mr. Kishore K. C. deserves special thanks for his untiring efforts and coordinator,
Mr. Vtiay Kunwar forthe backstopping support during the entire study period.
The Project Steering Committee (PSC) of the MFSC provided technical inputs to the study
through various meetings'and was quite instrumental in improving the quality of the reports. In
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this connection, I would like to thank Dr. Damodar Prasad Parajuli, Chairman of the PSC, Mr.
Harihar Sigdel and Mr. Lokendra Purush Dhakal, Member Secretaries (in two different time
phases), Dr. Annapuma Nanda Das, Mr. GOPal Kumar Shrestha, Mr. Rajendra Kane, Mr. Din
Dayal Bhattarai, Mr. Prem Karki, Mr. PUTushottam Joshi and Mr. Arianda Bhandari fortheir hard
work and constructive comments.
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Abullaish
Executive Director
Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA)
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Acronyms
ACAP
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ANSAB
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: Center for Economic Development and Administration
CECl/Nepal
: Canadian Centre for International Studies and Cooperation
: Community Based Economic Development
: Community Forestry Users' Group
CBED
CFUG
CCODR
CEAPRED
DNPWC
DEPROSC
: Department of Forest Research and Survey
: District Forest Office/r
DoF
: Department of Forests
: Department of Plant Resources
: Environment and Forestry Enterprise Activity
: Focus Group Discussion
Forest Users Group
EFEA
FGD
FUG
GTZ
HPPCL
HMG/N
Inc
ITFO
10F
INBAR
IUCN
KMNTC
: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
MFSC
NGO
: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation
: Nepal Forest Research Institute
: Nori-Governmental Organization
NTFPs
: Nori-Timber Forest Products
PRI\.
VDC
: Participatory Rural Appraisal
: Project Steering Committee
: Rapid Rural Appraisal
: Rural Reconstruction Nepal
: Swiss Development Cooperation
Village Development Committee
WWF
: Worldwide Fund for Nature
PSC
SDC
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:International Network for Bamboo and Rattan
: The World Conservation Union
MAPS
RRA
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: Herbs Production and Processing Company Limited
: His Majesty's Government of Nepal
International Tropical Timber Council
: International Tropical Timber Organization
: Institute of Forestry
: King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation
: Livelihoods and Forestry Program
ERN
(
German Technical Assistance
LFP
NFRl
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and Development
: District Development Committee
: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation
: Development Project Service Centre
DFO
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: Centre for Community Development and Research
: Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Policy, Research, Extension
DFRS
DPR
.,.
Asia Network for Sustainable Agricultural and Bio-resources
CEDA
DDC
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: Annapuma Conservation Area Project
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Table of Contents
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Chapter I Introduction. ...............................................................................................................,
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1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
Background. ...........................--.---------...........'.""""""""""""""""""""""""""' ' " ' '
Objectives and Scope. ................................................-----------------..............."""""'
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3
Methodology. .............-.-----......"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
Scope and Limitation of the Study. ...................................................................---
Chapter 2 Literature Review
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Chapter 3 Institutions involved in the Promotion ofNTFPs. ............................................................................. I I
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Chapter 4 Status ofNTFP Production and Marketing .....................................................................,................. 16
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4. I
4.2
4.3
Major Types ofNTFPS Available. ......................................................................
Volume ofNTFPS Collection/Production. ..........................................................
Trade Volumes and Destination. ........................................................................
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Chapter 5 Marketing Channels, Procedures and Prices ofNTFPs ........................,............................................ 30
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5.2
30
Marketing Channels and Intermediaries. ............................................................
Price ofNTFPs ... .. .. .... .. . .. .. . ........ .................................................................................. 36
5.3
5.4
Regulatory policies and NTFP Marketing
Potential for Value Addition, Processing and Income Generation. ....................
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Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................................................................... 46
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6. I
6.2
onc Iusi on ...............,...............-------------------~~""""""""""""""""""""""""""'
Recommendations ..............................................................-..-----------------.............
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6.2. I Marketing Infonnation Service. ..........................................................................
47
6.22 Cultivation of Commercially Important Species ofNTFPs. ..............................
47
62.3 Processing of NTFPs ...........................................................,.......,......................
48
49
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6.24 Market Promotion and Linkages. ...............................,........................................
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6 . 2 . 5 Policy. ..................................................... ...........................................................
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References. ..................------........"""""""""""""""""""""""""' ""' ' " ' ' ' ' ' ' ' "' ' ' ' ' ' ' " ' ' ' ' " "' ' '
52
Annexes .....,...,........----......."""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
56
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List of Tables
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Table 4.1
Type of important NTFPs available in the Low Altitude Areas ........................................... 16
Table 4.2
Types ofNTFPS Having High Demand and their Locations of Availability. ....................... 17
Table 43
Major NTFPS Type in Eastern Siwalik. .....................................,,......................................... 17
Table 4.4
Type ofNTFPS Available in the Sample Community Forests .................................,.......... 19
Table 4.5
DoF Data on Annual NTFP Production. .............................................................................. 2 I
Table 4.6
NTFP Collection Permits Issued by District Forest Offices in Selected Terai and Inner
Districts of Nepal (2002/2003) ............................................................................................. 21
Table 4.7
NTPP Collection Permits Issued by Distrlct Forest Offices in Selected Terai and Inner
Districts of Nepal (2002/2003) ............................................................................................. 22
Table 4.8
Annual NTFP Royalty Collections by DoF (Rs in '000) ..................................,...............,.. 23
Table 4.9
Exports of Nepalese NTFPs to Indian Market from Different Customs Points (2002/2003)...... 24
Table 4.10
Major NTFP Purchase and Procurement Centers in Nepal Terai. ........................................ 24
Table 4.11
Percentage of Major Herbs Supplied to Delhi Market by Different Countries .................... 25
Table 4.12
Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Centers, Delhi (2001) ................... 26
Table 4.13
Annual Import ofNTFP from Nepal by different Indian Trade Centers .............................. 27
Table 4.14
Export ofNTFPs in the Overseas Countries. ........................................................................ 28
Table 5.1
Marketing Channel of Some Important NTFP in Mid-westem Region. .............................. 35
Table 5.2
Collectors'/producers' price trends of select NTFPs, 1995 to 1999 (NRs/kg) in Nepal. ...... 36
Table 5.3
Marketing options open to independent harvesters of Chiraito sp. : Costs and Benefits. ..... 36
Table 5.4
NTFP Price at Different Pockets of Nepal (2001/2002)....................................................... 37
Table 5.5
Price ofNTFPs in select Nepalese and Indian Cities (April 2003) ................,..................... 38
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Table 5.6
Legal Steps for Collection and Export. ................................................................................. 39
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Table 5.7
Description of Commercial Herbs practiced by HPPCL ................,..................................... 41
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Table 5.8
Herbs production, Expenditure and Income ......................................................................... 42
Table 5.9
Essential Oil Processed in MWDR-Approximate Quantity and Price (1998)...................... 42
Table 5.10
Economics of Commercially Viable Oil extraction Plants (Area I ha. Model) 2003 .......... 44
Table 5.11
Production Estimates of Herbal Oil. .......................................,......,...................,.................. 45
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List of Annexes
Annex I:List of Persons contacted (Traders and Organizations) or visited during Field Visits ........................ 56
Annex 2: List of Participants ofthe Workshops ................................................................................................ 63
Annex 3 : Conservation Status of Selected Community Forests in Various Region ......................................,... 66
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Annex 4: List of NTFPSMAPs prioritized by Workshop Participants .............................................................. 77
Annex 5: NTFPs collection Pennitted by District Forest Office of Various Regions ....................................... 79
Table 5.1 NTFP collection pennitted by District Forest Office in Eastern Region (Districts included:
Dhankuta, Udyapur, Jhapa, Morong, Sunsari, Sireha and Saptari).................................................... 79
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Table 5.2 NTFP collection pennitted by District Forest Office in Central Region (Districts included:
Dhanusha, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara, Parsa, Malawanpur, Chitwari, Nawalparasi, Rupandehi&
Kap ilbastu) ....................................................................................................................................,.... 8 O
Table 5. 3 NTFP collection peruiitted by District Forest office in Western Region (Districts included:
Dang, Surkhet, Banke, Bardia, Kailali and Kanchanpur) .............................................................,.... 8 I
Annex 6: NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Offices of selected Districts by Development
Regi ons .............................................................................................................................................. 82
Table 6. I NTFP collection pennits issued by District Forest Office, Udyapur ................................................. 82
Table 6.2 NTFP collection pennits issued by District Forest Office, Dhankuta. ............................................... 82
Table 6.3 NTFP collection permits issued by Distrlct Forest Office, Morang .................................................. 83
Table 6.4 NTFP collection pemnits issued by District Forest Office, Sunsari. .................................................. 83
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Table6. 5 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Siraha ..................................................... 84
Table 6.6 Collection pennit issued by District Forest Office, Saptari ............................,,............................... 84
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Table 6.7 NTFP collection pennits Issued by District Forest Office, Dhanusa. ................................................ 84
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Table 6.8 NTFP collection peruiits Issued by Distrlct Forest Office, Mahottari. .............................................. 84
Table 6.9 NTFP collection pennitted by District Forest Office, Rautahat. ........................................................ 85
Table 6. 10 NTFP collections pennitted By District Forest Office, Sariahi ....................................................... 85
Table 6.11 NTFP collection permitted by District Forest Office, Bara ....................,........................................ 85
Table 6.12 NTFP collection permitted by District Forest Office, Parsa ...,........................................................ 85
Table 6.13 NTFP collection pennitted by the District Forest Office, Maimanpur. ........................................... 86
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Table 6.14 NTFP collections permits issued by District Forest Office, Chitwan ............................................. 87
Table 6.15 NTFP collection pennits issued by District Forest Office, Nawalparasi. ........................................ 87
Table 6.16 NTFP collection pennits Issued by District Forest Office, Rupandehi. ........................................... 87
Table 6. I 7 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Kapilbastu ............................................ 88
Table 6.18 NTFP collection pennits issued by Disttict Forest Office, Dang .................................................... 88
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Table 6.19 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Nepalganj, Banke. ................................ 89
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Table 6.20 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Surkliet. ..............................................,. 89
Table 6.2 I NTFPS Collection pennit issued by District Forest Office of Bardia .............................................. 90
Table 6.22 NTFP collections permits issued by District Forest Office, Kailali. ............,.................................. 90
Table 6.23 NTFP Collection permit issued by DFO, Kanchanpur-2058/59 ...................................................... 90
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Annex 7: Export ofNTFPS From the Major Customs Points of Nepal. ............................................................ 9 I
Table 7. I Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Kakarvitta. ........................................................................ 9 I
Table 7.2 Exports ofNTFPs from Bhantabari Customs Office, Sunsari. .......................................................... 9 I
Table 7.3 Exports ofNTFPs from Biratnagar Customs Office, Morang ....................................................,...... 9 I
Table 7.4 Exports ofNTFPs from Sarlahi Customs Office, Sarlahi. ................................................................. 92
Table 7.5 Exports ofNTFPs from Vittamor Custom's office, Mahottari. ..............................................,........... 92
Table 7.6 Exports ofNTFPs from Gaur Customs Office, Rhutahat .................................................................. 92
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Table 7.7 Exports ofNTFPs from Birgunj Customs Office, Bam (Export to India) ......................................... 93
Table 7.7 (a): Exports ofNTFPs from Birgunj Customs Office, Bam (Export to India)................................... 93
Table 7.8 Exports ofNTFPS from Customs Office, Bhairahawa. ..................................................................... 93
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Table 7.9 Exports ofNTFPs from Kishamagar Customs Office, Kanjibastu ................................................... 93
Table 7. 10 Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Nepalgunj 00 India) ..........................,......................,..... 94
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Table 7.1 I Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Kailali 00 India) ............................................................. 94
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Table 7.12 Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Kanchanpur 00 India) .................................................... 94
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Annex 8LQuantity ofNTFPS Traded (Infonnation based on Trade Center/Traders) ........................................ 95
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Table 8.1 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/Traders Binamod, Jhapa ............................................... 95
Table 8.2 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/Traders: Dharan, Sunsari. ............................................... 95
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Table 8.3 NTFP Inforrnation based on Trade Center/Traders: Kanchanpur, Saptari. ...........................,............ 96
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Table 8.4 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/Traders Chandranigahapur, Rautahat. ..............,............ 96
Table 8.5 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/Traders: Hetunda, Matawanpur. .......................,............ 97
Table 8.6 NTFP Information based on Trade-Center/Traders: Nepalganj, Banke District. ............................... 98
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Table 8.7 NTPP Information based on Trade Centre/Traders, Surkhet , District ..................,........................... 99
Table 8.8 NTFP Information based on Trade Centre/Traders: Dang District. ................................................. 100
Table 8.9 NTFP Information based on Trade Centre/Traders: Kailali District. .....................,........................ 100
Table 8.10 NTFP Infonnation based on Trade Centre/Traders: Rupandehi District ...................................... 10 I
Annex 9: Imports ofNTFPs from Prominent Indian Markets ............................,............................................ 102
Table 9.1 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Centre by Excel Drug House, KOIkota
(2001)
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Table 9.2 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Kanpur (2000)............................. 102
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Table 9.3 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Lucknow (2000).......................... 103
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Table 9.4. Annual Import ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Kannauj. ..,.................................... 103
Table 9.5 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center: Delhi (200 I)................................ 104
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Table 9.6 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Tanakpur ..................................... 105
Table 9.7 Percentage of Major Herbs Supplied to Delhi Market by Different Countries (2001) .................... 106
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Chapter I
Introduction
1.1. Background
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Nepal is endowed with a relatively rich floral and faunal diversity owing to its topographic,
altitudinal and climatic variations. Diverse climatic conditions such as tropical, sub-tropical, subtemperate, sub-alpine and alpine types of climate exist within short distances across north-south
axis. Diversity in the ecological conditions in all physiogi. aphic regions has created several
micro-climatic zones, important for the natural occurrence and evolution of different types of
plants. It is estimated that more than 7, 000' flowering and non-flowering types of non-timber
forest products (NTFP) species are available in the country. Of the total flowering and nonflowering types of species found in the world, Nepal occupies over 2 percent of flowering and
6.78 percent of non-flowering types of species'. Undoubtedly, Nepal provides a natural ground
for the promotion of a number of natural herbs owin to its uni ue to o rg, p^y, g!;gg:^!phy and
climaticconditions(DVN2002). ~~~~~I
Figure, : Trend of Incomefrom NTFP I
TheNori-timberForestproductsare ExportbyNepai I
importantresourcesofthecountry I
120
=
and could play an important role in
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= 100
its economic development. The
= 80
NTFPs resource is an important
co
DC 60
source of government revenue and
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its contribution to the total forestry
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NTFPs from Nepal are traded largely
as dried herbs in "crude" and/or
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"unprocessed" forms. In response to
the growing international market for
Year
herbal products of Nepal, market for NTFPs as raw materials has seen a gradual increase in the
recent years, Recent trend shows that aromatic products are receiving increasing attention
worldwide. Scientists, researchers and multinational pharmaceutical companies are looking for
active substances in plants for the cure of various diseases, where modem synthetic medicines
are perceived to be less effective. Apart from commercial uses, NTFPs are used as food, fiber,
fodder, fuel and varieties of household articles. They are also used as dye, gum and resin.
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There are two sets ofNTFPs in Nepal; one that is critical to subsistence at rural community level
and the other contributing to the government treasury, as well. Although government Garninos
from NTFPs are not known to have superseded that of timber, yet it holds a huge potential to do
so. Nevertheless, the NTFP business sector has been known for generating
employment at local level, as well as creating multiplier effects down the value chain at different
Hamro Ban in Nepali, Department of Forest, 2059 B. S. quoted by Development Vision Nepal(DVN), 2002
~ Herb Production, Collection, Processing and Protection in Nepal, HPPCL, 2055 B. S. quoted by DVN 2002.
Economic Survey 2001/2002, Ministry of Finance, 2002.
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times and spaces. A large number of poor people in the rural areas have been generating o - arm
..-..
employment opportunities through the collection and sale ofNTFPs.
1.2. Objectives andScope
~--
The main goal of this pre-project study is to provide a basis for the preparation of a detailed
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project proposal for the promotion of Nori-Timber Forest Products in the Terai Region of Nepal
in line with the ITFO guidelines. Among the four key outputs envisaged by the pre-proposal
work, this study is concerned with the market analysis ofNTFPs. The objectives of the study are:
,-.
. To identify the quantity ofNTFPs harvested annually
. To explore the marketing channelofNTFPs and
. To sttidy the potential for value added processing for income generation
The sttidy has been built upon the information generated from the three representative market
hubs of tropical region of Nepal namely Banke (Mid-west), Parsa (Central) and Morang (East)
districts of Terai. While doing so it has also taken into account the NTFP collection and
marketing sitLiation in at least six districts of the Inner Terai adjoining these representative
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market ITUbs. These districts also represent the existing and types of aromatic plants and their
processing palticLilarly of high value and low volume products
_. I
1.3. Methodology
The study is based LIPon the collection and analysis of both primary and secondary sources of
inforiiiation oathered on various aspects of NTFPs, such as market channel, trade volume,
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Inarketing practices, and their demand and supply situation. The sources and methods adopted for
the collection of inforination were as follows
-,
Secoii(/(Icy SoilrceS (!/findrm(Ino"
Secondary information/data I'egarding the geographical, biological, socio-economic,
on, an Izational and technological aspects of NTPPs were obtained from various institutions in and
outside Katltmandti e. g. Gol'kha Ayurved Company, Singh Durbar Vaidyakhana, Herbs
PI'oduction and PI'ocessing Company Ltd. (HPPCL), Trade Promotion Centre, Nepal Rastra Bank,
Jaribtiti Association of Nepal etc. Available literattire was reviewed in order to arrive at ajustified
marketing and trade pattern ofNTFPs in Nepal.
,-\
^-
.-^
.-\
Pri",,, tv Sowrces @1n!fom, rinon
,
Twenty-four (24) strategic districts were identified in the Terai and Inner Terai covering nine
zones of the five Development Regions of Nepal. To generate information/data from the field,
participatory research tools such as Focus Group Discussion (FGD), fomial and informal
interviews and interactions with the key informants were undertaken. Major stakeholders of
\ .,
NTFPs e. g. District Forest Office (DFO) officials, members of Community Forest User Groups
(CFUGs), meInbers of Village Development Committee (VDCs)/District Development
Committee (DDCs), HPPCL staff, and NTPP collectors, traders and other knowledgeable persons
of the area were constilted during the fieldwork, and relevant information/data was collected. The
list of persons contacted during the fieldwork in Nepal and India is given in Annex I. In order to
ensure that the information is collected in a systematic manner structured questionnaires and
.-^
checklists were developed and LISed. Information obtained from various sources was verified
through triangulation and crosschecking. To have better understanding of the volume and value of
~-,
,-.-
,-
NTFPs traded, interviews were conducted with traders residing in the border towns of Nepal and
int!jor NTFP trade centers of India.
Quantitative assessment of the collection ofNTFPs from the forests of Nepal, their transportation
to the processing centers within Nepal and/or export to India or elsewhere tend to e a ercu ean
\.
task. Such a situation exists basically because I) the existing regulatory regime remains
complicated; 2) there is. an open border with India; and 3) there has not been any stock inventory
\ --
and annual collection regime established so far. So for the quantitative estimation of the NTFPs
available in the selected districts, organizations such as Community Forest User Groups
(CFUGs), traders and exporters of NTFPs, private growers, government herbal fanns, custom
offices, Trade Promotion Centers and District Chamber of Commerce were visited in Morong,
\
Sunsari, Jhapa, 11am, Udaypur, Dhankuta, Tehrathum, Siraha, Saptari, Dhanusha, Mahottari and
Sariahi. Indian cities e. g. Siliguri, KOIkata, Lucknow, Kanpur and Delhi were also visited for the
I~
\ ,
collection of information on market, demand, price and trend of NTFPs and verification o
exports of NTFPs froin Nepal. To arrive at relatively comprehensive information four types of
stirvey were carried oLit. They are
J-
. Traders'survey
. Record of District Forest Offices
. Exportrecords of Customs offices
. Information of some selected CFUGs
,--
Besides administrating research tools in various selected locations, quadrats were laid to verify
physical resoLirces of NTFPs in SLinsari, Bara and Banke districts. The quadrats were taken in the
locations identified by the team including PSC members \\'ithin the survey districts. For
I'~
authenticity of the collected information, triangulation methods and workshops were conducted
WITerever possible. Workshops were held in three places i. e. , in Biratnagar (Morang), Simara
(Bara) and Nepalgunj (Banke). Workshops were carried out to share infomiation, disseminate the
preliminary findings, verify the findings and generalize the available information and obtain
Quidelines for further fieldwork.
,
The participants of the workshops were: (i) CFUGs members (ii) Local traders of NTFPs (iii)
Private NTFPs growers (iv) District level Community Based Organizations (v) NTFPS Growers
,-
and Exporters (vi) Forest and wild life conservation officials (vii) Local government officials
(DDC/government officials) and (ix) DFOs. The list of participants, who participated in the
\
workshop in Morang, Bara and Banke, is given in Annex 2.
1.4. Scope and Liinitation of the Study
The stLidy is expected to provide a sound background for the preparation of the deriled project
proposal aimed at conservation and development and also the information gaps on mar eting o
NTFP species in the Terai regions of Nepal. However, the study has some limitations as follows:
I'
.
,
. Althou(rh the SLirvery teams visited 24 districts of Teraiand Inner Teraidistricts of Nepal,
it was 110t possible to interview alitraders located in the districts because of time and
resource constraints. Therefo're, number of people interviewed in this study represents
only a small number ofNTFPs traders in Nepal. However, valid statistical generalization
as well as adequate triangulation of information of the primary and secondary data is
\-
F~
attempted.
. During thestLidyperiod, therewaspoliticalinstability As a result it was difficultto freely
visit as well as interview the traders
\ .
,.
,
\
I~'
,
. Many of the traders were reluctant to share their realtraded quantities thinking t att e
survey team was from tax office or similar instittitions
3
,
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..-,
Chapter. 2
,-.
Literature Review
^,
--\
I
This chapter provides the literature review on different aspects of the NTFP including its
marketing and trade. There are few studies, which stress directly the concern ofNTFP marketing.
However, there are studies having some coverage on the marketing aspects in one-way or other.
I. Malla (1994): It is a study on uses and availability of medicinal plant resources in Bagnati
^,
.-\
-,
zone, central Nepal. Data on traded quantities from 1979 to 1984 and 1987 to 1990 are provided.
Based on declining exports in the early 1980s, the study concludes that the resource is
overexploited. Causes are said to be urbanization, industrialization, habitat destruction,
acculturation and destructive harvesting practices, especially in sub-alpine and alpine areas. The
institutions involved in management and development of medicinal plants are outlined. The study
stresses the needs for refoi'Ination of policy towards people-orientation, minimization of
bureaucracy and inventory activities are put forward. Guidelines on how to formulate rules and
regulations for collection of medicinal plants are prescribed. The prospects for cultivation are
discussed, it is argued to be necessary in light of overexploitation of wild sources, and a plan for
developin, , MAPS in the Baginati zone is drawn LIP. It consists of setting up an organization at
both zonal, district and village levels in co-operative societies, the organization will co-ordinate
collection, CLIltivation and PI'ocessing. Economic analyses are undertaken for medicinal plant
cultivation and processing. Production of essential oils is concluded to be economicalIy viable.
I
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..~.
r^.
2. Rajbhandary and Baitacharya (1994): MAPS are important to the Nepali population in terms of
health care and income generation, and to the global community in terms of biodiversity and
prevention of cnvii'oninental degradation. Increasing collection of MAPS has endangered their
availability and theI. efore, domestication and cultivation is encouraged. Processing of MAPS is
desirable 10 increase relLirns to collectors. Recommendation to set up a national body that would
formulate concrete policies to improve the opportunities for processing and marketing of MAPS
in Nepal is made. And it has recommended that research and development be prioritised and
legional co-operation established. Data on production, annual turnover, collection and revenue of
^
--\
~\
Herbs Production and Processing Company Limited (HPPCL) is provided
3. Rawal at a1. (! 994): Nepal is rich in botanical resources having valuable NTFPs. Nepali people
know little aboLit their LISes, demand and quality. HMG/N has a Master Plan to develop minor
forest products by establishing herbal centers, farmers' co-operatives, for cultivation and regional
facilities and for processing and marketing. The development work in this field is lacking behind
dtie to various problems. It needs political commitment in the present democratic context. It has
recommended giving high priority forthe formulation of a separate clear-cut policy for NTFPs.
^
. ^.
4. Shrestha at a1. (1994): Early 1960s was the period of first scientific realization for
domestication and coininercial cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPS) through
establishment of Department of Medicinal Plants (DOMP) and research units and herbal farms in
different ecolooical regions of Nepal, although the modern history of cultivation of MAPS in the
country goes back to early 1890. Over harvesting of some of the MAPS in particular hill areas
.~.
also led to realization of domestication and their commercial cultivation because of processing
\,
facilities within the country and for their export value. The existing infrastructure of more than a
dozen herbal research and demonstration farms in the country along with the processing centers
and export market encouraged the country to domesticate and commercially cultivate such
.-,
4
.^.
^
,^
-.
important MAPS for domestic use as well as for export. There is a tremendous potentiality of
commercial cultivation of indigenous as well as introduced MAPS. However, several constraints
like lack of favorable national policies, long terni national planning, effective demonstration of
commercial cultivation and marketing facilities of MAPS, practically at the grassroots level,
awareness about commercial cultivation and processing facilities are key constraints. Postharvest technology including temporary storage of produces, processing and marketing of MAPS
are also key issues to be discussed to encourage the commercial cultivation of MAPS in the days
to come.
5. Amatya and Amatya (1995): This is an exploration of possible strategies for optimum
utilisation and marketing of medicinal plants that has been done with an aim to contribute
maximum benefit to the rural collectors. Present status of collection and trade is outlined,
measures to ensure sustainable collection are provided, and the market is discussed in terms of
domestic and foreign demand. Policy and regulations pertaining to medicinal plant collection are
discussed
6. Bhattarai (1995): Gorkha district, due to high variation in altitude and the corresponding
climatic factors, provides a home and protection to a large number of plant species that are both a
source of income and livelihood to majority of the rural populace. As a result of poverty,
,
,. -
illiteracy and lack of off-farm employment opportunities, excessive and unmanaged exploitation
of wild plants has been largely contributing to their depletion in most parts of the district with
conseqLient loss of biodiversity and wild plant resource base. The importance of the development
of community owned NTFP-based enterprises involving the collection, local processing and
Inarkcting of NTFPs for economic development and biodiversit>' conservation in the district has
been discussed. The SIIstainable LISe of wild plant resources and conservation of the biodiversity
by the local communities through technical, financial and marketing support has been suggested.
7. Bhattarai and Croncher (1996): Biodiversity is the sum total of all the living organisms in a
particular area, their individual variation, and the interactions between them. Harvesting of
NTFPs can eitlier have a positive or a negative impact on the conservation of biodiversity. This
paper identifies and examines the underlying causes for jinproper extraction ofNTFPs and the
resultin, , adverse impacts on biodiversity, and then proceeds to present a different scenario in
which NTFPs, when properly harvested, managed, processed, and marketed, can play a
strate, Tically positive role in the conservation of biodiversity' as well as in the economic
development of the region
8. Edwards (1996): A thorough overview of the commercial \TFPs, with a focus on medicinal
and aromatic plants has been provided. Aspects examined are species collected, volumes traded,
and sustainability of liarvest and government policies. A stud} of Hile in Dhankuta District and
Basantpur in Tehrathiiin District, the Koshi Hills, was undertaken in which the marketing chain
froin Nepal to India was identified and the vertical distribution of income at the different levels
of the trade was analyzed. Markets are discussed in terms of principal buyers, price fluctuations
dLiring an average trading season and price changes from 1980-81 to 1992-93. Methods for
value-addition, inclLiding processing, are described and disctissed, as are research priorities for
increasing prodLiction and improving marketing. Appendices include notes on twenty major
NTFPs traded to India and a bibliography of 500 references to I\;TFPs from cultivated and wild
sources
9. Shrestha at a1. (1996): In this case study from Gyasumdo Valley, Mariang District, five highaltitude medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPS) were investigated in terms of population density,
5
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I~-~
--,
distribution, regeneration status and biomass production in nature. Socio-economic factors were
investigated through interviews with inhabitant in three villages. Forty seven percent of the
households interviewed collected MAPS for commercial purposes. Inhabitants of villages off the
track are most involved in collection and trade of MAPS. Selective harvesting techniques were
adopted in some localities, but overexploitation was feared on a general basis. An integrated
management approach involving communities, establishment of herbal farms and processing
possibilities is proposed.
.
..-.,
,-
10. ANSAB (1997): This report is a market study undertaken in Banke, Bardiya and DoIPa
Districts and the Rapti zone. The objectives were to (i) identify forest products financially viable
for commercial enterprise development; (ii) identify the human, technological and capital
resources required to exploit forest products; (iii) identify social and ecological issues relevant to
the enterprises; (iv) provide guidance to community forestry user groups and their project
partner; and (v) develop criteria for prioritisation of enterprises and sites. Enterprises examined
.--,
--,
I
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were in the Terai: sawmills and related enterprises, and in the middle hills and mountains:
distillation of aromatic plants, and jinproved trading and minor processing of NTFPs. Serious
constraints to sawmills were found. Distillation of medicinal plants is viable and should
commence in the Inountains first. Improved trading and minor processing of NTFPs could be
based on grouping together communities collecting the same product. Activities should start in
the middle hills. Descriptions, uses and natural regeneration of 18 medicinal plants are provided
,--
.I
\
in an appendix
---,
11. Malla et a1. (1997): The manLial was prepared to help identification of 1/6 non-timber forest
prodticts in Nepal; 38 herbs, 24 shrubs and 59 trees. The species were selected on the basis of the
criteria: export; religious, cultLiral, food and traditional medicinal values; industrial (potential)
value;important fodder; and medicinal plants identified by WHO expert committee for primary
^,
,-^
health care. For each species there is a colour drawing and information on nomenclature
(scientific, English, Hindi, Newari, Nepali and Sanskrit), family, distribution in the Himalaya,
origin,
vertical and/or altitudinal distribtition, habitat (9 categories and 29 sub-categories),
,^
flowering period, fi'Liiting period, parts LISed, principal chemical constituents, Ayurvedic and local
uses and a brief description of characteristic plant features
--.
12. 01sen and Helles (1997): The trade in MAPS from the rural areas of Gorkha district in central
Nepal to the wholesale markets in India was investigated over a two-year period. The annual
..-
trade varied froin 180 Int. to 4/8 Int. and is currently composed of 36 products with an average
collector valLie of 12 million Nepali Rupees. Approximately 98 percent of the products are
exported tinprocessed to India. The main actors in the trade are collectors, road-head traders,
Terai wholesalers, and Indian wholesalers. Analysis of marketing margins and price data
indicates that MAP markets are imperfect: there is limited market information and poor market
intelrration. A small number of Terai wholesalers earn excessive profits while road-head traders
^\
have very low net margins. The implications of this for developing the trade, and thus increasing
collector incomes at the national level are discussed. It is emphasized that the government
should focus on provision of public goods, such as dissemination of price infomiation and
developing physical infrastructure, and not direct intervention in the market. Credit facilities
should be promoted, and the royalty system should be reviewed and possibly replaced with an
export tax. Bans on collection and trade need to be reviewed andjustified and a restructuring of
.-\
I
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. .\
current approaches is required.
13. Subedi (1997): Development of local economy while conserving the renewable natural
resources has become an integral part of sustainable development policy. NTFPs are one
6
--\
.,
,-^
I'~
category of resources that have a potential for contributing to e o
natural resource management, leading to conservation of t e ecosys
area. This paper examines a range of issues and strategies in t e
economic and environmental conditions for the benefit of IOCa coinmuq'ty
sustainable and equitable way. The first and foremost factor is t e con^
base, ecosystemandbiodiversity, from whichNTFPsareharvested. is is GP p
sustainable harvesting and management. This, in turn, requires su ICien inc
for conservation by countering the threats. The paper starts wit t e curren
NTFPs in Nepal. Then important issues are pointed out an strategies p
discussion. The main issues include the improved production management, iris i to
management system, development of enterprises for vaue-a iion o y,
marketing and trade
14. Bhattarai and ACharya (1998): Chitaito (Sworno spp. ) occupies major postion ij t e a e
wild medicinal plants. Thirty-fourdistricts of Nepal have been foun to conri u .ppy
of Chiraito. It is traded in 27 majorherbtradecentersofNepalfrom easttowes . p y,
iristradedasoneofthe largest commodities in the tradeo er . ine p
SII, erricis/)p. havebeen identified frointhetradesamplesofChiraito. oa ..
Chiraito has been estimated in the trade during 1995/96. Among the tota tra e o ir i ,
than 50% is traded froin east Nepal
15. Bhattarai (1998): Herbal drugs ale LISed in all cultures and medicija p an s p ay y
world health. Over three-quarters of the world population, ominae y
COLIntries, CLIrrently use plantsas Inedicine. In most developing counrie , g
of herbal treatment is apartofthecultLireandthedominantmet o o erapy. ,
with aconsiderable extentofeffectiveness, are socially accepte, economic y ,
....
_I
mostly, are the only available SOLirce. Many modern drLigs havet eirorigin inp p
on Inedicinal plants is increasing rapidly, mainly as a result o increase p'
still contribute to about one'third of the modern pharmaceutical preparations. n
extracts for self-medication by the general public in the develope counries. g
Inedicinalplants in the health care systems with particular re erence o p , p
developinocountries, hasbeenassessedonthebasisofexisting acsan g ,
role of medicinal plants in world health has been visualized inevitab e or a orig
,.^
16. Lafranchi (1998): The objectives of this report are to (1) identify the ina! ^t pq en i
selected NTFPs and the possible concrete marketing linkages; (ii) collect existing in o.
about management/domestication techniqLies or identify potentia researc p
such inforination; (iii) identity Inarket qLiality requirements and visualise it. iq A Orm.
acceptable for field technicians and farmers; and (iv) explore the .possi lily o. i
Seabtickthorn (Hly)/)ophoe sol^^;16/1ti) or other potential incoine gen. Grating a^tivjties. in
andDailekhDistricts. Fortheselectedspeciesinformation ISProvie on isri , ,
harvested part, LISe, harvest season, ecologicalIy sustainabe managemen, p p g ,
requirements, quality problems, production potential and mar et po en in ,
addresses to processing companies. Recommendations for NGOs inc u e opera '
price/demand/supply monitoring system, co-operation for eveopmen p
opportunities and linking rural communities and the market.
17. Parejtili at a1. (1998): This is a manual de^eloped for the purpose o co ^ ,
identification of commercially collectedNTFPsinNepal. Themanua is as p'
literatureandfieldvisits. Severity species are described interniso scie , ,
I_. I
,
,-~
I
.^
trade name, parts used, natural occurrence, phenology, morphology, and conservation status in
Nepal, market price and royalty rate, uses and active constituent. The description is accompanied
by line drawings.
,-.,
18. Subedi(1998). MAPS in the mountains of Nepal can contribute to the local economy and
subsistence health needs while conserving the ecosystem and biodiversity of an area. The paper
examines a range of conservation and development strategies and their results in this sector for
improving economic and environmental conditions for the benefit of local community members
in a sustainable and equitable way. The data and information for this paper came from the studies
~,
,.-~
conducted and experiences gained while working in the 'Community Based Ecosystem
Management Through Local Enterprise Development' project in Humla, Nepal, from January
1995 to December 1997. Starting with the theoretical base and contextual background at the
initial period of the project, the utilization, harvesting and trade patterns of MAPS of Humla are
assessed. The main strategies developed and tested are sub sector analysis for determining
enterprise option, local capacity building, community based enterprise for additional incentives
to collectors, strengthening coinmLinity rights over resources, combining indigenous expertise
with scientific knowledge, providing marketing and business support, promoting integrated
~-.
~.-,
conservation education, establishing linkages and co-ordination among user groups, and
networking national level forum for proper policy formation and implementation support. It is
emphasized that the integrated conservation and development approach that creates more and
direct incentives to local communities can have more and faster conservation impacts than the
,--
^
traditional one' The impact of new commercial demand of these plant products, within the
existing strticture and functioning of Nepalese social system, is negative to the local communities
.^.
as well as the natLiral ecosystem and biodiversity
^I
19. Subedi at a1. (1999): This is a report of a workshop undertaken by the Micro-Enterprise
Development Prograin (MEDEP), UNDP Nepal to initiate NTFP based micro-Enterprise
development in Parbat District through participatory market analysis and development with
emphasis on female entrepreneurs. Outputs of the workshop were: (1) an overview of the NTFP
market and environment in Parbat District; (ii) a list of the most potential NTFPs for enterprise
development, together with the opportunities and constraints for each of these products and
strategies for overcoming these; and (iii) training of MEDEP staff and recommendations on an
action plan fbr NTFP enterprise selection, strategy development and capacity building in other
MEDEP districts. High potential products identified were allo, honey, bhang seeds and timur.
OPPortL!nities identified inclLide SLIPportive institutional environment (through various NGOs and
the Community Forestry Program), high market demand and 'abundant natural resources, which
can be easily managed. Constraints identified include ineffective co-ordination among line
I
.-^
,^
r~I
.-,
agencies in the district, low price, limited knowledge of storage, processing and sustainable
harvest technologies, and the possibility of elite capturing areas having business/income
potential. It is recommended that a NTFP working group comprised mainly of NGOs is set up at
-~.
district level to address policy issues, that technology transfer and market issues be addressed on
a product by product basis, and that participatory resource assessments be carried out for
potential products. The participatory marketing and analysis development process in the
workshop is described in an appendix.
,
-.\
20. ACharya (2000): Nepal's NTFPs base is declining rapidly due to the unscientific and
unsustainable exploitation of the forest products. In the absence of proper management and
control in collection and trade, NTPPs are becoming vulnerable, endangered, and even extinct.
Nepal's Himalayan region is the major source of a diverse category of NTFPs harvested and
traded to India and beyond. The products are exported from Nepal in the raw forrn in most of the
,8
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....~
I
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,-.
,.-
I_
cases as roots, rhizomes, branches, leaves, stems, bark, fruits and seeds. Humla is one o e
most remote districts in Nepal situated in Kamali zone within the Mid-westGin Development
Region. The VDC included in the study is Rodikot. Climate of this area is temperate, cool-
temperate and alpine. The major sources of income are NTFPs 016rbs) such as Iatamansi, Kutki,
and Atis; sheep-wool products; trade to Tibet; milk products like ghee; and honey. Collection of
plants in premature stage is one of the reasons responsible for its vulnerability. The main issues
are lack of adequate awareness about biodiversity conservation, lack of alternative job
opportunity, and lack of planning and management. Some work has been initiated in order to
make people aware ofNTFPs management in Humlathrough ANSAB, Kathmandu, Nepal.
I~~
2 I. Bhattarai and 01sen (2000): Recent studies indicate that the annual trade in medicinal plants
froin the Himalaya ainounts to thousands of tons of roots, rhizomes, tubers, fruits and leaves, etc.
T'he annual valLie of the trade is worth millions of Us Dollars. Rural househQlds in forest
throughout the Himalayas collect the medicinal plants. Hundreds of species are harvested and
sold to traders in order to increase household income. The paper briefly reviews the limitations
\ -
(- ,
\- -
of existing knowledge on medicinal plant markets and the need for common methodologies to
enable comparative studies is emphasized. An approach used to investigate the economic
importance of coinmercial medicinal plants to Nepal is presented. The approach is aimed at
oenerating data at the national level as opposed to the more common local studies. It is specified,
in eight distinct steps, how a national levelinvestigation was planned and implemented in Nepal.
Details of each step are provided, including objectives and main contents. Based on the approach
applied in Nepal, the paper develops preliminary recommendations on a five-level generic
\-
,\
incthodology for investigating trade in medicinal plants at the national level in South Asia.
22. Bhattarai and Shukla (2000): The Mid-western Development region of the country is the
largest supplier of NTFP raw materials bLit, due to shortage of processing capabilities and lack of
information on adequate markets, it has remained a mere supplier of raw materials to India. Poor
,.--
I__.
I~ '
,
r
recognition of the role of different levels of value addition and processing, lack in product
diversification and inadequate knowledge on marketing of NTFP resources have become the
characteristic feature of this Development Region. The need of different types and levels of
NTFP processing and value adding Linits, and the inevitability' of information on markets and
marketing systems have been emphasized. The paper argued that forest dependent communities
be provided with appropriate models for collecting, post-harvest services, and primary processing
of NTFPs. It has also been emphasized to assess how communities can integrate and extend
these models, how they can develop management strategies and use the acquired knowledge for
sustainable harvesting, local level processing and marketing of the resultant high value products.
Shifting the traditional extraction and trading systems to enterprise development must be
equipped with technical, management, marketing and training support. Cooperative approach
\
I~
appears to be a powerful tool, being able to attract financial support from outside to develop a
business plan including marketing stLidies. Information gathered in market studies helps develop
new post-harvest processing and value-added systems for strategic products. Policy makers,
\ - .
extension workers, NGOs, and community leaders can be the most potential means to introduce
,. -
processing and marketing to small-scale prodticers as well as other processing'value adding
organizations for local as well as the country's economic development and sustainability of
\
resources. Finally, for balanced development, it is important that all functions, from resource
management (throLigh raw materials production and processing) to marketing get sufficient
,-
attention. Such an attempt is a challenge as well as an opportunity.
\-
,^
9
'~~*
\
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-\
^,
23. NGupane and Ghimire (2000): Dailekh and AChham districts are at early stages of
development and poverty is aggravated by poor rural infrastructure, underdevelopment of ruralurban linkages, poor resource management, etc. Much of the agricultural land is already over-
~.,
exploited and the potentiality for increasing traditional crop yield is limited without external
,^
inputs, which may be expensive for rural people. Similarly switching from cereals to cash crop
.,
production in their private land may not be appropriate for poor farmers who are risk averse. But
int^ionty of the people improved forest utilization, which has immense scope for promotion,
~I
management and utilization ofNTFPs and resin, because the forest-covered area is jar e. Forest
User's Groups (FUGs) are emerging and marketis available in the region. FUGs are interested to
._I
maximize income from community forests if they are exposed to know-how (training in
domestication, value adding techniques and management), provided initial material support (seed
and seedling) and enabled to better bargaining (information on market and price). However,
capacity building of PUGS in group management and legal provision regarding responsibility and
authority is yet to be a part of support. Despite the promotion of NTTP in community forests and
people's attitude for have private cultivation, payment of royalty may hinder the cultivation of
.-.
NTFP in private land.
^.
..-,
'~~;
~,
~,
r~\
, .-.
^,
.-\
,
,
^\
..--,
.-.
..\
10
.^\
,
,-.~
,-\
.-
f~'\
\
Chapter 3
r~~
Institutions involved in the Promotion ofNTFPs
L
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This chapter provides the description of government organizations, NGOs, s, i-aera
multilateral institutions directly or indirectly involved in the promotion of NTPFs. ome
\
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,^~
,
institutions are concentrating their activites only to some selected districts while some o ers are
covering the whole nation. The information about these institutions will help policy ina ers,
planners and implementators to undertake appropriate programs without over apping or
duplication, which will enable optimum utilization of resources. It will also en ance proper
coordination and collaboration while implementing the programs ofNTFPs. A rie escrip ion
of some of the importantinstitutions involved in the promotion ofNTFPs is presented be ow:
(a) Public Sector Institutions
i. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (MFSC), Singhadurbar, Kathmandu
, --
The ministry has been formulating rtiles, regulations and making other policy ecisions in or er
to enhance the income and employment status of the rural people who are at nica y engage
and are dependent on NTFPs for their basic requirements. It also coordinates among various
departments and projects within the ministry. Foreign Aid Coordination Division (FACD) of the
ministry is responsible for overall coordination with donors and the recipients, among e
government agencies, and 11NGOS working in the field of NTFPs and MAPS. oicy
forInulation, conflict resolution, information dissemination and information on mar e
L_
,. .
mechanisms are being provided by the ministry and its various Departments. Bio iversity
conservation. , research and monitoring and evaluation, cultivation managemen an
establishment, of marketing channels are the major focus of the MFSC. Recenty e
Government has established a high level NTFP Promotion Board for the development an
promotion of NTFP sector that would in the long run help economic deveopment o e
country.
ii. Department of Forest(DoF), HMG, Babarmahal, Kathmandu
Conservation and management of forest resources including NTFPs are the major uric ions o
the department. The DoF generates revenue from NTFPs by issuing collection permis o
collectors and trades. Almost allofthe 75 district forest offices generate revenue from s.
iii. Departinent of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, HMG
The DSCWM through its 55 district offices is responsible for soil and water conservaion
programmes both in government and private lands. It works in partnership wit t e oca peop.
and conducts participatory action for the conservation of sensitive waters e s an
catchments areas. Its activities are based on watershed or subwatershed eve. appi
bioengineering techniques to conserve soiland watershed using trees an s avingg
soil binding properties such as vetiver, bamboo and broom grass.
The department's role in the NTFP development in the Terairegion can be important as it can
help promote NTPP cultivation and management in the watershed areas and on t e ami an s in
area of its aci:ivities.
11
,.. .
,
,
,^.
iv. Department of Plant Resources (DPR), HMG, Thapatriali, Kathmandu
The Department is involved in the management and improvement of NTFP resources. It has
many farms, botanical gardens and herbariums established to undertake action research
activities and piloting of extension activities. Ex-$1'111 conservation of endeangered as well as
high value NTFPs is the major activity of these farms. Data and information collection on
MAPS, integrated research activities, publication of documents and extension materials on
NTFPs are the in a, jor focus area of the department. It has also established a distillation unit at
Jumla for high value aromatic oils. It is also undertaking demonstration of cultivation
management of high value MAPS and information dissemination through training.
.._, I
r-\
_I
.
~-,
v. Singhadurbar Vaidyakhana Development Committee, Ariamnagar, Kathmandu
This is an autonomous government-managed organization involved in the production of
ayurvedic medicines for general use. The main function of this organization is purchasing of
MAPS and their processing for the production of ayurvedic medicines to be marketed inside the
country as well as exporting to foreign countries. It has been supplying aurvedic preparations to
the government managed district level Aurvedic centers (Vaidyakhana), as well. It also meets
other domestic requirements to the private sector practitioners through its well-established
marketino mechanisms. MAPS collectors within the country are getting a reasonable and fair
.-\
-.~
,-\
price, which in ttirn works as incentive to cultivate/collect MAPS
vi. Royal Drtigs Limited, Babarmahal, Kathmandu
The major activity of this institution is the prodLiction and distrbution of about 100 types of
allopathic Inedicines. However, it also produces medicines using locally available NTFPs and
.-,
MAPS. There are only about five products based on NTFPs and MAPS being manufactured and
Inarketed
^
vii. Herbs Prodtiction alld Processing Co Ltd. (HPPCL), Kotoshwor, Kathmandu
,-\
HPPCL is a o0vernment Lindertaking that is involved in the farming of aromatic plants on its
own farins and also with the participation of farmers living in the adjoining area. It has its own
--,
distillation and processing plants where it extracts high value aromatic oils. It also purchases
,-\
aroinatic oil extracts for its own medicinal and aromatic products as well as for export to foreign
countries. HPPCL collects resin (khoto) and Taxus bocca!a, which is again sold to local as well
^,
as foreign buyers. The main function of the HPPCL is resource collection, its processing and
,~
sustainable Litilization and generation of revenue through sales and royalty payments to the
-J
government.
viii. Mahendra Sanskrit University, Bijatiri, Dang
Mahendra Sanskrit University, Bijauri of Dang district in collaboration with Royal Nepal
Academy of Science and Technology (RONAST)is undertaking the cultivation and management
of some species of NTPPs ^t Bijauri
(b) Private Sector Institutions
i. Alternative Herbal Industry (AHl)
The Alternative Herbal Industry (AHl) is a value driven, high quality herbal tea and other h;:rbal
products manufacturer and suppliers. Am registered as a company, is the trade wing of
SEACOW and the coriumercial partner of that cooperative. It is involved in the processing and
12
-,
,-.-.
I~ ~
marketing of herbs and other products as well as in ensuring that the producers receive a a'
wage. A half of the profit made by AHl is channeled back to undertake t e activiies o
SEACOW.
f~
AHl, with the support of its social partner SEACOW, started its work with a couple of into y
natural, traditional recipe-based, and hand processed and minimalIy packaged herbal teas. Now,
it, together with primary producer organizations of some of the most marginalize groups o
\
people, has developed a variety of herbal teas and supplied them in national as well as
international markets.
ii. Dabur Nepal Ltd. Tinkune, Kathmandu
Dabur Nepal is an Ayurvedic Company and is operating green house seedlings of high va us
f~
MAPS such as Ta, tz!s 60cco!0, SWGr!!'a chi'101'10, Palerina wallichi; etc, , and distributing the
seedlings to local farmers and instittitions. It is also involved in the cultivation of MAPS throug
out-grower program, contract CLIltivation as well as action research in order to strengthen t e
production mechanism of MAPS within the country
L
iii. Corkha Ayurved Company, Corkha
f~'
The Corkha Ayurved Company is a joint ventLire between Nepalese entrepreneurs an renc
NGO CIDR (French acronym for International Centre for Development and Research), and
German entrepreneurs. Production unit based at Gorkha, it was established in 1984 AD, with the
aim of devleloping Nepal's tremendous potential. The Company has been working at Gor a
District of Nepal to strengthen the economic condition of the remote villages involving oca
communities in collection and processing of Ayurveda Health products. .
L_
\. -
I~'
I.
I~~
Gorkha Ayurved is registered as Private Limited Company in accordance to Nepal Company
Act under the deparment of industry with the limited liabilities. The company has established its
administrative 'and liaison office at Chhetrapati, Kathmandu in the form of a regular channel for
the distribution of its entire products incltiding medicines and herbal tea in the local, nationa as
well as internaionalinarkets and also forthe maintenance of its updated accounting processes.
The company is LISing more than 150 local medicinal plants while manufacturing Ayurve IC
medicines and herbal health prodLicts. About 90% of the totalingredients used for processing of
herbal prodLicts and medicines comes from local resources, the balance that is not avaia e
locally are imported from other countries
{.
,
!_ _
f~
I.
I'he Company is producing two categories of products.
. General Health ProdLicts: viz, Chyavanprash, Pachmola, Guduchiherbaltea, etc.
. Essential AyLirvedic Medicines: viz. Altrin, Amati, Baiamrit, etc.
Essential Ayurvedic Medicines are further divided into two categories:
. Classical rodLicts: Based on classical Ayurveda literatures (Sarihitas) formulation: viz,
Avipattiker, Chyavanprash and Shikijit.
Parent Products: The formulation developed by individual company to distribute within
.
its own patent right: viz, Altirin, Am atI, etc
f~
I.
13
,.
\ .
(--
,_I
.-^
(c)TINGOs and Other Institutions
I, I
i. Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bio-resources (ANSAB)
ANSAB is working in the field of bio-diversity conservation of the mountain districts, such as
Baihang, DoIakha, Baglung and Iumla. It is doing so through its various programs like
enterprise-based bio-diversity conservation by promoting community based forest enterprises,
marketinfonnation system for NTFP and certification and sustainable marketing ofNTFPs. In its
program, there are elements ofNTFPs promotion by enabling the FUGs to include NTFPs in the
forest management plans. The organization helps identify NTFP promotion interventions such as
.-,
training and marketing.
ANSAB has accomplished a program at the central level to improve the MIS system geared
towards the benefits of NTFP traders and collectors for equitable benefits. This initiative has
increased the income of collectors from Rs. 2,665,435 to Rs. 10,096,725 in the programme
.^
I~',
districts
ii. Canadian International Centre for Studies and Cooperation (CECl)
CECl/I\Iepal since recent past has been involved in the natural resource management of the
selected fur western districts of Nepal. It was involved in the development of methodologies for
sustainable management of endangered and high value medicinal plants in Iumla. In 1997-98 it
had conducted field~testing of methodology for NTFP inventory taking and provided
recommendations for flitLire inventories. Information dissemination on the management and
marketing of endangered and high altitude medicinal and aromatic plants as well as their
conservation for sustainable livelihood were some of its on-going programs.
iii. CARE Nepal
RADP/CARE is basically involved in conductino seminars, workshops and NTFP management
-,
,-~
.,
.J
~\
training and other types of training programs to create a common forum for all the stakeholders
working in the field of NTFPs. Its objective is to identify the problems and constraints on
cultivation, collection and processing and marketing of NTPPs. It is also working in Bq, Ihang
district in the identification of the NTFPs and medicinal plants. It has provided training to
FECOFUN members on Chiraito (Sweriio chiroi/0) CLIltiVation and nursery management and the
^,
.-,
sustainable liarvesting, management and marketing and networking system development. It has
provided support to establish NTFP enterprises producing Allo and Bhangro products in Baiura
district
.-,
iv. Center for CoinmLinity Development and Research (CCODR)
.--.
CCODAR has been involved in community development program through sustainable use of
NTFPs. Its target groups are the farmers of Gorkha district and the Gorkha Aurved Company
(GAC). It has initiated income generating activities through nursery establishment and
.--..
cultivation practice of NTFPs through local farmers as well as processing of NTFPs through
GAC and marketing the processed products. The products of the GAC are also utilized in
,--
primary health care of the local farmers, as well.
v. Center for Environmental and Agricultural Policy, Research, Extension and Development
(CEAPRED)
Promotion of NTFPs through nursery establishment in community forests as well as private
lands is the main activity, which creates market access for NTFPs for rural development and 14
,-\
.
,'~~*
\-
poverty reduction. CEAPRED is also involved in undertaking community based economic
development projects through strengthening local institutions and promoting natural resource
management, such as harvesting and marketing of NTTPs and awareness creation through
training and other support.
,--
L_
vi. DEPROSC/Nepal
Development Projects Services Center (DEPROSC) Nepal is involved in the identification of
strategic NTFPs for poverty reducation programs in collaboration with ICIMOD, Dabur/I\16pal
and IFAD. Capacity building of 60 CFUGs for NTFP harvesting, capacity building of 230
leasehold forest groups of poor farmers for cultivation of NTFP and marketing were among the
major programs of DBPROSC/Nepal
vii. Environment, Culttire, Agriculture, Research and Development Society (ECARDS)/Nepal
L_
Sustainable soil management, advocacy for coinmLinity forestry and study and inventory on
forest resources are the ma, jor area of focus of ECARDS/Nepal. The main purpose of 'these
programs is to provide conservation education and promotion of soil fertility through
management of organic components of the soil, access to and control over forest resources and
inventory taking of plant resources. This organization has also been promoting in-sill,
conservation of forest resources through conservation education and training to fanners, Gos,
NGOs, CBOs, local leaders and CFUGs
viii. CTZ/Churia Forest Development Project, Lahan, Siraha
I_
The project was involved in NTFP related activities such as cultivation, land productivity
I'~
L_
I~
increment by introducing NTFPs, protection of valuable species and improve economic
OPPorttinity by promoting NTFP processing and marketing. The promotion of NTFP processing
and marketing was confined to the low-income groups of Siraha and Saptari. With its assistance
some community-based organizations were actively involved in processing and marketing of
NTFPs. Besides, the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation and the Department of Forest are
supporting NTFP cultivation, processing and marketing through various policy measures.
ix. Nepal Agroforestry Foundation (NAF)
I_
i--.
t .
I~~
This organization is working with CFUGs in the inid hill areas and private forest groups of the
terai. The main activities are focussed on the promotion of NTFPs through identification and
their marketing linkages in order to generate higher benefit to the rural people. It has been
focussing on the expansion of agroforstry that motivates the farmers to adopt the cultivation of
potential and high valLie NTFPs withoLit loosing the immediate agricultural subsistence products
that are grown on the farmers' marginal land pieces.
x. SNV/Nepal
\
The SNVn\Iepalis contributing to biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of
resources through increased benefits to forest LISers. One of the int\jor programs is national
capacity building for the promotion of community based forest enterprises in Nepal. In this
context, capacity building has been initiated through national painters in the NTFP sub-sector. It
is basically trying to deliver the business development services to forest based enterprises and has
contributed to policy advocacy, reform and implementation of community forestry and NTFP
,. ..
enterprises.
15
I.
\,
.
,--^
,~
Chapter4
~^,
Status ofNTFF Production and Marketing
4.1
MajorTyj"s ofNTFPS Available
NTFPs can contrib, ate in an important way to the Nepalese economy. Approximately, 800 species of MAPS/NTFPs are used as foodstuffs, flavoring agents and spices, perfumes and cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals and biological agents. Approximately 100 to 150 species of NTFPs are traded.
The number of traded species could be even higher as the government estimation is based on the
^.
I. ,
.
formal market demand that tends to be conservative. Local communities on the other hand who
^.,
also use NTFPs for their subsistence livelihood have identified many species and multi 16 uses'
(Gautam and Davoe 2002 quoted by Kristina 2002). As embodied in the Forest Regulations, the
~I
government has so far officially identified 234 valuable NTFPs in the countr ; whereas locals
froin a relatively small area 11nder a single forest type identified 436 NTFPs (Gautam K. H. and
~-..,
Devoc, N. N. , 2002).
.^.
According to Edwaads (1996), NTFPs of Nepal fall Touchly into too categories, namely high
value products from high altitLide and low value products from lower altitude (below 2000 in).
He has identified 39 important NTPP species of these two categories, of which 17 (44%) are
concentrated in the low altitude region (Table 4.1).
Table 4. I
S. N
Typeofimportant NTFPs available in the Low Altitude Areas
Scientific name
Nepali name
Plant
Habitat
e
,
,^
4
--\
I
I
Altitude
Product
,IC'(IC'itI 1'11 flitr
Sikakai
Tree
Forest. scrub
200-1200
Fruits
. IC"11/1*' C'flitJ, ,, I'S
801ho
He I'b
O on forest, marsh
500-2200
Roots
Kurilo. Satawar
Climber
Scrub
600-2100
Roots
SLigandliakokila
Tiee
Forest, till'in
200-1200
Fruits
.!^291tlgii*'Intel, JamJ
C'11/1/'11, loini, In
^;
in)
,.~
.,
1,111c'esc en. \
r~
5
('innti, ,1011/11/11 Ifim"do
Nc ali dalchini
Tree
Forest. sci. ub. farm
450-2 100
Bark
6
CmJ, (mro",,, I, I Jini, "!o
IC
Tree
Foi. esi, scrub, farm
450-2 100
Leaves
at
7.
Diosco, eq Lienoic!ear
V akur
Climber
Forest. scrub
450-3 100
Roots
8
UQCOC"1771/3
Rudraksha
Tree
Forest, farm
800-1500
Fruits
9
briar/(I, h(Iseo/older
Paangro
Climber
Forest, scrub
300-1400
Fruits
I O.
I'hv//onIhi, s e"16nc"
Amia
Tree
Fruits
Pi ci' 10/1 nil, I
Pila
Climber
Forest, scrubs, farm
Forest, scrub
200-1200
II
200-1500
Fruits
Runvo{lid sei')@111im
Sar a handha
Herb
O on forest
O-1200
Roots
R, Ibid "1,117ih
Malitho
Climber
Forest, scrub
1200-2700
Sci inch, s 1,111koi'OSst
Rittha
Tree
0-1500
Fruits
71!, mindful bellei. leg
Barro
Tree
Forest, farm
Forest, farm
Forest, farm
Forest, farm
500-1500
Fruits
s )hc, ei 1<'11. ,
I3.
15
._I
I 6.
It!Jini"o1/11 c. hebi, in
Harro
Tree
I 7.
Zunih, ?. ty/11n,
Timur
Small
01'morni, I
I
.,
Sterns, roots
500-1500
Fruits
1100-2500
Fruits
. --\
tree
Source: D. M Edwards (1996); Nori-Timber Forest Products From Nepal: Aspects of the Trade in Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants, Forest Research and survey Center, Ministry of Forests and Soil conservation.
f~.
According to Dabur Nepal about 19 types of NTFPs hold high market demand, of which 8
..^
species (42%) are available in the lower hills and Terai, 7 species (37%) in high hills and 4
species (2 I%) in the inid-hills (Table 4.2).
.--
16
I'
,^..
Table4.2 Types ofNTFPS Having High Demand and their Locations of Availability
,.-
Geo
ra
hical Location
Scientific Name
I. Ariac cms
Hi h Altitude Plants
,
Or OStOC
-
,.
\ .
I__
Mid Altitude Plants
Low Hills/Terai
,L _
relhrz, in
S
an I Oral
3. PicrorhizQkiirrooo
4. Rhet, ingustro!e
Kutki
5. SQt, ss"redoos!!, s
Kuth
6. Swerii@chir tm
7. TeX"swornchiono
Chraito
Lauth sano
Padamchal
I. lis or@ us racemosus
Satawor, Kurilo
2. Crocussaiiv^s
Safti'on
3. H eric!, in erorai"in
St. John's Wort
4. Palertonalo1amansii
Su andhwal
Collhomus line!ont's
Kusum hool
2. Men!haorvensis
Pudina
3. Phy/!arithusemb/ico
Amala
4. Pier!on in
er ee u!ordes
Lon pi Ia
Round Pi Ia
6. SII burn mononum
17nhonio somniera
7
Milk thistle
Aswa andha
Timoor
5. Pi
\-.
Local Name
Akar arm
8. Zori!hoxy/Mingrmo/urn
Source: Dabur Nepal, Kathinaiidu, 2002.
In the Inner Terai and Siwalik of eastern region, 11 major NTFPs were ranked in the first choice
I' ~
by the local farmers (Yuka, 2002) detail description of which is given in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3
Major NTFPS Type in Eastern Siwalik
Scientific Name
ACi'o11^ coldmus
Local Name
Bojho
I .
,. -
Asparagus
I_
KLirilo
Si rimcance
.
Major exported species from Nepal.
.
OnI available in the 11am Si\^alik borderin inid-hills.
.
.
race"?OSI, s
.
.
\
r-
.
Bomb!ISO
Qri!ridinoceo
Bans
High demand in the local, national and international market.
.
.
High demand in local, national and international markets.
High interest of local people in cultivation.
Major export species from Nepal.
Several companies trading with MAPS in Nepal and India have
given this species a priority for cultivation project.
AbLindant in the ast and very. much traded in 11am Siwalik
Play an importantrole in the economy of 11am Siwalik
.
Highly demanded in the Bhutanese Camp (also as construction
Ep/reineron1/70
SLinakhari,
.
Local demand forthe trade to India
niticroe!
Jivanti
o
Illegal trade: Orchids are banned for export.
.
Widely available in 11am Siwalik.
material)
\-
I ~'
L
I~
17
L_
L.
,--
I ,
\-,
.
II
LJ
,-.
Local Nam
Jethi madhu
Scientific Name
G!ycorrhizoglab, a
Si rimcance
.
Amala
Phyl/arith"s
emb/ica
I
I
^.
Relatively low demand fortrade in India.
.
Widel available in the Siwalik
.
High demand in the local, national and international market.
.
Several companies trading with MAP in Nepal and India have
given this species a priority for cultivation project.
Market value only if harvested in big quantity and transported
.
r~;
.
in a short period of time for the extraction of the pulp (low
value plant).
.
Needs high investment. The first fruits can be collected 6 years
.
Low interest of local co Ie in the cultivation and collection.
after planting of seedlings.
Piner longiim
Pipla, Chabo
^,
.
High demand in local, national and international market.
.
Imported in Nepal for processing.
Several companies trading in MAPS in Nepal and India have
.
given this species a priority for cultivation project.
Rallyo4io
set!?grinno
.
Low local knowled e aboutthe s ecies.
Samagandha
.
Banned for export in raw fomi.
,
.
Chandmarua
.
.
I,
7/7vsano/deno
High demand at local level for illegal trade, Demand at the
international Inarket.
.
R!, hio ntc!171h
:-,
Maiitho
.
Major exported species from Nepal in the past.
Facing difficulty in propagation
AbLindant in the ast and very much traded in 11am Siwalik.
r
_I
I I
High demand in local, national and international market.
.
Major exported species from Nepal.
.
Available in the 11am Siwaliks at the frontier with the inid-
.^.
hills.
A1nriso
.
Very important for the people living in 11am Siwalik and
CLIltivated all over the area.
I nicL\:!"Iu
.
At present relatively in low quantity collected due to its
decrease in forests
.
Zun!/lory/11/7i
annoizii?I
Tiinoor
Can help reclaim degraded area.
.
Hi h uality is foLind in the inid-hills not in the Siwalik range.
.
High demand in the local, national and international market.
.
Major exported species from Nepal.
On I available in the 11am Siwalik bordering inid-hills.
.
.
^\
Sourcc: Yuka Greilcr and Un\\, al Subedi, The Economy of the four major Nori-timber Forest Products in the Siwalik
Area o1'11a!n Siwaliks, Practical Training Report 2001, IUCN Nepal.
._I
NTFPs are available in government-managed forests, community forests, leasehold forests as
well as in private lands. The private effort in NTFPs so far is not so prominent. M4jority of the
NTFP collection is from government and community forests. The records of sample community
forests visited by the study team reveal that the CFUGs were well acquainted with the value of
NTFPs for their livelihood, and have responded accordingly by initiating protections and
.^,
plantation in the private and communal lands. (Table 4.4 and Annex 3).
,^
I
.,
18
..-.
,-
.
L_
-.
Table 4.4
S. N.
Type ofNTFPS Available in the Sample Community Forests
Nameofthe CF
r'~
Area
House
(Ha)
hold
Major NTFPs available in the
forests
No.
I.
Busantahariyali CF,
Akabare, Ghorsing,
Dang
2700
145
Bambaran CF,
farmers
Guno, Daichini,
Sugandhakokila,
Hano, Barro, Asuro,
,-
2.
Major NTFPs
cultivated by the
150.0
515
3000
1/9
Jhalari, Kanchanpur
Ritha, Amala, Bel,
Ajiun, Chyuri,
Ra'brikhsa, Timur, etc.
Pipla, Kurilo, Hano, Bano,
mala, Tendu, Khair. Musli,
Bel, Kauso, Rohini, !viahuwa,
Sissoo and Kiinbu
etc.
3.
Baitada CF, Baitada,
Daiji, Kanchanpur
4.
Belapur Tharu CF,
Guiana, Bardiya
5
Chaite CF
I~
630
43
226.4
248
Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Amala,
Mahuwa, Pipla, Tendu. Ichair,
Musli, Bel, Kauso, Rohini, etc.
Pipla, Kurilo,
Samagandha, Bet,
Harro, Barro, Sissoo,
Angeli, Lokta, Allo, Malingo,
Citronella, Meritha and
Palmarosa
Chiraito
Chiraita
Busantapur-3,
Terathum
6.
Chappan CF,
Triyuga-2, Udayapur
1105. O
881
Harro, Barro, Kurilo,
Amala,
Ritha, Bhorla Leaf,
Sal Dhup.
7.
I_
Dhusari CF, Rajahar7, Nawalparasi
67.5
Amriso, Kurilo, Harro, Barro,
Chuyri, Bans, Amala,
Amaro, Bet, Nigalo,
Ritha, Pipla, Aswagandha,
cmnomom"in mina/a
(Tejpat), Emb/tea
adjcin@/is 64. mala),
Asparagus racemos"s
{Kurilo)
160 species ofNTFPs
identified with close
collaboration with
NGOs
Sa a andha, etc.
8.
Dumresanne CF,
Belhara -2, Dhankuta
Citronela, Khoto,
Lemon Grass, Grass,
Meritha.
9.
Jagriti CF,
Birendranagar-11,
50.0
42
Kurilo, Harro, Barro.
Amala, Cudo, Ritha.
27.0
99
Aathingare, Harro,
760
82
Surkhet
10.
II.
Jagriti Mahila CF,
Pourahi-4, Rautahat
Jalandhara CF,
Mahadevpuri, Banke
Citronella, Meritha,
Pinus, ThysonoQ/erra
maxima (Amlisho),
Bomb"SOS . (Bans)
Bans, etc
Barro, Kurilo.
Pipla, Kurilo, Harro,
Samagandha, Sikakai
Barro, Amala, Tendu,
Khair, Musli, Bel,
Kauso, Rohini,
Mahuwa, etc.
12.
,. -.
Kalika CF,
Birendranagar,
Khairahai, Chitwan
1027.5
Amriso, Kurilo,
Kurilo
Haro, Barro,
Chuuri, Bans,
Amala, Ritha, Pi to
,--.
19
I__
L
.
,
13
14
Mahila Upkar CF,
Pragatinagar,
Kohalpur, Banke
Pregatisil Community
Forest, Simra, Bam
25
4
2 10.
Dhairo, Kusum,
Bhorla, Khair, Simal,
Jamun, Indra, jau,
Amaltos,
Samagandha, Pipla,
Satabar, Hano,
Barro, kiriala*Tendu,
Khair, Musli, Bel,
Kauso, Rohini,
Mahuwa, etc.
Rajbrikchha, Kurilo, Harro,
Satabar, Samagandha,
Armiso, Bans, Bet,
Bakaino, Kusum and
,
,I
II
I I
^.
I
Kurilo
Bano, Amala, Pipla, Bamboo,
,.
I
Bet, Panisaro, Darnor
I5.
Radha Krishna
5.0
29
49.0
126
Mahila CF.
Guiana, Bardi a
16.
Radha Krishna
CPUG, Lal Bandi,
Sarlahi
I 7.
I 8.
Pipla
I.
A=adjrochig
.
.--,
indica (Neem)
Embfico
' I
oricino/is 64. mala)
.
r~
Raniban Coinniunity
'oresi, Makawanpur:
151.9
Sali Kai. nali CF, Sati,
298.0
60
Shuntinatzar Cl'.
Kurilo, Bamboo, Bet
Kurilo and fodder
^I
Grasses cultivation
2II
Narayaiipur. Kailali
19
Pipla, Kurilo, Harro,
Barro, Am ala,
Sikakai, GUT'0, etc
Harro, Barro, Kurilo,
Rajbrikchha,
Samaghandha,
Pipla, Neem
Kuju, Simal, Am ala,
Tejpat,
2000
1370
tahari-2.
Pipla. Kurilo, Sikakai, Harro,
Barro, Am ala, Tendu, Khair,
Musli, Bel, Rohini, etc
Citronella, Harro. Barro,
Rajbrikchha
Pipla, Sikakai and
Kurilo
.
Citronella. Ritha
I
.-.-,
Shalltinaga!'. SIInsari
20
SIIi\'ariagar <'1'.
339.8
But\va1. 1<u andclii
21
Shi. cckrishna Cl:
I I
.
90
Kauso, Rohini, Mahuwa
,I
138.0
72
Kurilo, Pakhanbet,
Hari. 0, Barro, Ritha,
I
I.
4.7
27
Sarpagandha, kurilo,
Harro, Barro, Bans, etc
Samagandha
30.0
45
Kurilo, Pipla, Harro, Barro,
Am a!a, Kauso, Sikakai, Khair,
Rattan
Cl. '. Sukltad
Ghodagliodi, Kailali
Rohini, etc.
'urichan ur
SI'i Ambikadcvi Cl'.
', Is rela!. JarbLita.
ui. khct
,~
mriso, Kurilo, Am ala,
Ia, Sa aoandha, etc.
Kurilo. Amala, Pipla. Harro,
Ban. 0. Tendu, Khair, Musli, Bel,
110.0
Killuapui'.
afj
.-.
Neem.
SI'i Mariakamana
Bans, etc
Mahi!a Cl'. Cmorahi-
O, Dang
24.
I'ungnu\va Mahila
^
.-.,
Source:1'icld Survey, CEDA 2003.
,-.
' I
The participants of the workshops held in the three regions, namely Morang, Bara and Banke had
identified NTFPs available in the respective regions. The NTFP species ranked or prioritized by
workshops are also similar to the findings above (Annex 4).
4.2
,.-\
II
Volume of NTFPS Collection/Production
~--,
The volume ofNTFP collection/production varies by source. Official records of the Department
of Forests based on the royalty collection indicate that the country produces about 2,100-3,000
20
," I
.
_I
.
r~
tons ofNTFPs annually. The Mid-westGin Region of Nepal produces the maximum quantity o
NTFPs (43%) followed by Western (19%), Central(16%), and Far- western (16%) and Eastern
(5.52%) respectively (Table 4.5).
L,
Table 4.5
S. N.
r-
DoF Data on AnnualNTFP Production
Development
Region
Quantity (MT)
Quantity (MT)
Quantity (MT)
2001/02
2000/01**
1999/00
I.
Eastern
222
182
675
2.
Central
688
436
356
3
Western
230
235
1,400
4
Mid-westem
865
891
NA
5.
Far-western
626
397
508
2,631
2,141
2,939
Total
Source: Department of Forest, 2059 B. S. (2002), Hamro Ban in Nepali,
Note **: 41 districts only. NA - Not Available
The official records of the District Forest Offices reveal that the collection permits were granted
for collecting about 18,728 tons of NTFPs officially from Terai and Inner Terai regions in the
fiscal year 2002/2003 (Table 4.6)
Table 4.6
NTFP Collection Permits Issued by District Forest Offices in Selected Terai
and Inner Districts of Nepal(2002/2003)
I_
Development Region
Districts Included
Number of
Permit Granted
NTFP Species
(Quantity- M.
Ton
Eastern
Central/ Western
Mid and Far-western
Dhankuta, Udyapur, Jhapa,
Moron , Sunsari, Siraha, Sa tari
DhanLisha, Sarlahi, Rautahat,
Bara, Parsa, Makwanpur,
Chitwan, Nawalparasi,
Ru andehi, Ka ilbastu
Dang, SLirkhet, Banke, Bardia,
33
13/6.961
44
15,391.86
47
2018.723
Kailaii, Kanchan or
Total
;~~
L_
18727.544
Source: Rccords of the Concerning District Forest Offices, 200J
The record of the sample districts shown in Table 4.7 below also indicates the type ofNTFPs that
were granted collection permit. The quantity of the herb collection permission given by the
District Forest Offices varies significantly in different years (Annex 5).
L,
L_
I_ _
21
I'~'
II
.^,
I.
I
-.,
Table 4.7
NIIFP Collection Permits Issued by District Forest Offices in Selected Terai
and Inner Districts of Nepal(2002/2003)
uanti Permitted MT
NameofNTFPs
ocal
innso
Scientific
Th sanol@enomaximo
oran
..,
abi o
1,101io sis bing!a
horla Bokro
o'ho
o1, hiniQ voh/ii(bQrk:)
coroz, s o010mz, s
0,240
hiriato
wentochir ifa
0,625
1384.
Indriani
Triohoson!hes trioss idai@
1.00
Trichoson!he^ intrss ida!@
0550
uar no
Lohban
Mahuwa (Flower
Maitho
S 010 I'S rocemost, s
re
.
23
Indrianifulko ham
Kurilo
~I
Banke
arsa
.
.
I
.
1200
o
hornio s
0.03
83in o Pinus roxbz, r hit
o33i0 10/1^/I^
ubia mon'ith
0950
.,
0,098
7.45
'~I
e
aji dalchinj
Cmomom"in loino/o
0,100
Pawan Bokra
o
Pila
i er 10n 11m
Ritha
a indus milkoross!
Rohini hal
Sikakai
e' bokra
endLileaf
lintir
o101/1s Phil!
0901
-.
37,580
I.I
IngnSIS
coc!o largo/a
Ginnomo/n loino/a
0600
otal
,,
30,155
10s rosinon!ona
o171hoxy/11m armorz!in
.-,
30,155
--,
0200
51,396
23.2
1447.83
.
Source: Record o1'1hc Concerned District Forest Omce, 2003
.
4.3 Trade Volumes and Destination
.-,
The trade of NTFPs has been growing as a booming busin^ss worldwide. Data on the collection
and trade of NTFPs from Nepal varies generally by sources. The annual harvest and trade of
commercial NTFPs from legal and illegal sources is roughly estimated to be between 10,00015,000 metric tons and is composed of 100 species with a value of Us $ 8.6 million in Indian
^
boarder according to Rawal and Paudya1(1999). According to ANSAB, the trade of NTFPs
from Nepal to India is estimated to be approximately Us$ 26.5 million (ANSAB, Nepal, NTFP
Network Newsletter, March 1997). Herbs export was equivalent to NRs. 71.5 million to India
\ -,
and the Ministry of Finance has recorded NRs. 25.9 million to other countries in the year
2000/01. Government data on the revenue from herbs export from Nepal for the last 10 years
indicate that India contributed 73 percent to 89 percent of total NTFP revenue (Economic
--,
Survey. 200 112002)
Official records of the Department of Forests based on the royalty collection indicate that the
government collects annual revenue between Rs 13.90 million to 21.41 million by granting
.-,
perlnission for the annual collection of about 2,100-2,900 metric tons of NTFPs. The annual
income from NTFPs was worth to NRs. 16.6 million in the Fiscal year 1999/2000, NRs. 21.5
million in 2000/01 and NRs. 13.9 in 2001/02 respectively (Table 4.8). The permit issued for
collection of NTPPs is given in Annex 6
.-.
22
-\
^
AnnualNTFP Royalty Collections by DoF (Rs in '000)
Table 4.8
r-
S. N.
I~
L.
Development
Region
1999/00
2000/01
I.
Eastern
1,047
1,185
2,078
2
Central
4,853
3,443
2,058
3.
Western
2,5 16
4,158
7,163
Mid-westem
4,091
9,227
NA
4.
5
Far-western
4,141
3,441
2,63 I
I, 66,48
2,14,54
I, 39,30
Total
Source: Department o1' Foi'CSt, 2059 B. S. (2002), Hamro Ban in Nepali, based on 41 districts
NA- Not Available
r'~
L_
It is difficult to obtain exact data on NTFP trade by districts, as proper recor an a
ke t in place. However, as mentioned above, it is found that NTFP business is incr g
lasttwo decades. It was found froin the traders survey that Nepalgunj in t e wes Gin p
biggest tradino center for NTPPs in Nepal. There are more than - es a is e
Nepalgunj. OLitofthem, 3relativelybigtraderscapturealmost7 percen o ..
NTFPs landed at Nepalgunj are ftirther exported to north Indian cities o uc
Accordin, to Jaribtiti Association of Nepal(JABAN), 796 metric tones ofNTFPs were expo e
L-
from Nepalganjin FY2001/2002. MajorNTFPstradedinbig\'o1umewere oun ,
Bh!!Ikesh, GINIcii!0, D(11chin!; Dht, pi, Dhz!piadi, Iotamosi, Ri'rho, Sika i, MgOn on , 1:0
and Tin?1/1 of which five are widely found in the siwaliks and Terai.
\-
Study showed that in Eastern Nepal majority of traders have been engage in sea
ofNTFPs. They have oftenjust been collecting theNTFPs from the vi ages w y
L_
r~
received ordersfroin bigger marketcenterssuchasSiligudi, Ko ataan y
tradino only on few species such as Chiroiio and, 410inchi'. Major s re
Eastern Rec, ion wereAloichi, Amliso, Chiroi'!0, Indyeni, Mq/'!Iho. Nagbe/i, 1/1 o0n 11n
India remains to be the major market for Nepalese NTFPs. The official custom recor s '
f ~'
that more than 134, 000 metric tons of NTFP was exported to In in in
(Table 4.9). This figure, however, varies considerably yearto year (Annex 7).
r~
L_
r-
;
L
r '
I_
r~
I_
23
L-
,-
,-
.
.--,
,~*
I
.-,
-.
Table 4.9
Exports of Nepalese NTFPs to Indian Market from Different Customs Points
(2002/2003)
SN
I.
2.
Custom Point
Kakarvitta Jha a
to abani Moron
Malan a Sariahi
Vinamor Mahotari
6.
10.
Gaur(Rautahat
Bir un' (Parsa)
SIInauli(RLi andehi)
Krisnanaoar(Ka ilbastu
Ru aidiha (Banke)
11
Kailali
8
9.
I 2.
ort Quantj
M
a
35
289
84,824,000
423
299
35
26,035
Kanchan or
I
499,495
1,304,800
85,333
18,650
18,800
349,900
96,995
Total
I I
NRs
Ro al
7,126
Bhantabari(Sunsari)
3.
4.
5.
7
,.-
Ex
132
207,016
3,592,225
727
NA
2,424
NA
3 19
NA
134,839
90,900,219
.-.
-.
.-,
,^.
I
^,
--,
Source: Concerning District Customs Department Offices, 2003
Tile collection of NTFPs takes place in different pockets of Terai region before it is exported to
India, The information provided in Table 4.10 and Annex 7 indicates the patterns ofNTFP trade
in Nepal.
,-.
Table 4.10
Major NTFP Purchase and Procurement Centers in Nepal Terai
Market Center/District
No. Of Key NTFPs
Traded
Average Quantity
Traded
In
2002/2003 MT
I. Binainod (Jha a)
5
23.7
2. Dharan (SLinsari)
3. Kanchan ur (Sa tari)
9
1405.3
7
805
4. Chandrani aha Lir(RaLitahat)
5. Herauda (Makwan Lir)
6. Arunkhola (Nawal arashi)
7. Ne al, tin (Banke)
?
16.0
17
244.1
5
352 5
42
1869. O
8. Sunkhet
8
167.0
9. Dan ,
8
2902.7
10. Kailali
.-,
-.
52.3
-.
I
Source: Frold SUI'VCy. CEDA, 2002
.,
Amorrisithe six market places visited in India, Delhi was found to be the biggest market for
Nepali NTPPs, The relatively high demand in the Delhi market for NTFPs is met by supply from
Nepal, followed by India's own supply and that from Bhutan and Pakistan respectively (Table
~^
4.11),
24
.-.
\
.J
Table 4.11
Percentage of MajorHerbs Supplied to Delhi Market by Different Countries
edicinal Herbs
*
tis
tis
e ali
o'ho
himito
hu Jadi
ucchi
atamanSI
100
20
60
25
Pakistan
95
5
70
4
75
95
5
5
85
10
85
15
Iwanti
85
15
10
20
Kakoli
Kutki
70
75
5
30
20
Ma'itho
khar bokra
5
95
10
Panchaunle
40
Ritha
35
Kakadsin 11i
alamdana
atawar
,-
SU I 9'0
India
h au
.- -
r'~
Bhutan
Ne al
Su ,andhakokila
Su andliawal
jin Lir
5
7
85
40
2
5
60
40
50
60
40
100
75
5
20
100
Source: Indian Trade Centers, 2002
,
L
There exists a long tradition of Nepali traders supplying a range of NTFPs to Indian traders.
Difforent species of Nepalese NTFPs absorbed in Delhi marketis shown in Table 4.12
I~ ~
L_
\-
, ,
r'
25
I~
,
^ I
.^
,-.
L,
'-*
Table 4.12
Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Centers, Delhi(2000
MajorNTFPsimported from Nepal
Scientific Name
Local Name
Buying Rate
(IRS/I, g)
Average
,.-
Annual
Import from
30-35
Ne al MT
200
90
40
1000
12
Atis
Ph 11Qnth"s emb!jog
Rhez, ing"siro!e etiole
Aconitum herero h Jinm
Atis Ne aji
Del hint"in himo1 o1
250
15
Bhorla
Bothinio voh/^7 (boyk)
20-22
250
Amala
Amalbed
Bish Mitha ahar)
AGOniit, in erox
Bis hase
Po
Bo'ho
Acorus calQmus
Chiraito (Mitha)
Chiraito (Tita)
Swer!io s
odinm vu/ ore
Swer!ia chiravi!a
Dalchini
Cmnomomz, in loino/a (bark)
Dhu Iakad
Innneodojomioea
Gucchi
A, lorehe//a conica
Jatamansi
inan
Noi. dos!ooh s randi o10
Lichen s
Jiwanti
E hemeroniho macroei
Kakadsin ,i
Kakoli
^$100ia chinensis
Frill//ona cirrhoso
Ka hal
A,{vrico esct4!enjo (boyk)
Kutiki
^crorhizoscro hulorii ore
100
8
54
55
25
120
30-35
400
150-160
225
28-30
220
70
300
3400
7
100-110
180
40-50
300
65
350
125
8
12
55
20
50
160-180
400
Maitho
Rub^^ mon '11/1
35
325
Okhar bokra
./u ICJns re io
100-150
225
Padamchal
R/lain? o1/31/'01e
35-40
15
Pakhanbed
Bel'gen!'o cifiQ!o
17
300
PanChaLinle
DQci 101h!^0 11010 lyeo
Pila
Pi or 10n urn (F1'11n)
85
120-125
15
Ridia
Pi er 10n urn (Roo!)
Su indus milkoi'OSsi
10-11
700
Salamdana
Bloch cor Ihis obcordQia
90
8
Rowo/ to $81 grinno
200-225
50
Satawar
IIS OrQgUS 1008mOSUS
100-160
300
Satuwa
Paris o1 h I/O
160-200
16
30
300
60-65
90-95
150
120
24
350
60-70
75
ACOCiQ rugO!a
Cmnomomzim lancescens
rulerion0 'o10monsii
Te'
Ginnomomwm lama/Q (/eo
at
Zoriihox min ormo!Min
Timur
Total
--.
..-,
,-,
-.
10
Sal a andha
Su ,andliakokila
Su ,andhawal
-^,
1200
Pi Ia riml
Sikakai
"-\
,I
--~
6112
Source: Indian 'Trade Centers, 2002
Besides Delhi, there are other market places in India where Nepalese NTFPs are absorbed
significantly. The Table below (413) and Annex 8 indicate the market centers and their
consumption pattern of Nepalese NTFPs. As shown in the Table Luckriow is one of the
.-,
important markets for Mid-western Region of Nepal butthe volume of business tends to be less
than that of Delhi market. One or two traders of Luckiiow had a good tie-up with Nepalgunj
traders who were getting regular supply from them. KOIkata was also believed to be an important
26
,^-\
.-.
I
f~
\
,-
I_
market for NTFPs from Eastern part of Nepal but the field verification showe t at t e a ers
were not linked with Nepalese traders as in the case of Delhitraders. In a ition, e p '
offered by the KOIkata traders tends to be little less than that offered by Delhitra ers. jiguri
traders were mostly buying A1ainchi and Chiraito from Eastern Nepal. The int\jor co ec ion
centers were found to be Birtamod and Dharan in Nepal.
Table 4.13 Annual Import ofNTFP from Nepal by differentlndian Trade Centers
(.- -
SN
Trade Centers
Year
Quantity onT)
Number of major
NTFP jin orted
I.
2
3
Excel Dru House, KOIkota
Kan ur
Lucknow
Kannauj
Sourcc: Indian 'I'radc Ccntcrs. 2002
4
271.00
2001
16
2000
8
132.0
2000
12
552.00
2001
5
3
Besides India, the Inarket for NTFPs froin Nepal exists in 19 other countries from around t e
world. They are- Pakistan, Bangladesh, Hongkong, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, USA,
France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Czech-Republic, Australia, Austria, ew
Zealand and Hungary. Some 28 types of species have been exported to these countries in e
past, mostly in the processed form. The quantity of export ranges between 8 to 17 metric ons per
year (Table 4.14)
,---
I~
L_
I~
, .
I
,
I'~'
I
\
I~~
27
I
.~^
,-~
^
,-\
Table 4.14
S. N
Export ofNTFPs in the Overseas Countries
Name
NTFPs
o
Mosses
Lichens
and
uanti
1998/99
2
Cinnamon
3
S ices
4
Plant and plant
Parts(Seeds &
Fruits)
5
Natural Gums
& Resin
6
Tanning'
^
k
Value NRs
1999/O o
o
2000/O
o
10,00
o
1998/99
1999/00
,..~
2000/01
3,00
1,099,56
2,637,03
o
o
o
12,523,50
o
o
12,369,71
o
o
9,86
6,663,17
1,158,803
10,494,027
o
19,354
o
o
66,485
o
o
57,789,3 10
26,913,119
77
o
296
913,999
3,116,147
377,638
390,338
352,203
724
1,303,858
14,000
1,175,842
109,498
423,994
4,405,534
57, 830
98,107
73 I, 99 I
1,165,866
187,180
D in Extract
7
Essential oil &
Resinoids
o
8
Essential oil
o
Lemongrass
1,040
9
.,
..,
.^,
.
--,
103
16 I
^
oil
10
Wintergreen
805
oil
~.,
II
Citronella oil
497
2IO
125
12
Pailnarosa oil
468
289
427
I*
Cainomile oil
65
7 13
99
14
Freiich
oil
Basi
30
10
30
381,485
980,068
1,068,185
I 70.6 11
Nagaraiha oil
Rhododendron
oil
o
o
II5
o
o
200
o
494
2,278,200
o
567,024
1,727,796
85
o
o
245,276
16,610,109
2,848,447
o
o
>
6
..^
o
o
18
Natural Hone
o
o
o
o
5,140
o
3,625,172
9,624
.,
,^
Artemesia oil
LycopodiLiin
^\
.-.
17
9
-,
..-.
o\vder
20
21
Juni er oil
Zantlioxylum
o
5
o
o
40
2
o
180,649
15,601
3,500
o
74
o
o
5,5 1,278
o
o
o
oil
fj,
23
Dry
MLishrooin &
ITtiff!es
Chirata
24
Meritha
A1vensis oil
25
Abies oil
.^\
~--:
4,000
o
o
65
o
o
150
o
o
1,047,293
130,487
o
o
o
o
o
o
26
Lac
o
Rattan
o
o
o
27
o
o
988,227
443,361
1,453,267
Lac, Gums &
o
o
o
64,269,43 I
2,848,407
1,780,617
7,078.18
7,574
17,472 I 04,178,822.18
2,326,951
0,812,628
28
o
o
o
o
-..,
,-\
..-,
Resin
Total
Source: Trade Promotion Center, Lalitpur, 2003
^
,,
28
,-~
. -.
,-,
Among the various species of NTFPs, Chiraito (Swertia spp. ) occupies ina, jor position in the
trade of wild medicinal plants. Thirty-four districts of Nepal have been found to contribute in the
supply of Chiraito. It is traded in 27 int^jor herb trade centers of Nepal from east to west.
Comparatively, it is traded as one of the commonest commodities in the herbs trade. Nine
different species ofSwertio spp. have been identified from the trade samples of Chiraito. About
419,300 kg of Chiraito has been estimated in the trade during 1995/96. Out of the total trade of
Chiraito, more than 50% is traded from east Nepal(Bhattarai and ACharya 1998).
The status of production and marketing is not recorded properly in the country. The records and
,
statistics are those, which needs approval for exports or long haulage transportation.
I'
\-
I ,
\
,--
(r~
I
(,
I_
\- -
\ .
(. ^
\
29
\ .
(-.
\
...^
^\
.,
~-\
Chapter 5
Marketing Channels, Procedures and Prices ofNTFPs
This chapter analyses the marketing channels, procedures and prices of NTFPs including the
~-,
potentials of value additions.
,-\
5. I
Marketing Channels and Intermediaries
,
The farmers, villagers, shepherds, women and children are the lowest level marketing agents that
,,
collect the NTFPs from the wild and initiate their marketing. They collect the NTFPs in their off
farm free time. Shepherds collect the high value herbs while tending to their cattle during the
summer months on high altitude pasturelands known as 'kharkas". No organization is so far
known to coordinate the collection of medicinal plants either in the private or public sector. As a
result, there is little supervision over collection methods and time although knowledge of their
usc and value is passed on since generations
The marketing channels, marketing centres and intermediaries vary by places. During field visits
..,
the study tealn rioted that NTFPs froin Eastern Region were often sold at road head markets such
,^
as Basantpur, I{ile, Dharan and Birtamod. Dharan is the main NTFP trade center for the eastern
I
region of Nepal. The Dharan based traders export their collection to India (Delhi, KOIkata,
.-.,
Mumbai, Kanpur etc) through wholesalers at Siliguri - the border town in India
Most of the collectors of the Central Development Region sell their collected NTFPs to nearby
local dealers. I{owever, some collectors who are engaged in this business since long and
purchasinu NTFPs froin the area such as Rasuwa, Trisuli, Barabise, Charikot, Sindhupalchok and
Corkha sellthein to WITolesalers in Kathmandu, Birgunj and Janakpur. The traders at Birgunj and
JanakpLir export their collection to India (Delhi, KOIkata, Kanpur etc) whereas the Kathmandu
traders Lindertake processing and/or export to USA, Italy, France and other European countries
besides India. Kathmandu and Birounj tend to be the major NTFP trading hubs for Central and
Western Region
^,
,-~
./
--\
\J
Collectors front most of the Mid-western Region's mountain, hill and Terai districts e. g. Jumla,
Humla, Mugu, Kalikot, DoIPa, Mustang, Simikot, Jajarkot, Rukum, Rolpa, Salyan, Baihang,
Doti, Surkhet, Dailekh, AChham, Baiura, Pyuthan, Banke, Bardia and Dang supply their NTFPs
collections to mostly Nepalgunj, Surkhet and Krishnanager based wholesalers who then export to
India (Delhi, KOIkata, Kanpur, Nagpur, Varanasi and Mumbai etc) basically through Nepalgunj
--~
.--,
and Krishnanagar border
Collectors from Far-Western hill and Terai districts e. g. Darehula, Baitadi, Doti, Dadeldhura,
Kanchanpur sell NTFPs to Tanakpur- a border town in India adjoining Mahendranagar and
Dhangadhi. Some NTFPs collected in Dhangadhi are also diverted towards Nepalgunj, as it tends
to be the main NTFPs trade center for the inid and far-western regions. According to Janbuti
--,
~..
Association of Nepal(JABAN), Nepalgunj, 796 metric tons of NTFPs were exported to India
from Nepalgunj in fiscal year 2001/2002.
Trade in MAPS from the rural areas of Gorkha district of the Western Development Region to the
wholesale markets in India was investigated over a period of two years, The investigation
indicated that approximately 98 per cent of the products are exported unprocessed to India. The
30
.--,
,--\
^
.,
. -..
L_
mamactorsinthetradearecollectors, roadheaddealers, an erq ,
Marketing margins and price data indicate that the NTFP mar e is i p ..
wholesalers earn excessive profitswhileroad head dealers have very o .. g'
Helles(1997)haresuggestedthatthegovernmentshou!dfocUS.
On pro"" ' , It
suchasdissemination of price information anddeveloping physica mra ,
not directly intervene in the market.
According to Rawal and Pandya1 (1999), utilization of NTFPs in terms o co
roduction/transformation is very limited. The market and trade c anne s o inOS
followageneralpattemofforesttohamlettoroadheadorloca mar es, g
(.
(-
trade centers (Terai - based wholesalers) and/ or India (Figure 3). The presenttra e c anne.
not provide for an equitable share of profits to collectors and t e mar e arg y p
hands of a limited number of wholesalers.
\-
I~
Thus, therearethreeinainchannelsofNTFPmarketsandsourcesin GPa: g ,
road-head level and Indian traders. The stakeholders at each Ieve o e
s ecitic functions and services they provideto each other and fort e inOS p p
some level of acceptable economic return from the activities. Once t e pro
I~
\
I
they are generally sold and absorbed in India for uses in inariu an tiring p
consumer products. Someoftheseproductsarethenexporte outo n i .. g ,
a Iar, c portion is consumed in India. India is Nepal s biggest market or me ic'
prodticts.
\ -
I~
(I' '
I
I
\.-
I~~
\
C'
t.
31
I
\
,
,--
^,
Fig3: General Trend ofNTFP Marketing Channelin Nepal(Rawaland Paudya1, 1999)
I~~
Collection ofNTFPs,
Medicinal &
Aromatic Plants -
.,
.-\
Community Collector
Individual collectors'
.-,
approx 95%
,.
.-,
Rural Middlemen in
the inid-hills
,
..-,
, .~
Herbal Traders (Road
head district centers)
L_
,-\
--,
Terai Wholesalers
I
...-,
Export orcrLide Herbs
(India overseas)
approx. 90% of total
Processing Units (public
and private) approx 10%
.-.\
of total volume of trade
\,,\11/1nP AF tmrlP
I-.
Export of Processed Products
(essential oil, resinolds etc. )
t^
,-^.
~I
,--\
Pillage Level, Loc"/ Level
The network of village leveltraders is scattered throughout the inid-hills. This group of traders
holds a valuable knowledge of local sources of NTFPs and maintains a close relationship with
the harvestsrs/collectors in their respective working areas. A village level trader has linkages
with the NTFP collectors. Those village leveltraders purchase NTFPs from collectors in a
I. .,
.-,
~,
relatively cheap price and sellthem to the road head leveltraders. According to Edwards (1996),
the assistance of village level traders improves the economics of collection and increases in the
overall volume of trade.
.
-,
32
,--
I^
^,
I_ _'
RocdHecdLevel
,,. .
The road head traders generally take transit and export permits from relevant district forest
offices. There exists relatively intensive competition between the traders at road head level. The
road-head traders often have a tendency to hold and maintain their control over the village level
traders. They tend to maintain such control generally through advance payments against the
committed supply of desired species in desired season and with committed basic marketing
standards. The road-head traders use their village level network to pass on information on market
, ~
requirements to be taken care of at actual harvester's level. Some wealthy village traders manage
to remain free to sell their local collections to those who could offer the best price but the
majority end up with no choice as they have in a way already mortgaged their collections.
I
\
I~ \
\-
Terni mulers
The traders located in the 11rban areas in Terai along or near the East-West Highway, are the
smallest yet most powerful group of intermediaries in the NTFPs trade. They manage their
operation over large catchments that stretching to the north including several road-heads and
airstrips that frequently extend beyond the Tibetan border. The Terai traders are typically
Marwadis, Muslims or some other caste groups who have traditionally maintained a close NTFP
trading links with their counterparts in India since long. They remain in regular telephone
I~
\-
contacts with Indian business houses to obtain the existing and potential demand and supply
situation of different NTFPs, change in pricing trends etc. They maintain control over access to
such market information so as to regulate the market in their interest
,.-
This study for instance, revealed that in Dharan and Biratnagar, three to four business houses
\
r' '
held control over the Hile~Basantapur NTFP wholesale market. Their business extends from
Chatara in tile. west to 11ain in the east. They have their commission agents in all road-heads
leading down to Teraiinarkets, whom they advance out handsome working capital for collection
and procurement of NTFPs. For one road-head trader in Hile the annual advance was equivalent
to Us $6000 (1996 figure). Other road-heads appear to have more independence and yet tend to
form informal but clear-cut trade links with trusted individuals in the Terai. There also exists a
\- .
group of traders in Kathmandu who, despite their locations, are best recognized as Teraitraders
due to their direct dealings with Indian buyers
In many cases the Terai traders tend to re-distribute exportable NTFPs among themselves to
ensure that no contesting and competition takes place within the NTFP community. To this end it
,--
could be Ierined as a ring formation often at regional levels in order to:
. Prevent potential new entrants/competitors from breaking into the trade structure and
competing effective Iy at the same level
.
Reduce and maintain control over the bargaining power of road-head traders. This in turn
may reduce the profits of allinvolved in the collection and trade of NTFPs (Edwards
1996)
Indian Tr", fors
,
,
.
Indian wholesalers come froin time to time to trading towns and road heads of the inqjor
collection points in the hills. They have agreements with shopkeepers who, in turn, are in touch
with a network of village-based traders and collectors throughout the less accessible parts of the
country. These Indian wholesalers and commission agents are found to controlthe purchasing
price of Nepalese NTFPs. Some wholesalers also retail crude herbs. Probably the most important
I .
,
,.^
^
center for trade in raw materials is in the Khari BaOli district of Old Dehli where there are to
50 wholesalers along the busy market streets. Other main Indian centers are: KOIkata, y era a ,
Mumbai and some smaller north Indian towns including Kannauj, Kanpur, Lukhnow, Paina an
Rainnagar. At each center there are wholesalers and commission agents who buy from t e erai
traders and sell to the ayurvedic medicine manufacturers and/or essential oilindustries. The
intnor importers of Nepalese NTFPs and the quantities imported are listed in Annex 9.
The main Indian buyers are the big pharmaceutical companies like, Dabur, Vaidyanath, Charak,
,--\
\,
~
.,
Himalaya and Zandu who use herbs in their Ayurvedic preparations. Others are the cosmetic
firms, homeopathic companies and multinational pharmaceuticals and their research laboratories
in Europe and America. KOIkota is the most important market for NTFPs from east Nepal and the
Koshi Hills because it is relatively close to Nepal, and has a large population with large-scale
industrial and retail markets though KOIkotta based traders buy species like cardamom in much
more quality than MAPS and NTFPs. It is also the most convenient port for the overseas export.
Two of the biggest crude herb dealers in KOIkata are Morex (India) limited and Excell Drug
House. They have commission agents in different places and are supplied by a network of 10-15
...-
.-,
,\
sole agents located from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh. In Nepal, these agents are the Terai
based traders. Morex supplies the majority of material for KOIkatta's ayurvedic industries, in
-.\
particular, Baidyanath Limited and Dabur (India) Limited. Morex deals in approximately 150
species of NTFPs of which some 50 are traded from Nepal. When asked to name the most
important NTFPs of Nepalese origin, they mentioned chiroita sp. , PI'CIOhi^a scrophulor, ?old and
.- .
Rz, bid 11/01/1111"
^,
Trade in India is even more competitive than in Nepal, because of the existence of a relatively
large number of evenly sized competing business houses. India-based major industrialists, who
deal in NTFPs ainong a range of other commodities, further complicate the situation. The
industrialists form a powerful lobby at times are known capable of exerting political and
~-/
econoinic pressure to lift export bans on certain products. Of the smaller towns in northern India,
Kannauj is a particularly important market for crLide herbs. It is a center for both the semiprocessing and final processing industries that produce perfumes, soaps and incenses. Its location
near Nepal allows direct marketing of crude herbs by the Teraitraders (Edwards, 1996).
The marketing channels also differ according to species type. A New ERA study (1997), in the
Mid-western Development Region of Nepal(MWDR), identified several channels for particular
,--~
species ofNTFPs (Table 5.1)
,..-~
\--.
,, 4^
. I
34
., I
,.
~
Table 5.1
Marketing ChannelofSomelmportantNTFP in Mid-western Region
Scientific Name
ofNTFFs
cmnomomz, in
torna!a
Local Name
ofNTFPs
Daichini
Marketing Channel
.
.
Traders^Wholesalers-*Exporters
Traders^Collectors^
Village
Regional
Traders^Ex oners
\
, -
\
Collectors-*VillageTraders-, Regional
De!phihium
him o10y, @j
Atis
.
IVU, 'dosiUC/IVS
grand!/10ro
Jatamansi
.
.
.
Famers/Collectors-+Middlemen/Local
traders^Wholesaler/Exporters
Farmers/Collectors-,-Middlemen-Ex oners
FainterSICollectors-*Middlemen-*Local
taders-, Wholesalers^
\
.
.
.. -
.
.
.
Processors-> Exporters
Farmers/Collectors-Processors~ Middlemen-+Exporters
Farmers/Collectors-+Processors~- Exporter
Farmers/Collectors-*Middlemen^Regional
Traders~Processors-Exporters
Farmers/Collectors--Middlemen/Localtraders-+Illegal
Ex oners
.. .
, ..
PIL. rolli=ci
Kutki
.
soroph!,/drill1()10
.
.
Farmers/Collectors^Middlemen/LocalTraders^
Wholesalers^Exporters
Farmers/Collectors^ Middlemen^ Exporters
Farmers/Collectors^Middlemen-*Regional
Traders-+Ex oners
Sopinofi, s
Rittha
.
Traders^Wholesalers-Exporters^Processors (India)
rill, korossi
.
.
.
F'
Sweriio chiroyiio
Chiraito
~
Collectors-VillageTraders~Regional Traders-*Exporters
.
Collectors-+VillageTraders^Exporters
,' '*
,
Collectors-VillageTraders~Wholesalers-Ex orters-Processors (India
.
.
.
Collectors^VillaoeTraders-Roadhead
Collectors~VillageTraders-RegionalTraders
^Wholesalers-Ex oners
Palerioon"
SLigandhwal
.
.
Zori!hoxy/!jin
Collectors Village Traders- Regional Traders^
Wholesalers~ Processors ^Exporters
laidmOhSii
Tiinur
.
Collectors^ Village Traders^ Processors +Exporters
Collectors-*Middlemen/VillageTraders~-Local
Traders^Wholesalers-*India
orniaiiini
, .
.
.
Collectors~Small Traders-*Local
Ttraders-Wholesalers/Exporters
Collectors^Villaoe agents~Localtraders^Processors-+
Wholesalers/Ex oners Retailers/India
Source: Some Valuable N'I'FPs orNcpal, New ERA, September I 997.
,
-
35
.\
I,
~J
..\
^,
, ^.
,
PriceofNTFPs
5.2
.-,
.~
Prices ofNTFPs depend to a large extent on supply and demand conditions. The level of NTTP .
collectionAjarvest and the storage and retaining capacity at different levels characterizes supply
ofNTFPs. Trade of NTFPs has been taking place through a very long channel. Every step in the
market channel enjoys a .profit, resulting in a very low price to the collectors who work hard to
collect the products. The return that collectors make from NTFPs, often in many cases remains
.,
,-.~
.^,
below the opportunity cost of their labor (Table 5.2).
.-~
Table 5.2
Trade name
Collectors'/producers' price trends of select NTFPs, 1995 to 1999 (NRs/kg) in
Nepal
Botanical Name
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
91" Change (95-99)
Amnan
Thy^onomeno ", grimo
8.92
9.57
1000
11.63
12.37
38.68
Bhvakur
Diosc. o1'go delloideo
2.00
1.75
2.50
400
10.33
416.50
Chiraiio
SIPe, 71a childvi/a
53.33
53.00
6 1.25
71.25
95.00
78.14
9.49
12.55
15.22
16.50
17.64
85.88
32.16
34.50
36.60
43.50
6 1.00
89.68
3.16
3.66
4.25
5.33
6.9 I
118.67
Jhyau
Lichcn spp.
Kurilo
11.1i(,,'agi, s ICJcei, 1031/5
(:hoe, 'LISPo!, digs
Lapsi
,.-~
-J
,- ..
I
~ -.
,.-..
fari//(11'1CS
Maihito
Nundliiki
Pakhanvcd
SURandhawal
^,
Ri, bitr I'mlullh
()*y, 7:5' I"Ig/1110na
Bellg'ei, Iu c'11/01u
Info/ IQ, ,dialti, ,, t"IJii
8.00
5.50
9.75
11.25
13.50
1760
120.00
5.40
780
8.50
9.93
80.55
~I
6.00
700
7.50
8.60
11.83
97.17
39.09
43.68
47.45
51.18
6121
56.59
,.^
.
Source: New Flu (201)I)
NTFP harvestcrs who have some knowledge aboutthe market and who are not dependent on the
Inarketing services provided by the village traders, have choice on the place and time for
*
~ -,
marketing. SIIch harvesters also have possibility of getting better price for their products.
Edwards (1996) has investigated that a harvester of Child!'/a sp. can increase returns by 136
percent, if he COLIld store the harvest for three months and then market it directly to the road-head
.,
traders (Table 5.3).
. I
Table 5.3
Marketing options open to independent harvestsrs of Chir"jin sp. : Costs and
^,.
Benefits
Choice
Seijiminediatcly (November
1992)
Seijiater (February I 993)
Sell to villa e trader
Sell to road-head trader
J. .
Low return (NRs 3,360)
Moderate return (NRs 5,600)
High labor cost
..^^
No labor costs
Credit available
Low risks
No information needed
No storeoe needed
Unlikely to happen
No credit available
Low risks
No information needed
No stora e needed
\,
High return (NRs 7875)
High labor cost
\^,
110 credit available
High risks
Information needed
Stora e needed
Source: D. M Edwards (1996); Nori-Timber Forest Products From Nepal: Aspects of the Trade in Medicinal
-~
and Aromatic Plants, Forest Research and survey Center, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation.
.-,
36
I. ~
^ .,
I_
, - ^
I
I. ^
,--~
.~- .
The margin derived by a collector and a seller varies significantly (Table 5.4 and 5.5). The long
market channel suggests that there is good price in the final market. It is very difficult to assess
the profit margin in each level of marketing channel. The pricing of NTFPs is affected by a
variety of factors beyond the control of the collectors and local traders. The trade. ofNTFP is not
a seller's market; buyers are able to dictate prices and collectors only have the option of
collecting or not collecting. Alternative markets are not available or are difficult to enter as
indicated above. Another important factor in pricing is that no one can assure the price level for
I. _,
,\
,
the coining year and traders will not set a firm price while providing advances. Aftenvards when
collection is done, the collectors have little option but to sell the products at the rate the traders
offer them. Mainly big regional traders, control the market. These traders supply products to
India. Indian traders mostly serve as commission agents for manufacturers and exporters
(working on a 6-8 percent commission basis). Finally, the manufacturers and exporters in India
have the Liltimatc influence on the price fixation mechanism.
\-
Table 5.4
S. N
NTFP Price at Different Pockets of Nepal(2001/2002)
Bu inc Price 2001-2002 RSIKo at different Pockets ofNe al.
NT'I. 'P
Dhanin
(Sunsari)
?
~
,
Hile
(Dhankuta)
Gaighat
(Udyapur)
Janakpur
(Dhanusha)
Tulsipur
(Dang)
13-15
24.28
6-8
,-!coci'(I Filmyiu (Sikakai)
.to, 'Ms cu/, I"lift (B0'110)
Nepalganj4
(Banke)
Attanya
(Kailali)
15-20
18
'11/1ti, 111. un^^hrt
( Ball I. asun)
, -~
I'
!4
>
6
Berberi" s ,.(Chuiro)
7.
~I
8.
I'
-Inloin",, I SIIb"/, fillipj
(Aalaiiiciii)
,-ISP(, r, Igi, s it, c enjos, ,*
(Kurilt, )
9
200-325
200-300
200.250
150
150
110-150
120-135
160
20.22
14.15
65-70
65-75
140
Berge, ,in c'Imjin
(I'akhaiibcd)
(mina, ,10"11", I gini, c'esce, Is
(Su, ,alldhakokila)
(11) I, IU, ,10",!,"I In, "rim
12-14
30-35
45-50
12-14
18.22
(Daicliiiii)
\-
10
5-10
25-30
(TillIU"101,711", Id, ,1,110
('IC am
..
.
11
DC1 line bh0/!,,, (10kla)
I 2.
Elf, eocn, 1711*^PIine, 'ICUs
12.20
12-20
Riidrakch!1:1)
.
-
13
fin!oddpho. ,eo/oldes
14
( I'all ,ro)
Indreiii KO Bi a
Lalia
15
I~ '
\-
I 6.
I 7.
18
I~
19
20
10
100
100-150
SII'erii(I tf"}aVi'in
110-130
150
100-105
20-30
15.22
20-25
12
10
8.9
70-75
25-30
12.14
200-375
200-225
150.175
200
160,180
l'pe, ' endb, I
(Cliaboo/I'jin)
MienJ, , CIMs"'(Ile (Animbed)
Ri, biti I, lull'11/1 ( Maiiiho)
Sc, pinch" 1,111ki, rossi
(Rillilia)
70
50-55
10
(Chita .iio )
21
Itrini'"o1/11 ^he bind
22
1/1arro)
Ih/eri'(,, kilni, ,,"ti, Is if
(Su andhwal)
-J
ZorilhoA'chi, 11 urni, ,funi
11-12
12.14
50-60
80
150
85-90
70.75
80-85
('I'jinur)
\
Source: Field Survey, CEDA 2002.
37
\-
I
-\
The survey with traders reveals that Delhi offers the highest price among all market places
followed by Luckriow and Nepalgunj. There was little price difference between Luckriow and
Delhi. Greater price differences were observed between Nepali and Indian markets. Indian
market always drove Nepali market price for all species with very few exceptions. Moreover, the
price trend in Nepalgunj market has been found more consistent as compared to other markets in
the east and far west Nepal. Delhi market prices usually dictated the prices of Lucknow and
Nepalgunj. In some cases, however, the prices remained low in Nepali market even ifthe price in
Delhi was increased (Table 5.5). This was mainly due to seasonaVtransport-related constraints, or
I
^\
^,
.^~
,
local or regional availability.
.-~
Table 5.5
Price ofNTFPs in select Nepaluse and Indian Cities (April 2003)
,-..,
Market Pric
S
Products
Latin Name
Parts used
Nepalgan
NRs. /kg
.-~
Kathmand
NRs/K
Lucknow
NRs. /K
NRs. /K .
Delh
NRs. /K
---,
dinom"in
A1ainchi
?
3
Amalbed
rub!,/o1/11n
R/lei, in
uusiro/e
Stern, leaf
A1nala
Phil/oninus
e"Ib/too
Dried fruit
Fruit, seed
240
272
256
296
70
60
67
78
72
34
45
45
45
48
~I
HGOni!Win
4
Atis
heIero lip//urn
Root
300
275
320
352
352
,\
11corus
6
7
9
80'ho
co/cn?jus
Root
Cliiraiia
SII, elfid
chii'CTi, i!o
Whole
Iant
30
33
26
29
40
I 50
140
152
176
184
-^
, -\
I
C'1,717,11710m 11n?
\,
Dalchini
ICJmci/u
Ouchhi
Chvau
conicu
Mushrooin
Jatamansi *
A'circ/OSIUC/{Vs
q, 'cii?dinorci
Bark
50
40
4000
3600
Rillzome
140
160
192
184
184
140
125
160
168
160
32
46
48
48
45
48
56
28
29
51
54
I\-/()rehe//u
,~
5300
Pi*'!delc!
10
o
13
Kakarsin, ,hi
I'llCt!Cri"10
Gull
Mailho
Rtibic! Inari/'17h
Stern, root
Padaiiichal
R/ronin
u!,$11'01e
Root
^/
-\
38
\..~
Belgenio
Pakiianbed
cilia!a
Root
16
10
Fruit
16
21
19
22
21
170
170
160
160-240
160-240
Scipindtis
4
15
Rimia
rilllkOl'OS. ,i
"'. V?drugub
Root,
Satawar
I'cicc"10szis
Shoot
Satuwa
Pal'is
o1v h I/O
root
16
Sikakai
4cocio rz, o10
18
Sila'it*
Sila'iturn
19
,-.
Tuber and
17
Dried fruit
Whole
art
*-,
170,240
125-175
224.300
180-340
17
19
27
32
32
200
220
256
240
264
-\
.-.
Palerlong
Su andwaj*
010mOnSl!
-,
.-.-
*
Root
I 10
95
152
160
168
.-J
38
~~I
~-.
,-\
.
. --
r-
Zingiber
20
21
\
Suntho
o Gin@Ie
Rhizome
40
45
Te' at
cmnmomt, in
joina/a
Leaf
25
30
Fruit
104
85-140
Z@ntho, g-, min
^.
o0
grinalum
Timur
48
96-104
48
50
25
21
96-120
96-118
Source:ANSAB. Kathiiiandu, 2003. Note Price indicated above are for dried parts. Prices o e Ian us ow are
\
commission agents, a 6.5% commission is deducted from the supplier. Above prices are indicative, ave to e con lime
-.
I~~
with the Iraders before making actual business transaction
Note: ' = export pemiitted after processing
5.3 ReoulatorypoliciesandNTFPMarketing
(. \
,
t
.~ ..
Collection and Inarketing of NTFPs tends to be over burdened by the regulatory measures that
arc difficLilt and impractical to be observed even by the concerned regulatory agencies.
Conseqtiently, Linauthorized harvesting, illegal trade and export of many banned products ave
remained a common practice in Nepal. The provision of taking a collection permit prior o
collection in general neither tends to be feasible nor has any significance in the part o s
authorized to issue the permits. CFUGs are free to issue NTFPs collection permits and royaty
collection of the Ibrests. DFOs generally have no information as to what can be co ecte Tom
which part or the government forests in what quantity in a sustainable manner. Despite t e ega
provision that species e. g. 1,110inonsi, SIIgondhmt, o1, SIIgondhokokilo, Senpogond a, iqiii,
Loih. $011ci (TCLt!!. v b(ICc, 11(!), lilyciu and Yorsa GIImbo are not allowed to export without
processing. Transit PCrinits are isSIIed by DFOs for their transport action up to the border towns
.
of the 'Terai froiiT where they are generally illegalIy exported sometimes with wrong ec ara ion.
Regulatino the collection, processing, certification and export permit falls in t e omain o a
~,
, .\
-\
number of agencies fLirther complicating the marketing ofNTFPs (Table 5.6).
Table 5.6
Leoal Steps for Collection and Export
Re uiremcnt
Issuin A enc
Collection l'ermit
Rovalt Pa merit
DFO/CFUG
DFO/CPUG
Release transit) Permit
DFO
Local'Taxes
DDC
Certificate o1' orit;in
Product Certification
DPR/ DoF
Ex on License
De artment of Commerce
Customs office
Ex on DLit
FNCCl/I\ICC
Governmeiit royalty rates for some NTFPs tend to be irresponsive to these mar ets. ere are
different loyalty I'ates fixed for the same plant listed under different names. oca agencies
,
(DDCs/VDCs) also in some cases have imposed local taxes on different NTFPs aid/or t. eir
derivatives bclbi'c Ihcy COLIld be exported from respective districts. Uricoor inate anaion
under the provisions of different regulations has negative implication over the mar et an a so
I~~~
over those \vlio make a living through collection and trade of NTFPs. Such imper ect mar e
situation encourages traders to support the rent-seeking attitude of officials at i eren ev
ends up in the exploitation of the principal collectors
5.4
Potential for Value Addition, Processing and Income Generation
Only a fraction of the total harvest of NTFPs is processed in Nepal y exis ing p '
government companies basically due to lack of knowledge an approPriaG P g ,,
,
I
I I
^
technologies and adequate transport facilities. Therefore, the \ITFP trade also includes plants that
are prohibited against export together with those not prohibited.
~I
Mt^jor NTFP processors in Nepal include, Singh Dt, rbor Patdy, okhono, Dab"r Nepal and Herbs
Production andProcessi"g Company Ltd (HFPCL), Gorkho Ayun, ed Company. There however,
exist numerous Ayurvedic practitioners who produce a wide range of herbal medicines for their
^,
own use.
-,.
Gorkfo"Ay"ryedCoinp""y
The Corkha Ayurved Company (P) Ltd (GAC) is ajoint venture between Nepalese entrepreneurs
and a French NGO CIDR (French acronym for International Center of Development and
Research). It was established in 1984 with the aim of developing Nepal's tremendous potential of
herbal resources. The company aims at generating income to the remote villagers of Gorkha
district addinu value on locally available medicinal herbs by processing them into Ayurvedic
...,
, ~*
^
Health products.
-\
The production unit of the company is located in Prithibi Narayan Metropolitan City Ward No. -3,
Haramtari Gorkha while the head office of the company is located at Gongabu in Katmandu. The
company is using more than 150 local medicinal plants while manufacturing 35 different
,.^
Ayurvedic medicines and herbal health products. About 90 percent of the totalingredients used
for processing of herbal products and medicines come from local resources, the balance that is
,;
,-\
riot available locally are imported from other countries
,
CAC is engaged in NTFP CLIltivation by involving local communities in different ecological
region ill Corkha disti'ict. The community level production centers, as cottage industries, are
established with the help of CAC. They have been working for the promotion ofNTFPs and to
.^,
...-,
generate incoine Ibr their members.
I ~.
Drib"rNep"/
,
Dabur is one of the biggest Ayurvedic companies in India, which also has a manufacturing unit
in Nepal. Dabur Nepal snowed interest in buying dry leaves of Taxus won^^hidno and making
buy back contract with the fai'mers/collectors. Currently Dabur Nepal is collecting 350 tons per
year througli vai. jous traders contracted in 7 districts of Nepal whereas the total demand is 850
tons per year. They are also interested in signing a contract with the village traders/community
I'
~,
for the do Inestication of various medicinal plants.
.--J
HPPCL
The Herbal I'roduction and Processing Company Limited (HPPCL) have been performing
commercial farming of certain herbs and processing in its own farm and on private sector
particularly in Terai and Inner-Terai since last few years' HPPCL has got 300 hectares of land for
the cultivation o1'aromatic plants on its different herbal farms and under its extension program. It
,-.\
-,
produces around 20 tons of essential oil annually (excluding turpentine).
.~.
HPPCL is engaged in commercial cultivation of some exotic species of aromatic plants such as
palmarosa (Gymbopogon marlini), citronella (Gymbopogon win!eri'gnus), lemon grass
' Herbs are Fahnarosa, Lemong. ass, Citronella, Maincaria chainomil L. , Mentha amensis. , Ocimum basilicum, Tagetes minuta, ,
^.-~
.^-^
.-\
.
.
I_ :
(. .
(Cymbopogo" ilexz, OS"s), Japanese mint (Meritho aruensis), Gennan chainomile (Morn'cong
chomomi'!/@), French basil (Ocimt, in basincz, in), and a few indigenous species such as tagetes
(rogeres mr'nz, !a). Domestication of Nordostachysj'ominousi, Palertang wall^^hii, and Swern'@
chi'railo is being considered. Jammansi oil and Zanthoxylum oil are also commercially produced.
Commercial distillation of Sugandha kokila oil from Cm?loinomz, in g!@I, cescens has been
^~-.
patented by HPPCL.
The information regarding seed/seedling availability, cultivation time/manner, harvesting times
I
etc. of some key commercial fanning herbs by HPPCL has been provided in Table 5.7.
. ^.
Table 5.7
SN
Description of Commercial Herbs practiced by 11PPCL
Plant rinme
Cm, hopogoii
Ilex'!, urns
Morphology
Multiycar. 6070 cm. hcighi.
Habitant
Teraito
inid-11ills
green learnnd
lemon smell
,.--.
,
Seed/Seedling
Do mat soil
and
HPPCL andor
its branch
CV, "60pogon
Multiycar. 2-3
Terai &
Any type of
Inu, 'IIJii
ni. heighi,
grccn Ieat'and
Inner-
soilin Terai
'Terai
& tropical
CVmb()/, ogo, I
tunnel"rill, Is
Mtiliiyear. 1-2
In. neight,
dccp green
Do mat soil
and tropical
HPPCL and'or
its branch
HPPCL andor
its branch
Incl, {I'. 30-60
c'In. Ileig/11,
It1.0i to
in I'd-/'11/3
Solidv 1001"
$011 &
lei!/o, 161
I\/@, 11/1/1
Mill^^e0, .. 60-
cirve, ISI*
71) ^,". Ileig/11.
!!, tm Ie(lulld
,. .
L_.
HPPCLondbr
IIS branch
~
I'erui' '
hi"e, .refQi
Sandysoi! &
fropico/
Oc!',,, 11n,
bus, 'I^^IIJ, I
I'erir/v. 30-90
c'"I. Ileig/11,
101, ,Tcl green
lety"unc/ 11,131
3 Times'
Year
Up to MQrg (Deci
34
Times/
Year
34
Times/
Year
3 Times/
yeor
Through seeds
c/jingle
HPPCL dildor
IIS brunch
Pawsh & Magh
dune/e!!)
2 Times/
year
c/jinciie
Through roof
plani@!ion
lei"0, I SIPie//
6
Ashar (June)
Shrawan (July)
POWsh flung)
fropi'calfyitbfropi'cal
I, ,e, 11ho/ smell
,
Shrawan (July)
Through separating
healthy plants
green wi, /e
, . .
Ashad (June)
climate
smell
nanic, Incl
010,110,111//a
Jestha (May)
Ashad (-June)
Through Nursery
IC;11 tilld SOLir
4
Halve-
Through Plants
climate
'rumi &
Inncr'FCrai
Cultivation Time
sting
IIOPical/subtropical
rose sinell
3
Soil and
Climate
reiniio
rillc/-/, ills
Sa, 14. loom
soil &
HPPCLondbr
Its branch
fropi'coltsubfropito/
Baisokh-Jestha
ftp"11-Mayi
3 Times/
year
Throngh seed
smell
7
,
Trigcies
ginnth, /!/;'rt!
litir{v. I-2 in
Ileig/11.
Ib, nilo
Mir/-hills
deci, ,,,,,/tiled
~~
Sandy loom
soil and
HPFCLondbr
Its brunch
IFopi'coy^bfropi'cal
Ie, I'
Ies!ho - Ashod
11\/ay-fungi
2 Times/
year
Throughseed
, .
8
\
.
,
-
171c/1030/11/1es
IPI'c'1131"third
Multiycar, 1-2
in. hcight,
yellow color
nowcr
'Teraito
hills
Sandy soil &
tropical
HPPCL andor
its branch
Jestha
Ashad
I Timer
Year
c jinate
(MayJune)
Through nursery
I '~
Source: 1.1crb Clultivation. Collection. Processing and Protection, HPPCL, 2055 B. S. , quoted by DVN 2002.
\~
41
,^
\-,.
I
L-
,^~
Similarly, Table 5.8 provides details on minimum cultivation area, production of oil, expenditure,
income and profit from some of the commercially viable oil extraction plants.
Table 5.8
S
Herbs production, Expenditure and Income
Plant name
N
Lemongrass
I
....-
,.-.
\,.
Minimum
Expenditure/
Production/ha.
Cultivation
Area
ha. Near
lyear (kg. )
10(ha. )
14, 388
80
400
32,000
17,612
Rate/1<g
(Rs. )
IncomeAia/Year
Profit!'
(Rs. )
ha.
--\
~--,
(Rs. )
2
Palmarosa
I (ha. )
13,305
60
500
30,000
16,695
3
Citrone!Ia
1001a. )
13 225
150
200
30,000
16,775
4
Chainomile
I (ha. )
15,170
6
6,000
36,000
20,830
5
Japanese
10(ha. )
23,400
100
500
50,000
26,600
~-,
..-\
-\
mint
6
French basil
I (ha. )
15,940
25
1,200
30,000
14,060
7
Tugeies
I coa. )
13,900
20
1,500
30,000
16,100
8
Indreni
Iota. ,
29,600
575
100
57,500
27,900
Sourcc: 11crb Cultivation. F11'I'CL. 2959 B. S. quoted by DV1\I 2002.
.
.- ..
,-\
I
Distillation of essential oils from Aromatic plants has already been started in the country.
Currently there ai'e two steal11 distillation plants operating in Jumla, two in Humla, and one in
Banke district with total prodLiction capacity of over 3000 kg of essential oil (Jatamasi,
SLigandhwal) PCr annum in Mid Western Development Region (Table 5.9).
Table 5.9
Essciitial Oil Processed in MWDR-Approximate Quantity and Price (1998)
Product
Raw niaterials
Required
Oil
Produced
Extraction
Selling
Market
rate (%)
Price
Trend
(K )
Jatamansi oil
Nu/. dos!c!chvs
JLiniper berry
.g, undi/10}'u root
Jinipe)713 illdrcO
oil
ber
SLigandhawal
ItIleri'o17u wallic/Mir
o il
loot
Sunpati oil
R/judoc/endroit
2,000
5,500-7,000
.^-~
\^
.-..
I
.,
(RSIK
0.8-1.8
^
..\
Down
.--.
2,000
1.0
5,000-6,500
Down
50
0.5-0.8
11,000-
Up
3,000
0.5
.-.
I
.._I
16,000
,--.
4,000
Down
onino ogo, Ileaves
~-,
Sourcc: 1<. Subcdi. 1999; nibblems, Constraints and Opportunities to Sustainable Production and Collection and
'Trade QIN'IN' in Nlid-western Development Region of Nepal; Workshop Proceedings: Nori-timber Forest
I'roducts: 1'1',)duction, Collection and trade in MWDR of Nepal, July 11-12, 1999 Nepalgunj; Ban UdhyamBSP/Nc\v ERA and JABAN
.-,
There are some other private sector initiatives that are involved in the processing and distillation
ofNTFP products. Some of them are:
~J
,^
42
.-~,
^.
.-\
,
Him"Icy"" BioTr"de tip) Ltd Kgtfom""of"
,-
Himalayan BioTrade (P) Limited is a trading company owned by a group. o community-o
enterprises throughout Nepal. The owners include: Deudhunga Mutipurpose .p ,
Humla Oil (P) Ltd. , Mallika Handmade Paper (P) Ltd. and individuals working in n. amre
roducts sector. The company is technicalIy backed up by Asia Net\vor or us at
\
Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) for international marketing of the products. It dea s wit
a large range of narural products: herbs, essential oils, handmade papers an wi inu
(Morehellcz spp. ) that are sustainably harvested from Himalayan forests or organica y grown in
Nepal.
ladib, ,lipr, ,sodli"" Ken(Iru, CIMp"ga"", L"lily"r
This company is mainly involved in distillation of essentia ois SUG as
Winter, ,Teen. Beside distillation, they purchase NTFPs and do wholesae tra e. e co
(,
.
person Rain Chandra Joshi showed great interest in providing NTFP price on regu ar
purchasin, , herbs from the suppliers referred by the MIS project, is prices r y
telephone just recently
f'
Off^er Cornp, ,,, ies
Thereare-several other companies that are involved in processing andtra Go .. y
\
I~ '
relatively smallbuttheyalsorequirecertainmedicinalplantsforAyurve to onn y
are
\
. KilagalVaidya Pasal, Naradevi, Kathmandu
. SrikrishnaAushadalaya, Bagbazar, Kathmandu.
. Himalayan Ayurved Research Center/Ayurved Health Home, Thamel, Kathmandu
f~~
.
,
The Mid-western Development region of the country is the largest supp ier o
materials. But, due to shortage of processing capabilities and lack o in orma ion on q
markets it has reinained a mere supplier of raw materials to the neig oring coun ry,
recognition of the role of different levels of value addition and processing an in p
diversification. And inadeqLiate knowledge on marketing of I\ITFP resources as
characteristic feattire of this Development Region (Bhattarai and Shukla 2000).
I
\-
Development Vision Nepal(DVN 2002) has worked on the detail economics of some q e
commercially viable oil extraction plants recently for commercial enterprises in
detail of which is shown in Table 5.10. As shown in the Table, among t e our in j
extraction plants, mentho has the highest net economic return
_ .I
(-
I_
(-
(-.^
43
*,.'
-..
~!
Table 5.10
Economics of Commercially Viable Onextraction Plants (Area I ha. Model)
^
2003
I
Particulars
Value b
Unit
Lemon
Citronella
Chainomile
S ecies
Meritha
.^..
rass
^
A. Norms ofO eratin Cost
I. Labor Re uirement
Da
136
136
.
Land Pre amtion
Da
20
.
Coin OSt use
Da
6
.
Seedlin Trans Iant
Da
.
Seedlin Plantation
165
205
25
30
40
6
25
25
2
2
o
o
Da
30
30
o
30
.
Interculture
Da
18
18
50
30
.
Irri ation
Da
5
5
5
5
.
Harvestintr
Da
25
20
40
60
.
Trans on for Processin
Da
30
30
30
25,000
2500
10
10
_I
,^
I
,
2. SIi Iseedlin
3. Coin
Stickers
OSI
No/k
Ton
30
-\
350
10
15
4. Pesticide
NRs.
B. Oil Extraction
KG
80
130
7
120
C. Price Information
I. Labor
NRs/da
75
75
75
75
2. Slip/ Suckers
NRs/Slip/k
o
o
270
2
400
500
400
275
400
400
500
18,675
10,200
6,000
20,895
14,625
27,925
17,625
875
270
700
4,000
4,000
6,000
\
3,600
2,000
3,600
--J
35,750
35,750
17,075
10,022
7,053
42,000
60,000
60,000
32,075
500
I\
I
,I
,-\
T
3. Coin
4. Oil
OSI
NRs/Int
NRs/k
D. O eratino Cost estimate
. Labor/ lowin ,
NRs
NRs
2. Seedling
NRs
3. Coin OSt
NRs
4. Processin r Cost
NRs
E. Revenue
Oil
F. Net Revenue
G. Revenue Fore one
H. Net Revenue
-,
26,550
10 200
8,750
4,000
3,600
40,000
40,000
13,450
10,022
3,428
.
.^~
~-,
,\
42,000
21,105
10,022
11,083
-\
I
...-.
10,022
22,053
~\
Source: I)evel()pinent Vision Nepal(DVN). Sept 2002; A Study on Marketing Opportunities for Local Products in
I'igei' Rhino Landscape Conscrvation Project Area Chitwan (Volume H Annexes); Final Report; King
\,
Mahendra 'I'rust Ibr Nature Conscivaiion
,-\
\-,
.
~~*
..-,
^
I
44
,-\
,\
,
I I
I
.-..
,.-~
, .-
(-
The revenue will go increasing as the amount of oil extraction will also go increasing after 2nd
I_
year as shown in Table 5.11.
Table 5.11
(.-
Year
{-
Production Estimates of Herbal Oil
Herbal Oil Production (int)
Merith
Citronell
Chainomil
1.20
1.95
0,105
11
1.28
2.25
0,105
1.8
I~ '
1/1
1.35
2.55
0105
1.8
I.
IV
1.50
300
0,105
I.8
V
150
300
0105
1.8
Vl
1.50
3.00
0105
1.8
Vll
1.50
300
0105
1.8
Vlll
1.50
3.00
0,105
1.8
Lemongrass
I
(-
{-
.
I
1.8
Source: Development Vision Nepal(DVN), Sept 2002; A Study on Marketing Opportunities for Local Products
in 'liger Rhino Landscale Conservation Project Area Chitsvan (Volume 11 Annexes); Final Report; King
Mahcndra TTList Ibr Nature Conservation
Distillation of essential oils can be profitable for rural communities, but sound business
fundainentals In List be observed at alltimes. The distillation of raw materials closer to the source
\--
(-
I.
,
t-
allows for a reduction in transport costs; produces a marketable by product (marc); and increases
overall econoinic activity in the local economy. By purchasing raw materials and energy supplies
from local communities and offering limited employment, the effects of local value addition go
beyond the bottom line of the processing company. Essential oil manufacturing also offers local
communities the ability to reach beyond traditional markets in Nepal to new potentially lucrative
markets in India and abroad. Currently, HPPCL and few other companies are producing different
oils in Nepal. The companies producing this material are operating at a lower than optimal
production capacity and management level. Therefore, a diversified mix of products should be
developed. Appropriate prodtiction practices should be followed to be able to produce a profit
and provide a real economic alternative to the trade of raw material from the region
Shiftino the traditional extraction and trading systems to enterprise development must be
equipped with technical, management, marketing and training support. Cooperative approach
appears to be a powerful tool, being able to attract financial support from outside to develop
locally SLiitable business plans including efficient marketing strategies. Information gathered in
market stLidies helps develop new post-harvest processing and value-added systems for strategic
prodLicts. Policy Inakers, extension workers, NGOs, and community leaders can be the most
potential riteans to introdLice processing and marketing to small-scale producers as well as other
processing/valLie adding organizations for local as well as the country s economic development
and sustainability of resources. Finally, for balanced development, it is important that all
I'
<-
functions, from resource management through raw materials production and processing to
marketino, get sufficient attention. Such an attempt is a challenge as well as an opportunity
(Bhattarai and Shukla 2000)
(,
\ - .
45
\--
C~
I
^
.-.-.
^
,-.~
Chapter 6
.,
.
Conclusion and Recommendations
,
,\
..-,
6.1 Conclusion
,.-.
Nepal's NTFPs are crucial for rural livelihoods and for their contribution the revenue genaration
for government or national treasury. It is also a source offo1klore medicines - a unique method of
health care for almost 90 percent of the population in remote and rural areas. The knowledge of
the application and use of medicinal plants by the traditional healers for the treatment of ailments
has been passed down by oraltradition through generations, Recent trend shows the value of
medicinal plants and NTFPs in the pharmaceuticals and herbal productions have been rapidly
increasing worldwide. This has led scientists, researchers and multinational pharmaceutical
companies investigate available plant species for active substances that could be useful for the
cure of various diseases. The Lisage of many more natural products in day-to-day life of general
public shares its importance in Nepalese economy
.~\
.,
^
~.,
.
\-,
The official record of the Ministry of Finance reveals that herbs worth ofNRs. 71.5 million were
exported to India and worth of NRs. 25.9 million to other countries in 2000/01. The Customs
Departinent records indicate that about 135,000 metric tons ofNTFP have been exported to India
in the fiscal year 2002/003
.^\
.-,
,
I
Consideriruithe fact that alitransactions and usages are not reported and documented, a
--.
significant number of collectors often do not take collection permits and a significant amount of
NTFPs are illeoally exported and/or transported to different parts-of Nepal, it may be concluded
that the contributions in national choffer may be much more higher than the existing level.
The pharmaceutical industries LISe large quantities of herbs in their formulation. Additionally, dry
herbs primarily LISed as different types of tea and other galenic forms have been developed. These
include plant powders in capsules, tablets, dry extracts and health and medicinal drinks,
phototherapeutic formulaiioiis and extracts LISed in aromatherapy. The development of herbal
Incdicines in Western EUi'ope will depend on IGOislation, as the sale of these products as remedy
in a pharmacy require a license SLIPported by extremely expensive clinical and toxicological
research. 'The products are also subject to a quality approval system from FDA, which allows
only the items of highest qLiality
'~~I
./
-^\
.,
f\
.
^
The international trade is increasing for cultivated herbs in dried forms. Likewise wholesale
Inarket for organic herbs is expanding, particularly in Germany and Switzerland and price
premium for such herbs exceeds 25 percent. Herb o1eoresins obtained from herbs by steam
distillation and by solvent or CO2 extraction of essential oils, offer certain advantages over the
dried herbs. These advantages include higher potency and greater uniformity of the product,
quality consistency, convenience in use, free from microorganisms, easier and cheaper handling
and storage
,-\
.-,
I
~-.
_I
,-.
^
46
-\
.. -.
.-.~
,_I
--\
,~
Lr
6.2 Recommendations
,^
L_
The existing market for NTFPs does not face short supplies. And all necessary parameers
indicates new companies seeking entry into the market will have to compete wi a iio
suppliers. The only way to penetrate the market is to offer dried products o consis en y i^
quality plants. In NTFP sub sector, trade takes place through a very long channel. very step in
{-
the market channel enjoys a profit, resulting in very low price to the primary collectors w o wor
I~'
hard to collectthe products. The return that collectors make from NTFPs is very often be ow t e
opportunity cost of their labor in case alternative labor market existed. The long mar at c anne
suggests that there is good price in the final market. To provide a better return to the co ectors in
(. .
the long run, the channel should be shortened and market should be diversified. I t e oca
collectors and traders can access the final users of their products. more directly and satisfy the
buyer's level in terms of supply of Liniform quality and of services, they could raise income eve
for collectors and local traders. Specific intervention points are:
,-..
L.
6.2. I Marketing Information Service
.
I'
\-
A formal information link between collectors/FUGs, processors, and traders with outside tra ers
would help increase the barga'in ing capacity of local people in the region for t e mar e ing o
their products. A market iiTfbrmation systein would inform collectors about t e Ginan o
I~ ~
I_.
C~
specific prodLicts in different mai'ket destinations and help them get more reasonab e prices or
some or their products. One of the main reasons for the collectors not getting better price is ue
to the lack of information abotit the market for diff^Grit types of products. A market information
system could be significant cost-effective leverage, which would be beneficial to the oca tra ers
and collectors in Nepal.
6.2.2 Cultivation of Coiniiicrcially Important Species ofNTFPs
*___
(.\-
Most of the NTPPs foLind in Nepal are collected from the wild. It is estimated t at out o
NTFPs used by human beings 9 an'e collected from the wild sources. However, t e supp y rom
wild SOLirces has rapidly been decreasing due to deforestation and over harvesting. t is ig jine
now to start cultivation of NTFP species that are already domesticated and aso o ig
commercial viability in order to ensure that
I
' Continuoussupply of raw materials from cultivated sources is possible and the over(.~
exploitation froin wild sources is controlled
.
ProdLiction of raw materials with Liniform quality is achieved through coinmercia
cultivation of selected/improved varieties
\ .
. Conservation of species that are listed as threatened and endangered due to over
I'
\ .
exploitation becomes possible
.
Farmers and cultivators get better returns, majority ofNTFP species being ig vaue
crops
c~~
t-
. Relatively less prodLictive, marginal and wastelands are brought into proper use as
cultivation fits well with such lands
(\
47
,^
..
I,
F~\
:-,
'~I
I .
6.2.3 Processing ofNTFPs
,--\
MinorProcessing
I
\-,
The simple processing methods could offer a significant increase in income of villager groups
undertaking improved trading activities. This minor processing does not involve any machine
and special technology. Types of minor processing, which can be performed easily are:
,-\
.,
. Cleaning and grading raw materials for directsale to manufacturers
' Custom bulk packaging for directsale to manufacturers
. Cutting and grinding for direct sale to manufacturers
. drying and preserving the essential elements
--,
,^
Processing-011 DJS'!1/10/10n
,
Currently there are few steal11 distillation plants operating in Nepal. Only limited number of
items such as Citronella, Leinon grass, Meritha, and Palmarosa are currently used for oil
distillation in the Terai zone. Distillation of essential oil for aromatic plants seems to be feasible
--.
for the Terai region. The distillation of raw materials closer to the source allows for a reduction
,.\
in transport costs and also contribtites to the local economy. By purchasing raw materials and
energy supplies from local coinmLinities and offering limited employment, the effects of local
value addition go beyond the bottom line of the processing company. Essential oil manufacturing
also offers local communities the ability to reach beyond traditional markets in Nepal to new and
potentially lucrative markets in India and abroad
Several other interventions are possible to increase the viabillty of these operations. The main
consideration is sound biisincss practices among processors and good relations with raw material
suppliers. A possible intervention could be establishing a partnership among the distillation
Gritei'prises with local collector groLips. Appropriate technology, credit facility, market
Information, awareness ainong local people and SLIPpliers. The fonvard linkages with advanced
technology may increase the importance ofNTFPs and will fetch higher price, which will help
-\
..-.
^
.
^,
,-\
enhance the living conditions of rLiral mass.
^
ProCC. $31hg - Ayurvedic Medic!'he. v(IndHerbd/ Cosine!lbs
--~.
Nepal has been exporting Inedicinal plants in large volumes and at the same time importing
ayLirvedic drLigs based on herbs and other herbal products in increasing amounts (NRs of 240
million per year - Department of Drug Administration DDA- 2001). Manufacturing ayurvedic
medicines and herbal cosmetics within Nepal has manifold benefits. It would assure the value of
medicinal Ilerbs, create employment, substitute import and finally contribute to the national
economy of the country. It would help preserve the natural resources of the country and ensure
-.\
~-,
their rational Litilization in coininercially viable products for domestic and foreign markets.
Pharmaceutical industries in Nepal could undertake the commercial production of:
,-^.~
..-.
48
--..
~.,
,-
A. Consumer Products I. Herbal cosmetics:
. Facial and skin herbal creams
. Herbal toothpaste, powder, mouthwash, gargles
. Hairoil
,
. Body massage oil- general and specific
I_
. Aromatherapyproducts
2. Herbal tea of different flavors and qualities.
3. Herbal tonics and food supplements
(-
B. Herbal pharmaceutical products
. Classical Ayurvedic Medicines
. Proprietary Medicines
r
L_
C
I'
Extracts of selected plants for 111rther processing abroad
. The establish litent of a number of small to medium sized pharmaceutical enterprises in
thc major NT'I. P Inarketing centers of Terai to absorb the bulk ofNTFPs that flow to
\
I~
India
. Proinotion of the cultivation of SLiitable NTFP species in existing community and private
Ibrcsts inclLicling the LincLiltivated wastelands, marginal lands and fallow lands with the
\
technical backstopping and buy back guarantee.
.
C~
t-
I~~
Promotion of large-scale industrial plantations of a wide variety of NTFP species viable
in the deoradcd forest areas of primarily Siwalik, inner Terai and hills under leasehold
forestI'y arrangements
6.2.4 Market Promotion and Linkages
\
The main markets for NTFPs are India, China, ELirope'and the USA. India is one of the biggest
(-\-
markets for crLide herbs as Aytirvcdic HeI'ballndustries' are well established in India. China is
also another big Inai'ket whose traditional Inedical system is gaining popularity around the globe.
Europe and USA are established Inarkets for aromatic plants and essential oil and morel
mushrooms. However the systein to enter into these markets is still not well known. It is,
I,
{--
(- I~'
I_ .
r~ .
\
I
(-- .
therefore, suggested that market studies, visits, observations and participation in trade fairs and
exhibitions be organized to obtain information on price, demand and market of NTFPs. Trade
information, product information, Lisage of NTFP in international arena must be watched and
monitored closely. Tile proper awareness and appropraiate knowhow and knowledge will help
proper harvesting with o11t damaging the natLire and at the sametime could have better bargaining
power and price
To assure a better price to the collectors, improved trading activities in the form of joint trading
or cooperatives may be supported as an important intervention. By linking groups of collectors or
FUGs with local traders, better Inargins may be realized'by allinvolved. The process would
involve linking smaller collectors together so that a certain economy of scale could be achieved
in the transport and Inarketing of NTFPs outside the district. By linking together, groups could
reduce their marketing costs while exerting increased pressure on down stream traders.
49
,--
I
\,
^.,
.
Establishing an improved trading system would require the development of agreement among
groups of collectors on products and price ranges to be offered, and the identification of a lead
marketing person or people. The person(s) would then need to be compensated by the group for
their marketing activities. The project would need to provide the initial concept and training on
setting up a system, and managerial support in the beginning. A responsive local trader could be
the best intervention point for this activity.
,
^
6.2.5 Policy
The possibility of policy improvements is tremendous, as NTFP tends to be a complicated sector
involving several different types of stakeholders with competing interests. Policy should be
accommodative and evolving in response to the changing conservation and economic
..,
,-
development needs. NTFP related policies should be thoroughly reviewed in the light of their
current overallimpact over the national economy, natural resource conditions, rural livelihoods
\-,
and status of equity
,,
I
The conservation and sustainability in List not be compromised but at the same time economic
consideration for social cliange siloLild be the priority
The emerging area of policy reform is the perceptional changes of the policy makers and
implenicnicrs. The consci'vativc In indset and CLImbersoine procedures must be simplified.
Some Gincrging areas 111 the field of NTFP policy are as follows
-J
~.,
R()yci/{y rule. v: The 1'0yalty rates applied to all products should be reviewed and set more in line
willI the economic impact these ro>'alties have on the products position in the market. A clear
t. ^
criterion for royalties should be developed that is transparent and linked to some reasonable
objectives. Life cycle of the plants. regeneration potential, and quantity available should also to
be considered while fixing royalties
^
The tarifl'and I'evenLie rares should be made on the condition and commitment of the national and
International conventions and agreements
.--.
--J
Expoi. / re. writ!10n. v ciiic/ bans: Export restrictions on certain species in unprocessed form or the
ban in collection and trade of certain species are generally expected to ensure their wise use and
conservation. To whatever extent liowever, SLich benefits could be achieved, depends on a
~.,
number of other factoi. s
e. g. existing In-country processing potentials, market and export
Incentives, and regLilation observing trend in the existing SOCio-political situations. There is doubt
that the ban 11as reduced the harvestinn and trade of those items. However, the export ban has in
factincreasedtheo
f t'who
hareff'
'
fact increased the OPPorttinity for corruptionorttinit
among the officials
appointed
to check
these items in various customs check points. Therefore a review of the export ban on these items
--,
--\
should be carried out carefully investigating the availability of the plants, commercial
exploitation and biological aspects. National policy should be formulated in tandem with
International conventions on bio-diversity conservation.
I
J-^:
,
50
.-.,
~,
,-
\-
I~'
I
L
,-
Recently the government has constituted a high levelNTFP Promotion Board. This oar as a
clearly spelled out mandate for the national policy and strategy analysis an improvemen s.
the promotion ofNTFP sector in Nepal. It is expected that this Board would bring a out ra ica
changes in the NTFP sectorthat could encourage NTFP conservation, cultivation, open, ea y
and competitive market and promising security to industries as well as ensuring benefits to oca
people whose livelihoods are dependent on and affected by this sector.
Policy in farming, domestication, extraction, harvesting, processing for vaue a iion,
transportation and carrying should be clarified and documented. The cultivation ofNTFPs s ou
be taken as economic activity rather than natural conservation. The dessimination of appropriate
\
harvesting techniques as well as credit for its promotion should be made availab e.
I~
\-
\
r
(.
C
\--
\-
(.-
r'
I_
\-
{-
51
I_
,.
L_;
.
I
.I
I~\
References
^
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,-~
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promote tileir Litilisation and marketing. District Forest Office, Gorkha. 42 pp.
I~~
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55
I.
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I. _J
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I
Annex I
L~'
List of Persons contacted (Traders and Organizations) or visited during Field Visits
.
I I
(a) List of Persons contacted in Eastern NG al
Form Name
Name of the Res ondents
Address
-
Taparia Exports
Mr. Manoj Tapari
Panitanki,
^\
S. No.
Tr"ders
Biratnagar, P. Box:
54, Tel: 021-22526, Fax:
977-21-24441
.
E:'avanti@ccsl. coin. n
2
R. J. N. Ente
rises
RK Traders
4
5
6
M A Traders
7
Mr. Nanda Kishore Shah
Mr. Ra'endra K. A
wal
Dhahran, Sunsari
Dhahran, Sunsari
Mr. Harka B. Katuwal
Dhahran, Sunsari
Mr. Ra'endra P. Jaiswal
Dhahran, Sunsari
Mr. MahesliA awai
Dhahran, Sunsari
r~,
Mr. Pemba Lama
Busant ur, Techathum
'~I
Mr. Go al Bhu'el
Busant ur, Techathum
Basant ur, Techathum
Busant ur, Terhathum
.
9
Mr. Bhim B. Karki
10
Mr. Cariesh audel
II
RLidraksha S&B Centre
Mr. Can a Rain SIIanna
12
Ball And Traders
Mr. Te' P. Rai
13
,
Hile, Dhankuta
Hile, Dhankuta
Mr. In din lit Taman
Hile, Dhankuta
.
14
Lama Enterprises
Mr. Sher B. Tamang
Hile, Dhankuta
15
SIIaiiti Traders and
SLi liers
Mr. Sher B. Rai
Hile, Dhankuta
._I
16
T'ej at K&B Centre
Mr. Ratna B. ShiesIha
I
17
Mr. 01i Moilabbad
Gai hat, Udaya or
Triju a, Udaya ur
18
Mr. 10 endi'a CLI to
Beltar, Uda a
Mr. Lalan Das
Beltar, Udayapur
Binamod, Jhapa
Chandranigahpur,
19
20
Binda! Traders
Mr. Indra Bindal
21
Shiv Sagar Stores
Mi'. AimLi Shah
._;
ur
I':
^ I
_I
Rautahat
00
Mr. Suraj Kuinar Shrestha
23
Ki. ishna Enter
24
SLi, ,ia Ente
rises
rises
25
,-\
Chandranigahpur,
Rautahat
__I
Mr. SLirev Malato
Kanchan ur, Sa tan
Sabaila, Dhanusa
.-\
Mr. Laxineswor Chaudha
Janak ur-4, Dhanusa
Itahari, Sunsari
Mr. Ra' Kumar Rauni ar
.-,
CFUGs
26
SIIanti Na ari CPUG
27
Chaite CFUG
28
Dumre Sarine CFUG
29
Cha an CFUG
Mr. Nar B. Moktan (C)
Mr. Hikmat B. Khadka (S)
Mr. Jhamak Katuwal(T)
Mr. Min B. Raut(C)
30
Ja
Mrs. Tmha KLimari
31
Radha Krishna CFUG
Mrs. Mithila Devi
32
Shimbhu CFUG
Mr. Surendra Ra'
in Mahila CFUG
^.
Basan ur, Techathum
Belhara, Dhankuta
Tri'u a, Uda a or
Paurahi4, Rautahat
.I
Lal Bandi, Sariahi
Kha armara, Mahottari
~,
^.-\
I
.^..
Prtv@te Oroi"er
33
Mrs. Sharada Busnet
34
Mr. Go al Bhu'el
35
Mr. Gainbhir B. Rai
Basan ur, Terhathum
Basant ur, Techathum
Aa tar, Uda a or
,-.
56
I~~
.-\
~-J
.-.
.
,-\
L_
DFO
36
37
\--
38
39
,-
40
41
42
I~
Mr. ,ShekharKumarYadav
District Forest Office
District Forest Office
District Forest Office
District Forest Office
District Forest Office
District Forest Office
District Forest Office
District Forest Office
District Forest Office
43
44
Mr. Murari P. Pokharel
Mr. Mohan Koirala
Mr. Sam ain Yadav
Mr. Rain Briksha Thakur
Mr. Khusi Lal Chaudh
Mr. Chandra Man Dan o1
Processi , Co.
lipPCL
45
Shree Pashupatinatli
46
DFO, Uda a or
DFO, Dha uta
OFO, Sunsari
DFO, Sarlahi
DFO, Sa tari
DFO, Sireha
DFO, Rautahat
Mr. Kimn Shrestha
DFO, Mahottari
DFO, Dhanusa
Mr. Bid a Man Stha it
Tarhara, Sunsari
Dr. Nanda Kangijha
Shivanagar, Rautahat
Mr. Ashok Karna Singhwan
Sagamath, Sarlahi
AaLirved Bhawan
Nepal Meritha Product
47
Pvt. Ltd
C, ,stom O ice
Me chi Custoni Office
48
^
Kakadvitta, Jha a
50
Moron Custom Office
Trode Promotion Centre
51
Mechi Udyog & Byapar
49
Sangh,
Mr. 'ariak, Pant
Mr. Dili A al
Mr. Narendra
Chair erson,
Ran elai, Biratna
Khadka,
at
Pokharia, Moran
Dhulabari, Jhapa
Tel:
60035
(b) List of I'raders and Organizations visited in India (Silgtiri)
PC iain and coin an
Mr. BabLi Lal iain
?
NC iain and Company
Mr. Bhoj Raj iain
3
Mr. P
K. Dutta
a u a _, t'si u. coin
CHEMEFORM
Chatidhai. (Datta Babu
4
OS I
ChantmalJoshi
unJ,
o e,
PP
Suchitra
2"'. Mile, Svebak Road
Silguri
Tel 546476, 546030.
(c) List ofTi. aders and Organizations visited in India (KOIkata)
Excel DrLig House
Mr. Manoj Gathani
18-B, u eas ane, o ata
Tel. 242 8571, 242 1254, e-mail:
edhaca1^71. \. sril. net. , Contact ersons:
,
2614-A, Armenian Street, Jhagada Kothi,
o
Harek Chand Kale
Mr. Babu LalJain
Tel. 238 5267, 235 8835@, KOIkata
Mr. Sarijay Pinkash
2614 A, Armenian Street, KOIkata 700
Rain
3
Natural DrLigs
001, India. Phone: 0091 33 231 3242/
2 18 2850, Fax: 0091 33 235 1045
Kanchanjunga Herbal
4
Medi Aids pvt. Ltd.
Mr. Ashish Agrawal
406, Marshall House, 4'.
25 Stand Road or 3311 N S Road,
KOIkata 700001
Tel: 91 33 221 3696, fax: 91 33 220 5228
5
Daga Ii and Sons
Ihagada Kothi, Armenian Street, Bada
Bazar Koilkata
57
.
d List of Traders and Or anizations visited in Central Ne al
District
Person contacted
Status
Rupandehi
Mr. Krislma Pusad Dhakal
Mr. Sanat Arutikari
Assistant Forest Officer
Mr.
Saha
.
I.
Broom assTrader
Trader
I.
.-
Mr. Layman ACharya
Secretary Sivnagar Community Forest,
Buntal
Kapilvastu
Nawalparasi
Mr. Sital Kumar Bamawal
Trader, Buntal
Mr. Suresh KumarJaisawal
Mr. Santa Muni Tamrakar
Trader Butwal
Forest Officer
Mr. Ahasan Hasan
Industrialist
Mr. Umesh Kumar Basnet
Custom Officer, Krishna
Mr. Santosh Barunwal
Trader
F'~,
I
-,
.I
ar
NII'. Pinkaslt Ni am
T!. ader
.
Mr. Lokraj Nepal
Assistant Forest Officer and Ranger
I I
.
Mr. Govinda Dhal
Mr. Ajud Wagle
Secretary, Dhuseri CFUG, Rajhar,
I'~~
Nawal arasi
Chitwan
Mi. . Madav Giri
Chair person and Member, Kalika
Mr. Go i Prasad Pathak
Coinmunit Forest
Mr. lridra Bahadur Magar and
Langhali Leasehold Forest, Darechok-3,
Mr. Nar bahadur Ma ar
ML! jin
.
--^
Mr. Man B. CLIrung and Mr
ICcha 1<am aria Leasehold Forest, Darechok-
Dhan B. CLIrLin
4, Chitwan
...-.
District Forest Office, Chitwan
Makawanpur
Rainanthali Leasehold Forest
Padain okhari-3, Makawan or
Mr. MLineshower Adjiikari
Bilkuti Palp Industry Purchasing Officer,
I
Mr. HUP Raj Giri
I
I I
Raw Material Section
.
Brikuti Palp Industry Purchasing Assistant,
Raw Material Section
Parsa
Mr. KGdar Nath Kattel
Ran er, Wildlife, Parsa
Mr. Rain Hari Sedhai
Forest Officer, District Forest Office
I. _
HetaLida
Mr. Chakra Man SIIa k
a
Mr. SLikhdev Chaudhary
Bara
Parsa
Act. Re ional Director, RD Office Hetauda
Cain us Chief, IFO Hetauda
Mr. Laxinan SLindar Shrestha
Mr. Su a Prasad Joshi
DFO Bara
Mr. Sambhu Prasad Jaisawal
Range Post Chief, Pasaha
Mr. Bishwa Babu Tiwari
DFO, Parsa
~I
..
Lecturer, IFO Hetauda
I I
-\
-. J
I
58
., I
.
II
L_
*
e
List of Traders and Or anizations visited in India
Ci
Luckiiow
S. No.
a
uckriow, Kannau' and Kan ur)
Traders"'"d"stri@list
Address
Mr. Rain Chandra Cupta
Luckriow KimnaCompany
Mr. Nischal Sun
Perfume and essential oil Co. Manufactorer
of Natural Attars and essential oils
88 Subhash Mar , Tel 2652/6, 2652/9
47-48 New Market Keshar Bag, Tel 272309,
222040, 22/120
L_
3
Mr. Rahul Mehrotra (Creative
erftimr)
4
Mr. S K Jain
Nandamahal Road, Lucknow,
tel 266650,265 171,251019
KanhyaLalAshok Kumar, Rawab Ganj, Te
265441, 266094
>
Mr. Chunna Mal
6
Mr. Narendra Nath
,-.
Mr. A KGu to
Kannoj
^.
fj
Mr. IN Ka o0r
,
Mr. Abliay Cupta
J
Chunnamal Raindayal, Amina Bad
Sab'jinandi, Tel 226160,
Lal i Aromatic, Rakhab Gun'a,
Bharti a Jadibuti Bhandar, Tel 34378,35703,
Ja at Aroma Oil Distillery Tel: 34401
Flower perfumes manufactures Company Tel
34583, 34435
4
>
Mr. Abhaya CLI to
Mr. CLIPta
Flowers erftimrs
Supreme Enterprises, Opposite to
PPDC/FFDC
6
Mr. Radhe Lal
Kanpur
I.
L_
Mr. PainppiJain
a
Mr. Raineshower Prasad
,
Mr. Lohit SLikla
J
Pragati Aroma Oil Distillers (p) Ltd, Deedar
Gan', Chhi atIi, Tel. 343 17, 34614
Radhe I, at and Sons 5 117 Rainganj,
Naya and
Krishna Go al and Co. 5317 Na a an
Laxmi Essential Oil and Fragrance (p, OLtd
24137Gopal Bhawan, Birhana road. Tel
3 17686,352962,
4
Mr. SK CLIPta
Nandi Traders 5117 RainGanja, NayaGunja,
Kanpur
5
Mr. Rajendra Kumar
Rajendra Kumar Vtiay Kumar 51n
RainGun'a. Naya unja
^^
,-^
\-.
59
.
-
^-.
,-.
(f) List of Traders and Organization Visited in Far and Mid-westGin Development Regions
.
Banke District:
^
I. Diwakar Pathak, District Forest Officer(DFO), District Forest Office, Nepalganj, Banke
.
2. BadriKarki, AssistantForestOfficer, 11akaBanKaryalaya, Kohalpur, Banke
3. Rabindra Nath Shukla, Manager, Herbs Production and Processing Company Ltd. ,
Nepalganj
,
4. LaxmiDatta Pant, Production Officer, Herbs Production and Processing Company Ltd. ,
Nepalganj
5. Sunil KLimar ACharya, Assistant Scientific Officer (Botanist), District Plant Resource
Office, Nepalganj
6
7.
8.
I I
^,
.
I
,-,
--,
1.1cin Raj Paudel, Assistant Botanist, District Plant Resource Office, Nepalganj
Clinkrtipani Sharmacharya, Custom Officer, CLIstoin Office, Nepaloanj
Mahcndra Prasad ChaLidhari, Assistant Plant Quarantine Officer, Plant Quarantine Office,
Ncpalgaiij
9.
I';Kiina N. Paudel Project Manager, Buffer Zone Development Project, CARE Nepal,
^
\CPLilgaiij
10. I)c\, 1<:1 Gautam, Ban SaihedariProgram, CARE Nepal, F. P. P. , Nepalganj
.
11. Rail<ati'Fharu, Private Forest Holder, Kohalpur VDC - 4, Banke
12. 'I'd{ BahndurTharu, JalandharaCFUG, MahadevptiriVDC-6, Banke
13. \1:11iilLilipakar CPUG, Pragatinagar, Kohalpur VDC-3, Banke
14. 1<:11csli KLimar Jain, Trader/Processor/Exporter. Simki Trade Centre, Gharbari ToIe,
,coalsa, ,,
.
15. Shy;1/11 KLimar Tandon, Trader, Kirana Traders, Sadar Lane, Nepalganj
16. .\jiltlhLikar Thapa, Trader/Exporter, Thapa Enterprises, Phultekra Lane, Nepaloanj
II
.
.~
17. lint^Li Allsari, Trader/Exporter, Phultekra Lane, Nepaloanj
Is. t'. I, .,\grawal, Trader/Exporter, MinalTrading Co. , Suchhet Road, Nepalganj
19. \tollaiiiiiiad Ishaat Halwai, Trader/Exporter, GhoshiTole, Nepalganj
20. \10/1aiiiiiiad Idris Halwai, Trader/Exporter, Nepal KiranaTraders, GhosiTole, Nepaloanj
21. \10/1aiiimad Salim Halwai, Trader/Exporter, Natural Goods Store, Ghoshi ToIe,
\coy lgaiij
00
violiniiiiiiad Yusuf, Trader/Exporter, Bheri Kirana Store, Ghosi To Ie, Nepalganj
29
\'10/1aiiimad Ishaak Halwai, Trader/Exporter, Ghosi To Ie, Nepalganj
24
Moilaiiiinad Yunus, Trader/Exporter, Sama Enterprises, Rainnagar, Nepalganj
I\'10/1aiiiiiTad HUSsain Halwai, Shahwaj Traders, Ghosi To 16, Nepalganj
25
26
27.
29.
30.
31
32.
33 .
.-,
,^
^
I~~
Saintly Kumar lain, Trader/Processor/Exporter, Bahubali Herbal essence & Extracts Pvt.
1.1d. . ganapur VDC, Nepalganj
I'an lVlohainmad, Trader/Exporter, Fair Mohammad & Co. , Ghosi ToIe, Nepalganj
I I
...,
-.
Bardi\, a District:
28.
^*
Soharat I'hakur, District Forest Office, GUIaria, Bardiya
Barna Bahadur Thapa, Assistant Warden, Royal Bardiya National Park, Bardiya
Sushila Nepali, TAL, Royal Bardiya National Park, Bardiya
Deb Rana, NTFP Farmer, GUIariya Municipality - I, Bardiya
I^adha Krishna Mahila CF, GUIariya, Bardiya
Belapur Tharu CFUG, Bardiya
-\
.
60
^I
.
II
.,
,-.
I
I_
I~'
Dang District:
,^
34.
District Forest Office, Dang
35.
Shree Basantd Hanyali CFUG, Akhabare, Ghorsi, Dang
Shree Marial<amaria Mahila CFUG, Tribhuvannagar Municipality, Dang
36
\ -.
37.
ChudamaniAdhikari, Administrator, Shree Mahendra Sanskrit University, Dang
38. Dev ManiDeVkota, Medicinal PlantFarmer, BtiauriVDC-4, Dang
39. Bhuman Singh 01i, Junior Technician (I. T. ), District Soil Conservation Office, Tulsipur,
Dang
.-
40.
Shankar Dayal Soni, Herbal Trader, Hari Om Traders, Tulsipur, Dang
4 I.
Ambapur Medicinal PlantNursery, Ambapur, Dang
42.
43
I~
44
Ratna Lakshmi Thapa, Vice-Chairperson, FECOFUN District Chapter
Laxman Singh Thapa, Medicinal Plant Farmer, Kabhre VDC-3, GUIthepani, Dang
MohaiiTinad Yakub An sari, Trader, An sari Kirana Pasal, Tulsipur, Dang
46.
Kamal Kanta'Sony, Trader, Paban Traders, Tribhuvannagar Municipality, Dang
Lullt Prasad Pandey, Nursery Naike, Ambapur Medicinal Plant Nursery, Dang
47.
SalaLiddin FarLik, New Faruk Enterprises, Tribhuvannagar, Dang
45
I_
Surkhet I)istrict:
48. ReoionalForestDirectorate, Birendranagar, Surkh6t
49. DistrictForestOffice, Surkhet
50. 1.1eiii RajAdhikari, NTFPTrader, AdhikariEnterprises, Chhinchu, Surkhet
51
{--
53
54
55
L_
56
Raili Gupta, NTFP Trader, Chhinchu, Surkhet
Indra Bahadur KC, NTFP Trader, Birendranagar-6, Surkhet
Mohaminad Atiullaha, Trader, Bidya Jadibuti Store, Birendranagar-6, Surkhet
Uday Bahadur Gautam, NTFP Farmer, Ward No. 6, Birendranagar, Surkhet.
Shree A1nbikadevi CFUG, Gagretal, Jarbuta, Surkhet
Dlian BahadUr Thega, Secretary, Jagriti CFUG, Chalaute, Birendranagar Municipality,
Surkhet
57. Mitra Upadhyay, DistrictCoordinator, CARENepal
Kamili District:
I"-
58. Nabaraj Baral, District Forest Officer(DFO), Kailali
59. Subhash Prasad Shrestha, Custom Officer, CustomOffice, Kailali
60,
I_
,-.-
Ms. Lalita ACharya, Treasurer, Tegnuwa Mahila CFUG, Kailali
61
Mohan Bahadur Rawal, Chairperson, Sati Karnali CFUG, Kailali
62.
Custom Office, Dhandadi, Kailali
Kanchanpur District:
63. Risliiram Tripathi, District Forest Officer(DFO), District Forest Office, Kanchanpur
64. Jaya Prasad JOshi, Act. Custom Officer, CustoinOffice, Gaddachauki, anc anpur
65. Deb BahadLir, Dhami, Secretary, BatabaranCFUG, Kanchanpur
66
Baitada CFUG, Kanchanpur
(g) List of Traders and Organization visited in Tanakpur and Delhi
. --
I~
\--
I~
.-
,
-
Tanakpur:
I. A. S. Shareda, Sharada Enterprises, Tanakpur
2.
3.
4
5.
Deepak Sharada, Sharada Brothers, Tanakpur
Viaya Kumar, Mahesh Chandra and Sons, Tanakpur
AgrawalTraders, Tanakpur, Naini Tal
R. K. Gupta, Gupta Traders, Bus Station, Tanakpur
61
.
^
-\
Delhi:
L-,'
I. Viay Kumar, Unnila Traders, Khari BaOli, Delhi
2. Sarijay Agrawal, National Herbs Company, Khan BaOli, Delhi
3. Mohammad Hasan, Allied Trading Corporation, Khari BaOli, Delhi
4. Rashid Hasan, Mohammad HUSsain Aimal HUSain, Khari BaOli, Delhi
5. Raj Kumar Gupta, Om Trading Co. , Khari BaOli, Delhi
6. Raj Kumar Gupta, Herbs and Kirana Association (Regd. ), Khan BaOli, Delhi
7. Bale Cupta, Gupta Trading Co. , Khari BaOli, Delhi
8. 0m Prekash Gupta, Om Prakash Vitay Kumar, Khari BaOli, Delhi
9. Vivek Seth, Jagdish Kumar Han Om and Co. , Khan Baoli, Delhi
10. R. K. Singhal, H. M. and Sons, Khari BaOli, Delhi
11. Sarit Kumar Sanganeria, Ultra International Ltd. , Connaught Circus, New Delhi
12. Ben Dhanuka, Morels India Pvt. Ltd. , Greater Kailash, New Delhi
13. Baburam Harichandra, B. H. Tradino Co. , Khari BaOli, Delhi
14. Sunil Kumar Sharina, Arian Enterprises, Shakarpur, Delhi
15. Mukesh Kumar, Bamji Overseas Co. , Khari BaOli, Delhi
.
.
,-\
^I
.
.
16. Vivck Goal, Banwarilal Shreeram, Khari BaOli, Delhi
17. SIInil Chand, Nanak Chand Sandeep Kumar, Khari BaOli, ' Delhi
18. Padam Chand Aorawal, Nanak Chand Agrawal & Brothers, Khari BaOli, Delhi
19. Narendra KLimar Cupta, Payaltrading Co. , Khari BaOli, Delhi
20.1\, 10hit GUIati, BMV Fragrances Pvt. Ltd. , Vikashpuri, New Delhi
2 I. A10k GLipta, Kanta Chemical Co. , Khari BaOli, Delhi.
22. Galli'av Vij, G. V. Chemical India Ltd. , Arianda Bihar, Delhi
23. PIishp K. Jaili, Medicinal Plant Trade Specialist, TMFFIC-India, WWFlndia. Lodhi Estate,
^-.
^
Lodhi Road. New Delhi
^I
E_1
-J
I
_!
I
--\
-.
.--,
^-,
62
..-,
.
^,
r~
\
I~
Annex2
List of Participants of the Workshops
(a) List of Partici ants at Biratnagar Worksho
6.
7
Sharinanand Chaudha
8
Tanka Khanal
Shekhar Re In I
Ja an naili Shrestha
Chandra Bir CLIrun
Shiv Prasad Gautam
Bharat Kumar Busnet
J otiSd. bu
Ra'dhani Dail
15
Mano' I'a aria
Biratnagar-,
16
Nanda kishore Shah
Kislior6 Shrestha
Trader,
18
Bindti BITattarai
Ti'ade Proinotion Centre, ITatna ar
BITalua CFUG. Moran
CEDA, Kathman u
CEDA, TU
CEDA, TU
CEDA, TU
2.
3.
4
5
9
10
11
12
13
I~
14
17
^
19
Lalit TallIan
f'
20
Rain Hati Subedi
L__
21
Bhuwan Rai
o0
Ri u M. Kunwar
23
Kushes;hor Chaudha
I~
L _.
I~
ress
Name,
Kamal Bhakta Shrestha
Ra'endta Kane
Baiararti Adhikari
MohanlKoirala
Din Da al Bhattarai
Rabindta Mahar'an
S. No.
Re ionalForestDirectorate, ITatna ar
Pro
am officer, Mo
oran
Ice,
Ice unSari
aa ai
De artment of Plant Resources,
Ice unsari
AFO, Distrlct Forest
RSS, Biratna aran
Processor, Itahari-I,
Processor, Ihumka-
amn unsari
unsari
"S I
Position
DFO Parsa
Mr. C. M. Shakya
Act. RD Central
Mr. Rain Hari Sedhain
Acting DFO
Mr. Mahendra RajJoshi
Private NTFPs
unsari
ar-J
Ti'ader, Dharan
Firriici' init
Mr. B. B. Tiwari I
ITa na ar
unsan
Kera ari,
(b) List of artici ants at Simara Worksho
,
unsari
Farmer, Inaru\\. a,
Biratna
ITa na ar
,
OS I
Himala a Times an
Region
L _.
, -.
In a urar
,
DFO, District Forest
DFO, Distrlct Forest
District Forest O
Ice arsa
eoiona IrGCOrae
Central Re ion
District Forest O
Makawanpur
Makawanpur
Ice
Nursery man
\-
I~
\
I '
I .
Mr. Bir Sinoh TaiTiano
Mr. lit Bahadur Titapa
Trader
Trader, Cultivator,
Mariahari, Makawan or
Chaug a a, a awanpur
CFUG member
Mr. Laxinan Bista ,
CFUG Chair person
RaniCFUG Chaughada
Mr. Megharaj Sapkota
FECOFUN,
FEC
Mr. Sushil Bhatara!
Former Regional
,
ara
Secreta
Mahendra Nagar, Bara
Administrator
r~'
n Sundar Shrestha
Lecturer
had Bara
r.
Mr. Tika rain Adhikari
\
I~
I
I_
IFO, Hetauda
Warden
Wildlife, Paras
63
.
^
-.,
Mr. Damodar Sharma
Mr. Rainesh Bani a Chhetri
Mr. Kanial Ra' Belbase
Act. Farm Maria er
HPPCL, Tamaohadi, Bara
Mr. Binod Paykurel
GorkhapatraNews
Bara
Pro ram Officer
Ran er
DDC Paras
.
Simara, Bara
.--,
Re orter
Mr. Galnbhir Sahani
Mr. Dur a Prasad Bhatta
Pratic News Re orter
Parsa
CFUG Chair person
Simra, Bara
Mr. Surya Prasd Joshi
Mr. Lalmani Chaudhary
DFO
Bara
Kat Village Range
Bara
,^
.I
Post
Mr. Mr. Salnbhu l'rasad Jaisawal
Range Post Pasaha
Mr. Kanan ChaLidhai'y
Farmer
Katgaun Bara
Dr. Anna urna Das
MFSC
MFSC
PSC member
PSC Member
Research Assistant
Research Assistant
Team Leader
CLIltivation
Study Team CEDA
StudyTeam CEDA
StLidy Team CEDA
Study Team CEDA
Mr. Harihar SIgdel
Mr. Suman Siodel
Mr. Mohan Kane
Mr. Kishore KC
Dr. V R Duwadi
.
.
Bara
~I
,,
~,
,^\
Manageinent Expert
...^
(c ) List of Participants in the NTFP Woi. kshop in Nepal, anj
--\
S. No. Name of Pill'tici ant
I. Dr. Dalliodar P. Pint, 111i,
2. Mr. GOPal Kumai' Shi'estha
3. Dr. Krishna Chiindi. a Paudel
4. Mr. Rain Krishna CliaLidhary
5. Mr. Mahesh KLiiiiai' Chaudhary
6. Mr. Bai Bahadur '1/1apa
7. Mr. Lakshini Dulla I'anta
8. Mr. Janga BalladLii' 01i
9. Mr. Tek Bahadtii' GIIaudhary
10. Mr. AChyut PI'asai
Desi nation/Address
Joint Secretary, MFSC
Under Secretary, Department of Forest
Assistant Forest Officers, MFSC
,\
-^,
HeI'b Farmer, Thakurdwara-6, Bardiya
Herb Farmer, Thakurdwara-6, Bardiya
Herb Fariner, ThakLirdwara-6, Bardiya
HeI'bal Promotion Officer, HPPCL/I\16palganj
Chairpersons, Rimna CFUG, Madhavpuri-5, Banke
iaiandhara CFUG, Madhavpuri- 6. Banke
Chairperson, Nepalganj Federation of Industry and
Commerce, Nepalganj
.,
-~*
11. Mr. Mahendr, I Prasad Chaudhary Officer, Plant Quarantine Check-post,
12. Mr. Hem Raj Paudel
Assistant Botanist, District Plant Resource Office,
.^
Nepalganj
13. Mr. Rabindra Nath Shukla
14. Dr. Parmatma Shukla
Manager, HPPCL, Nepalganj
Ayurvedic Doctor, District Ayurvedic
Hospital, Nepalgal!I
15. Mr. Shiva Prasad Gupta
Vaidya, District Ayurvedic Hospital, Nepalganj
16. Mr. Dev Raj Gautam
17. Dr. Nirmal Kumar Bhattarai
18. Mr. Jib Prasad Adjiikarj
19. Ms. Rishisara Gaudel
20. Mr. Padma N. Paudel
21. Mr. Abdul Hakiin Halwai
22. Mr. Kuber Jung Malla
.
^
.-\
Ban Saihedari Program, CARE Nepal, F. P. P. ,
Botanist, Kathmandu
Sir^na CFUG, Kohalpur- 4, Banke
Mahila Upakar CFUG, Kohalpur- 4, Banke
Project Managers, Buffer Zone
Development Project, CARE Nepal
. ,
MAP traders, Nepalganj
Botanist, Kathmandu
64
--\
-,
\
.
I.
24. Mr. Dip Bahadur Rana
,- .
25. Mr. OmkarJostii '
Research Assistant, CEDA, Kathmandu
Herb Farmer, Magaragadi- 2, Bardiya
Research Assistant, CEDA, Kathmandu
\
26. Mr. SunilKumar ACharya
27. Mr. Bishnu Kachyapati
MAP traders, Nepalganj
I~
29. Mr. ChakrapanilShannacharya
District Development Committee, Nepalganj, Banke
23. Mr. Ram KumarDeb
30. Mr. Anillung Rana
31. Mr. Diwakar Pathak
32. Mr. Pushkar Bishwakarma
I.
33. Mr. Rajesh KumarJain
34. Mr. Mohan Dhungel
35. Mr. Netra Upad 11yay
36. Mr. Rajendra G LIPta
37. Ms. Radha Dhital
Botanist, District Plant Resource Office, Nepalganj
Custom Officer, NepalganJ
District Forest Officer, Nepalganj
Samaj Kalyan Sangha, Bardiya
MAP Trader/Processor, Nepalganj
Regional Director, Regional Forest
Directorate, MWDR, Surkhet
Plan International, Nepalganj
Plan International, NepalganJ
Federation of CFUG, Banke
(-
{ ,
<-
L
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{-
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65
^
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Annex3
Conservation Status of Selected Community Forests in Various Regions
-\
I. Eastern Region
<1
,\
11. Sfo""tin"oariCFUG, Itch@ri-2, SIM"tin"g"r, S""sari
.
I. Area of CF Area: 200 ha
2. Date of establishment: 2055/07/24
~/
3. HH No. : 1370
.\
4. MajorNTFPs: Citronela, Harro, Barro, Rajbrikchha,
^,
5. Major NTFPS CLIltivated by farmers (1) Citronel!a (2) Rima
,'*
> Market:Dharan
Suggestions for improvement
^
I. PIOvide ti. ainings and workshops on NTFP cultivation/management and collection of seeds.
2. Control Ban Mara (EUpatoriuin species) and encourage CF users to cultivate citronella.
..-.
3. BSIablisl\ small processing unit at local level to add the value of products.
4. Lay some demonstration plotto exliibitthe success ofNTFPs cultivation/management.
....^
,,
B. Chaite CFUGS Basantapur-3, Terathum
I. Community Forest registered on: 2052/10/10
.~
2. Area of tile CF. : 226.38 Ha.
3. No. of Hotiseholds: 248
,.
4. NTPP management provision in OP:
Not included
5. Major NTFPs in the forest: ATgeli, Lokta, Allo, Malingo, Chiraita
6. No of CF LISers involved in cultivation/Inariagement ofNTFPs
> 1/1CF
> 1/1pi. ivate forests
,-\
25 Hl{s
20 HHs
--,
7. Maioi' NTFPs cultivated by farmers (1) Swerti" chini"- Chirayito
.
Edgewoi'tilia gal. drierii - Processing of Argeli 500 Kg'yr.
Suggestions for improvement
I. Control on eroded and landslide areas
,
2. Ban on !, razing in CF areas.
^.,
3. Simplify the qLiarantine process for export NTFPs.
4. Provide softloan to NTFP cultivation.
,
5. Provide reasonable price of products to rural farmers,
6. Establish small processing unit at local level to add the value of products.
C. Dumresanne. CFUG, Belhara -2, Dhankuta
.,
I. AreaCF A1'ea:
2. Date of establishment: 2050/03/15
,^
3. HHNo. :
4. Major NTFPs of CF: Citronela, Khoto, Lemon Grass, Meritha.
.-.
5. No of CF users involved in cultivatiori/management ofNTFPs
In CF
9 HHs
In private land
5 HHs (Farm boundaries, roadsides etc. )
,
-\
> Majorcollectors CFusers(Men)
.- ^,
> Major NTPPs cultivated by farmers (1) Citrone/!@ (2) Merith" (3) Pin"s (4) Thys""toeing maxima11mltsh0 (5) Barnb"00 sp. (Bansl
-.--.
I
> Market(Collector) HPPCL and Surya Resin and Turpentine Co. (SRTC)
-,
66
^
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\ ^,
.-^
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Suggestionsforimprovement d dood
I. Distribute seedling and saplings/seeds of those plants that give jinme in p
market
t~
2.
3.
4.
price.
Provide trainings and workshops on NTFP cultivation/management an co co ion
Initiate plantation activities in wastelands and open forests.
Create income generation activities for rural poor.
,
D. Chappan CFUG, Triyuga-2, lidayapur
t
I. CF Area: 1105 Ha.
2. Date of establishment: 2053/01/20
3. HH No. : 881
I .
4. MajorNTFPS Of CF: Harro, Barro, Kurilo, Amala, Ritha, Bhorla Leaf, Sa up.
No of CF use!'s involved in cultivation/!nanageinent ofNTFPs:
\ .
.
I'
In CF < 20 HHs
In private forests: 4 HHs
L
Majorcollectors:CFusers(Inen) A1
I'
I.
f ~~
( .
Major NTFPs culti^ated by farmers (a) Cinnamomum tamala-Tejpat(b) Phyllan us em
(c) Asparagus racemosus -Kurilo
. Market: Gaighat, TriyugaMetropolitan city
Sugoestions for improvement
I. Control on timber smugglers and immigrants.
I'
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, --
2. Ban on grazing in CF areas and controlflood.
3. CondLict CF inventory, thinning, pruning and selective lopping
4. Provide soft loan for cultivation.
5. Provide trainings and workshops on NTPPs cultivation/management an co co '
especially to CFUC members.
6
CondLict NTFP extension activities for increasing rural livelihoods.
Nore: Kuril0, 11m, 11u, H"fro, Bans, 11mris0, 80rro ore the common NTFPs/o11"( in a
,
.
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.
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2. Central Region
I
.
A. JagritiMahila CFUG, Fourshi-4, Rautahat
.
I. CF Area: 27Ha.
2. Dateofestablishment: 2056/
3. HHN0. : 99
I I
\./
4. Major NTPPS Of CF: Aathingare, Hano, Bano, Kurilo.
.--\
.,
No of CF users involved in cultivation/management ofNTFPs
In CF
^\
In private forests
CF users (men)
> Majorcollectors
> Major NTPPs cultivated by farmers
> Market:Chandranighapur
-\
,
Suggestions for improvement
I. Ball on grazing in CF areas and control flood.
2. Inventory of CF and thinning, pruning and selective lopping .
~.
3. Provide trainings and workshops on NTFPs cultivation/management
4. Distribute seeds/seedlings and saplings of important NTFPs
^
B. Radha Krishna CFUG, Lal Bandi, Sariahi
-,
I. CF Alea: 49 Ha.
2. Date of establishment: 2057/'
3. HHN0. :126
-^.
4. Major NTFPs of CF: Hall'0, Ball'0, KLirilo, Rajbrikchha, Samaghandha, Pipla, NGem
~,
Kuju. Stillal, Am a!a, Tejpat.
> Major collectors: CF LISers (men and women)
--\
> Major NTPPs cultivated by torrners (a), 4zddirocht@ indica (Neem) (b) Phyllanthus emblica- Am ala
> Market Bardibas. Cliaiidranigliapur
,
^J
,.
Suggestions for improvement
I. Ban on o1'azing in CF areas alld control flood.
I
-J
2. Inventory of CF and tliiniiiiig, prtining and selective lopping.
3. Oroanize 11. ainings and \\, o1'ksliops on NTFPs cultivation/management and collection of seeds
,---
especially to CPUC meltibeis
4. EncoLirage local formei's to cultivate alld support them for effective management of NTPPs.
,-.
C. Simbhu CFUG, 1<hayar mara-I, Mahottari
I. CF Area: 300 Ha.
2. Date of establishment: 2058
3. HHNo. :
4. Major NTFP of CF: Kuril0,14arro, Ba!. To, Simal, Makaijara, Chiraita, Rajbrikchha.
_I
CF LISers (men)
> Majorcollectors
> MajorNTFPs cultivated by farmers
> Market:Bardibas
,. \
Suggestions for improvement
I. Ban on grazing in CF areas and control flood.
.
2. Inventory of CF and 111iiining, pruning and selective lopping
3. Organize and provide trainings and workshops on NTFPs cultivation/management and
collection of seeds especially to CFUC members.
.--,
68
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-:
,-,
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D. Raniban Community Forest, Makawanpur
I. CF Area: 151.9 ha
2. Date of establishment: 2050
3. HH No. : 60
4. Major NTFP of CF: Kurilo, Bans, Bet.
There is no operational Management plan assuch but Kurio and cultivation o o er grass is ' g
carried out.
L
No of CF users involved in cultivation/management ofNTFPs: a few
f~
I~'
> Major collectors: CF users (men)
> Major NTPPs cultivated by famiers: Kurilo
Suggestions for improvement
. Stop cattle grazing in CF areas and control flood.
. Inventory of CF and titinning, prLining and selective lopping
f
. Or an ize and provide trainings and workshops onNTFPs cultivation/managemen an co e
of seeds especially to CFUC Ineiiibers.
. Identification ofNTFPs is reqLiired
I
E. Praoatisil Community Forest, Simra, Bara
(,
I. CF Area: 210 Ha
2. Date of establishment: 2000
~. HH No. :
J.
4. Major NTFP of CF: Rajbi'ikccha, Ktirilo, Harro, Barro, Amala. Pipla, Bans, Bet,
Panisaro, Dainor
f~
(-
\
No of CF users involved in cultivation/management ofNTFPs: a few
> Majorcollectors CFusers(men)
> Major NTPPs cultivated by farmers: Kurilo
A nursery has been established with Elfcu{}plus sp. as the major I\ITFP. e
realized the importance of NTPPs and hericc nave included NTFPs cultivation in t eir opera io p
I'
L_.
f~
Suggestions for improvement
5. Identification ofNTFP is required
6.
7.
Initiation of bet plantation is reqtiii'cd
Inventory of CF and thinning, prLining and selective lopping
Utilize properly the yearly income of 10 million rupees
9.
r '
Organize and provide trainings alld workshops on NTFPs cultivation/management an co co to
of seeds especially to CFUC menibcis.
..-
F. Kalika CF, Birendra Nagar, Khirahai, Chitwari.
I. Community Forest Registered o11: 0571/3/13
~-
2. Area of the CF. :
3. No. of Households:
4.
5.
{ -
1027.5 11a.
NTFPmanagementprovisioninOP: included
Ma'orNTFPsintheforest: A1n!. ISO, Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Chuyri, Bans, inaa, i , p
etc.
\
69
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6. NTFP promotion activities:
I :
> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing, fire and
,
encroachment.
> Guarding system: A10palo system (conservation of existing Naturally grown NTFPs)
.^
*J
> No nursery yet established.
> Income generation activity: 200K"rilo seedling are planted in CF.
> Training'Capacity building: Notyet provided.
,-\
Problems
.
> Unknown aboutNTFPs value
> Marketing.
.
> Identification
.-,
> Training.
Suggestions
,.
> Identification ofNTFPs
> Trainings on NTFPS CLIliivation and Management.
> Training on marketing cliannels.
~
,^
G. Ageegre CF, Chinapur I, 2,3 & 6, Cliitwan
I. Community Forest Registered on: 054101/28
2. Area of the CF. :
.---.
290 ha.
3. No. of Households:
4. NTPP management PIOvision ill OP
included
.--,
5. MajorNTFPs in the 1111'CSt: Aim'ISO, Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Chuyri, Bans, Amala, Amaro,
TITakal, Bet, N igalo, R jilta, Pipiti etc
6. NTFP proinotion activities: Piaiitation @1480 seedlings @18et in CF.
> Conservatioii or forest alld NTFP species through control on grazing, fire and
.-,
encroachinciit
...
> 'F1'aining/CapacitybLiilding: Notyetprovided.
~.-,
> No nursery yet establislted
> Training'GUNL^Iy bLiildiiig: Notyetprovided.
,.-.~
Problems
> Unknown aboLitNTFl's \, alue
> Marketing
,\
> Identification
> Training.
-J
Suggestion
--~
> Identification ofNTFl's
> Trainings on NTFPS Gilliivation and Management.
> Training on marketingcliannels.
-.-,
^--^
3. Western Region
A. Dhusari CF, Rajahar-7, Nan, alpar:Isi
I. Community Forest Registered on: 2052/01/19
^,
2. Area of the CF. : 67.5 11a.
3. No. of Households:
4. NTPP management provision in OP:
included
-,
5. Major NTFPs in the forest: Amriso, Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Chuyri, Bans, Amala, Amaro, , Bet,
Nigalo, Ritha, Pipla, Aswagandha, Sarpagandha, etc.
.^-,
70
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6.
I.
NTFP promotion activities: 160 species ofNTFPs identified with close colla oration wi
> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing, Ire an
encroachment.
,
> Training'Capacity building: Notyetprovided.
> No nursery yet established.
(.
> Training/Capacity building: Notyetprovided.
Problems
I
> Unknown aboutNTFPs value
> Marketing.
> Identification
f~
> Training.
Suggestions
> Identification ofNTFPs
> Traininos o11 NTPPS CLIltivation and Management.
> Training on Inarketingchannels
B. Shivanagar CF, But\val, Rupandclii
I. Coinmunity Foiesi Registered on:
339.75 11a.
2. Area of tile CF. :
3. No. of Households: NA
I~
4.
5.
NTFPmanagemciiij)rovisioitinOP: included
MajorNTFPs in tlic Ibrest: Amiiso, Kurilo, Amala, Pipla. Samagan a, etc.
6. NTFP promotion activities:
I~
> Conservaii\. 11 offo1'est and NTFP species through control on grazing, ITe an
encroaclimciir.
.
> I'rainin, ,/Capacity building: Notyetprovided.
I
> No nursery yet established.
> Ti. ainin, ,.'Capacity building: Notyetprovided.
Problems
> Unknown aboLit NT'I'Ps value
> Marketiiig.
c '~
I .
> Identification
> Training.
I
Suggestions
\
> Identification of NII'Ps
> Trainings on NT'FPs cultivation and Management.
I~
\ .
(.
> Trainin, , on Inarkctiiig channels
4. Mid Westcrii Region
A. Sri Mariakaiii;Ina Mallil;I CF, GIIorai-10, Dang
I. Community Foicst Regis!cred on: 2055
4.75 11a.
2. Area of the C. F. :
3. No. ofHOLiscliolds: 27
,-.
\.
,
4. NTFP manager 11cnt provi>10n in OP: Notincluded
Samagandha, Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Ritha, Bans, etc.
5. Major NTFPs 1/1 tile foiesi:
6. NTFP promoiioii activities:
> Conservatioii offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing, fire an encroa
\.
> Guarding sysicin: Sincc lasttwo years, no formal CF guard due to shortage o un s.
>
>
No nursery yet CStablislicd.
Incomegciiciti!ionactiviiy: Recently, 1500seedli"gsqfS", pagandl, a aye ee"p ^
@1the coiniiitiiiity forcmand. Recently, in collaboration of CARE-Nepal, 200 ee ing
and Sal havc bcen transplanted in the CF.
,
> Training'Capacity building: Not yet provided.
71
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B. Basa"to hanyali CF, Akabare, Ghorsing, Dang
.-,
I. Community Forest Registered on: 2052
2. Area of the C. F. :
, ~.
270 ha.
,
3. No. of Households: 145
4. NTFP management provision in OP: Notincluded
5, Major NTFPs in the forest:
,\
Cudao, Dalchini, Samagandha, Sugandhakokila, Harro, Barro,
Asuro,
Ritha, Amala, Bel, Ajiun, Chyauri, Rajbrikhsa, Timur,
etc.
~
6. NTFP promotion activities:
>
I
Conservation offorestandNTFPspeciesthroughcontrolongrazin,
andfi , d ' h
plantation.
,,
> No fomially employed CF Guard
> No nursery established
~,
>
Income generation activities: Nothing exceptforfiningRs. 100 andR . 25
>
>
NTFP Cultivation in the CF:None
respectively for each cowlbuffalo and goat.
.
-~.
Training'Capacity building: None.
-\
C. Jalandhara CF, Mahadevpuri, Banke
,
I. Community Forest Registered on: 2055
2. Operation Plan Renewed on: 2059
3. Area of the CF. :
--\
I
76 ha.
,_I
4. No. of Households: 82
5. NTFP management provision in OP: Included
6. Major NTPPs in the forest:
Pipla, Kurilo, Hano, Barro, Amala, Tendu, Khair, Musli, Bel,
Kauso, Rohini, Mahuwa, etc.
7. NTFP promotion activities:
>
>
>
>
>
>
..-\
Conservation offorestandNTFPspeciesthrough controlon azin and f , d
plantation.
,.-\
"
Employment of a CF Guard @1500/month
Establishment of a NTFP nursery
. .\
.
NTFPsinthenurseryinclude: Pipla, Kurilo, Sa a andha, H ,B ,
,
Amala, Samagandha, Kauso, Bas and Bet.
Incomegenerationactivities: SaleqfNTFPseedli"ge@FriedRs. 24000/" t
I~\
I
65kg qfP;PI@ w"sin@rketed@Rs. 851kgl"si ear.
NTFP Cultivation in the CF:Saw"g@"dh@: 1.5 k"th"
,
.--,
Bet:12 k"tfo"
>
^\
Sikakai: 1800 plants
Training'Capacity building: 7-10 days'training onNTFP conservation, mana
em t, I'
"
~)
marketing.
>
Training provided by: BanUdhyam, Care-NG al, DPR.
...
D. Mahila Upkar CF, Pragatinagar, Kohalpur, Banke:
-..\
I. Community Forest Registered on: 2052
2. Operation Plan Renewed on: 2059
.-J
3. Area of the C. F. :
25.6 ha.
4. No. of Households: 41
5. NTFP management provision in OP: Included
...^,
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72
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Dhairo, Kusum, Bhorla, Khan, Simal, Jamun, Indri^jau, Amaltas,
Samagandha, Pipla, Sambar, Hano, Bano, Amala, Tendu, Khair,
(-
6. MajorNTFPs in the forest:
c~
7. NTTP promotion activities:
> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing and fire, and errichment
Musli, Bel, Kauso, Rohini, Mahuwa, etc.
(^
f
plantation.
> Establishment of aNTFPnursery
'
> NTFPsinthenurseryinclude: Satabar, Samagandha, Bataino, Kusum,
NGem, Bans, Bet, Amriso
\
> Income generation activities: Sale ofNTFPseedli"g!ikeStssoo, BCk"ino, BC"s andBet.
L-
I~ ~
Sale qfTe"of" leaves instye@r (400 kg)
Sale of Bellr"its this year 4300 kgl
> NTFP Cultivation in the CF: Sambar, S",:PCg""ofh", Amr'so, Bans, Bet,
BCk"ino, K"s"in, Nee"a
> Training'Capacity building: 10 days'training on NTFP conservation, management, cultivation and
marketing.
> Training provided by: CARE-NepaVDFO/BanUdhyam, Nepalganj
E. SriAmbikadevi CF, Gagretal, Jarbuta, Surkhet
r~
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I. Community Forest Registered on: 2053
2. Operational Plan renewed on: 2058
138 ha.
3. Area of the CF. :
4. No. of Households: 72
5. NTFP management provision in OP: Notincluded
Kurilo, Pakhanbet, Hano, Bano, Ritha, Bans, etc.
6. MajorNTFPs in the forest:
7. NTFP promotion activities:
> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through controlon glazing, fire and encroaciment.
Employment of a CF Guard @ Rs. 1000/month.
> Guarding system:
> No nursery yet established.
> Income generation activity: Nothing yetinitiated.
> Training/Capacity building: Not yet provided.
F. Jagriti CF, Birendranagar-11, Surkhet:
I. Community Forest Registered on: 2053
2. Operational Plan renewed on: 2059
3. Area of the C. F, :
Soha.
4. No. of Households: 42
\-
5. NTFP management provision in OP: Notincluded
Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Amala, Guno, Ritha, Bans, etc.
6. MajorNTFPs in the forest:
7. NTFP promotion activities:
> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing, fire and encroachment.
Employment of a CF Guard lit) Rs. 1000/month.
> Guarding system:
c ~'
> No nursery yet established.
> Incomegenerationactivity: Nothing yetinitiated.
> Training'Capacity building: Notyetprovided.
(
G. Radha Krishna Mahila CF, GUIaria, Bardiya:
\ -.
c~
ICOmmunity Forest Registered on: 2055
2. Area of the C. F. :
5 ha.
3. No. of Households: 29
4. NTFP management provision in OP: Notincluded
(.
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(.
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73
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I
5. Major NTFPs in the forest:
,;
Pipla, Kurilo, Hano, Barro, Amala, Sikakai, Guno, etc.
6. NTFP promotion activities:
I
.,
> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on erazing and fire.
> No fomial guarding system
> No nursery yet established.
--\
I
.
,
> Income generation activities: Lastyear 50koP;^IC has been collected but
>
are not able to sell due to legal barriers.
-.\
Training'Capacity building: 9-days'training onNTFPconservation, management, cultivation
and marketing has been provided this year.
L,
> Training provided by: DFO, Bardiya
-\
H. Belapur Tharu CF, CUIaria, Bardiya:
.
I. Community Forest Registered on: 2049
~~I
2. Operational Planrenewedon: 2055
3. Area ofthe CF. :
4. No. of Households:
,
62.94 ha.
43
r~I
5. NTFPmanagementprovisioninOP: Notincluded
6. MajorNTFPs in the forest: Pipla, Kurilo, Samagandha, Bet, Harro, Bano, Sissoo, etc.
-,
7. NTPPpromotionactivities:
> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing, fire and encroachment.
--\
> No fomialguarding system
> No nursery yet established.
L. ,
> No income generation activity initiated.
~,
> Training'Capacity building: 9-days'training on conservation andmanagementofBet
provided this year.
^
> Training provided by: BSP-NewERA/BanUdhyam.
.--.
5. Far Western Region
A. Sati Karnali CF, Sati, Narayanpur, Kailali district.
I. Community Forest Registered on: 2051
,,
2. Operation Plan Renewed on: 2056
3. Areaofthe CF. :
4. No. of Households:
298.25ha.
2 11
5. NTFP management provision in OP:
6.
,
,\
Included
^:
MajorNTFPsinthe forest MajorpartoftheCFincludesmarsh land. Theref B tth
major NTFP with few others like Pipla, Kurilo, Sikal<ai, Harro, Barro, Amala, Tendu, Khair,
..-\
Musli, Bel, Rohini, etc.
7. NTFPpromotionactivities:
>
^
Conservation offorest and NTFP species through controlon gi. armg, fire, encroaciment, and
enrichment plantation.
>
>
>
About 500seedli"gs ofKh"it, Sts. $00 gridsirisfo"ve beenp!""redi" the CF
Establishment of a NTFP nursery: It includes a bet nursery covering about Iha. of land
NTFPmanagement:Medicinal plant species like Pipla, Sikakai and Kurilo are conserved. Bet i
managed through rotational harvesting, the whole bet-rich forest area have been divided into 6
sections. Two sections have been set aside for experimental and conservation OSes while in the
remaining 4 plots a system of rotational harvesting has been adopted, harvesting from onI one lot
.-\
I
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*_,
..\
each year.
>
Income generation activities: Based on the Operation Plan, every year1,00,000kgqfBetts
..,
harvested10's@Ie. CurrentmarketpriceofdrycaneisRs. 3711cg.
Bet fruits are sole @Rs. 40011<g
65 Betseed!ings"resold@Rs. 5^eed!ing.
.^
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.
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,-\
> Training'Capacity building: A 10-day training on Rattan conservation and management was provided
by Chiote Lal Chaudhari, CARE-Nepal during the preparation of Operation Plan in 2051.
B. Tengnuwa Mahila CF, Sukhhas, Ghodaghodi, Kailalidistrict:
I. Community Forest Registered on: 2053
2. Operation Plan Renewed on: 2058
I
L
3. Areaofthe C. F. :
4. No. of Households:
30ha.
45
5. NTFPmanagementprovisioninOP: Notincluded
6. MajorNTFPs intrie forest: Kurilo, Pipla, Hano, Barro, Amala, Kauso, Sikakai, Khair,
,~
I.
Rohini
7. NTFP promotion activities:
> Conservation offorest and NTFP species, control on grazing and fire, and enrichment plantation.
> No fomial guard employed; community guarding system
> Establishment of aNTFP nursery is underway
> Income generation activities: notyetstarted
> NTFP Cultivation in the CF: Recently 2500Betseedlings have been planted in the CF.
(
> Training'Capacity building: None of the CFUG member has so far been given any form of training
\
C. Batabaran CF, Jhalari, Kanchanpur
(. .
I. Community Forest Registered on: 2058
2. Areaofthe CF. :
3. No. of Households:
149.7 ha.
5I5
4. NTFPmanagementprovisioninOP: Notincluded
,~
5. Major NTFPs in the forest: Pipla, Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Amala, Tendu, Khair, Musli, Bel, Kauso,
Robini, Mahuwa, etc.
I~
\
(-
I_
6. NTFP promotion activities:
> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing and fire, and
enrichment plantation.
> The CFUG members are very active in the conservation and management fo the CF.
> Establishment of aNTFP nursery for Bamboo, sissoo and Kiinbu seedling production
> Extensive plantation of bamboo, sissoo and Kiinbu has been done and is continued.
> Training'Capacity building: Aweek'straining on Forest Management
provided to the CFUG members.
> Training provided by: DistrictForestOffice, Kanchanpur
> Award: This CF hasrecently been "warded with Rs. I, 00,000 by the Forum of
Environmental Journalist forthe efficient management of the CF.
D. Baitsda CF, Baitsda, Daiji, Kanchanpur:
I. Community Forest Registered on: 2054
2. AreaoftheC. F. :
(\
, -.
I,
3. No. of Households:
300 ha.
1/9
4. NTFP management provision in OP:
Included
5. MajorNTFPs in the forest: Kurilo, Harro, Barro, Amala, Mahuwa, Pipla, Tendu, Khair,
Musli, Bel, Kauso, Rohini, etc.
6. NTFPpromotionactivities:
> Conservation offorest and NTFP species through control on grazing and fire, and
enrichment plantation.
\(- -
> Under the influence ofHPPCL, some exotic medicinal plants like Citronell@, Meritfo"
andP@Jin"roan have been planted in the CF area.
> The CF has planned to plant about 15000seedli"gs of bamboo and 10-15 fog. of!@"of
with BCbjyo nextye@r.
> Training'Capacity building: A 5-days'training onNTFP conservation and management
provided
> Training provided by: Ban Udhyam, Nepalganj
(
I~
<
75
~,
-\
,
~\
t
--,
E. Shreekrishna CF, Kaluwapur, Kanchanpur:
I. Community Forest Registered on: 2058
,-\
2. Area of the C. F. : 110 ha.
3. No. of Households: 90
.,
4. NTFP management provision in OP:Included
5. MajorNTFPs in the forest: Kurilo, Amala, Pipla, Hano, Barro, Tendu, Khair, Musli, Bel, K ,
-\
6. NTFPpromotion activities:
.,
Rohini, Mahuwa, etc.
> Conservation offorest and NTPP species through controlofgrazing and fire, enrichment Iant t'
-\
>Employmentof aCFGuard@1000/month '
>
Establishment of a NTFP nursery: Planned forthe next year for enrichment Iantation and to
*-,,
distribute among the interested CFUG members
> Income generation activities: Not yetinitiated
> Training'Capacity building: Notyet provided.
,
.,
-\
I
^
.--\
,-.
--:
,..\
,
.
-^
^
-\
.^
.-\
. ,,
-\
I
,
,,
.--.
I
76
_!
,-\
--,
-\
\-
Annex4
List ofNTFPs/IlylAPs prioritized by Workshop Participants
(a) List ofNTFPs/lvlAPs available in the tropical areas and Prioritizqd by the workshop
I'~ .
amci ants in the Eastern re ion
t.
S. N.
I.
I~ ~
2.
3
4.
I~
Local name
Botanical Name
A1ainchi
Amala
Aminomz, in subula!"in
Ph nanih"semblico
Amliso
Th sariol@erre matting
Barro
Terminalio bentrico
5.
Bel
6.
Chabo
Ae to marinelos
Pi or chabQ
7
Harro
Terminalin chebulo
8.
Kurilo
As o70 I'S recemosz, s
9
Maitho
Pi Ia
Rubio inari'ith
10
11
Ritha
12.
13 .
Se a andha
Rallyo11a $8r errrino
Sikakai
AGOcia Far am
14
Te' at
Cmn@momz, in lamala
f'~.
I
\
Pi orlon in
So ind"s markorossi
r~.
I
(b) List of commercialNTFPs/IvlAPs prioritized by workshop participants and available in the
tropical areas of Central region
r~
S. N.
L
I
I~
I. .
r'~
I
I.
Amala
Phyllanth"s emblica
As aragus
As oro
3.
Babiyo
EMIoliopsis biho!o
4.
He to marinelos
5.
Bel
Bamboo/Rattan
6.
Barro
7
Bhorla leaf
Terminolia bentrico
Bowhinio vohlii
Harro
Terminalin chebulo
12.
L,
Botanical name
2.
8.
~9.
10.
II.
, ^
Veinacular/English name
13
s recemos"s
Dendrocaloi?, 24s sp.
NGem
Pila
Rawalfia
1/20dirochtQ indica
Salseed
Simal
Shorea 7062!SIo
BombQx cei'ba
Pierlon in
Rowvo!/to se?pentino
\.
I"
i
,
r
\
,-
77
\
.- -
I
-
I~,
-,
.,
(c) List of commercialNTFPs/IvlAPs prioritized by workshop participants and available in the
I
tro ical areas of the Mid- and Far-western regions
SN
Ne aji name
I Amala
2 Babiyo
3 Banl
4 Bans
5 Barro
6 Bet
7 Bo'ho
8 Harro
9 Jiwanti
Dhainyaro
Botanical name
Phy/10n!h"s emb/Ita
EU/ajiopsis bindjg
Heg/e marinelos
Bomb"salDendrocolom"ssp.
Terminalto bell^^tea
Calamus s .
Acorus calamus
Terminali@ chebulo
_!
Part used
Fruit
Leaf
Fruit
Stem
Seed
Stern
Rhizome
Pseudo-stern
Flower
10 Kalimusli
11 Kurilo
Carlouli' o orchioi'des
Root
IIS OrO
Root
12 Pipla
Pi or 10n
13 Ritha
Sopindz!s inI, koross!
Rallyo4;;a semen!znO
Acacia largoi@
14 Samagandha
15 Sikakai
16 Simal
17 Sugandha kokila
18 Tejpat/Daichini
I'm
Bomba, t ceibo
CmnOmOm"in g/@31C8Sc8nS
Ci'rindmom"in lama/a
,
~~I
~,
,
Seed
EphemeranthomacJnei
17'0040rdidf'"iz'cosa
s rQcemosz, s
~~I
' I
.-.,
^,
-,
,- \
Fruit/root
Fruit
Root
,^
Fruit
Fibre/Gum
Fruit
~\
Leafi'bark
I
,, I
-\
' I
r^
\^,
,\
I
.-.,
,.-\
-,
^,
--.
78
..-,.
,
r-\
.-^,
,-\
+
Annex5
Table 5.1
.^
NTFPs collection Permitted by District Forest Office of Various Regions
NTFP collection permitted by District Forest Office in Eastern Region (Districts
included: Dhankuta, rodyapur, Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Siraha and Saptari)
I.
058159
100
057158
058159
056157
in Ia
o
n a Phal
o
o
o
.050
1500
o
o
o
o
o
o
1,756
.180
o
o
o
17560
o
180
23,200
o
o
372,000
.425
.240
o
o
o
11600
o
186000
o
2975
480
12,895
16.65
o
o
.400
o
25790
o
3330
400
o
720
46008
1400
o
o
an Lasun
\-
057158
o
056157
\-
I '~
Revenue (Rs. )
Quanti (Ton)
ameofNTFPs
el
o
o
horla Pat
is Jam
o'ho
o
o
o
hawo
hayu
hiriato
o
.240
15,336
hu ipat
o
o
.700
o
o
o
o
1,000
o
o
8000
J-
ridriani
.550
o
o
2750
o
1,650
o
o
4950
o
o
.850
o
o
850
antakari Phal
o
o
5500
o
o
8250
f ~~
hair
o
67,300
351,452
o
2019
7022.22
I.
urilo
3.00
.390
4,425
6000
780
8850
ohan
o
o
11,500
o
o
57500
6,180
.300
20,986
30900
600
41992
o
o
.100
o
o
2000
2,932
.030
.93 I
14460
150
4655
^-
^
ridriani fill ko
hata
iwanti
Kai o0 Phal
(-
a'itho
e
I.
ali Dalchini
Ia
'tha
I~
I~ ~
I
(.
C'
14,850
45,800
160,170
29700
91600
320340
o
294
Sal khoto
o
o
.098
Saila Khoto
o
o
299,961
o
o
899883
Sikakai
o
o
.500
o
1500
o
Sabai Grass
o
88.00
o
o
44000
o
Simal Khota
o
o
.500
o
1500
o
Satawari
o
o
2181
o
o
10950
Sire hal
o
7,825
12,900
o
15650
25800
e' at
o
o
28,090
o
o
561800
o
o
.900
o
o
1800
o
9300
10440
81060
205209
Imur
,
L
o
o
i re sallako Pat
I~~
o
o
otal
o
26,962
3,100
249.08
3,480
13/6.961
223655
(.
I~
c~ ~
c.
79
\.-,
,^
_!
Table 5.2
NTFP collection permitted by District Forest Office in Central Re ion (Districts
included: Dinanusha, Sariahi, Rautahat, Bara, Parsa, Makawan ur, Ch'to ,
Nawal arasi, Ru andehi& Ka ilbastu
NameofNTFPs
Quanti (ton)
o
0581059
o
ina a
0374
0.17
5,735
2.5
o
631.1
o
o
o
o
o
innso
762.9
a I o
0561057
0571058
3000
0581059
o
748
340
1600
703700
5000
592650
3278
o
o
an asun
0,155
571,165
o
arro
3,132
o
o
1550
6246
ora ea
10.5
12.3
3.8
5250
6150
1900
ore o a
0.5
16
19
500
16000
19000
Iaune O ar
49350
47,705
53,575
14 100
166650
228470
0062
o
o
434
o
o
Is a e
3165
4274
0.7
22155
2991 8
4900
UG 00
6,765
2.82
6.93
13530
5640
13860
2.95
29.28
2.68
7850
87840
8040
57,846
2
14,525
1156920
4000
290500
o
1003200
2500
12.5
o
o
25000
o
12,053
O. I
31.8
13/7
1/280
6
24/06
200
63600
1634
20
36,524
61.5
1374000
200000
29.08
31461
109572
615000
68220
o
o
3000
o
aC InI
aru a I
o resa asimta
ai
5.64
arro
0.03
137.4
a o0
I an I
10,487
arac u I
ar
a I
u ur aru
Urn urn
00p
uri o ara
o0 sa a
ai a
o
150
135
o
14.3
o
51682
42900
1.09
1.2
o
3270
3600
o
o
O. I
o
o
400
o
184.95
0.6
76,544
o
202154
263944
3750
153088
o
o
0.4
0.5
o
10000
7500
17,726
13.7
31.8
35452
63600
2750
asa a
o
o
2.5 17
o
27400
o
LIS I
o
o
o
o
18.32
31.5
80.3
7500
9160
157500
401500
o
0.55
I a
o
ariar awa o a
I a
a
o
.388
a OSIma
00
Ia ai
U an awa
o
o
2750
o
o
8000
150
2. I
0075
10776
4200
o
o
29100
o
o
.65
o
0.24
3240
o
1200
3.4
0.9
o
17000
3900
9099
15
95712
27297
45000
3 1,904
0.4
o
o
6000
o
o
o
o
5.5
o
o
1100
5,225
11.3
16
Timur
4,696
1,985
o
Tuke bool
0,052
o
o
104
1258.783
226,088
15391.86
3768/81
Ia eri
Iarri
Total
~\
..-.
~..-.
\,
-
-\
.-,
-\
25 17
14.55
ea C InI
-.,
.-.,
101,077
awan o a
._I
,,
17,227
5
--\
o
27
ag u ara
~,
--,
o
00
,
63/100
Is
ITia o
.-.,.
Revenue (Rs)
0571058
0.6
a a a
,
^-\
--,
.--\
-\
.^,
--\
14
^
2933629
2695987
-\
80
,-\
--,
,^
-.
Table 5. 3
NTFP collection permitted by District Forest office in Western Region
(Districts
included: Dan , Surkhet, Banke, Bardia, Kailaliand Kancha" ur
ameofNTFPs
\.
mala
albed
mriso
L
F' ~
\.
I.
I
\. .
I~
\~
ugargano
Kachour
r~
t- .
I~ '
(.
I~~
C_
I' '
\-
I~'
L .
,,
{- I~\
I
L.
.- ,
03
o
12.7
o
o
8100
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
0.0 19
0.78
10,000
11,7425
0,050
5,678
0200
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
0.5
12,100
0.03
o
21505
o
0184
50,965
o
o
.05
o
o
utki
Lohan
058159
4,601
4.36 I
1,000
1,897
1384.900
65,4275
o
akoli'ara
Kaladana
o
8250
o
o
2660
o
0098
0060
0200
o
o
o
o
o
o
asala pat
o
o
epali dalchini
o
o
adamchal
Pakhanbed
i Ia
o
o
o
o
I.I
o
0,225
38606
o
Rassula
Rasulla
Ritha
ohmi
Salamdana
Sana stinta
Satabar
Sikakai
o
o
o
9000
o
o
o
o
o
I.I
o
o
0,114
o
o
o
200
o
30,268
ahuwa
a'itho
L
o
o
aha
,. -
o
o
Kakadsingi
unlojara
\ .
o
Harro
huanu
f~'
057158
0.8
o
adjbutj
Quanti Cron)
056157
o
tis
abi o
horla
Bhutkesh
ishina
Bo'ho
udani Phool
Chiraito
cmnamomum
Daichini
Daruhaldi
,--.
\-
, . I
'* -
Somlata
Sugandhakokila
GPat
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
0.08
i edi
o
4
o
38
58.64
ur
3.7
1804
74.
o
endu leaf
otal
104,560
17.25
4,250
183,3675
2018.723
81
~
^\
~-J
.
Annex6
\-,
NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Offices of selected Districts Development
Regions
Eastern Region
^--\
^-,
.-~
Table 6.1 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, lidyapur
NTFPs
Quanti
I
.-.
Ton
0581059
,
Amala
.050
Ban Lasun
1,756
Bel
.180
Chiraito
7,936
Jiwanti
1,650
Kurilo
1,995
Maitha
1,845
^-,
,.\
~
,-
---,
60,080
Ritha
,\
.098
Sal Ichoto
Satabari
2181
Sikakai
.500
Simal
.500
Tej at
27,490
-\
^J
Timur
.500
Total
106,761
Simal-khoto
..
I
Table 6.2 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Dhankuta
NTFPs
Quanti
-I
ton
,,
0581059
Salla Khoto
299,961
Khair
117,378
.-,
--\
Maiitha
8.99 I
Chiraita
4075
Ritha
2,430
Total
432,835
,,
-,
-\
.-,
^
82
-\
-^
,
,~
^
^
I
I_ .
^--.
,~'~*
Table 6.3 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Morong
Q"anti
ameofNTFPs
058159
0581059
itha
37,580
75160
Indriani
1,000
8000
.550
2750
.90 I
4505
Ma'itho
7450
14900
Chinato
.625
1875
Imur
.200
600
Bo'ho
.240
1200
Indriani fill ko
ata
Pila
L
,.
.
.600
12000
Kurilo
1200
2400
Lohan
.950
4750
e
\
r-
Revenue Rs
on
bokra
e aliDalchini
otal
.100
2000
51,396
130140
,--.
Table 6.4 NTFP collection ermits issued b District Forest Office, Sunsari
~
Revenue Rs.
057158
058159
059160
057158
058159
059160
Ritha
14,850
45,800
24,835
29700
91600
49670
i Ia
2,932
0,030
o
19660
150
o
6,180
0300
o
12360
600
o
Chinato
.240
2,700
1009
720
8100
3027
Imur
3100
2780
1800
9300
8340
5400
unio
0,390
1,230
0,350
780
2460
700
12,895
16,650
10,900
25790
33000
21800
0,050
o
0060
250
o
300
Sita hal
7,825
12,900
o
15650
25800
o
Bis Jara
o
0,425
o
o
2975
o
Dhupi Pat
o
0,700
o
o
1400
o
hi ure salla ko Pat
o
0900
o
o
1800
o
antal<an Phal
o
5,500
o
o
8250
o
n a Phal
o
1,500
o
o
1500
o
Cha u
o
0400
o
o
400
o
Kai o0 Phal
o
0850
o
o
850
o
ohan
o
0,200
10,000
o
1000
50000
Satawari
o
o
0,050
o
o
o
o
o
4,700
o
o
o
48,462
92,865
53,704
114210
184225
130897
! *
.-
Ton
Quanti
NameofNTFPs
,--
a'itho
\-
,-
Chabo
, - .
an
o
..-.
, - .
\-
(.- .
tf\
udraksh a
L_
otal
I.
,- ~
: .
I
\
83
I I
\,
!-
I_
,.
Table6. 5 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Siraha*
-,
NameofNTFPs
e' at
Q"anti
Ton
056157
05715
I8620
16.70
Revenue Rs
05815
o
--\
05615
05715
186200
16700
05815
I,
Bhorla Pat
o
21,000
Sabai Grass
o
88.00
o
o
44000
o
31,7505
o
6000
635 I
o
unlo Jara
otal
3,000
21,620
157,450
372,000
372,000
100500
18600
.^
--J
19220
317851
18600
---\
n e asiso aucion.
F~!
Table 6.6 Collection permit issued by District Forest Office, Sa tari
NameofNTFPs
Quaint'
056157
Khair
horla Pat
-
Ton
05715
Revenue Rs
05815
05615
05715
o
67.3
234,074
o
o
2.2
o
o
058159
r-,
2019
7022.22
^,
1100
o
,^.
Total
69.
234,074
311
7022.22
,.,
Central Region
,-~
Table 6.7 NTFP collection permits Issued by District Forest Off , Dh
NTFPs
.~-J
Quanti
ton)
,-..
0581059
0.15
ina a
Jibanti
.
0.17
,..
Kurilo
0.92
Musli
_I
3
Sikakai
0.75
Simal
-\
0.3
.^-,
Total
4,990
,-.
Table 6.8 NTFP collection permits Issued by District Forest Offi , M h tt
NTFPs
Quanti
.--..,
ton
0581059
Irai O
Pipla
Harro
Kurilo
Musli
Jibanti
Total
0.18
t-^
0.4
,-.
0055
-J
6.2
28.5
,,
0.17
^
35,505
84
~,
~-,
.
Table 6.9 NTFP collection ermitted b District Forest Office, Rautahat
Revenue Rs
Ton
Quaint'
ameofNTFPs
05615
05715
Sikakai Phal
2.30
3.82
urilo Jara
1.55
05815
05715
05615
05815
, ^.
,^.
.350
.650
290
255
1300
700
255
2400
20
1700
.850
.850
.800
in Ia Phal
o
.I
.850
o
awan Bokra
o
o
48.0
o
o
24000
12362
14910
26880
Simal Khoti
\
,-,
23400
11460
6912
7,800
otal
58.7
5.12
4.80
Table 6.10 NTFP collections ermined B District Forest Office, Sarlahi
058159
059160
No documentation
.70
057158
horla Pat
Pi Ia Phal
Sikakai
Revenue Rs
Ton
uanti
NameofNTFPs
35
3.5 Record has been lost.
Due to fire Casualty
In 2059-1-18
Kurilo
!~ '
059160
058159
057158
10500
.513
1539
.800
1600
usIi
.200
otal
5,731
1398
Musli-root, Sikal<ai-Fruit
Table 6.11 NTFP collection ermitted b District Forest Office, Bara
horla ko Pat
har Dhaddi
Bankas babi o
I_
Kurilo Jara
Sikakai Phal
Revenue Rs
Ton
Quanti
NameofNTFFs
{- .
056157
057158
10,500
12.30
27
30
5.25
118.4
.853
.200
2.87
o
058159
056157
057158
058159
3,800
5250
6150
1900
135
o
26250
o
1706.
o
o
15
o
59200
o
400
o
o
8637
o
24
o
o
120000
o
o
8000
awan Bokra
o
o
uriar'awa Bokra
o
o
otal
159.1
48,28202
28.8
hair
o
1185.44cft*
o
12990
42878.
6500
o
o
35700
* Khair has been sold in cft for purpose ofKatha.
Table 6.12 NTFP collection ermitted b District Forest Office, Farsa
Quanti
NameofNTFPs
,-
056157
Revenue Rs
Ton
057158
058159
056157
057158
058159
o
6,000
o
o
12000
o
horla bokra
o
16,000
14.00
o
8000
12500
Pawan Bokra
o
14.0
0.2
o
70000
1000
3.1
3
23.2
urilo Jara
otal
1200
7800
13500
I~
85
(-~
L_
.
.
I I
_I
,.,
Table 6.13 NTFP collection permitted by the District Forest Office, Makwanpur
NameofNTFFs
..-,
Quanti
Revenue Rs
on
056157
057158
058159
056157
057158
o
0,600
o
o
3000
058159
o
Amala
0200
0,070
1300
400
140
2600
Ban Lasun
0,155
o
o
1550
o
o
o
0,300
o
o
600
o
Aakdakda
Barro
I,
.
.-,
Bhorla ko bokra
0,500
o
5,000
500
o
5000
Bis
0062
o
o
434
o
o
Bisfej
3165
4,274
0700
22155
29918
4900
Bukephool
6,765
2,820
6930
13530
5640
13860
Chinato
2800
29,280
2,500
7400
87840
7500
Daichini
0101
0,300
o
2020
6000
o
Daru haldi
1,250
2,000
o
2500
4000
o
,-\
Gobresalla simta
o
12,500
o
o
25000
o
Halik
5,640
12,053
31800
1/280
24/06
63600
Harro
o
0,100
o
o
200
o
Jhayoo
137,400
20,000
6 1,500
1374000
200000
615000
Jibantii
10,487
36,524
18,340
31461
109572
55020
Karatchulti
o
1000
o
o
3000
o
Khoto
o
17,227
14,000
o
5 1682.5
42000
1090
1200
o
3270
3600
o
o
0100
o
o
400
o
Kurilo Jara
80,963
74,954
54.9 15
16/926
149908
109830
Laghupatra
0550
0200
o
2750
1000
o
Kukur Tarul
Kumkum Dhoop
Loothsalla
1.1
t^.:
f~,
^
,
o
0400
0500
o
10000
7500
Maiitha
17,726
13,700
31800
35452
27400
63600
Masala
o
o
2,517
o
o
2517
Pawan Bokra
1500
4,320
3,600
7500
21600
18000
Ritha
1,920
2,100
0075
3840
4200
150
14,550
o
o
29100
o
o
Sal dhoop
0,650
o
0240
3250
Setakchini
o
3400
0,700
o
17000
3500
Sikakai
5,800
2,400
1450
17400
7200
4350
Sugandhawal
0,400
o
o
6000
o
o
-,
.^-.
,
,.-^
.,
,-~
Sal ko simta
Tigedi
o
o
5,500
o
o
11000
5,225
11,300
16,000
5225
1/300
16000
Timur
0424
o
o
1272
o
o
Tukephool
0,052
o
o
104
o
o
805306.5
1047/27
299,375
253,322
259,367
1744319
,\
.,
1200
Tiarri
Total
---.
,--
^..
~-.
86
.-.,
._ I
,.
Table 6.14 NTFP collections permits issued by District Forest Office, Chitsvan
Quanti
NTFPs
Amia
0,174
0581059
0,339
0561057
348
0571058
o
Barro
2,823
o
3,523
5646
o
7046
Chiriato
0,125
o
o
375
o
o
Curioo
1,872s
o
3,765
9362.5
o
18825
0,003
o
1262
6
o
o
o
10,400
o
o
31200
11.4
o
12.45
22800
o
24900
Pawan bokra
o
o
4.5
o
o
22500
Ritha
o
o
0.5
o
o
1000
Setekchini
o
o
0.2
o
o
400
Sikakai
o
o
5
o
o
15000
16,3975
o
41,939
38537.5
o
123073
0561057
Harro
I~'
,
I'~'
I
I__
Revenue Rs
ton
0571058
o
Jiwanti
Kurilo
Total
7
Table 6.15 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Nawalparasi
L__
Quantity (ton)
NTFPs
0481049
0491050
0501051
0541055
0551056
0561057
0571058
058159
o
0.5
0,843
0.6
1.6
1.12
o
o
9.35
4.25
1,225
0.9 I
3,543
2.73
10.45
28.2 I
25
22.4
. -.
Belauni
Daichini
Kurilo
o
o
o
19/07
Ritha
o
2598
0.65
o
o
0,988
o
I 1.46
8,815
7.3
o
o
o
1705
3.4
32
14,296
18
23.8
o
o
o
o
o
o
48,188
26,808
46,215
42,771
47,700
54,931
L.
Satawari
,-..
Sikakai
Pipla
Total.
I
36,033
o
46.05
.
Table 6.16 NTFP collection ermits Issued b District Forest Office, Ru andehi
Quanti
NTFPs
ton
S
Revenue
057105
056,057
5000
1600
Amriso
0.8
0571058
2.5
0581059
o
Bilaune
46/05
52,455
14.1
16/050
224550
49350
Chinato
0,025
o
o
75
o
o
Dalchini
46.5 16
54,816
14,525
930320
1096700
290500
2,221
2.3
0,609
4442
4600
12/8
0.04
o
o
200
o
o
Pipla
Ritha
2,480
o
o
4960
Timur
4,272
1,985
o
12816
5955
o
Total
102.459
114,056
29,234
1/15463
1336805
34/068
0561057
^.. .
19.
Kurilo
~\
I'~ '
87
,
,^
,~I
Table 6.17 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Ka ilbastu
^
NTFPs
Ton
0571058
0581059
644.5
566.4
631.1
644500
566400
63 1100
Bojho
0.2
o
o
400
o
o
Kurilo
0193
o
o
386
o
o
Thakai
o
5.5
o
o
5500
o
644,893
571.9
631.1
645286
571900
63/100
Quanti
0561057
Babiyo
Total
Revenue Rs)
0561057
0571058
0581059
,.
^
^I
.
Western Region
,~*
Table 6.18 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Dan
NTFPs
Quanti
.-,
ton
0581059
Amala
Amalbed
Atis
Bhutkesh
Bishma
Bojho
Chiraito
Daichini
Kakadsingi
Kakolijara
Kaladana
Kurilo jara
Lohan
Maiitho
Padamchal
Pakhanbed
3106
4276
1,897
,--.
8100
\_I
0019
'~I
0120
I
03925
.--,.
5,678
21305
:_I
0500
0184
..^\
^I
14,239
^..
0,150
,-.
0,060
0200
.^,
0040
I'*
Ritha
51,520
Salamdana
L,
0,114
Satabar
,^
1993
Somlata
Sugandhakokila
Tejpat
Tigedi
0800
...
74,6688
.^-
1,005
.-J
4250
Timur
128,8325
I
Total
2867.57.3
-\
.^
r~\
88
-,
.
r~
I I
_I
,^:
Table 6.19 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Nepalganj, Banke
Quanti
NTFPs
ton
Total
0581059
0571058
Amala
0,800
o
0,800
Amriso
1000
1,000
2
Babiyo
o
1384.900
1384.900
Jugargano
Kurilojara
o
0,030
0,030
2,300
0,400
2,700
Maha
0,300
o
0,300
Mahuwa (flower)
0,500
0,098
0,598
Pipla
0,080
o
0,080
Rohini phal
Satawari
Sikakai
Tendu leaf
Total
o
1,100
1,100
0160
o
0,160
12,700
30,155
42,855
o
30,155
30,155
1447.838
1465.678
17,840
Table 6.20 NTFP collection permits issued by District Forest Office, Surkhet
NTFPs
Quanti
ton
0581059
Amalbed
0,085
Bojhojara
0,250
Chiraito
11,350
Jhyau
Kakadsingi phal
12,100
Kurilo Jara
26.55 I
Lohan
2,510
Main
0,200
Masalapat
0,200
Nepali Daichini
3965
Padamchal
Ritha
r
L_^
0,020
0,025
29,805
Somlata
1,004
SugandhawalJara
4,700
Tejpat
0,100
Timur
54,535
Total
147,400
89
II
L,
:
II
.--,
~~I
Table 6.21 NTFPS Collection permitissued by District Forest Office fB d'
^-,
NTFPs
Quanti
057105
adjbutj
ton
,^
056105
0551056
1.10
Kurilo
o
1.70
usuila
8.25
o
o
9.00
o
Sikakai
11.00
o
utki
38.00
o
Total
51.8
,.
17.2
Table 6.22 NTFP collections permits issued by District Forest Off , K I I'
NTFPs
L,
Quanti (ton
--.
0581059
1495
ina a
Bhorla ko bokra
42,3275
Bojho
0,4148
Daruhaldi
I I
0200
...-,
Harro
0050
ac ur ara
I"'
0500
Kurilo Jam
t-..-
1525
Nepali Dalchini
0812
Pakhanbed Jara
38206
Ritha
.^
23,235
Salla ko simta
2000
SatawariJara
^
1,805
Sikakai
0113
eJpa
43615
Total
I,
82.6594
Table 6.23 NTFP Collection permitissued by DrO, Kanchan ur-2058/59
S. N
NTFPs
Quanti
ora ea
I ac InI
an I
ton.
23,100
0050
00
10,000
0050
mon ea
otal
33.2
^
Revenue Rs.
23,900.00
1,000.00
20,000.00
50000
'I
L-
45,400.00
..^,
r~.
90
,^
r'~~
I I
I
I,
,^.
Annex7
L__
r
L'
Export ofNTIFPS From the Major Customs Points of Nepal
Table 7.1 Ex orts ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Kakarvitta
Rs
Ro al
ton
Quanti
NameofNTFPs
0571058 0581059 0551056 0561057 0571058 0581059
30932 312736 297278
25538
527
6183 6259.335
49635
11752
5847
527
68 832,558
57,363
0561057
0551056
5332
mriso
42.91
adjbutj
e' at
amboo
intel
a
Sutho
Total
3.3
7,885
10.1
267
15 I
391
835
345
23360
o
49.7
18
19/1
418,075
628.93
36970
56954
25 1.26
o
Resin& TU Gritine
Su andhakokila oil
1010
0.05
o
10383
o
o
o
2.09
o
o
3430
o
o
o
33,925
o
o
3285
o
o
6209.962 6839.92
o
o
o 341,505
38374
73918
30113.3 7126.10 263385.
41020
49949
Table 7.2 Exports ofNTFPs from Bhantabari Customs Office, Sunsari
amboo
adjbuti
el
I^
\-
et
o
o
104,129
73,393
o
1093000
O.
o
2
o
2900
o
o
3.19
o
3300
o
o
3000
o
300
o
0.15
o
2.2
o
o
o
0.02
o
o
Pater
Total
o
16000
875
Ritha
atha
0581059
186000
o
13.7
e' at
o
o
96040.45
o
Rs
0571058
056,057
0581059
0571058
0561057
innso
Ro al
ton
Quanti
NameofNTFPs
675750
1245
o
o
1304800
o
o
67809
96995.2
120,029
o
300
I 10
Table 7.3 Exports ofNTFPs from Biratnagar Customs Office, :\'10rang
Quanti
NameofNTFPs
0561057
Rs
0581059
0571058
0561057
0581059
1546/2
1161
1398
7602
7915
3923
3640
innso
40.9 11
47,723
udraksha
94,615
44.9
51.08
a'itho
25,145
31316
16,309
2675
3572
1079
Chiraito
74,757
54.7 I
12,632
10261
10029
2170
131,737
43,982
o
7497
2740
o
o
Ritha
,^
Ro al
ton
0571058
19,205
o
o
1790
o
68,555
204,206
48.3 16
11800
40416
o
0.65
o
o
178
atha
o
o
12
o
o
e' at
o
o
4,291
o
o
adjbuti(with-Lohan)
Resin
adjbuti(with pi to
Total
454,925
427.52
299.2
43099
6225
o
00
478
85333
r
L.
91
L_
~^,
,
^,
Table 7.4 Exports ofNTFPs from SarlahiCustoms Office, Sarlahi
^,
NameofNTFPs
Quanti
Ro al
0571058
0571058
16.6
9300
7
3500
2.3
1150
I.I
500
2,036
1100
Kurilo Jara
Ma 'itha
Ta an
IWantl
Chiraito
InnaSi
.^,
^.
^-,
0026
200
omlata
-.
500
Halik
2.5
Haleso
2.5
1200
35,062
18650
1200
^\
Total
^,
Table 7.5 Exports of NTFPs from Vittamor Custom's office, Mahottar'
NameofNTFPs
Quanti
K
Revenue (Rs. )
059
I a
0591060
0571058
0581059
9600
35
320
39225
2
Dried in er
218621
2200
Ginger
95000
92600
5302
3
9560
82500
128605
4
Jiwanti
o
o
0591060
.^
26035
18800
'~I
Table 7.6 Exports ofNTFPs from Gaur Customs Office, Rhutahat
--,
NameofNTFPs
Quanti
ton
056105
OtO
Ima o
Ro a
057105
056105
Rs
3.4
o
Kurilo 'ara
17,462
2375
22 107
6300
ITai O
11,655
1000
13640
3000
,
,-.
057105
1727
^.,
at a
,--.
2.22
o
51890
o
IruiaSi
1,298
7,880
4092
23660
aiui
4,142
0250
3542
7500
O. I
o
2000
o
a Iyo
4
13,000
16000
130000
Ia ai
18,029
o
5236
o
e aliJadibuti
3 1,348
0700
1745
2100
0,128
o
704
o
Is ae
Is ara
Iwan I
.^
5,200
1,500
15600
0389
o
7700
o
2,500
o
8200
o
o
0500
o
5000
awan bark
o
1500
o
15000
awan bark & Kurilo 'am
as, Chulth a & Ninnasi
o
1.50
o
4500
o
0,365
o
o
1.08
ITai
InnaSi,
ae
ina e
urio ara
ora o Bark
ITai o
ninnasi
usIi & Yakieabir
otal
o
101,871
45000
-,
-^
1500
1154o
3.70
35.3
^
o
125835
1/100
34990
-,
92
^.
.-.
'*
.
Table 7.7 Exports ofNTFPs from Birg"nj Customs Office, Bam (Export to India)
Nameof
NTFPs
0551056
r~
Ro al
Quanti
0571058 0581059
056105
055105
0561057
0571058
0581059
132173000 67662000 5417000
<atha
117.7
173,288
193.3
104,445 5143900
<utch
145.3
170,275
3
184.96 1600500
6177000
o 373300
3948000
18/4000
o
12640000
o
o
adjbuti
236
176.63
68,081
o
17.
o
esin
49
otal
537.79
o
50400 79407000
264,381 289.40 7117700 15493800 6998000 84824000
Table 7.7 (a): Exports ofNTFPs from Birgunj Customs Office, Bara (Export to India)
NTFPs
Quantity (ton)/ Revenue
Rudrakcha
Chiraito
551.87
o
o
o
o
4,500
2949750
4561816
4,000
2193801
o
o
11,520
o
o
5000
1053241
8,359
3501437
11,520
4561816
9,000
3247042
Others
Total
0581059
0571058
0561057
3,859
Table 7.8 Exports ofNTFPS from Customs Office, Bhairahawa
I~~
NTFPs
0561057
\-.
Revenue(Rs)
Quantity (ton)
0581059
0571058
056, '057
0571058
0581059
Dalchini
78,094
34,920
18,960
8606
3830
2086
Jadibuti
158,724
194,732
0,018
10765
18220
5363
54,360
1,210
0,018
2734
67
536
o
14,105
403,623
o
9844
199076
244,967
422,691
22/05
31961
2070/6
Timur
Cardamom
291,178
Total
Table 7.9 Exports ofNTFPs from Kishannagar Customs Office, Kapilbastu
^ameOf
NTFPs
adjbuti
Revenue
Quanti
0541055 0551056 0561057 0571058 0581059 0541055.0551056 0561057 0571058 0581059
93,792 148,911 164,359 157,482 87,454 3009826!4692000 7641000 6124000 3592000
o
o
o
5
o1
o
o
o
o
o
6
01
o
o
30
endu Leaf
o
o
o
30
o1
o
o
150
abi o
o
o
o
4
o
o
o
20
hakal
Bhorla at
25
^
Total
93,792 148,911 164.35 157,482 132,454 300982d469200 764100 6124000 359222
Note: Jadibutiinclude Chiraito, Kurilo jam, Tetipati, Timur, Daichini, Ritha, Amalbed, Pakanbed,
Padmachal, Jiwanti, Maiitha, and Kaladana
L__
93
I.
L_.
.
I
I
Table 7.10 Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Nepalgunj(to India)
-.
NTFPs
Quanti
ton
0531054
0541055
0551056
0581059
Total
33,638
28,750
25,000
0561057
22,500
0571058
Amala
17,800
11,873
139,561
Amalbed
30,267
46,267
33,048
30,555
35.1 58
25,113
200,408
6,206
43,042
7053
7,759
3,291
43,578
-
48.9 11
53,756
27,348
289,270
I
Atis
Bhutkesh
Bo'ho
9,960
9,309
5 1,650
64,563
4,144
2,832
3,255
3,611
1.74 I
80,146
Chiraito
Ch au
52,113
64,563
49,632
33,088
37,600
30,672
19,720
222,825
9,582
11,375
3900
4840
4,980
3,379
38,056
Daichini
57.550
54,810
45,676
5 1,905
41,953
21,116
273,010
Jatamasi
57.336
88.2 10
66.3 15
75,358
85,452
56,968
429,639
kotel (litre)
0620
1,433
1,113
7,544
2,641
1.48 I
14,832
Kakadsin hi
12/24
100 10
7,700
8,850
10,055
5077
53,816
.
L,
Jatamasi
,.
t__,
Kaladana
0375
0,452
0340
0,825
1,233
0,725
3,950
Kurilo
59,162
71,280
53,594
60,905
60,252
38,835
344,028
Others
10.736
26,374
31/11
36,704
26,064
15,575
146,564
Padamchal
6,244
6938
5,216
5892
8,710
3.94 I
36,941
Pakhanbed
44,320
40,291
26.86 I
30,524
33,433
23 .88 I
199,310
238,350
1949.621
Ritha
214,293
370,705
354,551
37,4197
397,525
Satuwa
9802
11,810
8748
10,055
8340
3560
52,315
Sikakai
123,744
112,494
83,329
95.78 I
100,376
80.30 I
596,025
4063
8808
6,525
11,680
5,425
2170
38,671
Timur
44,149
237,867
176,198
200.255
193,231
138.821
990,521
2860
2288
1720
2,355
4,220
3220
16,663
838,732
13/8.229
10/6.1/3
1/27.544
1132.646
726,486
6159.750
Total
.-^
,.
-^,
,-.
Te'pat
Tite ati
-\
.
-^
^I
.
Table 7.11 Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Kailali(to India)
NTFPs
Quanti
I~\
ton
^J
0571058
Te' at
0581059
12,250
o
6700
4980
42.5 12
1,692
Bet
Raindana
Ritha
Sallako Khoto
Jadibuti
55,960
51,120
2551.146
2299.388
o
3,925
o
18,050
2668.568
2424.155
Kubhindo
I
^
.
.^.
Total
.
Table 7.12 Exports ofNTFPs from Customs Office, Kanchanpur(to India)
NTFPs
ladibuti
Quanti
K
0571058
0581059
Total
231000
318205
549205
Bet
140165
769
140934
Total
371165
318974
690139
--,
.
--.
--\
94
.-,
.'*
.
,-~
-J
\
I__
Annex8
Quantity ofNTFF's Traded (Information based on Trade Center/I'mders)
Table 8.1 NTFP Information based on Trade Centerin'raders: Birtamod, Jhapa
Panchthar
Taplejun!
Birtamod
Ma'orNTFPS In trade
,~
I,
Avera e uanti
ton traded in Year (0571058
Chiraito
Bu in
rice
6.5
100-150
1.2
100-150
ImUr
2
50-60
awan Bark
5
70-80
Sikakai
2
40-55
e' at
7
20-25
unlo Jara
Note: Pakaging cost of these NTFps @ Rs20/ 50 kg bundle
Table 8.2 NTFP Information based on Trade Centerru'raders: Dharan, Sunsari
Basantapur
Hile
Dhankuta
Tehrathum
Bhojpur
Letang
r'.
Dharan
r'
Ma'or NTFPS In trade
Avera e uanti
(ton traded in Year (0571058)
Chiraito
100-120
itha
400
12-15
Ma itho
5
28-30
Dalchini
4
20
140
15-30
156
15-17
5
100-120
650
12-15
10
30-35
0.3
50-70
e' at
unlo Jara
i Ia
an a
L _-
rice
20-50
Sutho
I~
Bu in
Indrini ko seed
Note: Processing cost for allNTFPs @ Rs 501bora.
95
L^
.
-~*
.^,
Table 8.3 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/Traders: Kancha" ur, Sa to '
Mariahari
Dhankuta
Phatepur
Hile
Basantpur
.
Sidhuli
.
.
,
~~
I
.,
Kanchanpur
,-..
.--,
Ma'or NTFPS In trade
I a ai
Avera e uantity (ton)traded in Year(0581059)
-50
Buyino price
^\
15-30
Salla Khoto
5-6
15-35
Kurilo
10
100-150
Maitho
12
28.30
4
25-30
at
ej
.
^
--.,
I
alchini
40-45
Pipla
--.
2
15-30
Innasi
300-400
.-\
Note: processing cost @ Rs 501Bora
.-\
Table8.4NTFPlnformationbasedonTradeCenter/Traders:Chandra h ,R t h
Rautahat
Sindhuli
'I
Bardibas
^~
^\
II
.
Chandranigahapur
-~I
.
Ma'or NTFPS In trade
Avera e uanti
I a ai
Kurilo
i Ia
00n)traded in Year(0581059)
Bu in
rice
10
20-30
5
100,150
.-,
--\
15-20
ote: Processing cost @ 50\ BOTa
:---,
.^.
,-,
,-.
.-,
96
-\
-^-.
--,
^.-
.
.
-
Table 8.5 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/I'raders: Hefunda, Makawanp"r
L
r'
Dhankuta
Tehrathum
Bam
Rasuwa
Jin
Pathat
I~ ~
Sindhuli
southern part ofLalitpui
Kaski
Makawanpur
Hetauda
Nawalparasi
Lainjung
Parsa
I.
Ma'or NTFPs in Trade
r'~
I,
,--.
\ .
,-
I.
vera
e Q"anti
ton in Year 0581059
Bu in
rice
38
100,150
68
100-160
9
70-80
Harro
2
40
us Ii
5
15
26
120
iwanti
11
70-80
Maitho
35
15.20
alik
15
27-28
unio
h au
mala
hiraito
20-30
o'ho
r-
8
40
i adj
10
100-120
akuli
1.2
60
atamasi
Simal Khoto
1.4
185-200
Bikh
0.4
20-30
Ban Lasun
0.5
70-75
0.03
30-35
e aji Musali
Note: Processing and packaging cost @ Rs 51kg
,.
.
J- -.
I,
,
-.
97
^,
I
.
.
I
.-,
,
Table 8.6 NTFP Information based on Trade Center/Traders: Ne al an', B k D' t ' t
Humla
Jumla
Kalikot
DoIPa
Bardia
.
Banke
.
.-,
Nepalganj
,
.^,
Ma'or NTFPsln trade
mala
inalved
Avera e uanti traded myear 0581059
Bu in
25-30000
28-30
rice
35000
70-75
tis
6--7000
180-200
Barro
12-15000
9--10
horla Bark)
25-30000
10--12
Bhutkesh
80-85000
65-70
Bikh
20-2200
100-120
Bikhma
30-3200
110-120
Bo'ho
10-12000
2428
350-400000
50-55
Chiraito
30-32000
160-180
Chulthi
4--5000
65-70
Daichini
28-30000
30-35
2000
140-150
Dhupi
30-35000
25-35
Dhu 'adj
80-85000
70-75
3800.4000
4000-4200
6--8000
11-12
180-200000
130-140
10--11000
40-45
7--8000
150-200
akoli
12--1500
70-75
Kurilo
60-65000
160
orki
55-60000
160
Ma'itho
5--6000
25-30
9--10000
4042
,-\
..
^I
^
-^.
udhani
.-,
.-.~
^
^
^
Daruhaldi
Gucchich au
Harro
atamasi
Jiwanti
Kakadsin i
Musli
Innasi
.^:
,-.~
I
.,.-
.-...
,^ .~
^.^
I~\
^,
500-800
250.130
Okhar bokra
2000-2200
125-130
adamchal
9--10000
40-45
akhanbet
22-24000
14-15
Panchaunle
800-1000
1000-1200
-J
-\
.--J
98
,-.
~..,
~\
I I
^.,
-^
.
i Ia
35-40000
110-130
itha
300.320000
12--14
Salamdana
^,
10000
90-110
Satuwa
4--5000
160
Sikakai
80-85000
13-15
Somlata
15-16000
40.45
Su andhawala
80-100000
150
Su andhakokila
60-70000
65-75
80-90000
12-. 14
3000
60-70
140-145000
70-75
e' at
edi
~ - .
Imur
^.
Table 8.7 NTFP Information based on Trade Centre/Traders, Surkhet, District
,..,
Surkhet
Saylan
..--
Surkhet
,- .
Ma'or NTFPsln trade
,. .
uant'
ton traded in Year 0581059
Bu in
rice
o'ho
6000
15-18
alchini
7000
20-25
20,000
130-140
unio
akhanbed
32.00
Ritha
,-
vera e
21,000
,
Samayo
e
at
jinur
Total
7--8
36.00
50-55
22.00
10--11
23,000
60-65
167
~..
.-
,
-'~*
99
.. .
-
.
.
I.
I
I
;^
,-\
Table 8.8 NTFP Information based on Trade Centre/Traders: Dan District.
..-,
,-^
Jt\jarkot
Do IPa
Saylan
Pyutha
Rolpa
I
Dang
.-,
\
--,
'~~I
Dang
.^,
,-\
Major NTFPs
Average quantity
Traded ear ton)
in trade
Buying price
(058159)
ae
1000
Chiraito
3000
200
Daichini
10,000
20
uri o
26,000
13 5
100,800
9
10,400
65
Ritha
-,
.^
^
u andhakokila
Su andhawal
Imur
Total
1500
80
2750.000
90
I
.._I
2902.7
.-,
Table 8.9 NTFP Information based on Trade Centre/I'raders: Kanal' D' t ' t
.-\
.,^
AChham
Baitadi
Baihang
Dadeldhur
Kailali
:, ,
^,
,--.
Kailali
Major NTFPsln trade
Average quantity Traded year
,;
Buying price (058159)
~-,
Bo'ho
5000
15-20
utro
2000
140
aC InI
8000
art o
300
45-50
50-55
a anbed
2000
12.14
I a
8500
10
ama o
8500
Te' at
18000
Total
,-,
..^.~
18.22
52300
,-.-
,-\
100
I
.,
r.
^
-
,
Table 8.10 NTFP Information based on Trade Centre/Traders: Rupandehi District
Palpa
r~
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
Syanja
,.-.
I_
Rupandehi
Ma'or NTFPs in Trade
alchini
Avera e Quanti
ton in ear 0581059
14
Bu in Price
30-35
unio
4
Imur
4
60-70
0.7
30.40
Bilauni Bark
130-150
L
I_
,^,
!,
,- \
\
,
I~
L
101
r~
,
\---
.
.
\-,
..
Annex9
^
Imports ofNTFPsfrom Prominentlmdian Markets
'~'I
Table 9.1
Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Centre by Excel Dru House,
^-,
KOIkota (2001)
Ma'or NTFPs
A1aichi
~\
uanti Traded K
20000
Market Price NRs/ K
400
Amala
Atis
30000
60
2000
560
Bo'ho
10000
48
Chiraita
10000
272
Jatamasi
5000
168
Kakarsin hi
2000
208
NA
48
Maitho
Ritha
50000
16
Satawari
20000
112-208
Satuwa
10000
Sikakai
35000
36.8
Silajit
2000
240
Su andhawal
5000
160
50000
48
Timur
20000
140
Total
192000
Sutho
^
,..
..,
,-,
~-.
-.
--.,
-I
-,
,.-.
Table 9.2 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Kanpur (2000)
NTFPs
Quanti
Sugandha Kokila
jinur
6
ton
Via Krishana Nager
30
Via Krishana Na
er
Via Krishana Na
er
atamasi
7
Satawari
20
Via Krishana Na
er
Dried Gin er
40
Via Krishana Na
er
Daichine
25
Via Krishana Na
er
3
Via Krishana Na
er
0.6
Via KrishanaNa
er
Jatamasi oil
Winter eenoil
Total
.
Route
,-~
-,
^
,
.
131.6
,--.
.-,
--.~
^
.-.
.,
102
.-,
,-^
..^,
~'I
I_ .
Table 9.3 Annual Imports ofNTFPsfrom Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Lucknow (2000)
TFPs
Q"anti Im orted ton
Total Demand ton
^.
tied Gen er
100
Pakhanbed
,--
70
ImUr
30
alchini
100
itha
120
Sikakai
15
Satawari
7
ichen
10
atamasi oil
70
almarosa oil
40
GinOn
600
ass oil
500
Gin er oil
552
otal
Table 9.4. Annual Import ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Kannauj
NTFPs
Su andha kokila oil
atam asi oil
Quanti
jin orted ton
otalDemand ton
0.2
0.25
atamasi
20
ichen
10
,^^
\
Su andhakokila
otal
100
6
100
36.45
200
,^--
,--
,
f *
, . ,
103
.
.
I I
\--
^-.
Table 9.5Annuallmports ofNTFPsfrom Nepal by Indian Trad C t : D Ih'
Major NTFPsimported from Nepal
Buying rate
To uarii ora
aC InI
Inn@mom"in lama/a (bark)
a" inI@ voh/Ii(bark)
Innomom"in lama/a (leaf)
or a
e
a
o
o
ACor"s calamus
IC enS
a awar
As oro Is racemos"s
Nardosi@ch s randi oro
a amanSI
I a
I er 10n
I amu
Pi er 10n
Imur
win (Fruit)
in (Root)
grrrhox I"in arm@I"in
Q ind"s markorossi
I a
a am aria
roc yco, y!his o6cordaio
a aan a
ina a
u an awa
Is
a ane
Rawvo/, a 38r en!ino
Ph nanih"s ginb/ICO
Average annual
IRS
Im ortfrom Ne a
160-180
400
28-30
220
20-22
250
24
350
25
120
40-50
300
100-160
300
100-110
180
85
10
120-125
15
60-70
75
10-1 I
700
50
200
a errand aidingnsii
90-95
120
coniiz, in herero hy//"in
1000
12
17
300
160.200
16
" 10 inari'ith
35
a a Sin I
325
is!deja chinensis
125
u a a
8
urinea do/omioeo
70
300
100-150
35-40
150-160
225
225
30-35
400
30
300
100
8
ai o
ar ora
amc a
e"in oars!rQ/e
Ita
Irai O
It a
Irai o
Iain
wer!10 chiroy, jin
weri!a s
CdCIQ 11,
I aaar
nc aun e
Is
" OnSIe Ia
epa I
a a
UCC I
ina e
a O I
Jiwanti
Q!a
coni!"in 8FOX
e{ohini"in himdidyoi
250
15
yric0 85c"/enjo (bark)
20
50
Fiji ona o1rrhoso
E hemeronih@
Bis hase
Popy oat"in v"/ ore
Su andhakokila
Gin"Qinomz, ing/@11cescens
~-,
-.
,_I
..-\
-.
--,
--.\
,.
^
15
1200
gum o213ifd/e ( GtiOle)
,-.
..-,
ac4y/orhi, a ho!a if. ea
orche//a conico
-
8
30-35
artspob, phy//a
,,
^-
90
200-225
Ber enjo cilia!a
uwa
~-,
-\
.-,
3400
7
90
40
,^
,
,
,
I
Total
.
6112
--~
^
.
.--.
104
-\
.
r~\
,- ,
I~
f~^
~,
.--..
I~~'
Table 9.6 Annual Imports ofNTFPs from Nepal by Indian Trade Center, Tanakpur
Major NTFPsimported from Nepal
r~
*_
- .
Ne at
80
Pierorhizoscro hularii ore
100-125
Daichini
Cmn@momz, in tomola (bark)
Bat, hinia v@hlii(bark)
Cmn@momz, in lama!a (leaf)
30-35
15-18
20
20
50
120
20
140
100-125
80
100
80
As ora t's racemost, s
Jammansi
Naydostoch s andiora
Pila
70-80
3
Pi ininul
Pi or 10n I'm (Fruit) '
Pi or 10n in (Root)
100
6
Timur
Zan!hox min grind!urn
55-60
10
Ritha
So inch, s markorossi
10
350
Salamdana
Brach co thisobcordo!a
RQt!vo/ IQ ser eniina
75-80
2.5
15
Amala
Acorus calamus
Lichen s
50
200
Bo ho
Jh au
Satawar
Sa a andha
^-~
Average annual
Importfrom
Kutki
Bhorla
Te' at
.
Buying rate
(IRS/ICg)
190-210
Su andhawal
Ph nanih"s ginbiico
Paleriono 'atomonsii
Atis
Aconitum herero h 11"in
Pakhanbed
Ber eni@ ciliaia
Satuwa
paris o!y hy!/a
120-150
5
Maitho
Rubia inari'ith
80
4
30
60-65
90
90
850
5
13-15
120
Kakadsingi
Ptstocio chinensis
28.30
110-120
Dhu Iakad
luringa do/Qinioeo
55-60
50
Okhar bokra
IIJ tons re in
I 10
50
Padamchal
Rhez, in dustyale
Chiraito (Tita)
Chiraito (Mitha)
Swertio chira jig
Sikakai
Acacia r"
Swertia s
o10
Total
30-35
8
100-120
30
20-25
80
20-25
60
1828.5
,
I~'.
I
.
--\
105
I~'
I, ,
I
:_!
.^J
Table 9.7 Percentage of MajorHerbs Supplied to DelhiMarket b Diff t C
Medicinal Herbs
\-,
Ne al %
Bhutan 9'0
India %
atomansi
85
5
10
Dhu Jadi
25
Pakisthan %
.
75
h au
15
Kutki
75
5
20
Salamdana
40
10
50
85
..^,
Gucchi
5
Chiraito
60
Kakoli
70
Bo'ho
20
10
70
Okhar bokra
10
5
85
Panchaunle
40
20
40
Su andhawal
75
5
20
'I
Ritha
35
5
60
-. I
95
,^
Iwanti
tis
tis (Ne aji)
40
\
30
85
15
5
95
,
.
100
.^,
Timur
100
Satawar
60
40
Kakadsinghi
10
20
.
. --,
Su andhakokila
Maiitho
70
100
5
.
^I
95
^,
^I
^
--\
.--,
-\
\-J
,-~
,.-.
..-,
r~-
,^.
106
,
.-,
,^.
\,