annual report 최종 - International Vaccine Institute

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Annual Report 2013
Letter from the Acting Director General
Dear Friends,
I am pleased to present IVI’s 2013 Annual Report. IVI was established in 1997 with
the mandate to develop and introduce vaccines in developing countries against deadly
infectious diseases that afflict the most vulnerable and poor. Over 16 years of existence,
IVI has played a unique and important role - we are the only international
organization based in Asia dedicated to vaccines and vaccination for developing
countries, and we are one of the very few nonprofit organizations with a vaccine
portfolio that comprises of a vaccine approved by the World Health Organization
(WHO).
The year 2013 was one of successes and challenges for IVI. It was a year of financial
challenges but despite the issues, we continued to press on in our vaccine research and
development and in our programs.
John Morahan
Acting Director General and Chief Financial Officer (CFO)
We made significant progress in the fight against cholera, building on our past
achievements with the inactivated oral cholera vaccine (OCV) that IVI reformulated
and developed in collaboration with partners from Sweden, Vietnam, and India. The
OCV was tech-transferred to a manufacturer in India, and the vaccine (ShancholTM)
was licensed and WHO-prequalified in 2011. In 2013, IVI continued to work on
optimizing the use of the OCV and on facilitating its uptake in settings with endemic
and epidemic cholera.
Some of the notable achievements made in these areas include a publication in The Lancet Infectious
Diseases of findings from five years of follow-up of a phase III trial of the OCV, which showed that the
vaccine provides sustained protection at about 65 percent for at least five years, a major milestone that no
other cholera vaccine has shown so far. A bridging trial with the OCV was completed in Ethiopia - the
first trial of its kind for the cholera vaccine in Africa - that should pave the way for its widespread use in
this country. We completed a mass vaccination demonstration project with the OCV in Odisha, India,
proving that vaccination using the existing public health infrastructure is feasible. Based on this evidence,
the Odisha state government is planning to conduct vaccinations for at-risk tribal groups.
Last but not least, we are pleased that the GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance made a commitment in late 2013 to
support the global stockpile for oral cholera vaccines over the next five years. The stockpile will increase
access to the OCV in outbreaks and in endemic settings. To ensure a sufficient supply of the OCV for the
global market, IVI has been working with a second tech transfer partner, EuBiologics of South Korea on
clinical development and manufacturing of the OCV.
We continued to progress on the development of a new vaccine against typhoid. IVI formulated a typhoid
conjugate vaccine based on conjugation technology from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and in
2013, transferred the technology to two partners, SK Chemicals of South Korea and PT Biofarma of
Indonesia. Clinical development of the vaccine is ongoing, and we anticipate the vaccine will be WHOprequalified in the next few years.
Our dengue work also continued through the Dengue Vaccine Initiative (DVI), a consortium led by IVI
that aims to accelerate the development and introduction of dengue vaccines. DVI has been funded by the
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and in 2013, it was granted new funding from the Foundation to
continue its work. In addition, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) became
a donor and is supporting the development of a dengue vaccine candidate in Brazil and Vietnam.
02
Our International Advanced Course on Vaccinology in the Asia-Pacific Region marked its thirteenth year
in 2013. The course, which takes place at IVI’s headquarters, aims to provide vaccine professionals from
developing countries a comprehensive overview of vaccinology. Over 60 attendees from 22 countries
including Bangladesh, China, India, Nigeria, Thailand, and Vietnam participated in the course.
Our collaborations with various groups in South Korea, IVI’s host country, continued to be strong. In
addition to SK Chemicals and EuBiologics, some of our partners include the Korea National Institute for
Health for joint research projects, and Seoul National University’s School of Engineering for an innovative
project that will pilot-test renewable energy sources for vaccine cold chain and delivery in Nepal. LG
Electronics and Kia Motors are supporting cholera vaccine introduction projects in Ethiopia and Malawi,
respectively.
Equally important, we continued to implement the organizational changes initiated in 2012 in order to
strengthen the Institute’s governance, management and operations. As part of efforts to make sure that we
deliver on our projects, program management was introduced in 2013. New positions were created such as
program leads for our cholera, enteric fever and dengue franchises, and a grant manager.
Funding was a prominent issue in 2013 but we reduced our deficit by 64 percent compared with 2012
(refer to the 2013 Financial Summary for more details). Our major stakeholders also responded
accordingly. A new agreement was established with the Korean Ministry of Education (the ministry that
oversees IVI within the Korean government) that should help ensure a more stable base for core funding
from our host country. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) provided an
additional contribution. We have also been communicating more with our signatory countries as part of
an effort to engage in a more meaningful dialogue about IVI with our stakeholders. For example, a
Vaccine Diplomacy Forum was convened by IVI and the Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs in April 2013
that invited diplomatic representatives from IVI’s signatory countries based in Seoul.
I would like to thank the Government of the Republic of Korea, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,
and Sida for their continued trust and confidence in IVI. In particular, I would like to thank the Korean
Ministry of Education and the National Assembly for their strong support of IVI in 2013. I also thank
BMBF and our Korean partners LG Electronics, Kia Motors, and the Korea Support Committee for IVI
(KSC) for their support, in addition to numerous other donors and supporters.
Looking forward, IVI will be continuing efforts to diversify our funding and to increase funding for core
and project support. Despite the financial challenges, IVI remains dedicated to bringing new vaccines to
poor populations and to help bridge the gap between vaccines and vaccination. We are committed to our
mission of discovering, developing, and delivering safe, effective and affordable vaccines for developing nations.
Sincerely,
John Morahan
Acting Director General and Chief Financial Officer (CFO)
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Annual Report 2013
IVI IN BRIEF
In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated a total
of 6.9 million children below the age of five died. Among the
deaths, fifty-eight percent were from infectious diseases, and the
majority was in Africa and South Asia. Many of these deaths can
be prevented by vaccination. Vaccines are one of the most costeffective tools in public health and have contributed greatly to the
prevention and control of infectious diseases in the 20th century.
Thanks to vaccines, smallpox was eradicated and efforts are
currently being made to eliminate polio and measles. While
children in developed countries have benefitted from vaccination,
many children in developing countries remain unprotected against
potentially fatal vaccine-preventable diseases.
The International Vaccine
Institute (IVI) was founded in
1997 as an initiative by the
United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) who
recognized there was a need for
an independent international
organization with the mandate
to improve the health of
children in developing nations through vaccines and vaccination.
IVI’s mission is to discover, develop and deliver safe, effective and
affordable vaccines. Headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, IVI’s
host country, IVI has thirty-five signatory countries and WHO to
its Establishment Agreement.
04
“Lab bench to community” approach
IVI’s vaccine research spans from “bench to community.” IVI is
involved in all aspects of bringing a vaccine to reality from:
discovering new vaccine technology and developing a new vaccine
or improving an existing one; transferring the technology and
providing training and technical support to developing country
vaccine manufacturers; developing assays and conducting clinical
trials for licensure and WHO prequalification; and generating
scientific evidence for global- and national-level decision makers
and donor agencies.
To do all of this, IVI works in collaboration with the international
scientific community, public health organizations, governments,
and industry.
•Number of IVI staff: 138
•Countries represented by IVI staff: 14
•Number of countries where IVI works: 27
Bangladesh, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Colombia,
North Korea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau,
India, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Madagascar, Malawi,
Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Senegal, South Africa, South
Korea, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam
Annual Report 2013
Geographical Range of IVI’s Work in 2013
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Annual Report 2013
2013 MILESTONES
•Publication in The Lancet Infectious Diseases of findings from
•Funding granted from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
five years of follow-up of a Phase III trial of an oral cholera
vaccine developed through IVI. This clinical trial, which
assessed vaccine safety and protective efficacy in ~67,000
individuals one year and older in Kolkata, India, found the
vaccine provided sustained protection at about 65 percent for a
least five years, a major milestone that no other cholera vaccine
has shown thus far.
for two enteric fever projects: 1) late-stage preclinical development
of a new bivalent conjugate vaccine that protects against typhoid
and paratyphoid fever; and 2) continuation of the Typhoid
Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP), which aims to
generate scientific evidence on the burden of typhoid and other
invasive Salmonella infections in Africa.
•Funding granted from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
•Completion of a mass cholera vaccination demonstration project
in a rural endemic community in Odisha, India, which showed
that the oral cholera vaccine can be delivered through the existing
public health infrastructure. This was the first demonstration
project of its kind in India with the oral cholera vaccine. Based
on the results, the Odisha state government is planning to conduct
more vaccinations in remote areas targeting at-risk tribal groups.
•Establishment of a global cholera vaccine stockpile, using the
oral cholera vaccine (ShancholTM) developed through IVI. In
late 2013, GAVI decided to contribute towards the stockpile to
increase access to oral cholera vaccines in outbreak situations and
to further a learning agenda on the use of cholera vaccines in
endemic settings. GAVI agreed to support increase of the
stockpile capacity from two million doses to 20 million doses
over the next five years. The stockpile, managed by WHO, is a
novel mechanism through which the cholera vaccine will be
made available to vulnerable populations to control cholera.
and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
(BMBF) for work in dengue. The Gates Foundation has been
supporting the Dengue Vaccine Initiative (DVI), an initiative
led by IVI, and has granted new funding to DVI to continue its
work in paving the way for dengue vaccine introduction. The
German grant, a first for IVI and DVI, will cover provision of
technical assistance and support to Vabiotech (Vietnam) and
Instituto Butantan (Brazil) for the development of their dengue
vaccine candidates.
•A total of 66 publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals
by IVI scientists. Some highlights include the five-year efficacy
results of the IVI-developed oral cholera vaccine (OCV) in The
Lancet Infectious Diseases,1 demonstration of herd protection by
the OCV in Clinical Infectious Diseases,2 and description of an
enzyme-linked immunospot assay to measure vaccine-induced
immune responses in human blood in Nature Protocols.3 For the
complete list of publications, please see the Appendices.
•Technology transfer for a new typhoid conjugate vaccine made
to SK Chemicals of South Korea and PT Biofarma of Indonesia.
IVI is working with tech transfer partners, SK Chemicals and
Biofarma, on clinical development and manufacturing of a new
typhoid vaccine (Vi-DT conjugate vaccine) with the intent of
getting the vaccine WHO-prequalified.
•Preliminary analyses of typhoid fever surveillance data from
African field sites indicate considerable typhoid fever burden at
sites in Kenya, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Madagascar and Tanzania.
A significant proportion of Salmonella Typhi isolates in Ghana
and Kenya were found to be multi-drug resistant. These
findings may impact policy decisions on the prevention and
control of typhoid. The results are being written up for
publication in 2014.
1
Bhattacharya SK, Sur D, Ali M, Kanungo S, You YA, Manna B, Sah B, Niyogi SK, Park JK, Sarkar B, Puri MK, Kim DR, Deen JL, Holmgren J, Carbis
R, Dhingra MS, Donner A, Nair GB, Lopez AL, Wierzba TF, Clemens JD. 5 year efficacy of a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in Kolkata,
India: a cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2013/Dec; 13(12): 1050-6.
2
Ali M, Sur D, You YA, Kanungo S, Sah B, Manna B, Puri M, Wierzba TF, Donner A, Nair GB, Bhattacharya SK, Dhingra MS, Deen JL, Lopez AL,
Clemens J. Herd protection by a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in the slums of Kolkata, India. Clin Infect Dis 2013/Apr; 56(8): 1123-31.
3
Saletti G, Cuburu N, Yang JS, Dey A, Czerkinsky C. Enzyme-linked immunospot assays for direct ex vivo measurement of vaccine-induced human
humoral immune responses in blood. Nat Protoc 2013/Jun; 8(6): 1073-87.
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Annual Report 2013
Discovery and Pre-clinical Studies
IVI conducts basic research to discover and design new vaccines for
use in developing countries. Namely, vaccines that are low-cost,
easy to administer in resource-poor settings, can be produced by
qualified manufacturers in these countries, and protect against
diseases of public health importance in these countries. When
proof of concept is established for a promising vaccine candidate in
the IVI labs, IVI works with a variety of partners to bring the
vaccine to market, which includes technology transfer, clinical
development, and manufacturing - with the end goal of obtaining
WHO prequalification for the vaccine.
In 2013, IVI clarified the participation of mucosal dendritic cells
in the induction of protective immunity by vaccines delivered
through the sublingual or trans-cutaneous route, and made
progress in the development of a novel strategy for vaccine
administration that involves sublingual vaccination (absorption of
the vaccine under the tongue). The following provide in further
detail some major highlights from IVI’s basic research programs in
2013. IVI’s basic research has been supported by the National
Research Foundation of Korea and the Swedish International
Development Cooperation Agency (Sida).
Discovery of a new vaccine against dysentery
In 2013, IVI yielded promising data from its preclinical
development of a vaccine against bacillary dysentery (shigellosis).
Dysentery is caused by the bacterial agent, Shigella, which has four
species and 50 serotypes that cause disease. IVI has been working
on the development of the first universal Shigella vaccine that
protects across all species and serotypes. IVI genetically modified
the Shigella bacterium, creating a mutant bacterium that expresses
a shorter lipopolysaccharide on the cell wall, which, in turn,
increases the surface exposure of membrane antigens, including
protein antigens that are conserved across different species and
serotypes of Shigella. IVI demonstrated that intranasal immunization
with three doses of mutant bacteria (live or formalin-inactivated)
induced cross-protection against Shigella flexneri 2a and Shigella
dysenteriae 1 in mice. The findings show that a vaccine using
genetically modified bacteria with enhanced exposure of common
outer membrane proteins could be an efficacious approach to
develop a universal Shigella vaccine.
PROVIDE Study
IVI continued to work on PROVIDE, a study supported by the
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, that assesses the effect of
malnutrition on the immune response since it has been commonly
observed that children from developing countries have a decreased
response to live oral vaccines compared with that of children from
developed countries. IVI is part of an international consortium
that includes the University of Virginia, India’s National Institute
of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), the University of
Vermont, Stanford University, Washington University in St.
Louis, and Bangladesh’s icddr,b.
IVI, with NICED, is conducting research in Kolkata, India that
measures immunogenicity against live oral polio virus (OPV) and
rotavirus vaccines in young children. Enrollment has been
completed and laboratory testing of samples is ongoing.
Preliminary data analysis suggests there is a poor immune response
overall to both vaccines with immunogenicity less than 40 percent.
Furthermore, there appears to be a negative correlation between
maternal breast milk antibody titers and the infant’s immune
response to vaccination, suggesting that breast milk antibodies may
interfere with the infant’s gut immune response.
IVI scientists Deok Ryun Kim (third
from right) and Ayan Dey (seventh
from right) at the enrollment of the
first child in the PROVIDE study at
the field site in Kolkata, India.
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Annual Report 2013
Process Development and Technology Transfer
Critical to IVI’s work is vaccine development. When a promising
vaccine candidate is discovered and proof of concept is established
in IVI’s labs, IVI takes it to later stages of product development
that include: process and formulation development; technology
transfer to manufacturing partners; manufacturing, and quality
control; clinical development; and regulatory review and approval,
including WHO prequalification. The ultimate aim is to make
safe, effective and affordable vaccines available for the world’s most
impoverished people.
In 2013, IVI’s Process Development and Technology Transfer
team made progress in the development of new production methods
to reduce the cost of manufacturing typhoid and paratyphoid
vaccines, which can help lower the vaccine cost and make it more
affordable. Additionally, they came one step closer to realizing a
new typhoid vaccine for the poor by conducting technology
transfer to two partners, SK Chemicals in South Korea and PT
Biofarma in Indonesia. Having two suppliers of the new typhoid
vaccine will help ensure a cost-competitive and adequate global
supply for those who need the vaccines the most. More details
provided in IVI’s Vaccine Portfolio below.
This work has been made possible with support from the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Research Foundation of
Korea, and the Swedish International Development Cooperation
Agency (Sida).
IVI’s Vaccine Portfolio
Vaccine
Two-dose killed whole-cell oral
cholera vaccine
Vi polysaccharide-diphtheria
toxoid (Vi-DT) conjugate
typhoid vaccine
IVI’s Role
IVI, in collaboration with partners in Sweden,
Vietnam and India, reformulated and
developed an existing oral cholera vaccine
to meet WHO standards, thereby allowing
global access of the vaccine.
IVI developed this new typhoid vaccine
based on conjugation technology from the
U.S. National Institutes of Health. The Vi
polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi is
conjugated to diphtheria toxoid.
Unlike existing typhoid vaccines, this vaccine
is anticipated to confer protection in infants,
as well as a longer duration of protection.
Status
IVI’
s first product to be licensed and WHOprequalified (licensed in India as ShancholTM
in 2009 and WHO-prequalified in 2011). A
WHO global cholera vaccine stockpile was
established in late 2013, and the vaccine has
been deployed in endemic and epidemic
areas in countries such as Haiti, Guinea,
South Sudan, Bangladesh, and India.
IVI continued to optimize the use of the
vaccine through several clinical studies (e.g.,
single-dose study and dose-interval study)
and to increase the global supply of the
vaccine by working with an additional tech
transfer partner, EuBiologics, in South Korea.
Technology transferred to two partners, SK
Chemicals of South Korea and PT Biofarma
of Indonesia, in 2013. Clinical development
to follow.
Bivalent enteric fever conjugate
vaccine (protects against both
typhoid and paratyphoid fever)
Based on similar conjugation technology for
the Vi-DT typhoid vaccine, IVI developed
typhoid and paratyphoid conjugates for the
vaccine; formulation work is ongoing.
Under preclinical development. Developed
new methods of production to reduce the
manufacturing cost, which can lower the cost
of the vaccine and make it more affordable.
Vi-PspA conjugate vaccine (Vi
conjugated to PspA, a common
protein antigen of Streptococcus
pneumoniae); has potential to
protect against typhoid and
pneumonia.
IVI developed the Vi-PspA conjugates and is
assessing the use of PspA in Vi conjugate
vaccines.
Under preclinical development.
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Annual Report 2013
Cholera Program
IVI’s Cholera Vaccine Program aims to reduce the burden of
cholera through the development and deployment of safe, effective,
and affordable oral cholera vaccines in populations at risk for
endemic or epidemic cholera. IVI has made significant strides
towards this goal. With partners in Vietnam, India, and Sweden,
IVI reformulated and developed a two-dose, killed, whole-cell, oral
cholera vaccine that was licensed in India (Shanchol TM) in 2009
and WHO-prequalified in 2011.
In 2013, IVI continued to work on optimizing the use of the oral
cholera vaccine and on promoting its uptake in developing
countries. IVI concluded five years’ follow-up of a phase 3 clinical
trial in Kolkata, India, demonstrating that the vaccine provides
sustained protection at an efficacy of 65 percent for at least five
years - a milestone that no other cholera vaccine has been shown to
achieve thus far.1
IVI completed a study in Kolkata that evaluated a boosting
regimen of ShancholTM. Interestingly, a one-dose boosting regimen
of the vaccine was found to be comparable with that of a two-dose.
This has significant public health implications since administering
a single dose of the vaccine could reduce the logistical challenges
and costs of vaccination campaigns that are conducted in resourcelimited settings. IVI, in collaboration with icddr,b, finalized
preparations to conduct a large trial that will evaluate the efficacy
of a single dose of ShancholTM in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Positive
findings from this study could greatly influence strategies for
delivery of this vaccine, particularly in cholera outbreaks and
humanitarian crises.
campaigns in developing countries; such information will include
how to implement and evaluate communications and estimations
of vaccination campaign costs, health impact, and cost effectiveness.
IVI continued to work with GAVI by providing them technical
support and data regarding the oral cholera vaccine and on the
burden of cholera. This contributed to their decision at the end of
2013 to invest in a global cholera vaccine stockpile that was
established by WHO. The stockpile, initially consisting of two
million doses of the oral cholera vaccine, is a novel mechanism
through which the cholera vaccine could be made available to
vulnerable populations to control cholera.
While the stockpile should help increase access of the vaccine for
impoverished and at-risk groups, there is currently only one
supplier of the oral cholera vaccine. Given that the global demand
may outstrip supply, IVI has been collaborating with additional
manufacturers to help ensure a sufficient global supply of the oral
cholera vaccine. IVI transferred the production technology for the
oral cholera vaccine to a manufacturer in South Korea (EuBiologics)
and has been working with this group to develop the vaccine and
bring it to licensure and WHO prequalification. IVI has been
working closely with other manufacturers in Vietnam and
Bangladesh to support the development of the oral cholera vaccine.
IVI gratefully acknowledges the government of Korea, the Swedish
International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundations, LG Electronics, and Kia Motors for
their generous support of the Cholera Program.
In addition, IVI completed a mass vaccination demonstration
project in a rural, cholera-endemic community in Odisha, India,
which showed that the oral cholera vaccine can be delivered
through a program that effectively engages the community and
uses Odisha’s existing public health resources - the first project of
its kind. Based on the study’s success, the state government of
Odisha is planning to conduct cholera vaccinations in more remote
areas targeting vulnerable tribal groups.
Similarly, IVI worked with the governments of Ethiopia and
Malawi to conduct mass vaccination demonstration projects in
cholera-affected areas in those countries. A bridging trial with the
oral cholera vaccine was completed in Ethiopia, the first trial of its
kind for the cholera vaccine in Africa. The mass vaccinations are
slated for 2014. At a broader level, IVI collaborated with Johns
Hopkins University to document and synthesize lessons learned
from past cholera vaccination campaigns and to develop a practical
manual for planning and implementing cholera vaccination
IVI staff Jayoung Kim with children at the field site in Odisha, India.
1
R, Dhingra MS, Donner A, Nair GB, Lopez AL, Wierzba TF, Clemens JD. 5 year efficacy of a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in Kolkata,
India: a cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2013/Dec; 13(12): 1050-6.
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Annual Report 2013
Enteric Fever Program
IVI’s Enteric Fever Program was established with the goal of
reducing the burden of enteric fever in developing countries through:
1) generating evidence on the disease burden; 2) deploying
currently available vaccines; 3) developing new vaccines; and 4)
advocating for the control of enteric fever by vaccination.
Many people associate enteric fever with typhoid fever, a potentially
fatal illness caused by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica
serovar Typhi. But enteric fever also includes paratyphoid fever,
which is caused by related serovars Paratyphi A, B, and C, and is
mainly a public health problem in South Asia; and non-typhoidal
Salmonella infections, which tend to be common in sub-Saharan
Africa.
IVI’s Vi-based Vaccines for Asia (VIVA) Initiative has a two-fold
approach: 1) to develop a new Vi-based typhoid conjugate vaccine;
and 2) to pave the way for vaccine introduction in endemic Asian
countries through policy and advocacy activities and provision of
evidence that the vaccination is effective and programmatically
feasible. VIVA is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
A new typhoid conjugate vaccine
IVI has been developing a new typhoid conjugate vaccine that
consists of Vi-polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (ViDT). Unlike existing Vi-polysaccharide vaccines, the new vaccine
is anticipated to confer protection in infants and provide a longer
duration of protection. In 2013, IVI transferred the vaccine
production technology to SK Chemicals of South Korea and PT
Biofarma of Indonesia. IVI is working with these partners on
development of the vaccine and obtaining WHO prequalification.
To support clinical development of the typhoid conjugate vaccine,
IVI has been developing a functional serum bactericidal assay
(SBA) for Salmonella Typhi. The assay is currently being validated
and will be available for transfer to interested partners in 2014.
Paving the way for vaccine introduction
IVI and local partners coordinated school-based vaccination
campaigns in Nepal and Pakistan using the Vi-polysaccharide
typhoid vaccine in 2012. Case-control studies to assess the impact
of the Vi-polysaccharide vaccine were completed in Nepal and
Pakistan in 2013. As a follow-up, IVI was invited by Nepal’s
National Committee on Immunization Practices (NCIP), an
immunization technical advisory group that provides
recommendations to the Nepal government, to discuss the study
results and the status of typhoid vaccination in Nepal, focusing on
the new typhoid conjugate vaccine. Meanwhile, in Pakistan, a
workshop is being planned in order to share and discuss the study
results with key stakeholders.
IVI continued to work on developing a global investment case for
typhoid vaccines, which will serve as a decision-making tool for
A flyer about typhoid and vaccination was distributed to the community
as part of social mobilization efforts for the typhoid vaccination campaign
in Nepal.
policy makers, vaccine manufacturers, and donors at global,
regional, and national levels, particularly the WHO and the GAVI
Alliance. To assist in the development of the investment case, IVI
formed an internal advisory committee and an external technical
review committee in coordination with the Coalition against
Typhoid (CaT). The committees will review and advise on the
technical aspects of the investment case. In 2013, a dynamic
disease transmission model to predict the transmission of typhoid
that was developed by IVI was refined and finalized. Publications
regarding this model are being prepared.
Future steps - a new bivalent enteric fever vaccine
In 2013, IVI made progress in its efforts to develop a new bivalent
vaccine against both typhoid and paratyphoid fever based on
similar conjugation platform technology used for the Vi-DT
conjugate vaccine. Preclinical work of the vaccine continued in
IVI process development laboratory. In addition, IVI is
developing a functional assay for Salmonella Paratyphi A (the
bacterial agent of paratyphoid fever), which will be used to
measure immunogenicity of the bivalent vaccine in clinical trials.
15
Finally, IVI conducted a landscape analysis to assess the global
status of the development of typhoid and paratyphoid conjugate
vaccines, looking at target product profile among other criteria. In
addition, IVI was granted funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation to support late-stage preclinical development of the
bivalent vaccine.
IVI’s Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP), a
multi-year program supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation aims to generate scientific evidence on the burden of
typhoid fever in Africa through conducting standardized
surveillance among a network of field sites in ten African countries
(Ghana, Kenya, South Sudan, Madagascar, Guinea-Bissau,
Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Burkina Faso). IVI
coordinates the network and provides training and technical
support to each of the sites. The surveillance process involved
enrollment of patients with fever at the field site hospitals and
diagnostics of the patients’ blood cultures at TSAP-monitored
laboratories.
TSAP provides insight into the burden of other diseases causing
febrile illness, and as such has yielded data on other vaccinepreventable illnesses such as infections caused by Streptococcus
pneumoniae. In addition, it was found that a significant proportion
of Salmonella Typhi isolates in Ghana and Kenya were found to be
multi-drug resistant, which has raised considerable attention.
These results are being summarized for publication in 2014.
IVI was granted follow-on funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation to continue the program. IVI also received funding
from the Else Kroner-Fresenius-Stiftung of Germany to conduct
capacity-building activities at two of the TSAP study sites: Burkina
Faso and Madagascar.
In 2013, surveillance was completed at most of the sites, and data
analyses started. The incidence of typhoid fever was high at sites in
Kenya, Burkina Faso and Ghana, as well as at sites in Madagascar
and Tanzania. Risk factors that may be associated with the disease
(e.g., age, residence, clinical parameters) will be evaluated further
and may impact policy decisions on prevention and treatment
efforts by national stakeholders.
IVI scientist Dr. Florian Marks conducting training with local collaborators
at a TSAP field site in Senegal.
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Annual Report 2013
Dengue Program
IVI is the lead coordinating agency of the Dengue Vaccine
Initiative (DVI), an integral part of IVI’s efforts to accelerate the
development and delivery of new dengue vaccines. DVI is a
consortium consisting of IVI, the International Vaccine Access
Center (IVAC) of Johns Hopkins University, the Initiative for
Vaccine Research (IVR) of the World Health Organization
(WHO), and Sabin Vaccine Institute. Supported by the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation, DVI’s mission is to encourage the
development and consideration of new vaccines to prevent dengue,
and as such, lays the groundwork for dengue vaccine decisionmaking and introduction in endemic areas. Currently the
geographic scope of DVI’s work is Brazil, Colombia, Thailand,
and Vietnam - the potential ‘early adopter’ countries or countries
that have expressed interest in dengue vaccine introduction as soon
as one becomes available.
As a DVI member, IVI is responsible for developing scientific
evidence for decision-making regarding dengue vaccine
introduction, which includes disease burden and economic burden
estimates, serological studies, vaccine demand estimates, and
vaccine impact projections. WHO IVR is responsible for
regulatory issues while IVAC oversees financing and demand
forecasting and Sabin is responsible for advocacy and
communications.
In 2013, IVI made significant progress with the development of a
mathematical model to project vaccine impact in Thailand, the
results of which were published in the open access journal PLOS
Neglected Tropical Diseases.1 A similar model for Latin America is
under development. IVI and local research partners in Thailand,
Columbia, and Vietnam continued field work on surveillance,
sero-prevalence studies, cost-of-illness surveys, and healthcare
utilization surveys. Additionally, IVI prepared for the launch of
dengue surveillance and sero-prevalence studies at selected field
sites in Africa - a first for DVI - to assess the public health
magnitude of dengue in Africa.
In order to create an enabling environment at the national,
regional, and global levels for the introduction of dengue vaccines,
DVI has continued to maintain the Dengue Prevention Board
(DPB), one for the Asia-Pacific region and one for the Americas
region, since its establishment in 2007. The two boards, which are
comprised of dengue experts, policy makers, and other key
stakeholders, usually meet annually, and in 2013, the Asia-Pacific
DPB convened in Bangkok, Thailand. DVI also convened
meetings in Brazil and Thailand with the National Regulatory
Authorities of countries that have expressed interest in the early
adoption of dengue vaccines. Finally, in 2013, DVI received
funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). For
the German grant, DVI will provide technical assistance and
support to Vabiotech (Vietnam) and Instituto Butantan (Brazil) on
the development of their dengue vaccine candidates.
For more information about DVI and the work of DVI partners,
visit: http://www.denguevaccines.org/
Dengue disease outcome studies are conducted
by IVI and local partners at the field site in
Bang Phae district of Ratchaburi, Thailand.
1
Chao DL, Longini IM Jr, Halloran ME. The effects of vector movement and distribution in a mathematical model of dengue transmission. PLoS One
2013/Oct/21; 8(10): e76044.
17
Annual Report 2013
North Korea Program
IVI has been working in the Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea (DPRK; North Korea) since 2006 in collaboration with the
Academy of Medical Science (AMS), North Korea’s main center of
medical research, to improve the health of children in the country.
The North Korea Program was launched in 2007 with support
from the South Korean Ministry of Unification (MOU) to prevent
and control Japanese encephalitis (JE) and Haemophilus influenzae
type b (Hib), two deadly infectious diseases affecting the central
nervous system. North Korean scientists were introduced to modern
approaches in vaccine development and regulation, and laboratory
diagnostic methods for JE and Hib through study visits and
workshops in China and Vietnam. IVI also provided technical
support in the implementation of pilot JE and Hib vaccination
campaigns that targeted a total of 6,000 children in Nampo, South
Pyongan Province (Hib) and Sariwon, North Hwanghae Province
(JE).
IVI, in collaboration with AMS, initiated a new project in 2012 to
reduce the burden of diarrheal disease and acute encephalitis
syndrome (AES) among children in North Korea, with support
from MOU. In 2013, IVI supported a JE vaccination campaign
coordinated by Caritas Germany and the North Korean Ministry
of Public Health (MOPH) in which over 3 million children were
immunized. IVI also conducted training of AMS scientists for the
surveillance of AES and diarrheal diseases, and several workshops
on the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of AES and diarrheal
diseases were organized by IVI. By the end of 2013, five hospitals
in two provinces were selected to start systematic diarrheal and
meningeal disease surveillance with the possibility of extending to
include diagnoses of invasive bloodstream infections and other
diseases. Surveillance will be launched in 2014 contingent upon
funding.
IVI provided technical support to North Korea’s
Academy of Medical Sciences and Ministry of Public
Health in the implementation of a Hib vaccination
campaign in Nampo, South Pyongan Province.
18
Annual Report 2013
Policy & Economic Research Center
Ensure that the vaccines developed by IVI will actually be used in places that need them the most
IVI’s Policy and Economic Research (PER) Center focuses on
increasing the use of evidence-based analyses by global-and
national-level policymakers in vaccine introduction decisionmaking. The PER Center works closely with major players in the
global health community (e.g., GAVI Alliance and WHO) to
ensure that the evidence generated by IVI’s research is incorporated
in major vaccine introduction deliberations. The PER Center
disseminated research findings through 14 presentations at various
meetings and conferences worldwide in 2013.
In 2013, the PER Center conducted several cholera analyses based
on IVI data that was used by GAVI in their Cholera Vaccine
Investment Strategy, resulting in the decision by GAVI to finance
the global cholera vaccine stockpile. The stockpile, managed by
WHO, will deploy the oral cholera vaccine (ShancholTM) that was
developed by IVI mainly in emergency situations to combat
epidemic cholera. The establishment of the stockpile has created a
new framework for the supply and financing of the cholera vaccine
in several developing countries where cholera outbreaks are
common.
As part of the PER Center’s work on making the case for an
investment in oral cholera vaccines, a report detailing the scientific
evidence for the introduction of the oral cholera vaccine in
Bangladesh1 was published in March 2013. The PER Center also
published several other abstracts and papers regarding the cholera
burden in Uganda,2 the cholera vaccine stockpile,3 and the costeffectiveness of vaccination at the global level.4
The PER Center also conducts studies and analyses for typhoid
and dengue vaccines. In 2013, the Center completed several
analyses for an investment case in typhoid vaccines and disseminated
the findings to key stakeholders such as GAVI and WHO. The
results were used by GAVI as evidence to support their decision to
invest in the new typhoid conjugate vaccine. The WHO will also
consider the findings generated by the PER Center for policy
recommendations on typhoid vaccines. The PER Center conducted
dengue studies (cost-of-illness study and willingness-to-pay-forvaccine study) in Thailand, Vietnam, and Colombia in collaboration
with the Dengue Vaccine Initiative (DVI). The findings from
these studies will help make the case for dengue vaccine use.
IVI has developed analyses such as investment cases for oral cholera vaccines,
which have been referenced by decision makers and donors.
1
Country investment case study of cholera vaccination: Bangladesh. International Vaccine Institute. Seoul, South Korea, 2013.
2
Bwire G, Malimbo M, Maskery B, Kim YE, Mogasale V, Levin A. The burden of cholera in Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Dec;7(12):e2545.
3
Maskery B, DeRoeck D, Levin A, Kim YE, Wierzba TF, Clemens JD. Strategy, demand, management, and costs of an international cholera vaccine
stockpile. J. Infect. Dis 2013; 208 Suppl 1: S15-22.
4
Mogasale V, Levin A. Maskery B, DeRoeck D, Kim YE, Clemens J, Lopez AL, Burgess C, Wierzba T. Oral cholera vaccines to control endemic disease:
an economic and epidemiological modelling analysis. Lancet. 2013 Oct; 382:6 (abstract).
19
Annual Report 2013
Biostatistics & Data Management
Biostatistics & Data Management supports IVI’s field research,
which includes clinical trials, vaccination campaigns, and disease
surveillance studies. The Biostatistics & Data Management team
conducts data management, statistical analyses, mathematical
modeling of infectious diseases, and medical geographic research
(i.e., population-based studies in which study participants can be
identified by their geographic location such as the evaluation of
herd protection conferred by vaccines). Besides providing support
to IVI’s field research, the team also conducts their own research.
In 2013, there were three major scientific publications for
Biostatistics & Data Management. The five-year efficacy results of
the inactivated oral cholera vaccine (OCV) developed by IVI were
published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases.1 Data analysis by the
Biostatistics & Data Management team found that the OCV
provides sustained protection at a field site in Kolkata, India for
five years at 65 percent. This level of protective efficacy has not
been demonstrated with other oral cholera vaccines. The team also
demonstrated evidence of herd protection by the OCV in Kolkata,
India, which was published in Clinical Infectious Diseases.2 Herd
protection occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a
population prevents the spread of infectious disease to unvaccinated
individuals. The team conducted an analysis and found that nonvaccinees were protected against cholera. The findings have
practical implications since this additional and indirect benefit of
the OCV can help further develop the case for vaccine use. Lastly,
high-risk areas for cholera were identified and analyzed using a
generalized additive model (GAM) to detect risk areas, and to
evaluate the importance of socio-environmental characteristics, which
was published in PLoS One.3 The GAM-based risk map is useful
for policymakers, especially those from countries where cholera
remains to be endemic with periodic outbreaks.
1
R, Dhingra MS, Donner A, Nair GB, Lopez AL, Wierzba TF, Clemens J. 5 year efficacy of a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in Kolkata, India:
a cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infectious Disease 2013 Dec; 13(12):1050-6.
2
Ali M, Sur D, You YA, Kanungo S, Sah B, Manna B, Puri M, Wierzba TF, Donner A, Nair GB, Bhattacharya SK, Dhingra MS, Deen JL, Lopez AL,
Clemens J. Herd protection by a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in the slums of Kolkata, India. Clin Infect Dis 2013/Apr; 56(8): 1123-31.
3
You YA, Ali M, Kanungo S, Sah B, Manna B, Puri M, Nair GB, Bhattacharya SK, Convertino M, Deen JL, Lopez AL, Wierzba TF, Clemens J, Sur D.
Risk Map of Cholera Infection for Vaccine Deployment: The Eastern Kolkata Case. PLoS One 2013 Oct 11;8(10).
20
Annual Report 2013
SIVAC Initiative
The SIVAC (Supporting Independent Immunization and Vaccine
Advisory Committees) Initiative was established in 2008, with the
aim to support low- and middle-income countries in Asia and
Africa in establishing or strengthening National Immunization
Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs). NITAGs issue
recommendations to governments based on scientific evidence, and
thus, are a key means through which countries can make informed
decisions with regards to vaccine introduction and immunization
programs. SIVAC is implemented jointly by IVI and the Francebased Agence de Medecine Preventive (AMP), and is supported by
the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
As a result of SIVAC, NITAGs were established for the first time
in Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan. Following their launch,
IVI has continued to work with these NITAGs to ensure
sustainability and smooth operations. In 2013, IVI provided a
variety of technical support to the NITAGs and their scientific
secretariats in Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.
SIVAC builds capacity in existing NITAGs by providing training,
technical assistance, and an information resource center for
NITAGs that can be accessed on the SIVAC website. In particular,
IVI has been working with Nepal’s National Committee on
Immunization Practices (NCIP), and in 2013, provided technical
support to the NCIP regarding cholera and typhoid vaccination
program. SIVAC also organizes training workshops for NITAGs in
the Asia-Pacific Region. In 2013, SIVAC, in collaboration with
the WHO Regional Office for Europe and the US Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), organized a training
workshop for NITAG members from Central Asia and Eastern
Europe in Antalya, Turkey. In addition, SIVAC and the WHO
Regional Office for South-East Asia co-organized an orientation
workshop on strengthening of the National Committee of
Immunization Practices (NCIP) of the Republic of Maldives.
Finally, SIVAC co-organized a study tour in Canberra, Australia
for a delegation from Nepal to observe the Australian Technical
Advisory Group on Immunization in June.
For more about SIVAC: http://www.sivacinitiative.org/
IVI scientist Dr. Batmunkh Nyambat (first row, far left) at the consultative
workshop on strengthening of NCIP of the Republic of Maldives coorganized by the WHO South-East Regional Office and in collaboration
with SIVAC Initiative in Male, Maldives, July 15-17, 2013.
21
Annual Report 2013
Advanced Vaccinology Course (AVC)
IVI’s International Advanced Course on Vaccinology in the AsiaPacific Region marked its thirteenth year in 2013. The annual
course, which runs for about a week in May at IVI’s headquarters
in Seoul, aims to provide vaccine professionals from developing
countries a comprehensive overview of vaccinology. During the
course, AVC faculty, which consisted of more than 30 international
experts, lectured on topics that span from basic epidemiology to
vaccine development to vaccine introduction.
Over 60 attendees from 22 countries including Bangladesh, China,
India, Nigeria, Sudan, Thailand and Vietnam participated in the
course. The participants were a diverse mix of scientists, public
health officials, and policymakers from private and public sectors,
including 14 fellows - IVI annually awards competitive fellowships
to individuals with demonstrated financial need.
This year’s course focused on vaccine development and evaluation,
as well as on hepatitis E, human papilloma virus, tuberculosis,
HIV, influenza, and malaria. The course was supported by
GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Korea Exchange Bank (KEB) Foundation,
and the Export-Import Bank of Korea.
Participants of the 2013 Advanced Vaccinology Course.
25
Annual Report 2013
Scholars in Residence Program
IVI’s Scholar in Residence (SIR) is a program supported by Merck
& Co. that invites leading scientists and scholars from around the
world to the IVI headquarters in Seoul, Korea where they can
interact with IVI scientists and scientists from Korea. The
program, which was initiated in 2006, aims to expose the latest
Scholar
Dr. Marcel Tanner
Prof. Robert Black
Affiliation
Swiss Tropical & Public
Health Institute,
Switzerland
Johns Hopkins
University Bloomberg
School of Hygiene
& Public Health, USA
developments in vaccinology to IVI scientists and the Korean
scientific community; provide mentoring opportunities for young
researchers; and provide opportunities for research collaborations.
In 2013, IVI welcomed six scholars, the details of which are below.
Research Interests
Research on communicable
diseases control (malaria and
schistosomiasis), on health
planning/priority setting, health
systems, and on environment
and health/ecosystem health
Field trials of vaccines,
micronutrients and other
nutritional interventions,
effectiveness studies of
health programs
Instituto de
Investigacion Nutricional,
Peru
Clinical trials and
vaccine development
London School of
Hygiene & Tropical
Medicine, UK
Epidemiological and
statistical research,
large-scale intervention
studies against tropical
diseases, including
vaccine trials
Dr. Pearay Ogra
State University of New
York at Buffalo, USA
Mucosal immunity,
childhood vaccines and,
definition of biologic
markers of immunity
against human infections
acquired via mucosal routes
Dr. David Sack
Johns Hopkins
University Bloomberg
School of Public Health,
USA
Dr. Claudio Lanata
Dr. Peter Smith
26
Diarrheal diseases,
especially cholera and
enterotoxigenic E. coli
Dates at IVI
Lecture Topic
Aug. 23,
2013
From efficacy to
effectiveness communicable
diseases control
and its integration
into health systems
Oct. 21-23,
2013
Trends in major
causes of child
mortality and
estimates for 2012
Oct. 21-23,
2013
Causes of death
due to diarrheal
diseases in children
<5 years old in the
world: The CHERG
estimates
Oct. 21-23,
2013
Progress in the
evaluation of the
RTS,S malaria vaccine
for deployment in
Africa
Oct. 21-23,
2013
Development of
immune system in
early childhood:
Implications in
effective vaccination
approaches
Oct. 21-23,
2013
Cholera vaccine:
The role of operations
research during the
transition from
effectiveness to
implementation
Annual Report 2013
Board of Trustees
(as of December, 2013)
Members-at-large
Prof. Adel A.F. Mahmoud (Chair)
Department of Molecular Biology and the Woodrow
Wilson School of Public and International Affairs,
Princeton University
U.S.A.
Mr. George Bickerstaff (Treasurer / Chair of Finance
Committee)
Partner and Managing Director,
M.M. Dillon & Co.
U.S.A
Prof. Juhani Eskola
Director General
National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)
Finland
Representatives of WHO, UNDP, and the Host
Country (Republic of Korea)
Dr. Shin Young Soo
Regional Director
WHO Western Pacific Regional Office (WPRO)
Philippines
Mr. Romulo Garcia
Senior Adviser
Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific,
UNDP New York
Mr. Moon-hwan Kim
Director General
International Organizations Bureau
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Republic of Korea
Dr. Young-Soon Kang
Director General
International Cooperation Bureau
Ministry of Education
Republic of Korea
Representatives of State Parties to Establishment
Agreement
Prof. Dr. Claire J.P. Boog
Scientific Director
Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc)
The Netherlands
Dr. Viveka Persson - Vice Chair / Chair of
Governance & Nominating Committee
Uredare/Senior Project Manager
Swedish National Agency for Higher Education
Sweden
Ex-officio
Dr. Christian Loucq
Director General
International Vaccine Institute
29
Annual Report 2013
Scientific Advisory Group
Dr. Robert E. Black - Chairman
Professor - International Health
Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene & Public Health
U.S.A.
Dr. Duane J. Gubler
Professor - Program on Emerging Infectious Diseases
Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School
Singapore
Dr. Gagandeep Kang
Professor and Head
The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory
India
Dr. Byoung S. Kwon
Endowed Investigator
National Cancer Center
Republic of Korea
Dr. Claudio F. Lanata
Senior Researcher
Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional - IIN, Peru
Science Director
US Navy Medical Research Unit 6 - NAMRU 6, Centro Medico Naval
Peru
Professor
School of Medicine, Peruvian University of Applied Sciences
Peru
Dr. G. Balakrish Nair
Executive Director
Translational Health Science and Technology Institute
India
30
Dr. Jacques Louis
Professor [Emeritus]
Faculty of Medicine University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Institut Pasteur, France
Director [Emeritus]
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris
(2003-2008)
Dr. Pearay L. Ogra
Professor and Chairman [Emeritus]
State University of New York at Buffalo Children's Hospital
U.S.A.
Dr. David A. Sack
Professor, Department of International Health
Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
U.S.A.
Dr. Rho Hyun Seong
Professor
Seoul National University
Republic of Korea
Dr. Peter Smith
Professor
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
U.K.
Annual Report 2013
Korea Support Committee for IVI (KSC)
Established in 1998, the KSC is a nonprofit organization that mobilizes support in the Republic of Korea for IVI.
The Committee consists of prominent leaders from government, industry, and academia in Korea.
For more information, please visit: http://www.ivi.int/ksc.
President and Chair of the Board
Prof. Cho Dong-sung
Professor Emeritus, Seoul National
University
Vice Presidents
Prof. Park Sang-Chul
Executive Vice President, Well Aging
Research Center, Samsung Advanced
Institute of Technology
Dr. Rhee Byung-Geon
President, Green Cross
Executive Director
Prof. Hong Seung Hwan
Professor, Seoul National University
College of Natural Sciences
Executive Advisor
Prof. Cho Wan-Kyoo
Former President, Bioindustry Association
of Korea / Former President, Seoul
National University / Former Minister of
Education
Chief Advisor
Prof. Park Sang-Dai
Vice-chair, Presidential Advisory
Council on Science & Technology /
University
Legal Advisor
Mr. Choi Sang-Yup
Lawyer, Former Minister of Justice /
Vice Prosecutor-General
Advisors
Mr. Chae Hee-Byung
President, Dongjin Chemical Co., Ltd.
Dr. Chae Young Bog
Former Chairman, Gyeong Gi BioCenter / Former Minister of Science &
Technology
Dr. Chung Won-Shik
Chairman, The Yuhan Foundation /
Former Prime Minister
Prof. Lee Sang Sup
University College of Pharmacy
Mr. Kang Choong Hyun
Chairman, Samjin Globalnet Co., Ltd.
Mr. Lee Se-Ung
Chairman, Shin Il Co. / Chairman, Seoul
Cyber University / Former President,
Korea National Red Cross
Mr. Kang Shin-Ho
Chairman, Dong-A Socio Group
Mr. Kim Jaison
Publisher, The Samtohsa / Founding
President of KSC / Former Speaker of
General Assembly
Dr. Kim Kee-Hyong
Honorary President, Korea Ceramics
Culture Promotion Society / Former
Minister of Science & Technology
Prof. Kim Nak Doo
University College of Pharmacy
Prof. Kim Sang-Joo
Former President, the National Academy
of Sciences, Republic of Korea
Prof. Kim Si Joong
Chairman, The Science-Technology
Forum / Former Minister of Science &
Technology
Prof. Kwon E. Hyock
Professor Emeritus & Former President,
Seoul National University / Former
Minister of Education / Public Health /
Environment
Prof. Park Soo-Gil
Chair Professor, Korea University /
Former Permanent Representative of
the Republic of Korea to the UN
Dr. Rhee Shang-Hi
Chairman, Greenlife Intellectual Network,
Former President, Korea Patent Attorneys
Association / Former Minister of Science
& Technology
Prof. Son Bong Ho
Chairman, Korea Community Sharing
Campaign, Professor Emeritus, Seoul
National University
Prof. Yoo Chong-Ha
Chair Professor, Graduate School of
International Studies, Sogang University
/ Former President, Korea National Red
Cross / Former Minister of Foreign
Affairs & Trade
Dr. Yoon Hong-Geun
Chairman & CEO, GENESIS BBQ
Group
Prof. Yu Jae-Cheon
Former President, Sangji University
Dr. Lee Gil-ya
President, Gachon Gil Foundation
Mr. Won Dae Yunn
Chairman, Korea Fashion Association
Prof. Lee Ho-Wang
Former President, the National Academy
of Sciences, Republic of Korea
Board of Trustees
Mr. Lee Kyu Hyung
Advisor, Samsung Research Institute,
Former Ambassador of the Republic of
Korea in China and Russia, Former
Deputy Minister of MOFA
Mr. Chi Chang-Hoon
President & CEO, Korean Air Lines
Mr. Auh Jin
President, Ahn Gook Pharm.
Dr. Choi Davis
President, Korea Vaccine Co., Ltd.
31
Mr. Choo Hak-Yoo
President, Dong Woo Chem. Corp,
Mr. Chun Hong Jae
CEO, Chun Loss Prevention Co., Ltd.
Dr. Chung Chan Bok
President & CEO, Bioland
Prof. Chung Kil Saeng
Former President, The Korean Academy
of Science Technology; Emeritus &
Former President, Konkuk University
Mr. Chung Pal Do
Chairman, Korealand Co.
Prof. Huh Kap Bum
Professor Emeritus & Former Dean,
Yonsei University College of Medicine
Mr. Kim Young-Kee
Executive Vice President / CSR Team
Leader, LG
Prof. Park Kyung A
Professor, Yonsei University College
of Medicine
Mr. Kim Peter Pumsoo
Chairman, InnoS&S Co., Ltd.
Mr. Park Nam Seo
CEO, Sanha Engineering & Construction Co.
Mr. Kim Sun Ki
President, Bio-Medical Science Co.,
Ltd
Prof. Song Jin Won
Professor, Korea University College of
Medicine
Mr. Kim Young Je
President & CEO, Sky 72 Golf Club
Mr. Stanley Cho
CEO, Smart Optech
Mr. Lee Doung Young
CEO, Marketing Production, Seoul
Dairy Cooperative
Mr. Shin Hyun Il
Chairman, Bomoon Co.
Mr. Lee Jae Hoo
Senior Partner, Kim & Chang
Dr. Yang Yoon Sun
CEO & President, MEDIPOST
Mr. Lee In Jung
President & CEO, Taein Co., Ltd.
Prof. Yim Jeong-bin
Chair Professor, Soon Chun Hyang
University
Mr. Lee In serk
CEO, SK Chemical Life Science Biz
Mr. Yoo Myung Hwan
Chairman, Global Yoo Myung Co., Ltd.
Ms. Lee Kyung Ja
Chairman, Association of Research &
Development for Experience Education
Dr.Yoon Eun Key
Chair Professor, aSSIST(Seoul School
of Integrated Science & Technology)
Ms. Kim Eun-Sun
Chairman, Boryung Pharm.
Mr. Lee Suk Ho
Former President, Ulsan Broadcasting
Corp.
Dr. Yoon Kang Jun
President, St. Peter’s Hospital
Prof. Kim Ki Seok
College of Education
Prof. Lee Young Soon
University
Mr. Kim Kyong Ho
Chairman, Hankyong Instrument &
ENG Co., Ltd
Dr. Limb Thok-Kyu
Chairman, Magazine "Diplomacy"
Mr. Jeffrey D. Johns
Chairman, Partners for the Future
Foundation
Mr. Kang Shin Jang
President, Monaissance
Mr. Kim Duck Sang
CEO, Sartorius Korea Biotech Co.,
Ltd.
Prof. Kim Kyungjin
College of Natural Science
Prof. Kim Sun Young
College of Natural Sciences
32
Mr. Moon Kyung Ahn
President & CEO, Volvik
Dr. Oh Tae Kwang
President, Korea Research Institute of
Bioscience and Biotechnology
Prof. Paek Domyung
Graduate School of Public Health
Mr. You Kyung Nam
CEO, Liftec Co., Ltd.
Auditors
Mr. Kim Yong-Won
Partner, Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers
Prof. Seong Rho Hyun
Dean for Research Affairs, & Professor,
Seoul National University College of
Natural Sciences
Annual Report 2013
Major Donors in 2013
Core funding to I V I is provided by the governments
of the Republic of Korea and Sweden. Publicand private-sector organizations and individuals
also provide support, both monetary and in-kind,
for the Institute’s research and programs.
Prominent organizations and individuals in Korea
provide support due to efforts of the Korea
Support Committee for I V I (KSC). While there
are too many donors to list here, their generosity
is deeply appreciated. To see the full list of I V I
donors, please refer to the IVI website,
http://www.ivi.int.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Catholic University of Korea
Chosun Ilbo
Community Chest of Korea
Export-Import Bank of Korea
Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (BMBF)
GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals
Inviragen, Inc.
Kia Motors
Korea Exchange Bank Foundation
Korea Health Industry Development Institute
Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)
Korea Support Committee for IVI (KSC), Republic of Korea
LG Electronics
Merck & Co.
Ministry of Education (MOE), Republic of Korea
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Republic of Korea
Ministry of Unification (MOU), Republic of Korea
National Research Foundation of Korea
NC Soft Corporation
Pfizer, Inc.
Richmont Group
Sanofi Pasteur
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
Thrasher Foundation
Yanghyun Foundation
33
Annual Report 2013
Major Collaborators in 2013
•Academy of Medical Sciences, Democratic •Institut Pasteur, Korea
People’s Republic of Korea
•Institut Pasteur, Senegal
•Institut Superieur des Sciences de la Population
•Aga Khan University, Pakistan
(ISSP), Burkina Faso
•Agence de Medecine Preventive (AMP), France
•Instituto Butantan, Brazil
•Ajou University, Republic of Korea
•Johns Hopkins University - International Vaccine
•Applied Strategies, USA
Access Center (IVAC), USA
•Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI),
Ethiopia
•Kangwon National University, Republic of
Korea
•AVIR Green Hills Biotechnology AG
•Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
•Bandim Health Project
•Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Bangladesh •Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania
•Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
•Beams Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
•Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, •Korea Center for Disease Control, Republic of
Germany
•Bharat Biotech, India
•BioFarma, Indonesia
•Bio-Korea, Republic of Korea
•Busan University, Republic of Korea
•Caritas, Germany
•Catholic University, Republic of Korea
•Celltrion, Republic of Korea
•Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
•Chonnam University, Republic of Korea
•Christian Medical College, India
•Chungnam National University, Republic of
Korea
Korea
•Korea Institute of Tuberculosis, Republic of
Korea
•Korea National Institute of Health (KNIH),
Republic of Korea
•Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and
Biotechnology (KRIBB), Republic of Korea
•Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in
Tropical Medicine, Ghana
•Kyunghee University
•Mahidol University, Thailand
•Merck & Co., USA
•Metrosalud ESE / Unidad Hospitalaria communa
Santa Cruz, Medellin, Colombia
•City District Government of Karachi, Pakistan
•Ministries of Health (Ethiopia, Kazakhstan,
•Coalition against Typhoid
Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Sudan)
•Directorate of Health Services, Department of
Health and Family Welfare, State Government •Ministries of Public Health (Brazil, Colombia,
of Orissa, India
Thailand)
•District Public Health Offices of Lalitpur and •Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal
Bakhtapur, Nepal
•Ministry of Health of Sindh Province, Pakistan
•Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation, Nepal
•Duke University Medical Center, USA
•MITRA Samaj, Nepal
•Emory University, USA
•Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, •National Center for Communicable Diseases,
Ethiopia
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
•National Institute for Communicable Diseases
•EuBiologics, Republic of Korea
(NICD), South Africa
•Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea
•Korea Food and Drug Administration, Republic •National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases
of Korea
•Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
•GAVI, Switzerland
•Green Cross, Republic of Korea
•Green Tree Foundation, Republic of Korea
•Group for Technical Assistance, Nepal
•Hallym University, Republic of Korea
•Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
•icddr,b, Bangladesh
•Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangladesh
•Indian Council of Medical Research, India
34
(NICED), India
•National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology
(NIHE), Vietnam
•National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA
•Nihon University, Japan
•Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Ethiopia
•Oxford Economic Forecasting, United Kingdom
•Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
•Patan Hospital, Nepal
•PATH, USA
•Pohang University of Science and Technology
(POSTECH), Republic of Korea
•Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades
Tropicales (PECET), Universidad de Antioquia,
Medellin, Colombia
•Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar,
Orissa, India
•Sabin Vaccine Institute, USA
•Sanofi Pasteur, France
•Scientific Research Center for Epidemiological
Expertise and Monitoring, Almaty, Kazakhstan
•Secretaria de Salud, Medellin, Colombia
•Sejong University, Republic of Korea
•Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
•Shantha Biotechnics, India
•SK Chemicals, Republic of Korea
•Stanford University, USA
•Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan
•Transgovernment Enterprise against Pandemic
Influenza of Korea (TEPIK)
•Trust for Vaccines and Immunization (TVI), Pakistan
•UNICEF, Nepal
•United States Centers for Disease Control and
•Prevention (CDC), USA
•University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
•University of Antananarivo, Madagascar
•University of Antioquia, Columbia
•University of Florida, USA
•University of Gezira, Sudan
•University of Gothenburg, Sweden
•University of Melbourne, Australia
•University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
•University of Queensland, Australia
•University of Vermont, USA
•University of Virginia, USA
•University of Wisconsin, USA
•VaBiotech, Vietnam
•Vaccine Technologies, Inc. (VTI)
•Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR),
USA
•Washington University, USA
•Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, UK
•WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR)
•WHO Programme for Immunization Preventable
Diseases (IPD), Nepal
•WHO Regional Office for Europe (EURO)
•WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia
(SEARO)
•WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
(WPRO)
•World Health Organization (WHO)
•Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
Annual Report 2013
2013 IVI Scientific Publications
1. Adolph TE, Tomczak MF, Niederreiter L, Ko HJ, Bock J,
Martinez-Naves E, Glickman JN, Tschurtschenthaler M,
Hartwig J, Hosomi S, Flak MB, Cusick JL, Kohno K,
Iwawaki T, Billmann-Born S, Raine T, Bharti R, Lucius R,
Kweon MN, Marciniak SJ, Choi A, Hagen SJ, Schreiber S,
Rosenstiel P, Kaser A, Blumberg RS. Paneth cells as a site of
origin for intestinal inflammation. Nature 2013/Nov/14;
503(7475): 272-6.
2. Ali M, Kim DR, Yunus M, Emch M. Time series analysis of
cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh, during 1988-2001. J Health
Popul Nutr 2013/Mar; 31(1): 11-9.
3. Ali M, Sur D, You YA, Kanungo S, Sah B, Manna B, Puri
M, Wierzba TF, Donner A, Nair GB, Bhattacharya SK,
Dhingra MS, Deen JL, Lopez AL, Clemens J. Herd protection
by a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in the slums
of Kolkata, India. Clin Infect Dis 2013/Apr; 56(8): 1123-31.
4. Al-Mamun A, Mily A, Sarker P, Tiash S, Navarro A, Akter
M, Talukder KA, Islam MF, Agerberth B, Gudmundsson
GH, Cravioto A, Raqib R. Treatment with phenylbutyrate in a
pre-clinical trial reduces diarrhea due to enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli: link to cathelicidin induction. Microbes Infect
2013/Nov; 15(13): 939-50.
5. Amarasinghe A, Black S, Bonhoeffer J, Carvalho SM,
Dodoo A, Eskola J, Larson H, Shin S, Olsson S, Balakrishnan
MR, Bellah A, Lambach P, Maure C, Wood D, Zuber P,
Akanmori B, Bravo P, Pombo M, Langar H, Pfeifer D,
Guichard S, Diorditsa S, Hossain MS, Sato Y. Effective
vaccine safety systems in all countries: a challenge for more
equitable access to immunization. Vaccine 2013/Apr; 31 Suppl
2: B108-14.
6. An SJ, Jung UJ, Choi MS, Chae CK, Oh GT, Park YB.
Functions of monocyte chemotactic protein-3 in transgenic
mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. J Microbiol Biotechnol
2013/Mar; 23(3): 405-13.
7. Bhattacharya SK, Sur D, Ali M, Kanungo S, You YA,
Manna B, Sah B, Niyogi SK, Park JK, Sarkar B, Puri MK, Kim
DR, Deen JL, Holmgren J, Carbis R, Dhingra MS, Donner
A, Nair GB, Lopez AL, Wierzba TF, Clemens JD. 5 year
efficacy of a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in
Kolkata, India: a cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2013/Dec; 13(12): 1050-6.
8. Bhattacharya SK, Sur D, Dutta S, Kanungo S, Ochiai RL,
Kim DR, Anstey NM, von Seidlein L, Deen J. Vivax malaria
and bacteraemia: a prospective study in Kolkata, India. Malar J
2013; 12: 176.
9. Biggs HM, Hertz JT, Munishi OM, Galloway RL, Marks F,
Saganda W, Maro VP, Crump JA. Estimating leptospirosis
incidence using hospital-based surveillance and a populationbased health care utilization survey in Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop
Dis 2013/Dec/05; 7(12): e2589.
10. Birkett AJ, Moorthy VS, Loucq C, Chitnis CE, Kaslow
DC. Malaria vaccine R&D in the Decade of Vaccines:
breakthroughs, challenges and opportunities. Vaccine
2013/Apr; 31 Suppl 2: B233-43.
11. Bwire G, Malimbo M, Maskery B, Kim YE, Mogasale V,
Levin A. The burden of cholera in Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis
2013/Dec/05; 7(12): e2545.
12. Caini S, Beck NS, Yacouba H, Maiga I, Chaibou I, Hinsa
I, Adakal A, Issoufou A, Kim SH, Pezzoli L. From Agadez to
Zinder: estimating coverage of the MenAfriVac TM conjugate
vaccine against meningococcal serogroup A in Niger, September
2010 - January 2012. Vaccine 2013/Mar/15; 31(12): 1597-603.
13. Capeding MR, Bravo L, Santos J, Kilgore PE, Kim SA,
Balter I, Hubler R, Ye J, Moscariello M. Prospective Surveillance
Study of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among Urban
Children in the Philippines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32(10):
e383-e389.
14. Chang SY, Lee SN, Yang JY, Kim DW, Yoon JH, Ko HJ,
Ogawa M, Sasakawa C, Kweon MN. Autophagy controls an
intrinsic host defense to bacteria by promoting epithelial cell
survival: a murine model. PLoS One 2013/Nov/19; 8(11):
e81095.
15. Chang SY, Song JH, Guleng B, Cotoner CA, Arihiro S,
Zhao Y, Chiang HS, O’Keeffe M, Liao G, Karp CL, Kweon
MN, Sharpe AH, Bhan A, Terhorst C, Reinecker HC.
Circulatory antigen processing by mucosal dendritic cells
controls CD8(+) T cell activation. Immunity 2013/Jan/24; 38(1):
153-65.
16. Chao DL, Longini IM Jr, Halloran ME. The effects of
vector movement and distribution in a mathematical model of
dengue transmission. PLoS One 2013/Oct/21; 8(10): e76044.
17. Chu H, Park SM, Cheon IS, Park MY, Shim BS, Gil BC,
Jeung WH, Hwang KJ, Song KD, Hong KJ, Song M, Jeong
HJ, Han SH, Yun CH. Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection
Induces CD4+ T Cell Activation via Human Dendritic Cell
Activity. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013/Aug; 23(8): 1159-66.
18. Delgado G, Souza V, Morales R, Cerritos R, GonzalezGonzalez A, Mendez JL, Vazquez V, Cravioto A. Genetic
35
Annual Report 2013
Characterization of Atypical Citrobacter freundii. PLoS One
2013/Sep/12; 8(9): e74120.
19. Douglas DL, DeRoeck DA, Mahoney RT, Wichmann O.
Will dengue vaccines be used in the public sector and if so,
how? Findings from an 8-country survey of policymakers and
opinion leaders. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7(3): e2127.
20. Frickmann H, Dekker D, Boahen K, Acquah S, Sarpong
N, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Schwarz NG, May J, Marks F, Poppert
S, Wiemer DF, Hagen RM. Increased detection of invasive
enteropathogenic bacteria in pre-incubated blood culture
materials by real-time PCR in comparison with automated
incubation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Scand J Infect Dis 2013/Aug;
45(8): 616-22.
21. Frickmann H, Hanle A, Essig A, Dekker D, Boahen K,
Acquah S, Sarpong N, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Schwarz NG, May
J, Marks F, Hagen RM, Poppert S. Fluorescence in situ
hybridization (FISH) for rapid identification of Salmonella spp.
from agar and blood culture broth-an option for the tropics? Int
J Med Microbiol 2013/Jul; 303(5): 277-84.
22. Gordon A, Kuan G, Mercado JC, Gresh L, Aviles W,
Balmaseda A, Harris E. The Nicaraguan pediatric dengue
cohort study: incidence of inapparent and symptomatic dengue
virus infections, 2004-2010. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013/Sep/26;
7(9): e2462.
23. Guzman MG, Alvarez M, Halstead SB. Secondary infection
as a risk factor for dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock
syndrome: an historical perspective and role of antibodydependent enhancement of infection. Arch Virol 2013/Jul;
158(7): 1445-59.
24. Halstead SB. Dengue: the syndromic basis to pathogenesis
research. Inutility of the 2009 WHO case definition. Am J Trop
Med Hyg 2013/Feb; 88(2): 212-5.
25. Halstead SB. Dengue Vascular Permeability Syndrome:
What, No T Cells? Clin Infect Dis 2013/Mar; 56(6): 900-1.
26. Hong EH, Chang SY, Lee BR, Kim YS, Lee JM, Kang
CY, Kweon MN, Ko HJ. Blockade of Myd88 signaling induces
antitumor effects by skewing the immunosuppressive function
of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Int J Cancer 2013/Jun/15;
132(12): 2839-48.
27. Hong EH, Chang SY, Lee BR, Pyun AR, Kim JW, Kweon
MN, Ko HJ. Intratumoral injection of attenuated Salmonella
vaccine can induce tumor microenvironmental shift from
immune suppressive to immunogenic. Vaccine 2013/Feb/27;
36
31(10): 1377-84.
28. HS Wee. The Effect of School Immunization Law on Adult
Income: The American Case. Korea Review of Applied Economics
2013; 15(3): 5-37.
29. Islam A, Labbate M, Djordjevic SP, Alam M, Darling A,
Melvold J, Holmes AJ, Johura FT, Cravioto A, Charles IG,
Stokes HW. Indigenous Vibrio cholerae strains from a nonendemic region are pathogenic. Open Biol 2013/Feb; 3(2):
120181.
30. Izurieta HS, Zuber P, Bonhoeffer J, Chen RT, Sankohg
O, Laserson KF, Sturkenboom M, Loucq C, Weibel D, Dodd
C, Black S. Roadmap for the international collaborative
epidemiologic monitoring of safety and effectiveness of new
high priority vaccines. Vaccine 2013/Aug/02; 31(35): 3623-7.
31. Kaljee LM, Pach A, Thriemer K, Ley B, Ali SM, Jiddawi
M, Puri M, von Seidlein L, Deen J, Ochiai L, Wierzba T,
Clemens J. Utilization and accessibility of healthcare on pemba
island, Tanzania: implications for health outcomes and disease
surveillance for typhoid Fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013/Jan;
88(1): 144-52.
32. Kaljee LM, Pach A, Thriemer K, Ley B, Jiddawi M, Puri
M, Ochiai L, Wierzba T, Clemens J, Ali SM. Desirability for a
typhoid fever vaccine among rural residents, Pemba Island,
Tanzania. Vaccine 2013/Jun/24; 31(29): 2994-9.
33. Kang SS, Yang JS, Kim KW, Yun CH, Holmgren J,
Czerkinsky C, Han SH. Anti-bacterial and anti-toxic immunity
induced by a killed whole-cell-cholera toxin B subunit cholera
vaccine is essential for protection against lethal bacterial
infection in mouse pulmonary cholera model. Mucosal Immunol
2013/Jul; 6(4): 826-37.
34. Khan IA, Saha A, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Uddin MJ,
Begum YA, Riaz BK, Islam S, Ali M, Luby SP, Clemens JD,
Cravioto A, Qadri F. Coverage and cost of a large oral cholera
vaccination program in a high-risk cholera endemic urban
population in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Vaccine 2013/Dec/09;
31(51): 6058-64.
35. Khanam F, Sheikh A, Sayeed MA, Bhuiyan MS, Choudhury
FK, Salma U, Pervin S, Sultana T, Ahmed D, Goswami D,
Hossain ML, Mamun KZ, Charles RC, Brooks WA, Calderwood
SB, Cravioto A, Ryan ET, Qadri F. Evaluation of a Typhoid/
Paratyphoid Diagnostic Assay (TPTest) Detecting AntiSalmonella IgA in Secretions of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
in Patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis
2013/Jul/11; 7(7): e2316.
36. Kim EH, Lee JH, Pascua PN, Song MS, Baek YH, Kwon
HI, Park SJ, Lim GJ, Decano A, Chowdhury MY, Seo SK,
Song MK, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Prokaryote-expressed M2e
protein improves H9N2 influenza vaccine efficacy and
protection against lethal influenza A virus in mice. Virol J
2013/Apr/03; 10: 104.
37. Kim JY, Choi Y, Nguyen HH, Song MK, Chang J. Mucosal
immunization with recombinant adenovirus encoding soluble
globular head of hemagglutinin protects mice against lethal
influenza virus infection. Immune Netw 2013/Dec; 13(6): 275-82.
38. Kim SH, Kim JY, Choi Y, Nguyen HH, Song MK, Chang
J. Mucosal vaccination with recombinant adenovirus encoding
nucleoprotein provides potent protection against influenza virus
infection. PLoS One 2013/Sep/25; 8(9): e75460.
39. Kmush B, Wierzba T, Krain L, Nelson K, Labrique AB.
Epidemiology of hepatitis E in low- and middle-income countries
of Asia and Africa. Semin Liver Dis 2013/Feb; 33(1): 15-29.
40. Kochhar S, Rath B, Seeber LD, Rundblad G, Khamesipour
A, Ali M. Introducing new vaccines in developing countries.
Expert Rev Vaccines 2013/Dec; 12(12): 1465-78.
41. Kothari S, Kothari N, Kim JA, Lee E, Yoon YK, An SJ,
Jones C, Choe WS, Carbis R. A novel method for purification
of Vi capsular polysaccharide produced by Salmonella enterica
subspecies enterica serovar Typhi. Vaccine 2013/Oct/01;
31(42): 4714-9.
42. Lantagne D, Balakrish Nair G, Lanata CF, Cravioto A.
The Cholera Outbreak in Haiti: Where and how did it begin?
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013/May/22;
43. Lee JY, Kim HS, Baek IW, Back JM, Han MR, Kong SY,
Kim JH, Kirchdoerfer RN, Kim JO, Cooper MD, Wilson IA,
Kim HJ, Han BW. Overexpression, crystallization and
preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the variable
lymphocyte receptor 2913 ectodomain fused with internalin B.
Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013/Jan/01;
69(Pt 1): 39-41.
44. Lee KM, Choi YJ, Shin SH, Choi MK, Song HJ, Kim HC,
Klein TA, Richards AL, Park KH, Jang WJ. Spotted fever
group rickettsia closely related to Rickettsia monacensis
isolated from ticks in South Jeolla province, Korea. Microbiol
Immunol 2013/Jul; 57(7): 487-95.
45. Loucq C. Vaccines today, vaccines tomorrow: a perspective.
Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2013/Jan; 2(1): 4-7.
46. Mahalingam S, Herring BL, Halstead SB. Call to action
for dengue vaccine failure. Emerg Infect Dis 2013/Aug; 19(8):
1335-7.
47. Maskery B, DeRoeck D, Levin A, Kim YE, Wierzba TF,
Clemens JD. Strategy, demand, management, and costs of an
international cholera vaccine stockpile. J Infect Dis 2013/Nov/
01; 208(Suppl 1): S15-22.
48. Mishra J, Dey A, Singh N, Somvanshi R, Singh S. Evaluation
of toxicity & therapeutic efficacy of a new liposomal formulation
of amphotericin B in a mouse model. Indian J Med Res 2013/
Apr; 137(4): 767-76.
49. Mogasale V, Levin A, Maskery B, DeRoeck D, Kim YE,
Clemens J, Lopez AL, Burgess C, Wierzba T. Oral cholera
vaccines to control endemic disease: an economic and
epidemiological modelling analysis. Lancet 2013/Oct/20;
382(suppl 1): 6.
50. Montoya M, Gresh L, Mercado JC, Williams KL, Vargas
MJ, Gutierrez G, Kuan G, Gordon A, Balmaseda A, Harris
E. Symptomatic versus inapparent outcome in repeat dengue
virus infections is influenced by the time interval between
infections and study year. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013/Aug/08;
7(8): e2357.
51. Na HN, Kim KH, Song MK, Park HL, Lee EY, Shim SH,
Park S, Nam JH. Immunogenicity and safety of H1N1 influenza
hemagglutinin protein expressed in a baculovirus system.
Microbiol Immunol 2013/Sep; 57(9): 660-4.
52. Noh Y, Shim BS, Cheon IS, Rho S, Kim HJ, Choi Y,
Kang CY, Chang J, Song MK, Kim JO. Neonatal immunization
with respiratory syncytial virus glycoprotein fragment induces
protective immunity in the presence of maternal antibodies in
mice. Viral Immunol 2013/Aug; 26(4): 268-76.
53. Pach A, Tabbusam G, Khan MI, Suhag Z, Hussain I,
Hussain E, Mumtaz U, Haq IU, Tahir R, Mirani A, Yousafzai
A, Sahastrabuddhe S, Ochiai RL, Soofi S, Clemens JD,
Favorov MO, Bhutta ZA. Formative Research and Development
of an Evidence-Based Communication Strategy: The Introduction
of Vi Typhoid Fever Vaccine Among School-Aged Children in
Karachi, Pakistan. J Health Commun 2013/Jan; 18(3): 306-24.
54. Park YJ, Song B, Kim YS, Kim EK, Lee JM, Lee GE, Kim
JO, Kim YJ, Chang WS, Kang CY. Tumor microenvironmental
conversion of natural killer cells into myeloid-derived suppressor
cells. Cancer Res 2013/Sep/15; 73(18): 5669-81.
55. Punjabi NH, Agtini MD, Ochiai RL, Simanjuntak CH,
37
Annual Report 2013
Lesmana M, Subekti D, Oyofo BA, von Seidlein L, Deen J,
Shin S, Acosta C, Wangsasaputra F, Pulungsih SP, Saroso
S, Suyeti S, R S, Sudarmono P, Syarurachman A, Suwandono
A, Arjoso S, Beecham HJ 3rd, Corwin AL, Clemens JD.
Enteric fever burden in North Jakarta, Indonesia: a prospective,
community-based study. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013/Nov/15; 7(11):
781-7.
56. Ryu JH, Yoo JY, Kim MJ, Hwang SG, Ahn KC, Ryu JC,
Choi MK, Joo JH, Kim CH, Lee SN, Lee WJ, Kim J, Shin
DM, Kweon MN, Bae YS, Yoon JH. Distinct TLR-mediated
pathways regulate house dust mite-induced allergic disease in
the upper and lower airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013/Feb;
131(2): 549-61.
57. Sahastrabuddhe S, Carbis R, Wierzba TF, Leon Ochiai
R. Increasing rates of Salmonella Paratyphi A and the current
status of its vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013/
Sep; 12(9): 1021-31.
58. Saletti G, Cuburu N, Yang JS, Dey A, Czerkinsky C.
Enzyme-linked immunospot assays for direct ex vivo
measurement of vaccine-induced human humoral immune
responses in blood. Nat Protoc 2013/Jun; 8(6): 1073-87.
59. Shim BS, Choi JA, Song HH, Park SM, Cheon IS, Jang
JE, Woo SJ, Cho CH, Song MS, Kim H, Song KJ, Lee JM,
Kim SW, Song DS, Choi YK, Kim JO, Nguyen HH, Kim DW,
Bahk YY, Yun CH, Song MK. Sublingual administration of
bacteria-expressed influenza virus hemagglutinin 1 (HA1)
induces protection against infection with 2009 pandemic H1N1
influenza virus. J Microbiol 2013/Feb; 51(1): 130-5.
60. Shim BS, Choi Y, Cheon IS, Song MK. Sublingual delivery
of vaccines for the induction of mucosal immunity. Immune
Netw 2013/Jun/13; 13(3): 81-5.
38
61. Tam CC, Tissera H, de Silva AM, De Silva AD, Margolis
HS, Amarasinge A. Estimates of dengue force of infection in
children in Colombo, Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013/Jun;
7(6): e2259.
62. Tsai WY, Lai CY, Wu YC, Lin HE, Edwards C, Jumnainsong
A, Kliks S, Halstead S, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton GR,
Wang WK. High-avidity and potently neutralizing cross-reactive
human monoclonal antibodies derived from secondary dengue
virus infection. J Virol 2013/Dec; 87(23): 12562-75.
63. Wahed T, Kaukab SS, Saha NC, Khan IA, Khanam F,
Chowdhury F, Saha A, Khan AI, Siddik AU, Cravioto A,
Qadri F, Uddin J. Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and
preventive practices relating to cholera and oral cholera vaccine
among urban high-risk groups: findings of a cross-sectional
study in Dhaka, Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2013/May/19;
13: 242.
64. Woo SJ, Im J, Jeon JH, Kang SS, Lee MH, Yun CH,
Moon EY, Song MK, Kim HH, Han SH. Induction of BAFF
expression by IFN-gamma via JAK/STAT signaling pathways in
human intestinal epithelial cells. J Leukoc Biol 2013/Mar; 93(3):
363-8.
65. Yang H, Ko HJ, Yang JY, Kim JJ, Seo SU, Park SG,
Choi SS, Seong JK, Kweon MN. Interleukin-1 Promotes
Coagulation, Which Is Necessary for Protective Immunity in the
Lung Against Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. J Infect Dis
2013/Jan/01; 207(1): 50-60.
66. You YA, Ali M, Kanungo S, Sah B, Manna B, Puri M,
Nair GB, Bhattacharya SK, Convertino M, Deen JL, Lopez
AL, Wierzba TF, Clemens J, Sur D. Risk map of cholera
infection for vaccine deployment: the eastern Kolkata case.
PLoS One 2013/Aug/02; 8(8): e71173.
Annual Report 2013
Financial Summary
* Figures are presented in US dollars.
REVENUE
2013
2012
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF)
10,591,248
54%
9,076,267
51%
Government of the Republic of Korea*
1,967,362
10%
2,193,155
12%
Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency (Sida)
1,705,861
9%
616,313
3%
Corporations / Individuals / Others
4,647,797
24%
5,897,021
33%
785,428
4%
Korean Government** Laboratory Support
Investments (Interest Income)
Total Income
2013 SOURCES OF REVENUE
1%
4%
24%
33%
0%
7,507
0%
144,747
1%
19,705,203
100%
17,927,503
100%
51%
2013
2012
15,838,109
14,933,906
Laboratory Support
1,529,379
2,024,945
Management & General
2,959,935
4,396,482
897,756
1,071,617
21,225,180
22,426,950
(52,373)
78,360
(1,572,350)
(4,421,087)
2013
2012
9,576,112
6,867,107
26,597,341
26,100,742
Program Services
Communication & Advocacy
Total Expense
Foreign Exchange Gain (Loss)
Net Surplus (Deficit)
ASSETS
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Bank Deposits
10%
12%
*Core fund support **Ministry of Education /National Research Foundation of Korea
EXPENSES
54%
9%
3%
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF)
Government of the Republic of Korea
Swedish International Development Cooperation
Agency (Sida)
Corporations / Individuals / Others
Korean Government Laboratory Support
Investments (Interest Income)
2013 EXPENSE ALLOCATION
4%
5%
14%
20%
1,031,647
1,406,568
772,608
971,327
37,977,708
35,345,744
2013
2012
29,632,085
25,631,138
Other Current Liabilities
1,277,424
1,074,057
Other Liabilities
7,068,199
8,640,549
37,977,708
35,345,744
Other Current Assets
Other assets
Total Assets
LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS
Grant Funds-Deferred support
Total Liabilities and Net Assets
7%
9%
75%
66%
Program Services
Laboratory Support
Management & General
Communication & Advocacy
Note: The above financial statement is an excerpt from the IVI’s audited financial statements, which are audited by Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers. The
International Vaccine Institute is an international nonprofit organization. Contributions to the IVI are tax-exempt under US IRS code 501(c) (3).
39
Annual Report 2013
State Parties and/or Signatories to
IVI’s Establishment Agreement
40

annual report 최종 - International Vaccine Institute

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