Building Capacity - International Vaccine Institute

2014
ANNUAL REPORT
INTERNATIONAL
VACCINE
INSTITUTE
Vaccine Discovery
Development
Delivery
Capacity-Building
Improving Health
Saving Lives
www.ivi.int
VISION
Developing countries free of suffering from infectious diseases
MISSION
Discover, develop and deliver safe, effective and affordable
vaccines for developing nations
ANNUAL REPORT
2014
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
04
Letter from the Director General
07
IVI in Brief
08
Our Focus: Diseases of the Most Impoverished
09
Our Approach
10
Where We Work
13
2014 Milestones
15
Our Progress in 2014
22
In the Pipeline: Research Highlights
26
Building Success
27
Building Capacity
29
Board of Trustees
30
Scientific Advisory Group
31
Major Donors in 2014
32
Korea Support Committee for the IVI (KSC)
34
Major Partners in 2014
38
2014 Scientific Publications
42
2014 Financial Summary
43
IVI State Parties and/or Signatorie
Letter from
the Director General
Dear Friends,
I am pleased to introduce IVI’s 2014 Annual Report. This report presents the progress
made by IVI despite the organizational transition that the Institute went through in 2014.
Even though I joined IVI recently, I would like to acknowledge the contributions of the
IVI team that I am proud to lead since March 2015.
IVI experienced several successes and challenges in 2014, earmarked by a change in
leadership. My predecessor Dr. Christian Loucq left IVI in early 2014 after approximately
two years of leading the Institute and spearheading several strategic and operational
initiatives to strengthen the organization. Besides Dr. Loucq, there were departures
of other leadership team members. IVI also continued to face financial challenges but
despite these issues, critical vaccine research and administrative support programs continued under the able
leadership of John Morahan, who served as Chief Financial Officer and Acting Director General during that time.
We continue to make progress in the discovery, development, and delivery of safe, effective and affordable
vaccines, notably against cholera, typhoid, and dengue. We advanced the development of Korea’s first oral cholera
vaccine through the establishment of a global access agreement with EuBiologics, a Korean vaccine manufacturer
that IVI has been partnering with since 2010. EuBiologics agreed to produce the vaccine for the public-sector
and to sell it an affordable price. With IVI’s support, EuBiologics received financing from the Global Health
Investment Fund (GHIF) and Korean investors for the development and production of their cholera vaccine,
EuvicholⓇ. EuvicholⓇ is expected to be WHO-prequalified in 2016, making it Korea’s first cholera vaccine for
global health.
We formed a new partnership with Incepta to develop and produce cholera and typhoid vaccines for Bangladesh.
The partnership was initiated with technology transfers for the oral cholera vaccine and the typhoid conjugate
vaccine from IVI to Incepta in 2014. As cholera and typhoid are major public health problems in Bangladesh, a
local manufacturer committed to cholera and typhoid vaccines will help the fight against these diseases.
In addition, we launched a large trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh for the oral cholera vaccine (Shanchol™). The
vaccine (developed through IVI) is currently given as a two-dose regimen. However in recognition of the fact
that a single-dose regimen would be easier to administer for outbreaks, a single-dose study was launched at the
beginning of 2014 in collaboration with icddr,b. If we find that one dose of the vaccine is sufficient to protect
against cholera, this could be a game-changer in how the vaccine will be used.
We received a boost in the development of a new typhoid conjugate vaccine. IVI has partnered with SK Chemicals
(Korea) and BioFarma (Indonesia) on the development of this vaccine. In late 2014, IVI received grant funding
from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to support further clinical vaccine development with these partners.
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
Preparations are being made for the clinical trials which are set for 2016.
We wound down the Typhoid Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP), which has been running since 2011. IVI
coordinated standardized typhoid surveillance among field sites in 10 sub-Saharan African countries to generate
data on the burden of typhoid in Africa. Findings from the multi-year surveillance are currently being analyzed for
publication slated for 2015. We are moving on to the next research phase, which will assess severe typhoid and its
outcomes in Africa.
On the dengue front, as the lead agency for the Dengue Vaccine Initiative (DVI), IVI continued to coordinate the
consortium (World Health Organization, Sabin Vaccine Institute and Johns Hopkins University), and conduct
disease burden studies in Thailand, Vietnam and Colombia. In 2014, we expanded our research to new countries in
Africa for the first time. New studies were initiated in Burkina Faso, and preparations were also made for the launch
of field sites in Gabon, Kenya and Cambodia.
Our International Advanced Course on Vaccinology in the Asia-Pacific Region marked its fourteenth year. The
course, which takes place at IVI’s headquarters, aims to provide vaccine professionals from developing countries a
comprehensive overview of vaccinology. Seventy-one trainees from 20 countries including Sudan, Yemen, Ethiopia,
Ghana, Nepal, China, and Spain participated in the course.
At the time of this report, IVI is in the process of renewal. Besides my arrival in early 2015, Dr. Laura Digilio joined
in January, 2015 as Director of Development & Delivery, John Morahan officially became our Chief Operating
Officer, and Dr. In-Kyu Yoon will be joining us as Director of the Dengue Vaccine Initiative (DVI) in August, 2015.
The new leadership team has been working hard to prepare IVI for the challenges ahead and for ensuring that IVI
will continue to make leading contributions to global health and vaccine research. The commitment of the leadership
team and dedication of the IVI staff give me hope as we redefine and reposition IVI through this time.
I would like to thank IVI’s donors and supporters who make our work possible: the Governments of the Republic of
Korea and Sweden, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Germany’s Federal Ministry of Research and Education
(BMBF), the Korea Support Committee for IVI (KSC), LG Electronics, Kia Motors, and the many small and large
organizations and individuals in our host country of Korea. I would also like to thank IVI’s Board of Trustees for their
guidance and time.
Sincerely,
Jerome Kim, M.D.
Director General
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
05
Vaccines
Save Lives
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
IVI
in Brief
In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated
a total of 6.9 million children below the age of five died.
Among the deaths, fifty-eight percent were from infectious diseases, and the majority was in
Africa and South Asia. Many of these deaths can be prevented by vaccination.
Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective tools in public health
and have contributed greatly to the prevention and control of infectious diseases in the twentyfirst century.
Thanks to vaccines, smallpox was eradicated and efforts are being made to eliminate polio and
measles. While children in developed countries have benefitted from vaccination, many children
in developing countries remain unprotected from potentially fatal, yet vaccine-preventable
diseases.
The International Vaccine Institute (IVI) was established in 1997 as an initiative by the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) under the recognition that there was a need for an
independent, not-for-profit international organization with the mandate to improve the health of
children in developing nations through vaccines and vaccination.
IVI’s mission is to discover, develop and deliver safe, effective and
affordable vaccines for developing nations.
Headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, IVI’s host country, IVI has thirty-five countries and the
WHO as signatories.
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
07
Our
Focus:
Diseases of
the Most Impoverished
Many vaccines against diseases primarily affecting low-income countries are not available for use,
and many vaccines are not developed with the specific needs of those countries in mind. Factors
contributing to these limitations are complex. In general, there is not enough information about
disease burden and the impact of vaccination in developing countries. Vaccine manufacturers
are often reluctant to undertake costly clinical development programs for vaccines that will be
mostly used in developing countries with limited market potential.
IVI aims to bridge the gap and make vaccines available and accessible for low-income countries.
We focus on vaccines against:
• Enteric and diarrheal diseases (cholera, enteric fever, Shigella)
• Dengue
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
Our
Approach
Discover
IVI is involved in all aspects of
bringing a vaccine to reality:
Discover new technologies to make new
vaccines or improve existing ones.
Develop
Deliver
Develop promising vaccine candidates for licensure
and WHO prequalification by transferring the
technology to manufacturers and partnering with
them on clinical development.
Deliver licensed vaccines in low-income
countries by generating scientific data on
the need for vaccines and the impact of
vaccination for decision makers.
Building capacity
Building partnerships
Building capacity in vaccinology in developing
countries through technical assistance and
training to promote self-sufficiency and
sustainability in vaccines and vaccination.
Building partnerships in Asia and globally
for vaccines and global health.
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
09
Where We
Work
Senegal
Sudan
Burkina
Faso
Ethiopia
Colombia
Gabon
Kenya
Brazil
GuineaBissau
Uganda
Ghana
Tanzania
Malawi
Madagascar
South
Africa
Facts
Headquartered at Seoul National University
(ranked #1 in Korea and among the top 50 universities in the world)
One of only 2 non-profit organizations
to bring a vaccine to WHO
prequalification (the oral cholera
vaccine, Shanchol™, was prequalified in
2011)
Driver for vaccine technology transfer in Asia with
6 tech transfer partners from 5 countries(Shantha
Biotechnics, EuBiologics, BioFarma, VaBiotech, SK
Chemicals, Incepta)
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
124
Number of staff
North
Korea
Kyrgyzstan
Bangladesh
India
Kazakhstan
Mongolia
Cambodia
South
Korea
Pakistan
Nepal
Thailand
13
Number of countries
represented by IVI staff
Vietnam
27
Number of countries where
IVI works (check world map)
100
Number of research
collaborators
9
Number of vaccine
products in pipeline
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
11
Healthy Lives,
Brighter Futures
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
2014
Milestones
• ‌Appointment of Dr.
Jerome Kim as IVI’s
Director General in late
2014. Dr. Kim is IVI’s
third Director General.
A medical do c tor by
training and a colonel in
the United States Army
Medical Corps, Dr. Kim
is a recognized leader
in HIV res earch and
vaccine development. Dr.
Kim was the Principal
Deputy and Chief of the
Laboratory of Molecular
Virology and Pathogenesis at the U.S. Military HIV Research Program
(MHRP) and the U.S. Army's Project Manager for the HIV Vaccines
and Advanced Concepts Evaluation and Staging. He was the U.S. Army
lead for the Phase III HIV vaccine trial (RV144), the first to show that an
HIV vaccine could protect against infection. Dr. Kim officially started his
term in March 2015.
• ‌Advancements for Korea’s first cholera vaccine. Since 2010, IVI has
been partnering with EuBiologics, a Korean biotechnology firm, on
the development and production of an oral cholera vaccine. Significant
progress was made in 2014 with the establishment of a global access
agreement between IVI and EuBiologics in which EuBiologics agreed
to produce the vaccine for the public-sector and to sell it an affordable
price. With IVI’s support, EuBiologics received financing totaling $7.5
million from the Global Health Investment Fund (GHIF) and Korean
investors for the oral cholera vaccine. Their vaccine, EuvicholⓇ, is
expected to be WHO-prequalified in 2016, making it Korea’s first
cholera vaccine for global health.
• ‌Expansion of support for typhoid conjugate vaccine development.
IVI has been partnering with SK Chemicals (Korea) and BioFarma
(Indonesia) on the development of a new typhoid conjugate vaccine.
In late 2014, IVI received grant funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation to support further clinical vaccine development with these
partners. Preparations are being made for the clinical trials which are
set for 2016.
• Launch
‌
of a large trial in Bangladesh for the oral cholera vaccine. The
oral cholera vaccine (Shanchol™) developed through IVI comes in a
two-dose regimen. However, as a single-dose regimen would be easier
to administer for outbreaks and emergency situations, a single-dose
study was launched at the beginning of 2014 in Bangladesh. IVI, with
iccdr,b, will assess if one dose of the vaccine is sufficient to provide
protection against cholera.
• New
‌
partnership with Incepta Vaccines for cholera and typhoid
vaccines for Bangladesh. IVI will collaborate with the Bangladeshi
manufacturer, Incepta Vaccines, on the clinical development and
production of the oral cholera vaccine and typhoid conjugate vaccine.
The partnership was initiated with technology transfers made by IVI
to Incepta in 2014. Cholera and typhoid are significant public health
problems in Bangladesh. Having a local manufacturer committed to
providing cholera and typhoid vaccines will certainly augment the
fight against these diseases.
• Conclusion
‌
of the Typhoid Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP).
Since 2011, IVI has been coordinating standardized typhoid
surveillance among field sites in 10 sub-Saharan African countries
in order to generate data on the epidemiology of typhoid in Africa.
In 2014, TSAP wound down, and findings from the multi-year
surveillance were analyzed for publication. The findings will be
published in a supplement of Clinical Infectious Diseases in 2015. IVI
is moving on to the next research phase post-TSAP, which will look at
severe typhoid in Africa.
• New
‌
field sites and studies for the Dengue Vaccine Initiative (DVI).
Under DVI, IVI has been conducting disease burden studies in
Thailand, Vietnam and Colombia. In 2014, IVI expanded its dengue
research to new countries in Africa (for the first time) and Asia. New
studies were initiated in Burkina Faso, and preparations were made for
the launch of field sites in Gabon, Kenya and Cambodia.
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
13
Science for
Impact
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
Our Progress
in 2014
Cholera
Since 2002, IVI, with partners in Korea, Bangladesh, the United States,
India, Sweden and Vietnam, has been leading efforts to accelerate the
development and introduction of safe, effective and affordable oral
cholera vaccines to fight endemic and epidemic cholera.
What is Cholera?
Cholera is a serious cause of acute watery diarrhea around the world,
infecting three to five million people and responsible for about 100,000
deaths annually. It affects both children and adults and can kill within
hours if not properly treated. Cholera is a disease of poverty and
strikes in settings where there is overcrowding and limited access to
safewater and sanitation. As recently seen in Haiti, explosive and deadly
outbreaks can occur following natural disasters and humanitarian crises
when systems break down.
A New Solution: An Oral Cholera Vaccine for Global Use
Improvements in water quality, hygiene, and sanitation have long been
the tools to prevent and control cholera. While effective, these are longterm measures and difficult to implement in low-income countries
with limited resources. Oral cholera vaccines are an effective tool that
reaps short- to medium- term results, especially during outbreaks when
immediate action is needed.
Back in the early 2000's Vietnam had already developed and licensed
an oral cholera vaccine. However, in order for this vaccine to be used
internationally, it had to be modified to meet the requirements set by
the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, IVI reformulated
the vaccine in order to comply with WHO standards. The technology
for the modified vaccine was then transferred back to Vabiotech in
Vietnam and to a manufacturer in India (Shantha Biotechnics). In
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
15
Cholera
Vietnam, the modified vaccine (mVORC-VAXⓇ) was licensed and is
now being used nationally.
Meanwhile in India, IVI collaborated with Shantha Biotechnics and
other partners to perform clinical trials to demonstrate the vaccine
was safe and effective and obtain approval from the national regulatory
authority. Since the vaccine also needed to be affordable for use in
low-income countries, IVI negotiated with Shantha to establish a
special public-sector price. The pivotal trials conducted in Kolkata
showed that two doses of oral cholera vaccine provided protection
for up to five years. The vaccine was licensed in India as Shanchol™ in
2009 and IVI worked closely with the manufacturer to get the vaccine
WHO-prequalified in 2011. This was a major achievement for IVI.
To date, only three vaccines developed through product development
partnerships (PDPs) have been WHO-prequalified, and Shanchol™ is
one of them.
The Work Continues
IVI continues to work on optimizing Shanchol™ for use in developing
countries. For example, Shanchol consists of a two-dose regimen, but
a single-dose regimen would be logistically easier to administer in
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
campaigns for outbreaks and emergency situations. Therefore, a singledose study was launched in Bangladesh at the beginning of 2014. IVI,
with iccdr,b, will assess if one dose of the vaccine is sufficient to provide
protection against cholera.
IVI also continues to work in Vietnam, such as supporting efforts
to have the Vietnamese national regulatory authority recognized
by the WHO. This recognition will help pave the way for WHO
prequalification of mORC-VAX.
Increasing Access
IVI recognized that having more than one manufacturer of the oral
cholera vaccine for the global market would ensure a reliable supply
at an affordable price. EuBiologics, a Korean company, was selected
as a second manufacturing partner and in 2010 IVI transferred the
technology for production and quality control of inactivated oral
cholera vaccine to them. IVI has worked with Eubiologics to perform
the necessary trials for licensure in Korea and to obtain subsequent
WHO prequalification. As part of the global access agreement between
the two parties Eubiologics will provide high quality affordable vaccine
for public sector use in resource poor countries.
Substantial progress was made in 2014 on the EuBiologics vaccine,
EuvicholⓇ. The vaccine is poised to receive export licensure from the
Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2015, paving the way for
its subsequent application to WHO for prequalification. Once WHO
prequalification is achieved the vaccine can be sold through UNICEF
to the global market highlighting the major contribution of Eubiologics
and the Republic of Korea to the fight against the burden of cholera.
We gratefully acknowledge the Governments of the Republic of Korea and
Sweden, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, LG Electronics, Kia Motors,
and Kim & Chang for their support.
In 2014, IVI began working with a new partner, Incepta Vaccine
Ltd, a Bangladeshi company, for the technology transfer and clinical
development of the oral cholera vaccine. Since cholera is endemic in
Bangladesh, there is great need for a domestically produced oral cholera
vaccine. The partnership with Incepta will help reduce the burden of
cholera in Bangladesh.
We gratefully acknowledge the Governments of the Republic of Korea and
Sweden, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, LG Electronics, Kia Motors,
and Kim & Chang for their support.
Demonstrating impact
A global oral cholera vaccine stockpile was established in late 2013
financed by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and managed by WHO and other
partners. The purpose of the stockpile is to expedite the delivery of
cholera vaccines for rapid outbreak response in emergencies and crisis
situations. The stockpile was used for the first time in 2014 to combat a
cholera outbreak in South Sudan. While perceptions have been changing
about using a vaccine to fight cholera, more evidence is needed to
demonstrate the impact of vaccination and to generate demand for the
oral cholera vaccine.
IVI has been collaborating with local health authorities and partners on
the introduction of the oral cholera vaccine in Malawi, Ethiopia, India and
Bangladesh to provide practical evidence that cholera vaccination works,
is feasible, and is well-accepted by the community. In 2014, IVI continued
to provide technical support to icddr,b for the introduction of the vaccine
in Bangladesh. In addition, we have been preparing for pilot vaccination
campaigns in Ethiopia and Malawi slated for launch in early 2015. Those
projects are supported by LG Electronics and Kia Motors respectively.
In late 2014, Shanchol was approved for use in the pilot campaign by the
Ethiopian national regulatory authority after a clinical trial showed that it
was safe and immunogenic in the Ethiopian population.
Cholera control remains a work in progress, and IVI is commited to
increasing vaccine supply and advocating for the use of the vaccine - so
that all communities at risk are protected against this deadly disease.
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
17
Enteric
Fever
IVI is using the experiences and lessons learned from its successful
work in cholera to accelerate the development and delivery of a new
vaccine against enteric fever. As with cholera, IVI is using a global
partnership approach and is collaborating with partners from Korea,
Indonesia, Bangladesh, and the United States to make a new vaccine
accessible and available to populations that desperately need it.
What is Enteric Fever?
Enteric fever (more commonly known as typhoid fever) is a bacterial
disease caused by Salmonella Typhi. It is spread through the ingestion
of food or drink contaminated by the feces or urine of infected people.
It is usually characterized by fever, headache, constipation, and malaise,
but it has few symptoms that reliably distinguish it from other infectious
diseases, which makes it difficult to diagnose and treat. Symptoms
range from mild to severe, and can progress to death or be associated
with a chronic carrier state.
Because it is difficult to diagnose typhoid, estimates for the numbers
of typhoid cases and deaths vary but 21 million cases of typhoid fever
and 200,000 deaths are estimated to occur worldwide. Like cholera, it
occurs in low-income settings with poor sanitation and hygiene, and
lack of clean water. Infants and young children in particular are at risk.
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
A New Hope in the Form of a Vaccine
IVI has completed development of a typhoid conjugate which consists
of the Vi polysaccharide purified from Salmonella Typhi chemically
conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (DT). Compared with un-conjugated Vi
typhoid vaccines, this new typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-DT) promises
to protect infants less than two years of age as well as young children
against typhoid fever and provide a longer duration of protection.
IVI has now transferred the technology for production and quality
control of Vi-DT to three manufacturing partners and will now assist
with the development of a clinical plan and performance of clinical trials
required for licensure and WHO prequalification. As with all of IVI’s
vaccine technology transfer partnerships global access agreements have
been signed to ensure high quality affordable vaccine for use in publicsector markets. In 2014, IVI worked with two of our partners - SK
Chemicals of Korea and BioFarma of Indonesia - to finalize clinical
development plans and it is anticipated that the clinical trials with both
companies will begin in 2016. In addition, Vi-DT technologies were
transferred to Incepta Vaccine Ltd of Bangladesh in 2014 and IVI has
been active in assisting scale up in their plant in Bangladesh. IVI has
also been developing a functional serum bactericidal assay that should
help answer questions concerning vaccine efficacy and correlates of
protection and hopefully will simplify the pathway to licensure and
WHO prequalification of IVI’s and other Vi conjugate vaccines.
Having three manufacturers of the typhoid vaccine will help ensure
a sufficient and cost-competitive supply for the global market. The
vaccine is expected to be licensed and WHO prequalified in readiness
for global use as early as 2019.
A New Vaccine to Combat Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever
IVI is also developing a bivalent enteric fever vaccine to protect against
typhoid and paratyphoid fever. There is reportedly a high burden
of paratyphoid fever in South Asia therefore a single vaccine that
can protect against both diseases would be extremely beneficial. IVI
has developed new conjugation methodologies for the Paratyphoid
conjugate. A bivalent (Typhoid/Paratyphoid A) candidate is in
the preclinical phase, and if all goes well, technology transfer to a
manufacturer will be made soon.
We gratefully acknowledge the Governments of the Republic of Korea and
Sweden, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for their support.
Assessing the True Burden of Disease
Since 2011, IVI has been conducting typhoid surveillance among
a network of field sites in thirteen sites in ten sub-Saharan African
countries through the Typhoid Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP).
While anecdotes suggest that typhoid is a problem in Africa, there were
limited scientific data to back up those claims. TSAP, funded by the Bill
& Melinda Gates Foundation, was established to generate the scientific
data on the epidemiology of typhoid in Africa.
In 2014, we concluded TSAP and started analyzing and writing up the
findings from the multi-year surveillance for publication. Our results
show a significant burden of typhoid in Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar and
Burkina Faso; yet non-typhoidal Salmonella infection may be more of a
problem than S. Typhi, particularly in Plasmodium falciparum malariaendemic settings. In addition, multi-drug resistance is a concern and
severe typhoid cases are seen in rural settings. The findings will be
published in a supplement of Clinical Infectious Diseases in 2015. Based
on these findings, IVI is moving on to the next research phase, which will
look at in more detail the outcomes of severe typhoid cases in Africa.
This data will help inform donors, governments and policymakers in
making decisions about investing in the new typhoid vaccine when it is
ready. Furthermore, IVI has been synthesizing evidence to support the
introduction of the new vaccine by estimating the economic burden of
typhoid, vaccine demand and supply forecast, and vaccination impact.
We have also been developing a disease transmission model, which will
help with estimations and forecasting.
We gratefully acknowledge the Governments of the Republic of Korea and
Sweden, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for their support.
Enteric Fever
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
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Dengue
IVI leads the international consortium known as the Dengue Vaccine
Initiative (DVI), whose mission is to encourage the development and
consideration of vaccines to prevent dengue. DVI lays the groundwork
for dengue vaccine decision-making and introduction in endemic areas.
DVI members are:
• ‌IVI - lead the Consortium and is responsible for field studies that
generate evidence on burden of disease, as well as coordinating the
Dengue Prevention Boards for the Americas region and the AsiaPacific region.
• ‌WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR) - lead in the
development of information and guidance documents, and in
regulatory training activities.
• ‌International Vaccine Access Center of Johns Hopkins University’s
Bloomberg School of Public Health - lead activities related to the
financing of dengue vaccine purchase including budget impact
analysis and strategic demand forecasting.
• ‌Sabin Vaccine Institute- lead DVI’s coalition-building, advocacy, and
communications activities.
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
What is Dengue?
Dengue fever (also known as breakbone fever) is a debilitating and
painful disease. Signs and symptoms include headache, skin rash, and
muscle and joint pain. In some cases, dengue can lead to circulatory
failure, shock, coma, and even death.Individuals who have been infected
with dengue are more likely to contract severe dengue when infected
again.There is no medication or cure.
Dengue is a viral disease caused by one of four virus serotypes, which
are spread to humans by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). Dengue is often
found in urban areas in tropical and subtropical regions with many
reported cases in Asia and Latin America. The WHO estimates there
may be 50 million dengue infections worldwide every year. Currently
dengue is endemic in over 100 countries, and in 2013, it was ranked by
the WHO as the fastest spreading vector-borne viral disease with the
potential to cause an epidemic in the world.
Compared with other infectious diseases, dengue does not have a high
mortality but it exerts a considerable economic burden. The cost of
illness to society is high, from lost wages and decreased productivity to
costs associated with medical expenses.
Dengue Vaccines on the Horizon
consideration for vaccine introduction.
Dengue prevention efforts have usually focused on vector control but
the development of dengue vaccines has accelerated dramatically in
recent years. There are several vaccines in various stages of advanced
development, with clinical trials currently underway. The frontrunner
is Sanofi Pasteur’s live attenuated chimeric tetravalent vaccine that has
been in Phase 3 trials.
Several major regulatory meetings were held in 2014 as well. In
2013, DVI formed a group of regulators from seven countries with
interest in the early adoption of dengue vaccines. The DVI regulatory
group met twice in 2014. At a meeting in Beijing, the national
regulatory authorities (NRAs) of five countries signed an agreement to
cooperate on the joint evaluation of files or protocols of novel dengue
vaccines. The group also met again in Jakarta, Indonesia with NRA
representatives from Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico,
Philippines, and Thailand. They reviewed and agreed on more
specific details of joint evaluations of clinical trial applications and of
registration dossiers.
DVI has been paving the way for introduction of the dengue vaccine
through policy and access, regulatory, and advocacy activities. IVI
for its part has been generating evidence on the disease and economic
burden of dengue through field studies in Thailand, Vietnam, and
Colombia. In 2014, IVI continued surveillance, serological surveys,
and cost-of-illness survey in these countries. In addition, we initiated
studies in Burkina Faso, and made preparations for the launch of new
field sites in Gabon, Kenya and Cambodia in 2015.
Two Dengue Prevention Board Meetings were convened in 2014 - one
in Mexico City for the Latin Americas region in March, and one in
Seoul for the Asia-Pacific region in November. The Americas meeting
discussed the basis for the collaborative and integrated approaches
to dengue prevention and control, while the Asia-Pacific meeting
focused on a review of the vaccine development status and points for
Finally, DVI continued to provide technical support to Instituto
Butantan of Brazil and Vabiotech of Vietnam on development of
their dengue vaccines, especially in process development, regulatory
guidance, and capacity-building in clinical trials. This initiative is
funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
(BMBF).
The Dengue Vaccine Initiative is supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation. It also receives support from the German Federal Ministry of
Education and Research (BMBF), Takeda, and Sanofi Pasteur.
Dengue
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In the Pipeline: Research
Highlights
Discovering new vaccines with conjugation technology
Based on work with the typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria
toxoid; Vi-DT), IVI has been developing a Vi conjugate technology platform and using it
as a presentation vehicle for poorly immunogenic proteins. The concept is based on early
observations that the Vi polysaccharide conjugated to a protein carrier enhances the response to
the protein if the conjugate is constructed in a certain way, possibly causing slow release of the
antigen resulting in a enhanced and prolonged immune response.
Some preliminary conjugates that IVI is working on:
• ‌Vi-PspA Vi conjugated to PspA, a common pneumococcal protein expressed on the surface of
Streptococcus pneumoniae strains
• ‌Rotavirus conjugate Vi conjugated to virus-like particles of rotavirus VP8; through a
collaboration with the University of Queensland
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
• ‌Hib-HBsAg conjugate Hib PRP conjugated to HBsAg (hepatitis B
surface antigen)
• ‌Typhoid-malaria conjugate through a collaboration with the U.S.
National Institutes of Health
IVI is also looking into the possibility of developing a pediatric
combination vaccine for developing countries. Combining several
conjugates into a single vaccine product would reduce the number of
pediatric doses, making it easier to fulfill the recommended childhood
immunization schedule and to help increase vaccination coverage rates.
This work is supported by the Governments of Sweden and the Republic
of Korea (National Research Foundation of Korea and the Ministry of
Education) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
New vaccine candidates against norovirus and Shigella
IVI is also discovering new vaccines against norovirus and Shigella, both
significant causes of enteric infections in the developing world.
Norovirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans,
affecting people of all ages. A vaccine is currently not available. Most
human norovirus vaccine studies have focused on virus-like particles
(VLPs) as the vaccine candidate, however in clinical trials,the efficacy
of norovirus-like particles (noroVLP) has been shown to be only about
47 percent. IVI is studying the enhancement of the immunogenicity
and efficacy of current VLP-based norovirus vaccines by evaluating
the immunogenicity of noroVLP following mucosal administration. In
addition, IVI is using a novel mucosal adjuvant based on a genetically
engineered cholera toxin, called TCTA1, which shows promising levels
of immunogenicity without toxicity.
The data indicate that immunization of mice with via the mucosal route
produced robust antibody responses specific to noroVLP, suggesting that
administration of noro VLP via the mucosal route promoted induction
of norovirus-specific antibody responses systemically and locally. Also,
a significant boost in norovirus specific cellular immunity was shown
following mucosal immunization with noroVLP compared with mice
that received parenteral immunization. Additionally, co-administration
of noroVLP with TCTA1T via the mucosal route generated a robust
antibody response against norovirus. While preliminary, these results
indicate that administration of TCTA1T-adjuvanted noroVLP via
the mucosal route can increase vaccine efficacy by eliciting systemic
immunity as well as local immunity in the gastrointestinal mucosa.
However further studies are needed to establish proof of concept.
Shigella infection (shigellosis) represents a major burden of diarrheal
disease in infants and young children in developing countries. About
1.1 million people die from Shigella infections annually in developing
countries, 60 percent of whom are children under 5 years old.
Like norovirus, a vaccine is currently not available. There are challenges
in developing a Shigella vaccine due to the wide genetic variation of the
Shigella bacterium, which comprises of four species and more than 50
serotypes as specified by the composition of the surface polysaccharide
O antigen. Due to the serotypic differences and increasing reports of
antibiotic-resistant Shigella strains, the development of a universal
Shigella vaccine is needed.
To develop a universal vaccine, IVI has been working on the
construction of a mutant Shigella bacterium in which the genetically
modified bacterium expressesa shorter lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with
one unit of O-antigen on the bacterial cell wall. This in turn increases
the exposure of membrane antigens, including protein antigens that
are conserved across different species and serotypes of Shigella. Thus,
vaccination using genetically modified Shigella with enhanced exposure
of common outer-membrane proteins could be an efficacious approach
to developing a universal Shigella vaccine. Work is ongoing in murine
challenge models to assess cross-protection and if the mutated construct
can induce cytokine and humoral responses to Shigella.
This work is supported by the Governments of Sweden and the Republic
of Korea (National Research Foundation of Korea and the Ministry of
Education).
PROVIDE: Performance of oral rotavirus and
poliovirus vaccines in developing countries
PROVIDE is a research study funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation (BMGF) that seeks to understand the impact of tropical
enteropathy on the immune response to oral vaccines. Tropical
enteropathy is a disturbance in the intestinal lining that makes it difficult
for the body to absorb nutrition and is often observed in children from
low-income countries. It has also been observed that children from
lowincome countries have a decreased immune response to oral vaccines
compared with children from developed countries. This occurrence has
significant implications for the impact of national vaccination programs.
Understanding, treating or preventing tropical entropothy is critical to
achieving maximal impact from vaccination.
With India’s National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED),
University of Virginia, and University of Vermont, IVI has embarked on
an observational study to see if there is a relationship between children
with tropical enteropathy and those who do not respond well to oral
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
23
polio and rotavirus vaccines. The study will also identify if maternal
breast milk has a role in the child’s immune response to vaccines; how
a child’s nutritional status is related to this problem; and whether some
children with tropical enteropathy and those who do not respond well to
oral polio and rotavirus vaccines. The study will also identify if maternal
breast milk has a role in the child’s immune response to vaccines; how a
child’s nutritional status is related to this problem; and if some children
may be more likely to develop tropical enteropathy compared with
others.
The study enrolled 372 infants at the hospital study site in Kolkata,
India. All infants, as part of their routine immunization, received
the EPI vaccines, as well as the oral rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix). For
the polio vaccine, infants were randomized into two groups with
one group receiving the injectable polio vaccine (IPV) and the other
group receiving the oral polio vaccine (OPV). All of the lab tests were
conducted at the IVI /NICED Immune-monitoring laboratory.
Preliminary analyses suggest that there is a poor immune response
to oral rotavirus vaccines with immunogenicity less than 40 percent.
Furthermore, there appears to be a negative correlation between
maternal breast milk antibody titers and the infant’s immune response
to vaccination, suggesting that breast milk antibodies may interfere with
the infant’s gut immune response. Other factors such as infant’s age at
enrollment, maternal BMI, maternal zinc supplementation and poor
breast feeding were associated with the child’s antibody response to the
rotavirus vaccine.
Moving forward, polio immunogenicity data will be completed, and
preliminary and secondary data analyses will be done. Additional
biomarkers will be tested to identify the interference of tropical
enteropathy, as well as the role of gut homing cells as a correlate of
protection in rotavirus infection.
Based on the PROVIDE data, IVI has initiated work on developing
a rotavirus conjugate vaccine. The process development and clinical
immunology teams are working together to develop an vaccine for
developing countries.
Policy and Economic Research: Developing evidence to
support vaccine use
IVI’s Policy and Economic Research (PER) focuses on promoting the
use of evidence-based analyses for vaccine introduction. PER synthesizes
evidence, conducts health economics studies, and develops transmission
models to help with forecasting and estimations of vaccination impact
and costing. It also disseminates evidence to national- and global-level
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
policymakers and donors to support deliberations on vaccine introduction.
In 2014, an estimation of the economic burden of typhoid fever was
conducted along with the synthesis of typhoid fever outcomes, vaccine
demand and supply forecast, vaccination impact estimates, and the
development of a transmission model. Some of these findings were
presented in June and September 2014 to WHO’s Immunization and
Vaccine- Related Implementation Research Advisory Committee
(IVIR-AC) which reports to the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of
Experts (SAGE) for future policy recommendations. An estimation
of the typhoid fever burden in low- and middle-income countries was
published in The Lancet Global Health.
PER has been also working on developing an oral cholera vaccine
delivery cost estimation tool and a transmission model to estimate
cholera vaccination impact at global level. For dengue, PER has been
conducting health economics studies in Thailand, Vietnam, and
Colombia in collaboration with the Dengue Vaccine Initiative (DVI).
New studies were launched for Burkina Faso, Gabon, and Cambodia.
The findings from these studies will help make the case for dengue
vaccine use.
Biostatistics and Data Management
IVI’s Biostatistics & Data Management conducts data management,
statistical analyses, and transmission modeling of infectious diseases,
which supports IVI’s field research. In 2014, the team helped the
Dengue Vaccine Initiative (DVI) launch a mobile-based system using
PDA devices and conduct data management training using internet
applications at a field site in Burkina Faso during the peak of the Ebola
virus crisis in West Africa. The use of internet applications in data
management was a new approach and helped avoid delay of the study
launch due to travel restrictions to Burkina Faso and political instability
as a result of the Ebola crisis. This real-time data collection system using
tablet devices is also being planned for IVI’s typhoid surveillance studies
in Africa.
Finally, IVI, in collaboration with WHO’s Global Vaccine Safety Initiative
(GVSI), developed a new software tool for collecting and processing
information on adverse events following immunization (AEFI) to
promote internationally harmonized tools and methods to support
vaccine safety. Known as the Vaccine Adverse Events Information
Management System (VAEIMS), this tool was pilot-tested in Sri Lanka
and evaluated for its ability to transfer AEFI data from health outposts
into a central database for processing and conversion of raw data to
information for action. Based on its success, Sri Lanka has decided to use
it at the national level. VAEIMS will soon be adapted for global use.
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
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Building
Success
Mr. Bum Soo Lee and his family at IVI
Communications
& Advocacy
The Deadly Beauty Campaign - Enteric Fever
IVI’s Communications & Advocacy (C&A) aims to raise awareness of the institute and to
mobilize resources and support. Some C&A highlights in 2014 include the IVI school visitors
program that allows students to visit the institute and to learn more about vaccines and
vaccination. IVI welcomed 700 students in 2014.
In July, IVI launched the Choose Your World campaign in partnership with NYK Media. The
campaign was centered on a video which shows the difference a small donation can make in
supporting vaccine research and development. More information on the campaign can be
found at http://Choose.ivi.int.
IVI also launched Deadly Beauty, a social media campaign, to raise awareness about neglected
infectious diseases. The concept involved depicting germs responsible for diseases such as
Ebola and cholera as body art on models. The campaign was featured in journals and blogs
including BoredPanda.com, Jyllands-Posten, and FashionWaltz.com. This campaign was
made possible with in-kind support from Alec Kim Photography, Scorpio Body Painting,
MarieM Beauty, Westage& Co., and The C R O C H E. Further information can be found at:
https://www.facebook.com/DeadlyBeautyCampaign.
The year 2014 also marked the launch of the IVI International Photo Contest with the theme
of children around the world. The contest saw 4,741 admissions from countries around
the world. The top 60 photos were selected by a panel of professional photographers and
displayed at an exhibition at Seoul City Hall. The contest was run with support from Yanghyun
Foundation and the Korean Ministry of Education. To see the winners, please visit: http://
iviphoto.org/eng
In September, IVI launched the Kids Helping Kids Program (KiKi), an educational program
targeting Korean school children. The program teaches students about the importance of
charity and being a global citizen, while at the same time providing basic science and health
education (e.g., how germs can spread and how diseases can be prevented hand washing and
immunization). The KiKi Program was supported by Yanghyun Foundation and the Korean
Ministry of Education. The program will be rolled out in a select number of schools as a pilottest in 2015.
Finally 2014 marked the signing of Korean actor Mr. Bum Soo Lee as the IVI Goodwill
Ambassador. Mr. Lee said, “It is my great honor to have the opportunity to support IVI, which
is striving to improve the health of children who are left behind the benefits of public health,”
adding, “I will do my best to ensure that more (Korean) people can sympathize with and
extend support to IVI’s noble mission”
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
Building
Capacity
IVI’s International Advanced Course on Vaccinology in the Asia-Pacific Region marked its
fourteenth year in 2014. The annual course is a five-day advanced course on vaccinology held
in May at IVI’s headquarters in Seoul. It aims to provide vaccine professionals from around the
globe a comprehensive overview of vaccinology. During the course, AVC faculty consisting
of over 30 international experts, lecture on topics that span from basic epidemiology and
immunobiology to vaccine development to vaccine introduction to use and communications.
Seventy trainees from 20 countries including Bhutan, China, Nepal, Sudan, Switzerland, Thailand
and Vietnam participated in the course. The participants were a diverse mix of scientists, public
health officials, and policymakers from private and public sectors, including 14 fellows - IVI
annually awards competitive fellowships to individuals with demonstrated financial need.
The course covered basic epidemiology and immunobiology topics. The course then proceeded
through topics related to taking a vaccine from development to the field. The week ended with
lectures on vaccine communications and immunization in specialized groups. The course was
supported by GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Korea Exchange Bank (KEB) Foundation, and the ExportImport Bank of Korea.
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
27
Vaccines
for Children
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
Board
of Trustees
Members-at-large
Prof. Adel A.F. Mahmoud (Chair)
Professor
Department of Molecular Biology and the Woodrow
Wilson School of Public and International Affairs,
Princeton University
U.S.A.
Mr. George Bickerstaff (Treasurer & Chair of Finance Committee)
Partner and Managing Director,
M.M. Dillon & Co.
U.S.A
Prof. Juhani Eskola
Director General
National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)
Finland
Dr. J. Joseph Kim
President & CEO
Inovio Pharmaceuticals
U.S.A
Prof. Fred N. Binka
Vice Chancellor
University of Health and Allied Sciences
Ghana
Dr. George R. Siber (Chair of Scientific Committee)
Chief Scientific Officer
ClearPath Vaccines
Representatives of WHO, UNDP,
and Host Country (Republic of Korea)
Dr. Shin Young Soo
Regional Director
WHO Western Pacific Regional Office (WPRO)
Philippines
Mr. Romulo Garcia
Senior Adviser
Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific,
UNDP New York
Mr. Yoo Dae-jong
Director General
International Organizations Bureau
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Republic of Korea
Dr. Kang Young-Soon
Director General
International Cooperation Bureau
Ministry of Education
Republic of Korea
Representatives of State Parties
to Establishment Agreement
Dr. Viveka Persson - Vice Chair & Chair of Governance
& Nominating Committee
Uredare/Senior Project Manager
Swedish National Agency for Higher Education
Sweden
Ex-officio
Director General
International Vaccine Institute
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
29
Scientific
Advisory Group
Dr. Robert E. Black (Chair)
Professor - International Health
John Hopkins University, School of Hygiene & Public Health
U.S.A.
Dr. Duane J. Gubler
Professor
Program on Emerging Infectious Diseases
Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School
Singapore
Dr. Gagandeep Kang
Professor and Head
The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory
India
Dr. Byoung S. Kwon
Endowed Investigator
National Cancer Center
Republic of Korea
Dr. Claudio F. Lanata
Senior Researcher
Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional IIN
Science Director
US Navy Medical Research Unit 6
Professor
School of Medicine, Peruvian University of Applied Sciences UPC
Peru
Dr. Jacques Louis
Professor Emeritus Faculty of Medicine University
of Lausanne, Switzerland
and Institut Pasteur, Paris
Director Emeritus Department of Parasitology and Mycology,
Institut Pasteur, Paris (2003-2008)
France
Dr. G. Balakrish Nair
Executive Director
Translational Health Science and Technology Institute
India
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
Dr. Pearay L. Ogra
John Sealy Distinguished Chair
Professor and Chairman [Emeritus]
Department of Pediatrics
State University of New York at Buffalo
Children's Hospital
U.S.A.
Dr. David A. Sack
Professor, Department of International Health
Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
U.S.A.
Dr. Rho Hyun Seong
Professor
School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences
Seoul National University
Republic of Korea
Dr. Peter Smith
Professor
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
U.K.
Major Donors
in 2014
Core funding to IVI is provided by the governments of the Republic of Korea and Sweden. Public- and private-sector
organizations and individuals also provide support, both monetary and in-kind, for the Institute’s research and programs.
Prominent organizations and individuals in Korea provide support due to efforts of the Korea Support Committee for IVI (KSC).
While there are too many donors to list here, their generosity is deeply appreciated. To see the full list of IVI donors, please
refer to the IVI website: http://www.ivi.int.
aSSIST CEO Forum
Association of Research & Development for Experience Education
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF)
BOAZ ENT Clinic Network
Chong Kun Dang Kochun Foundation
Clue Coaching and Career
Community Chest of Korea
Coreana Cosmetics
Diplomacy Magazine
Export-Import Bank of Korea
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals
KfW Development Bank
Kia Motors
Kim & Chang Committee for Social Contributions
Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
Korea Exchange Bank Foundation
Korea Fashion Association
Korea Health Industry Development Institute
Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)
Korea Support Committee for the IVI (KSC)
LG Electronics
Ministry of Education (MOE), Republic of Korea
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Republic of Korea
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)
Pfizer, Inc.
Samjin Globalnet Co., Ltd.
Sanofi Pasteur
Seoul Dairy Cooperative
Sky 72 Golf & Resort
Smart Optech
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
University of Bielefeld (UOB)
World Health Organization (WHO)
Yanghyun Foundation
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
31
Korea Support Committee
for the IVI (KSC)
Established in 1998, the KSC is a nonprofit organization that mobilizes support in Korea for IVI. The Committee consists of prominent leaders
from government, industry, and academia in Korea. For more information, please visit: http://www.ivi.int/ksc.
President & Chair of the Board
Prof. Cho Dong-Sung, Professor Emeritus, Seoul National University
Vice Presidents
Prof. Park Sang-Chul, Executive Vice President, Well Aging Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology
Dr. Rhee Byung-Geon, President, Green Cross Holdings, Co.
Executive Advisor
Prof. Cho Wan-Kyoo, Former President, Bioindustry Association of Korea/Former President, Seoul National University /
Former Minister of Education
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
Chief Advisor
Prof. Park Sang-Dai, Professor Emeritus, Seoul National University
Legal Advisor
Mr. Choi Sang-Yup, Lawyer, Former Minister of Justice / Vice Prosecutor-General
Executive Director
Prof. Hong Seung Hwan, Professor, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences
Advisors
Mr. Chae Hee-Byung, President, Dongjin Chemical Co., Ltd.
Dr. Chae Young Bog, Former Chairman, Gyeong Gi Bio-Center / Former Minister of Science & Technology
Dr. Chung Won-Shik, Chairman, The Yuhan Foundation / Former Prime Minister
Mr. Kang Choong Hyun, Chairman, Samjin Globalnet Co., Ltd.
Mr. Kang Shin-Ho, Chairman, Dong-A Socio Group
Mr. Kim Jaison, Publisher, The Samtohsa / Founding President of KSC / Former Speaker of General Assembly
Dr. Kim Kee-Hyong, Honorary President, Korea Ceramics Culture Promotion Society / Former Minister of Science
& Technology
Prof. Kim Nak Doo, Professor Emeritus, Seoul National University College of Pharmacy
Prof. Kim Sang-Joo, Former President, the National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Korea
Prof. Kim Si Joong, Chairman, The Science-Technology Forum / Former Minister of Science & Technology
Prof. Kwon E. Hyock, Professor Emeritus & Former President, Seoul National University / Former Minister of
Education / Public Health / Environment
Dr. Lee Gil-ya, President, Gachon Gil Foundation
Prof. Lee Ho-Wang, Former President, the National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Korea
Mr. Lee Kyu Hyung, Advisor, Samsung Research Institute, Former Ambassador of the Republic of Korea in China
and Russia, Former Deputy Minister of MOFA
Prof. Lee Sang Sup, Professor Emeritus, Seoul National University College of Pharmacy
Mr. Lee Se-Ung, Chairman, Shin Il Co. / Chairman, Seoul Cyber University / Former President, Korea National Red
Cross
Prof. Park Soo-Gil, Chair Professor, Korea University / Former Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea to
the UN
Dr. Rhee Shang-Hi, Chairman, Greenlife Intellectual Network, Former President, Korea Patent Attorneys
Association / Former Minister of Science & Technology
Prof. Son Bong Ho, Chairman, Korea Community Sharing Campaign, Professor Emeritus, Seoul National University
Prof. Yoo Chong-Ha, Chair Professor, Graduate School of International Studies, Sogang University / Former
President, Korea National Red Cross / Former Minister of Foreign Affairs & Trade
Dr. Yoon Hong-Geun, Chairman & CEO, GENESIS BBQ Group
Prof. Yu Jae-Cheon, Former President, Sangji University
Mr. Won Dae Yunn, Chairman, Korea Fashion Association
Board of Trustees
Mr. Auh Jin, President, Ahn Gook Pharm.
Mr. Chi Chang-Hoon, President & CEO, Korean Air Lines
Dr. Choi Davis, President, Korea Vaccine Co., Ltd.
Mr. Choo Hak-Yoo, President, Dong Woo Chem. Corp,
Mr. Chun Hong Jae, CEO, Chun Loss Prevention Co., Ltd.
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
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Dr. Chung Chan Bok, President & CEO, Bioland
Prof. Chung Kil Saeng, Former President, The Korean Academy of Science Technology; Emeritus & Former
President, Konkuk University
Mr. Chung Pal Do, Chairman, Korealand Co.
Prof. Huh Kap Bum, Professor Emeritus & Former Dean, Yonsei University College of Medicine
Mr. Jeffrey D. Johns, Chairman, Partners for the Future Foundation
Mr. Kang Shin Jang, President, Monaissance
Mr. Kim Duck Sang, CEO, Sartorius Korea Biotech Co., Ltd.
Ms. Kim Eun-Sun, Chairman, Boryung Pharm.
Prof. Kim Ki Seok, Professor, Seoul National University College of Education
Mr. Kim Kyong Ho, Chairman, Hankyong Instrument & ENG Co., Ltd
Prof. Kim Kyungjin, Professor, Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology
Prof. Kim Sun Young, Professor, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences
Mr. Kim Young-Kee, President, Korea Industrial Safety Association
Mr. Kim Peter Pumsoo, Chairman, InnoS & S Co., Ltd.
Mr. Kim Sun Ki, President, Bio-Medical Science Co., Ltd
Mr. Kim Young Je, President & CEO, Sky 72 Golf Club
Mr. Lee Doung Young, CEO, Marketing Production, Seoul Dairy Cooperative
Mr. Lee Jae Hoo, Senior Partner, Kim & Chang
Mr. Lee In Jung, President & CEO, Taein Co., Ltd.
Dr. Park Mahnhoon, CEO, SK Chemical Life Science Biz
Ms. Lee Kyung Ja, Chairman, Association of Research & Development for Experience Education
Mr. Lee Suk Ho, Former President, Ulsan Broadcasting Corp.
Prof. Lee Young Soon, Professor Emeritus, Seoul National University
Dr. Limb Thok-Kyu, Chairman, Magazine "Diplomacy"
Mr. Moon Kyung Ahn, President & CEO, Volvik
Dr. Oh Tae Kwang, President, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology
Prof. Paek Domyung, Professor, Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health
Prof. Park Kyung A, Professor, Yonsei University College of Medicine
Mr. Park Nam Seo, CEO, Sanha Engineering & Construction Co.
Prof. Song Jin Won, Professor, Korea University College of Medicine
Mr. Stanley Cho, CEO, Smart Optech
Mr. Shin Hyun Il, Chairman, Bomoon Co.
Dr. Yang Yoon Sun, CEO & President, MEDIPOST
Prof. Yim Jeong-bin, Chair Professor, Soon Chun Hyang University
Mr. Yoo Myung Hwan, Chairman, Global Yoo Myung Co., Ltd.
Dr.Yoon Eun Key, President, Korea Collaboration Association, Chair Professor, aSSIST (Seoul School of Integrated
Science & Technology)
Dr. Yoon Kang Jun, President, St. Peter’s Hospital
Mr. You Kyung Nam, CEO, Liftec Co., Ltd.
Auditors
Mr. Kim Yong-Won, Partner, Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers
Prof. Seong Rho Hyun, Dean for Research Affairs, & Professor, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
35
Major Partners
in 2014
Agence de Medecine Preventive (AMP), France
Hallym University, Republic of Korea
Ajou University, Republic of Korea
Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Ethiopia
icddr,b, Bangladesh
AVIR Green Hills Biotechnology AG
Incepta Vaccine Ltd., Bangladesh
Bandim Health Project
Indian Council of Medical Research, India
Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Bangladesh
Institut Pasteur, Cambodia
Beams Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Institut Pasteur, Korea
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany
Institut Pasteur, Senegal
Bharat Biotech, India
Institut Superieur des Sciences de la Population (ISSP), Burkina Faso
BioFarma, Indonesia
Instituto Butantan, Brazil
Bio-Korea, Republic of Korea
Johns Hopkins University-International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC),
USA
Busan University, Republic of Korea
Catholic University, Republic of Korea
Celltrion, Republic of Korea
Centre de Recherches Medicales de Labarene, Gabon
Centre Muraz, Burkina Faso
Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
Chonnam University, Republic of Korea
Christian Medical College, India
Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea
Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network (DCVMN)
Coalition against Typhoid
Directorate of Health Services, Department of Health and Family
Welfare, State Government of Orissa, India
Duke University Medical Center, USA
Emory University, USA
Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Ethiopia
Eubiologics, Republic of Korea
John Snow, Inc., USA
Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania
Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
Korea Center for Disease Control, Republic of Korea
Korea Institute of Tuberculosis, Republic of Korea
Korea National Institute of Health (KNIH), Republic of Korea
Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Republic of Korea
Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Ghana
Kyunghee University
Mahidol University, Thailand
Metrosalud ESE / Unidad Hospitalaria communa Santa Cruz, Medellin,
Colombia
Ministry Of Food and Drug Safety, Republic of Korea
Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea
Ministries of Health (Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malawi,
Mongolia, Sudan)
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Ministries of Public Health (Brazil, Colombia, Thailand)
Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Switzerland
Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal
Global Health Investment Fund, USA
National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Green Cross, Republic of Korea
National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), South Africa
Group for Technical Assistance, Nepal
National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases (NICED), India
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ANNUAL REPORT 2014
National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), Vietnam
University of Melbourne, Australia
National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA
University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Nihon University, Japan
University of Oxford, UK
Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Ethiopia
University of Queensland, Australia
Oxford Economic Forecasting, United Kingdom
University of Vermont, USA
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
University of Virginia, USA
PATH, USA
University of Wisconsin, USA
Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Republic of
Korea
Vabiotech, Vietnam
Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET),
Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), USA
Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
Sabin Vaccine Institute, USA
Sanofi Pasteur, France
Scientific Research Center for Epidemiological Expertise and
Monitoring, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Vaccine Technologies, Inc. (VTI)
Washington University, USA
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, UK
WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research
WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR)
WHO Programme for Immunization Preventable Diseases (IPD), Nepal
Secretaria de Salud, Medellin, Colombia
WHO Regional Office for Europe (EURO)
Sejong University, Republic of Korea
WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (SEARO)
Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacifi (WPRO)
Shantha Biotechnics, India
World Health Organization (WHO)
SK Chemicals, Republic of Korea
Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
Stanford University, USA
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Japan
Technical University of Berlin (TUB), Germany
Transgovernment Enterprise against Pandemic Influenza of Korea
(TEPIK)
UNICEF, Nepal
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA
Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia
University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
University of Antananarivo, Madagascar
University of Antioquia, Colombia
University of Florida, USA
University of Gezira, Sudan
University of Gothenburg, Sweden
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
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2014 Scientific
Publications
1. [No authors listed].
Typhoid fever surveillance and vaccine use, South-East Asia and Western
Pacific Regions, 2009-2013. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2014/Oct/03; 89(40):
429-39.
2. Ali A, An SJ, Cui C, Haque A, Carbis R.
Synthesis and immunogenicity evaluation of Salmonella enterica serovar
Paratyphi A O-specific polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid.
Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014/Mar; 10(6): 1494-8.
3. Amarasinghe A, Bhola AK, Halstead SB.
Uncovering dengue in India: morbidity estimates. Global Journal of
Medicine and Public Health 2014; 3(3)
4. Aye KS, Charngkaew K, Win N, Wai KZ, Moe K, Punyadee N,
Thiemmeca S, Suttitheptumrong A, Sukpanichnant S, Prida M,
Halstead SB.
Pathologic highlights of dengue hemorrhagic fever in 13 autopsy cases
from Myanmar. Hum Pathol 2014/Jun; 45(6): 1221-33.
5. Baik YO, Choi SK, Kim JW, Yang JS, Kim IY, Kim CW, Hong JH.
Safety and immunogenicity assessment of an oral cholera vaccine
through phase I clinical trial in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2014/Apr; 29(4):
494-501.
6. Bajracharya D, Khan MI, Pach A 3rd, Shrestha P, Joshi N, Upreti SR,
Wierzba T, Puri M, Sahastrabuddhe S, Ochiai RL.
25 years after vi typhoid vaccine efficacy study, typhoid affects significant
number of population in Nepal. PLoS One 2014/Jan/06; 9(1): e77974.
7. Begum YA, Baby NI, Faruque AS, Jahan N, Cravioto A, Svennerholm
AM, Qadri F.
Shift in phenotypic characteristics of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
(ETEC) isolated from diarrheal patients in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop
Dis 2014/Jul/17; 8(7): e3031.
8. Cassetti MC, Halstead SB.
Consultation on dengue vaccines: progress in understanding protection,
26-28 June 2013, Rockville, Maryland. Vaccine 2014/May/30; 32(26):
3115-21.
9. Chang SY, Ko HJ, Kweon MN.
Mucosal dendritic cells shape mucosal immunity. Exp Mol Med 2014/
Mar/14; 46: e84.
38
ANNUAL REPORT 2014
10. Chattaway MA, Jenkins C, Rajendram D, Cravioto A, Talukder KA,
Dallman T, Underwood A, Platt S, Okeke IN, Wain J.
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli have evolved independently as
distinct complexes within the E. coli population with varying ability to
cause disease. PLoS One 2014/Nov/21; 9(11): e112967.
11. Cheon IS, Park SM, Lee HJ, Hong JE, Ji SY, Shim BS, Kim KH, Heo
PS, Kim YY, Jung HJ, Ka H, Han SH, Song M, Yun CH.
Functional characteristics of porcine peripheral T cells stimulated with
IL-2 or IL-2 and PMA. Res Vet Sci 2014/Feb; 96(1): 54-61.
12. Cheon IS, Shim BS, Park SM, Choi Y, Jang JE, Jung DI, Kim JO,
Chang J, Yun CH, Song MK.
Development of safe and effective RSV Vaccine by modified CD4 epitope
in G protein core fragment (Gcf). PLoS One 2014/Apr/15; 9(4): e94269.
13. Chowdhury MY, Li R, Kim JH, Park ME, Kim TH, Pathinayake P,
Weeratunga P, Song MK, Son HY, Hong SP, Sung MH, Lee JS, Kim CJ.
Mucosal vaccination with recombinant Lactobacillus casei-displayed
CTA1-conjugated consensus matrix protein-2 (sM2) induces broad
protection against divergent influenza subtypes in BALB/c mice. PLoS
One 2014/Apr/08; 9(4): e94051.
14. Date KA, Bentsi-Enchill AD, Fox KK, Abeysinghe N, Mintz ED,
Khan MI, Sahastrabuddhe S, Hyde TB.
Typhoid Fever surveillance and vaccine use - South-East Asia and
Western pacific regions, 2009-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
2014/Oct/03; 63(39): 855-60.
15. Desai SN, Cravioto A, Sur D, Kanungo S.
Maximizing protection from use of oral cholera vaccines in developing
country settings: An immunological review of oral cholera vaccines.
Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014/May; 10(6): 1457-65.
16. Desai SN, Kamat D.
Closing the global immunization gap: delivery of lifesaving vaccines
through innovation and technology. Pediatr Rev 2014/Jul; 35(7): e32-40.
17. Dixit SM, Johura FT, Manandhar S, Sadique A, Rajbhandari RM,
Mannan SB, Rashid MU, Islam S, Karmacharya D, Watanabe H, Sack
RB, Cravioto A, Alam M.
Cholera outbreaks (2012) in three districts of Nepal reveal clonal
transmission of multi-drug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1. BMC Infect Dis
2014/Jul/15; 14: 392.
18. Firdous J, Islam MA, Park SM, Cheon IS, Shim BS, Yoon HS, Song M,
Chang J, Choi YJ, Park YM, Boraschi D, Han SH, Cho CS, Yun CH.
Induction of long-term immunity against respiratory syncytial virus
glycoprotein by an osmotic polymeric nanocarrier. Acta Biomater 2014/
Nov; 10(11): 4606-17.
19. Hervouet C, Luci C, Bekri S, Juhel T, Bihl F, Braud VM, Czerkinsky C,
Anjuere F.
Antigen-bearing dendritic cells from the sublingual mucosa recirculate
to distant systemic lymphoid organs to prime mucosal CD8 T cells.
Mucosal Immunol 2014/Mar; 7(2): 280-91.
20. Kanungo S, Lopez AL, Ali M, Manna B, Kim DR, Mahapatra T,
Holmgren J, Dhingra MS, Weirzba TF, Nair GB, Bhattacharya SK,
Clemens JD, Sur D.
Vibriocidal antibody responses to a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera
vaccine in a phase III trial in Kolkata, India. PLoS One 2014/May/06;
9(5): e96499.
21. Kanungo S, Mahapatra T, Bhaduri B, Mahapatra S, Chakraborty
ND, Manna B, Sur D.
Diarrhoea-related knowledge and practice of physicians in urban slums
of Kolkata, India. Epidemiol Infect 2014/Feb; 142(2): 314-26.
22. Kar SK, Pach A, Sah B, Kerketta AS, Patnaik B, Mogasale V, Kim
YH, Rath SB, Shin S, Khuntia HK, Bhattachan A, Puri MK, Wierzba TF,
Kaljee LM.
Uptake during an oral cholera vaccine pilot demonstration program,
Odisha, India. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014/Oct/03; 10(10): 2834-42.
23. Kar SK, Sah B, Patnaik B, Kim YH, Kerketta AS, Shin S, Rath SB, Ali
M, Mogasale V, Khuntia HK, Bhattachan A, You YA, Puri MK, Lopez
AL, Maskery B, Nair GB, Clemens JD, Wierzba TF.
Mass vaccination with a new, less expensive oral cholera vaccine using
public health infrastructure in India: the odisha model. PLoS Negl Trop
Dis 2014/Feb/06; 8(2): e2629.
24. Kim DR, Ali M, Thiem VD, Wierzba TF.
Socio-ecological risk factors for prime-age adult death in two coastal
areas of Vietnam. PLoS One 2014/Feb/26; 9(2): e89780.
25. Kim EH, Park HJ, Han GY, Song MK, Pereboev A, Hong JS, Chang J,
Byun YH, Seong BL, Nguyen HH.
Intranasal adenovirus-vectored vaccine for induction of long-lasting
humoral immunity-mediated broad protection against influenza in mice.
J Virol 2014/Sep/01; 88(17): 9693-703.
26. Kim EJ, Lee D, Moon SH, Lee CH, Kim SJ, Lee JH, Kim JO, Song M,
Das B, Clemens JD, Pape JW, Nair GB, Kim DW.
Molecular Insights Into the Evolutionary Pathway of Vibrio cholerae O1
Atypical El Tor Variants. PLoS Pathog 2014/Sep/18; 10(9): e1004384.
27. Kim H, Kim JK, Song H, Choi J, Shim B, Kang B, Moon H, Yeom M,
Kim SH, Song D, Song M.
Preliminary study about sublingual administration of bacteria-expressed
pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine in miniature pigs. J Microbiol 2014/
Sep; 52(9): 794-800.
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
39
28. Kim JH, Nelson KE, Panzner U, Kasture Y, Labrique AB, Wierzba
TF. A systematic review of the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in
Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2014/Jun/05; 14: 308.
29. Kim K, Jeong BG, Ki M, Park M, Park JK, Choi BY, Yoo WS.
The costs of hepatitis A infections in South Korea. Epidemiol Health
2014/Aug/18; 36: e2014011.
30. Kim SA, Capeding MR, Kilgore PE.
Factors influencing healthcare utilization among children with
pneumonia in Muntinlupa City, the Philippines. Southeast Asian J Trop
Med Public Health 2014/May; 45(3): 727-35.
31. Kothari N, Genschmer KR, Kothari S, Kim JA, Briles DE, Rhee DK,
Carbis R.
Preparation and testing of a Vi conjugate vaccine using pneumococcal
surface protein A (PspA) from Streptococcus pneumoniae as the carrier
protein. Vaccine 2014/Sep/29; 32(43): 5755-60.
32. Kothari S, Kim JA, Kothari N, Jones C, Choe WS, Carbis R.
Purification of O-specific polysaccharide from lipopolysaccharide
produced by Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A. Vaccine 2014/
May/01; 32(21): 2457-62.
33. Kweon MN.
Recent progress in mucosal immunology and vaccine development. Exp
Mol Med 2014/Mar/14; 46: e86.
34. Kwon JS, Yoon J, Kim YJ, Kang K, Woo S, Jung DI, Song MK, Kim
40
ANNUAL REPORT 2014
EH, Kwon HI, Choi YK, Kim J, Lee J, Yoon Y, Shin EC, Youn JW.
Vaccinia-based influenza vaccine overcomes previously induced
immunodominance hierarchy for heterosubtypic protection. Eur J
Immunol 2014/Aug; 44(8): 2360-9.
35. Lim JK, Kim TH, Kilgore PE, Aiello AE, Choi BM, Lee KC, Yoo KH,
Song YH, Kim YK.
The association between influenza treatment and hospitalizationassociated outcomes among Korean children with laboratory-confirmed
influenza. J Korean Med Sci 2014/Apr; 29(4): 485-93.
36. Mahmud J, Rashed SM, Islam T, Islam S, Watanabe H, Cravioto A,
Alam M.
Type three secretion system in non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1,
Mexico. J Med Microbiol 2014/Dec; 63(Pt 12): 1760-2.
37. Mathew MA, Paulose A, Chitralekha S, Nair MK, Kang G, Kilgore P.
Prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea among hospitalized under-five children.
Indian Pediatr 2014/Jan/08; 51(1): 27-31.
38. Mogasale V, Desai SN, Mogasale VV, Park JK, Ochiai RL, Wierzba
TF.
Case Fatality Rate and Length of Hospital Stay among Patients with
Typhoid Intestinal Perforation in Developing Countries: A Systematic
Literature Review. PLoS One 2014/Apr/17; 9(4): e93784.
39. Mogasale V, Maskery B, Ochiai RL, JS Lee, Mogasale VV, Ramani E,
YE Kim, JK Park, Wierzba TF.
Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a
systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment. Lancet
Glob Health 2014/Oct; 2(10): e570-80.
40. Nahar Q, Sultana F, Alam A, Islam JY, Rahman M, Khatun F, Alam
N, Dasgupta SK, Marions L, Ashrafunnessa, Kamal M, Cravioto A,
Reichenbach L.
Genital human papillomavirus infection among women in Bangladesh:
findings from a population-based survey. PLoS One 2014/Oct/01; 9(10):
e107675.
41. Nelson CB, Mogasale V, Bari TI, Clemens JD.
Considerations around the introduction of a cholera vaccine in
Bangladesh. Vaccine 2014/Dec/12; 32(52): 7033-6.
42. Norrby R. Outlook for a dengue vaccine.
Clin Microbiol Infect 2014/May; 20 Suppl 5: 92-4.
43. Ochiai RL, Khan MI, Soofi SB, Sur D, Kanungo S, You YA, Habib
MA, Sahito SM, Manna B, Dutta S, Acosta CJ, Ali M, Bhattacharya SK,
Bhutta ZA, Clemens JD.
Immune responses to Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine in
children 2 to 16 years old in Karachi, Pakistan, and Kolkata, India. Clin
Vaccine Immunol 2014/May; 21(5): 661-6.
44. Park JK, Lee DH, Cho CH, Yuk SS, To EO, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Kim
BY, Choi SW, Shim BS, Song MK, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS.
Supplementation of oil-based inactivated H9N2 vaccine with M2e
antigen enhances resistance against heterologous H9N2 avian influenza
virus infection. Vet Microbiol 2014/Mar/14; 169(3-4): 211-7.
45. Park SE, Marks F.
A conjugate vaccine against typhoid fever. Lancet Infect Dis 2014/Feb;
14(2): 90-1.
46. Park SJ, Kim EH, Pascua PN, Kwon HI, Lim GJ, Decano A, Kim SM,
Song MK, Shin EC, Choi YK.
Evaluation of heterosubtypic cross-protection against highly pathogenic
H5N1 by active infection with human seasonal influenza A virus or
trivalent inactivated vaccine immunization in ferret models. J Gen Virol
2014/Apr; 95(Pt 4): 793-8.
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50. Thiry G, Hombach J, Constenla D, Carvalho A, Durbin A.
New chapter unfolding in the fight against dengue with an unwritten
ending. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014/Oct; 108(10): 597-8.
51. Thompson CN, Kama M, Acharya S, Bera U, Clemens J, Crump
JA, Dawainavesi A, Dougan G, Edmunds WJ, Fox K, Jenkins K, Khan
MI, Koroivueta J, Levine MM, Martin LB, Nilles E, Pitzer VE, Singh S,
Raiwalu RV, Baker S, Mulholland K.
Typhoid fever in Fiji: a reversible plague? Trop Med Int Health 2014/Oct;
19(10): 1284-92.
52. Tissera H, Amarasinghe A, De Silva AD, Kariyawasam P, Corbett
KS, Katzelnick L, Tam C, Letson GW, Margolis HS, de Silva AM.
Burden of dengue infection and disease in a pediatric cohort in urban Sri
Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014/Jul; 91(1): 132-7.
53. Unger CC, Salam SS, Sarker MS, Black R, Cravioto A, Arifeen SE.
Treating diarrhoeal disease in children under five: the global picture.
Arch Dis Child 2014/Mar; 99(3): 273-8.
54. Yang JS, Kang SS, Yun CH, Han SH.
Evaluation of anticoagulants for serologic assays of cholera vaccination.
Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014/Jun; 21(6): 854-8.
55. Yang JY, Lee SN, Chang SY, Ko HJ, Ryu S, Kweon MN.
A Mouse Model of Shigellosis by Intraperitoneal Infection. J Infect Dis
2014/Jan/15; 209(2): 203-15.
56. [Book Chapter] Halstead SB. Pathogenic Exploitation of Fc Activity.
Antibody Fc: Linking Adaptive and Innate Immunity. 2014;333-50.
57. [Book Chapter] Sahastrabuddhe S, Nelson CB, Ochiai RL.
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L, Salehjiddawi M, Busch CJ, Schmied WH, Ali SM, The Typhoid
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Na Yoon Chang, Thomas F. Wierzba, John D. Clemens).
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The Yin-Yang arms of vaccines: disease-fighting power versus tissueINTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
41
2014 Financial
Summary
REVENUE
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF)
Government of the Republic of Korea
Swedish International Development
Cooperation Agency (Sida)
Corporations / Individuals / Others
Korean Government Laboratory Support
Investments (Interest Income)
Total Income
EXPENSES
Program Services
Laboratory Support
Management & General
Communication & Advocacy
Total Expense
Foreign Exchange Gain (Loss)
Net Surplus (Deficit)
ASSETS
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Bank Deposits
Other Current Assets
Other Assets
Total Assets
LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS
Grant Funds-Deferred Support
Other Current Liabilities
Net Assets
Total Liabilities and Net Assets
42
ANNUAL REPORT 2014
20142013
13,915,719
3,243,477 10,591,248
1,967,362
-
4,434,552
1,947,422
72,912
23,614,082
1,705,861
4,647,797
785,428
7,507
19,705,203
20142013
20,130,889
1,095,012
3,042,428
802,065
25,070,394
(778,585)
(2,234,897)
15,838,109
1,529,379
2,959,935
897,756
21,225,180
(52,373)
(1,572,350)
2014 SOURCES OF REVENUE
19%
9,576,112
26,597,341
1,031,647
772,608
37,977,708
2014
2013
23,604,226
909,256
4,892,493
29,405,975
29,632,085
1,277,424
7,068,199
37,977,708
24%
2014
2013
59%
54%
9%
14%
10%
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF)
Government of the Republic of Korea
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
Corporations / Individuals / Others
Korean Government Laboratory Support
Investments (Interest Income)
2014 EXPENSE ALLOCATION
20142013
19,727,307
8,056,188
860,065
762,415
29,405,975
4%
8%
12%
5%
3%
4%
14%
2014
7%
80%
Program Services
Laboratory Support
Management & General
Communication & Advocacy
2013
75%
State Parties and / or Signatories to
IVI's Establishment Agreement
INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE
43
Vaccines, Children, and a Better World
IVI ANNUAL REPORT 2014
Copyright 2014 International Vaccine Institute. All Rights Reserved.
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TEL: 02-872-2801, FAX: 02-872-2803 Contact iviinfo@ivi.int
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