The Black Sea contribution to the Mediterranean Sea

Emin Özsoy
Institute of Marine Sciences,
Middle East Technical University
Erdemli, Mersin
Turkey
•
ROLE
TURKISH STRAITS SYSTEM
DARDANELLES AND BOSPHORUS STRAITS
AND MARMARA SEA
coupling of Mediterranean and Black Seas
CONTRASTS
the meeting place of:
Mediterranean and Black Sea waters,
land and sea-based traffic,
migrating fish and birds,
fault lines, earthquakes, pollution
and people
Wide
Straits in Europe
Narrow
at the center stage of
climate variability
in the “Seas of the
Old World”
Black Sea and Eurasian water cycle:
Closed basin fed by continental runoff abd Turkish Straits System
Energy pathways
Source: U.S. Energy Information
Administration
17th April 2014
4
Shipping
Casualties
Akten & Gonencgil, 1998
7
April 7, 2000 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sub-scene in the visible and
infrared channels. Vegetation appears red, and urban areas blue-green.
http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/0/846/aster_istanbul_lrg.jpg
POLLUTION RRISKS
Waste disposal system dye studies and measurements,
Özsoy et al, 1995; Beşiktepe et al., 1995, Beşiktepe et al., 1995
İSKİ Waste water disposal system
dye studies
Özsoy et al, 1995
R/V BİLİM ve R/V Arar
works!
Satellite chlorophyll
SEA STRAITS
BOSPHORUS AND DARDANELLES STRAITS IN
PARTICULAR
Sea straits constitute complex, high-energy physical
environments with rapid currents, hydraulic transitions,
stratification and turbulence, and are controlled strongly by
geometric constraints, often creating complex multi-scale
interactions influencing the states of the interconnected basins.
A wide range of coupled motions at scales extending from
short-term to climatic co-exist and interact in sea straits and
their adjacent basins.
Turkish Straits System
Interaction with adjacent Seas
Forcing
land based and from adjacent basins:
- sea level
- barometric pressure
- wind setup
- water balance R+P-E
Surface forcing:
- atmospheric interaction (momentum, heat, salt, contituents)
Time scales:
Bosphorus: Transit time < 1/2 day
Dardanelles: Transit time ~ few days
Black Sea: residence time 1-5yr for CIL, >2000yr for bottom
Marmara Sea: residence time 3mo for upper, 6-12yr for lower layer
Mediterranean: residence time ~100 yr
Forcing: < daily - multidecadal
Experimental results
deep bathymetry
adjoining
wide shelf areas,
interconnected by
straits, canyons
Turkish Straits System
Bathymetry
Karadeniz
Qnet=P+R-E
Water balance
Ünlüata et al.,
1990
1331
1010
452
330
919
658
Türk Boğazlar Sistemi
yıllık değişim akımları 337
598
69
(km3/yıl)
40
Çanakkale
Boğazı
Marmara Denizi
Bosphorus salinity ratio: S2/S1 = 38.5 / 18 ≈ 2
Mass conservation: Q1/Q2 = 658 / 337 ≈ 2
average mass conservationi S1 Q1 = S2 Q2
50
31
İstanbul
Boğazı
639
318
Physical complexity
Seasonal and
interannual
variability
in Black Sea
water budget
Upper 10 m average salinity from available station data
At Bosphorus entrance
Shipborne ADCP measurements of Bosphorus fluxes
Jarosz, Teague, Book and Beşiktepe (2011).
GRL 38, p557, 2011
Observed volume fluxes in the Bosphorus
Strait
Turkish Straits System and
northern Aegean Sea exchange
MCIW
CIW
MW
Dardanelles Marmara
Strait
Sea
Bosphorus Black
Strait
Sea
upper layer circulation
(Beşiktepe et al. 1994)
lower layer circulation
Salinity, April 1995
(Beşiktepe, 2000)
Surface salınity and dynamic height (Beşiktepe et al. 1994)
Gravity currents, Hüsrevoğlu, 1999
operational models
ocean.ims.metu.edu.tr
POM
NEMO
Özsoy et al., 2001
Özsoy et al., 1993
EU Project Sesame
Ümit Ünlüata cruises
April 2008
Chlorophyll fluorescence
cabled ADCP system
real-time measurements
Gökçeada
Coastal station
DYNAMIC RESPONSE
The oceanic response of the Turkish Straits System
to an extreme drop in atmospheric pressure
Jeffrey W. Book, Ewa Jarosz, Jacopo Chiggiato, Şükrü
Beşiktepe
Marmara
R/V BİLİM data,
Sep1994 with
Michael Gregg U.
Washington
Bosphorus
contraction
Black S
sill
Hydraulic controls ?
Özsoy et al., 2001
Entrainment
fluxes
MAXIMAL EXCHANGE THEORY
for a two-layer flow
If two topographic
controls exist at
north sill and the
contraction, there is
a unique solution
fully determined by
the strait. And the
exchange
is
as
greater as it can be.
Summary sketch of the Bosphorus flow, Özsoy et al., 1998
normal
lower layer blocked
Bosphorus ADCP measurements
İki tabakalı normal akımlar
ve engllenmiş akımlar
(blocking of layered flows)
Bosphorus CTD measurements
normal
lower layer blocked
upper layer blocked
thermal image
sar image
MODIS image
Fertilizer factory producing organic matter for Marmara Sea:
http://www.havadantozdan.com/cilgin-proje-neden-olmaz/
Türk
Boğazlar
Sistemi
Satellite chlorophyll
Marmara Denizi
eutrophication
EU Project Sesame
Ümit Ünlüata cruises
R/V BİLİM chlorophyll
Toksik Algae
HAB
Harmful Algae Bloom
25 April 2013 MODIS satellite ocean colour
images
Silent death of a small internal sea
neigboring to large marine basins!
Marmara Sea
Toxic Algae Blooms
HAB
Harmful Algae Bloom
24 Nisan 2013 tarihli Milliyet gazetesi
haberinde Tekirdağ kıyılarında gözlenen
olası toksik alg patlaması
http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/marmara-dakorkutantablo/gundem/gundemdetay/24.04.2013/16
97729/default.htm) ve Marmara Denizi
üzerinde uçaktan elde edilen resimler, 28
Nisan 2013 (Foto: Dr. Bettina Fach, IMS-
Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosphorus
Michael C. Gregg and Emin Özsoy, 2002
48
Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosphorus
Michael C. Gregg and Emin Özsoy, 2002
49
Mixing on the Black Sea Shelf
of the Bosphorus
Michael C. Gregg and Emin Özsoy
1999
Dissipation W/kg
Vertical diffusivity m2/s
50
Concept of measurements
• Compass
• Acceleration
(linear+rotational)
• Tilt angle
Spectrum
Two-point
correlations Auto
(Structure fuctions)
correlation
Velocity (3C)



Temperature
Salinity






51
Length scales
Longitudinal &
transverse
Longitudinal
Longitudinal
Emin Özsoy, Özgür Ertunç,
Çağatay Köksoy,
Hermann Lienhart
TÜBİTAK – BMBF
İkili İşbirliği Araştırma Projesi
İstanbul Boğazı’nda
Yüksek Reynolds Sayılarında
Türbülanslı Karışım
Sergi ve Katılım:
2014 Türk-Alman Araştırma,
Eğitim ve İnovasyon Yılı
Açılış Etkinliği
“Science Bridging Nations”
Türk Alman Uygulamalı
Ortak Projeleri Sergisi
23 Ocak 2014, Berlin
models
Simple linear model of TSS
sea level oscşillations at Marmara and Black Seas
versus barotropic fluxes at Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits ?
Özsoy et al., 1998
Nonlinear models of straits with hydraulic controls
Barbary Macaques
The Flow of Atlantic Water Through
the Strait of Gibraltar
DAVID M. FARMER and LAURENCEARMI
The Flow of Mediterranean Water
Through the Strait of Gibraltar
LAURENCE ARMI and DAVID M. FARMER
1988
Farmer
and
Armi,
1986
Farmer
and
Armi,
1986
MAXIMAL
EXCHANGE
Ilıcak
and
Armi,
2011
Non-hydrostatic and high resolution modeling of
the Gibraltar Strait
Gianmaria Sannino1
gianmaria.sannino@enea.it
L. Pratt3,
J.C. Sánchez Garrido2
Environment and Energy Modeling Unit
1
Italian Agency for
New Technologies,
Energy and Sustainable
Economic Development
Belgrade 21 May 2012
2
3
MAXIMAL EXCHANGE THEORY
for a two-layer flow
If two topographic
controls exist at
north sill and the
contraction, there is
a unique solution
fully determined by
the strait. And the
exchange
is
as
greater as it can be.
Summary sketch of the Bosphorus flow, Özsoy et al., 1998
A simple two-layer model of the Bosphorus Exchange Flow
Özsoy, 1990; Özsoy et al., 1998.
Model integrated between two control sections and with
Black Sea water balance, free surface storage
Stable and
unstable
fixed points
2D models
Real B(x,z) for the Bosphorus Strait
Density distribution across Bosphorus Strait
Ilıcak, Özgökmen, Özsoy, Fischer, 2009. Non-hydrostatic
Modeling of Exchange Flows Across Complex Geometries,
Submitted - Ocean Modelling
3-D MODEL
Strait with hydraulic controls
In MAXIMAL EXCHANGE configuration
contraction
sill
Simulation of idealized hydraulic controls
(contraction and sill)
Idealized Bosphorus Strait
Tamay Özgökmen (RSMAS, University ofMiami)
ROMS OCEAN MODEL
PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS
Momentum
Tracer transport
Equation of state
Hydrostatic pressure
Conservation of mass
+biochemical
module
bottom following (sigma) coordinates, Arakawa C-grid, free surface,
many options for open boundary conditions, turbulent mixing, model configuration
MODEL CONFIGURATION


Irregular coastline and
highly variable bathymetry
Heterogenous structure
North-sill

Contraction

Complex 3d physical
interactions
Demand of high resolution
South-sill
South-exit

In the past: simplified
models due to limited
computer resources
MODEL CONFIGURATION
MODEL DOMAIN
Model Grid
Dx=50-200m
Dy=50-325m
L=11,500m
M=61,475m
Min Depth=25m
ROMS
Dz=0.7-2.9m
Grid
Size=163x716x35
MITgcm
Dz=1.4m
Grid
Size=163x716x70
MODEL CONFIGURATION
Orlanski
Net Flow
~175 km3/yr
Marmara
S=38.0
T=13.0
Black Sea
S=17.6
T=24.1
SEPTEMBER
94
ROMS
LE Initial
Inc. Vert. Mix.
Restart
GLS scheme
MITgcm
LE Initial
Ri dep. Vert. Mix.
Gregg and Ozsoy 2002
TS Forcing
TS Forcing
O
r
l
a
n
s
k
i
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
INTER COMPARISON of the ROMS vs MITgcm MODELS
Thalweg Salinity
Contour:MITgcm
TS
FORCING
Thalweg
Temperature
Contour:MITgcm
Characteristic
through the
thalweg
V=0
S=27.
8
Recirculation
TWO-LAYER FROUDE-NUMBER
Eddy at the Contraction
CONTRACTION
Active
Section
ROMS
Kandilli
Vanikoy
Critical
zone
V ≥ Vave
Q ≥ Qave
Local Increase
Transverse variation in velocity
* Pratt 2008
TWO-LAYER FROUDE-NUMBER
SOUTH-EXIT
Uskudar
ROMS
South-exit
Active
Section
Eddy at Golden
Horn
TWO-LAYER FROUDE-NUMBER
NORTH SILL
South
Sill
ROMS
Critical
zone
TWO-LAYER FROUDE-NUMBER
Cross-channel
Integrated
South-exit
Uskudar
Contraction
Energy
Correction
North sill
Horizontal distribution of mechanical energy dissipation (W/m2) in the
(a) upper and (b) lower layers
Bosphorus and prototype Canal İstanbul
coupled model predictions (Sözer, 2013)
Bosphorus and Canal İstanbul currents (Sözer, 2013)
Bosphorus
yes
yes
‘hydraulic jump’ !
yes
Canal
İstanbul
no ?
Sea level variation between Black Sea and the Marmara
Canal İstanbul
Black
Sea
Marmara Sea
Bosphorus
Results from various coupled simulations of
Canal İstanbul and Bosphorus
Increase in average flux resulting from the
addition of Canal İstanbul is about ~4%
amounting to 600 – 800 m3/s
BUT CARRYING BLACK SEA WATER!
Like a medium size river added
to the influx entering the Marmara Sea:
e.g.
Sakarya river (Black Sea): 200 m3/s
Nile River (Mediterranean): 1000 m3/s
Gianmaria Sannino (ENEA), Adil Sözer, Emin Özsoy (ODTÜ-DBE)
Yüksek Enerji Çevre Dinamiği: Türk Boğazlar Sistemi'nde Süreçler
TURBO / DEEP (TÜBİTAK – İtalya Dışişleri Bakanlığı İkili İşbirliği Projesi)
Supported by the EU initiative PRACE
(Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe) for supercomputing
MITgcm non-hydrostatic model (curvilinear variable grid)
Δx = 35-500m, Δy = 60-1000m, Grid Size = 2184*648*72
Model results versus ADCP and sea level measurements
Sözer (2012) ROMS model results, Sannino, Sözer, Özsoy (2014) TSS model
Tusak (2012) Analyses from 4years of measurements
Özsoy and Latif (1994-2000) R/V BİLİM on board ADCP measurements
Merz (1917-1918) measurements)
• Modelling of the Turkish Strait System
• Using Finite Element Ocean Modeling
System
Ozgur Gurses
Nadia Pinardi
Emin Ozsoy
Paolo Oddo
Ralph Timmermann
MyOcean2 is an EU funded R&D project (FP7) which fits into the European Earth monitoring
programme GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security)
17th April 2014
Turkish Straits System with Finite Element Ocean Model
Özgür GÜRSES*, Emin Özsoy*, Ralph Timmermann
IMS-METU* / AWI
FESOM:
i
hydrostatic primitive equation
OGCM
(Danilov et al. 2004, Wang et al.,
2008, Timmermann et al., 2009)
continuous linear basis functions
triangles in 2D
tetrahedra or prism in 3D
different grid types (z-level +
shaved cells; sigma; hybrid)
ui, hi: nodal values,
N
N
N
u= ∑ ui ϕ i ; m= ∑ mi ϕ i ; a= ∑ ai ϕ i ;
1
1
1
ϕi
base functions
N
N
N
1
1
1
uh= ∑ ui ϕ i ; m= ∑ mi ϕ hi ; a= ∑ ai ϕ i ;
Model
Horizontal Discretization
Number of nodes:
FESOM
G1
FESOM
G2
2dnodes
75000
100000
3dnodes
~3 mil
~5 mil
Resolution:
17th April 2014
FESOM
G1
FESOM
G2
BOS
DAR
65 m
100 m
50 m
100 m
MAR
2 km
1 km
BS/AS
12 km
5 km
19
Model
20
17th April 2014
Circulation of the Marmara Sea
Simulation T2G1L110b, averaged over the third month
Simulated surface circulation
Simulated surface salinity
26
17th April 2014
HYCOM Modeling of TSS
Inter-annual variability of upper layer blocking of the
Dardanelles strait and its connection with the fish catch
in the Aegean sea (1979-2013)
by
Murat Gündüz and Emin Özsoy
HYCOM-TSS model

There are 10 hybrid vertical levels.
(with different target densities for the three seas).

The horizontal resolution is about 1.2 km.

Initialized from September 2008 cruise T/S data.

Forced with the ERA-Interim Re-Analysis atmospheric data.
September 2008 to July 2009. (11 months).
Quasi-permanent feature of the Marmara
Sea circulation is the S-shaped jet flow.
The jet flow successfully reproduced in
September. It is very organized in this month.
But it breaks up to form small eddies
as in the case of October and November.
In December, the jet flow become to be
organized again.
Model generated zonal velocity at the mouth of the Dardanelles Strait average
over the whole model integration period. Positive values are toward to east an
negative values are toward to west.
MODIS SST and wınd stress.
when there is NOupper layer blocking,
left side;
(a) 1 March 2009.
(b) 15 March 2009
(c) 31 March 2009. and
when there is blocking of the upper
layer, right side:
(d) 26 January 2009
(e) 5 February 2009
(f) 28 March 2009.
“Is it possible to detect inter-annual variability of the upper
layer blocking in the Dardanelles Strait based on wind
stress magnitude and direction?”
For this purpose;
• Dardanelles Strait upper llayer transport is calculated from
ocean model, and its relationship seeked with wind stress
direction and magnitude (ERA-Interim wind stress data 19792013).
• An estimate is made of the number of blocking days, based
on the above relationship
• Criteria:
wind stress values are greater than a threshold
value of 0.22 N/m2 and within the 0 to 80o degree
sector are asumed to correspond to blocked days
• Fish catch data in tons were obtained from Turkish
Statistical Institute (TUIK) database (www.tuik.gov.tr)
for horse mackerel, Anchovy, Atlantic Bonito
Monthly mean number of
upper layer blocking events
deduced from 3 hourly data.
(1979-2013)
Anomaly
Annual mean number
of blocking events
(black line, right axis)
and fish catches in
tons (red line, left axis
in the Aegean Sea for
(a) Horse mackerel
(b) Anchovy
(c) Atlantic Bonito
some
HISTORY
History:
“Isolario”:
Island stories that often
end up in İstanbul
In the middle ages
Petrus Gyllius (1561):
2nd century stries of
The Bosphorus based on
Dionysios Byzantios
Golden Horn (Keras)
Recirculation role on
Palamut (pelamydes) fishing,
sated fish trade
Bekker-Nielsen, 2005, Bursa,
2010; Tekin, 2010
Ara Güler (2012)
Kumkapı Ermeni Balıkçıları
1952
Tarih boyunca balıkçı
ailelerinin yaşadıği ve yakın
zamana kadar görülebilen,
kazıklar üstündeki balıkçı
evleri (Petri Gylii, 1561)
Ara Güler
Kumkapı Ermeni Balıkçıları
1952
Bebek koyunda balık dalyanı
(www.eskiistanbul.net)
Ara Güler (2012)
Kumkapı Ermeni Balıkçıları
1952
Historical beginnings of the science of the seas:
starts with navigation and map making
Kristof Kolomb - Cristoforo Colombo - Chios 1474 - America 1492
Isolario – geographers and captains of thr middle ages
Piri Reis 1465 - 1554 - Mediterranean - Indian Ocean
First reference to tides in relation to moon - ‘Bahriye’ – 1526
Galileo (1564-1642) - tide related to sun – 1632
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) - first scientific theory of tides - 1686
Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658-1730) – first ‘oceanographic’
Investigation In the Bosphorus!
Bosphorus:
Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658-1730)
Bosphorus - ‘Osservazioni intorno al Bosforo Tracio’ - 1681
Histoire physique de la mer - 1725
Danube – 1732
Spratt 1870, Wharton 1872, Makaroff, 1881, Magnaghi 1882,
Gueydon 1886, Spindler 1894, Nielsen 1910, Merz 1917,
Möller 1928
Kosswig (1903-1982) - first marine science effort in Turkey
Ulyott, Ilgaz, Pektaş 1943-1956
Defant 1961, Carruthers 1963, Özturgut 1964, Bogdanova 1961,
Ottoman Navy:
Kaptan-ı Derya Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa
(1534-1546) (Hızır Reis) sancağı
Piri Reis Kitab-ı Bahriyye (1516) world map
M2 tidal harmonic amplitudes (5cm intervals, dotted contours) and
phases relative to UT (301 intervals, dashed contours) in the Strait
of Sicily and Gulf of Gabes, Mediterranean Sea (Sammari et al.,
2006, adapted from Tsimplis et al., 1996
Luigi Ferdinando Marsili
in İstanbul
- his first experiments in the Bosphorus -,
- his life and times Emin Özsoy, Nadia Pinardi, Franca
Moroni
(IMS-METU, Erdemli; UB, Bologna)
Karlowitz
Karlofça
1699
L. F. Marsili (1658 – 1730)
İstanbul visits (1679-1680, 1691)
Serving Habsburg Empire (1682 – 1690)
Siege of Vienna (1683) and Buda (1686)
Karlowitz border demarcation (1699)
Osservazioni interne al Bosforo Tracio (1681)
Histoire physique de la mer (1725)
Danubius Pannonico-mysicus (1726)
Accepted to Royal Society, London (1699)
Académie des Sciences, Paris (1715)
Bologna Institute of Sciences and Arts (1715)
Stato militare dell'Imperio Ottomanno (1732)
L. F. Marsili
1658 – 1730
Pozzi Museum
İstanbul
1680
L. F. Marsili 1658 – 1730
Marsili, L. F. (1681).
Osservazioni Intorno al Bosforo Tracio
overo Canale di Constantinopoli
Surface currents based on
Measurements, 1999
Keras – Haliç
Palamut tuzağı
Petri Gyllii (1561).
De Bosporo Thracio
Dionysios Byzantios
2nd century AD
recirculation
Palamut trap
Bosphorus
Surface currents
ADCP measuremen
ODTÜ-DBE, 1999
Palamut akını
Beşiktaş – Haliç
girdap dolaşımında
kümelenen balıkçılar:
Ara Güler (2012)
Keras – Haliç
Palamut tuzağı
Petri Gyllii (1561)
Ara Güler (2012)
Kumkapı Ermeni Balıkçıları
1952
L. F. Marsili
1658 – 1730
İstanbul
1680
6th century AD, people knew – Manfred Korfmann
The laboratory experiment done with Porzio in
Rome (1681)
Black Sea
Marmara Sea
Heavy waters
Light waters
Results (interim…):
•The Turkish Straits System (TSS) is a World Heritage with unique
hydrodynamic and ecological processes and high level of climatic
sensitivity
•The TSS through the regional hydrological cycle determines the
climatic interactions on a continental scale
•Canal İstanbul and ‘new İstanbul’ constitute intervention to
nature, threatening to disturb delicate natural water balance and
the well being of land and marine ecosystems, and make worse
the environmental health on a regional scale
•The present design of Kanal İstanbul, without a trace of a
scientific motive of investigation is insufficient to answer the many
questions about its environmental fingerprint.
•The development of marine governance based on scientific and
cultural basis is acutely needed in Turkey to help in planning
CONCLUSIONS on modeling aspects
Present models are quite well developed, yet quite
incapable to fully represent the mosaic of nonlinear,
stratified turbulent processes in the Turkish Straits
Model solutions are in very good agreement quantitatively
and qualitatively with measurements and with one another,
yielding realistic characteristics of the various flow regimes
Yet the grand challenge calling for clear development
objectives is the ability and the immense task to make
predictions of the coupled behaviour of the Black Sea
and the Mediterranean with surrounding land and
atmosphere in view of the inter-basin and climatic
interactions
Thanks !