Jabal al-Lawz

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Jabal al-Lawz
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Jabal al-Lawz
Jabal al-Lawz
Location in Saudi Arabia
Elevation
2,580 m (8,465 ft)[1]
Prominence 1,622 m (5,322 ft)[1]
Listing
Ultra
Translation mountain of almonds
Location
Location
Coordinates
Saudi Arabia
28°39′15″N 35°18′21″E28.65417°N
35.30583°ECoordinates:
28°39′15″N
35°18′21″E28.65417°N 35.30583°E
[1]
Jabal al-Lawz (Arabic: ‫( ) ج بل ال لو‬also known as Gebel el-Lawz) is a mountain located in
northwest Saudi Arabia, near the Jordan border, above the Gulf of Aqaba at 2580 metres above
sea level. The name means mountain of almonds.[2]
Claims made by some writers, including Bob Cornuke, Ron Wyatt and Lennart Moller, that this
is the real biblical Mount Sinai have been rejected by such scholars as James Karl Hoffmeier
(Professor of Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern History and Archaeology), who details
what he calls Cornuke's "monumental blunders".[3][4] Gordon Franz has studied this topic in
depth and has published a refutation of this hypothesis.[5][6]
References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Arabian peninsula and Middle East" Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
2. Jump up ^ Hoffmeier, James Karl Ancient Israel in Sinai Oxford University Press USA 2005 ISBN
978-0-19-515546-4 p133 [1]
3. Jump up ^ Hoffmeier, James Karl Ancient Israel in Sinai Oxford University Press USA 2005 ISBN
978-0-19-515546-4 p133 [2]
4. Jump up ^ Jameson, John H. John E. Ehrenhard, Christine Finn Ancient muses: archaeology and
the arts University of Alabama Press (30 Jun 2003) ISBN 978-0-8173-1274-9 p.179 [3]
5. Jump up ^ Mount Sinai is NOT Jebel al-Lawz, Oct 03, 2007, by Gordon Franz MA, Associates for
Biblical Research website.
6. Jump up ^ Is Mount Sinai in Saudi Arabia?, Jun 10, 2008, by Gordon Franz MA, Associates for
Biblical Research website. (alternate cite: Is Mount Sinai in Saudi Arabia? July 1, 2006.)
External links[edit]
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"Jabal al Lawz, Saudi Arabia" on Peakbagger
Wadi Rum
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Wadi Rum
Native name ‫رم وادي‬
Mountains of Wadi Rum
Location
Aqaba Governorate, Jordan
29°34′35.4″N
35°25′11.74″E29.576500°N
35.4199278°ECoordinates:
Coordinates
29°34′35.4″N
35°25′11.74″E29.576500°N
35.4199278°E
Area
720 km2 (280 sq mi)
Elevation
1,750 m (5,741 ft)
Settled
8000 BC
Governing
body
Aqaba Special Authority
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Type
Cultural
Criteria
i, iii, iv
Designated
2011 (35th session)
Reference No. 1377
State Party
Region
Jordan
Arab States
IUCN Category Ia (Strict Nature Reserve)
Designated
1998
Area
720 km2
Location of Wadi Rum in Jordan
Wadi Rum (Arabic: ‫ ) وادي ر‬also known as The Valley of the Moon (Arabic: ‫ )روادي ال قم‬is a
valley cut into the sandstone and granite rock in southern Jordan 60 km (37 mi) to the east of
Aqaba; it is the largest wadi in Jordan.[1] The name Rum most likely comes from an Aramaic
root meaning 'high' or 'elevated'.[2] To reflect its proper Arabic pronunciation, archaeologists
transcribe it as Wadi Ramm.
Contents
[hide]
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1 History
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2 Geography
3 Tourism
4 Rock climbing
5 Filming location
6 Gallery
7 References
History[edit]
Petroglyphs at Wadi Rum
Wadi Rum has been inhabited by many human cultures since prehistoric times, with many
cultures–including the Nabateans–leaving their mark in the form of rock paintings, graffiti, and
temples.
In the West, Wadi Rum may be best known for its connection with British officer T. E.
Lawrence, who passed through several times during the Arab Revolt of 1917–18.[3] In the 1980s
one of the rock formations in Wadi Rum was named "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom" after
Lawrence's book penned in the aftermath of the war, though the 'Seven Pillars' referred to in the
book have no connection with Rum.
Geography[edit]
The area is centered on the main valley of Wadi Rum. The highest elevation Jordan is Mount Um
Dami at 1,840 m (6,040 ft) high, located 30 kilometers to the south of Wadi Rum village. It was
first located by Difallah Ateeg, a Zalabia Bedouin from Rum. On a clear day, it is possible to see
the Red Sea and the Saudi border from the top.
Jabal Rum (1,734 metres (5,689 ft) above sea level) is the second highest peak in Jordan and the
highest peak in the central Rum,[4] rising directly above Rum valley opposite Jebel um Ishrin,
which is possibly one metre lower.
Khaz'ali Canyon in Wadi Rum is the site of petroglyphs etched into the cave walls depicting
humans and antelopes dating back to the Thamudic times. The village of Wadi Rum itself
consists of several hundred Bedouin inhabitants with their goat-hair tents and concrete houses
and also their four wheel vehicles, one school for boys and one for girls, a few shops, and the
headquarters of the Desert Patrol.[5]
Tourism[edit]
Scenery of Wadi Rum
Wadi Rum is home to the Zalabia Bedouin who, working with climbers and trekkers, have made
a success of developing eco-adventure tourism, now their main source of income. The area is
now one of Jordan's important tourist destinations, and attracts an increasing number of foreign
tourists, particularly trekkers and climbers, but also for camel and horse safari or simply daytrippers from Aqaba or Petra. Popular activities in the desert environment include camping under
the stars, riding Arab horses, hiking and rock-climbing among the massive rock formations.
Dima and Lama Hattab coordinate an annual marathon in the region called Jabal Ishrin.
Rock climbing[edit]
Andrew Walker on the crux 6b pitch of Flight of Fancy on Jebel Rum, first climbed by Rowland Edwards
in 1986
The Bedouin have climbed in the Sandstone mountains of Wadi Rum for many generations.
Many of their 'Bedouin Roads' have been rediscovered and documented by modern climbers.
Several are included in the climbing guidebook by Tony Howard, and online by Liên and Gilles
Rappeneau.[6]
In 1949 Sheikh Hamdan took surveyors to the summit of Jebel Rum. The first recorded European
ascent of Jebel Rum took place in November 1952, by Charmian Longstaff and Sylvia Branford,
guided by Sheik Hamdan. The first recorded rock climbs started in 1984, with the first of many
visits by English climbers Howard, Baker, Taylor and Shaw. Many new routes were climbed in
the 1980s, by this team, French guide Wilfried Colonna, by the Swiss Remy brothers, and by
Haupolter and Precht.[7] The first dedicated climbing guide book, Treks and Climb in Wadi Rum,
by Tony Howard, was first published in 1987. A New Routes book for climbers is held at the
Wadi Rum Guest House.
Filming location[edit]
The area has been used as a background setting in a number of films:





Lawrence of Arabia - David Lean filmed much of this 1962 film on location in Wadi Rum.[8]
Red Planet - Wadi Rum was used as the surface of Mars in this 2000 film.
Passion in the Desert - The area was also used for scenes in this 1998 film.
The Face - BBC Film, Rock climbing in Rum, featuring Wadi Rum pioneers Tony Howard and Di
Taylor.
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen - Represented as being in Egypt


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The Frankincense Trail - scenes from train, and aerial filming too
Prometheus - Scenes for the Alien Planet[9]
Krrish 3 - the song 'Dil Tu Hi Bata'
May in the Summer - a film by Cherien Dabis presented at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival. Long
shots of Wadi Rum set the mood for the film, it's a place where the main character finds peace
away from the world and within herself.
Gallery[edit]

Wadi Rum desert

View from the top of Jabal Rum

The "Seven Pillars of Wisdom" rock formation

Thamudic inscriptions in Wadi Rum

The Wadi Rum Visitor Center

A Nabatean temple in Wadi Rum

A sandstone formation carved by the elements in Jordan's Wadi Rum

Jabal Umm Fruth Rock Bridge is one of several rock bridges in Jordan's Wadi Rum
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wadi Rum.
References[edit]
1. Jump up ^ Mannheim, Ivan (1 December 2000). Jordan Handbook. Footprint Travel Guides.
p. 293. ISBN 978-1-900949-69-9. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
2. Jump up ^ tours in Wadi Rum
3. Jump up ^ Ham, Anthony; Greenway, Paul (2003). Jordan. Lonely Planet. p. 212. ISBN 978-174059-165-2. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
4. Jump up ^ Scheck, Frank Rainer (1997). Jordanien: Völker und Kulturen zwischen Jordan und
Rotem Meer (in German). DuMont Reiseverlag. p. 12. ISBN 978-3-7701-3979-8. Retrieved 30
May 2012.
5. Jump up ^ Howard, Tony; Taylor, Di (May 1997). Treks and Climbs in Wadi Rum, Jordan.
Cicerone Press Limited. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-85284-254-3. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
6. Jump up ^ Gilles, Rappeneau. "Les Voies Bedoiun du Wadi Ramm". website. Retrieved 5
February 2014.
7. Jump up ^ Howard, Tony (1987). Treks and Climbs in Wadi Rum. Milnthorpe, England: Cicerone
Press. p. 192. ISBN 1 852841354.
8. Jump up ^ "Touristic Sites - South of Amman". Kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
9. Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (June 1, 2012). "Box Office Report: 'Prometheus' Opening Ahead
of 'Snow White' in the U.K.". The Hollywood Reporter (Prometheus Global Media). Archived from
the original on June 12, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
[hide]
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v
t
e
Nature reserves in Jordan
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Ajloun Forest Reserve
Azraq Wetland Reserve
Dana Biosphere Reserve
Dibeen Forest Reserve
Mujib Nature Reserve
Sharhabil Bin Hassneh EcoPark
Shaumari Wildlife Reserve
Wadi Rum
Governing body: Until 2003: Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature Since 2003: Aqaba
Special Economic Zone Authority
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Categories:
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Nature reserves in Jordan
Landforms of Jordan
Wadis
World Heritage Sites in Jordan
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Kadesh (Israel)
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Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about Kadesh in the South of Israel, for other uses see Qadesh (disambiguation).
Kadesh Barnea location
Kadesh or Qadhesh in Classical (Hebrew: ‫)קָדֵ ׁש‬, also known as Qadesh-Barneʿa
), is a
location mentioned in the Hebrew Bible where a number of historical events took place. Kadesh
was an important site in Israelite history. It was the chief site of encampment for the Israelites
during their wandering in the wilderness of Zin (Deut. 1:46); it was from Kadesh that the spies
were sent out into Canaan (Num. 13:1-26); The first failed attempt to take the land was made
from Kadesh (Num. 14:40-45); Moses disobediently struck the rock that brought forth water at
this location (Num. 20:11); Miriam and Aaron died and were buried nearby (Num. 20:1, 22-29);
and Moses sent envoys to the King of Edom from Kadesh (Num. 20:14), asking for permission
to let the Israelites pass through his terrain. The Edomite king denied this request.
Kadesh-Barnea is also a key feature in the common biblical formula delineating the southern
border of Israel (cf. Num. 34:4, Josh. 15:3, Ezek. 47:19 et al.)[1] and thus its identification is key
to understanding both the ideal and geopolitically realized borders of ancient Israel. There is a
moshav in the Negev desert of modern-day Israel with the name Kadesh Barne'a, also called
Nitzanei Sinai.
Contents
[hide]

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
1 Etymology
2 Biblical records
3 Location
4 Archeological evidence
5 References
6 See also
Etymology[edit]
"Kadesh" means holy.[2] It is derived from Q-D-Š, a common Semitic root form used in various
ancient and modern languages.
"Barnea" means widerness wandering.[3]
Biblical records[edit]

Gen 14:7 And they returned and came to Enmishpat, which [is] Kadesh, and smote all the
country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, that dweltin Hazezontamar.

Gen 16:14 Wherefore the well was called Beerlahairoi; behold, [it is] between Kadesh and
Bered.

Gen 20:1 And Abraham journeyed from thence toward the south country, and dwelled between
Kadesh and Shur, and sojourned in Gerar.

Num 13:26 And they went and came to Moses, and to Aaron, and to all the congregation of the
children of Israel, unto the wilderness of Paran, to Kadesh; and brought back word unto them,
and unto all the congregation, and shewed them the fruit of the land.

Num 20:1 Then came the children of Israel, [even] the whole congregation, into the "desert" (a
better translation of the word bmidbar is wilderness) of Zin in the first month and the people
abode in Kadesh; and Miriam died there, and was buried there. ::The problem with this analysis
and most analysis of Kadesh is that there are 2 cities called Kadesh. The first is Kadesh Barnea
located in the south in the wilderness of Zin, and the second is located in the east in the
wilderness of Paran. It is in the second city where Miriam died and why it was renamed Kadesh
was because it was a holy place because of the rock where water came out and because it was
the burial ground for the entire people of Israel where they lived for 38 years on the west side of
the Jordan before going up thru Moab and Edom and then across the Jordan into Israel.

Num 20:14 And Moses sent messengers from Kadesh unto the king Edom, Thus saith thy
brother Israel, Thou knowest all the travail that hath befallen us

Num 20:16 And when we cried unto the LORD, he heard our voice, and sent an angel, and hath
brought us forth out of Egypt and, behold, we [are] in Kadesh, a city in the uttermost of thy
border

Num 20:22 And the children of Israel, [even] the whole congregation, journeyed from Kadesh,
and came unto mount Hor.

Num 27:14 For ye rebelled against my commandment in the desert of Zin, in the strife of the
congregation, to sanctify me at the water before their eyes that [is] the water of Meribah in
Kadesh in the wilderness of Zin.

Num 33:36 And they removed from Eziongaber, and pitched in the wilderness of Zin, which [is]
Kadesh.

Num 33:37 And they removed from Kadesh, and pitched in mount Hor, in the edge of the land
of Edom.
This is far in the west. Kadesh number 2.

Deu 1:46 So ye abode in Kadesh many days, [yes, 38 years] according unto the days that ye
abode [there].

Deu 32:51 Because ye trespassed against me among the children of Israel at the waters of
Meribah-Kadesh, in the wilderness of Zin; because ye sanctified me not in the midst of the
children of Israel.
This is Kadesh Barnea, in the south.

Jdg 11:16 But when Israel came up from Egypt, and walked through the wilderness unto the Red
Sea, and came to Kadesh;
This is discussing the original Kadesh that the Hebrews came to after leaving Egypt and where
the spies went into Canaan to check out the land. It is also where after God gets upset and tells
the Hebrews they will wander in the wilderness for 38 more years that they decide the next day
to agree with God and entire Israel on their own and are slaughtered by the Amalekites and the
Canaanites without the help of God and Moses.

Jdg 11:17 Then Israel sent messengers unto the king of Edom, saying , Let me, I pray thee, pass
through thy land but the king of Edom would not hearken [thereto]. And in like manner they
sent unto the king of Moab but he would not [consent]: and Israel abode in Kadesh.

Psa 29:8 The voice of the LORD shaketh the wilderness; the LORD shaketh the wilderness of
Kadesh.

Eze 47:19 And the south side southward, from Tamar [even] to the waters of strife [in] Kadesh,
the river to the great sea. And [this is] the south side southward.

Eze 48:28 And by the border of Gad , at the south side southward , the border shall be even
from Tamar [unto] the waters of strife [in] Kadesh, [and] to the river toward the great sea.
Location[edit]
Kadesh-Barnea is an oasis south of Canaan, west of Arabah and east of the Brook of Egypt.[4] It
is 11 days march by way of Mt. Seir from Horeb (Deut 1:2).
As many as eighteen sites have been proposed as the identification of biblical Kadesh.[5] Part of
the confusion may arise from the fact that Kadesh is sometimes mentioned in connection with
the Desert of Paran (Num. 13:26) and at other times in connection with the Zin Desert (Num.
20:1).[6] This discrepancy has been noted since the time of the medieval commentators, leading
some to seek a reconciliatory model (i.e. Hezekiah bar Manoah), while others have proposed two
separate sites being identified as Kadesh (i.e. Abraham ibn Ezra & Nahmanides).
A minority of modern scholarship has maintained that there were two sites identified as
Kadesh[7]—western Kadesh (in the wilderness of Zin) and eastern Kadesh (often associated with
Petra, Jordan in the wilderness of Paran). This view seems to be represented by Josephus[8] and
Eusebius of Caesarea.[9] Josephus says he recognizes exactly where Miriam is buried and it is by
the rock, but he refers to the rock (selah in Hebrew) while writing for the Romans in the langua
franca at the time, which was Greek, and the word for rock in Greek is "petra". The Nabataeans
came to Petra in about 400 B.C. knowing it to be an ancient burial ground of caves, and buried
their dead on top of the graves used 100 years earlier by the Hebrews.
However, since 1905 modern Ain el-Qudeirat in the Wadi el-Ain of the northern Sinai has been
widely accepted as the location of biblical Kadesh Barnea. Several Iron Age fortresses have been
excavated there. The oldest, a small, elliptical structure dates to the tenth century BC, but was
evidently abandoned for some time after the first fort's destruction. A second fort constructed
during the eighth century BC (probably during the reign of Uzziah) was destroyed during the
seventh century BC, most likely during Manasseh's reign. Two ostraca engraved in Hebrew have
been recovered there, suggesting the Israelites did indeed occupy this site.[10] However, these
Kadesh-Barnea ostraca are dated to the 8th or 7th century B.C.E. and therefore are hundreds of
years too recent to be associated with the biblical Exodus.[11]
Archeological evidence[edit]
Excavations at Kadesh conducted by Dr. Rudolph Cohen (former head of the Israeli Antiquities
Authority) during the Israeli occupation of Sinai following the 1967 war uncovered copious
remains of the Middle Bronze I period (sometimes known as Intermediate Bronze Age), which
were also found at numerous other sites in the Negev. On the other hand, Late Bronze Age, the
conventional time of the Exodus, is unattested in the Negev. In an article in Biblical Archaeology
Review of July, 1983, Cohen put forward the suggestion that the Exodus took place at the start of
MBI and that the MBI people were, in fact, the Israelites. The idea, fully accepted by those who
have worked at sites such as Ein Hatzeva, has not been widely adopted.
References[edit]
1. Jump up ^ Zecharia Kallai, “The Southern Border of the Land of Israel—Pattern and Application,”
Vetus Testamentum XXXVII 4 1987, 438-445.
2. Jump up ^ "‫קדש‬," BDB 871-874; Koeler-Baumgartner 3:1072-1078; TDOT 12:521-545
3. Jump up ^ Tyndale Bible Dictionary
4. Jump up ^ Exodus. 1.1993 By Cornelis Houtman
5. Jump up ^ Trumbull, Kadesh-Barnea: Its Importance and Probable Site, 303.
6. Jump up ^ Yigal Levin, Numbers 34:2-12, "The boundaries of the land of Canaan, and the empire
of Necho," Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 30 2006, 65.
7. Jump up ^ Isaacs, The True Boundaries of the Holy Land, 22–24; Wenham, Numbers, 152; and
most recently D. Hacohen, “Kadesh and Rekem, Kadesh-Barnea and Rekem-Geah,” in Y. Eshel,
ed., Judea and Samaria Research Studies 11 (Ariel, 2002), 25–40 (Hebrew with English abstract).
8. Jump up ^ Jewish Antiquities IV 82 cf. Num. 20:1, 22-29
9. Jump up ^ E. Klostermann, Eusebius—Das Omnosticon Der Biblischen Ortsnamen (Hildesheim,
1966), 113.
10. Jump up ^ "Kadesh Barnea" pg. 214 in the NIV Archaeological Study Bible, Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 2005
11. Jump up ^ Davies, Graham I., et al., "Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance,
Volume 2", Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp82-85
See also[edit]

Nitzanei Sinai, a communal settlement in modern-day Israel also known as Kadesh Barne'a
Previous Station:
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Coordinates:
The Exodus
Stations list
Next Station:
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30°38′54″N 34°25′20″E30.64833°N 34.42222°E
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