HMP 640 Program Evaluation for Public Health
Transcription
HMP 640 Program Evaluation for Public Health
HMP 615: INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY COURSE SYLLABUS University of Michigan School of Public Health Fall 2014: Mondays and Wednesdays, 10:00-11:30 Room 1655, SPH I Instructor: Peter D. Jacobson, JD, MPH Office: SPH Tower, Room 3611B (Griffith Leadership Center) Phone: 936-0928 E-Mail: pdj@umich.edu Graduate Student Instructor: Ms. Denise Lillvis (HMP doctoral candidate) Office: M3418 Email: dlillvis@umich.edu Office Hours: Professor Jacobson—Wednesdays, 3:00-5:00 pm, or by appointment Ms. Lillvis: Tuesdays, 10:00-noon Course Description: The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the public health system and policy issues confronting public health practitioners. The course presents an overview of public health policy interventions, the theoretical motivations for undertaking them, the influence of the political, bureaucratic, and social environments in which policy decisions are made, and the population health consequences of such decisions. A key aspect of the course is to develop a framework for analyzing public health policies. Along with conceptual discussions, the course includes case studies of current public health policy issues. Primary Exit Competencies for the course are from Domain A (Measurement), and Domain B (Communication): * A-6 (Policy Analysis): Understand the policy-making process and the role of politics; assess a problem and identify and compare potential policy solutions; and understand and critically assess methods to evaluate policy impact. * A-10 (Decision-making): Implement a decision-making process that incorporates evidence from a broad analysis that includes uncertainty, risk, stakeholders, and organizational values. * B-1 (Convey): Speak and write in a clear, logical, and grammatical manner in formal and informal situations; prepare cogent business presentations; facilitate an effective group process. Secondary Exit Competencies for the course are from Domain B (Communication), and Domain C (Leadership): * B-2 and 3 (Listen and Interact): Receive, process, and respond appropriately to information conveyed by others. * C-2 (Strategic Orientation): Analyze the business, demographic, ethno-cultural, political, and regulatory implications of decisions and develop strategies that continually improve the long-term success and viability of the organization. * C-6 (Impact and Influence): Persuade and convince others, both individuals and groups, to support a point of view, position, or recommendation. Additional Course Objectives: 1. Understanding the structure of the U.S. public health system 2. Developing basic policy analysis skills in thinking critically about public health issues, including the different types of policy interventions and their justifications 3. Understanding the policy process and health politics 4. Developing skills in articulating and communicating policy positions in formats that are common in professional practice (i.e., policy memos, testimony for a public hearing, and oral presentations), and that will assist and influence organizations in their strategic and operational goals Assignments and Grading: Required readings and materials can be found on the HMP 615 CTools site under the Resources tab. All assignments will be given in writing, with clear instructions. Late work needs to be negotiated before the day the assignment is due, just like you would do on a job. I will almost always be willing to negotiate a new deadline if there is a valid reason for why a deadline cannot be met. Otherwise, late assignments that are turned in without prior discussion or approval will be docked one grade step for every day they are late. The policy memos and written assignments are to be submitted via the CTools website prior to the class (by 10.00 a.m.) on the date they are due. Class Participation Policy Memos and Blog In-class Group Presentations Mock Legislative Hearing Research Paper 10% 40% 15% 15% 30% Writing: Good written communication skills are important in every profession. In the policy world, the ability to craft clear and cogent statements regarding problems and their potential policy solutions is essential. During the semester, students will produce written assignments in formats that are commonly used to convey opinions or positions regarding policy issues. Therefore, I expect that written assignments will reflect deep thinking and significant effort in terms of the writing quality. I also expect that written assignments will be professionally presented (i.e., carefully proof-read and free of grammatical errors and spelling mistakes). Some keys to good writing are: 1) having a clear structure for presenting your arguments; 2) having distinct, organized thoughts that you want to convey; 3) spending sufficient time and energy on the writing; and 4) careful editing, including having someone else proofread a draft to identify points that are not clear, sentences that are hard to follow, and typos/grammatical mistakes. 2 Academic Conduct: Students should behave in class according to the professional and ethical standards of the field of health management and policy and the University of Michigan. The most common form of academic misconduct is plagiarism—that is, taking someone else’s words and/or ideas and passing them off as your own. Taking material from any source without proper attribution will be considered as plagiarism and dealt with accordingly. Consequences could include failing the course or being expelled from your degree program. If you have any questions about this, please contact the instructor or the GSI before turning in an assignment. If you are unsure about how to properly reference and quote the sources you use in your writing, please seek out the many resources available to you. In graduate school and on the job, ignorance of the proper way to cite other people’s ideas and words is not an acceptable excuse for plagiarism. So please be careful in how you use information and ideas from other sources, especially information you find on the Internet. Class Format and Readings: Our class time together will mostly be discussion, small group exercises, and a mock public hearing. I assume that you will have read the material before class and will be prepared to participate actively in class discussions and exercises. As adult learners, I expect you to be self-motivated to do the readings, even when specific readings are not discussed in class or covered on an exam. As is typical in graduate school, students will get out of this course what they put into it. The goal is to have productive, lively, and engaging discussions regarding important public health problems and potential policy solutions. The required readings are available on the course CTools site. You can download and print each reading through the class CTools website. You should read the assigned articles for their content and the information they impart, but pay particular attention to how the authors frame their arguments, present the information, and craft problem definitions and/or policy positions. I recommend but do not require two other books. The first is Eric Redman's The Dance of Legislation (1973). This book is considered a classic case study of the process by which a legislative bill is introduced and eventually becomes law, using the National Health Services Bill (s.4106) as the case. The second book is Joseph M. Williams' Style: Ten Lessons in Clarity and Grace (2003). This is an excellent book about writing style, and strongly recommended for everyone, ranging from those who struggle with writing and need to improve their writing skills to those who already consider themselves to be good writers and want to become even better. Classroom Expectations: It is likely that students in this class have a wide range of perspectives and opinions regarding many of the policy issues we discuss. It is essential that students feel comfortable asking questions and sharing their own opinions and perspectives on complex policy issues. Lively discourse and debate are an essential part of the policy process, and can be very productive if done in a respectful manner. It is perfectly fine to disagree with each other and to have contrary opinions and perspectives. But it is inappropriate to engage in rude, insulting, or hostile behavior during our debates. Electronic devices (i.e., computers, tablets, smart phones) are not to be used during class without special permission. 3 COURSE TOPICS AND READINGS SECTION I: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PUBLIC HEALTH 3 September: Framing the Issues and Exploring the Trends in Public Health Policy Frieden TR, Government’s Role in Protecting Health and Safety, New England Journal of Medicine 2013; 368:1857-1859. Hall MA, The Scope and Limits of Public Health Law, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 2003; 46(supplement):S199-S209. Hays SP, Toth J, Poes MJ, et al, Public Health Governance and Population Health Outcomes, Frontiers in Public Health Services and Systems Research 2012; 1(1):1-4. Murray CJL and Frenk J, Ranking 37th—Measuring the Performance of the U.S. Health Care System, New England Journal of Medicine 2010; 362:98-99. Shaw FE, Asomugha CN, Conway PH, Rein AS, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Opportunities for Prevention and Public Health, Lancet 2014; 384:75-82. 8 September: Fundamentals of Population Health Teutsch SM and Fielding JE, Rediscovering the Core of Public Health, Annual Review of Public Health 2013; 34:287-299. Schroeder SA, We Can Do Better—Improving the Health of the American People, New England Journal of Medicine 2007; 357:1221-1228. Link BG and Phelan JC, McKeown and the Idea That Social Conditions are Fundamental Causes of Disease, American Journal of Public Health 2002; 92:730-732. Lantz PM, Lichtenstein RL and Pollack HA, Health Policy Approaches to Population Health: The Limits of Medicalization, Health Affairs 2007; 26(5):1253-1257. Khanani I, Elam J, Jones C and Masseru N, The Impact of Prenatal WIC Participation on Infant Mortality and Racial Disparities, American Journal of Public Health 2010; 100:S204S209. 10 September: Introduction to the Public Health System and Administration Scutchfield FD and Keck CW, Chapter 1: Concepts and Definitions of Public Health Practice, in Principles of Public Health Practice, Clinton, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, 2009 (pages 211). 4 Scutchfield FD and Keck CW, Chapter 3: Emergence of a New Public Health, Principles of Public Health Practice, Clinton, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, 2009 (pages 36-56). Turnock, BJ, Public Health: What it is and How it Works. Chapter 4: Law, Government and Public Health, Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, 2001 (pages 123-166). Optional Reading Hampton L, Albert Sabin and the Coalition to Eliminate Polio from the Americas, American Journal of Public Health 2009; 99:34-44. Carnie JA, Lester R, Moran R, et al., Public Health Response to Imported Case of Poliomyelities, Australia, 2007, Emerging Infectious Diseases 2009; 15:1733-1737. 15 September: Introduction to Literature Searching for Health Policy, and Policy Writing Guest Presenter: Judy Smith, University of Michigan Library. Musso J, Biller R and Myrtle R, Tradecraft: Professional Writing as Problem Solving, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2000;19:635-646. 17 September: Typology of Policy Interventions O’Hare M, A Typology of Governmental Action, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 1989; 8:670-672. Harries AD, Zachariah R, Corbett EL et al., The HIV-Associated Tuberculosis Epidemic—When Will We Act? Lancet 2010; 375:1906-1919. Richards C, Getting to Zero: An Emerging Policy Framework for the Elimination of HospitalAssociated Infections, Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2009; 30:71-73. Haegerich TM, Dahlberg LL, Simon R et al., Prevention of Injury and Violence in the USA, Lancet 2014; 384:64-74. 22 September: Justifying Public Health Policy Interventions Gostin LO, Bloomberg’s Health Legacy: Urban Innovator or Meddling Nanny? Hastings Center Report 2013; 43(5):19-25. Flanigan J, The Perils of Public Health Regulation, Society 2014; 51(3):229-236. Lemieux P, Public Health and the Regulatory State, Society 2014; 51(3):247-252. Morain S, and Mello M, Survey Finds Public Support for Legal Interventions Directed At Health Behavior To Fight Noncommunicable Disease, Health Affairs 2013; 32(3):486-496. 5 Optional Reading Jacobson PD, Changing the Culture of Health: One Public Health Misstep at a Time, Society 2014; 51(3):221-228. 24 September: The Role of Policy In Health Services Management—Integrating Population Health into Medical Care (Joseph R. Horton, FACHE) Policy Memo #1 due. Hacker K, and Walker DK, Achieving Population Health in Accountable Care Organizations, American Journal of Public Health 2013; 103:1163-1167. Shortell SM, Bridging the Divide Between Health and Health Care, Journal of the American Medical Association 2013; 309:1121-1122. Isham GJ, Zimmerman DJ, Kindig DA, and Hornseth GW, HealthPartners Adopts Community Business Model to Deepen Focus on Nonclinical Factors of Health Outcomes, Health Affairs 2013; 32(8):1446-1452. Katz MH, Future of the Safety Net Under Health Reform, Journal of the American Medical Association 2010; 304:679-680. Bauer UE, Briss PA, Goodman RA, and Bowman BA, Prevention of Chronic Disease in the 21st Century: Elimination of the Leading Preventable Causes of Premature Death and Disability in the USA, Lancet 2014; 384:45-51. Chinitz D and Rodwin VG, What Passes and Fails as Health Policy and Management, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 2014; 39:1113-1126. Optional Reading Ryan AM and Mushlin AI, The Affordable Care Act’s Payment Reforms and the Future of Hospitals, Annals of Internal Medicine 2014; 160:729-731. Noble DJ and Casalino LP, Can Accountable Organizations Improve Population Health? Should They Try? Journal of the American Medical Association 2013; 309:1119-1120. Rice TR, The Behavioral Economics of Health and Health Care, Annual Review of Public Health 2013; 34:431-447. 29 September: In-class Exercise—Group Presentations 1 October: In-class Exercise—Group Presentations 6 6 October: SPH Symposium SECTION II: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF POLICY ANALYSIS 8 October: The Policy Process and Public Health Politics—The State vs. Federal Division Macinko J and Silver D, Improving State Health Policy Assessment: An Agenda for Measurement and Analysis, American Journal of Public Health 2012; 102:1697-1705. Weissert CS and Weissert WG, Governing Health: The Politics of Health Policy, Chapter 6: The Policy Process, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002 (pages 245-280). Scutchfield FD and Keck CW, Chapter 5: Public Health Policy and the Policy-Making Process,” Principles of Public Health Practice, Clinton, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, 2009 (pages 86115). Optional Reading Gostin LO, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008, Chapter 2 (pages 25-59). Oliver TR, The Politics of Public Health Policy, Annual Review of Public Health 2006; 27:195-233. 13 October: Fall Study Break 15 October: Policy Analysis 101 Patton CV and Sawick DS, Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning, 2nd edition, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993, Chapter 1 (pages 1-20). Brownson RC, Chriqui JF and Stamatakis KA, Understanding Evidence-Based Public Health Policy, American Journal of Public Health 2009; 99:1576-1583. Clark NM, Lachance L, and Doctor LJ et al., Policy and System Change and Community Coalitions: Outcomes From Allies Against Asthma, American Journal of Public Health 2010; 100:9040912. Kersh R and Morone J, The Politics of Obesity: Seven Steps to Government Action, Health Affairs 2002; 21(6):142-153. Optional Reading Robert C, Zeckhauser R, The Methodology of Normative Policy Analysis, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2011; 30:613–643. 7 Brownson RC, Fielding JE, and Maylahn CM, Evidence-Based Public Health: A Fundamental Concept for Public Health Practice, Annual Review of Public Health 2009; 30:175-201. 20 October: Policy Analysis 101—Continued Koh HK, Oppenheimer SC, Massin-Short SB, Emmons KM, and Geller A, Translating Research Evidence Into Practice to Reduce Health Disparities: A Social Determinants Approach, American Journal of Public Health 2010; 100(S1):S72- S80. Grabowski DC, Campbell DM and Morrisey MA, Elderly Licensure Laws and Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Journal of the American Medical Association 2004; 291:2840-2846. Stimpson JP, Wilson FA, Muelleman RL, Fatalities of Pedestrians, Bicycle Riders, and Motorists Due to Distracted Driving Motor Vehicle Crashes in the U.S., 2005-2010, Public Health Reports 2013; 128: 436-442. Fahy D, Trench G and Clancy L, Communicating Contentious Health Policy: Lessons From Ireland’s Workplace Smoking Ban, Health Promotion and Practice 2012; 13:331-338. Sturm R, and An R, Obesity and Economic Environments, CA Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2014(http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.3322/caac.21237/asset/caac21237.pdf?v=1&t=hyj8 5ygs&s=4da89bc8953786c7b9f55171d3e9e4029ca68578). 22 October: Policy Analysis 101—Continued In-class exercise. Edwards JC and Bodle JD, Causes and Consequences of Sports Concussion, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 2014; 42(2):128-132. Bateman-House A, Bikes, Helmets, and Public Health: Decision-Making When Goods Collide, American Journal of Public Health 2014; 104:986-992. Klauer SG, Guo F, Simons-Morton BG et al., Distracted Driving and Risk of Road Crashes among Novice and Experienced Drivers, New England Journal of Medicine 2013; 370:54-59. Baumblatt JAG, Wiederman C, Schaffner W, Paulozzi LJ, and Jones TF, High-Risk Use by Patients Prescribed Opioids for Pain and its Role in Overdose Deaths, JAMA Internal Medicine 2014; 174:796-801. Hammer MS, Swinburn TK, and Neitzel RL, Environmental Noise Pollution in the United States: Developing an Effective Public Health Response, Environmental Health Perspectives 2014; 122:115-119. 8 27 October: Program/Policy Evaluation Policy Memo #2 due. Beck KH, Rauch WJ, Baker EA and Williams AF, Effects of Ignition Interlock License Restrictions on Drivers with Multiple Alcohol Offenses: A Randomized Trail in Maryland, American Journal of Public Health 1999; 89(11):1696-700. Frieden TR, Six Components Necessary for Effective Public Health Program Implementation, American Journal of Public Health 2014; 104:17-22. Land T, Warner D, Paskowsky M et al., Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco Dependence Treatments in Massachusetts and Associated Decreases in Smoking Prevalence, PLoS One 2010; 5(3):e9770, Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009770. Meehan TM, Hansen H, and Klein WC, The Impact of Parental Consent on the HIV Testing of Minors, American Journal of Public Health 1997; 87:1338-1341. 29 October: Policy Simulation Analysis/Policy Modeling (Professor David Mendez) Luke DA and Stamatakis KA, Systems Science Methods in Public Health: Dynamics, Networks, and Agents, Annual Review of Public Health 2012; 33:357-376. Basu S, Seligman HK, Gardner C, and Bhattacharya J, Ending SNAP Subsidies for SugarSweetened Beverages Could Reduce Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes, Health Affairs 2014; 33:1032-1039. Zhang D, Giabbanelli PJ, Arah OA, and Zimmerman FJ, Impact of Different Policies on Unhealthy Dietary Behaviors in an Urban Adult Population: An Agent-Based Simulation Model, American Journal of Public Health 2014; 104:1217-1222. Milstein B, Horner J and Hirsch G, Analyzing National Health Reform Strategies with a Dynamic Simulation Model, American Journal of Public Health 2010; 100:811-819. Optional Reading Hirsch G, Homer J, Trogdon J, Wile K, and Orenstein D, Using Simulation to Compare 4 Categories of Intervention for Reducing Cardiovascular Disease Risks, American Journal of Public Health 2014; 104:1187-1195. Maglio PP, Sepulvada MJ, and Mabry PL, Mainstreaming Modeling and Simulation to Accelerate Public Health Innovation, American Journal of Public Health 2014; 104:1181-1186. 9 3 November: Performance Measurement Neumann PJ, Jacobson PD and Palmer JA, Measuring The Value Of Public Health Systems: The Disconnect Between Health Economists and Public Health Practitioners, American Journal of Public Health 2008; 98:2173-2180. Jacobson PD and Neumann, PJ A Framework to Measure the Value of Public Health Services, Health Services Research (HSR) 2009; 44:1880-1896. Grosse SD, Teutsch SM and Haddix AC, Lessons from Cost-Effectiveness Research for United States Public Health Policy, Annual Review of Public Health 2007; 28:365-83. Russell LB, Preventing Chronic Disease: An Important Investment, But Don't Count on Cost Savings, Health Affairs 2009; 28(1):42-5. Optional Reading Institute of Medicine, Towards Quality Measures for Population Health and the Leading Health Indicators, Executive Summary, pages 1-32, Washington, DC: The National Academies, 2013. 5 November: Lobbying, Advocacy, and Analysis in Public Health (Jenifer Martin, JD) Christoffel KK, Public Health Advocacy: Process and Product, American Journal of Public Health 2000; 90:722-726. Silverberg D., Chapter 12: Getting Down to the Nitty Gritty: Lobbying Members of Congress, in Congress for Dummies, New York: Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2002 (pages 181-198). Keller AC and Packel L, Going for the Cure: Patient Interest Groups and Health Advocacy in the United States, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 2014; 39:331-367. Optional Reading Nathanson CA, Social Movements as Catalysts for Policy Change: The Case of Smoking and Guns, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 1999; 24:421-488. 10 November: In-class Exercise—Blogging SECTION III: THE BROADER CONTEXT OF PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY 12 November: Social Construction of Problems and Policy Target Groups Armstrong EM, Diagnosing Moral Disorder: The Discovery and Evolution of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Social Science and Medicine 1998; 47:2025-2042. 10 Gollust SE, Lantz PM, Communicating Population Health: Print News Media Coverage of Type 2 Diabetes, Social Science and Medicine 2009; 69:1091–1098. Campos P, Saguy A, et al., The Epidemiology of Overweight and Obesity: Public Health Crisis or Moral Panic? International Journal of Epidemiology 2006; 35:55-60. Optional Reading Lantz PM, Weisman CS, and Itani Z, A Disease-Specific Medicaid Expansion for Women: The Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000, Women’s Health Issues 2003; 13:79-92. 17 November: Communication Nyhan B, Reifler J, Richey S, and Freed, GL, Effective Messages in Vaccine Promotion: A Randomized Trial, Pediatrics 2014; 133:e835-e842. McGinty EE, Webster DW, Jarlenski M, and Barry CL, News Media Framing of Serious Mental Illness and Gun Violence in the United States, 1997-2012, American Journal of Public Health 2014; 104:406-413. Niederdeppe J, Gollust SE, Jarlenski MP, Nathanson AM, and Barry CL, News Coverage of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes: Pro- and Anti-Tax Arguments in Public Discourse, American Journal of Public Health 2013; 103:e92-98. Schwitzer G, A Guide to Reading Health Care News Stories, JAMA Internal Medicine 2014; 174:1183-1186. Optional reading Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Brooks D, et al., Cancer Screening in the United States, 2010, CA Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2010; 60:99-119. Jacobson PD, Transforming Clinical Practice Guidelines Into Legislative Mandates: Proceed With Abundant Caution, Journal of the American Medical Association 2008; 299:208-210. 19 November: Contracting With the Private Sector to Provide Public Health Services Policy Memo #3 due. Gollust SE and Jacobson PD, Privatization of Public Services: Comparison of Organizational Reform Efforts in Public Education and Public Health, American Journal of Public Health 2006; 96:1733-1739. 11 Chapin J and Fetter B, Performance-Based Contracting in Wisconsin Public Health: Transforming State-Local Relations, The Milbank Quarterly 2002; 80:97-124. Keane C, Marx J, Ricci E and Barron G, The Perceived Impact of Privatization on Local Health Departments, American Journal of Public Health 2003; 92:1178-1180. 24 November: Privacy Gostin LO, Public Health Law, Chapter 5, pp. 113-142. Bowman DM and Studdert DM, Newborn Screening Cards: A Legal Quagmire, Medical Journal of Australia 2011; 194:319-322. Chamany S, Silver LD, Bassett MT, et al., Tracking Diabetes: New York City’s A1C Registry, Milbank Quarterly 2009; 87:547-570. Friedman DJ, Parrish RG and Ross DA, Electronic Health Records and US Public Health: Current Realities and Future Promise, American Journal of Public Health 2013;103:1560-1567. 26 November: Public Health Ethics Michaelis AP, Priority-Setting Ethics in Public Health, Journal of Public Health Policy 2002; 23:399-412. Gostin LO, Boufford JI and Martinez RM, The Future of the Public’s Health: Vision, Values, and Strategies, Health Affairs 2004; 23(4):96-107. Baum NM, Gollust SE, Goold S and Jacobson PD, Ethical Issues in Public Health Practice in Michigan, American Journal of Public Health 2009; 99:369-374. Giacomini M, Kenny N and DeJean D, Ethics frameworks in Canadian health policies: Foundation, scaffolding, or window dressing?, Health Policy 2009; 89:58-71. 1 December: Public Health in the Global Context Taylor A, International Law, and Public Health Policy, International Encyclopedia of Public Health, First Edition 2008; 3:667-678. Dybul M, Piot P and Frenk J, Reshaping Global Health, Hoover Institution 2012; 173:1-8. Feldbaum H, Lee K and Michaud J, Global Health and Foreign Policy, Epidemiology Rev 2010; 32:82–92. Bowman DM, and Bennett MG, The Next Chapter of the Tobacco Wars: Unpacking the Latest Round of Constitutional Challenges, American Journal of Public Health 2013; 103(8):e11-e13. 12 3 December: Policy Careers and Leadership—Panel Discussion with Guest Speakers Sato H, Abolition of Leprosy Isolation Policy in Japan: Policy Termination through Leadership, Policy Studies Journal 2002; 20:29-46. English PB, Sinclair AH, Ross Z, Anderson H, et al., Environmental Health Indicators of Climate Change for the United States: Findings from the State Environmental Health Indicator Collaborative, Environmental Health Perspectives 2009; 117:1673-1681. 8 December: Mock Legislative Hearing 10 December: Mock Legislative Hearing 13