ética e deontologia profissional - Moodle

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ÉTICA E DEONTOLOGIA PROFISSIONAL
- CONCLUSÃO –
- 22 & 24 DE MAIO DE 2013 (26ª aula)
Departamento de Biologia Vegetal
Bioética 2012 /2013
Jorge Marques da Silva
Sumário da Aula Anterior:
Ética do trabalho: evolução histórica. A presença da bioética na regulamentação da
profissão de biólogo: relações com a deontologia profissional. Discussão do caso “The
Selection of Data”.
Programa Para a Aula de Hoje:
Ética científica; a publicação científica e o sistema de revisão pelos pares. Ética
académica. Discussão do caso “A Change of Plans”.
ÉTICA E DEONTOLOGIA CIENTÍFICA
http://www.biology.duke.edu/jackson/ecophys/ethics.htm?
Ethics and Professional Conduct
Codes of Ethics
American Association for the Advancement of Science - Professional Ethics Report
American Association of University Professors - Professional Ethics
American Geophysical Union - Guidelines to Publication of Geophysical Research
American Institute of Biological Sciences - Ethics Statement
American Society of Plant Biologists - Ethics in Publishing
Ecological Society of America - Code of Ethics
Society for Conservation Biology - Code of Member Ethics
Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology - Code of Ethics
Position Statements
American Institute of Biological Sciences and 12 other associations - Scientific Peer
Review
Ethics Resources from the National Academies Press
Responsible Science, Volume I: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process (1992)
Responsible Science, Volume II: Background Papers and Resource Documents (1993)
On Being a Scientist: Responsible Conduct in Research, Second Edition (1995)
The Experiences and Challenges of Science and Ethics: Proceedings of an American-Iranian
Workshop (2003)
Sharing Publication-Related Data and Materials: Responsibilities of Authorship in the Life
Sciences (2003)
Directories of Ethics Links
Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions - Science - Illinois Institute of Technology
Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science - Case Western Reserve University
Research Ethics - Open Directory Project
Physiological Ecology Section home
Last modified 3/8/2005 cwcook@duke.edu
Ecological Society of America
Code of Ethics
Preamble:
This code provides guiding principles of conduct for all members of the
Ecological Society of America and all ecologists certified by the Society. It is the
desire and purpose of the Society to support and encourage ecological research
and education, and to facilitate the application of ecological science in the
management of ecological systems. Towards these ends, this Code is intended to
further ecological understanding through the open and honest communication of
research; to assure appropriate accessibility of accurate and reliable ecological
information to employers, policy makers, and the public; and to encourage
effective education and training in the disciplines of ecological science.
Individuals aware of breaches of this Code are encouraged to refer to the Society’s
procedures for addressing violations of the Code, and to communicate with the Society’s
Executive Director who will explain the code and process.
General:
All members of the Ecological Society of America and all ecologists certified by
the Society should observe the following principles in the conduct of their
professional affairs
1. Ecologists will offer professional advice and guidance only on those subjects in
which they are informed and qualified through professional training or
experience. They will strive to accurately represent ecological understanding and
knowledge and to avoid and discourage dissemination of erroneous, biased, or
exaggerated statements about ecology.
2. Ecologists will not represent themselves as spokespersons for the Society
without express authorization by the President of ESA.
3. Ecologists will cooperate with other researchers whenever possible and
appropriate to assure rapid interchange and dissemination of ecological
knowledge.
4. Ecologists will not plagiarize in verbal or written communication, but will give full
and proper credit to the works and ideas of others, and make every effort to avoid
misrepresentation.
•
5. Ecologists will not fabricate, falsify, or suppress results, deliberately misrepresent
research findings, or otherwise commit scientific fraud.
6. Ecologists will conduct their research so as to avoid or minimize adverse
environmental effects of their presence and activities, and in compliance with legal
requirements for protection of researchers, human subjects, or research
organisms and systems.
7. Ecologists will not discriminate against others, in the course of their work on the basis
of gender, sexual orientation, marital status, creed, religion, race, color, national origin, age,
economic status, disability, or organizational affiliation
8. Ecologists will not practice or condone harassment in any form in any professional context.
9. In communications, ecologists should clearly differentiate facts, opinions, and
hypotheses.
10. Ecologists will not seek employment, grants, or gain, nor attempt to injure the
reputation or professional opportunities of another scientist by false, biased, or
undocumented claims, by offers of gifts or favors, or by any other malicious action.
•
Certified ecologists:
Ecologists certified by the Ecological Society of America are expected to adhere to all
sections of the Code; the following principles apply particularly to such
individuals.
1. Certified ecologists will present evidence of their qualifications, including professional
training, publications, and experience, when requested in connection with their work as a
certified ecologist.
2. Certified ecologists will inform a prospective or current employer or client of
any professional or personal interests which may impair the objectivity of their
work, and, upon request, provide clients and employers with this Code.
3. Certified ecologists will respect requests for confidentiality from their employers or
clients, provided that such confidentiality does not require violation of this Code or of legal
statutes. Should conflicts arise between maintenance of confidentiality and legal or ethical
standards, certified ecologists should advise clients or employers of the conflict in writing.
4. In seeking employment through bids, certified ecologists will describe salaries and fees and
the extent and kinds of service to be rendered as accurately and fully as possible.
•
5. Certified ecologists should use resources available to them through institutional
employment, in performance of work contracted independently of their employing
institution , only with the full knowledge and consent of the employing
institution. Inappropriate use of access to institutional resources should be avoided; the
appropriateness of particular uses of institutional resources should be addressed by the
employing institution.
6. Certified ecologists will accept compensation for a particular service or report from one
source only, except with the full knowledge and consent of all concerned parties.
7. Certified ecologists will utilize, or recommend utilization of appropriate experts
whenever such action is essential to solving a problem.
8. Certified ecologists will not knowingly associate professionally with, or allow the use of
their names, reports, maps, or other technical materials by any enterprise known to be
illegal or fraudulent.
9. Certified ecologists may advertise their services, but may not use misleading,
false, or deceptive advertising. If Society certification is noted in advertisement, the level
of certification must be included.
Publication:
The following principles of ethical professional conduct apply to members
reviewing, editing, or publishing grant proposals and papers in the
professional literature in general, and particularly to all ecologists seeking
publication in the Society’s journals.
1. Researchers will claim authorship of a paper only if they have made a
substantial contribution. Authorship may legitimately be claimed if researchers
a. conceived the ideas or experimental design;
b. participated actively in execution of the study;
c. analyzed and interpreted the data; or
d. wrote the manuscript.
2. Researchers will not add or delete authors from a manuscript submitted for
publication without consent of those authors.
3. Researchers will not include as coauthor(s) any individual who has not agreed to
the content of the final version of the manuscript.
4. Researchers will not submit for publication any manuscript containing data they are not
authorized to use. ESA assumes the principal investigator(s) of a research project
retain the right to control use of resulting unpublished data unless otherwise
specified by contract or explicit agreement.
5. Researchers will not represent research results as new if they have been published or
submitted elsewhere, or submit a manuscript for publication while it is under review for
possible publication elsewhere.
6. Editors or reviewers will treat manuscripts under review as confidential, recognizing them
as intellectual property of the author(s).
7. When using ideas or results of others in manuscripts submitted for publication,
researchers will give full attribution of sources. If the ideas or results have not been
p u b l i s h e d , t h e y m a y n o t b e u s e d wi t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e o r i g i n a l
researcher. Illustrations or tables from other publications or manuscripts may be used only
with permission of the copyright owner.
•
8. Ecologists will not serve as editors or reviewers of a manuscript if present or past
connections with the author or the author’s institution may prevent objective
evaluation of the work.
9. Ecologists will not purposefully delay publication of another person’s manuscript to
gain advantage over that person.
10. Ecologists submitting manuscripts for publication will promptly report to editors
any errors in research results or interpretations discovered after submission or
publication.
Adopted August 2000
Ética Científica
(ética externa)
-O problema da advocacia científica
Cientistas: neutros ou socialmente comprometidos?
(ética interna)
A publicação científica
Aspectos éticos da revisão pelos pares
Autoria científica
(direitos intelectuais / patentes)
Neutralidade e Objectividade dos avaliadores
Plágio / Falsificação de Resultados
PUBLICAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA
- Como funciona o sistema?
- Revisão pelos pares (ou arbitragem científica) (peer-review)
PUBLICAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA
- Autoria
- Confidencialidade
PLÁGIO E FALSIFICAÇÃO DE RESULTADOS
ÉTICA ACADÉMICA
American Association of
University Professors
Statement on Professional Ethics
The statement which follows, a revision of a statement originally adopted in 1966, was
approved by the Association’s Committee on Professional Ethics, adopted by the
Association’s Council in June 1987, and endorsed by the Seventy-third Annual
Meeting.
INTRODUCTION
From its inception, the American Association of University Professors has recognized that
membership in the academic profession carries with it special responsibilities. The
Association has consistently affirmed these responsibilities in major policy
statements, providing guidance to professors in such matters as their utterances as
citizens, the exercise of their responsibilities to students and colleagues, and
their conduct when resigning from an institution or when undertaking sponsored
research. The Statement on Professional Ethics that follows sets forth those general
standards that serve as a reminder of the variety of responsibilities assumed by all
members of the profession.
•
In the enforcement of ethical standards, the academic profession differs from
those of law and medicine, whose associations act to ensure the integrity of
members engaged in private practice. In the academic profession the
individual institution of higher learning provides this assurance and so should
normally handle questions concerning propriety of conduct within its own
framework by reference to a faculty group. The Association supports such
local action and stands ready, through the general secretary and the
Committee on Professional Ethics, to counsel with members of the academic
community concerning questions of professional ethics and to inquire into
complaints when local consideration is impossible or inappropriate. If the
alleged offense is deemed sufficiently serious to raise the possibility of adverse
action, the procedures should be in accordance with the 1940 Statement of
Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure, the 1958 Statement on
Procedural Standards in Faculty Dismissal Proceedings, or the applicable
provisions of the Association’s Recommended Institutional Regulations on
Academic Freedom and Tenure.
THE STATEMENT
1. Professors, guided by a deep conviction of the worth and dignity of the
advancement of knowledge, recognize the special responsibilities placed
upon them. Their primary responsibility to their subject is to seek and to state
the truth as they see it. To this end professors devote their energies to
developing and improving their scholarly competence. They accept the
obligation to exercise critical self-discipline and judgment in using,
extending, and transmitting knowledge. They practice intellectual honesty.
Although professors may follow subsidiary interests, these interests must never
seriously hamper or compromise their freedom of inquiry.
2.As teachers, professors encourage the free pursuit of learning in their
students. They hold before them the best scholarly and ethical standards of
their discipline. Professors demonstrate respect for students as
individuals and adhere to their proper roles as intellectual guides and
counselors.
Professors make every reasonable effort to foster honest academic conduct and to
ensure that their evaluations of students reflect each student’s true merit. They
respect the confidential nature of the relationship between professor and student.
They avoid any exploitation, harassment, or discriminatory treatment of students. They
acknowledge significant academic or scholarly assistance from them. They protect
their academic freedom.
3. As colleagues, professors have obligations that derive from common membership in
the community of scholars. Professors do not discriminate against or harass
colleagues. They respect and defend the free inquiry of associates. In the exchange of
criticism and ideas professors show due respect for the opinions of others.
Professors acknowledge academic debt and strive to be objective in their professional
judgment of colleagues. Professors accept their share of faculty responsibilities for
the governance of their institution.
4. As members of an academic institution, professors seek above all to be effective
teachers and scholars. Although professors observe the stated regulations of the
institution, provided the regulations do not contravene academic freedom, they maintain their
right to criticize and seek revision. Professors give due regard to their paramount
responsibilities within their institution in determining the amount and character of work
done outside it. When considering the interruption or termination of their service,
professors recognize the effect of their decision upon the program of the
institution and give due notice of their intentions.
5. As members of their community, professors have the rights and obligations of other
citizens. Professors measure the urgency of these obligations in the light of their
responsibilities to their subject, to their students, to their profession, and to their
institution. When they speak or act as private persons, they avoid creating the
impression of speaking or acting for their college or university. As citizens engaged in a
profession that depends upon freedom for its health and integrity, professors have a
particular obligation to promote conditions of free inquiry and to further public
understanding of academic freedom.
Checklist de Conhecimentos e Competências a Adquirir:
- Conhecer os fundamentos da ética científica.
- Compreender o processo de publicação científica e a revisão pelos pares.
- Conhecer os fundamentos da ética académica.
SUMÁRIO
Ética científica; a publicação científica e o sistema de revisão pelos pares. Ética
académica. Discussão do caso “A Change of Plans”.
BIBLIOGRAFIA DA AULA
Nuclear
Marques da Silva, J. (2006). Aspectos éticos e funcionais da publicação científica:
passado, presente e futuro. Interacções, 3: 19-31
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (2009). On Being a Scientist: a
guide to responsible conduct in research. Third Edition. National Academy of
Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. The National
Academies Press, Washington D.C..

ética e deontologia profissional - Moodle

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