Tegniese | Technical - South African Table Grape Industry
Transcription
Tegniese | Technical - South African Table Grape Industry
Tegniese | Technical Bulletin JUNE / JULY 2016 Inhoud Contents Boodskap van die Uitvoerende Hoof Research Technical Information Market Development Industry Communication For any enquiries, comments and feedback, please contact: Tarryn Wettergreen: tarryn@satgi.co.za Dawie Moelich: dawie@satgi.co.za Clayton Swart: clayton@satgi.co.za 1 2 4 8 10 12 BOODSKAP VAN DIE UITVOERENDE HOOF UIT DIE KANTOOR VAN Willem Bestbier MARKTOEGANG DRYF SATI 4-JAAR PLAN SATI het so pas sy nuwe 4-Jaar Besigheidsplan en die befondsing daarvan aan alle Suid-Afrikaanse tafeldruiwe produsente in die vorm van ’n referendum voorgelê en oorweldigende steun daarvoor gekry. Stemme is volgens volumes van die 2014/2015 seisoen geweeg, deur ons eksterne ouditeurs, Mazars, nagegaan en het die volgende resultate gelewer: • Deelname = 80.4% (stempersentasie) • JA stem = 97.7% Hierdie resultaat is beduidend beter as in die verlede en word deur die SATI Direksie en Bestuur as ’n sterk mandaat aanvaar. In die voorlegging aan die Nasionale Landboubemarkingsraad (“NAMC”) is die kritiese bydrae wat die tafeldruiwe bedryf tot SuidAfrika se Nasionale Ontwikkelingsplan (“NDP”) kan lewer, uitgelig. Ons bedryf is by uitstek geposisioneer om die volgende bydrae in hierdie verband te lewer: • Werkskepping - ons kan kwalik op plaas- en pakhuisvlak beduidend verder meganiseer. • Landelike ontwikkeling - ons bedryf bestaan uit klein- tot mediumgrootte besighede versprei dwarsdeur Suid-Afrika se landelike gebiede. • Buitelandse valuta verdienste - ons voer sowat 95% van ons totale produksie uit (heelwaarskynlik die hoogste van alle landbousektore). Op strategiese vlak bied ons dus ons bedryf aan as ’n sleutelvennoot van die regering. Ten einde hierdie bydraes te lewer, is dit krities belangrik dat ons bedryf vanaf ’n kompeterende, winsgewende en volhoubare basis moet groei. In hierdie verband is dit dus deurslaggewend dat ons nuwe markte vir ons produk moet bekom en bestaande markte moet beskerm en optimeer. Tydens die bekendstelling van die besigheidsplan in elk van die 5 produksiestreke is die onderskeie portefeuljes en die fokuspunte van elk uitgelig. Kollektief moet hierdie aktiwiteite uitvoering gee aan SATI se visie dat “Suid-Afrika die voorkeur land van oorsprong vir tafeldruiwe moet wees en dat aan elke tafeldruif produsent die wydste moontlike keuse van winsgewende markte aangebied moet word”. Daarom is Marktoegang die enkel belangrikste drywer in al SATI se programme en werksaamhede. Baie aktiwiteite in verskeie ander SATI programme (portefeuljes), byvoorbeeld Navorsing en Tegnologie Oordrag, Kommunikaise en Belanghebber Bestuur en Tegniese Ondersteuning word dus ook op marktoegang toegespits en daardeur gerig. Indien dit ingereken word, is Marktoegang die area waarop die meeste gefokus en spandeer sal word in die komende 4-jaar siklus. Konserwatief bereken sal die verdeling in die spandering van fondse oor die 8 portefeuljes as volg daaruitsien: 10% 4% 27% 5% Marktoegang Inligting Tegnies Navorsing & Tegnologie Oordrag Transformasie 20% Finansies & Administrasie Kommunikasie 23% 9% 2% Opleiding “Hierdie resultaat is beduidend beter as in die verlede en word deur die SATI Direksie en Bestuur as ’n sterk mandaat aanvaar.” Marktoegang sal dus die grootste allokering van fondse kry en word gevolg deur Navorsing en Tegnologie Oordrag. Dit is eweneens getrou aan ons oortuiging dat die wenvoorspronge in die mark bykans sonder uitsondering tegnologie-gedrewe is. ’n Goeie voorbeeld hiervan is die teling en evaluering van nuwe kultivars. ENKELE NUWE EN/OF UITGEBREIDE INISIATIEWE: • ’n Meer intensiewe en versnelde program om nuwe marktoegang te kry en bestaande markte te beskerm en te optimaliseer. • Skep van addisionele kapasiteit by die Departement Landbou (“DAFF”) deur die sekondering van spesialis personeel na sleutelfunksies, in samewerking met ons Fruit South Africa vennote. • Voorsien taktiese verteenwoordiging in die belangrikste uitvoer teiken markte. • Vergroot die kapasiteit van die bedryf se PRA-eenheid (“Pest Risk Assessment”) ten einde marktoegang aansoeke en fito-santêre uitdagings die hoof te bied. • Fasiliteer en ondersteun ’n toepaslike en meer vrug-vriendelike koue-steri protokol vir spesiale markte. • Ontwikkeling van ’n uitgebreide sanitêre, fito-sanitêre en biosekuriteit strategie en gepaardgaande operasionele plan. Die proses moet ondersteun word deur die uitbreiding van landswye monitering sowel as beheerstrukture en bedryfstelsels. • Implementering van ’n bedryfsgedrewe kultivar evalueringstelsel en ’n program vir die versnelde vrystelling van nuwe kommersieel belowende kultivars. • Nuwe transformasie inisiatiewe en struktuur op raads- en streeksvlakke. • Ontwikkel en onderhou ’n “Virtual Help-Desk” as ’n besigheid adviesdiens ter ondersteuning van bedryfs- en streeksbemagtigingsinisiatiewe. • Verbeterde kennis en oordrag van na-oes kundigheid (verpakking en koueketting bestuur) in lyn met beste internasionale praktyke. • Ontwikkeling van ’n meer omvattende en -tydige inligtingsbasis en -stelsels ter ondersteuning van strategiese en taktiese besluitneming in die tafeldruif bedryf, veral ten opsigte van die gesamentlike bemarkingsforums (“Table Grapes Joint Marketing Forum”). Hiervoor word beduidend meer fondse benodig en graag wil ek alle tafeldruiprodusente van harte bedank vir hul ondersteuning van die nuwe 4-Jaar Plan. Intussen het die 2015/2016 seisoen einde April redelik stomp tot ’n einde gekom en uiteindelik verras met die finale inname van 57.95 miljoen kartonne. Dit is maar sowat 2.4% minder as die rekord 2014/2015 inname en sowat 5.5% laer as die oorspronkilke oesskatting van 61.3 miljoen kartonne. Lees gerus die seisoensoorsig in hierdie uitgawe wat volledig verslag doen oor die verloop van die oes oor tyd en per streek. Dit was ’n uitdagende seisoen waartydens veral moeder natuur vele uitdagings gebied het. Marktoestande en ’n paar ander sleutel ekonomiese drywers het egter meegebring dat die vergoeding vir harde harde werk billik was. Binne die konteks van landbou in Suid-Afrika kan ons as bedryf met dankbaarheid terugkyk na die 2015/2016 seisoen. Vriendelike groete en mag daar ’n welverdiende blaaskans na die pas afgelope, uitdagende seisoen wees. Willem Bestbier SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN | 1 SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN IDENTIFIKASIE, BEHEER EN BESTUUR VAN WINGERD-MARGARODES INLEIDING Margarodes is ’n insekplaag wat ondergronds voorkom en die wortels van plante aanval. Die naam is afkomstig van die familienaam Margarodidae waaronder hierdie tipe dopluise resorteer. Die larwe wat die wortels aanval skei ‘n harde, glansagtige waslaag af waarmee die hele liggaam bedek word om ’n sist te vorm wat rond of ovaalvormig is. Die verskillende spesies varieer in kleur sowel as grootte. In die Bahamas word die siste soos krale ingeryg om halssnoere te vorm, vandaar die algemene naam van “grondpêrels”. Ongeveer 70 spesies van Margarodes kom feitlik oor die hele wêreld voor met ’n baie wye reeks gasheerplante. Die spesies wat wingerd aanval kom egter slegs in Amerika, Suid-Afrika en Namibië voor. Twee van die drie spesies wat in Amerika voorkom en ekonomiese skade aanrig is Margarodes vitis in Chili en Margarodes brasiliensis in Brasilië. In Suid-Afrika is tien spesies bekend waarvan vyf wingerd aanval en die res kom meestal op grasse voor. Ernstige skade word op tafel-, droog- en wyndruiwe aangerig. (De Klerk, 1985; De Klerk et al, 1985(a); De Klerk et al, 1985(b)) IDENTIFIKASIE EN VERSPREIDING (De Klerk, 1983; De Klerk, 1985; De Klerk et al, 1985(a)) Die vyf Margarodes spesies wat plaaslik op wingerd voorkom is almal inheems en kom nie in ander lande voor nie behalwe Margarodes prieskaensis wat onlangs op tafeldruiwe in Namibië gevind is. Die siste kom gedurende die hele jaar voor en kan enige tyd met die blote oog op die wortels of los in die grond waargeneem word. Margarodes greeni Brain is klein (maks. 2,5 mm), rond met ’n sagte sist wand en wit van kleur. Dit kan maklik met kunsmiskorrels of selfs slakeiers verwar word. Die spesie kom in die omgewing van Vredendal, Malmesbury, Ceres, Paarl, Stellenbosch, Worcester, Robertson en Montagu voor. Margarodes trimeni Giard is redelik groot (maks. 6.3mm), ovaalvormig, baie hard met duidelike skubbe wat mekaar oorvleuel. Die buitenste lae is glad, geel tot brons en is die enigste van die Suid-Afrikaanse spesies met ’n helder metaalagtige glans. Dit is ook die enigste spesie wat ovaalvormig is. Hierdie spesie kom in die omgewing van Paarl, Stellenbosch, Worcester, Robertson, Montagu en Ceres voor. Margarodes capensis (Giard) se siste is rond en wissel in grootte tot ’n maksimum van 6,3 mm. Die sistwand is dik en hard met ’n basagtige voorkoms en ligbruin van kleur. Hierdie spesie kom algemeen in wingerde voor in die omgewing van Malmesbury, Paarl, Stellenbosch, Worcester, Robertson en Montagu. Margarodes vredendalensis De Klerk kom slegs in die Olifantsrivierbesproeïngsgebied naby Vredendal en Lutzville voor. Die siste is rond en wissel in grootte tot ’n maksimum van 8,6 mm. Die wande is hard, lig- tot donkerbruin en die buitenste oppervlakte is grof en lyk soos die oppervlakte van ’n vrat. Margarodes prieskaensis (Jakubski) kom algemeen in die Oranjerivierbesproeïngsgebied by Kakamas, Keimoes, Upington, Groblershoop, Prieska, Douglas en Hopetown voor. Dié spesie is ook onlangs op tafeldruiwe in Mpumalanga in die omgewing van Lephalale (Ellisras), Mokopane (Potgietersrus) en Groblersdal gevind sowel as in die suide van Namibië naby Noordoewer. Die siste is sferies en wissel in grootte tot ’n maksimum van 6,0 mm. Die wande is dik en hard met ’n dowwe geel kleur en lyk soos die dop van ’n skilpad. Margarodes kom dus in feitlik alle wingerdbou gebiede in Suid-Afrika voor en ernstige skade word deur al vyf spesies aangerig. LEWENSLOOP (De Klerk, 1980; De Klerk et al, 1980; De Klerk et al, 2007) Die larwe (nimf ) wat binne die sist voorkom het geen pote nie en kan dus nie rondbeweeg nie. Dit het wel lang suiende monddele wat deur ‘n gaatjie in die sistwand gesteek word om die wortels te penetreer vir voeding. Die monddele is baie prominent en in die meeste spesies is dit selfs langer as die hele liggaam. 2 | SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN Binne die sist ontwikkel die larwe tot ‘n volwasse wyfie wat ‘n opening in die wand van die sist maak en na buite beweeg. Die wyfies het kenmerkend sterk voorpote wat spesiaal aangepas is om in die grond te beweeg. Hulle beweeg vir twee tot vier dae aktief in die grond rond, bly daarna op een plek en begin met eierlegging. Tydens eierlegging word talle wit wasdrade afgeskei wat ‘n eierpakkie vorm om die eiers te beskerm. Die gemiddelde leeftyd van wyfies is 24 dae en tot 1200 eiers kan per enkele wyfie geproduseer word. Die larwes wat uit die eiers broei is mikroskopies klein en besit pote om na die naaste wortels te beweeg waar hul suiende monddele in die plantweefsel gesteek word vir voeding. Daarna word die vrylewende larwe ronder en dikker en begin om lae was af te skei wat die wande van die sist vorm. Dit vervel om ‘n tweede instar larwe sonder pote binne die sist te vorm. Op hierdie stadium is die sist slegs so groot soos ‘n speld se kop. Daarna word die sist al groter en die larwe vervel ‘n onbekende aantal kere om weer ‘n volwasse wyfie te vorm. Die tydsduur vir die hele proses is onbekend, maar dit blyk dat dit nie binne een jaar voltooi word nie. Margarodes kan dus slegs op meerjarige gewasse aanteel. Wyfies bly ondergronds en lê vrugbare eiers sonder paring met mannetjies. In die geval van M. prieskaensis vind paring wel plaas met gevleuelde mannetjies wat bogronds voorkom. Manlike pre-papies ontwikkel uit siste en lyk baie soos die wyfies met goed ontwikkelde pote. Hul beweeg tot net onder die oppervlakte en vervel om ‘n papie te vorm. Wanneer wyfies uit die siste ontwikkel beweeg hul ook na die oppervlakte. Terselfdertyd ontwikkel gevleuelde mannetjies uit die papies en paring vind plaas. Daarna vrek die mannetjies en die wyfies beweeg weer af in die grond om hul eiers op of naby die wortels te lê. SIMPTOME EN BEPALING VAN ’N BESMETTING (De Klerk, 1983; De Klerk et al, 1982(b); De Klerk et al, 1982) Die eerste simptome van ’n Margarodes besmetting is swak groei wat gewoonlik in kolle binne ’n wingerdblok voorkom. Die lote word korter en dunner met kleiner blare wat na onder krul en later gaan een of meer arms van die stok dood en later die hele stok. Die besmette kolle word geleidelik groter en stokke kan binne vier jaar gedood word. Geen tipiese simptome kom voor nie en die swak groei kan dus ook wees as gevolg van filloksera, aalwurms of ander organismes. Geen kenmerkende galle of ander simptome kom op die wortels voor nie. Soos reeds genoem, is die siste wat op die wortels voorkom of los in die grond lê, maklik met die blote oog waarneembaar. Indien die siste stukkend gedruk word, kom slegs ‘n geel vloeistof tevoorskyn en die larwe binne die sist kan nie met die blote oog waargeneem word nie. Siste kan tot 1,2 m diep in die grond voorkom, met die hoogste populasie waar die meeste wortels gekonsentreerd is. Wyfies wissel in kleur van vaalwit tot geel en groot variasie in grootte kom selfs binne dieselfde spesie voor. Die grootte van wyfies wissel van 3mm tot 12mm. Wyfies van spesies wat nie paar nie kom vanaf middel Desember tot einde Mei ondergronds voor. Met uitgrawings gedurende hierdie periode is die wyfies sowel as die wit eierpakkies maklik met die blote oog waarneembaar. In die geval van M. prieskaensis wat in die Oranjerivierbesproeiingsgebied voorkom, kom wyfies baie opsigtelik op die grondoppervlakte voor vanaf Junie tot Augustus. Mannetjies kom terselfdertyd voor maar is minder opsigtelik en lyk soos klein swart muggies wat naby die grondoppervlakte vlieg of op die grond loop. Die manlike pre-papies is gedurende April en Mei net onder die grond-oppervlakte (ongeveer 2 cm) teenwoordig. Hulle ontwikkel tot papies wat met wit wasdrade bedek is en is ook op hierdie diepte duidelik waarneembaar vanaf April tot Mei. CHEMIESE BEHEER Met onlangse studies (De Klerk, 2010(a)) is gevind dat M. prieskaensis baie goed beheer word met die volgende middels: RESEARCH Actara (thiamethozam) 25% suspensie konsentraat teen 2 ml/m² Confidor (imidacloprid) 35% suspensie konsentraat teen 3 ml/m² Telone II (dichloropropeen) 100% onverdun teen 15 ml/m² Rugby (cadusafos) 10% emulsie teen 25 ml/m² Actara en Confidor is sistemiese middels wat kort na oes as ‘n gondbehandeling toegedien moet word wanneer die jaarlikse nuwe populasie siste begin voed en translokasie in die stokke nog aktief is. Aangesien slegs ‘n sekere persentasie siste jaarliks tot wyfies ontwikkel en siste vir jare in die grond kan voorkom sonder om te voed, (De Klerk, 1980), moet opvolg behandelings gedoen word. Telone II is ‘n grondberokingsmiddel wat vir die beheer van M. prieskaensis gedurende die eerste week van April toegedien moet word om ook die manlike pre-papies te dood. Vir die beheer van die ander spesies moet dit direk na oes toegedien word. Telone II is fitotoksies en kan dus slegs gebruik word wanneer ‘n besmette blok vervang moet word of wanneer enkele besmette stokke verwyder kan word. Goeie beheer van manlike pre-papies van M. prieskaensis is ook met Rugby verkry deur toedienings gedurende die eerste week van April. Swak beheer is egter teen wyfies verkry. Rugby sal dus nie vir beheer van die ander Margarodes spesies aangewend kan word nie. Actara en Confidor is geregistreer vir beheer van witluis op wingerd terwyl Telone II en Rugby vir beheer van aalwurms geregistreer is. Nie een van hierdie middels is egter tans vir beheer van Margarodes op wingerd geregistreer nie en kan dus nie op hierdie stadium aanbeveel word nie. WEERSTANDBIEDENDE ONDERSTOKKE Geen onderstok kultivar is tans bekend wat weerstandbiedend teen Margarodes is nie. Dit is gevind dat 99 Richter, 101-14 Mgt en Rupestris du Lot deur die insekte vernietig word (De Klerk, 2010(a)). Coccoidea : Margarodidae) from South Africa. Phytophy-lactica 15, 85-93. De Klerk, C.A., 1985. Occurrence of South African species of Margarodes Guilding (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Margarodidae) with special reference to vine infesting species. Phytophylactica 17 (4), 215-216. 4. De Klerk, C.A., 2010 (a). Chemical control of male pre-pupae and adult females of Margarodes prieskaensis (Jakubski) (Coccoidea : Marga-rodidae) on grapevines. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic. 31 (2), 160-164. 5. De Klerk, C.A., 2010 (b). Acacia erioloba : Natural host plant of Marga-rodes prieskaensis in South Africa. Abstract of research poster delivered at the 32nd SASAV congress, November 2010. 6. De Klerk, C.A., Ben-dov, Y & Giliomee, J.H., 1980. Biology of Margarodes capensis Giard (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Margarodidae) under laboratory and controlled conditions in South Africa. Phytophylactica 12 (3), 147-157. 7. De Klerk, C.A., Ben-dov, Y. & Giliomee, J.H., 1982 (a). Redescriptions of four vine infesting species of Margarodes Guilding (Homoptera : Coc-coidea : Margarodidae) from South Africa. Phytophylactica 14 (2), 61-73. 8. De Klerk, C.A., Ben-dov, Y. & Giliomee, J.H., 1982 (b). Redescriptions of three Margarodes Guilding species (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Margaro-didae) found on grasses in South Africa. Phytophylactica 14 (2), 77-83. 9. De Klerk, C.A., Giliomee, J.H. & Ben-Dov, Y., 1982. Biology of Margarodes capensis Giard (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Margarodidae) under field conditions in South Africa. Phytophylactica 14 (2), 85-93. 10. De Klerk, C.A. & Vermeulen, A.K., 2007. Life cycle of Margarodes prieskaensis (Jakubski) (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Margarodidae) on table grapes in the Northern Cape, South Africa. Extended abstract of research poster delivered at the 5th International Table Grape Symposium, November 2007, pp 139-141. 3. BEDANKINGS LNR Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Winetech, Droëvrugte Tegniese Dienste, Suid-Afrikaanse Tafeldruif Industrie vir finansiële ondersteuning van verskeie navorsingsprojekte ten opsigte van die Margarodes probleem. Mnr A. Vermeulen, LNR Infruitec-Nietvoorbij vir gereelde bystand met fotografie vir publikasies en lesings. BESTUUR Margarodes kan maklik deur grondbewerkingsimplemente binne ‘n wingerdblok of selfs na ander blokke versprei word. Trekkerbande en ander implemente moet skoon gespuit word van grond wanneer dit van besmette blokke na onbesmette blokke beweeg. Dit is dus belangrik om ‘n Margarodes besmetting so gou moontlik te identifiseer en te elimineer deur beroking van die besmette deel en vervanging van die stokke. Jaarlikse ondersoeke is nodig om oor opvolgbehandelings te besluit. Wisselbou met eenjarige plante kan moontlik toegepas word om die probleem te bestuur. Siste kan egter tot vier jaar of langer onaktief sonder voeding in die grond bly en dan weer tot wyfies ontwikkel wat van nuuts af ‘n besmetting kan laat ontstaan. Wisselbougewasse sal dus oor ‘n lang periode afgewissel moet word. Eenjarige gewasse kan wel gebruik word om die jaarlikse nuwe besmetting te verminder. Met die ontwikkeling van veral nuwe gronde is dit belangrik om te weet watter gewasse as natuurlike gasheerplante van die onderskeie spesies dien. Sodoende kan ‘n moontlike natuurlike besmetting voor plant bepaal en bestuur word. Die kameeldoringboom (Acacia erioloba), wat wydverspreid in die Oranjerivier-besproeiingsgebied en Mpumalanga voorkom, is onlangs geïdentifiseer as die natuurlike gasheerplant van M. prieskaensis (De Klerk, 2010(b)). Die natuurlike gasheerplante van die ander Suid-Afrikaanse spesies is egter nog onbekend. ‘n Verdere baie belangrike bestuursaspek is om alle groeidempende faktore soos droogte en veral oorbesproeiing reg te stel sodat maksimum groeikondisies geskep kan word. Die terugsterwing van stokke as gevolg van Margarodes is baie vinniger in geval van stokke wat onder ongunstige toestande groei. Vir verdere inligting kontak Dr André de Klerk by annette8@telkomsa.net. Fig. 1: Margarodes kom in die meeste wingerdbou-areas voor en ernstige skade word deur vyf spesies aangerig. Fig. 2 (links bo): Siste van die onderskeie spesies verskil veral in grootte en is maklik met die blote oog waarneembaar. (M. prieskaensis, 6,0 mm in deursnit links en M. greeni, 2,5 mm in deursnit regs.) Fig. 3 (regs bo): Wyfies het sterk ontwikkelde voorpote om in die grond te beweeg. DR ANDRÉ DE KLERK VERWYSINGS 1. 2. De Klerk, C.A., 1980. Biology of Margarodes vredendalensis De Klerk (Coccoidea : Margarodidae) in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic. 1 (1), 47-58. De Klerk, C.A., 1983. Two new species of Margarodes Guilding (Homoptera : Fig. 4: Bogrondse simptome is swak groei met kleiner blare wat na onder krul. SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN | 3 SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF FRUITFLY AFRICA PROGRAMME SHOWS POSITIVE RESULTS During 2015/16 FruitFly Africa commissioned an independent Benefit/Cost Analysis (BCA) of the program using three different areas as case studies for the different areas under the program. The analysis was conducted by Optimal Agricultural Business Systems (OABS). “The fact that the average fruit fly population during the harvesting season in the Hex River Valley has steadily declined over the last couple of seasons is proof that the AW IPM program in the area is yielding positive results.” The reason for commissioning the study was twofold. Firstly, the industry needed to be sure that the continuation of area wide integrated pest management (AW IPM) programs in fresh fruit producing regions is not only an efficient means of minimizing crop damage and mitigating phytosanitary risks associated with these pests, but also a cost effective way of reaching these goals. Secondly, it is envisaged that Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) releases will be conducted from the air (using chilled release technology) in the near future and the benefit/cost ratio of this move also needed to be calculated. same, except that air spray insecticide increase and ground sprays decrease. Levels of crop damage decrease as time goes by. Cold-steri requirement and market access losses are 85% of those in the base analysis. The areas that were used as case studies are the Hex River Valley (table grape production area), Warm Bokkeveld (relatively homogeneous crop distribution pome fruit production area) and Villiersdorp/Vyeboom (heterogeneous pome- and stone fruit production area). For the purpose of this article the focus will be on the results for the Hex River Valley. The hectares included in the case study in the Hex amount to 1 569.6ha, this equates to ±30% of the estimated hectares under table grapes in this production region. Costs incorporated into the BCA model include all direct costs associated with the control of fruit flies in the area. These include both the costs of the AW IPM as well as cost incurred by individual producers at their own discretion. All costs are presumed to be direct costs. Benefits associated with control measures include: Table 1: Summary of BCA (Direct Costs and Benefits Only) • Reduced fruit damage (Direct Benefit) • Reduced need for cold treatment (cold-steri) (Indirect Benefit) • Market access (Indirect Benefit) • Less use of chemical control measures (Direct Benefit) The monetary value of both costs and benefits used in the model vary between the different scenarios given below. Base Analysis – Business as Usual – Volume of cold-steri requirement increases from the current volumes by 5% per annum over a 10 year period to 45% of current volumes. It is assumed that current export market access losses related to fruit fly issues is 15% of the value of current production volumes. In the base it is assumed that with no AW-IPM this loss will increase with 3% per annum. Scenario 1 - AW-IPM with SIT – Low road - AW IPM program is run as is in each area. Levels of crop damage decreases as time goes by. Cold-steri requirement and market access losses are 90% of those in the base analysis. Scenario 2 – AW-IPM with SIT – Medium road - Program is run in each area. All aspects of the program remain the 4 | SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN Scenario 3 – AW-IPM with SIT – High Road - Program is run in each area. Releases occur from the air. Baiting (ground and/or air) is decreased. Levels of crop damage decrease as time goes by. Cold-steri requirement and market access losses are 85% of those in the base analysis. A 10 year timeline was used as the return period for the model and all monetary values of both costs and benefits were discounted to the Net Present Value for a comparison. The results were as follows: Hex Valley Base analysis - Business as Usual Scenario 1 - AW-IPM SIT - Low road Scenario 2 - AW-IPM SIT - Med road Scenario 3 - AW IPM SIT - High road B/C Ratio N/A 1.41 1.47 1.3 Table 2: Summary of BCA (Direct- as Well as Indirect Costs and Benefits) Hex Valley Base analysis - Business as Usual Scenario 1 - AW-IPM SIT - Low road Scenario 2 - AW-IPM SIT - Med road Scenario 3 - AW IPM SIT - High road B/C Ratio N/A 1.53 2.32 3.9 Even if only the direct costs and benefits of the program are considered it should be clear that the continuation of an AW IPM in any form for the Hex River Area will be beneficial to producers, since all scenarios have a B/C ratio >1. Indirect costs and –benefits are easily overlooked, but are equally important as their direct counterparts when it comes to decision making. Table 2 thus gives a much more meaningful B/C ratio when it comes to whether or not the continuation of the program is justified or even if adjustments to the program are preferable to the status quo. In the case of this study Scenario 3 the “High TECHNICAL Road – AW IPM” option is preferable to the other scenarios, with a B/C ratio of 3.9 (the benefits derived from this approach are thus estimated to be almost four times higher than the cost associated with this scenario). The fact that the average fruit fly population during the harvesting season in the Hex River Valley has steadily declined over the last couple of seasons is proof that the AW IPM program in the area is yielding positive results. This study shows that not only are positive results being achieved, but that the continuation of the program (with a couple of adjustments) will also lead to sustainable, cost effective control of fruit flies in the long run. NANDO BAARD (FruitFly Africa) nando@fruitfly.co.za FRUITFLY AFRICA KEEPING PESTS UNDER CONTROL FOR NEARLY A DECADE FruitFly Africa (Pty) Ltd is a non-profit company owned by a number of industry bodies. These are the South African Table Grape Industry, South African Apple and Pear Producers Association, the South African Stone Fruit Producers Association, Dried Fruit Technical Services, the Canning Producers Association and the Agricultural Research Council. FFA has almost a decade’s worth of experience in the management of fruit flies in South Africa. The Medfly program consists out of a monitoring service (with weekly reports to producers), coordination of ground activities such as orchard sanitation, ground baiting with GF-120, hanging out of M3 baiting stations, identification of alternative hosts as well as the coordination of area wide aerial application of GF-120. FFA also utilizes the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) in most of the areas it covers through ground releases of sterile Medfly males in hotspots. Through these activities FFA has created awareness regarding fruit fly control and pushes best practices for this control in the areas under the program. FFA personnel has also built outstanding relationships with producers, inhabitants and suppliers through their activities in these areas, thereby ensuring good quality of control and speedy reaction times to outbreaks of invasive pests such as Bactrocera dorsalis. Areas currently under the program are: • The Hex River Valley (±5 200 ha) • Ceres, Wolseley and Tulbagh (±7 000 ha) • EGVV and Hemel & Aarde (±9 200 ha) • Langkloof (±6 700 ha) • Orange River (±5 000 ha) • Klein Swartberg (±250 ha) • Total = ±33 350 ha Great successes have been reached under this program in areas where action plans have been followed, with average Flies per Trap per Day showing a downward trend in most of these areas since the program was introduced. NANDO BAARD (FruitFly Africa) SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN | 5 SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN THE SOLAS CONVENTION VGM GUIDE 101 …only containers with verified gross mass or VGM may enter the port to be loaded What is the SOLAS Convention? The SOLAS Convention is one of 17 conventions within the aegis of the IMO- International Maritime Organisation. The IMO – www.imo.org – is responsible for regulating global shipping. The SOLAS Convention looks after the Safety of Life at Sea. What is amendment to chapter VI, Part A, regulation 2? The amendment to chapter VI, Part A, regulation 2, in short stipulates that no vessel may accept cargo for loading in any IMO registered port if the actual all-up mass of the container has not been verified. Therefore, only containers with verified gross mass or VGM may enter the port to be loaded. UNPACKING VGM METHOD 1 AND METHOD 2 Methods to determine the verified gross mass of the packed container. In terms of the SOLAS requirements, two methods are prescribed by which a producer/exporter/shipper may obtain the verified gross mass of a packed container as follows – VGM acquistion process 1st weight of truck and empty container 2nd weight or truck and sealed container Gross cargo mass SUDU621017-4 tare mass Total VGM of container Mass 10 860 30 105 19245 4 560 23 805 uom kg kg kg kg kg Method 1: No SAMSA certification is required. Either weigh the sealed container- very expensive OR weigh the empty truck & container as it arrives, then the truck & sealed container- to deduce the total cargo weight, add the tare weight of container to get the VGM. This is a good method if there is easy access to a certified weigh bridge close to where the container loads. Method 2: SAMSA certification is required. The depot loading containers will either weigh pallets before loading or use the verified pallet weights on the C-Note if the producer has weighed them at source. Then add the tare weight of the container to reach the verified Gross weight. 6 | SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN TECHNICAL This will require certification by SAMSA through an accredited 3rd party audit company. CONTAINER TARE WEIGHT SAMSA says that the tare weight as stated by the shipping line or on the container itself is acceptable. It is already acknowledged that this is not necessarily accurate. 1.1. All weighing equipment used for either Method 1 or Method 2 must have a Verification Certificate which is endorsed with a Type (Model) Approval Number. 1.2. Weighing equipment must be verified periodically in accordance with the regulations pertaining to the type of weighing equipment being used. Currently non-automatic weighing instruments including vehicle scales must be verified every 24 months. 1.3. Verification Laboratories, who also may be suppliers or manufacturers of weighing equipment, must be accredited by the South African National Accreditation System (SANAS) according to SANS10378 to verify weighing equipment. 1.4. Once the Verification Laboratory is accredited by SANAS they are designated by the National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications (NRCS) to conduct verifications on weighing equipment. 1.5. Verification Officers conducting verifications for Verification Laboratories must be appointed in writing, competent and work within the ambits of their listed scope. 1.6. The purpose of verifying weighing equipment is to ensure the equipment is accurate and complies with legislation. 1.7. SOLAS does not provide for a margin of error. The verified gross mass shall be obtained under both Method 1 and Method 2 by using weighing equipment that meets the applicable accuracy standards and requirements in the State in which the equipment is being used i.e. the Legal Metrology Act, 2014. In MN 25 of 27 May 2016 SAMSA stated enforcement tolerances of 2% would be implemented. This means if your mass is out, you will be warned, but if it exceeds 2% above or below, you can face prosecution. The shipping line, separately to this may penalise you for any weight miss-declared- as is their right. Producers/Exporters/Shippers may NOT estimate the weight and may NOT use a weight of a similar consignment. Under IMO guidelines 5.1.2.1, shippers may use the mass of packages that are consistently the same mass with the gross mass shown on the packaging label. But this does not apply to fresh packed grapes! E.g. a packaged Television screen in a sealed package labelled to weigh 3.4kg meets this guideline. IMPORTANT As per the Carriage of Cargo at Sea act of 2004, the shipper is the entity named as shipper on the bills of Lading and is accountable to have SAMSA certification for method 2 SOLAS compliance for VGM DECLARATION. The load point or depot is subcontracted to the shipper. The shipper receives the SAMSA certification. The load point does not receive SAMSA method 2 certification unless they are the shipper as well. A further guideline on how to become certified by SAMSA is being prepared with the templates of documents required for the audit process. For further detailed understanding, consult the Fruit South Africa three-part guideline for Shippers and exporters. The bottom line is that the shipper must be able to defend the VGM of containers declared to the line and to the export terminal. From July 1, 2016- No weight - No Gate ANDY CONNELL andy@abarc.co.za SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN | 7 SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN SOUTH AFRICAN TABLE GRAPE INDUSTRY SURVIVES HOT AND DRY 2015/16 SEASON 2015/2016 Season Overview REGIONAL REPORT The hot and dry 2015/2016 South African table grape season has come to an end with most producers indicating that it was one of the most challenging seasons they have faced in many years. Amongst the many challenges faced during this season was the drought that hit four of the five table grape producing regions as well as vessel delays due to strong winds in the Cape Town harbour. However, this being said, the industry experienced a better return due to the shortage of supply in the markets that supported prices and lead to better farm gate earnings for the producer. This couldn’t have come at a better time for producers given the rising input costs and many other demands and challenges, for example the replacement of old vineyards and/or old generation varieties. At the end of April 2016 the final intake up to week 19 was 57.95 million 4,5kg equivalent cartons of which 56.63 million were exported. During the initial crop estimate done in October 2015, the industry foresaw a big crop in the making. Vineyards were healthy and very promising, although less rainfall during the winter months was a concern. SATI’s initial crop estimate of between 61.3 and 63.2 million 4.5 kg equivalent cartons would have been the biggest crop on record, but early seasonal realities soon proved that it would not realise. Due to the hot and dry weather conditions a gradual reduction in the initial crop estimate became evident. The Olifants River Region experienced even harsher conditions as a 40% water quota was imposed on farmers in that region. The hot and dry weather conditions also lead to some sunburn damage in the vineyards. Weather conditions in the Orange River Region were good and bunch development looked normal right up to the start of harvest. However, when packing commenced, berry sizes proved to be smaller, which resulted in lower bunch weights and lower pack-outs. The Northern Provinces experienced a better than usual start to the season as the usual summer hail storms stayed away and berry and bunch development was close to normal. The Berg River Region faced the same problems as the other regions as bunch weights also disappointed. Vineyards in the region also suffered as a result of the heat and lack of rain. The Hex River Valley Region experienced the same fate as the other areas in the Western Cape, which encountered the worst drought in 75 years according to Agri-SA. The initial estimate was therefore adjusted sooner to accommodate the effect of the heat, the drought and the resulting reduction in berry sizes and bunch weights. At the start of the harvest producers in the Northern Provinces, the Orange River Region and the Olifants River Region were still expecting an above average crop compared to the 2014/2015 season. By the end of December 2015 these three regions were way ahead regarding volumes packed compared to the previous season. The Berg River Region was on par regarding the packed volumes compared to the 2014/2015 season. 8 | SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN This picture changed dramatically at the beginning of the New Year for all regions, with the exception of the Northern Provinces. The latter region experienced an extraordinary season with hardly any thunderstorms while some light rainfall during December 2015 brought welcome relief to the exceptionally hot weather. The Orange River Region saw a reduction of between 5% and 8% for its early varieties. The Olifants River Region experienced colder nights causing berry burst in some varieties. Producers believed that these conditions were no cause for alarm and the estimated crop was within reach. The Berg River Region was still on target to reach its estimated volumes but rain during the first week of February saw that expectation fade away. Producers in the Hex River Valley were beginning to feel the effect of the drought as they also experienced lower yields due to uneven berry sizes and delayed colour development. Table 1 shows how the crop estimate was adjusted downwards as the season progressed. Table 1 REGION 2015/2016 Actual Crop 2015/2016 Fourth Estimate 23/02/2016 Northern Provinces 4 730 931 4.3 - 4.5 4.3 - 4.5 4.3 - 4.5 4.3 - 4.5 Orange River 18 642 606 18.0 - 18.5 18.0 - 18.5 18.0 - 18.5 19.5 - 20.0 2015/2016 Third Estimate 12/01/2016 2015/2016 Second Estimate 17/12/2015 2015/2016 First Estimate 27/10/2015 4.5 Kg Equivalent Cartons Olifants River 3 157 059 3.1 - 3.3 3.4 - 3.6 3.8 - 4.0 3.8 - 4.0 Berg River 12 599 726 12.25 - 12.75 12.6 - 13.1 13.8 - 14.3 13.8 - 14.3 Hex River Valley 18 849 217 17.5 - 18.0 18.5 - 19.0 19.9 - 20.4 19.9 - 20.4 TOTAL 57 979 539 55.15 - 57.05 56.8 - 58.7 59.8 - 61.7 61.3 - 63.2 Compared to the previous season, the total Intake volumes were only 2.4% down from the record intake of 59 million during 2014/2015. Figure 1 shows the comparison between the 2015/2016 and 2014/2015 seasons. Figure 1 EXPORT AND MARKET REPORT The sea freight of table grapes had a slow start this season but a significant number was airlifted during the early season. As the season progressed the exports of table grapes increased significantly and ran ahead of normal trends, however these INFORMATION exports almost came to a stop as strong winds started to batter the Western Cape seaboard and all ships were wind bound by week 4. The SA protocol for Thailand was published on 18th January and this granted South African producers and exporters official market access. This historic moment did not significantly boost exports to the South East Asia Region as it came too late for the earlier production regions. Overall exports to the UK and Europe still accounted for over 80% of the total exports. Exports to the UK increased by 13.7% from last season. Table 2 shows the volumes exported to the different export regions. Table 2 Market Africa Canada European Union Far East Indian Ocean Islands Middle East Russian South East Asia United Kingdom USA Grand Total 2015/2016 2014/2015 4.5 Kg Equivalent Cartons 714 413 1 025 676 30 559 787 2 355 329 349 277 2 485 549 933 214 2 476 419 15 738 916 21 300 56 659 880 705 532 327 060 33 865 721 2 648 082 539 139 2 758 945 1 216 539 2 560 290 13 837 417 86 268 58 544 992 At the beginning of the season sales were strong in Europe and prices were expected to remain stable. The Russian Ruble was weak against the US Dollar. It was expected that this market was going to be difficult to trade in as Russia was experiencing an exchange problem and it was challenging to reach good prices. Overall the market was fairly stable and there were opportunities due to a good balance between supply and demand. The demand for table grapes in the Far East was good, although limited volumes were packed due to stringent specifications and protocols. Exports to the UK increased due to better prices received during this season as well as the favourable exchange rate. The stable markets and consistent prices throughout the season resulted in fair compensation for South African producers who bravely combatted the tough conditions and challenges of the 2015/2016 season. JOSEPH LOMBARDT 2015/16 SEISOEN BRING GEMENGDE RESULTATE VIR OPKOMENDE TAFELDRUIF PRODUSENTE SATI het met ’n paar produsente gesels om te hoor hoe hulle die pas afgelope seisoen ervaar het. Die son skyn ewe hard op gevestigde en opkomende produsente. Dit is weereens bewys tydens die pas afgelope 2015/2016 seisoen waartydens opkomende tafeldruif produsente en begunstigdes van Trusts - wat aandele in plase besit – gemengde resultate gekry het, maar nie net as gevolg van die warm en droë weer nie. Oom Hendrik Davids, Plaasbestuurder en een van die 281 trustlede wat die sowat 100 hektaar plaas Vergelegen net buite Robertson in die Wes-Kaap besit, sê hulle het so byna hul doel bereik. “Ons het ’n baie goeie seisoen ervaar en kon 195 202 kartonne pak. Dit is netso onder ons oesskatting van 200 000, maar ek voel nog steeds ons kon beter gedoen het.” Oom Hendrik sê van die uitdagings was “ons het voëlskade gehad en ’n paar kultivars soos Rally was bietjie onvrugbaar terwyl Autumn Royal baie swak gedra het. Ons het ook probleme met arbeiders ervaar, want hier is nie genoegsame huisvesting op die plaas nie, wat ons genoop het om mense in te ry. Baie van hulle het nie op ’n daaglikse basis opgedaag nie.” Ten spyte hiervan het Vergelegen met die hulp van hul mentors, die Karsten-Groep, beter voorbereiding gedoen en die hitte en droogte het hulle nie veel geraak nie. Baie van die ander opkomende produsente was nie so gelukkig nie. Danie Lewis wat met sy ouers mede-eienaars van die Lewis Boerdery Trust is, en met sowat 5,5 hektaar tafeldruiwe op huurgrond in Brandwacht Worcester boer, sê hulle het nie so ’n goeie seisoen ervaar nie. “Ons het slegs 16 000 kartonne gepak, heelwat minder as verlede jaar se 20 000. Die temperatuur was te hoog en baie stokke het minder gedra as verwag,” verduidelik Lewis. Abie Pietersen, Plaasbestuurder en een van die 30 begunstigdes van Alpha Boerdery in De Doorns, Sandhills waar hulle sowat 15 hektaar tafeldruiwe verbou, het ook ’n uitdagende seisoen beleef. “Die seisoen was in die algemeen moeilik. Ons stokke het nie so baie gedra nie, ons het 50 000 kartonne gepak vanaf 12,45 hektaar. Daar Oom Hendrik Davids op die plaas Vergelegen, buite Robertson in die Wes-Kaap is een van die opkomende boere wat bly is die uitdagende seisoen is verby. was baie insekte, die klimaat ongunstig met te veel humiditeit en in die aand was dit te warm wat die kleurontwikkeling beïnvloed het,” vertel Pietersen. Hy het op die hulp van chemiese konsultante gesteun wat hulle “half deur die seisoen gedra” het. Christa van Rooi, een van die 20 begunstigdes van die Berekisanang Empowerment Farm in Kakamas in die Noord-Kaap, waar 130 hektaar tafeldruiwe en 200 hektaar sitrus verbou word, sê alhoewel dit warmer as normaal was, het hulle ’n baie gunstige seisoen ervaar. “Ons doel was om 187 000 kartonne te pak, maar ons het dit oorskry en 202 300 gepak. Ons is baie in ons skik hiermee,” verduidelik van Rooi. “Die hitte het korrelbars in die Melody kultivar veroorsaak terwyl die landpak bietjie uitdagend was. Ons het ook reën gekry tydens paktyd wat op die verkeerde tyd was” meen van Rooi. Dié groep opkomende produsente stem saam dat hulle beter grondvoorbereiding gaan doen en hulself daarop toespits om beter voëlbeheer toe te pas om sodoende ’n beter oes die volgende seisoen te lewer. CLAYTON SWART SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN | 9 SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN THE “NEW” THAILAND MARKET FOR SA TABLE GRAPES South Africa recently gained access to the Thailand market following a long period of persistent efforts by and excellent cooperation between FruitSA, SATI and DAFF personnel. In this article some of the key features of the Thailand table grape market will be explored – based principally on insights gained by Promar International (commissioned by SATI) for their July 2015 report on Thailand. Thailand’s fruit imports peaked in the period 2012 to 2014 at 500 000 tons per annum. South Africa accounted for up to 18% of Thailand’s fruit imports around 10 years ago. Unfortunately South Africa lost access to Thailand until 2012 when this market was opened for citrus again. between 380 000 to 160 000 tons respectively (see graphs below). When comparing Thailand’s imports by volume and by value (see graphs below) it is evident that imports from China have grown exponentially since 2005. China has in the process grown to be the dominant volume supplier – followed by the USA and Peru. However, Peru followed by the USA earned significantly higher prices per ton from 2013. The Thai market for Table Grapes is expected to grow significantly and depending on whether future imports are extrapolated from the 2005 to 2014 trend-line or from the 2012 to 2014 trend-line, imports by 2020 could amount to 10 | SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN MARKET DEVELOPMENT The main reason for Peru’s growing popularity in the Thailand table grape market is its ability to supply red table grapes in the November to April marketing window – a feat that could easily be emulated by South Africa. In a survey of Thai consumer preferences Promar came to the conclusion: “That the colour of the grape and its taste is more important than specific variety. Although green, red and black grapes can all be found for sale in Thailand, consumers prefer to purchase and consume red seedless grapes due to the positive meaning associated with the colour red. Black grapes are the least preferred variety, due to their comparative lack of sweetness”. Promar also surveyed consumers on their perceptions about South Africa: “Overall, stakeholder’s perception of South African fresh produce was positive. There is some confusion however as to the identity and perception of South Africa as a country. Fruit grown in South Africa was seen as being of a consistently high quality standard. A number of retailers and importers spoken to were currently importing avocadoes and citrus fruit grown in South Africa. The positive perception they had of South Africa from these dealings means that they would be willing to consider them as a potential new supplier for grapes in the future” HOPPIE NEL nelhoppie@gmail.com PROJECT REBIRTH FOR NATIONAL FRESH PRODUCE MARKETS Project Rebirth for National Fresh Produce Markets is an initiative which has been established and institutionalised as a collaborative effort between government and the fresh produce industry stakeholders to revive the operations and service standards of national fresh produce markets across the Republic of South Africa (RSA). The initiative begun in 2013 with the establishment of a National Steering Committee chaired by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), and is composed of representatives from Fruit South Africa (FSA, representing fruit producers), Institute of Market Agents of South Africa (IMASA, representing fresh produce market agents), Potatoes SA (PSA, representing potato producers), South African Union of Food Markets (SAUFM, representing market managers), Agricultural Produce Agents Council (APAC, as a regulatory body), Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (COGTA), and the National Agricultural Marketing Council. During 2014, representatives of stakeholders (producers; market agents and market managers) on the National Steering Committee on Project Rebirth consulted their members to solicit inputs towards the development of the Codes of Best Practices (CoBPs) for National Fresh Produce Markets. The three stakeholders produced three separate drafts which were analysed and integrated into a composite document titled “Codes of Best Practice (COBP) for National Fresh Produce Markets as it pertains to market managers, market agents, producers, labour and service providers”. Subsequent to this, the second open fresh produce industry stakeholder session was held where the document was adopted by the fresh produce industry stakeholders. The Codes of Best Practice are aimed at assisting fresh produce markets to improve their service standards and operations and are centered around ten pillars, which are on regulatory environment; communication and stakeholder engagement; consignment control and inspection; food safety, hygiene and cleanliness; safety & security; information management; risk & financial management; transformation; infrastructure and human capital development. The National Steering Committee, in its effort to identify impediments and critical success factors towards implementation of the Codes of Best Practices (CoBP) prioritized eight fresh produce markets for the implementation exercise. These markets are Springs Fresh Produce Market (FPM), Pietermaritzburg FPM, Matjhabeng (formerly Welkom) FPM, Matlosana (formerly Klerksdorp) FPM, Vereeniging FPM, East London FPM, Sol Plaatje (formerly Kimberley) FPM and Port Elizabeth FPM. These are the markets identified during the scoping exercise known to experience greater bottlenecks in service standards. In order to expedite this exercise, the National Steering Committee on Project Rebirth engaged various municipal authorities that own fresh produce markets, which are the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality (Port Elizabeth FPM), Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (East London FPM), Sedibeng District Municipality (Vereeniging FPM), Matlosana Local Municipality (Matlosana FPM), City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality (Cape Town FPM), Matjhabeng Local Municipality (Welkom FPM), Sol Plaatjie Local Municipality(Sol Plaatje FPM) and Msunduzi Local Municipality (Pietermaritzburg FPM) to request their collaboration in resolving issues relating to governance, management and infrastructure maintenance and refurbishments. Specifically, this paper will focus on experiences and developments at Springs, Vereeniging, Tshwane and Pietermaritzburg markets. Go to the following link to access the full document: www.satgi.com/market-access/market-development/ Extracted from Fresh Produce Market Monitor (No. 1 of 2015; DAFF) SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN | 11 SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN MINISTER THANKS TABLE GRAPE INDUSTRY AT SATI AGM Table grape producers from across the country were thanked for their hard work and contribution to agriculture by the Western Cape Minister of Economic Opportunities, Alan Winde (who is responsible for the Departments of Agriculture & Economic Development and Tourism). He addressed table grape producers at the South African Table Grape Industry (SATI), annual general meeting held in Paarl on 21 April, 2016. “I wish to thank you in agriculture as these are the best of times and the worst of times. It is not easy to farm under these conditions especially with the persistent drought. We are glad for the rain but our dam levels remain low,” said Minister Winde. Despite the persistent drought Minister Winde said it is a great time for the agricultural sector. “The trade agreement between South Africa and Indonesia saw our country being granted Country of Recognition Status. Earlier this year it was also confirmed that South African table grapes have gained access to the exciting and lucrative Thailand market. This is exactly where government and industry bodies like SATI are working together to achieve these results to the benefit of industry,” explained Minister Winde. IMPORTANT STATS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN TABLE GRAPE INDUSTRY • South Africa is the 5th biggest producer and exporter of table grapes in the world. • Provides 11 000 full-time and 42 000 seasonal jobs valued at R950 million in wages per year • Additional R32 million in job creation, direct suppliers • Additional R600 million job creation, suppliers in the value chain • Significant contribution to downstream production income – R3,2 billion other product input providers, R720 million to packaging material suppliers, R250 million to logistics suppliers “This industry is the ideal partner of government to pursue and achieve the critical NDP goals and objectives…” which we invest. Over the next three years, we will support 4 195 new farmers to take their businesses to the next level. The SA Table Grape Industry are a valued partner in this mission.” Minister Winde said a key priority was improving local agriprocessing capacity to boost production for domestic and key export markets. “To develop more product for processing, including grapes, we are continuing work on the Greater Brandvlei Irrigation Project,” he stated. Mr Michael Laubscher, Chairperson of SATI, said the table grape industry via SATI is committed to achieving the goals of the (NDP) for the agricultural sector and is uniquely positioned to help achieve these critical goals. “The table grape industry has a high growth potential and it is labour intensive (not easily mechanised). This industry is the ideal partner of government to pursue and achieve the critical NDP goals and objectives, namely job creation, rural development and the earning of foreign revenue, crucially important for our quite vulnerable balance of payments,” said Laubscher. Minister Winde said the numbers above were encouraging and added that the Western Cape Government would continue to support the industry to grow. He thanked SATI for the contribution to transformation in the agriculture sector and job creation. Minister Winde warned that land reform is crucial and the agricultural sector together with government must do more to create at least 20% black owned farmers as stated in the goals of the National Development Plan (NDP). “We have set aside R290 million but actually need R20 billion to realise this. Government needs projects from the private sector as we cannot do it on our own, we support projects and create an enabling environment,” stated Minister Winde. “In the Western Cape, we have set ourselves on the path to ensure a 70 per cent success rate of all the land reform projects in 12 | SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN Mr Michael Laubscher, Chairman of the South African Table Grape Industry (SATI) hands the guest speaker to their AGM, Alan Winde, the Western Cape Minister of Economic Opportunities, a box of export grapes from one of the three production regions in the province. CLAYTON SWART INDUSTRY COMMUNICATION MAKING SENSE OF THE IMPENDING CARBON TAX and it’s implications for South Africa’s fruit and wine farmers “…the Carbon Tax legislation has important further implications for farms, packhouses, wineries and other entities involved in primary agriculture…” HOW WILL IT WORK? The nominal “price” of greenhouse gas emissions will be set at R120 for the equivalent of a ton of carbon dioxide emitted (CO2e). The Draft Carbon Tax Bill has been released for comment during November 2015. The Confronting Climate Change (CCC) Initiative has received many questions with regards to the bill and has, in response, developed this summary document with the information currently at their disposal. It is meant to be a highlevel document that outline the Carbon Tax processes and should by no means be read as conclusive as it is likely that there will be refinements to the Bill after public comment has been received. WHAT IS A CARBON TAX AND WHY IS IT BEING IMPLEMENTED? South Africa has committed itself to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to below business-as-usual levels, and has selected taxation on greenhouse gas emissions, or what is referred to as a “Carbon Tax”, as the primary mechanism to stimulate the changes in the economy necessary to achieve these targets. The committed reductions targets are substantial, being reductions of 34% by 2020 and 42% by 2025. The carbon tax seeks to place a cost to greenhouse gas emission, and in so doing ensure that the polluter pays for their emissions and the harm caused by such pollution. The carbon tax is aimed at stimulating a steep reduction in GHG emissions, ensuring that South Africa is ready to deal with future climate risks and challenges, and to be in a position to take advantage of new investment opportunities associated with the move to a low-carbon or “green” economy. The Carbon Tax is a direct economic instrument aimed at rapidly changing the behaviour of businesses – providing a significant financial incentive to shift towards cleaner technologies, products and processes. WHEN WILL IT BE INTRODUCED? It is anticipated that phase 1 will be implemented from January 2017. The primary agricultural sector will be exempt from phase 1 and only be taxed directly from phase 2, which is estimated to start in 2020/2021. Although primary agriculture will be exempt from phase 1, the carbon tax will indirectly filter through to input costs. Not only must the bill be written into law, but Treasury still has to finalise regulations around the generation and claiming of offsets. At this stage the Carbon Tax relates to Scope 1 emissions only. Scope 1 emissions are direct emissions from owned or controlled sources. As a matter of interest, although fuel is currently subject to the General Fuel Levy (Petrol – R 2.55 per litre and Diesel R 2.40 per litre), it is not an “environmental” levy. Electricity consumption is currently subject to an Environmental Levy of 3.5 cents per kWh. A number of tax-free allowances have been provided, which then reduce the effective cost to the business: • A basic tax-free allowance of 60% ; • An additional tax-free allowance of 10 per cent for process emissions; • A variable tax-free allowance for trade-exposed sectors (maximum 10 per cent); • A maximum tax-free allowance of 5 per cent for above average performance; • A 5 per cent tax-free allowance for companies with a Carbon Budget; • A carbon offsetting allowance of either 5 per cent or 10 per cent; Therefore, the total tax-free allowance during the first phase (up to 2020) can be as high as 95 % (i.e. for a business that qualifies for all the discounts, it will be taxed an effective cost of R6.00 per ton of CO2e emitted). Up to the end of Phase 1 the cost of carbon could therefore range from R6 to R48 per ton of CO2e emitted. After phase 1 it is anticipated that these tax-free allowances could be reduced and phased down. Implementation of the carbon tax requires an accurate system for monitoring, reporting and verifying emissions (MRV). The CCC carbon calculator provides a mechanism for monitoring and reporting in the agricultural sector. The South African Revenue Service (SARS) will be the main implementing administrative authority on tax liability assessments while the Carbon Tax will be collected similar to other taxes. In order to audit the self-reported tax liability by entities, SARS will be assisted by the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA). WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURE? While agriculture is exempt from being directly taxed during phase 1, the Carbon Tax legislation has important further implications for farms, packhouses, wineries and other entities involved in primary agriculture: • Farms can potentially become an important source of carbon offsets during phase 1. There may be opportunities for selling these carbon offsets to entities that are looking to reduce their carbon tax bill. What will qualify as an offset project is not clear but could include carbon sequestration projects (for example restoring soil carbon) and/or emissions reduction technology projects (for example, solar PV, biogas digesters etc.). • The cost of carbon taxes will be felt throughout the economy as prices are increased by businesses to help them offset their increased tax bills. Agriculture can expect to experience SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN | 13 SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN cost pressure on all key material and energy inputs including electricity, fuel, fertilizers and agrochemicals. • Once phase 2 is reached, then all scope 1 emissions from agriculture will be taxable. There are important scope 1 emissions applicable to farms, packhouses, wineries etc.; – Mobile Combustion: All emissions from the consumption of fossil-fuels for owned vehicles, including owned tractors, trucks, farm bakkies etc. – Stationary Combustion: Any emissions from the consumption of fossil-fuels for equipment owned by the business used for industrial applications such as heating, electricity generators etc. – Fugitive Emissions: Any unintended release of greenhouse gasses from other sources owned by the business, such as refrigerant leakages from cooling systems, Nitrous Oxide from agricultural soils and Methane from waste treatment infrastructure. What should I do to prepare for Carbon Tax, and how can the CCC Initiative assist you? Until now, the motives to measure, report and reduce carbon emissions have come from a combination of market pressures, economic self-interest (improve efficiency and reduce costs) and a desire “to do the right thing”. The introduction of the Carbon Tax scheme adds a further, and perhaps the strongest, motivation for businesses to proactively understand and manage where, how and at what scale they emit greenhouse gasses and to understand, evaluate and implement the strategies to reduce these emissions. The primary motive of the Carbon Tax is to bring emissions reduction onto the center-stage of business management. The most foundational element of an emissions management strategy is the ability to accurately and reliably measure emissions at a level of detail that enables good decision-making and credible reporting. The annual measurement of the businesses “carbon footprint” using the CCC tools provides the solution for this. Once measurement has been undertaken then opportunities to improve efficiencies and/or to introduce new technologies can be evaluated and implemented. The CCC Initiative is also being enhanced in response to the impeding Carbon Tax: • Adding a Carbon Sequestration Calculator for the calculation of carbon offset values and opportunities. • Incorporating a carbon tax calculator in the Carbon Footprinting tool to calculate the tax impact of the business’s emissions and to help in the identification of emissions and tax “hot spots”. • To proactively inform the industry of the carbon tax legislation and its implementation and implications. Carbon tax! What should I do? Understand your risk Reduce your emissions through improved efficiency and technology. Quantify your emissions. Use the CCC carbon footprint tool. ANÉL BLIGNAUT, EDDIE VIENINGS and DAVID FARRELL (The Confronting Climate Change (CCC) Initiative) anel@bluenorth.co.za INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION OF VINE AND WINE APRIL 2016 REPORT BACK The International Organisation for Vine and Wine (OIV) is an intergovernmental organisation that develops and prepares documents of a scientific and technical nature, which ultimately inform policy. The OIV is internationally well recognised, especially in the EU, for its work relating to vines, wine, wine-based beverages, table grapes, raisins and other vine-based products. Currently there are 46 member states mostly from Europe. World map indicating the OIV Member States (source: http://www.oiv.int/en/international-organisation-vineand-wine/member-states-and-observers) 14 | SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN The current work of the OIV most relevant to table grape production and export, are global: 1. Promotion of sustainable vitiviniculture (including climate change, natural resource management, social accountability and economic efficiency of various production systems); 2. Understanding of the market trends and supply chain dynamics; and 3. Understanding of consumer safety. This year, the annual OIV meetings took place between 4 and 15 April 2016 in Paris. SATI was represented at the Sustainable Development and Climate Change (4 April), Genetic Resources and Vine Selection (6 April), Vine Protection and Viticultural Techniques (7 April) and Table Grapes, Raisins and Unfermented Grape Products (8 April) expert groups. As an outcome of this year’s meeting, SATI will actively participate in the development of two documents: 1. A guide for the implementation of sustainable viticulture 2. A review on the alternatives to SO2 sheets For more information contact Tarryn Wettergreen on 021 863 0366 or tarryn@satgi.co.za. TARRYN WETTERGREEN INDUSTRY COMMUNICATION TAFELDRUIWE PRODUSENT NUWE WES-KAAPSE JONGBOER VAN DIE JAAR VIR 2016 Werknemers is die hart van hul besigheid Jacques (regs) en sy broer Eugene (links) op die nuwe plaas Brandwacth wat hulle besig is om te ontwikkel. Jacques Beukes, Wes-Kaapse Jongboer van die Jaar vir 2016. Jacques Beukes (35), ʼn tafeldruiwe produsent van De Doorns in die Hexriviervallei is onlangs (25 Mei) as Agri Wes-Kaap en Santam Landbou se Jongboer vir 2016 aangewys. Jacques dring nou deur na die nasionale Jongboer van die Jaar kompetisie wat in Oktober deur Agri SA en Toyota SA aangebied word. Hy boer al 10 jaar op die familie plaas Modderdrift, maar vertel sy familie boer 103 jaar lank met tafeldruiwe. Hy is ʼn direkteur van die Hexvallei Tafeldruiwe Assosiasie, Agri Wes-Kaap se streekverteenwoordiger en die voorsitter van die Breedevallei Munisipaliteit se produsenteforum. Jacques wat ʼn B.Com-graad in Logistiek aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch behaal het, sê jongboere is die land se toekoms. “Jongboere bring baie nuwe idees en energie na die ekonomie. Hulle hou van nuwe ontwikkelings en uitdagings,” sê hy. Sy pa Pieter Beukes het in 2006 eienaarskap aan hom en sy broer Eugene gegee. Die span het hulself toegespits om die produksie op te stoot vanaf 4 000 kartonne per hektaar, na 5 500 plus per hektaar per jaar. Selfs in vanjaar se uitdagende jaar het hulle 5 427 kartonne per hektaar gepak. “Ons het die omset van die plaas tussen 2007 en 2016 met 930% gegroei. Ons het gaan sit en beplan en gekyk wat die sukses faktore is, waarna ons op vier besluit het - naamlik produksie, verpakking, bemarking en ons hart wat die mense is wie vir ons werk,” verduidelik Jacques passievol. “Ons het die besproeiing na drip verander en het baie meer selektief geword oor die tipe kunsmis wat ons gebruik. Sodoende het ons produksie opgetel en het ons die nodige groei begin toon.” Hulle het ook gekyk na die pakstoor en die beste inligtingsstelsels ontwikkel wat hulle kon, terwyl die bemarking daarop gemik is om verskeie markte te bereik. Hy glo net aan die hoogste voedselstandaarde deur seker te maak Modderdrift voldoen aan al die oudits en bereik die besikbare standaarde. “Ons nooi die groot supermarkte om self na ons plaas te kom en te sien hoe ons kwaliteit druiwe verbou. Dit help ook vir hulle om eerstehands te ervaar hoe ons kwaliteit nastreef,” verduidelik Jacques. Volgens Jacques is hy baie lief vir die tafeldruifbedryf. Dit is duidelik as gekyk word na hulle belegging en ontwikkeling van 30 hektaar tafeldruiwe per jaar vir die volgende twee jaar op die sowat 180 hektaar plaas Brandwacht in Worcester, wat aan die voete van die Brandwacht berge geleë is. Hulle bestuur ook die buurplaas Ambiance namens die sakeman Tebogo Mogashoa. Nuwe aanplantings van meer as 80 hektaar word oor die volgende drie jaar beplan. Deur die vestiging van die meer as 100 hektaar oor drie jaar op Brandwacht beoog Jacques om deur die bestuursvernuf van Modderdrift tussen 120 en 600 nuwe voltydse en tydelike werksgeleenthede onderskeidelik te skep. “Ons was redelik grondhonger oor die afgelope drie jaar. Die doel is om van die beste tegnologie in beide verbouingspraktyke, besproeiing, sowel as pakstoor tegnologie in plek te sit.” Die feit dat Jacques die plaaslike kompetisie gewen het is nie ’n prestasie wat hy enigsins op sy eie behaal het nie. Hy noem geredelik dat hulle ook van ander suksesvolle produsente leer en graag kers opgesteek het by een van die vorige Jong Boer van die Jaar wenners, Jaco du Toit. “Ons het almal mekaar nodig veral in familie besighede. Dit baat nie elke persoon neem ’n gedeelte op hul eie terwyl julle saam soveel meer groei kan toon en meer werksgeleenthede vir selfs ander familielede kan skep.” Advies aan produsente wat graag die jongste tegnologie wil bekom, maar net nie oor genoeg kapitaal beskik nie. “Voor jy die ou trekker vervang moet jy eers daarop fokus om produksie te verhoog deur beter produksie praktyke toe te pas. Maak ook gebruik van nuwe idees en jong boere wat met nuwe idees en energie kan help.” “Ons het ook gekyk na die hart gedeelte van ons plaas, naamlik die mense. Voorheen was daar baie konflik onder werknemers, middel misbruik, swak sosiale gedrag, ens. Ons het eerstens met die geestelike gedeelte gewerk deur ons self as goeie voorbeelde daar te stel. Daar is ook toegespits op opleiding, beide tegnies sowel as lewensvaardighede, soos leierskap, noodhulp en ander kursusse.” Verskeie kursusse is aangebied in samwerking met die Hexvallei Tafeldruiwe Assosiasie en die Wes-Kaapse Department van Landbou op Elsenburg wat daarop gemik is om landbouwerkers op te hef. “Na ons belangstelling begin toon het deur die verskeie aksies, het die hele plaas verander,” vertel Jacques. “Ek glo die hemel bied geen perke nie. Dit is als deur die genade van die Here,” is Jacques se laaste woorde terwyl hy met planne in die hand heel opgewonde aan die elektrisiën uitwys wat volgende op die plaas gedoen moet word. – Alle sterkte met die nasionale kompetisie! CLAYTON SWART SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN | 15 SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN MODULÊRETAFEL- EN DROOGDRUIFKURSUS: SERTIFIKAATPLEGTIGHEID IN KAKAMAS Op 5 Desember 2015, is 16 sertifikate toegeken aan leerders vir suksesvolle voltooiing van die 2015 Modulêre Kursus in Tafelen Droogdruifverbouing wat in Kakamas aangebied was deur SATI en LNR Infruitec-Nietvoorbij. ’n Totaal van 48 persone is opgelei: 27 persone was geregistreer vir die volle kursus en 21 persone het enkelmodules bygewoon. Die sertifikaat vir die beste student vir die 2015-kursus is toegeken aan Jasper Coetzee van Berikisang. begrip en korrekte toepassing van die basiese beginsels noodsaaklik. Daar word beplan om die kursus weer in hierdie jaar aan te bied, afhangend van behoeftes aangedui deur die bedryf. SATI stel fondse beskikbaar vir subsidiëring van die kursusfooi, onderhewig aan sekere vereistes. Vir verdere besonderhede, kontak: Eunice Avenant by eunice@satgi.co.za Piet Karsten (Snr), stigter en voorsitter van die KarstenGroep en huidige Suid-Afrikaanse Boer van die Jaar, was die gasspreker tydens die geleentheid en het sy perspektief oor die “Belang van Opleiding in die Tafeldruifbedryf” soos volg gegee. •Landbou en spesifiek tafeldruifverbouing is ’n mensebesigheid. • Opleiding is van kardinale belang om mense te bemagtig, ondersteun en seker te maak hul weet wat aangaan (verstaan die “hoekoms” agter verbouingspraktyke). • Tyd en energie wat in werknemers se menswees belê word, maak van hulle afgeronde mense met selfvertroue, wat beter toegerus is om hul werk effektief te doen en by te dra tot verbetering van die besigheid en die bedryf se vaardigheidsvlakke en sukses. Daaruit kom die mooi stories, soos ’n One-boy Maleko wat as ’n algemene werker begin het, maar vandag ’n volwaardige produksiebestuurder is. (One-boy is een van die persone wat tydens die plegtigheid sy sertifikaat ontvang het). Ten einde in die hoogs kompeterende internasionale tafeldruifbedryf te oorleef en volhoubaar te bly, is goeie Kursusgangers wat sertifikate ontvang het tydens die sertifikaatplegtigheid van die 2015 Modulêre Kursus in Tafel- en Droogdruifverbouing (Oranjeriviergebied) in Kakamas, saam met mnre Piet Karsten Snr en Piet du Plessis (Karsten-Groep), Eunice Avenant (SATI en US), Jan Avenant (LNR Infruitec-Nietvoorbij) en Dirk Rabie (Berikisang). EUNICE AVENANT (SATI & Stellenbosch Universiteit) en JAN AVENANT (LNR Infruitec-Nietvoorbij) Evaluering van Tafeldruif-opleidingsprogramme deur bedryf SATI en Stellenbosch Univeristeit (SU) beplan om in elk van die 5 produksiestreke, ’n kort werkswinkel met die direksie (en ook belangstellende produsente) te hou, om die inhoud van die Tafeldruifvakke wat tans by SU en Elsenburg aangebied word, asook die inhoud van die Modulêre Kursus in Tafeldruifverbouing, met hulle deur te gaan en hul insette te kry oor hoe die opleiding aan huidige bedryfsbehoeftes voldoen. Twee verdere werkswinkels (een met tegniese persone werksaam in die tafeldruifbedryf en een met afgestudeerde Wingerdkundestudente, van onlangs afgestudeer tot lank gelede) word ook beplan. Op 25 Februarie 2016 is die eerste van die reeks van sewe werkwinkels in Marble Hall met die NTA-direksie gehou. Die insette van produsente en ander rolspelers in die bedryf is uiters belangrik om seker te maak, dat studente en kursusgangers die regte opleiding ontvang om hul toe te rus om effektief te kan werk en ’n produktiewe bydrae te maak in die tafeldruifbedryf. Vir verdere besonderhede, kontak: Eunice Avenant (082-7577352) of eunice@satgi.co.za EUNICE AVENANT (SATI & Stellenbosch Universiteit) 16 | SATI Tegniese | Technical BULLETIN THE SATI TEAM WILLEM BESTBIER | CEO willem@satgi.co.za EUNICE AVENANT | Training Manager eunice@satgi.co.za LINDI BENIC | Trade/Market Access Affairs Manager lindi@hortgro.co.za WILTON SEPTEMBER | Transformation Manager wilton@satgi.co.za CLAYTON SWART | Communications and PR Manager clayton@satgi.co.za STEPHEN TERBLANCHE | Accountant stephen@satgi.co.za THURIA LEVY | Office Administrator thuria@satgi.co.za JOSEPH LOMBARDT | Information and Knowledge Manager joseph@satgi.co.za DAWIE MOELICH | Technical and Market Access Manager dawie@satgi.co.za TARRYN WETTERGREEN | Research and Technology Transfer tarryn@satgi.co.za South African Table Grape Industry (SATI) 63 Main Street | Paarl | 7646 | Western Cape | South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 21 863 0366 | Fax: +27 (0) 21 863 0339 | Email: info@satgi.co.za | Website: www.satgi.co.za