Diaz-Loving, R. (C)
Transcription
Diaz-Loving, R. (C)
Beliefs, norms and coping styles of the Mexican family: Rolando Díaz-Loving Unidad de Investigaciones Psicosociales Facultad de Psicología, UNAM • ¿Can you see the three faces? Diaz Guerrero (1955): SocioCulture • Interrelated system of premises that norm the feelings, ideas and personal relationships, and stipulate the social roles people should play and how to play them; basically they indicate the were, when, with whom and how to behave. Collectivism, social responsibility & Respect, Self-modification, Traditionalism, Abnegation, Affiliative obedience, Familism Addictions Violence Individualism Democracy Independence Production Authoritarianism Control Submissive Dependent Fatherism Centralism PHPSC & Mexican philosophy of life Biopsychic needs Logro Personal, Afecto, Seguridad Affect Autoactualización Self Selfactualization H istoric-Psycho-Socio-C ultural-Prem ises A ffiliativeobedience (C hildren tow ardsparents) α=.85 A son alw aysshould obey his parents. .69 O ne should neverdoubta m other’s w ord. .65 A daughtershould alw ays obey herparents. .64 You should neverdoubtthe w ord ofa father. .58 Form e,m y m otheris the m ostbeloved person ofthe w orld. .56 A person should alw aysobey his/herparents. .55 Little boysshouldn’tinterruptadultconversations. .54 A son should neverdoubta father’s order .53 Little girls shouldn’tinterruptadultconversations. .48 G irls should beprotected. .45 You alw aysshould be loyalto yourfam ily. .43 M ostgirls w ould ratherbe like theirm others. .40 A person should alw aysrespecthis parents. .39 M ostboysw ould ratherbe as theirfather. .37 The stricterthe parents are,the betterthe kids w illbe. .37 A person should neverquestion a father’s order. .44 A daughtershould neverquestion a father’s order. .45 TraditionalR oles (m ale superiotiry-fem ale abnegation) A m arried w om an shouldn’tdance w ith anotherm an thatis notherhusband. M en are superiorto w om en. Life is harderform en than forw om en. Little boys and girls should be m aintained apart. Every boy should prove his m anliness. M en should be the authority in the hom e. You should show m ore respectto an im portantm an than to a sim ple one. Every m an should be strong. To have a hom osexualson is a greatdishonorfora fam ily. D ocile w om en are the best. M en are m ore intelligentthan w om en. M en are by nature superiorto w om en. W om en should bedocile. A m othershould alw ays be the hom e ow ner A llm en should be reckless and brave. It’s notadvisable fora m arried w om an to w ork outside the hom e. Little boys shouldn’tplay w ith little girls. M en should beaggressive. A m an,w ho is nota com plete m an,dishonors his fam ily. A w om an’s place is athom e. It’s im portantform en to be strong. W om en should be protected. α=.83 .90 .70 .57 .54 .52 .55 .45 .44 .42 .41 .40 .39 .43 .41 .34 .34 .46 .42 .60 .59 .35 .50 -M others abnegation. -Fathers suprem acy. -A ffiliative obedience ofthe sons tow ards their parents. -Loyalty to the fam ily (fam ily cohesion). -R espectfor the parents. -The fam ily com es before the individuals. COMPONENTS OF THE HSCPs: 1975 confirmed 1994 • • • • • • • • Machismo Affiliative-obedience Virginity Abnegation (Measured with Philosophy of life) Fear of Authority Family Status Quo Family Honor Sum of all factors=Cultural Rigidity The traditional perspective on coping styles had divided them into active and passive. Diaz Guerrero (1973) indicates that changing oneself and changing the environment are both active. Thus, he proposes self affirming and self modifying coping styles. Self modifying stresses caution, love and smooth, amiable interpersonal relationships. Self affirming favors imposition, power and personal needs 25 Its pairs of antagonist statements. better to be independent vs. Its better to be part of a family. Prudence is healthy vs. Risky deserves praise Its better to dominate others vs. Its better to be amiable with others. Power rules vs. Love rules One main factor with an internal consistency of.94 Research • 1952: Conceptualization and development of 123 premises. • 1959 sample: 472 9th grade public high school students. • 1970 sample: 417 7th to 9th grade students from the same junior high schools. • 1994 sample: 1,151 7th to 9th grade public school students. • 2008 sample: 598 7th to 9th grade students public school students. Factor 1: Machismo • Women should be docile • Men are more intelligent than women • Women should be protected 100 90 80 1959 1970 1994 2008 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Planteles Hombres en Mujeres en Planteles exclusivos para planteles planteles exclusivos para hombres mixtos mixtos mujeres Total sample Women should be docile In fem ales selfaffirm ation r= -.36 In m ales selfm odification r= .24 100 1959 90 1970 80 1994 70 2008 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Planteles Hombres en Mujeres en para hombres mixtos mixtos exclusivos planteles planteles Planteles exclusivos Total sample para mujeres Men are more intelligent than women In fem ales selfaffirm ation r= -.39 In m ales selfm odification r= .28 Factor 2: Affiliative Obedience vs. Active self-affirmation • Children should never doubt parents word • Children should always obey their parents • Correlates highly with measures of parents feel they should always protect and love their children One should always respect ones parents In females self affirmation r= -.31 A daughter should always obey her parents In males self affirmation r=-.18 1959 1970 1994 2008 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Planteles exclusivos para hom bres H om bres en planteles m ixtos M ujeres en planteles m ixtos Planteles exclusivos para m ujeres Totalsam ple A son should always obey his parents Factor 3: Virginity • Women should remain virgin till marriage • Being virgin is very important for single women 100 1959 90 1970 1994 2008 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Planteles exclusivos para hom bres H om bres en planteles m ixtos M ujeres en planteles m ixtos Planteles exclusivos para m ujeres Totalsam ple Women should remain virgins till marriage Self modifying males r= .42; Self modifying females r=.15 Factor 4: Abnegation • Life is hard sometimes • Serve others first then yourself • This component is measured with an independent scale (Avendaño & Diaz-Guerrero). • Correlates positively with self modification r=.28 Factor 5:Respect and Fear of Authority • Children fear their parents • It is better to respect than to love ones parents 100 1959 90 1970 1994 2008 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Planteles exclusivos para hom bres H om bres en planteles m ixtos M ujeres en planteles Planteles exclusivos m ixtos para m ujeres M uestra total It is more important to respect than to love your father Self modifying r= -.22 100 1959 90 1970 1994 2008 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Planteles exclusivos para hom bres H om bres en planteles m ixtos M ujeres en planteles m ixtos Planteles exclusivos para m ujeres M uestra total Itis m ore im portantto respectthan to love your m other Selfm odifying r= -.34 Factor 6: Family Status quo • Girls want to be like mothers, boys like fathers • One should always be loyal to their family 1959 1970 1994 2008 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Planteles H om bres en exclusivos planteles para hom bres m ixtos M ujeres en planteles m ixtos Planteles M uestra total exclusivos para m ujeres One should always be loyal to ones family Self modifying r= .29 Cheerful, Friendly, Sociable, Simpático, Amiable & Happy. Romantic, Tender, Affectionate & Loving. Tranquil, conciliatory, Simple, Obedient y Tolerant. Creates conflicts, Fails to fulfill, Dominant, bad-tempered, Fault finder, Stubborn, Rancorous & Impulsive Bitter, Apathetic, Lonesome y Timid Melancholic, Nervous, Anxious y Sad For psychology to truly achieve a universal status it needs an ecological or cultural perspective. For this to occur, theory and method require the direct inclusion or measurement of cultural and structural variables as well as the functional relationship of psychological variables within a cultural system, before any attempt of cross-cultural comparisons are made.