FISH PASSAGES:

FISH PASSAGES:
• SOME LEGAL ASPECTS IN BRAZIL
• FISH MIGRATION IN LARGE SPATIAL
AND TEMPORAL SCALES
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND LICENSING OF
HYDROELECTRIC ENTERPRISES
National Council on
the Environment’s
Resolutions
National Policy
on Environment
Law 6.983/1981
Concept of
environmental
impact
Environmental
licensing of
enterprises
Environmental
diagnosis of the area
of ​influence
Impacts of the project
on the physical, biotic
and socioeconomic
dimensions
Environmental
programs
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND LICENSING OF
HYDROELECTRIC ENTERPRISES
Criminalization of environmental
damage
Environmental
Crimes Law
Law 9.605/98
Responsibility of the
entrepreneur
Crimes against flora and fauna
Crimes against the
administration (licensing)
FISH PASSAGES:
LEGAL ASPECTS IN BRAZIL
Law 9.798/1997 (SP)
Forces the construction of fish ladders in hydroelectric power
plants in São Paulo State rivers.
Law 12.488/1997 (MG)
Determines the construction of ladders for piracema fish in
dams built in Minas Gerais State.
Law Project 3009/1997 (BR)
Establishes mandatory inclusion of locks, equipment and
procedures for the protection of aquatic fauna of
watercourses, when the construction of dams.
THERE IS NO ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL RECIPE
(ARONSON, 2011)
FISH PASSAGES:
FISH MIGRATION IN LARGE SPATIAL
AND TEMPORAL SCALES
“Most of scientific data is obtained in local scales,
while the need for responses to environmental
problems occurs mainly in global scales.”
(METZGER, 2006)
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CONNECTIVITY FOR RIVERINE FISH ON THREE
HIERARCHICAL LEVELS IN RELATION TO TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL
SCALES
103
Temporal scale (years)
102
101
100
10-1
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Spatial scale (meters)
(After SCHMUTZ & JUNGWIRTH, 2001)
THE IMPORTANCE OF TEMPORAL SCALE FOR UNDERSTANDING OF
EVENTS IN FISH LIFE-HISTORY
Temporal
scale
Phenomenon
Seasonal
Spates, flow pulses, channel
expansion/contraction;
Annual
Flood pulse, seedling establishment, animal
migration, reproduction, shallow ground water
exchange;
Decadal
Drought cycles, episodic events (extreme floods,
debris flows), lateral channel migration, channel
avulsion, island formation, channel abandonment;
Centenial
Floodplain formation, hydrosere and riparian
succession, deep ground water exchange;
Millenial
Terrace formation, glaciation, climate change, sea
(After WARD et al., 2002)
level fluctuation, orogeny.
“Conectivity. Capacity of the landscape or landscape
units to facilitate biological flows (migration, dispersal
etc.), what depends on the proximity of habitat’s
elements, on the density of corridors and “stepping
stones” and on the matrix permeability.”
(METZGER, 2006)
“Hydrological connectivity, the exchange of matter,
energy and biota via the aqueous medium, plays a
major though poorly understood role in sustaining
riverine landscape diversity.”
WARD et al., 2002
IMPACTS OF DAMS AND RESERVOIRS ON BIODIVERSITY
•
Loss of habitats (deforestation, submersion) and loss of
structural complexity of environments: impacts on biodiversity.
•
Loss of critical habitats (spawning sites, resting sites for
migrants etc.): impacts on recruitment.
•
Loss of landscape connectivity (migratory routes, dispersal
corridors, gene flows etc.): impacts on genetic diversity.
Corridor of
Biodiversity of
Paraná River
Paraná River:
1995
2012
HABITAT FRAGMENTATION X POPULATIONS PERSISTENCE
1. Fragmentation is leading to landscapes composed by little
patches of habitat, containing small parts of populations.
2. Small populations are highly susceptive to extinctions.
3. The persistence of species in this landscapes depends on
regional dinamics.
4. Metapopulation dynamics analysis allows focuses this
regional dinamics.
5. Metapopulation dinamics includes genetics (drift, genetic
flows, effective size of populations).
Genetic structure of Brycon opalinus on Paraíba do Sul basin
(Barroso et al., 2005)
Migratory fishes, even in a same basin, could be genetically structured:
Prochilodus argenteus (HATANAKA & GALLETTI, 2006); Leporinus
elongatus (MOLINA et al., 2008); Brycon insignis (MATSUMOTO &
HILSDORF, 2009).
“Along with intra-population and
inter-population genetic variability,
knowledge on the precise range of
populations is required to determine
the adequate geographical scale for
conservation and management
strategies.”
(CEGELSKI et al., 2003, apud
PIORSKI et al., 2008).
FISH PASSAGES X HABITAT FRAGMENTATION
MIGRATIONS STUDIES ON PARANÁ BASIN
Study area: 1.425 km of Paraná basin, from Yaciretá to Porto Primavera
reservoirs (middle and upper Paraná river)
Marking with hydrostatical tags (LEA) and dart tags since 1997 to 2006: 32
867 fish of 18 periodic strategy species
1083 fishes recaptured (recapture rate of 3%)
Itapura
(Tietê River)
Jupiá
(Paraná River)
Iguaçu Falls
(Iguaçu River)
Sete Quedas
(Paraná River)
(After MAKRAKIS et al., 2012a)
Brycon orbignyanus
2
Hemisorubim
platyrhynchos
second highest displacement upstream
moved small distances at slow rates
no passage through dams
Brycon orbignyanus
1
Schyzodon borellii
mainly longitudinal movements in mainstem river
highest percentage of fish moving upstream
moved long distances
highest passage through dams
Pseudoplatystoma
corruscans
Pinirampus
pirinampu
Leporinus
elongatus
Pterodoras
granulosus
Salminus
brasiliensis
Piaractus
mesopotamicus
Pimelodus maculatus
Pinirampus
pirinampu
Prochilodus lineatus
4
Pterodoras
granulosus
Piaractus
mesopotamicus
3
highest percentage of lateral or no movement
little downstream movement
farthest and fastest displacement downstream
second highest displacement downstream and lateral
little upstream movement
Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of 11 fish species in the
impounded Paraná River basin (MAKRAKIS
et al., 2012a).
Figure 3
(After MAKRAKIS et al., 2012b)
FISHERIES ON PORTO PRIMAVERA RESERVOIR (2011)
Scientific samples
SOME CONCERNS:
DECISION ON FISH PASSAGE MUST RESULT FROM
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, NOT FROM STATUTORY
REQUIREMENTS.
NEED OF LONG-TIME AND WIDE SPATIAL SCALE STUDIES.
CONSIDER CONNECTIVITY AS A KEY CONCEPT FOR
CONSERVATION EFFORTS.
LONG-TIME GENETIC ASSESSMENT COULD BE A ROBUST TOOL
FOR CHECKING THE EFFECTIVITY OF MANAGEMENT.
NEED OF IDENTIFYING THRESHOLDS (HOW MANY KM OF
UNIMPONDED STRETCHES? HOW MANY FISHES MUST OVERCOME
BARRIERS FOR GENETICAL FLOW MAINTENANCE?)
OBRIGADO!
¡GRACIAS!
THANK YOU!
JOÃO HENRIQUE PINHEIRO DIAS
joao.dias@cesp.com.br